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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Hunting of turtles}}
{{Other uses|Turtling (disambiguation){{!}}Turtling}}
[[File:Turtlehuntingpirate.jpg|frameless|right]]
[[File:LA2-NSRW-4-0511 (cropped).jpg|frameless|right]]
[[File:Shipping green turtle, Key West, Fla, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views 4.jpg|frameless|right]]
[[File:Group of Andaman Men and Women in Costume, Some Wearing Body Paint And with Bows and Arrows, Catching Turtles from Boat on Water.jpg|thumb|right|Group of [[Andamanese people]] hunting turtles with bows and arrows.]]
'''Turtling''' is the [[hunting]] of [[turtle]]s. Turtling has been a part of human culture since as far back as the middle of the first millennium BC, where sea turtles such as the [[hawksbill sea turtle]] (''Eretmochelys imbricata'') were eaten as delicacies in countries such as [[China]].<ref name="EatingTurtlesChina">{{cite journal | last =Schafer | first =Edward H. | author-link =Edward H. Schafer | title =Eating Turtles in Ancient China | journal =Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume =82 | issue =1 | pages =73–74 | year =1962 | doi = 10.2307/595986| jstor=595986}}</ref> While consumption and hunting of turtles is less common than it was in the past, this practice is still a part of communities throughout the globe, whether done legally or illegally.
==History==
In Melanesian societies, it was common during funeral ceremonies, for locals to partake in a feast of turtle meat and other delicacies. The deceased were sealed into a tomb, and several years later it was tradition to reopen the tomb and to indulge once more on turtle meat. Because turtle meat was relatively rare, hunting the turtle for others during this time was considered to be a display of public generosity. While turtle hunting within this culture is not as common as it was decades ago, locals on Murray Island, Australia, continue to hunt [[green sea turtle]]s (''Chelonia mydas'') during the turtle mating season. The turtles are pursued by groups of 3-6 hunters, where a leader, around one decade older than the other members of the group, uses a harpoon to kill the 100–150 kg turtle.<ref name=Feast>{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=E.A.|author2=Bird, R.L.B. |title=Turtle hunting and tombstone opening: Public generosity as costly signaling|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior|year=2000|volume=21|issue=4|pages=245–261|doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00031-3|pmid=10899477}}</ref>
Ecological research shows that turtle numbers decline with proximity to human settlements. This can be explained directly due to the hunting of turtles, or also indirectly with the [[Ecology of fear (concept)|ecology of fear]] principle, [[predation]].<ref name=Bolivia>{{cite journal|last=Conwey-Gόmez|first=K|title=Effects of human settlements on abundance of ''Podocnemis unifilis'' and ''P. expansa'' turtles in Northeastern Bolivia|journal=Chelonian Conservation and Biology|year=2007|volume=6|issue=2|pages=199–255|doi=10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[199:eohsoa]2.0.co;2}}</ref>
== Species at risk ==
While there are several turtle species at risk, the [[loggerhead sea turtle]] (''Caretta caretta''), which made the IUCU endangered animals list in 1996, and the [[leatherback sea turtle]] (''Dermochelys coriacea'') which has been experiencing a decline in numbers, are both still being hunted or killed due to human impact.<ref name=IUCN>{{cite web|title=IUCN Red List|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search|access-date=March 21, 2012}}</ref> Another turtle species that can be hunted (not commercially) while considered as special concern at the Canadian and Ontarian level is the [[Common snapping turtle|snapping turtle]] (''Chelydra serpentin'').<ref name="Hunting regulation">{{cite web|last=Government of Ontario|title=Small Game Regulations|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@fw/documents/document/239852.pdf|work=Hunting Regulations|access-date=March 21, 2012}}</ref> [[Hawksbill sea turtle]]s have been hunted for their shells primarily to make jewelry.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meylan|first=Anne|date=1999|title=Status justification for listing the Hawksbill Turtle (''Eretmochelys imbricata'') as critically endangered on the 1996 IUCN red list of threatened animals|journal=Chelonian Conservation and Biology|volume=3|pages=200–224}}</ref> Tourists will often buy items without being informed of the source of the material. [[Green sea turtle]]s eggs are poached and eaten in many countries; this is also a tourist attraction and taking sea turtle shots, consuming raw turtle egg with [[Whisky|whiskey]] or beer is popular in places like [[Costa Rica]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/2015/08/08/toasting-with-turtle-eggs-its-legal-in-ostional|title=Toasting with turtle eggs: It's legal in Ostional|work=The Tico Times Costa Rica|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
== Fishing bycatch ==
Capturing turtles as a byproduct of fishing has been recognized as a severe threat to turtle populations.<ref name="Danger to Turtle">{{cite journal|last=Poiner|first=I.R.|author2=Harris, A.N.M. |title=Incidental capture, direct mortality and delayed mortality of sea turtles in Australia's northern prawn fishery |journal=Marine Biology|date=June 1996|volume=125|issue=4|pages=813–825|doi=10.1007/BF00349264}}</ref> It has been acknowledged that fishing nets are the most devastating of fishing equipment to turtles, whether turtles are hunted intentionally or not.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Magnuson|first=J.J.|author2=Magnuson, J.J. |author3=Bjorndal, K.A. |author4=Dupaul, W.D. |author5=Graham, G.L. |author6=Owens, D.W. |author7=Peterson, P.C.H. |author8=Pritchard, J.I. |author9=Richardson, S.G.E |title=Decline of turtles: Causes and prevention|journal=National Research Council|year=1990}}</ref>
== By region ==
===Australia===
In Australia it is estimated that 326 turtles from 6 different species, including the [[flatback sea turtle]] (''Narator depressa'') accounting for 59% of captures, and the hawksbill sea turtle accounting for 5%, were captured between 1989 and 1990.<ref name="Danger to Turtle"/>
===Africa===
With a coast line of approximately 30,000 km, it is evident that Africa relies greatly on the fishing industry to feed the people and also as a trade product between other countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Africa|url=http://www.history.com/topics/africa|work=Television Networks|publisher=LLC|access-date=March 21, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308075908/http://www.history.com/topics/africa|archive-date=March 8, 2010}}</ref> It is estimated that in Africa, an average of 180 turtles are caught per year using fishing hooks alone. Capture rate of turtles using a standard fishing hook is approximately 16 in 100,000. A sixteenth of the captured turtles are leatherback sea turtles, a species of turtle in which population numbers are declining. Conservation ecologists have estimated that should fishing efforts increase and fishing distribution remain the same, these numbers will increase to 770 turtles per year, threatening risked species of turtle.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Petersen|first=S.L. |author2=Honig, M.B. |author3=Ryan, P.G. |author4=Nel, R. |author5=Underhill, Lg.G. |title=Turtle bycatch in the pelagic longline fishery off southern Africa|journal=African Journal of Marine Science|date=April 2009|volume=31|issue=1|pages=87–96|doi=10.2989/AJMS.2009.31.1.8.779}}</ref>
=== Madagascar ===
[[File:Geochelone_radiata._Radiated_tortoise_-_Flickr_-_gailhampshire.jpg|thumb|The radiated tortoise is in decline in Madagascar.]]
