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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{hatnote|This page is about the physical concept. In law, commerce, and in colloquial usage '' weight '' may also refer to [[mass]]. For other uses see [[weight (disambiguation)]].}}
{{short description|Force on a mass due to gravity}}
{{Infobox physical quantity
| name = Weight
| width =
| image = Weeghaak.JPG
| imagesize = x200px
| caption = A [[spring scale]] measures the weight of an object.
| unit = [[newton (unit)|newton]] (N)
| otherunits = [[pound-force]] (lbf)
| symbols = <math>W</math>
| baseunits = kg⋅m⋅s<sup>−2</sup>
| dimension = <math>\mathsf{MLT}^{-2}</math>
| extensive = Yes
| intensive = No
| conserved = No
| transformsas =
| derivations = {{plainlist|
* <math>W = mg</math>
* <math>W = ma</math>
}}
}}
In [[science]] and [[engineering]], the '''weight''' of an object is the [[force]] acting on the object due to [[gravity]].<ref name="Morrison">{{cite journal
|title=Weight and gravity - the need for consistent definitions
|author=Richard C. Morrison
|journal=[[The Physics Teacher]]
|volume=37 |page=51 |date=1999 |issue=1
|doi=10.1119/1.880152
|bibcode = 1999PhTea..37...51M }}</ref><ref name="Galili">{{cite journal
|title=Weight versus gravitational force: historical and educational perspectives
|author=Igal Galili
|journal=International Journal of Science Education
|volume=23 |page=1073 |date=2001 |issue=10
|doi=10.1080/09500690110038585
|bibcode = 2001IJSEd..23.1073G |s2cid=11110675
}}</ref><ref name="Gat">{{cite book |title=Standardization of Technical Terminology: Principles and Practice – ''second volume'' |editor=Richard Alan Strehlow |date=1988 |publisher=[[ASTM International]] |isbn=978-0-8031-1183-7 |chapter=The weight of mass and the mess of weight |last=Gat |first=Uri |pages=45–48 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoB5w9Km0mUC&pg=PA45}}</ref>
Some standard textbooks<ref name='Knight'>{{Cite book|author=Knight, Randall D.|year=2004|title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers: a Strategic Approach|location=San Francisco, USA|publisher=Addison–Wesley|isbn=0-8053-8960-1|pages=100–101|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsforscien200knig}}</ref> define weight as a [[Euclidean vector|vector]] quantity, the gravitational force acting on the object. Others<ref name='Bauer-and-Westfall'>{{Cite book |author=Bauer, Wolfgang and Westfall, Gary D.|year=2011 |title=University Physics with Modern Physics|location=New York|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-336794-1 |pages=103}}</ref><ref name='Serway-and-Jewett'>{{Cite book |author=Serway, Raymond A. and Jewett, John W. Jr.|year=2008 |title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics|location=USA|publisher=Thompson|isbn=978-0-495-11245-7 |pages=106}}</ref> define weight as a scalar quantity, the magnitude of the gravitational force. Yet others<ref name='Hewitt'>{{Cite book|author=Hewitt, Paul G.|year=2001|title=Conceptual Physics|location=USA|publisher=Addison–Wesley|isbn=0-321-05202-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conceptualphysic00hewi_3/page/159 159]|url=https://archive.org/details/conceptualphysic00hewi_3/page/159}}</ref> define it as the magnitude of the [[reaction (physics)|reaction]] force exerted on a body by mechanisms that counteract the effects of gravity: the weight is the quantity that is measured by, for example, a spring scale. Thus, in a state of [[free fall]], the weight would be zero. In this sense of weight, terrestrial objects can be weightless: ignoring [[Drag (physics)|air resistance]], the famous apple falling from the tree, on its way to meet the ground near [[Isaac Newton]], would be weightless.
The [[unit of measurement]] for weight is that of [[force]], which in the [[International System of Units]] (SI) is the [[newton (unit)|newton]]. For example, an object with a mass of one kilogram has a weight of about 9.8 newtons on the surface of the Earth, and about one-sixth as much on the [[Moon]]. Although weight and mass are scientifically distinct quantities, the terms are often confused with each other in everyday use (i.e. comparing and converting force weight in pounds to mass in kilograms and vice versa).<ref name="Canada">The National Standard of Canada, CAN/CSA-Z234.1-89 Canadian Metric Practice Guide, January 1989:
*'''5.7.3''' Considerable confusion exists in the use of the term "weight". In commercial and everyday use, the term "weight" nearly always means mass. In science and technology "weight" has primarily meant a force due to gravity. In scientific and technical work, the term "weight" should be replaced by the term "mass" or "force", depending on the application.
*'''5.7.4''' The use of the verb "to weigh" meaning "to determine the mass of", e.g., "I weighed this object and determined its mass to be 5{{nbs}}kg," is correct.</ref>
Further complications in elucidating the various concepts of weight have to do with the [[theory of relativity]] according to which gravity is modeled as a consequence of the [[curvature]] of [[spacetime]]. In the teaching community, a considerable debate has existed for over half a century on how to define weight for their students. The current situation is that a multiple set of concepts co-exist and find use in their various contexts.<ref name="Galili"/>
==History==
[[File:3199 - Athens - Stoà of Attalus Museum - Bronze weights - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 9 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] official bronze weights dating from around the 6th century BC, exhibited in the [[Ancient Agora Museum]] in Athens, housed in the [[Stoa of Attalus]].]]
[[File:Weighing grain, from the Babur-namah.jpg|thumb|170px|Weighing grain, from the Babur-namah<ref>{{cite web|author=Sur Das |url=http://warfare.atspace.eu/Moghul/Baburnama/Weighing_Grain.htm |title=Weighing Grain |date=1590s |work=Baburnama}}</ref>]]
Discussion of the concepts of heaviness (weight) and lightness (levity) date back to the [[ancient Greek philosophy|ancient Greek philosophers]]. These were typically viewed as inherent properties of objects. [[Plato]] described weight as the natural tendency of objects to seek their kin. To [[Aristotle]], weight and levity represented the tendency to restore the natural order of the basic elements: air, earth, fire and water. He ascribed absolute weight to earth and absolute levity to fire. [[Archimedes]] saw weight as a quality opposed to [[buoyancy]], with the conflict between the two determining if an object sinks or floats. The first operational definition of weight was given by [[Euclid]], who defined weight as: "the heaviness or lightness of one thing, compared to another, as measured by a balance."<ref name="Galili"/> Operational balances (rather than definitions) had, however, been around much longer.<ref>http://www.averyweigh-tronix.com/museum {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228235853/http://www.averyweigh-tronix.com/museum/ |date=2013-02-28 }} accessed 29 March 2013.</ref>
According to Aristotle, weight was the direct cause of the falling motion of an object, the speed of the falling object was supposed to be directly proportionate to the weight of the object. As medieval scholars discovered that in practice the speed of a falling object increased with time, this prompted a change to the concept of weight to maintain this cause-effect relationship. Weight was split into a "still weight" or {{Lang|la|pondus}}, which remained constant, and the actual gravity or {{Lang|la|gravitas}}, which changed as the object fell. The concept of {{Lang|la|gravitas}} was eventually replaced by [[Jean Buridan]]'s [[theory of impetus|impetus]], a precursor to [[momentum]].<ref name="Galili"/>
The rise of the [[Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican view of the world]] led to the resurgence of the Platonic idea that like objects attract but in the context of heavenly bodies. In the 17th century, [[Galileo]] made significant advances in the concept of weight. He proposed a way to measure the difference between the weight of a moving object and an object at rest. Ultimately, he concluded weight was proportionate to the amount of matter of an object, not the speed of motion as supposed by the Aristotelean view of physics.<ref name="Galili"/>
===Newton===
The introduction of [[Newton's laws of motion]] and the development of [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]] led to considerable further development of the concept of weight. Weight became fundamentally separate from [[mass]]. Mass was identified as a fundamental property of objects connected to their [[inertia]], while weight became identified with the force of gravity on an object and therefore dependent on the context of the object. In particular, Newton considered weight to be relative to another object causing the gravitational pull, e.g. the weight of the Earth towards the Sun.<ref name="Galili"/>
Newton considered time and space to be absolute. This allowed him to consider concepts as true position and true velocity.{{Clarify| reason = broken sentence; not sure if it should say "*such* concepts as", or if there is something else missing|date=June 2011}} Newton also recognized that weight as measured by the action of weighing was affected by environmental factors such as buoyancy. He considered this a false weight induced by imperfect measurement conditions, for which he introduced the term ''apparent weight'' as compared to the ''true weight'' defined by gravity.<ref name="Galili"/>
Although Newtonian physics made a clear distinction between weight and mass, the term weight continued to be commonly used when people meant mass. This led the 3rd [[General Conference on Weights and Measures]] (CGPM) of 1901 to officially declare "The word ''weight'' denotes a quantity of the same nature as a ''force'': the weight of a body is the product of its mass and the acceleration due to gravity", thus distinguishing it from mass for official usage.
===Relativity===
In the 20th century, the Newtonian concepts of absolute time and space were challenged by relativity. Einstein's [[equivalence principle]] put all observers, moving or accelerating, on the same footing. This led to an ambiguity as to what exactly is meant by the force of gravity and weight. A scale in an accelerating elevator cannot be distinguished from a scale in a gravitational field. Gravitational force and weight thereby became essentially frame-dependent quantities. This prompted the abandonment of the concept as superfluous in the fundamental sciences such as physics and chemistry. Nonetheless, the concept remained important in the teaching of physics. The ambiguities introduced by relativity led, starting in the 1960s, to considerable debate in the teaching community as how to define weight for their students, choosing between a nominal definition of weight as the force due to gravity or an operational definition defined by the act of weighing.<ref name="Galili"/>
==Definitions==
[[File:Nitrolympics TopFuel 2005.jpg|thumb|right|300px|This [[top fuel|top-fuel dragster]] can accelerate from zero to {{convert|160|km/h|0}} in 0.86 seconds. This is a horizontal acceleration of 5.3{{nbs}}g. Combined with the vertical g-force in the stationary case the [[Pythagorean theorem]] yields a g-force of 5.4{{nbs}}g. It is this g-force that causes the driver's weight if one uses the operational definition. If one uses the gravitational definition, the driver's weight is unchanged by the motion of the car.]]
