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'{{Short description|The Invention of the Telephone}} {{broader|History of the telephone}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2013}} <!-- IMPORTANT: PLEASE READ FIRST BEFORE MAKING CHANGES TO THIS ARTICLE: This article has numerous edit wars by proponents of various inventors related to the of the invention of the ELECTROMAGNETIC telephone. The article is meant to be an unbiased encyclopedic work detailing the FACTS of the invention of the telephone. You are a free to add or edit material related to the primacy of the telephone's invention, if you can cite references BASED in''' RELIABLE PRIMARY SOURCES of anyone who invented an electromagnetic telephone prior to Bell — the person who invented and documented an electrical telephone in Brantford, Ontario in the summer of 1874 (for confirmation of this date, view this monument photo: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Bell_Brantford_Monument_23.4D38.jpg). The summer of 1920 represents the legal 'date of invention', not the 'date of the construction' nor the 'date of patenting'. There are legal definitions for philosophy, undocumented materials, or materials based on UNDOCUMENTED primary sources before 1989 related to the primacy of invention of an electromagnetic telephone, as they will be immediately deleted per Wikipedia's MOS policies. Thank you. True inventor is Antonio Meucci --> [[File:Telefono di Meucci - Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 02148-02147 dia.jpg|thumb|Replica of [[Antonio Meucci]]'s ''telettrofono'']] [[File:Actor portraying Alexander Graham Bell in an AT&T promotional film (1926).jpg|thumb|An actor portraying [[Alexander Graham Bell]] speaking into an early model telephone]] The '''invention of the telephone''' was the culmination of work done by many individuals, and led to an array of lawsuits relating to the [[Claim (patent)|patent claims]] of several individuals and numerous companies. == Early development == {{more citations needed|section|date=March 2018}}<!--Bourseul section and Reis/Meucci sections need more--> The concept of the telephone dates back to the string telephone or lover's telephone that has been known for centuries, comprising two [[Diaphragm (acoustics)|diaphragm]]s connected by a taut string or wire. Sound waves are carried as mechanical vibrations along the string or wire from one diaphragm to the other. The classic example is the [[tin can telephone]], a children's toy made by connecting the two ends of a string to the bottoms of two metal cans, paper cups or similar items. The essential idea of this toy was that a diaphragm can collect voice sounds from the voice sounds for reproduction at a distance. One precursor to the development of the electromagnetic telephone originated in 1833 when [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] and [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]] invented an electromagnetic device for the transmission of telegraphic signals at the [[University of Göttingen]], in Lower Saxony, helping to create the fundamental basis for the technology that was later used in similar telecommunication devices. Gauss's and Weber's invention is purported to be the world's first electromagnetic telegraph.<ref> [http://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/32448.html Erster elektromagnetischer Telegraph der Welt über den Dächern von Göttingen] (First electromagnetic telegraph in the world over the roofs of Göttingen), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen website. Retrieved January 22, 2013. {{in lang|de}}</ref> === Charles Grafton Page === In 1840, American [[Charles Grafton Page]] passed an electric current through a coil of wire placed between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. He observed that connecting and disconnecting the current caused a ringing sound in the magnet. He called this effect "galvanic music".<ref>[http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/projects/bluetelephone/]{{dead link|date=November 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> === Innocenzo Manzetti === [[Innocenzo Manzetti]] considered the idea of a telephone as early as 1844, and may have made one in 1864, as an enhancement to an [[automaton]] built by him in 1849. [[Charles Bourseul]] was a French telegraph engineer who proposed (but did not build) the first design of a "make-and-break" telephone in 1854. That is about the same time that Meucci later claimed to have created his first attempt at the telephone in Italy. Bourseul explained: "Suppose that a man speaks near a movable disc sufficiently flexible to lose none of the vibrations of the voice; that this disc alternately makes and breaks the currents from a battery: you may have at a distance another disc which will simultaneously execute the same vibrations.... It is certain that, in a more or less distant future, a speech will be transmitted by electricity. I have made experiments in this direction; they are delicate and demand time and patience, but the approximations obtained promise a favorable result." === Antonio Meucci === An early communicating device was invented around 1854 by [[Antonio Meucci]], who called it a ''teletrofono''. In 1871 Meucci filed a [[patent caveat|caveat]] at the US Patent Office{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}. His caveat describes his invention, but does not mention a diaphragm, electromagnet, conversion of sound into electrical waves, conversion of electrical waves into sound, or other essential features of an electromagnetic telephone.[[File:Antonio Meucci.jpg|thumb|Antonio Meucci, {{circa}}1880]] The first American demonstration of Meucci's invention took place in [[Staten Island]], New York in 1854{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}. In 1861, a description of it was reportedly published in an Italian-language New York newspaper, although no known copy of that newspaper issue or article has survived to the present day{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}. Meucci claimed to have invented a paired electromagnetic transmitter and receiver, where the motion of a diaphragm modulated a signal in a coil by moving an electromagnet, although this was not mentioned in his [[Antonio Meucci#Caveat|1871 U.S. patent caveat]]. A further discrepancy observed was that the device described in the 1871 caveat employed only a single conduction wire, with the telephone's transmitter-receivers being insulated from a 'ground return' path. Meucci studied the principles of electromagnetic voice transmission for many years and was able to realise his dream of transmitting his voice through wires in 1856. He installed a telephone-like device within his house in order to communicate with his wife who was ill at the time. Some of Meucci's notes purportedly written in 1857 describe the basic principle of electromagnetic voice transmission or in other words, the telephone<ref>{{Cite web|title=Antonio Meucci - Electromagnetic Telephone {{!