The [[radiated tortoise]] (''Geochelone radiata)'' in [[Madagascar]] is in serious decline due to [[Overexploitation|over-exploitation]]. The tortoise is protected under Malagasy law and is part of [[CITES]], however enforcement is low and hunting persists.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=O'Brien |first=Susan |last2=Emahalala |first2=Ellis R. |last3=Beard |first3=Vicki |last4=Rakotondrainy |first4=Riana M. |last5=Reid |first5=Ailsa |last6=Raharisoa |first6=Vola |last7=Coulson |first7=Tim |date=July 2003 |title=Decline of the Madagascar radiated tortoise ''Geochelone radiata'' due to overexploitation |journal=Oryx |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=338–343 |doi=10.1017/S0030605303000590 |issn=1365-3008|doi-access=free }}</ref> Guards that are meant to protect the tortoise and prevent hunting are often paid off by the hunters.
=== Mexico ===
In Mexico sea turtles have been used for medicine, food and decoration since the 13th century. While hunting turtles is strictly forbidden in Mexico, approximately 35,000 turtles have been poached per year within the last decade around [[Baja California Sur]]. An estimated 65% of captured turtles are thought to be green sea turtles, while 10% consist of the endangered loggerhead sea turtle. The most common way poachers capture turtles is using a net designed specifically for turtles, which costs around $660. The majority of the poachers are local fisherman, who earn approximately US$78 per week. The turtles are sold locally, or reach the international black market where they fetch a profit of US$58 per turtle.<ref name="Mancini 2011 743–756">{{cite journal|last=Mancini|first=A|author2=Senko, J. |author3=Borquez-Reyes, R. |author4=Pόo, J.G. |author5=Seminoff, J.A. |author6=Koch, V. |title=To poach or not to poach an endangered species: Elucidating the economic and social drivers behind illegal sea turtle hunting in Baja California Sur, Mexico|journal=Human Ecology |year=2011|volume=39|issue=6|pages=743–756|doi=10.1007/s10745-011-9425-8|citeseerx=10.1.1.458.7867}}</ref>
The maximum punishment in Mexico for the poaching of turtles is nine years in jail and a fine of US$11,000. Poachers told researchers that the most efficient way of avoiding being caught is to either physically avoid patrols by driving away from them, or by paying a bribe.<ref name="Mancini 2011 743–756"/>
=== North American regulations on turtle hunting ===
Both the American and Canadian governments regulate the consumption, hunting and destruction of turtles and their eggs.<ref>[https://www.fda.gov/cvm/turtles.htm FDA]</ref>
In Canada, it is illegal to hunt or kill turtles in most provinces. Ontario allowed snapping turtle hunting as recently as 2016, but that was discontinued in 2017. <ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/ontario-bans-snapping-turtle-hunt-after-public-outcry-1.4053109 CBC News - Ontario Bans Snapping Turtle Hunt]</ref> <ref>[https://ontarionature.org/news-release/end-hunt-of-at-risk-snapping-turtle/ Ontario Nature - End Hunt of At-Risk Snapping Turtle]</ref>
In the US, some states have imposed bans on collecting turtles from the wild, including for their meat. <ref>[https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Reptiles/Alligator-Snapping-Turtle National Wildlife Federation - Alligator Snapping Turtle]</ref>
Turtle hunting in New York State regulates two species of turtles, the [[diamondback terrapin]] and the snapping turtle. Snapping turtles are allowed to be hunted only between July 15 and September 30. A small game [[hunting license]] is required to hunt the turtle, and it is mandated that the turtle shell must be 12 inches long, or longer in a straight line. Turtles must be killed with a bow or firearm, and there is a limit of 30 turtles per year. Because of risk of food-borne contaminants, health advisories have been implemented with specific cooking instructions for public health.<ref name="US regulation">{{cite web|last=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation|title=Small Game Hunting|url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/27801.html|publisher=New York State|access-date=March 23, 2012}}</ref>
Similarly to regulation of snapping turtles, diamondback terrapin turtles are only allowed to be hunted during specific months of the year. The hunting season for diamondback terrapin turtles is from August 1 to April 30. In order to hunt diamondback terrapins, individuals must possess a hunting license specific to the species of turtle. Shells must be between 4 and 7 inches long, and must be released if the shell size is any different. Diamondback terrapin turtles must be captured by dip nets, seine nets, by hand or with a trap that must be checked on a daily basis.<ref name="US regulation"/>
== Regulating poaching ==
One of the most difficult obstacles to overcome with the hunting and poaching of sea turtles is the cultural aspect. Many countries, such as [[Costa Rica]], have been hunting and eating sea turtles and sea turtle eggs for a very long time and consider it to be part of their culture. When scientists and conservationists try to explain to native [[Poaching|poachers]] the detrimental impact their actions have on [[sea turtle]] populations, or when walking nightly patrols on the beach, they are met with hostility and sometimes violence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2015/07/sea-turtle-conservationists-attacked-in-costa-rica/|title=Sea turtle conservationists attacked in Costa Rica|date=2015-07-16|work=Mongabay Environmental News|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref> Continuous education and outreach is important to mitigating the issue, in addition to beach patrols to prevent poachers from taking eggs or nesting female turtles. Implementing laws that protect animals, such as the [[radiated tortoise]] in [[Madagascar]], can help population levels if proper enforcement is in place.<ref name=":2"/>