Several definitions exist for ''weight'', not all of which are equivalent.<ref name="Gat"/><ref name="King">{{cite journal
|title=Weight and weightlessness
|author=Allen L. King
|journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] |volume=30 |page=387 |date=1963 |issue=5
|doi=10.1119/1.1942032
|bibcode = 1962AmJPh..30..387K }}</ref><ref name="French">{{cite journal |title=On weightlessness |author=A. P. French |journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] |volume=63 |pages=105–106 |date=1995 |issue=2 |doi=10.1119/1.17990|bibcode = 1995AmJPh..63..105F }}</ref><ref name="Galili-Lehavi">{{cite journal |last1=Galili |first1=I. |last2=Lehavi |first2=Y. |date=2003 |title=The importance of weightlessness and tides in teaching gravitation |journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] |volume=71 |issue=11 |pages=1127–1135 |url=http://sites.huji.ac.il/science/stc/staff_h/Igal/Research%20Articles/Weight-AJP.pdf |doi=10.1119/1.1607336|bibcode = 2003AmJPh..71.1127G }}</ref>
===Operational definition===
In the operational definition, the weight of an object is the [[force]] measured by the operation of weighing it, which is '''the force it exerts on its support'''.<ref name="King"/> Since ''W'' is the downward force on the body by the centre of earth and there is no acceleration in the body, there exists an opposite and equal force by the support on the body. Also it is equal to the force exerted by the body on its support because action and reaction have same numerical value and opposite direction. This can make a considerable difference, depending on the details; for example, an object in [[free fall]] exerts little if any force on its support, a situation that is commonly referred to as [[weightlessness]]. However, being in free fall does not affect the weight according to the gravitational definition. Therefore, the operational definition is sometimes refined by requiring that the object be at rest.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} However, this raises the issue of defining "at rest" (usually being at rest with respect to the Earth is implied by using [[standard gravity]]).{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} In the operational definition, the weight of an object at rest on the surface of the Earth is lessened by the effect of the centrifugal force from the Earth's rotation.
The operational definition, as usually given, does not explicitly exclude the effects of [[buoyancy]], which reduces the measured weight of an object when it is immersed in a fluid such as air or water. As a result, a floating [[balloon]] or an object floating in water might be said to have zero weight.
===ISO definition===
In the [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] International standard ISO 80000-4:2006,<ref>ISO 80000-4:2006, Quantities and units - Part 4: Mechanics</ref> describing the basic physical quantities and units in mechanics as a part of the International standard [[ISO/IEC 80000]], the definition of ''weight'' is given as:
{{quotation|
'''Definition'''
:<math>F_g = m g \, </math>,
:where ''m'' is mass and ''g'' is local acceleration of free fall.
'''Remarks'''
*When the reference frame is Earth, this quantity comprises not only the local gravitational force, but also the local centrifugal force due to the rotation of the Earth, a force which varies with latitude.
*The effect of atmospheric buoyancy is excluded in the weight.
*In common parlance, the name "weight" continues to be used where "mass" is meant, but this practice is deprecated.
|ISO 80000-4 (2006)}}
The definition is dependent on the chosen [[frame of reference]]. When the chosen frame is co-moving with the object in question then this definition precisely agrees with the operational definition.<ref name="French"/> If the specified frame is the surface of the Earth, the weight according to the ISO and gravitational definitions differ only by the centrifugal effects due to the rotation of the Earth.
=== Apparent weight ===
{{Main|Apparent weight}}
In many real world situations the act of weighing may produce a result that differs from the ideal value provided by the definition used. This is usually referred to as the apparent weight of the object. A common example of this is the effect of [[buoyancy]], when an object is immersed in a [[fluid]] the displacement of the fluid will cause an upward force on the object, making it appear lighter when weighed on a scale.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Principles of mechanics and biomechanics
|author=Bell, F.
|isbn=978-0-7487-3332-3
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPcPnZQ36KwC&pg=PA174
|pages=174–176
|date=1998
|publisher=Stanley Thornes Ltd
}}</ref> The apparent weight may be similarly affected by [[levitation]] and mechanical suspension. When the gravitational definition of weight is used, the operational weight measured by an accelerating scale is often also referred to as the apparent weight.<ref>{{cite journal
|author = Galili, Igal
|title = Weight and gravity: teachers' ambiguity and students' confusion about the concepts
|journal = International Journal of Science Education
|volume = 15
|number = 2
|pages = 149–162
|date = 1993
|doi = 10.1080/0950069930150204
|bibcode = 1993IJSEd..15..149G }}</ref>
==Mass==
[[File:WeightNormal.svg|thumb|250px|An object with mass ''m'' resting on a surface and the corresponding [[free body diagram]] of just the object showing the [[force]]s acting on it. Notice that the amount of force that the table is pushing upward on the object (the N vector) is equal to the downward force of the object's weight (shown here as ''mg'', as weight is equal to the object's mass multiplied with the acceleration due to gravity): because these forces are equal, the object is in a state of [[mechanical equilibrium|equilibrium]] (all the forces and [[Moment (physics)|moments]] acting on it sum to zero).]]
{{Main|Mass versus weight}}
In modern scientific usage, weight and [[mass]] are fundamentally different quantities: mass is an [[Intrinsic and extrinsic properties|intrinsic]] property of [[matter]], whereas weight is a ''force'' that results from the action of [[gravity]] on matter: it measures how strongly the force of gravity pulls on that matter. However, in most practical everyday situations the word "weight" is used when, strictly, "mass" is meant.<ref name="Canada"/><ref name="NIST811wt">{{cite web |author=A. Thompson |author2=B. N. Taylor |name-list-style=amp |title=The NIST Guide for the use of the International System of Units, Section 8: Comments on Some Quantities and Their Units |work=Special Publication 811 |url=http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec08.html#8.3 |publisher=[[NIST]] |orig-year=July 2, 2009 |date=March 3, 2010 |access-date=2010-05-22}}</ref> For example, most people would say that an object "weighs one kilogram", even though the kilogram is a unit of mass.
The distinction between mass and weight is unimportant for many practical purposes because the strength of gravity does not vary too much on the surface of the Earth. In a uniform gravitational field, the gravitational force exerted on an object (its weight) is [[Proportionality (mathematics)|directly proportional]] to its mass. For example, object A weighs 10 times as much as object B, so therefore the mass of object A is 10 times greater than that of object B. This means that an object's mass can be measured indirectly by its weight, and so, for everyday purposes, [[weighing]] (using a [[weighing scale]]) is an entirely acceptable way of measuring mass. Similarly, a [[Weighing scale#Balance|balance]] measures mass indirectly by comparing the weight of the measured item to that of an object(s) of known mass. Since the measured item and the comparison mass are in virtually the same location, so experiencing the same [[gravity|gravitational field]], the effect of varying gravity does not affect the comparison or the resulting measurement.
The Earth's [[gravity|gravitational field]] is not uniform but can vary by as much as 0.5%<ref>{{cite book
| editor-last = Hodgeman
| editor-first = Charles
| title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
| edition = 44th
| publisher = Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.
| date = 1961
| location = Cleveland, USA
| pages=3480–3485
}}</ref> at different locations on Earth (see [[Earth's gravity]]). These variations alter the relationship between weight and mass, and must be taken into account in high-precision weight measurements that are intended to indirectly measure mass. [[Spring scale]]s, which measure local weight, must be calibrated at the location at which the objects will be used to show this standard weight, to be legal for commerce.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010|reason=Doesn't this depend on the jurisdiction?}}
This table shows the variation of acceleration due to gravity (and hence the variation of weight) at various locations on the Earth's surface.<ref>{{cite book
|first = John B
|last = Clark
|title = Physical and Mathematical Tables
|publisher = Oliver and Boyd
|date = 1964}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Location
! Latitude
! m/s<sup>2</sup>
!Absolute difference from equator
!Percentage difference from equator
|-
| [[Equator]]
| 0°
| 9.7803
|0.0000
|0%
|-
| [[Sydney]]
| 33°52′ S
| 9.7968
|0.0165
|0.17%
|-
| [[Aberdeen]]
| 57°9′ N
| 9.8168
|0.0365
|0.37%
|-
| [[North Pole]]
| 90° N
| 9.8322
|0.0519
|0.53%
|}
The historical use of "weight" for "mass" also persists in some scientific terminology – for example, the [[chemistry|chemical]] terms "atomic weight", "molecular weight", and "formula weight", can still be found rather than the preferred "[[atomic mass]]", etc.
In a different gravitational field, for example, on the surface of the [[Moon]], an object can have a significantly different weight than on Earth. The gravity on the surface of the Moon is only about one-sixth as strong as on the surface of the Earth. A one-kilogram mass is still a one-kilogram mass (as mass is an intrinsic property of the object) but the downward force due to gravity, and therefore its weight, is only one-sixth of what the object would have on Earth. So a man of mass 180 [[Pound (mass)|pounds]] weighs only about 30 [[pound-force|pounds-force]] when visiting the Moon.
===SI units===
In most modern scientific work, physical quantities are measured in [[International System of Units|SI]] units. The SI unit of weight is the same as that of force: the [[newton (unit)|newton]] (N) – a derived unit which can also be expressed in [[SI base unit]]s as kg⋅m/s<sup>2</sup> (kilograms times metres per second squared).<ref name=NIST811wt/>
In commercial and everyday use, the term "weight" is usually used to mean mass, and the verb "to weigh" means "to determine the mass of" or "to have a mass of". Used in this sense, the proper SI unit is the [[kilogram]] (kg).<ref name=NIST811wt/>
As of 20 May 2019, the kilogram, which is essential to evaluate the weight of an object, has been redefined in terms of Planck's constant. The new definition does not affect the actual amount of the material but increases the measurement's quality and decreases the uncertainty associated with it.<ref>Yadav, S., & Aswal, D. K. (2020, February 25). Redefined SI Units and Their Implications. Mapan, pp. 1-9.</ref>
Prior to using Planck's constant, a physical object was used as a standard. The object, located in a vault in Sèvres, France, has fluctuated by approximately 50 micrograms of its mass since it was first introduced in 1889.<ref>Jeffrey-Wilensky, J. (2019, May 20). The definition of the kilogram just changed. Here's what that means. Retrieved from NBC News: https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/definition-kilogram-just-changed-here-s-what-means-ncna1007731</ref> Consequently, the following must be true. Mass, which should be the same whether on earth or the moon for example, is only valid on earth since it needs to be referenced. Also, comparing a weight measurement to a standard that changes with time cannot be used as a reference without citing the actual value of it at the time and moment it was used as such. Therefore, to redefine the kilogram all National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) involved determined the new value of Planck's constant by evaluating a mass which was calibrated against the IPK.<ref name="Ehtesham, B. 2020">Ehtesham, B., John, T., Yadav, S., Singh, H. K., Mandal, G., & Singh, N. (2020). Journey of Kilogram from Physical Constant to Universal Physical Constant (h) via Artefact: A Brief Review. MAPAN - Journal of Metrology Society of India, 1-9</ref> To this extent one kilogram is equal to h/(6.62607015×10^(-34) ) m^(-2) s which equals 1 m^(-2) s.
A kilogram has remained the same quantity it was before the redefinition.<ref name="Ehtesham, B. 2020"/> But as of May 2019, the weights measured and recorded can be traced back and used as comparison for current and future work.
===Pound and other non-SI units===
In [[United States customary units]], the pound can be either a unit of force or a unit of mass.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/metric/common-conversion-b.cfm
| title = Common Conversion Factors, Approximate Conversions from U.S. Customary Measures to Metric
| publisher = [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]
| access-date = 2013-09-03}}</ref> Related units used in some distinct, separate subsystems of units include the [[poundal]] and the [[slug (unit)|slug]]. The poundal is defined as the force necessary to accelerate an object of one-pound ''mass'' at 1{{nbs}}ft/s<sup>2</sup>, and is equivalent to about 1/32.2 of a pound-''force''. The slug is defined as the amount of mass that accelerates at 1{{nbs}}ft/s<sup>2</sup> when one pound-force is exerted on it, and is equivalent to about 32.2 pounds (mass).