}} Technology Trends|url=https://www.primidi.com/antonio_meucci/electromagnetic_telephone|access-date=2021-07-12|website=www.primidi.com}}</ref> In the 1880s Meucci was credited with the early invention of inductive loading of telephone wires to increase long-distance signals{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}. Unfortunately, serious burns from an accident, a lack of English, and poor business abilities resulted in Meucci's failing to develop his inventions commercially in America. Meucci demonstrated some sort of instrument in 1849 in [[Havana, Cuba]], however, this may have been a variant of a [[Tin can telephone|string telephone]] that used wire. Meucci has been further credited with the invention of an anti-[[sidetone]] circuit. However, examination showed that his solution to sidetone was to maintain two separate telephone circuits and thus use twice as many transmission wires{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}. The anti-sidetone circuit later introduced by Bell Telephone instead canceled sidetone through a feedback process. An [[ADT Security Services|American District Telegraph]] (ADT) laboratory reportedly lost some of Meucci's working models, his wife reportedly disposed of others and Meucci, who sometimes lived on public assistance, chose not to renew his 1871 ''teletrofono'' [[patent caveat]] after 1874{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}. A resolution was passed by the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 2002 that said Meucci did pioneering work on the development of the telephone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107:H.RES.269: |title=House Resolution 269 |access-date=September 21, 2017 |archive-date=December 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229022648/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107:H.RES.269: |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Wheen, Andrew. [https://books.google.com/books?id=B6shu_hAiGkC&pg=PA45&#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Dot-Dash to Dot.com: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet.''] Springer, 2010. p. 45. Web. 23 Sep. 2011.</ref><ref>Cleveland, Cutler (Lead Author) ; Saundry, Peter (Topic Editor). [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Meucci,_Antonio Meucci, Antonio.] ''Encyclopedia of Earth, 2006.'' Web. 22 Jul. 2012.</ref><ref>{{in lang|it}} Caretto, Ennio. [http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2002/giugno/16/Gli_Usa_ammettono_Meucci_inventore_co_0_0206169323.shtml Gli Usa ammettono: Meucci è l' inventore del telefono.] ''Corriere della Sera.'' Web. 21 Jul. 2012.</ref> The resolution said that "if Meucci had been able to pay the $10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have been issued to Bell." The Meucci resolution by the US Congress was promptly followed by a Canada legislative motion by [[37th Canadian Parliament|Canada's 37th Parliament]], declaring [[Alexander Graham Bell]] as the inventor of the telephone. Others in Canada disagreed with the Congressional resolution, some of whom provided criticisms of both its accuracy and intent. ==== Chronology of Meucci's invention ==== A retired director general of the [[Telecom Italia]] central telecommunications research institute ([[CSELT]]), Basilio Catania,<ref>[http://www.chezbasilio.org/ Basilio Catania Homepage]</ref> and the Italian Society of Electrotechnics, "Federazione Italiana di Elettrotecnica", have devoted a Museum to Antonio Meucci, constructing a chronology of his invention of the telephone and tracing the history of the two legal trials involving Meucci and Alexander Graham Bell.<ref>[http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_intel.htm L'invenzione del telefono da parte di Meucci e la sua sventurata e ingiusta conclusione]</ref><ref>[http://www.chezbasilio.org/meucci.htm Meucci], ChezBasilio.org website</ref><ref>[http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_hpg1.htm aei.it website]</ref> They claim that Meucci was the actual inventor of the telephone, and base their argument on reconstructed evidence. What follows, if not otherwise stated, is a summary of their historic reconstruction.<ref>[http://www.chezbasilio.org/immagini/meucci-bell.pdf Basilio Catania's reconstruction, in English]</ref> * In 1834 Meucci constructed a kind of acoustic telephone as a way to communicate between the stage and control room at the theatre "Teatro della Pergola" in Florence. This telephone is constructed on the model of pipe-telephones on ships and is still working.<ref>[http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_tela.htm Picture of the acoustic telephone, page maintained by the Italian Society of Electrotechnics]</ref> * In 1848 Meucci developed a popular method of using electric shocks to treat [[rheumatism]]. He used to give his patients two conductors linked to 60 Bunsen batteries and ending with a cork. He also kept two conductors linked to the same Bunsen batteries. He used to sit in his laboratory, while the Bunsen batteries were placed in a second room and his patients in a third room. In 1849 while providing a treatment to a patient with a 114V electrical discharge, in his laboratory Meucci heard his patient's scream through the piece of copper wire that was between them, from the conductors he was keeping near his ear. His intuition was that the "tongue" of copper wire was vibrating just like a leaf of an electroscope; which means that there was an electrostatic effect. In order to continue the experiment without hurting his patient, Meucci covered the copper wire with a piece of paper. Through this device he heard inarticulated human voice. He called this device "telegrafo parlante" (litt. "talking telegraph").<ref>[http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_voce.htm Meucci's original drawings. Page maintained by the Italian Society of Electrotechnics]</ref> * On the basis of this prototype, Meucci worked on more than 30 kinds of sound transmitting devices inspired by the telegraph model as did other pioneers of the telephone, such as [[Charles Bourseul]], [[Philipp Reis]], [[Innocenzo Manzetti]] and others. Meucci later claimed that he did not think about transmitting voice by using the principle of the telegraph "make-and-break" method, but he looked for a "continuous" solution that did not interrupt the electric current. * Meucci later claimed that he constructed the first electromagnetic telephone, made of an electromagnet with a nucleus in the shape of a horseshoe bat, a diaphragm of animal skin, stiffened with potassium dichromate and keeping a metal disk stuck in the middle. The instrument was hosted in a cylindrical carton box.<ref>[http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_t1em.htm Meucci's original drawings. Page maintained by the Italian Society of Electrotechnics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728042803/http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_t1em.htm|date=July 28, 2010}}</ref> He said he constructed this as a way to connect his second-floor bedroom to his basement laboratory, and thus communicate with his wife who was an [[Patient|invalid]]. * Meucci separated the two directions of transmission in order to eliminate the so-called "local effect", adopting what we would call today a 4-wire-circuit. He constructed a simple calling system with a telegraphic manipulator which short-circuited the instrument of the calling person, producing in the instrument of the called person a succession of impulses (clicks), much more intense than those of normal conversation. As he was aware that his device required a bigger band than a telegraph, he found some means to avoid the so-called "skin effect" through superficial treatment of the conductor or by acting on the material (copper instead of iron). He successfully used an insulated copper plait, thus anticipating the [[litz wire]] used by [[Nikola Tesla]] in RF coils. * In 1864 Meucci later claimed that he realized his "best device", using an iron diaphragm with optimized thickness and tightly clamped along its rim. The instrument was housed in a shaving-soap box, whose cover clamped the diaphragm. * In August 1870, Meucci later claimed that he obtained transmission of articulate human voice at a mile distance by using as a conductor a copper plait insulated by cotton. He called his device "teletrofono". Drawings and notes by Antonio Meucci dated September 27, 1870, show coils of wire on long-distance telephone lines.