==See also==
{{Commons category|Turtle hunting}}
* [[Animal welfare]]
* [[Dolphin safe label]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Turtles in human activities}}
[[Category:Hunting by game]]
[[Category:Turtles]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'The turtles got hunted and endangered because they are cute but they knew that they bite.So they stabbed them for a year and also they are hunting them today! So be carefull because I said they can bite!
==History==
In Melanesian societies, it was common during funeral ceremonies, for locals to partake in a feast of turtle meat and other delicacies. The deceased were sealed into a tomb, and several years later it was tradition to reopen the tomb and to indulge once more on turtle meat. Because turtle meat was relatively rare, hunting the turtle for others during this time was considered to be a display of public generosity. While turtle hunting within this culture is not as common as it was decades ago, locals on Murray Island, Australia, continue to hunt [[green sea turtle]]s (''Chelonia mydas'') during the turtle mating season. The turtles are pursued by groups of 3-6 hunters, where a leader, around one decade older than the other members of the group, uses a harpoon to kill the 100–150 kg turtle.<ref name=Feast>{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=E.A.|author2=Bird, R.L.B. |title=Turtle hunting and tombstone opening: Public generosity as costly signaling|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior|year=2000|volume=21|issue=4|pages=245–261|doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00031-3|pmid=10899477}}</ref>
Ecological research shows that turtle numbers decline with proximity to human settlements. This can be explained directly due to the hunting of turtles, or also indirectly with the [[Ecology of fear (concept)|ecology of fear]] principle, [[predation]].<ref name=Bolivia>{{cite journal|last=Conwey-Gόmez|first=K|title=Effects of human settlements on abundance of ''Podocnemis unifilis'' and ''P. expansa'' turtles in Northeastern Bolivia|journal=Chelonian Conservation and Biology|year=2007|volume=6|issue=2|pages=199–255|doi=10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[199:eohsoa]2.0.co;2}}</ref>
== Species at risk ==
While there are several turtle species at risk, the [[loggerhead sea turtle]] (''Caretta caretta''), which made the IUCU endangered animals list in 1996, and the [[leatherback sea turtle]] (''Dermochelys coriacea'') which has been experiencing a decline in numbers, are both still being hunted or killed due to human impact.<ref name=IUCN>{{cite web|title=IUCN Red List|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search|access-date=March 21, 2012}}</ref> Another turtle species that can be hunted (not commercially) while considered as special concern at the Canadian and Ontarian level is the [[Common snapping turtle|snapping turtle]] (''Chelydra serpentin'').<ref name="Hunting regulation">{{cite web|last=Government of Ontario|title=Small Game Regulations|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@fw/documents/document/239852.pdf|work=Hunting Regulations|access-date=March 21, 2012}}</ref> [[Hawksbill sea turtle]]s have been hunted for their shells primarily to make jewelry.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meylan|first=Anne|date=1999|title=Status justification for listing the Hawksbill Turtle (''Eretmochelys imbricata'') as critically endangered on the 1996 IUCN red list of threatened animals|journal=Chelonian Conservation and Biology|volume=3|pages=200–224}}</ref> Tourists will often buy items without being informed of the source of the material. [[Green sea turtle]]s eggs are poached and eaten in many countries; this is also a tourist attraction and taking sea turtle shots, consuming raw turtle egg with [[Whisky|whiskey]] or beer is popular in places like [[Costa Rica]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/2015/08/08/toasting-with-turtle-eggs-its-legal-in-ostional|title=Toasting with turtle eggs: It's legal in Ostional|work=The Tico Times Costa Rica|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
== Fishing bycatch ==
Capturing turtles as a byproduct of fishing has been recognized as a severe threat to turtle populations.<ref name="Danger to Turtle">{{cite journal|last=Poiner|first=I.R.|author2=Harris, A.N.M. |title=Incidental capture, direct mortality and delayed mortality of sea turtles in Australia's northern prawn fishery |journal=Marine Biology|date=June 1996|volume=125|issue=4|pages=813–825|doi=10.1007/BF00349264}}</ref> It has been acknowledged that fishing nets are the most devastating of fishing equipment to turtles, whether turtles are hunted intentionally or not.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Magnuson|first=J.J.|author2=Magnuson, J.J. |author3=Bjorndal, K.A. |author4=Dupaul, W.D. |author5=Graham, G.L. |author6=Owens, D.W. |author7=Peterson, P.C.H. |author8=Pritchard, J.I. |author9=Richardson, S.G.E |title=Decline of turtles: Causes and prevention|journal=National Research Council|year=1990}}</ref>