The [[kilogram-force]] is a non-SI unit of force, defined as the force exerted by a one-kilogram mass in standard Earth gravity (equal to 9.80665 newtons exactly). The [[dyne]] is the [[centimetre-gram-second|cgs]] unit of force and is not a part of SI, while weights measured in the cgs unit of mass, the gram, remain a part of SI.
==Sensation==
{{See also|Apparent weight}}
The sensation of weight is caused by the force exerted by fluids in the [[vestibular system]], a three-dimensional set of tubes in the inner [[ear]].{{Dubious|Sensation of Weight|date=June 2010}} It is actually the sensation of [[g-force]], regardless of whether this is due to being stationary in the presence of gravity, or, if the person is in motion, the result of any other forces acting on the body such as in the case of acceleration or deceleration of a lift, or centrifugal forces when turning sharply.
== <span id="Measuring weight"></span>Measuring ==
{{Main|Weighing scale}}
{{redirect|Weigh|other uses|Weigh (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Peso-Valdivia-dsc02545.jpg|thumb|A [[weighbridge]], used for weighing trucks]]
Weight is commonly measured using one of two methods. A [[Weighing scale#Spring scales|spring scale]] or [[Weighing scale#Hydraulic or pneumatic scale|hydraulic or pneumatic scale]] measures local weight, the local [[force]] of [[gravity]] on the object (strictly [[apparent weight|''apparent'' weight force]]). Since the local force of gravity can vary by up to 0.5% at different locations, spring scales will measure slightly different weights for the same object (the same mass) at different locations. To standardize weights, scales are always calibrated to read the weight an object would have at a nominal [[standard gravity]] of 9.80665{{nbs}}m/s<sup>2</sup> (approx. 32.174{{nbs}}ft/s<sup>2</sup>). However, this calibration is done at the factory. When the scale is moved to another location on Earth, the force of gravity will be different, causing a slight error. So to be highly accurate and legal for commerce, [[spring scale]]s must be re-calibrated at the location at which they will be used.
A ''[[Weighing scale#balance|balance]]'' on the other hand, compares the weight of an unknown object in one scale pan to the weight of standard masses in the other, using a [[lever]] mechanism – a lever-balance. The standard masses are often referred to, non-technically, as "weights". Since any variations in gravity will act equally on the unknown and the known weights, a lever-balance will indicate the same value at any location on Earth. Therefore, balance "weights" are usually calibrated and marked in [[mass]] units, so the lever-balance measures mass by comparing the Earth's attraction on the unknown object and standard masses in the scale pans. In the absence of a gravitational field, away from planetary bodies (e.g. space), a lever-balance would not work, but on the Moon, for example, it would give the same reading as on Earth. Some balances are marked in weight units, but since the weights are calibrated at the factory for standard gravity, the balance will measure standard weight, i.e. what the object would weigh at standard gravity, not the actual local force of gravity on the object.
If the actual force of gravity on the object is needed, this can be calculated by multiplying the mass measured by the balance by the acceleration due to gravity – either standard gravity (for everyday work) or the precise local gravity (for precision work). Tables of the gravitational acceleration at different locations can be found on the web.
'''Gross weight''' is a term that is generally found in commerce or trade applications, and refers to the total weight of a product and its packaging. Conversely, '''net weight''' refers to the weight of the product alone, discounting the weight of its container or packaging; and '''[[tare weight]]''' is the weight of the packaging alone.
==Relative weights on the Earth and other celestial bodies==
{{Main|Earth's gravity|Surface gravity}}
The table below shows comparative [[Surface gravity|gravitational accelerations at the surface]] of the Sun, the Earth's moon, each of the planets in the solar system. The “surface” is taken to mean the cloud tops of the [[gas giants]] (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune). For the Sun, the surface is taken to mean the [[photosphere]]. The values in the table have not been de-rated for the centrifugal effect of planet rotation (and cloud-top wind speeds for the gas giants) and therefore, generally speaking, are similar to the actual gravity that would be experienced near the poles.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Body
! Multiple of<br>Earth gravity
! [[Surface gravity]]<br>m/s<sup>2</sup>
|-
| [[Sun]]
| 27.90
| 274.1
|-
| [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]
| 0.3770
| 3.703
|-
| [[Venus]]
| 0.9032
| 8.872
|-
| [[Earth (planet)|Earth]]
| 1 (by definition)
| 9.8226<span style="margin-left:0.2em"></span><ref>This value excludes the adjustment for centrifugal force due to Earth’s rotation and is therefore greater than the 9.806<span style="margin-left:0.25em">65{{nbs}}m/s<sup>2</sup></span> value of [[standard gravity]].</ref>
|-
| [[Moon]]
| 0.1655
| 1.625
|-
| [[Mars]]
| 0.3895
| 3.728
|-
| [[Jupiter]]
| 2.640
| 25.93
|-
| [[Saturn]]
| 1.139
| 11.19
|-
| [[Uranus]]
| 0.917
| 9.01
|-
| [[Neptune]]
| 1.148
| 11.28
|-
|}
==See also==
{{Wiktionary|gross weight}}
* {{annotated link|Human body weight}}
* [[Tare weight]]
* {{annotated link|wey (unit)|weight}} the English unit
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Underwater diving|scidiv}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Weight|*]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{hatnote|This page is about the physical concept. In law, commerce, and in colloquial usage '' weight '' may also refer to [[mass]]. For other uses see [[weight (disambiguation)]].}}
{{short description|Force on a mass due to gravity}}
{{Infobox physical quantity
| name = Weight
| width =
| image = Weeghaak.JPG
| imagesize = x200px
| caption = A [[spring scale]] measures the weight of an object.
| unit = [[newton (unit)|newton]] (N)
| otherunits = [[pound-force]] (lbf)
| symbols = <math>W</math>
| baseunits = kg⋅m⋅s<sup>−2</sup>
| dimension = <math>\mathsf{MLT}^{-2}</math>
| extensive = Yes
| intensive = No
| conserved = No
| transformsas =
| derivations = {{plainlist|
* <math>W = mg</math>
* <math>W = ma</math>
}}
}}
In [[science]] and [[engineering]], the '''weight''' of an object is the [[force]] acting on the object due to [[gravity]].<ref name="Morrison">{{cite journal
|title=Weight and gravity - the need for consistent definitions
|author=Richard C. Morrison
|journal=[[The Physics Teacher]]
|volume=37 |page=51 |date=1999 |issue=1
|doi=10.1119/1.880152
|bibcode = 1999PhTea..37...51M }}</ref><ref name="Galili">{{cite journal
|title=Weight versus gravitational force: historical and educational perspectives
|author=Igal Galili
|journal=International Journal of Science Education
|volume=23 |page=1073 |date=2001 |issue=10
|doi=10.1080/09500690110038585
|bibcode = 2001IJSEd..23.1073G |s2cid=11110675
}}</ref><ref name="Gat">{{cite book |title=Standardization of Technical Terminology: Principles and Practice – ''second volume'' |editor=Richard Alan Strehlow |date=1988 |publisher=[[ASTM International]] |isbn=978-0-8031-1183-7 |chapter=The weight of mass and the mess of weight |last=Gat |first=Uri |pages=45–48 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoB5w9Km0mUC&pg=PA45}}</ref>
Some standard textbooks<ref name='Knight'>{{Cite book|author=Knight, Randall D.|year=2004|title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers: a Strategic Approach|location=San Francisco, USA|publisher=Addison–Wesley|isbn=0-8053-8960-1|pages=100–101|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsforscien200knig}}</ref> define weight as a [[Euclidean vector|vector]] quantity, the gravitational force acting on the object. Others<ref name='Bauer-and-Westfall'>{{Cite book |author=Bauer, Wolfgang and Westfall, Gary D.|year=2011 |title=University Physics with Modern Physics|location=New York|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-336794-1 |pages=103}}</ref><ref name='Serway-and-Jewett'>{{Cite book |author=Serway, Raymond A. and Jewett, John W. Jr.|year=2008 |title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics|location=USA|publisher=Thompson|isbn=978-0-495-11245-7 |pages=106}}</ref> define weight as a scalar quantity, the magnitude of the gravitational force. Yet others<ref name='Hewitt'>{{Cite book|author=Hewitt, Paul G.|year=2001|title=Conceptual Physics|location=USA|publisher=Addison–Wesley|isbn=0-321-05202-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conceptualphysic00hewi_3/page/159 159]|url=https://archive.org/details/conceptualphysic00hewi_3/page/159}}</ref> define it as the magnitude of the [[reaction (physics)|reaction]] force exerted on a body by mechanisms that counteract the effects of gravity: the weight is the quantity that is measured by, for example, a spring scale. Thus, in a state of [[free fall]], the weight would be zero. In this sense of weight, terrestrial objects can be weightless: ignoring [[Drag (physics)|air resistance]], the famous apple falling from the tree, on its way to meet the ground near [[Isaac Newton]], would be weightless.
The [[unit of measurement]] for weight is that of [[force]], which in the [[International System of Units]] (SI) is the [[newton (unit)|newton]]. For example, an object with a mass of one kilogram has a weight of about 9.8 newtons on the surface of the Earth, and about one-sixth as much on the [[Moon]]. Although weight and mass are scientifically distinct quantities, the terms are often confused with each other in everyday use (i.e. comparing and converting force weight in pounds to mass in kilograms and vice versa).<ref name="Canada">The National Standard of Canada, CAN/CSA-Z234.1-89 Canadian Metric Practice Guide, January 1989:
*'''5.7.3''' Considerable confusion exists in the use of the term "weight". In commercial and everyday use, the term "weight" nearly always means mass. In science and technology "weight" has primarily meant a force due to gravity. In scientific and technical work, the term "weight" should be replaced by the term "mass" or "force", depending on the application.
*'''5.7.4''' The use of the verb "to weigh" meaning "to determine the mass of", e.g., "I weighed this object and determined its mass to be 5{{nbs}}kg," is correct.</ref>
Further complications in elucidating the various concepts of weight have to do with the [[theory of relativity]] according to which gravity is modeled as a consequence of the [[curvature]] of [[spacetime]]. In the teaching community, a considerable debate has existed for over half a century on how to define weight for their students. The current situation is that a multiple set of concepts co-exist and find use in their various contexts.<ref name="Galili"/>
==Definitions==
[[File:Nitrolympics TopFuel 2005.jpg|thumb|right|300px|This [[top fuel|top-fuel dragster]] can accelerate from zero to {{convert|160|km/h|0}} in 0.86 seconds. This is a horizontal acceleration of 5.3{{nbs}}g. Combined with the vertical g-force in the stationary case the [[Pythagorean theorem]] yields a g-force of 5.4{{nbs}}g. It is this g-force that causes the driver's weight if one uses the operational definition. If one uses the gravitational definition, the driver's weight is unchanged by the motion of the car.]]