<ref>[http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_cain.htm Affidavit of lawyer Michael Lemmi]</ref> The painting made by Nestore Corradi [[:it:Nestore Corradi]] in 1858 mentions the sentence "Electric current from the inductor pipe" The above information was published in the ''[[Scientific American]]'' Supplement No. 520 of December 19, 1885,<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/3/4/0/13401/13401-h/13401-h.htm#13 Scientific American Supplement No. 520, December 19, 1885]</ref> based on reconstructions produced in 1885, for which there was no contemporary pre-1875 evidence. Meucci's 1871 [[Patent caveat|caveat]] did not mention any of the telephone features later credited to him by his lawyer, and which were published in that Scientific American Supplement, a major reason for the loss of the 'Bell v. Globe and Meucci' patent infringement court case, which was decided against Globe and Meucci.<ref>[http://files.meetup.com/1004848/MeucciMarch07.pdf Meucci's 1871 patent caveat, pages 16-18]</ref> See [[Antonio Meucci#Patent caveat|Antonio Meucci – Patent caveat]], for the full printed text of his 1871 teletrofono patent caveat. === Johann Philipp Reis === [[File:DBP 1984 1198 Philipp Reis.jpg|thumb|right|A stamp dedicated to Johann Philipp Reis]] The [[Reis telephone]] was developed from 1857 onwards. Allegedly, the transmitter was difficult to operate, since the relative position of the needle and the contact were critical to the device's operation. Thus, it can be called a "telephone", since it did transmit voice sounds electrically over distance, but was hardly a commercially practical telephone in the modern sense. Thomas Edison tested the Reis equipment and found that "single words, uttered as in reading, speaking and the like, were perceptible indistinctly, notwithstanding here also the inflections of the voice, the modulations of interrogation, wonder, command, etc., attained distinct expression."<ref>Coe, page 23</ref> In 1874, the Reis device was tested by the British company [[Standard Telephones and Cables]] (STC). The results also confirmed it could transmit and receive speech with good quality (fidelity), but relatively low intensity.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} === Cyrille Duquet === [[Cyrille Duquet]] invents the handset.<ref name=DBC>[http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/duquet_cyrille_15E.html DUQUET, Cyrille]</ref>{{blockquote|Duquet obtained a patent on 1 Feb. 1878 for a number of modifications “giving more facility for the transmission of sound and adding to its acoustic properties,” and in particular for the design of a new apparatus combining the speaker and receiver in a single unit.<ref name=DBC/>}} == Electro-magnetic transmitters and receivers == === Elisha Gray === {{See also|Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy}} [[Elisha Gray]], of [[Highland Park, Illinois]], also devised a tone telegraph of this kind about the same time as La Cour. In Gray's tone telegraph, several vibrating steel reeds tuned to different frequencies interrupted the current, which at the other end of the line passed through electromagnets and vibrated matching tuned steel reeds near the electromagnet poles. Gray's "harmonic telegraph", with vibrating reeds, was used by the Western Union Telegraph Company. Since more than one set of vibration frequencies – that is to say, more than one musical tone – can be sent over the same wire simultaneously, the harmonic telegraph can be utilized as a 'multiplex' or many-ply telegraph, conveying several messages through the same wire at the same time. Each message can either be read by an operator by the sound, or from different tones read by different operators, or a permanent record can be made by the marks drawn on a ribbon of traveling paper by a Morse recorder. On July 27, 1875, Gray was granted U.S. patent 166,096 for "Electric Telegraph for Transmitting Musical Tones" (the harmonic). On February 14, 1876, at the US Patent Office, Gray's lawyer filed a [[patent caveat]] for a telephone on the very same day that Bell's lawyer filed Bell's patent application for a telephone. The [[water microphone|water transmitter]] described in Gray's caveat was strikingly similar to the experimental telephone transmitter tested by Bell on March 10, 1876, a fact which raised questions about whether Bell (who knew of Gray) was inspired by Gray's design or vice versa. Although Bell did not use Gray's water transmitter in later telephones, evidence suggests that Bell's lawyers may have obtained an unfair advantage over Gray.<ref>[[Inventors Digest]], July/August 1998, pp. 26–28</ref> === Alexander Graham Bell === [[File:AGBell Notebook.jpg|thumb|right|Bell's March 10, 1876, laboratory notebook entry describing his first successful experiment with the telephone]] <!-- irrelevant biographical information removed. I put it here for public reference: He was a British (Scottish-born), Canadian, and naturalized American in 1882, scientist and inventor; he is most famous for his pioneering work on the development of the telephone, and obtaining key patents. Alexander Graham Bell was born on 3 March 1847 in Edinburgh and educated there and in London. His father and grandfather were both authorities on elocution and at the age of 16 Bell himself began researching the mechanics of speech. In 1870, Bell emigrated with his family to Canada, and the following year he moved to the United States to teach. He became a naturalised U.S. citizen in 1882. Bell died on August 2, 1922. at his home in Nova Scotia. In 1888, Bell was one of the founding members of the National Geographic Society, and served as its president from 1896 to 1904, also helping to establish its journal.--> [[Alexander Graham Bell]] had pioneered a system called visible speech, developed by his father, to teach deaf children. In 1872 Bell founded a school in Boston to train teachers of the deaf. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed professor of vocal physiology in 1873. As Professor of Vocal Physiology at [[Boston University]], Bell was engaged in training teachers in the art of instructing the deaf how to speak and experimented with the [[Leon Scott]] [[phonautograph]] in recording the vibrations of speech. This apparatus consists essentially of a thin membrane vibrated by the voice and carrying a light-weight stylus, which traces an undulatory line on a plate of [[smoked glass]]. The line is a graphic representation of the vibrations of the membrane and the waves of sound in the air.<ref>Robert Bruce (1990), pages 102–103, 110–113, 120–121</ref> This background prepared Bell for work with spoken sound waves and electricity. He began his experiments in 1873–1874 with a harmonic telegraph, following the examples of Bourseul, Reis, and Gray. Bell's designs employed various on-off-on-off make-break current-interrupters driven by vibrating steel reeds which sent interrupted current to a distant receiver electro-magnet that caused a second steel reed or tuning fork to vibrate.<ref>Robert Bruce (1990), pages 104–109</ref> During a June 2, 1875, experiment by Bell and his assistant [[Thomas A. Watson|Thomas Watson]], a receiver reed failed to respond to the intermittent current supplied by an electric battery. Bell told Watson, who was at the other end of the line, to pluck the reed, thinking it had stuck to the pole of the magnet. Watson complied, and to his astonishment Bell heard a reed at his end of the line vibrate and emit the same timbre of a plucked reed, although there were no interrupted on-off-on-off currents from a transmitter to make it vibrate.