== By region ==
===Australia===
In Australia it is estimated that 326 turtles from 6 different species, including the [[flatback sea turtle]] (''Narator depressa'') accounting for 59% of captures, and the hawksbill sea turtle accounting for 5%, were captured between 1989 and 1990.<ref name="Danger to Turtle"/>
===Africa===
With a coast line of approximately 30,000 km, it is evident that Africa relies greatly on the fishing industry to feed the people and also as a trade product between other countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Africa|url=http://www.history.com/topics/africa|work=Television Networks|publisher=LLC|access-date=March 21, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308075908/http://www.history.com/topics/africa|archive-date=March 8, 2010}}</ref> It is estimated that in Africa, an average of 180 turtles are caught per year using fishing hooks alone. Capture rate of turtles using a standard fishing hook is approximately 16 in 100,000. A sixteenth of the captured turtles are leatherback sea turtles, a species of turtle in which population numbers are declining. Conservation ecologists have estimated that should fishing efforts increase and fishing distribution remain the same, these numbers will increase to 770 turtles per year, threatening risked species of turtle.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Petersen|first=S.L. |author2=Honig, M.B. |author3=Ryan, P.G. |author4=Nel, R. |author5=Underhill, Lg.G. |title=Turtle bycatch in the pelagic longline fishery off southern Africa|journal=African Journal of Marine Science|date=April 2009|volume=31|issue=1|pages=87–96|doi=10.2989/AJMS.2009.31.1.8.779}}</ref>
=== Madagascar ===
[[File:Geochelone_radiata._Radiated_tortoise_-_Flickr_-_gailhampshire.jpg|thumb|The radiated tortoise is in decline in Madagascar.]]
The [[radiated tortoise]] (''Geochelone radiata)'' in [[Madagascar]] is in serious decline due to [[Overexploitation|over-exploitation]]. The tortoise is protected under Malagasy law and is part of [[CITES]], however enforcement is low and hunting persists.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=O'Brien |first=Susan |last2=Emahalala |first2=Ellis R. |last3=Beard |first3=Vicki |last4=Rakotondrainy |first4=Riana M. |last5=Reid |first5=Ailsa |last6=Raharisoa |first6=Vola |last7=Coulson |first7=Tim |date=July 2003 |title=Decline of the Madagascar radiated tortoise ''Geochelone radiata'' due to overexploitation |journal=Oryx |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=338–343 |doi=10.1017/S0030605303000590 |issn=1365-3008|doi-access=free }}</ref> Guards that are meant to protect the tortoise and prevent hunting are often paid off by the hunters.
=== Mexico ===
In Mexico sea turtles have been used for medicine, food and decoration since the 13th century. While hunting turtles is strictly forbidden in Mexico, approximately 35,000 turtles have been poached per year within the last decade around [[Baja California Sur]]. An estimated 65% of captured turtles are thought to be green sea turtles, while 10% consist of the endangered loggerhead sea turtle. The most common way poachers capture turtles is using a net designed specifically for turtles, which costs around $660. The majority of the poachers are local fisherman, who earn approximately US$78 per week. The turtles are sold locally, or reach the international black market where they fetch a profit of US$58 per turtle.<ref name="Mancini 2011 743–756">{{cite journal|last=Mancini|first=A|author2=Senko, J. |author3=Borquez-Reyes, R. |author4=Pόo, J.G. |author5=Seminoff, J.A. |author6=Koch, V. |title=To poach or not to poach an endangered species: Elucidating the economic and social drivers behind illegal sea turtle hunting in Baja California Sur, Mexico|journal=Human Ecology |year=2011|volume=39|issue=6|pages=743–756|doi=10.1007/s10745-011-9425-8|citeseerx=10.1.1.458.7867}}</ref>
The maximum punishment in Mexico for the poaching of turtles is nine years in jail and a fine of US$11,000. Poachers told researchers that the most efficient way of avoiding being caught is to either physically avoid patrols by driving away from them, or by paying a bribe.<ref name="Mancini 2011 743–756"/>
=== North American regulations on turtle hunting ===
Both the American and Canadian governments regulate the consumption, hunting and destruction of turtles and their eggs.<ref>[https://www.fda.gov/cvm/turtles.htm FDA]</ref>
In Canada, it is illegal to hunt or kill turtles in most provinces. Ontario allowed snapping turtle hunting as recently as 2016, but that was discontinued in 2017. <ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/ontario-bans-snapping-turtle-hunt-after-public-outcry-1.4053109 CBC News - Ontario Bans Snapping Turtle Hunt]</ref> <ref>[https://ontarionature.org/news-release/end-hunt-of-at-risk-snapping-turtle/ Ontario Nature - End Hunt of At-Risk Snapping Turtle]</ref>
In the US, some states have imposed bans on collecting turtles from the wild, including for their meat. <ref>[https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Reptiles/Alligator-Snapping-Turtle National Wildlife Federation - Alligator Snapping Turtle]</ref>