Several definitions exist for ''weight'', not all of which are equivalent.<ref name="Gat"/><ref name="King">{{cite journal
|title=Weight and weightlessness
|author=Allen L. King
|journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] |volume=30 |page=387 |date=1963 |issue=5
|doi=10.1119/1.1942032
|bibcode = 1962AmJPh..30..387K }}</ref><ref name="French">{{cite journal |title=On weightlessness |author=A. P. French |journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] |volume=63 |pages=105–106 |date=1995 |issue=2 |doi=10.1119/1.17990|bibcode = 1995AmJPh..63..105F }}</ref><ref name="Galili-Lehavi">{{cite journal |last1=Galili |first1=I. |last2=Lehavi |first2=Y. |date=2003 |title=The importance of weightlessness and tides in teaching gravitation |journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] |volume=71 |issue=11 |pages=1127–1135 |url=http://sites.huji.ac.il/science/stc/staff_h/Igal/Research%20Articles/Weight-AJP.pdf |doi=10.1119/1.1607336|bibcode = 2003AmJPh..71.1127G }}</ref>
===Operational definition===
In the operational definition, the weight of an object is the [[force]] measured by the operation of weighing it, which is '''the force it exerts on its support'''.<ref name="King"/> Since ''W'' is the downward force on the body by the centre of earth and there is no acceleration in the body, there exists an opposite and equal force by the support on the body. Also it is equal to the force exerted by the body on its support because action and reaction have same numerical value and opposite direction. This can make a considerable difference, depending on the details; for example, an object in [[free fall]] exerts little if any force on its support, a situation that is commonly referred to as [[weightlessness]]. However, being in free fall does not affect the weight according to the gravitational definition. Therefore, the operational definition is sometimes refined by requiring that the object be at rest.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} However, this raises the issue of defining "at rest" (usually being at rest with respect to the Earth is implied by using [[standard gravity]]).{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} In the operational definition, the weight of an object at rest on the surface of the Earth is lessened by the effect of the centrifugal force from the Earth's rotation.
The operational definition, as usually given, does not explicitly exclude the effects of [[buoyancy]], which reduces the measured weight of an object when it is immersed in a fluid such as air or water. As a result, a floating [[balloon]] or an object floating in water might be said to have zero weight.
===ISO definition===
In the [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] International standard ISO 80000-4:2006,<ref>ISO 80000-4:2006, Quantities and units - Part 4: Mechanics</ref> describing the basic physical quantities and units in mechanics as a part of the International standard [[ISO/IEC 80000]], the definition of ''weight'' is given as:
{{quotation|
'''Definition'''
:<math>F_g = m g \, </math>,
:where ''m'' is mass and ''g'' is local acceleration of free fall.
'''Remarks'''
*When the reference frame is Earth, this quantity comprises not only the local gravitational force, but also the local centrifugal force due to the rotation of the Earth, a force which varies with latitude.
*The effect of atmospheric buoyancy is excluded in the weight.
*In common parlance, the name "weight" continues to be used where "mass" is meant, but this practice is deprecated.
|ISO 80000-4 (2006)}}
The definition is dependent on the chosen [[frame of reference]]. When the chosen frame is co-moving with the object in question then this definition precisely agrees with the operational definition.<ref name="French"/> If the specified frame is the surface of the Earth, the weight according to the ISO and gravitational definitions differ only by the centrifugal effects due to the rotation of the Earth.
=== Apparent weight ===
{{Main|Apparent weight}}
In many real world situations the act of weighing may produce a result that differs from the ideal value provided by the definition used. This is usually referred to as the apparent weight of the object. A common example of this is the effect of [[buoyancy]], when an object is immersed in a [[fluid]] the displacement of the fluid will cause an upward force on the object, making it appear lighter when weighed on a scale.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Principles of mechanics and biomechanics
|author=Bell, F.
|isbn=978-0-7487-3332-3
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPcPnZQ36KwC&pg=PA174
|pages=174–176
|date=1998
|publisher=Stanley Thornes Ltd
}}</ref> The apparent weight may be similarly affected by [[levitation]] and mechanical suspension. When the gravitational definition of weight is used, the operational weight measured by an accelerating scale is often also referred to as the apparent weight.<ref>{{cite journal
|author = Galili, Igal
|title = Weight and gravity: teachers' ambiguity and students' confusion about the concepts
|journal = International Journal of Science Education
|volume = 15
|number = 2
|pages = 149–162
|date = 1993
|doi = 10.1080/0950069930150204
|bibcode = 1993IJSEd..15..149G }}</ref>
==Mass==
[[File:WeightNormal.svg|thumb|250px|An object with mass ''m'' resting on a surface and the corresponding [[free body diagram]] of just the object showing the [[force]]s acting on it. Notice that the amount of force that the table is pushing upward on the object (the N vector) is equal to the downward force of the object's weight (shown here as ''mg'', as weight is equal to the object's mass multiplied with the acceleration due to gravity): because these forces are equal, the object is in a state of [[mechanical equilibrium|equilibrium]] (all the forces and [[Moment (physics)|moments]] acting on it sum to zero).]]
{{Main|Mass versus weight}}
In modern scientific usage, weight and [[mass]] are fundamentally different quantities: mass is an [[Intrinsic and extrinsic properties|intrinsic]] property of [[matter]], whereas weight is a ''force'' that results from the action of [[gravity]] on matter: it measures how strongly the force of gravity pulls on that matter. However, in most practical everyday situations the word "weight" is used when, strictly, "mass" is meant.<ref name="Canada"/><ref name="NIST811wt">{{cite web |author=A. Thompson |author2=B. N. Taylor |name-list-style=amp |title=The NIST Guide for the use of the International System of Units, Section 8: Comments on Some Quantities and Their Units |work=Special Publication 811 |url=http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec08.html#8.3 |publisher=[[NIST]] |orig-year=July 2, 2009 |date=March 3, 2010 |access-date=2010-05-22}}</ref> For example, most people would say that an object "weighs one kilogram", even though the kilogram is a unit of mass.
The distinction between mass and weight is unimportant for many practical purposes because the strength of gravity does not vary too much on the surface of the Earth. In a uniform gravitational field, the gravitational force exerted on an object (its weight) is [[Proportionality (mathematics)|directly proportional]] to its mass. For example, object A weighs 10 times as much as object B, so therefore the mass of object A is 10 times greater than that of object B. This means that an object's mass can be measured indirectly by its weight, and so, for everyday purposes, [[weighing]] (using a [[weighing scale]]) is an entirely acceptable way of measuring mass. Similarly, a [[Weighing scale#Balance|balance]] measures mass indirectly by comparing the weight of the measured item to that of an object(s) of known mass. Since the measured item and the comparison mass are in virtually the same location, so experiencing the same [[gravity|gravitational field]], the effect of varying gravity does not affect the comparison or the resulting measurement.
The Earth's [[gravity|gravitational field]] is not uniform but can vary by as much as 0.5%<ref>{{cite book
| editor-last = Hodgeman
| editor-first = Charles
| title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
| edition = 44th
| publisher = Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.
| date = 1961
| location = Cleveland, USA
| pages=3480–3485
}}</ref> at different locations on Earth (see [[Earth's gravity]]). These variations alter the relationship between weight and mass, and must be taken into account in high-precision weight measurements that are intended to indirectly measure mass. [[Spring scale]]s, which measure local weight, must be calibrated at the location at which the objects will be used to show this standard weight, to be legal for commerce.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010|reason=Doesn't this depend on the jurisdiction?}}
This table shows the variation of acceleration due to gravity (and hence the variation of weight) at various locations on the Earth's surface.<ref>{{cite book
|first = John B
|last = Clark
|title = Physical and Mathematical Tables
|publisher = Oliver and Boyd
|date = 1964}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Location
! Latitude
! m/s<sup>2</sup>
!Absolute difference from equator
!Percentage difference from equator
|-
| [[Equator]]
| 0°
| 9.7803
|0.0000
|0%
|-
| [[Sydney]]
| 33°52′ S
| 9.7968
|0.0165
|0.17%
|-
| [[Aberdeen]]
| 57°9′ N
| 9.8168
|0.0365
|0.37%
|-
| [[North Pole]]
| 90° N
| 9.8322
|0.0519
|0.53%
|}
The historical use of "weight" for "mass" also persists in some scientific terminology – for example, the [[chemistry|chemical]] terms "atomic weight", "molecular weight", and "formula weight", can still be found rather than the preferred "[[atomic mass]]", etc.
In a different gravitational field, for example, on the surface of the [[Moon]], an object can have a significantly different weight than on Earth. The gravity on the surface of the Moon is only about one-sixth as strong as on the surface of the Earth. A one-kilogram mass is still a one-kilogram mass (as mass is an intrinsic property of the object) but the downward force due to gravity, and therefore its weight, is only one-sixth of what the object would have on Earth. So a man of mass 180 [[Pound (mass)|pounds]] weighs only about 30 [[pound-force|pounds-force]] when visiting the Moon.
===SI units===
In most modern scientific work, physical quantities are measured in [[International System of Units|SI]] units. The SI unit of weight is the same as that of force: the [[newton (unit)|newton]] (N) – a derived unit which can also be expressed in [[SI base unit]]s as kg⋅m/s<sup>2</sup> (kilograms times metres per second squared).<ref name=NIST811wt/>
In commercial and everyday use, the term "weight" is usually used to mean mass, and the verb "to weigh" means "to determine the mass of" or "to have a mass of". Used in this sense, the proper SI unit is the [[kilogram]] (kg).<ref name=NIST811wt/>
As of 20 May 2019, the kilogram, which is essential to evaluate the weight of an object, has been redefined in terms of Planck's constant. The new definition does not affect the actual amount of the material but increases the measurement's quality and decreases the uncertainty associated with it.<ref>Yadav, S., & Aswal, D. K. (2020, February 25). Redefined SI Units and Their Implications. Mapan, pp. 1-9.</ref>
Prior to using Planck's constant, a physical object was used as a standard. The object, located in a vault in Sèvres, France, has fluctuated by approximately 50 micrograms of its mass since it was first introduced in 1889.<ref>Jeffrey-Wilensky, J. (2019, May 20). The definition of the kilogram just changed. Here's what that means. Retrieved from NBC News: https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/definition-kilogram-just-changed-here-s-what-means-ncna1007731</ref> Consequently, the following must be true. Mass, which should be the same whether on earth or the moon for example, is only valid on earth since it needs to be referenced. Also, comparing a weight measurement to a standard that changes with time cannot be used as a reference without citing the actual value of it at the time and moment it was used as such. Therefore, to redefine the kilogram all National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) involved determined the new value of Planck's constant by evaluating a mass which was calibrated against the IPK.<ref name="Ehtesham, B. 2020">Ehtesham, B., John, T., Yadav, S., Singh, H. K., Mandal, G., & Singh, N. (2020). Journey of Kilogram from Physical Constant to Universal Physical Constant (h) via Artefact: A Brief Review. MAPAN - Journal of Metrology Society of India, 1-9</ref> To this extent one kilogram is equal to h/(6.62607015×10^(-34) ) m^(-2) s which equals 1 m^(-2) s.