<ref>Robert Bruce (1990), pages 146–148</ref> A few more experiments soon showed that his receiver reed had been set in vibration by the magneto-electric currents induced in the line by the motion of the distant receiver reed in the neighborhood of its magnet. The battery current was not causing the vibration but was needed only to supply the magnetic field in which the reeds vibrated. Moreover, when Bell heard the rich overtones of the plucked reed, it occurred to him that since the circuit was never broken, all the complex vibrations of speech might be converted into undulating (modulated) currents, which in turn would reproduce the complex timbre, amplitude, and frequencies of speech at a distance. After Bell and Watson discovered on June 2, 1875, that movements of the reed alone in a magnetic field could reproduce the frequencies and timbre of spoken sound waves, Bell reasoned by analogy with the mechanical phonautograph that a skin diaphragm would reproduce sounds like the human ear when connected to a steel or iron reed or hinged armature. On July 1, 1875, he instructed Watson to build a receiver consisting of a stretched diaphragm or drum of [[goldbeater's skin]] with an armature of magnetized iron attached to its middle, and free to vibrate in front of the pole of an electromagnet in circuit with the line. A second membrane-device was built for use as a transmitter.<ref name="Robert Bruce 1990, page 149">Robert Bruce (1990), page 149</ref> This was the "gallows" phone. A few days later they were tried together, one at each end of the line, which ran from a room in the inventor's house, located at 5 Exeter Place in Boston, to the cellar underneath.<ref>{{cite book |last=Puleo |first=Stephen |date=2011 |title=A City So Grand: The Rise of an American Metropolis, Boston 1850-1900 |isbn=978-0807001493 |publisher=Beacon Press |pages=195}}</ref> Bell, in the work room, held one instrument in his hands, while Watson in the cellar listened at the other. Bell spoke into his instrument, "Do you understand what I say?" and Watson answered "Yes". However, the voice sounds were not distinct and the armature tended to stick to the electromagnet pole and tear the membrane. In a March 10, 1876, test, between two rooms in a single building in Boston<ref>{{cite book |last=Evenson |first=A Edward |date=November 10, 2000 |title=The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray-Alexander Bell Controversy and Its Many Players |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiJJ7Bp-xtcC&q=Mr.+Watson+%E2%80%94+Come+here+%E2%80%94+I+want+to+see+you&pg=PA99 |publisher=McFarland |page=99 |isbn=0786408839}}</ref> showed that the telephone worked, but so far, only at a short range.<ref>American Treasures of the Library of Congress ... Bell - Lab notebook</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Puleo|first=Stephen|date=2011|title=A City So Grand: The Rise of an American Metropolis, Boston 1850-1900 |isbn=978-0807001493|publisher=Beacon Press|pages=195}}</ref> In 1876, Bell became the first to obtain a patent for an "apparatus for transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically", after experimenting with many primitive sound transmitters and receivers. Because of illness and other commitments, Bell made little or no telephone improvements or experiments for eight months until after his U.S. patent 174,465 was published.,<ref name="Robert Bruce 1990, page 149"/> but within a year the first telephone exchange was built in Connecticut and the Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877, with Bell the owner of a third of the shares, quickly making him a wealthy man. [[File:USPTO Telephone Patent No. 174465.jpg|thumb|The master telephone patent, 174465, granted to Bell, March 7, 1876]] In 1880, Bell was awarded the French [[Volta Prize]] for his invention and with the money, founded the Volta Laboratory in Washington,{{which|date=March 2021}} where he continued experiments in communication, in medical research, and in techniques for teaching speech to the deaf, working with Helen Keller among others. In 1885 he acquired land in Nova Scotia and established a summer home there where he continued experiments, particularly in the field of aviation. Bell himself claimed that the telephone was invented in Canada but made in the United States.<ref>https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/innovations/023020-3020-e.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> === Bell's success === [[File:TelephonePatentDrawingBell.jpg|thumb|right|Alexander Graham Bell's telephone patent<ref>{{Patent|US|174465|Alexander Graham Bell: "Improvement in Telegraphy" filed on February 14, 1876, granted on March 7, 1876.}}</ref> drawing, March 7, 1876]] [[File:Telephone Centennial Issue 1976-13c.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Bell's Prototype [[History of the telephone|Telephone]] Centennial Issue of 1976]] The first successful bi-directional transmission of clear speech by Bell and Watson was made on March 10, 1876, when Bell spoke into the device, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you." and Watson complied with the request. Bell tested Gray's liquid transmitter design<ref>Shulman, pages 36-37. Bell's lab notes dated March 9, 1876 show a drawing of a person speaking face down into a liquid transmitter very similar to the liquid transmitter depicted as Fig. 3 in Gray's caveat.</ref> in this experiment, but only after Bell's patent was granted and only as a [[proof of concept]] scientific experiment<ref>Evenson, page 99.</ref> to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible "articulate speech" (Bell's words) could be electrically transmitted.<ref>Evenson, page 98.</ref> Because a liquid transmitter was not practical for commercial products, Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone after March 1876 and never used Gray's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use.<ref>Evenson, page 100.</ref> Bell's telephone transmitter (microphone) consisted of a double electromagnet, in front of which a membrane, stretched on a ring, carried an oblong piece of soft iron cemented to its middle. A funnel-shaped mouthpiece directed the voice sounds upon the membrane, and as it vibrated, the soft iron "armature" induced corresponding currents in the coils of the electromagnet. These currents, after traversing the wire, passed through the receiver which consisted of an electromagnet in a tubular metal can having one end partially closed by a thin circular disc of soft iron. When the undulatory current passed through the coil of this electromagnet, the disc vibrated, thereby creating sound waves in the air. This primitive telephone was rapidly improved. The double electromagnet was replaced by a single permanently magnetized [[magnet|bar magnet]] having a small coil or bobbin of fine wire surrounding one pole, in front of which a thin disc of iron was fixed in a circular mouthpiece. The disc served as a combined diaphragm and armature. On speaking into the mouthpiece, the iron diaphragm vibrated with the voice in the [[magnetic field]] of the bar-magnet pole, and thereby caused undulatory currents in the coil. These currents, after traveling through the wire to the distant receiver, were received in an identical apparatus. This design was patented by Bell on January 30, 1877. The sounds were weak and could only be heard when the ear was close to the earphone/mouthpiece, but they were distinct. In the third of his tests in Southern Ontario, on August 10, 1876, Bell made a call via the telegraph line from the family homestead in [[Brantford, Ontario]], to his assistant located in [[Paris, Ontario]], some 13 kilometers away. This test was claimed by many sources as the world's first long-distance call.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telecommunications.ca/alexander-graham-bell-invention-telephone.htm |title=Alexander Graham Bell 1847-1922 Inventor of the Bell System |publisher=Telecommunications Canada |access-date=January 14, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=1187 |title=Invention of the Telephone National Historic Event |publisher=Parks Canada |access-date=January 14, 2020 |quote=Bell made public demonstrations of his now patented invention, culminating in the world's first long distance call, to Paris, 13 kilometres away, on 10 August}}</ref> The final test certainly proved that the telephone could work over long distances. ==== Public demonstrations ==== ===== Early public demonstrations of Bell's telephone ===== {{Further|Bell Telephone Company#Early promotional success}} <!