Turtle hunting in New York State regulates two species of turtles, the [[diamondback terrapin]] and the snapping turtle. Snapping turtles are allowed to be hunted only between July 15 and September 30. A small game [[hunting license]] is required to hunt the turtle, and it is mandated that the turtle shell must be 12 inches long, or longer in a straight line. Turtles must be killed with a bow or firearm, and there is a limit of 30 turtles per year. Because of risk of food-borne contaminants, health advisories have been implemented with specific cooking instructions for public health.<ref name="US regulation">{{cite web|last=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation|title=Small Game Hunting|url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/27801.html|publisher=New York State|access-date=March 23, 2012}}</ref>
Similarly to regulation of snapping turtles, diamondback terrapin turtles are only allowed to be hunted during specific months of the year. The hunting season for diamondback terrapin turtles is from August 1 to April 30. In order to hunt diamondback terrapins, individuals must possess a hunting license specific to the species of turtle. Shells must be between 4 and 7 inches long, and must be released if the shell size is any different. Diamondback terrapin turtles must be captured by dip nets, seine nets, by hand or with a trap that must be checked on a daily basis.<ref name="US regulation"/>
== Regulating poaching ==
One of the most difficult obstacles to overcome with the hunting and poaching of sea turtles is the cultural aspect. Many countries, such as [[Costa Rica]], have been hunting and eating sea turtles and sea turtle eggs for a very long time and consider it to be part of their culture. When scientists and conservationists try to explain to native [[Poaching|poachers]] the detrimental impact their actions have on [[sea turtle]] populations, or when walking nightly patrols on the beach, they are met with hostility and sometimes violence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2015/07/sea-turtle-conservationists-attacked-in-costa-rica/|title=Sea turtle conservationists attacked in Costa Rica|date=2015-07-16|work=Mongabay Environmental News|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref> Continuous education and outreach is important to mitigating the issue, in addition to beach patrols to prevent poachers from taking eggs or nesting female turtles. Implementing laws that protect animals, such as the [[radiated tortoise]] in [[Madagascar]], can help population levels if proper enforcement is in place.<ref name=":2"/>
==See also==
{{Commons category|Turtle hunting}}
* [[Animal welfare]]
* [[Dolphin safe label]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Turtles in human activities}}
[[Category:Hunting by game]]
[[Category:Turtles]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,10 +1,3 @@
-{{Short description|Hunting of turtles}}
-{{Other uses|Turtling (disambiguation){{!}}Turtling}}
-[[File:Turtlehuntingpirate.jpg|frameless|right]]
-[[File:LA2-NSRW-4-0511 (cropped).jpg|frameless|right]]
-[[File:Shipping green turtle, Key West, Fla, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views 4.jpg|frameless|right]]
-[[File:Group of Andaman Men and Women in Costume, Some Wearing Body Paint And with Bows and Arrows, Catching Turtles from Boat on Water.jpg|thumb|right|Group of [[Andamanese people]] hunting turtles with bows and arrows.]]
-
-'''Turtling''' is the [[hunting]] of [[turtle]]s. Turtling has been a part of human culture since as far back as the middle of the first millennium BC, where sea turtles such as the [[hawksbill sea turtle]] (''Eretmochelys imbricata'') were eaten as delicacies in countries such as [[China]].<ref name="EatingTurtlesChina">{{cite journal | last =Schafer | first =Edward H. | author-link =Edward H. Schafer | title =Eating Turtles in Ancient China | journal =Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume =82 | issue =1 | pages =73–74 | year =1962 | doi = 10.2307/595986| jstor=595986}}</ref> While consumption and hunting of turtles is less common than it was in the past, this practice is still a part of communities throughout the globe, whether done legally or illegally.
+The turtles got hunted and endangered because they are cute but they knew that they bite.So they stabbed them for a year and also they are hunting them today! So be carefull because I said they can bite!
==History==
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7 => ''''Turtling''' is the [[hunting]] of [[turtle]]s. Turtling has been a part of human culture since as far back as the middle of the first millennium BC, where sea turtles such as the [[hawksbill sea turtle]] (''Eretmochelys imbricata'') were eaten as delicacies in countries such as [[China]].<ref name="EatingTurtlesChina">{{cite journal | last =Schafer | first =Edward H. | author-link =Edward H. Schafer | title =Eating Turtles in Ancient China | journal =Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume =82 | issue =1 | pages =73–74 | year =1962 | doi = 10.2307/595986| jstor=595986}}</ref> While consumption and hunting of turtles is less common than it was in the past, this practice is still a part of communities throughout the globe, whether done legally or illegally.'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>The turtles got hunted and endangered because they are cute but they knew that they bite.So they stabbed them for a year and also they are hunting them today! So be carefull because I said they can bite!