A kilogram has remained the same quantity it was before the redefinition.<ref name="Ehtesham, B. 2020"/> But as of May 2019, the weights measured and recorded can be traced back and used as comparison for current and future work.
===Pound and other non-SI units===
In [[United States customary units]], the pound can be either a unit of force or a unit of mass.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/metric/common-conversion-b.cfm
| title = Common Conversion Factors, Approximate Conversions from U.S. Customary Measures to Metric
| publisher = [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]
| access-date = 2013-09-03}}</ref> Related units used in some distinct, separate subsystems of units include the [[poundal]] and the [[slug (unit)|slug]]. The poundal is defined as the force necessary to accelerate an object of one-pound ''mass'' at 1{{nbs}}ft/s<sup>2</sup>, and is equivalent to about 1/32.2 of a pound-''force''. The slug is defined as the amount of mass that accelerates at 1{{nbs}}ft/s<sup>2</sup> when one pound-force is exerted on it, and is equivalent to about 32.2 pounds (mass).
The [[kilogram-force]] is a non-SI unit of force, defined as the force exerted by a one-kilogram mass in standard Earth gravity (equal to 9.80665 newtons exactly). The [[dyne]] is the [[centimetre-gram-second|cgs]] unit of force and is not a part of SI, while weights measured in the cgs unit of mass, the gram, remain a part of SI.
==Sensation==
{{See also|Apparent weight}}
The sensation of weight is caused by the force exerted by fluids in the [[vestibular system]], a three-dimensional set of tubes in the inner [[ear]].{{Dubious|Sensation of Weight|date=June 2010}} It is actually the sensation of [[g-force]], regardless of whether this is due to being stationary in the presence of gravity, or, if the person is in motion, the result of any other forces acting on the body such as in the case of acceleration or deceleration of a lift, or centrifugal forces when turning sharply.
== <span id="Measuring weight"></span>Measuring ==
{{Main|Weighing scale}}
{{redirect|Weigh|other uses|Weigh (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Peso-Valdivia-dsc02545.jpg|thumb|A [[weighbridge]], used for weighing trucks]]
Weight is commonly measured using one of two methods. A [[Weighing scale#Spring scales|spring scale]] or [[Weighing scale#Hydraulic or pneumatic scale|hydraulic or pneumatic scale]] measures local weight, the local [[force]] of [[gravity]] on the object (strictly [[apparent weight|''apparent'' weight force]]). Since the local force of gravity can vary by up to 0.5% at different locations, spring scales will measure slightly different weights for the same object (the same mass) at different locations. To standardize weights, scales are always calibrated to read the weight an object would have at a nominal [[standard gravity]] of 9.80665{{nbs}}m/s<sup>2</sup> (approx. 32.174{{nbs}}ft/s<sup>2</sup>). However, this calibration is done at the factory. When the scale is moved to another location on Earth, the force of gravity will be different, causing a slight error. So to be highly accurate and legal for commerce, [[spring scale]]s must be re-calibrated at the location at which they will be used.
A ''[[Weighing scale#balance|balance]]'' on the other hand, compares the weight of an unknown object in one scale pan to the weight of standard masses in the other, using a [[lever]] mechanism – a lever-balance. The standard masses are often referred to, non-technically, as "weights". Since any variations in gravity will act equally on the unknown and the known weights, a lever-balance will indicate the same value at any location on Earth. Therefore, balance "weights" are usually calibrated and marked in [[mass]] units, so the lever-balance measures mass by comparing the Earth's attraction on the unknown object and standard masses in the scale pans. In the absence of a gravitational field, away from planetary bodies (e.g. space), a lever-balance would not work, but on the Moon, for example, it would give the same reading as on Earth. Some balances are marked in weight units, but since the weights are calibrated at the factory for standard gravity, the balance will measure standard weight, i.e. what the object would weigh at standard gravity, not the actual local force of gravity on the object.
If the actual force of gravity on the object is needed, this can be calculated by multiplying the mass measured by the balance by the acceleration due to gravity – either standard gravity (for everyday work) or the precise local gravity (for precision work). Tables of the gravitational acceleration at different locations can be found on the web.
'''Gross weight''' is a term that is generally found in commerce or trade applications, and refers to the total weight of a product and its packaging. Conversely, '''net weight''' refers to the weight of the product alone, discounting the weight of its container or packaging; and '''[[tare weight]]''' is the weight of the packaging alone.
==Relative weights on the Earth and other celestial bodies==
{{Main|Earth's gravity|Surface gravity}}
The table below shows comparative [[Surface gravity|gravitational accelerations at the surface]] of the Sun, the Earth's moon, each of the planets in the solar system. The “surface” is taken to mean the cloud tops of the [[gas giants]] (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune). For the Sun, the surface is taken to mean the [[photosphere]]. The values in the table have not been de-rated for the centrifugal effect of planet rotation (and cloud-top wind speeds for the gas giants) and therefore, generally speaking, are similar to the actual gravity that would be experienced near the poles.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Body
! Multiple of<br>Earth gravity
! [[Surface gravity]]<br>m/s<sup>2</sup>
|-
| [[Sun]]
| 27.90
| 274.1
|-
| [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]
| 0.3770
| 3.703
|-
| [[Venus]]
| 0.9032
| 8.872
|-
| [[Earth (planet)|Earth]]
| 1 (by definition)
| 9.8226<span style="margin-left:0.2em"></span><ref>This value excludes the adjustment for centrifugal force due to Earth’s rotation and is therefore greater than the 9.806<span style="margin-left:0.25em">65{{nbs}}m/s<sup>2</sup></span> value of [[standard gravity]].</ref>
|-
| [[Moon]]
| 0.1655
| 1.625
|-
| [[Mars]]
| 0.3895
| 3.728
|-
| [[Jupiter]]
| 2.640
| 25.93
|-
| [[Saturn]]
| 1.139
| 11.19
|-
| [[Uranus]]
| 0.917
| 9.01
|-
| [[Neptune]]
| 1.148
| 11.28
|-
|}
==See also==
{{Wiktionary|gross weight}}
* {{annotated link|Human body weight}}
* [[Tare weight]]
* {{annotated link|wey (unit)|weight}} the English unit
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Underwater diving|scidiv}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Weight|*]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -43,23 +43,4 @@
Further complications in elucidating the various concepts of weight have to do with the [[theory of relativity]] according to which gravity is modeled as a consequence of the [[curvature]] of [[spacetime]]. In the teaching community, a considerable debate has existed for over half a century on how to define weight for their students. The current situation is that a multiple set of concepts co-exist and find use in their various contexts.<ref name="Galili"/>
-
-==History==
-[[File:3199 - Athens - Stoà of Attalus Museum - Bronze weights - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 9 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] official bronze weights dating from around the 6th century BC, exhibited in the [[Ancient Agora Museum]] in Athens, housed in the [[Stoa of Attalus]].]]
-[[File:Weighing grain, from the Babur-namah.jpg|thumb|170px|Weighing grain, from the Babur-namah<ref>{{cite web|author=Sur Das |url=http://warfare.atspace.eu/Moghul/Baburnama/Weighing_Grain.htm |title=Weighing Grain |date=1590s |work=Baburnama}}</ref>]]
-Discussion of the concepts of heaviness (weight) and lightness (levity) date back to the [[ancient Greek philosophy|ancient Greek philosophers]]. These were typically viewed as inherent properties of objects. [[Plato]] described weight as the natural tendency of objects to seek their kin. To [[Aristotle]], weight and levity represented the tendency to restore the natural order of the basic elements: air, earth, fire and water. He ascribed absolute weight to earth and absolute levity to fire. [[Archimedes]] saw weight as a quality opposed to [[buoyancy]], with the conflict between the two determining if an object sinks or floats. The first operational definition of weight was given by [[Euclid]], who defined weight as: "the heaviness or lightness of one thing, compared to another, as measured by a balance."<ref name="Galili"/> Operational balances (rather than definitions) had, however, been around much longer.<ref>http://www.averyweigh-tronix.com/museum {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228235853/http://www.averyweigh-tronix.com/museum/ |date=2013-02-28 }} accessed 29 March 2013.</ref>
-
-According to Aristotle, weight was the direct cause of the falling motion of an object, the speed of the falling object was supposed to be directly proportionate to the weight of the object. As medieval scholars discovered that in practice the speed of a falling object increased with time, this prompted a change to the concept of weight to maintain this cause-effect relationship. Weight was split into a "still weight" or {{Lang|la|pondus}}, which remained constant, and the actual gravity or {{Lang|la|gravitas}}, which changed as the object fell. The concept of {{Lang|la|gravitas}} was eventually replaced by [[Jean Buridan]]'s [[theory of impetus|impetus]], a precursor to [[momentum]].<ref name="Galili"/>
-
-The rise of the [[Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican view of the world]] led to the resurgence of the Platonic idea that like objects attract but in the context of heavenly bodies. In the 17th century, [[Galileo]] made significant advances in the concept of weight. He proposed a way to measure the difference between the weight of a moving object and an object at rest. Ultimately, he concluded weight was proportionate to the amount of matter of an object, not the speed of motion as supposed by the Aristotelean view of physics.<ref name="Galili"/>
-
-===Newton===
-The introduction of [[Newton's laws of motion]] and the development of [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]] led to considerable further development of the concept of weight. Weight became fundamentally separate from [[mass]]. Mass was identified as a fundamental property of objects connected to their [[inertia]], while weight became identified with the force of gravity on an object and therefore dependent on the context of the object. In particular, Newton considered weight to be relative to another object causing the gravitational pull, e.g. the weight of the Earth towards the Sun.<ref name="Galili"/>
-
-Newton considered time and space to be absolute. This allowed him to consider concepts as true position and true velocity.{{Clarify| reason = broken sentence; not sure if it should say "*such* concepts as", or if there is something else missing|date=June 2011}} Newton also recognized that weight as measured by the action of weighing was affected by environmental factors such as buoyancy. He considered this a false weight induced by imperfect measurement conditions, for which he introduced the term ''apparent weight'' as compared to the ''true weight'' defined by gravity.<ref name="Galili"/>
-
-Although Newtonian physics made a clear distinction between weight and mass, the term weight continued to be commonly used when people meant mass. This led the 3rd [[General Conference on Weights and Measures]] (CGPM) of 1901 to officially declare "The word ''weight'' denotes a quantity of the same nature as a ''force'': the weight of a body is the product of its mass and the acceleration due to gravity", thus distinguishing it from mass for official usage.