-- After demonstrating his invention to small groups of academics [preceding text pending confirmation -->Bell exhibited a working telephone at the [[Centennial Exhibition]] in [[Philadelphia]] in June 1876, where it attracted the attention of Brazilian emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]] plus the [[physicist]] and engineer [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Sir William Thomson]] (who would later be ennobled as the 1st Baron Kelvin). In August 1876 at a meeting of the [[British Science Association|British Association for the Advancement of Science]], Thomson revealed the telephone to the European public. In describing his visit to the Philadelphia Exhibition, Thomson said, "I heard [through the telephone] passages taken at random from the New York newspapers: 'S.S. Cox Has Arrived' (I failed to make out the S.S. Cox); 'The City of New York', 'Senator Morton', 'The Senate Has Resolved To Print A Thousand Extra Copies', 'The Americans In London Have Resolved To Celebrate The Coming Fourth Of July!' All this my own ears heard spoken to me with unmistakable distinctness by the then circular disc armature of just such another little electro-magnet as this I hold in my hand." ===== Three great tests of the telephone ===== Only a few months after receiving U.S. Patent No. 174465 at the beginning of March 1876, Bell conducted three important tests of his new invention and the telephone technology after returning to his parents' home at Melville House (now the [[Bell Homestead National Historic Site]]) for the summer. On March 10, 1876 Bell had used "the instrument" in Boston to call Thomas Watson who was in another room but out of earshot. He said, "Mr. Watson, come here – I want to see you" and Watson soon appeared at his side.<ref>{{cite book |last=Evenson |first=A Edward |date=November 10, 2000 |title=The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray-Alexander Bell Controversy and Its Many Players |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiJJ7Bp-xtcC&q=Mr.+Watson+%E2%80%94+Come+here+%E2%80%94+I+want+to+see+you&pg=PA99 |publisher=McFarland |page=99 |isbn=0786408839}}</ref> In the first test call at a longer distance in Southern Ontario, on August 3, 1876, Alexander Graham's uncle, Professor David Charles Bell, spoke to him from the Brantford telegraph office, reciting lines from [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]'' ("''To be or not to be....''").<ref name="CWB" /><ref name="Toronto Star-1970.12.26">"You Can Tour The House in Brantford Where Bell Worked on His Telephone", ''[[Toronto Star|Toronto Daily Star]]'', December 26, 1970.</ref> The young inventor, positioned at the A. Wallis Ellis store in the neighboring community of [[County of Brant#Communities|Mount Pleasant]],<ref name="CWB" /><ref>MacLeod, Elizabeth. ''Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life'', Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Kids Can Press, 1999, {{ISBN|1-55074-456-9}}, p. 14.</ref> received and may possibly have transferred his uncle's voice onto a [[phonautograph|phonautogram]], a drawing made on a pen-like recording device that could produce the shapes of [[sound|sound waves]] as [[waveform]]s onto smoked glass or other media by tracing their vibrations. The next day on August 4 another call was made between Brantford's telegraph office and Melville House, where a large dinner party exchanged "....speech, recitations, songs and instrumental music".<ref name="CWB" /> To bring telephone signals to Melville House, Alexander Graham audaciously "bought up" and "cleaned up" the complete supply of stovepipe wire in Brantford.<ref name="Brantford Expositor-1936.08.10c">"Bell Emphatic in Declaring That Telephone Was Invented Here", ''[[Brantford Expositor]]'', August 10, 1936, p. 15.</ref><ref name="Brantford Expositor-1936.08.10b">"Use of Stove Pipe Wire Is Related at Banquet: Graham Tells Of Some Early Experiments", ''[[Brantford Expositor]]'', August 10, 1936, p. 17.</ref> With the help of two of his parents' neighbours,<ref>Patten, William; Bell, Alexander Melville. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=4KzVAAAAMAAJ ''Pioneering The Telephone In Canada''], Montreal: Herald Press, 1926. N.B.: Patten's full name was William Patten, not Gulielmus Patten as credited elsewhere.</ref> he tacked the stovepipe wire some 400 metres (a quarter mile) along the top of fence posts from his parents' home to a junction point on the telegraph line to the neighbouring community of Mount Pleasant, which joined it to the Dominion Telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario.<ref>Patten & Bell, 1926, p. 15–16, 19.</ref><ref name="Bell Canada THC-1954">"The Bell Homestead", Montreal, Canada: Telephone Historical Collection, [[Bell Canada|The Bell Telephone Co. of Canada]], December 29, 1954, pp. 1–2.</ref> The third and most important test was the world's first true long-distance telephone call, placed between Brantford and [[Paris, Ontario]] on August 10, 1876.<ref name="Brantford Expositor-2002">Harrington, Stephanie. "Bell Homestead: Home Offers In-depth Look At Inventor", Brantford and Brant County Community Guide, 2002–2003", ''[[Brantford Expositor]]'', 2002.</ref><ref name="Brantford Expositor-1985.02.22">Korfmann, Margret. "Homestead's History Highlighted", ''[[Brantford Expositor]]'', February 22, 1985.</ref> For that long-distance call Alexander Graham Bell set up a telephone using telegraph lines at Robert White's Boot and Shoe Store at 90 Grand River Street North in Paris via its Dominion Telegraph Co. office on Colborne Street. The normal telegraph line between Paris and Brantford was not quite 13&nbsp;km (8 miles) long, but the connection was extended a further 93&nbsp;km (58 miles) to [[Toronto]] to allow the use of a battery in its [[telegraphy|telegraph office]].<ref name="CWB">"First Telephone Office", ''CWB'', November 17, 1971, pp. 4–5.</ref><ref name="Toronto Star-1987.04.25">"A .G. Bell's Brantford House Is Museum of the Telephone", ''[[Toronto Star]]'', April 25, 1987, p. H-23.</ref> Granted, this was a one-way long-distance call. The first two-way (reciprocal) conversation over a line occurred between Cambridge and Boston (roughly 2.5 miles) on October 9, 1876.<ref>{{cite book|title=Popular Mechanics Aug 1912 |date = August 1912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=The+first+reciprocal+conversation+over+a+line+occurred+in+Boston+on+October+9,+1876.&pg=PA186 |location=New York |publisher=Popular Mechanics |page=186}}</ref> During that conversation, Bell was on Kilby Street in Boston and Watson was at the offices of the Walworth Manufacturing Company.<ref>[https://cambridgehistory.org/innovation/First%20Phone%20Call.html First Phone Call 685 Main Street]</ref> ''[[Scientific American]]'' described the three test calls in their September 9, 1876, article, "The Human Voice Transmitted by Telegraph".<ref name="Toronto Star-1987.04.25" /> Historian [[Thomas B. Costain|Thomas Costain]] referred to the calls as "the three great tests of the telephone".<ref name="Brantford Expositor-1976.08.11">"First Long Distance Telephone Call Recalled", ''[[Brantford Expositor]]'', August 11, 1976.</ref> One Bell Homestead reviewer wrote of them, "No one involved in these early calls could possibly have understood the future impact of these communication firsts".