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Species_at_risk"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Species at risk</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Fishing_bycatch"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Fishing bycatch</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#By_region"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">By region</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Africa"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Africa</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Madagascar"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Madagascar</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Mexico"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Mexico</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#North_American_regulations_on_turtle_hunting"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">North American regulations on turtle hunting</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Regulating_poaching"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Regulating poaching</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<p>In Melanesian societies, it was common during funeral ceremonies, for locals to partake in a feast of turtle meat and other delicacies. The deceased were sealed into a tomb, and several years later it was tradition to reopen the tomb and to indulge once more on turtle meat. Because turtle meat was relatively rare, hunting the turtle for others during this time was considered to be a display of public generosity. While turtle hunting within this culture is not as common as it was decades ago, locals on Murray Island, Australia, continue to hunt <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green sea turtles</a> (<i>Chelonia mydas</i>) during the turtle mating season. The turtles are pursued by groups of 3-6 hunters, where a leader, around one decade older than the other members of the group, uses a harpoon to kill the 100–150 kg turtle.<sup id="cite_ref-Feast_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feast-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Ecological research shows that turtle numbers decline with proximity to human settlements. This can be explained directly due to the hunting of turtles, or also indirectly with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecology_of_fear_(concept)" title="Ecology of fear (concept)">ecology of fear</a> principle, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolivia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolivia-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Species_at_risk">Species at risk</span></h2>
<p>While there are several turtle species at risk, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerhead sea turtle</a> (<i>Caretta caretta</i>), which made the IUCU endangered animals list in 1996, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leatherback_sea_turtle" title="Leatherback sea turtle">leatherback sea turtle</a> (<i>Dermochelys coriacea</i>) which has been experiencing a decline in numbers, are both still being hunted or killed due to human impact.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-3">[3]</a></sup> Another turtle species that can be hunted (not commercially) while considered as special concern at the Canadian and Ontarian level is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_snapping_turtle" title="Common snapping turtle">snapping turtle</a> (<i>Chelydra serpentin</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hunting_regulation_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunting_regulation-4">[4]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">Hawksbill sea turtles</a> have been hunted for their shells primarily to make jewelry.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Tourists will often buy items without being informed of the source of the material. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">Green sea turtles</a> eggs are poached and eaten in many countries; this is also a tourist attraction and taking sea turtle shots, consuming raw turtle egg with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whiskey</a> or beer is popular in places like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Fishing_bycatch">Fishing bycatch</span></h2>
<p>Capturing turtles as a byproduct of fishing has been recognized as a severe threat to turtle populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Danger_to_Turtle_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danger_to_Turtle-7">[7]</a></sup> It has been acknowledged that fishing nets are the most devastating of fishing equipment to turtles, whether turtles are hunted intentionally or not.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="By_region">By region</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Australia">Australia</span></h3>
<p>In Australia it is estimated that 326 turtles from 6 different species, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flatback_sea_turtle" title="Flatback sea turtle">flatback sea turtle</a> (<i>Narator depressa</i>) accounting for 59% of captures, and the hawksbill sea turtle accounting for 5%, were captured between 1989 and 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Danger_to_Turtle_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danger_to_Turtle-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Africa">Africa</span></h3>
<p>With a coast line of approximately 30,000 km, it is evident that Africa relies greatly on the fishing industry to feed the people and also as a trade product between other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> It is estimated that in Africa, an average of 180 turtles are caught per year using fishing hooks alone. Capture rate of turtles using a standard fishing hook is approximately 16 in 100,000. A sixteenth of the captured turtles are leatherback sea turtles, a species of turtle in which population numbers are declining. Conservation ecologists have estimated that should fishing efforts increase and fishing distribution remain the same, these numbers will increase to 770 turtles per year, threatening risked species of turtle.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Madagascar">Madagascar</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Geochelone_radiata._Radiated_tortoise_-_Flickr_-_gailhampshire.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Geochelone_radiata._Radiated_tortoise_-_Flickr_-_gailhampshire.jpg/220px-Geochelone_radiata._Radiated_tortoise_-_Flickr_-_gailhampshire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="1011" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Geochelone_radiata._Radiated_tortoise_-_Flickr_-_gailhampshire.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The radiated tortoise is in decline in Madagascar.</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radiated_tortoise" title="Radiated tortoise">radiated tortoise</a> (<i>Geochelone radiata)</i> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> is in serious decline due to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">over-exploitation</a>. The tortoise is protected under Malagasy law and is part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>, however enforcement is low and hunting persists.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a></sup> Guards that are meant to protect the tortoise and prevent hunting are often paid off by the hunters.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mexico">Mexico</span></h3>
<p>In Mexico sea turtles have been used for medicine, food and decoration since the 13th century. While hunting turtles is strictly forbidden in Mexico, approximately 35,000 turtles have been poached per year within the last decade around <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur">Baja California Sur</a>. An estimated 65% of captured turtles are thought to be green sea turtles, while 10% consist of the endangered loggerhead sea turtle. The most common way poachers capture turtles is using a net designed specifically for turtles, which costs around $660. The majority of the poachers are local fisherman, who earn approximately US$78 per week. The turtles are sold locally, or reach the international black market where they fetch a profit of US$58 per turtle.<sup id="cite_ref-Mancini_2011_743–756_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mancini_2011_743–756-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The maximum punishment in Mexico for the poaching of turtles is nine years in jail and a fine of US$11,000. Poachers told researchers that the most efficient way of avoiding being caught is to either physically avoid patrols by driving away from them, or by paying a bribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Mancini_2011_743–756_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mancini_2011_743–756-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="North_American_regulations_on_turtle_hunting">North American regulations on turtle hunting</span></h3>