-
-===Relativity===
-In the 20th century, the Newtonian concepts of absolute time and space were challenged by relativity. Einstein's [[equivalence principle]] put all observers, moving or accelerating, on the same footing. This led to an ambiguity as to what exactly is meant by the force of gravity and weight. A scale in an accelerating elevator cannot be distinguished from a scale in a gravitational field. Gravitational force and weight thereby became essentially frame-dependent quantities. This prompted the abandonment of the concept as superfluous in the fundamental sciences such as physics and chemistry. Nonetheless, the concept remained important in the teaching of physics. The ambiguities introduced by relativity led, starting in the 1960s, to considerable debate in the teaching community as how to define weight for their students, choosing between a nominal definition of weight as the force due to gravity or an operational definition defined by the act of weighing.<ref name="Galili"/>
==Definitions==
' |
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1 => '==History==',
2 => '[[File:3199 - Athens - Stoà of Attalus Museum - Bronze weights - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 9 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] official bronze weights dating from around the 6th century BC, exhibited in the [[Ancient Agora Museum]] in Athens, housed in the [[Stoa of Attalus]].]]',
3 => '[[File:Weighing grain, from the Babur-namah.jpg|thumb|170px|Weighing grain, from the Babur-namah<ref>{{cite web|author=Sur Das |url=http://warfare.atspace.eu/Moghul/Baburnama/Weighing_Grain.htm |title=Weighing Grain |date=1590s |work=Baburnama}}</ref>]]',
4 => 'Discussion of the concepts of heaviness (weight) and lightness (levity) date back to the [[ancient Greek philosophy|ancient Greek philosophers]]. These were typically viewed as inherent properties of objects. [[Plato]] described weight as the natural tendency of objects to seek their kin. To [[Aristotle]], weight and levity represented the tendency to restore the natural order of the basic elements: air, earth, fire and water. He ascribed absolute weight to earth and absolute levity to fire. [[Archimedes]] saw weight as a quality opposed to [[buoyancy]], with the conflict between the two determining if an object sinks or floats. The first operational definition of weight was given by [[Euclid]], who defined weight as: "the heaviness or lightness of one thing, compared to another, as measured by a balance."<ref name="Galili"/> Operational balances (rather than definitions) had, however, been around much longer.<ref>http://www.averyweigh-tronix.com/museum {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228235853/http://www.averyweigh-tronix.com/museum/ |date=2013-02-28 }} accessed 29 March 2013.</ref>',
5 => '',
6 => 'According to Aristotle, weight was the direct cause of the falling motion of an object, the speed of the falling object was supposed to be directly proportionate to the weight of the object. As medieval scholars discovered that in practice the speed of a falling object increased with time, this prompted a change to the concept of weight to maintain this cause-effect relationship. Weight was split into a "still weight" or {{Lang|la|pondus}}, which remained constant, and the actual gravity or {{Lang|la|gravitas}}, which changed as the object fell. The concept of {{Lang|la|gravitas}} was eventually replaced by [[Jean Buridan]]'s [[theory of impetus|impetus]], a precursor to [[momentum]].<ref name="Galili"/>',
7 => '',
8 => 'The rise of the [[Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican view of the world]] led to the resurgence of the Platonic idea that like objects attract but in the context of heavenly bodies. In the 17th century, [[Galileo]] made significant advances in the concept of weight. He proposed a way to measure the difference between the weight of a moving object and an object at rest. Ultimately, he concluded weight was proportionate to the amount of matter of an object, not the speed of motion as supposed by the Aristotelean view of physics.<ref name="Galili"/>',
9 => '',
10 => '===Newton===',
11 => 'The introduction of [[Newton's laws of motion]] and the development of [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]] led to considerable further development of the concept of weight. Weight became fundamentally separate from [[mass]]. Mass was identified as a fundamental property of objects connected to their [[inertia]], while weight became identified with the force of gravity on an object and therefore dependent on the context of the object. In particular, Newton considered weight to be relative to another object causing the gravitational pull, e.g. the weight of the Earth towards the Sun.<ref name="Galili"/>',
12 => '',
13 => 'Newton considered time and space to be absolute. This allowed him to consider concepts as true position and true velocity.{{Clarify| reason = broken sentence; not sure if it should say "*such* concepts as", or if there is something else missing|date=June 2011}} Newton also recognized that weight as measured by the action of weighing was affected by environmental factors such as buoyancy. He considered this a false weight induced by imperfect measurement conditions, for which he introduced the term ''apparent weight'' as compared to the ''true weight'' defined by gravity.<ref name="Galili"/>',
14 => '',
15 => 'Although Newtonian physics made a clear distinction between weight and mass, the term weight continued to be commonly used when people meant mass. This led the 3rd [[General Conference on Weights and Measures]] (CGPM) of 1901 to officially declare "The word ''weight'' denotes a quantity of the same nature as a ''force'': the weight of a body is the product of its mass and the acceleration due to gravity", thus distinguishing it from mass for official usage.',
16 => '',
17 => '===Relativity===',
18 => 'In the 20th century, the Newtonian concepts of absolute time and space were challenged by relativity. Einstein's [[equivalence principle]] put all observers, moving or accelerating, on the same footing. This led to an ambiguity as to what exactly is meant by the force of gravity and weight. A scale in an accelerating elevator cannot be distinguished from a scale in a gravitational field. Gravitational force and weight thereby became essentially frame-dependent quantities. This prompted the abandonment of the concept as superfluous in the fundamental sciences such as physics and chemistry. Nonetheless, the concept remained important in the teaching of physics. The ambiguities introduced by relativity led, starting in the 1960s, to considerable debate in the teaching community as how to define weight for their students, choosing between a nominal definition of weight as the force due to gravity or an operational definition defined by the act of weighing.<ref name="Galili"/>'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This page is about the physical concept. In law, commerce, and in colloquial usage <i> weight </i> may also refer to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>. For other uses see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weight_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Weight (disambiguation)">weight (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Force on a mass due to gravity</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Weight</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Weeghaak.JPG" class="image"><img alt="Weeghaak.JPG" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Weeghaak.JPG/56px-Weeghaak.JPG" decoding="async" width="56" height="200" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Weeghaak.JPG/84px-Weeghaak.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Weeghaak.JPG/113px-Weeghaak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="2495" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spring_scale" title="Spring scale">spring scale</a> measures the weight of an object.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline-block; line-height:1.2em; padding:0.1em 0;">Common symbols</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}">
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dimensional_analysis#Definition" title="Dimensional analysis">Dimension</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {MLT}}^{-2}}">
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<p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, the <b>weight</b> of an object is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> acting on the object due to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Galili_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galili-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gat-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some standard textbooks<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-4">[4]</a></sup> define weight as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euclidean_vector" title="Euclidean vector">vector</a> quantity, the gravitational force acting on the object. Others<sup id="cite_ref-Bauer-and-Westfall_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer-and-Westfall-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Serway-and-Jewett_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serway-and-Jewett-6">[6]</a></sup> define weight as a scalar quantity, the magnitude of the gravitational force. Yet others<sup id="cite_ref-Hewitt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewitt-7">[7]</a></sup> define it as the magnitude of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reaction_(physics)" title="Reaction (physics)">reaction</a> force exerted on a body by mechanisms that counteract the effects of gravity: the weight is the quantity that is measured by, for example, a spring scale. Thus, in a state of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_fall" title="Free fall">free fall</a>, the weight would be zero. In this sense of weight, terrestrial objects can be weightless: ignoring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">air resistance</a>, the famous apple falling from the tree, on its way to meet the ground near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, would be weightless.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement">unit of measurement</a> for weight is that of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a>, which in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a>. For example, an object with a mass of one kilogram has a weight of about 9.8 newtons on the surface of the Earth, and about one-sixth as much on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. Although weight and mass are scientifically distinct quantities, the terms are often confused with each other in everyday use (i.e. comparing and converting force weight in pounds to mass in kilograms and vice versa).<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Further complications in elucidating the various concepts of weight have to do with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a> according to which gravity is modeled as a consequence of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a>. In the teaching community, a considerable debate has existed for over half a century on how to define weight for their students. The current situation is that a multiple set of concepts co-exist and find use in their various contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-Galili_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galili-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definitions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definitions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Operational_definition"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Operational definition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#ISO_definition"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">ISO definition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Apparent_weight"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Apparent weight</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Mass"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Mass</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#SI_units"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">SI units</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Pound_and_other_non-SI_units"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pound and other non-SI units</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sensation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Sensation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Measuring"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Measuring</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Relative_weights_on_the_Earth_and_other_celestial_bodies"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Relative weights on the Earth and other celestial bodies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Definitions">Definitions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Weight&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Nitrolympics_TopFuel_2005.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nitrolympics_TopFuel_2005.jpg/300px-Nitrolympics_TopFuel_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nitrolympics_TopFuel_2005.jpg/450px-Nitrolympics_TopFuel_2005.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nitrolympics_TopFuel_2005.jpg/600px-Nitrolympics_TopFuel_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="340" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Nitrolympics_TopFuel_2005.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>This <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Top fuel">top-fuel dragster</a> can accelerate from zero to 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph) in 0.86 seconds. This is a horizontal acceleration of 5.3<span class="nowrap"> </span>g. Combined with the vertical g-force in the stationary case the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a> yields a g-force of 5.4<span class="nowrap"> </span>g. It is this g-force that causes the driver's weight if one uses the operational definition. If one uses the gravitational definition, the driver's weight is unchanged by the motion of the car.</div></div></div>
<p>Several definitions exist for <i>weight</i>, not all of which are equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-Gat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gat-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-King_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-French_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Galili-Lehavi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galili-Lehavi-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Operational_definition">Operational definition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Weight&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operational definition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the operational definition, the weight of an object is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> measured by the operation of weighing it, which is <b>the force it exerts on its support</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-King_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-9">[9]</a></sup> Since <i>W</i> is the downward force on the body by the centre of earth and there is no acceleration in the body, there exists an opposite and equal force by the support on the body. Also it is equal to the force exerted by the body on its support because action and reaction have same numerical value and opposite direction. This can make a considerable difference, depending on the details; for example, an object in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_fall" title="Free fall">free fall</a> exerts little if any force on its support, a situation that is commonly referred to as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">weightlessness</a>. However, being in free fall does not affect the weight according to the gravitational definition. Therefore, the operational definition is sometimes refined by requiring that the object be at rest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, this raises the issue of defining "at rest" (usually being at rest with respect to the Earth is implied by using <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">standard gravity</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the operational definition, the weight of an object at rest on the surface of the Earth is lessened by the effect of the centrifugal force from the Earth's rotation.