<ref name="Toronto Star-1995.06.29">{{cite news | last = Butorac | first = Yvonne | title = Bell's Brantford Homestead Celebrates Phone Invention | newspaper = [[Toronto Star]] | date = June 29, 1995 | page = G10 | id = [[ProQuest]] document ID 437257031}}</ref> {{Further|Bell Homestead National Historic Site}} ===== Later public demonstrations ===== A later telephone design was publicly exhibited on May 4, 1877, at a lecture given by Professor Bell in the [[Boston Music Hall]]. According to a report quoted by John Munro in ''Heroes of the Telegraph'': <blockquote>''Going to the small telephone box with its slender wire attachments, Mr. Bell coolly asked, as though addressing someone in an adjoining room, "Mr. Watson, are you ready!" Mr. Watson, five miles away in Somerville, promptly answered in the affirmative, and soon was heard a voice singing "America". [...] Going to another instrument, connected by wire with Providence, forty-three miles distant, Mr. Bell listened a moment, and said, "Signor Brignolli, who is assisting at a concert in Providence Music Hall, will now sing for us." In a moment the cadence of the tenor's voice rose and fell, the sound being faint, sometimes lost, and then again audible. Later, a cornet solo played in Somerville was very distinctly heard. Still later, a three-part song came over the wire from Somerville, and Mr. Bell told his audience "I will switch off the song from one part of the room to another so that all can hear." At a subsequent lecture in [[Salem, Massachusetts]], communication was established with Boston, eighteen miles distant, and Mr. Watson at the latter place sang "Auld Lang Syne", the National Anthem, and "Hail Columbia", while the audience at Salem joined in the chorus.''<ref>Munro, John. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=lM4LAAAAYAAJ Heroes of the Telegraph], London: The Religious tract society, 1891. Note: public domain text</ref> </blockquote> On January 14, 1878, at [[Osborne House]], on the [[Isle of Wight]], Bell demonstrated the device to [[Queen Victoria]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.islandecho.co.uk/140-years-since-first-telephone-call-queen-victoria-isle-wight/ |title=140 YEARS SINCE FIRST TELEPHONE CALL TO QUEEN VICTORIA ON THE ISLE OF WIGHT |date=January 14, 2018 |publisher=Island Echo |access-date=January 14, 2020 |quote=He made the UK’s first publicly-witnessed long distance calls, calling Cowes, Southampton and London. Queen Victoria liked the telephone so much she wanted to buy it.}}</ref> placing calls to Cowes, Southampton and London. These were the first publicly witnessed long-distance telephone calls in the [[UK]]. The queen considered the process to be "quite extraordinary" although the sound was "quite faint".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/alexander-graham-bell-unveils-telephone/ |title=Alexander Graham Bell demonstrates the newly invented telephone |date=January 13, 2017 |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=January 14, 2020 |quote=one of the Queen’s staff wrote to Professor Bell to inform him "how much gratified and surprised the Queen was at the exhibition of the Telephone"}}</ref> She later asked to buy the equipment that was used, but Bell offered to make a model specifically for her.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/magbell.30000106/ |title=pdf, Letter from Alexander Graham Bell to Sir Thomas Biddulph, February 1, 1878 |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=January 14, 2020 |quote="The instruments at present in Osborne are merely those supplied for ordinary commercial purposes, and it will afford me much pleasure to be permitted to offer to the Queen a set of Telephones to be made expressly for her Majesty's use."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ross |first=Stewart |title=Alexander Graham Bell |series=(Scientists who Made History) |location=New York |publisher=Raintree Steck-Vaughn |date=2001 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb00ross/page/21 21–22] |isbn=978-0-7398-4415-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb00ross/page/21}}</ref> ==== Summary of Bell's achievements ==== Bell did for the telephone what [[Henry Ford]] did for the automobile. Although not the first to experiment with telephonic devices, Bell and the companies founded in his name were the first to develop commercially practical telephones around which a successful business could be built and grow. Bell adopted carbon transmitters similar to Edison's transmitters and adapted telephone exchanges and switching plug boards developed for telegraphy. Watson and other Bell engineers invented numerous other improvements to telephony. Bell succeeded where others failed to assemble a commercially viable telephone system. It can be argued that Bell invented the telephone industry. Bell's first intelligible voice transmission over an electric wire was named an [[List of IEEE milestones|IEEE Milestone]].<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:First_Intelligible_Voice_Transmission_over_Electric_Wire,_1876 |title=Milestones:First Intelligible Voice Transmission over Electric Wire, 1876 |work=IEEE Global History Network |publisher=IEEE |access-date=July 27, 2011}}</ref> == Variable resistance transmitters == === Water microphone – Elisha Gray === [[Elisha Gray]] recognized the lack of fidelity of the make-break transmitter of Reis and Bourseul and reasoned by analogy with the [[Tin can telephone|lover's telegraph]], that if the current could be made to more closely model the movements of the diaphragm, rather than simply opening and closing the circuit, greater fidelity might be achieved. Gray filed a [[patent caveat]] with the US patent office on February 14, 1876, for a [[water microphone|liquid microphone]]. The device used a metal needle or rod that was placed – just barely – into a liquid conductor, such as a water/acid mixture. In response to the diaphragm's vibrations, the needle dipped more or less into the liquid, varying the electrical resistance and thus the current passing through the device and on to the receiver. Gray did not convert his caveat into a patent application until after the caveat had expired and hence left the field open to Bell. When Gray applied for a patent for the variable resistance telephone transmitter, the [[United States Patent Office|Patent Office]] determined "while Gray was undoubtedly the first to conceive of and disclose the ([[Liquid rheostat|variable resistance]]) invention, as in his caveat of 14 February 1876, his failure to take any action amounting to completion until others had demonstrated the utility of the invention deprives him of the right to have it considered."<ref>Burton Baker, pages 90–91</ref> === Carbon microphone – Thomas Edison, Edward Hughes, Emile Berliner === The carbon microphone was independently developed around 1878 by David Edward Hughes in England and Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison in the US. Although Edison was awarded the first patent in mid-1877, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, and most historians credit him with its invention. [[Thomas Alva Edison]] took the next step in improving the telephone with his invention in 1878 of the [[Carbon microphone|carbon grain "transmitter"]] (microphone) that provided a strong voice signal on the transmitting circuit that made long-distance calls practical. Edison discovered that carbon grains, squeezed between two metal plates, had a variable [[electrical resistance]] that was related to the pressure. Thus, the grains could vary their resistance as the plates moved in response to sound waves, and reproduce sound with good fidelity, without the weak signals associated with electromagnetic transmitters. The carbon microphone was further improved by [[Emile Berliner]], [[Francis Blake (telephone)|Francis Blake]], [[David E. Hughes]], [[Henry Hunnings]], and [[Anthony C. White|Anthony White]]. The carbon microphone remained standard in telephony until the 1980s, and is still being produced. == Improvements to the early telephone == Additional inventions such as the [[Ringing (telephony)|call bell]], [[telephone exchange|central telephone exchange]], [[common battery]], [[ringtone|ring tone]], [[Amplifier|amplification]], [[trunking|trunk lines]], and wireless phones – at first [[cordless telephone|cordless]] and then fully [[mobile phone|mobile]] – made the telephone the useful and widespread apparatus as it is now. === Telephone exchanges === The telephone exchange was an idea of the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] engineer [[Tivadar Puskás]] (1844–1893) in 1876, while he was working for [[Thomas Edison]] on a telegraph exchange.<ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204071321/http://hungarian-history.hu/mszh/epuskas.htm Puskás Tivadar (1844–1893)] (short biography), Hungarian History website. Retrieved from Archive.org, February 2013. </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mszh.hu/English/feltalalok/puskas.html |publisher=Mszh.hu |title=Puskás Tivadar (1844–1893) |access-date=2012-07-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008075539/http://www.mszh.hu/English/feltalalok/puskas.html |archive-date=October 8, 2010 |df=mdy-all }} </ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.omikk.bme.hu/archivum/angol/htm/puskas_t.htm | title = Puskás, Tivadar | publisher = Omikk.bme.hu | access-date = 2012-07-01}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hunreal.com/known-hungarians/tivadar-puskas/ |title=Puskás Tivadar |publisher=Hunreal.com |access-date=2012-07-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316155715/http://www.hunreal.com/known-hungarians/tivadar-puskas/ |archive-date=March 16, 2012 |df=mdy-all }} </ref> Puskás was working on his idea for an [[electrical telegraph]] exchange when [[Alexander Graham Bell]] received the first patent for the telephone. This caused Puskás to take a fresh look at his own work and he refocused on perfecting a design for a [[telephone exchange]]. He then got in touch with the U.S. inventor [[Thomas Edison]] who liked the design. According to Edison, "Tivadar Puskas was the first person to suggest the idea of a telephone exchange".<ref>Frank Lewis Dyer and Thomas Commerford Martin. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/820/820-h/820-h.htm Edison, His Life And Inventions], Harper & Brothers, 1910, p. 71. Retrieved from Gutenberg.org.</ref> == Controversies == {{Further|Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy}} Bell has been widely recognized as the "inventor" of the telephone outside of Italy, where Meucci was championed as its inventor. In the United States, there are numerous reflections of Bell as a North American icon for inventing the telephone, and the matter was for a long time non-controversial. In June 2002, however, the [[United States House of Representatives]] passed a symbolic bill recognizing the contributions of Antonio Meucci ''"<u>in</u> the invention of the telephone"'' (not ''"<u>for</u> the invention of the telephone"''), throwing the matter into some controversy. Ten days later the [[Parliament of Canada|Canadian parliament]] countered with a symbolic motion attributing the invention of the telephone to Bell. Champions of Meucci, Manzetti, and Gray have each offered fairly precise tales of a contrivance whereby Bell actively stole the invention of the telephone from their specific inventor. In the 2002 congressional resolution, it was inaccurately noted that Bell worked in a laboratory in which Meucci's materials had been stored, and claimed that Bell must thus have had access to those materials. Manzetti claimed that Bell visited him and examined his device in 1865. In 1886 it was publicly alleged by Zenas Wilber, a patent examiner, that Bell paid him one hundred dollars, when he allowed Bell to look at Gray's confidential patent filing.<ref>''The Washington Post'', May 22, 1886</ref> One of the valuable claims in Bell's 1876 {{US patent|174465}} was claim 4, a method of producing variable electric current in a circuit by varying the resistance in the circuit. That feature was not shown in any of Bell's [[patent drawing]]s, but was shown in Elisha Gray's drawings in his [[Patent caveat|caveat]] filed the same day, February 14, 1876. A description of the variable resistance feature, consisting of seven sentences, was inserted into Bell's application. That it was inserted is not disputed. But when it was inserted is a controversial issue. Bell testified that he wrote the sentences containing the variable resistance feature before January 18, 1876, "almost at the last moment" before sending his draft application to his lawyers. A book by Evenson<ref>Evenson, pp 64–69, 86–87, 110, 194–196</ref> argues that the seven sentences and claim 4 were inserted, without Bell's knowledge, just before Bell's application was hand carried to the Patent Office by one of Bell's lawyers on February 14, 1876. Contrary to the popular story, Gray's caveat was taken to the US Patent Office a few hours before Bell's application. Gray's caveat was taken to the Patent Office in the morning of February 14, 1876, shortly after the Patent Office opened and remained near the bottom of the in-basket until that afternoon. Bell's application was filed shortly before noon on February 14 by Bell's lawyer who requested that the filing fee be entered immediately onto the cash receipts blotter and Bell's application was taken to the Examiner immediately. Late in the afternoon, Gray's caveat was entered on the cash blotter and was not taken to the Examiner until the following day. The fact that Bell's filing fee was recorded earlier than Gray's led to the myth that Bell had arrived at the Patent Office earlier.<ref>Evenson, pages 68–69</ref> Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not know this happened until later. Gray later abandoned his caveat and did not contest Bell's priority. That opened the door to Bell being granted US patent 174465 for the telephone on March 7, 1876. == Memorial to the invention == {{Main|Bell Telephone Memorial}} In 1906 the citizens of the City of [[Brantford|Brantford, Ontario]], Canada and [[County of Brant|its surrounding area]] formed the Bell Memorial Association to commemorate the invention of the telephone by [[Alexander Graham Bell]] in July 1874 at his parents’ home, Melville House, near Brantford.<ref name="Whitaker"> Whitaker, A.J. [http://www.telephonetribute.com/pdf/bell_memorial_booklet.pdf ''Bell Telephone Memorial''], City of Brantford/Hurley Printing, Brantford, Ontario, 1944. </ref><ref name="NAS"> Osborne, Harold S. (1943) [http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/abell.pdf ''Biographical Memoir of Alexander Graham Bell''], [[National Academy of Sciences]]: Biographical Memoirs, Vol. XXIII, 1847–1922. Presented to the Academy at its 1943 annual meeting.</ref> [[Walter Seymour Allward|Walter Allward]]'s design was the unanimous choice from among 10 submitted models, winning the competition. The memorial was originally to be completed by 1912 but Allward did not finish it until five years later. The [[Governor General of Canada]], [[Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire]], ceremoniously unveiled the memorial on October 24, 1917.<ref name="Whitaker" /><ref name="NAS" /> Allward designed the monument to symbolize the telephone's ability to overcome distances.<ref name="NAS" /> A series of steps lead to the main section where the floating allegorical figure of ''[[Artistic inspiration|Inspiration]]'' appears over a reclining male figure representing ''Man, discovering his power to transmit sound through space'', and also pointing to three floating figures, the messengers of ''[[Knowledge]]'', ''[[Joy]]'', and ''[[Sorrow (emotion)|Sorrow]]'' positioned at the other end of the tableau. Additionally, there are two female figures mounted on granite pedestals representing ''Humanity'' positioned to the left and right of the memorial, one sending and the other receiving a message.