<p>Both the American and Canadian governments regulate the consumption, hunting and destruction of turtles and their eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Canada, it is illegal to hunt or kill turtles in most provinces. Ontario allowed snapping turtle hunting as recently as 2016, but that was discontinued in 2017. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the US, some states have imposed bans on collecting turtles from the wild, including for their meat. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>Turtle hunting in New York State regulates two species of turtles, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diamondback_terrapin" title="Diamondback terrapin">diamondback terrapin</a> and the snapping turtle. Snapping turtles are allowed to be hunted only between July 15 and September 30. A small game <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">hunting license</a> is required to hunt the turtle, and it is mandated that the turtle shell must be 12 inches long, or longer in a straight line. Turtles must be killed with a bow or firearm, and there is a limit of 30 turtles per year. Because of risk of food-borne contaminants, health advisories have been implemented with specific cooking instructions for public health.<sup id="cite_ref-US_regulation_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_regulation-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Similarly to regulation of snapping turtles, diamondback terrapin turtles are only allowed to be hunted during specific months of the year. The hunting season for diamondback terrapin turtles is from August 1 to April 30. In order to hunt diamondback terrapins, individuals must possess a hunting license specific to the species of turtle. Shells must be between 4 and 7 inches long, and must be released if the shell size is any different. Diamondback terrapin turtles must be captured by dip nets, seine nets, by hand or with a trap that must be checked on a daily basis.<sup id="cite_ref-US_regulation_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_regulation-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Regulating_poaching">Regulating poaching</span></h2>
<p>One of the most difficult obstacles to overcome with the hunting and poaching of sea turtles is the cultural aspect. Many countries, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, have been hunting and eating sea turtles and sea turtle eggs for a very long time and consider it to be part of their culture. When scientists and conservationists try to explain to native <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poachers</a> the detrimental impact their actions have on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtle</a> populations, or when walking nightly patrols on the beach, they are met with hostility and sometimes violence.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Continuous education and outreach is important to mitigating the issue, in addition to beach patrols to prevent poachers from taking eggs or nesting female turtles. Implementing laws that protect animals, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radiated_tortoise" title="Radiated tortoise">radiated tortoise</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, can help population levels if proper enforcement is in place.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turtle_hunting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turtle hunting">Turtle hunting</a></span>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolphin_safe_label" title="Dolphin safe label">Dolphin safe label</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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<li id="cite_note-Feast-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feast_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmithBird,_R.L.B.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, E.A.; Bird, R.L.B. (2000). "Turtle hunting and tombstone opening: Public generosity as costly signaling". <i>Evolution and Human Behavior</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 245–261. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1090-5138%2800%2900031-3">10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00031-3</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10899477">10899477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution+and+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Turtle+hunting+and+tombstone+opening%3A+Public+generosity+as+costly+signaling&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=245-261&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1090-5138%2800%2900031-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10899477&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=E.A.&rft.au=Bird%2C+R.L.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtling+%28hunting%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Bolivia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bolivia_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFConwey-Gόmez2007" class="citation journal cs1">Conwey-Gόmez, K (2007). "Effects of human settlements on abundance of <i>Podocnemis unifilis</i> and <i>P. expansa</i> turtles in Northeastern Bolivia". <i>Chelonian Conservation and Biology</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 199–255. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2744%2F1071-8443%282007%296%5B199%3Aeohsoa%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[199:eohsoa]2.0.co;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chelonian+Conservation+and+Biology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+human+settlements+on+abundance+of+Podocnemis+unifilis+and+P.+expansa+turtles+in+Northeastern+Bolivia&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-255&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2744%2F1071-8443%282007%296%5B199%3Aeohsoa%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft.aulast=Conwey-G%CF%8Cmez&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtling+%28hunting%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-IUCN-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search">"IUCN Red List"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IUCN+Red+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fapps%2Fredlist%2Fsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtling+%28hunting%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hunting_regulation-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunting_regulation_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Ontario" class="citation web cs1">Government of Ontario. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@fw/documents/document/239852.pdf">"Small Game Regulations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hunting Regulations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hunting+Regulations&rft.atitle=Small+Game+Regulations&rft.au=Government+of+Ontario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnr.gov.on.ca%2Fstdprodconsume%2Fgroups%2Flr%2F%40mnr%2F%40fw%2Fdocuments%2Fdocument%2F239852.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtling+%28hunting%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMeylan1999" class="citation journal cs1">Meylan, Anne (1999). "Status justification for listing the Hawksbill Turtle (<i>Eretmochelys imbricata</i>) as critically endangered on the 1996 IUCN red list of threatened animals". <i>Chelonian Conservation and Biology</i>. <b>3</b>: 200–224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chelonian+Conservation+and+Biology&rft.atitle=Status+justification+for+listing+the+Hawksbill+Turtle+%28Eretmochelys+imbricata%29+as+critically+endangered+on+the+1996+IUCN+red+list+of+threatened+animals&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=200-224&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Meylan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtling+%28hunting%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ticotimes.net/2015/08/08/toasting-with-turtle-eggs-its-legal-in-ostional">"Toasting with turtle eggs: It's legal in Ostional"</a>. <i>The Tico Times Costa Rica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tico+Times+Costa+Rica&rft.atitle=Toasting+with+turtle+eggs%3A+It%27s+legal+in+Ostional&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ticotimes.net%2F2015%2F08%2F08%2Ftoasting-with-turtle-eggs-its-legal-in-ostional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtling+%28hunting%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Danger_to_Turtle-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Danger_to_Turtle_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danger_to_Turtle_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPoinerHarris,_A.N.M.