</p><p>The operational definition, as usually given, does not explicitly exclude the effects of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>, which reduces the measured weight of an object when it is immersed in a fluid such as air or water. As a result, a floating <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balloon" title="Balloon">balloon</a> or an object floating in water might be said to have zero weight.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ISO_definition">ISO definition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Weight&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ISO definition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> International standard ISO 80000-4:2006,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> describing the basic physical quantities and units in mechanics as a part of the International standard <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">ISO/IEC 80000</a>, the definition of <i>weight</i> is given as:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">
<p><b>Definition</b>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{g}=mg\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace" />
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{g}=mg\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/enwiki/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e047ceeeee03791be4df577b5cbaf85c5d05d43" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.158ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="F_{g}=mg\,"/></span>,</dd>
<dd>where <i>m</i> is mass and <i>g</i> is local acceleration of free fall.</dd></dl>
<p><b>Remarks</b>
</p>
<ul><li>When the reference frame is Earth, this quantity comprises not only the local gravitational force, but also the local centrifugal force due to the rotation of the Earth, a force which varies with latitude.</li>
<li>The effect of atmospheric buoyancy is excluded in the weight.</li>
<li>In common parlance, the name "weight" continues to be used where "mass" is meant, but this practice is deprecated.</li></ul>
<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>ISO 80000-4 (2006)</cite></div></blockquote>
<p>The definition is dependent on the chosen <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">frame of reference</a>. When the chosen frame is co-moving with the object in question then this definition precisely agrees with the operational definition.<sup id="cite_ref-French_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French-10">[10]</a></sup> If the specified frame is the surface of the Earth, the weight according to the ISO and gravitational definitions differ only by the centrifugal effects due to the rotation of the Earth.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Apparent_weight">Apparent weight</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Weight&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Apparent weight">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apparent_weight" title="Apparent weight">Apparent weight</a></div>
<p>In many real world situations the act of weighing may produce a result that differs from the ideal value provided by the definition used. This is usually referred to as the apparent weight of the object. A common example of this is the effect of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>, when an object is immersed in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> the displacement of the fluid will cause an upward force on the object, making it appear lighter when weighed on a scale.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The apparent weight may be similarly affected by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levitation" title="Levitation">levitation</a> and mechanical suspension. When the gravitational definition of weight is used, the operational weight measured by an accelerating scale is often also referred to as the apparent weight.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mass">Mass</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Weight&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mass">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:WeightNormal.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/WeightNormal.svg/250px-WeightNormal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/WeightNormal.svg/375px-WeightNormal.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/WeightNormal.svg/500px-WeightNormal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="400" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:WeightNormal.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An object with mass <i>m</i> resting on a surface and the corresponding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_body_diagram" title="Free body diagram">free body diagram</a> of just the object showing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Force" title="Force">forces</a> acting on it. Notice that the amount of force that the table is pushing upward on the object (the N vector) is equal to the downward force of the object's weight (shown here as <i>mg</i>, as weight is equal to the object's mass multiplied with the acceleration due to gravity): because these forces are equal, the object is in a state of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mechanical_equilibrium" title="Mechanical equilibrium">equilibrium</a> (all the forces and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moment_(physics)" title="Moment (physics)">moments</a> acting on it sum to zero).</div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_versus_weight" title="Mass versus weight">Mass versus weight</a></div>
<p>In modern scientific usage, weight and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> are fundamentally different quantities: mass is an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intrinsic_and_extrinsic_properties" title="Intrinsic and extrinsic properties">intrinsic</a> property of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, whereas weight is a <i>force</i> that results from the action of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> on matter: it measures how strongly the force of gravity pulls on that matter. However, in most practical everyday situations the word "weight" is used when, strictly, "mass" is meant.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIST811wt_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST811wt-15">[15]</a></sup> For example, most people would say that an object "weighs one kilogram", even though the kilogram is a unit of mass.
</p><p>The distinction between mass and weight is unimportant for many practical purposes because the strength of gravity does not vary too much on the surface of the Earth. In a uniform gravitational field, the gravitational force exerted on an object (its weight) is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)" title="Proportionality (mathematics)">directly proportional</a> to its mass. For example, object A weighs 10 times as much as object B, so therefore the mass of object A is 10 times greater than that of object B. This means that an object's mass can be measured indirectly by its weight, and so, for everyday purposes, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weighing" class="mw-redirect" title="Weighing">weighing</a> (using a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weighing_scale" title="Weighing scale">weighing scale</a>) is an entirely acceptable way of measuring mass. Similarly, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weighing_scale#Balance" title="Weighing scale">balance</a> measures mass indirectly by comparing the weight of the measured item to that of an object(s) of known mass. Since the measured item and the comparison mass are in virtually the same location, so experiencing the same <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitational field</a>, the effect of varying gravity does not affect the comparison or the resulting measurement.
</p><p>The Earth's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitational field</a> is not uniform but can vary by as much as 0.5%<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> at different locations on Earth (see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earth%27s_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's gravity">Earth's gravity</a>). These variations alter the relationship between weight and mass, and must be taken into account in high-precision weight measurements that are intended to indirectly measure mass. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spring_scale" title="Spring scale">Spring scales</a>, which measure local weight, must be calibrated at the location at which the objects will be used to show this standard weight, to be legal for commerce.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Doesn't this depend on the jurisdiction? (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>This table shows the variation of acceleration due to gravity (and hence the variation of weight) at various locations on the Earth's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Location
</th>
<th>Latitude
</th>
<th>m/s<sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th>Absolute difference from equator
</th>
<th>Percentage difference from equator
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>
</td>
<td>0°
</td>
<td>9.7803
</td>
<td>0.0000
</td>
<td>0%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>
</td>
<td>33°52′ S
</td>
<td>9.7968
</td>
<td>0.0165
</td>
<td>0.17%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>
</td>
<td>57°9′ N
</td>
<td>9.8168
</td>
<td>0.0365
</td>
<td>0.37%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>
</td>
<td>90° N
</td>
<td>9.8322
</td>
<td>0.0519
</td>
<td>0.53%
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The historical use of "weight" for "mass" also persists in some scientific terminology – for example, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemical</a> terms "atomic weight", "molecular weight", and "formula weight", can still be found rather than the preferred "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a>", etc.
</p><p>In a different gravitational field, for example, on the surface of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, an object can have a significantly different weight than on Earth. The gravity on the surface of the Moon is only about one-sixth as strong as on the surface of the Earth. A one-kilogram mass is still a one-kilogram mass (as mass is an intrinsic property of the object) but the downward force due to gravity, and therefore its weight, is only one-sixth of what the object would have on Earth. So a man of mass 180 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pounds</a> weighs only about 30 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pound-force" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound-force">pounds-force</a> when visiting the Moon.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="SI_units">SI units</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Weight&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: SI units">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In most modern scientific work, physical quantities are measured in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> units. The SI unit of weight is the same as that of force: the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a> (N) – a derived unit which can also be expressed in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">SI base units</a> as kg⋅m/s<sup>2</sup> (kilograms times metres per second squared).<sup id="cite_ref-NIST811wt_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST811wt-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>In commercial and everyday use, the term "weight" is usually used to mean mass, and the verb "to weigh" means "to determine the mass of" or "to have a mass of". Used in this sense, the proper SI unit is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> (kg).<sup id="cite_ref-NIST811wt_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST811wt-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of 20 May 2019, the kilogram, which is essential to evaluate the weight of an object, has been redefined in terms of Planck's constant. The new definition does not affect the actual amount of the material but increases the measurement's quality and decreases the uncertainty associated with it.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
Prior to using Planck's constant, a physical object was used as a standard. The object, located in a vault in Sèvres, France, has fluctuated by approximately 50 micrograms of its mass since it was first introduced in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> Consequently, the following must be true. Mass, which should be the same whether on earth or the moon for example, is only valid on earth since it needs to be referenced. Also, comparing a weight measurement to a standard that changes with time cannot be used as a reference without citing the actual value of it at the time and moment it was used as such. Therefore, to redefine the kilogram all National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) involved determined the new value of Planck's constant by evaluating a mass which was calibrated against the IPK.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehtesham,_B._2020_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehtesham,_B._2020-20">[20]</a></sup> To this extent one kilogram is equal to h/(6.62607015×10^(-34) ) m^(-2) s which equals 1 m^(-2) s.
A kilogram has remained the same quantity it was before the redefinition.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehtesham,_B._2020_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehtesham,_B._2020-20">[20]</a></sup> But as of May 2019, the weights measured and recorded can be traced back and used as comparison for current and future work.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pound_and_other_non-SI_units">Pound and other non-SI units</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Weight&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pound and other non-SI units">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a>, the pound can be either a unit of force or a unit of mass.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> Related units used in some distinct, separate subsystems of units include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poundal" title="Poundal">poundal</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slug_(unit)" title="Slug (unit)">slug</a>. The poundal is defined as the force necessary to accelerate an object of one-pound <i>mass</i> at 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>ft/s<sup>2</sup>, and is equivalent to about 1/32.2 of a pound-<i>force</i>. The slug is defined as the amount of mass that accelerates at 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>ft/s<sup>2</sup> when one pound-force is exerted on it, and is equivalent to about 32.2 pounds (mass).
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kilogram-force" title="Kilogram-force">kilogram-force</a> is a non-SI unit of force, defined as the force exerted by a one-kilogram mass in standard Earth gravity (equal to 9.80665 newtons exactly). The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dyne" title="Dyne">dyne</a> is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centimetre-gram-second" class="mw-redirect" title="Centimetre-gram-second">cgs</a> unit of force and is not a part of SI, while weights measured in the cgs unit of mass, the gram, remain a part of SI.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sensation">Sensation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Weight&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sensation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apparent_weight" title="Apparent weight">Apparent weight</a></div>
<p>The sensation of weight is caused by the force exerted by fluids in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular system</a>, a three-dimensional set of tubes in the inner <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2010)">dubious</span></a> <span class="metadata"> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talk:Weight#Sensation_of_Weight" title="Talk:Weight">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup> It is actually the sensation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g-force</a>, regardless of whether this is due to being stationary in the presence of gravity, or, if the person is in motion, the result of any other forces acting on the body such as in the case of acceleration or deceleration of a lift, or centrifugal forces when turning sharply.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Measuring"><span id="Measuring_weight"></span>Measuring</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Weight&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Measuring">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weighing_scale" title="Weighing scale">Weighing scale</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Weigh" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weigh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Weigh (disambiguation)">Weigh (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Peso-Valdivia-dsc02545.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Peso-Valdivia-dsc02545.jpg/220px-Peso-Valdivia-dsc02545.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Peso-Valdivia-dsc02545.jpg/330px-Peso-Valdivia-dsc02545.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Peso-Valdivia-dsc02545.jpg/440px-Peso-Valdivia-dsc02545.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Peso-Valdivia-dsc02545.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weighbridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Weighbridge">weighbridge</a>, used for weighing trucks</div></div></div>
<p>Weight is commonly measured using one of two methods. A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weighing_scale#Spring_scales" title="Weighing scale">spring scale</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weighing_scale#Hydraulic_or_pneumatic_scale" title="Weighing scale">hydraulic or pneumatic scale</a> measures local weight, the local <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> on the object (strictly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apparent_weight" title="Apparent weight"><i>apparent</i> weight force</a>). Since the local force of gravity can vary by up to 0.5% at different locations, spring scales will measure slightly different weights for the same object (the same mass) at different locations. To standardize weights, scales are always calibrated to read the weight an object would have at a nominal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">standard gravity</a> of 9.80665<span class="nowrap"> </span>m/s<sup>2</sup> (approx. 32.174<span class="nowrap"> </span>ft/s<sup>2</sup>). However, this calibration is done at the factory. When the scale is moved to another location on Earth, the force of gravity will be different, causing a slight error. So to be highly accurate and legal for commerce, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spring_scale" title="Spring scale">spring scales</a> must be re-calibrated at the location at which they will be used.