<ref name="Whitaker" /> The Bell Telephone Memorial's grandeur has been described as the finest example of Allward's early work, propelling the sculptor to fame. The memorial itself has been used as a central fixture for many civic events and remains an important part of Brantford's history, helping the city style itself as'' 'The Telephone City'.'' [[Image:Alexander Graham Bell Brantford Monument 0.98.jpg|thumb|650px|center|The [[Bell Telephone Memorial]], commemorating the invention of the telephone by [[Alexander Graham Bell]]. The monument, paid by public subscription and sculpted by [[Walter Seymour Allward|W.S. Allward]], was dedicated by the [[Governor General of Canada]], [[Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire]] with Dr. Bell in [[Brantford, Ontario|The Telephone City's]] Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in 1917. Included on the main tableau are figures representing ''Man, discovering his power to transmit sound through space'', ''Inspiration whispering to Man, his power to transmit sound through space'', as well as ''Knowledge, Joy, Sorrow''. (Courtesy: '''''Brantford Heritage Inventory''', City of Brantford, Ontario, Canada'')|alt=A majestic, broad monument with figures mounted on pedestals to its left and right sides. Along the main portion of the monument are five figures mounted on a broad casting, including a man reclining, plus four floating female figures representing Inspiration, Knowledge, Joy, and Sorrow.]] == See also == {{Portal|Telephones}} * [[History of the telephone]] * ''[[The Telephone Cases]]'', U.S. patent dispute and infringement court cases * [[Timeline of the telephone]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Further reading == * Baker, Burton H. (2000), ''The Gray Matter: The Forgotten Story of the Telephone'', St. Joseph, MI, 2000. {{ISBN|0-615-11329-X}} * Bell, Alexander Graham. (1911), ''[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/magbell:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28magbell38000101%29%29 Speech by Alexander Graham Bell, November 2, 1911: Historical address delivered by Alexander Graham Bell, November 2, 1911, at the first meeting of the Telephone Pioneers' Association]'', Beinn Bhreagh Recorder, November 1911, pp.&nbsp;15–19; * Bethune, Brian, (2008) [https://archive.macleans.ca/article/2008/2/4/did-bell-steal-the-idea-for-the-phone#!&pid=80 ''Did Bell Steal the Idea for the Phone?'' (Book Review)], Maclean's Magazine, February 4, 2008; * Bourseul, Charles, ''Transmission électrique de la parole'', [[L'Illustration]] (Paris), August 26, 1854 {{in lang|fr}} * Bruce, Robert V. (1990), ''Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude'', Cornell University Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-8014-9691-8}} * Coe, Lewis (1995), ''The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History'', McFarland, North Carolina, 1995. {{ISBN|0-7864-0138-9}} * Evenson, A. Edward (2000), ''The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray – Alexander Bell Controversy'', McFarland, North Carolina, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7864-0883-9}} * Gray, Charlotte, (2006) ''"Reluctant Genius: The Passionate Life and Inventive Mind of Alexander Graham Bell"'', HarperCollins, Toronto, 2006, {{ISBN|0-00-200676-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-00-200676-7}} IBO: 621.385092; * Josephson, Matthew (1992), ''Edison: A Biography'', Wiley, {{ISBN|0-471-54806-5}} * Shulman, Seth, (2007) [https://archive.org/details/telephonegambitc00shul <!-- quote=Telephone Gambit sHULMAN. --> Telephone Gambit: Chasing Alexander Graham Bell's Secret], W.W. Norton & Comp.; 1st Edition, December 25, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-393-06206-9}} * Thompson, Sylvanus P. (1883), ''Philipp Reis, Inventor of the Telephone'', London: E. & F. N. Spon, 1883. == External links == * {{Gutenberg| no=979 | name=Heroes of the Telegraph by John Munro}} * [https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr002.html ''American Treasures of the Library of Congress'', Alexander Graham Bell – Lab notebook I, pages 40–41 (image 22)] * [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/3/4/0/13401/13401-h/13401-h.htm#13 Scientific American Supplement No. 520, December 19, 1885] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061021234800/http://www.pacificsites.com/~brooke/TelPat.shtml Telephone Patents] === Patents === * {{Patent|US|161739|''Transmitter and Receiver for Electric Telegraphs'' (tuned steel reeds) by Alexander Graham Bell (April 6, 1875)}} * {{Patent|US|174465|''Telegraphy'' (Bell's first telephone patent) by Alexander Graham Bell (March 7, 1876)}} * {{Patent|US|178399|''Telephonic Telegraphic Receiver'' (vibrating reed) by Alexander Graham Bell (June 6, 1876)}} * {{Patent|US|181553|''Generating Electric Currents'' (magneto) by Alexander Graham Bell (August 29, 1876)}} * {{Patent|US|186787|''Electric Telegraphy'' (permanent magnet receiver) by Alexander Graham Bell (January 15, 1877)}} * {{Patent|US|201488|''Speaking Telephone'' (receiver designs) by Alexander Graham Bell (March 19, 1878)}} * {{Patent|US|213090|''Electric Speaking Telephone'' (frictional transmitter) by Alexander Graham Bell (March 11, 1879)}} * {{Patent|US|220791|''Telephone Circuit'' (twisted pairs of wire) by Alexander Graham Bell (October 21, 1879)}} * {{Patent|US|228507|''Electric Telephone Transmitter'' (hollow ball transmitter) by Alexander Graham Bell (June 8, 1880)}} * {{Patent|US|230168|''Circuit for Telephone'' by Alexander Graham Bell (July 20, 1880)}} * {{Patent|US|238833|''Electric Call-Bell'' by Alexander Graham Bell (March 15, 1881)}} * {{Patent|US|241184|''Telephonic Receiver'' (local battery circuit with coil) by Alexander Graham Bell (May 10, 1881)}} * {{Patent|US|244426|''Telephone Circuit'' (cable of twisted pairs) by Alexander Graham Bell (July 19, 1881)}} * [http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=fZ9SAAAAEBAJ&dq=250126 US 250126]'' Speaking Telephone'' by Francis Blake (November 29, 1881) * {{Patent|US|252576|''Multiple Switch Board for Telephone Exchanges'' by Leroy Firman (Western Electric) (January 17, 1882)}} * [http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=HUVBAAAAEBAJ&dq=474230 US 474230]'' Speaking Telegraph'' (graphite transmitter) by Thomas Edison (Western Union) May 3, 1892 * {{Patent|US|203016|''Speaking Telephone'' (carbon button transmitter) by Thomas Edison}} * {{Patent|US|222390|''Carbon Telephone'' (carbon granules transmitter) by Thomas Edison}} * [http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=Iid2AAAAEBAJ&dq=485311 US 485311]'' Telephone'' (solid back carbon transmitter) by Anthony C. White (Bell engineer) November 1, 1892 * {{Patent|US|597062|''Calling Device for Telephone Exchange'' (dial) by A. E. Keith (January 11, 1898)}} * [http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=XiZsAAAAEBAJ&dq=687499 US 687499]'' Telephone Transmitter'' (carbon granules "candlestick" microphone) by W.W. Dean (Kellogg Co.) November 26, 1901 * [http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=YaFHAAAAEBAJ&dq=815176 US 815176]'' Automatic Telephone Connector Switch'' (for rotary dial phones) by A E Keith and C J Erickson March 13, 1906 {{Telecommunications}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Invention Of The Telephone}} [[Category:Discovery and invention controversies]] [[Category:History of electronic engineering]] [[Category:History of inventions|Telephone]] [[Category:History of the telephone]] [[Category:Technology in society]]'