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Poiner, I.R.; Harris, A.N.M. (June 1996). "Incidental capture, direct mortality and delayed mortality of sea turtles in Australia's northern prawn fishery". <i>Marine Biology</i>. <b>125</b> (4): 813–825. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00349264">10.1007/BF00349264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Biology&rft.atitle=Incidental+capture%2C+direct+mortality+and+delayed+mortality+of+sea+turtles+in+Australia%27s+northern+prawn+fishery&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=813-825&rft.date=1996-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00349264&rft.aulast=Poiner&rft.aufirst=I.R.&rft.au=Harris%2C+A.N.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtling+%28hunting%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMagnusonMagnuson,_J.J.Bjorndal,_K.A.Dupaul,_W.D.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Magnuson, J.J.; Magnuson, J.J.; Bjorndal, K.A.; Dupaul, W.D.; Graham, G.L.; Owens, D.W.; Peterson, P.C.H.; Pritchard, J.I.; Richardson, S.G.E (1990). "Decline of turtles: Causes and prevention". <i>National Research Council</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Research+Council&rft.atitle=Decline+of+turtles%3A+Causes+and+prevention&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Magnuson&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft.au=Magnuson%2C+J.J.&rft.au=Bjorndal%2C+K.A.&rft.au=Dupaul%2C+W.D.&rft.au=Graham%2C+G.L.&rft.au=Owens%2C+D.W.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+P.C.H.&rft.au=Pritchard%2C+J.I.&rft.au=Richardson%2C+S.G.E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtling+%28hunting%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308075908/http://www.history.com/topics/africa">"Africa"</a>. <i>Television Networks</i>. LLC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/africa">the original</a> on March 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Television+Networks&rft.atitle=Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtling+%28hunting%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPetersenHonig,_M.B.Ryan,_P.G.Nel,_R.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen, S.L.; Honig, M.B.; Ryan, P.G.; Nel, R.; Underhill, Lg.G. (April 2009). "Turtle bycatch in the pelagic longline fishery off southern Africa". <i>African Journal of Marine Science</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 87–96. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2989%2FAJMS.2009.31.1.8.779">10.2989/AJMS.2009.31.1.8.779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Turtle+bycatch+in+the+pelagic+longline+fishery+off+southern+Africa&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-96&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2989%2FAJMS.2009.31.1.8.779&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=S.L.&rft.au=Honig%2C+M.B.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+P.G.&rft.au=Nel%2C+R.&rft.au=Underhill%2C+Lg.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtling+%28hunting%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienEmahalalaBeardRakotondrainy2003" class="citation journal cs1">O'Brien, Susan; Emahalala, Ellis R.; Beard, Vicki; Rakotondrainy, Riana M.; Reid, Ailsa; Raharisoa, Vola; Coulson, Tim (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605303000590">"Decline of the Madagascar radiated tortoise <i>Geochelone radiata</i> due to overexploitation"</a>. <i>Oryx</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 338–343. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605303000590">10.1017/S0030605303000590</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3008">1365-3008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Decline+of+the+Madagascar+radiated+tortoise+Geochelone+radiata+due+to+overexploitation&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=338-343&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0030605303000590&rft.issn=1365-3008&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Emahalala%2C+Ellis+R.&rft.au=Beard%2C+Vicki&rft.au=Rakotondrainy%2C+Riana+M.&rft.au=Reid%2C+Ailsa&rft.au=Raharisoa%2C+Vola&rft.au=Coulson%2C+Tim&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0030605303000590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtling+%28hunting%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mancini_2011_743–756-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mancini_2011_743–756_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mancini_2011_743–756_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFManciniSenko,_J.Borquez-Reyes,_R.Pόo,_J.G.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mancini, A; Senko, J.; Borquez-Reyes, R.; Pόo, J.G.; Seminoff, J.A.; Koch, V. (2011). "To poach or not to poach an endangered species: Elucidating the economic and social drivers behind illegal sea turtle hunting in Baja California Sur, Mexico". <i>Human Ecology</i>. <b>39</b> (6): 743–756. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.458.7867">10.1.1.458.7867</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10745-011-9425-8">10.1007/s10745-011-9425-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Ecology&rft.atitle=To+poach+or+not+to+poach+an+endangered+species%3A+Elucidating+the+economic+and+social+drivers+behind+illegal+sea+turtle+hunting+in+Baja+California+Sur%2C+Mexico&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=743-756&rft.date=2011&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.458.7867%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10745-011-9425-8&rft.aulast=Mancini&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Senko%2C+J.&rft.au=Borquez-Reyes%2C+R.&rft.au=P%CF%8Co%2C+J.G.&rft.au=Seminoff%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Koch%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtling+%28hunting%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/cvm/turtles.htm">FDA</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/ontario-bans-snapping-turtle-hunt-after-public-outcry-1.4053109">CBC News - Ontario Bans Snapping Turtle Hunt</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ontarionature.org/news-release/end-hunt-of-at-risk-snapping-turtle/">Ontario Nature - End Hunt of At-Risk Snapping Turtle</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Reptiles/Alligator-Snapping-Turtle">National Wildlife Federation - Alligator Snapping Turtle</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-US_regulation-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_regulation_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_regulation_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_State_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation" class="citation web cs1">New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/27801.html">"Small Game Hunting"</a>. New York State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Small+Game+Hunting&rft.pub=New+York+State&rft.au=New+York+State+Department+of+Environmental+Conservation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dec.ny.gov%2Foutdoor%2F27801.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtling+%28hunting%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2015/07/sea-turtle-conservationists-attacked-in-costa-rica/">"Sea turtle conservationists attacked in Costa Rica"</a>. <i>Mongabay Environmental News</i>. 2015-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongabay+Environmental+News&rft.atitle=Sea+turtle+conservationists+attacked+in+Costa+Rica&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2015%2F07%2Fsea-turtle-conservationists-attacked-in-costa-rica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtling+%28hunting%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_turtles" title="Cultural depictions of turtles">Cultural depictions of turtles</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fictional_turtles" title="List of fictional turtles">fictional turtles</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">Turtle excluder device</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">Turtle farming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle_Island_(Native_American_folklore)" title="Turtle Island (Native American folklore)">Turtle Island (Native American folklore)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle_racing" title="Turtle racing">Turtle racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle_soup" title="Turtle soup">Turtle soup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bife_de_tartaruga" title="Bife de tartaruga">Turtle steak</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turtling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="World turtle">World turtle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1645222290 |