</p><p>A <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weighing_scale#balance" title="Weighing scale">balance</a></i> on the other hand, compares the weight of an unknown object in one scale pan to the weight of standard masses in the other, using a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">lever</a> mechanism – a lever-balance. The standard masses are often referred to, non-technically, as "weights". Since any variations in gravity will act equally on the unknown and the known weights, a lever-balance will indicate the same value at any location on Earth. Therefore, balance "weights" are usually calibrated and marked in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> units, so the lever-balance measures mass by comparing the Earth's attraction on the unknown object and standard masses in the scale pans. In the absence of a gravitational field, away from planetary bodies (e.g. space), a lever-balance would not work, but on the Moon, for example, it would give the same reading as on Earth. Some balances are marked in weight units, but since the weights are calibrated at the factory for standard gravity, the balance will measure standard weight, i.e. what the object would weigh at standard gravity, not the actual local force of gravity on the object.
</p><p>If the actual force of gravity on the object is needed, this can be calculated by multiplying the mass measured by the balance by the acceleration due to gravity – either standard gravity (for everyday work) or the precise local gravity (for precision work). Tables of the gravitational acceleration at different locations can be found on the web.
</p><p><b>Gross weight</b> is a term that is generally found in commerce or trade applications, and refers to the total weight of a product and its packaging. Conversely, <b>net weight</b> refers to the weight of the product alone, discounting the weight of its container or packaging; and <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tare_weight" title="Tare weight">tare weight</a></b> is the weight of the packaging alone.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Relative_weights_on_the_Earth_and_other_celestial_bodies">Relative weights on the Earth and other celestial bodies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Weight&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relative weights on the Earth and other celestial bodies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earth%27s_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's gravity">Earth's gravity</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></div>
<p>The table below shows comparative <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">gravitational accelerations at the surface</a> of the Sun, the Earth's moon, each of the planets in the solar system. The “surface” is taken to mean the cloud tops of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas_giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas giants">gas giants</a> (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune). For the Sun, the surface is taken to mean the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photosphere</a>. The values in the table have not been de-rated for the centrifugal effect of planet rotation (and cloud-top wind speeds for the gas giants) and therefore, generally speaking, are similar to the actual gravity that would be experienced near the poles.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Body
</th>
<th>Multiple of<br />Earth gravity
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a><br />m/s<sup>2</sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>
</td>
<td>27.90
</td>
<td>274.1
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>
</td>
<td>0.3770
</td>
<td>3.703
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>
</td>
<td>0.9032
</td>
<td>8.872
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earth_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth (planet)">Earth</a>
</td>
<td>1 (by definition)
</td>
<td>9.8226<span style="margin-left:0.2em"></span><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>
</td>
<td>0.1655
</td>
<td>1.625
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>
</td>
<td>0.3895
</td>
<td>3.728
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>
</td>
<td>2.640
</td>
<td>25.93
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>
</td>
<td>1.139
</td>
<td>11.19
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>
</td>
<td>0.917
</td>
<td>9.01
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>
</td>
<td>1.148
</td>
<td>11.28
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Weight&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gross_weight" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gross weight">gross weight</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_body_weight" title="Human body weight">Human body weight</a> – Person's mass or weight</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tare_weight" title="Tare weight">Tare weight</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wey_(unit)" title="Wey (unit)">weight</a> the English unit</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Weight&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Weight&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Morrison-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichard_C._Morrison1999" class="citation journal cs1">Richard C. Morrison (1999). "Weight and gravity - the need for consistent definitions". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Physics_Teacher" title="The Physics Teacher">The Physics Teacher</a></i>. <b>37</b> (1): 51. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhTea..37...51M">1999PhTea..37...51M</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.880152">10.1119/1.880152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Physics+Teacher&rft.atitle=Weight+and+gravity+-+the+need+for+consistent+definitions&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.880152&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PhTea..37...51M&rft.au=Richard+C.+Morrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Galili-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galili_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galili_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFIgal_Galili2001" class="citation journal cs1">Igal Galili (2001). "Weight versus gravitational force: historical and educational perspectives". <i>International Journal of Science Education</i>. <b>23</b> (10): 1073. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001IJSEd..23.1073G">2001IJSEd..23.1073G</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09500690110038585">10.1080/09500690110038585</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11110675">11110675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Science+Education&rft.atitle=Weight+versus+gravitational+force%3A+historical+and+educational+perspectives&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1073&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11110675%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09500690110038585&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001IJSEd..23.1073G&rft.au=Igal+Galili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gat_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gat_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGat1988" class="citation book cs1">Gat, Uri (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CoB5w9Km0mUC&pg=PA45">"The weight of mass and the mess of weight"</a>. In Richard Alan Strehlow (ed.). <i>Standardization of Technical Terminology: Principles and Practice – </i>second volume<i><span></span></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a>. pp. 45–48. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8031-1183-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8031-1183-7"><bdi>978-0-8031-1183-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+weight+of+mass+and+the+mess+of+weight&rft.btitle=Standardization+of+Technical+Terminology%3A+Principles+and+Practice+%E2%80%93+second+volume&rft.pages=45-48&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8031-1183-7&rft.aulast=Gat&rft.aufirst=Uri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCoB5w9Km0mUC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Knight-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knight_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKnight,_Randall_D.2004" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Randall D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicsforscien200knig"><i>Physics for Scientists and Engineers: a Strategic Approach</i></a>. San Francisco, USA: Addison–Wesley. pp. 100–101. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-8960-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8053-8960-1"><bdi>0-8053-8960-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+for+Scientists+and+Engineers%3A+a+Strategic+Approach&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+USA&rft.pages=100-101&rft.pub=Addison%E2%80%93Wesley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8053-8960-1&rft.au=Knight%2C+Randall+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicsforscien200knig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bauer-and-Westfall-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bauer-and-Westfall_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBauer,_Wolfgang_and_Westfall,_Gary_D.2011" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Wolfgang and Westfall, Gary D. (2011). <i>University Physics with Modern Physics</i>. New York: McGraw Hill. p. 103. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-336794-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-336794-1"><bdi>978-0-07-336794-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=University+Physics+with+Modern+Physics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-07-336794-1&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Wolfgang+and+Westfall%2C+Gary+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Serway-and-Jewett-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Serway-and-Jewett_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSerway,_Raymond_A._and_Jewett,_John_W._Jr.2008" class="citation book cs1">Serway, Raymond A. and Jewett, John W. Jr. (2008). <i>Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics</i>. USA: Thompson. p. 106. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-11245-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-11245-7"><bdi>978-0-495-11245-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+for+Scientists+and+Engineers+with+Modern+Physics&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Thompson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-11245-7&rft.au=Serway%2C+Raymond+A.+and+Jewett%2C+John+W.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hewitt-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hewitt_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHewitt,_Paul_G.2001" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Paul G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conceptualphysic00hewi_3/page/159"><i>Conceptual Physics</i></a>. USA: Addison–Wesley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conceptualphysic00hewi_3/page/159">159</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-05202-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-05202-1"><bdi>0-321-05202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conceptual+Physics&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Addison%E2%80%93Wesley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-321-05202-1&rft.au=Hewitt%2C+Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconceptualphysic00hewi_3%2Fpage%2F159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Canada-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canada_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canada_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The National Standard of Canada, CAN/CSA-Z234.1-89 Canadian Metric Practice Guide, January 1989:
<ul><li><b>5.7.3</b> Considerable confusion exists in the use of the term "weight". In commercial and everyday use, the term "weight" nearly always means mass. In science and technology "weight" has primarily meant a force due to gravity. In scientific and technical work, the term "weight" should be replaced by the term "mass" or "force", depending on the application.</li>
<li><b>5.7.4</b> The use of the verb "to weigh" meaning "to determine the mass of", e.g., "I weighed this object and determined its mass to be 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>kg," is correct.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-King-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAllen_L._King1963" class="citation journal cs1">Allen L. King (1963). "Weight and weightlessness". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a></i>. <b>30</b> (5): 387. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962AmJPh..30..387K">1962AmJPh..30..387K</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1942032">10.1119/1.1942032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Weight+and+weightlessness&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=387&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1942032&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962AmJPh..30..387K&rft.au=Allen+L.+King&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-French-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-French_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFA._P._French1995" class="citation journal cs1">A. P. French (1995). "On weightlessness". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a></i>. <b>63</b> (2): 105–106. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AmJPh..63..105F">1995AmJPh..63..105F</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.17990">10.1119/1.17990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=On+weightlessness&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-106&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.17990&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995AmJPh..63..105F&rft.au=A.+P.+French&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Galili-Lehavi-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galili-Lehavi_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGaliliLehavi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Galili, I.; Lehavi, Y. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.huji.ac.il/science/stc/staff_h/Igal/Research%20Articles/Weight-AJP.pdf">"The importance of weightlessness and tides in teaching gravitation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a></i>. <b>71</b> (11): 1127–1135. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AmJPh..71.1127G">2003AmJPh..71.1127G</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1607336">10.1119/1.1607336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+weightlessness+and+tides+in+teaching+gravitation&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1127-1135&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1607336&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003AmJPh..71.1127G&rft.aulast=Galili&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Lehavi%2C+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.huji.ac.il%2Fscience%2Fstc%2Fstaff_h%2FIgal%2FResearch%2520Articles%2FWeight-AJP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO 80000-4:2006, Quantities and units - Part 4: Mechanics</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBell,_F.1998" class="citation book cs1">Bell, F. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bPcPnZQ36KwC&pg=PA174"><i>Principles of mechanics and biomechanics</i></a>. Stanley Thornes Ltd. pp. 174–176. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-3332-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-3332-3"><bdi>978-0-7487-3332-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+mechanics+and+biomechanics&rft.pages=174-176&rft.pub=Stanley+Thornes+Ltd&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7487-3332-3&rft.au=Bell%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbPcPnZQ36KwC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGalili,_Igal1993" class="citation journal cs1">Galili, Igal (1993). "Weight and gravity: teachers' ambiguity and students' confusion about the concepts". <i>International Journal of Science Education</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 149–162. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993IJSEd..15..149G">1993IJSEd..15..149G</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0950069930150204">10.1080/0950069930150204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Science+Education&rft.atitle=Weight+and+gravity%3A+teachers%27+ambiguity+and+students%27+confusion+about+the+concepts&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-162&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0950069930150204&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993IJSEd..15..149G&rft.au=Galili%2C+Igal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NIST811wt-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIST811wt_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST811wt_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST811wt_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFA._ThompsonB._N._Taylor2010" class="citation web cs1">A. Thompson & B. N. Taylor (March 3, 2010) [July 2, 2009]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec08.html#8.3">"The NIST Guide for the use of the International System of Units, Section 8: Comments on Some Quantities and Their Units"</a>. <i>Special Publication 811</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Publication+811&rft.atitle=The+NIST+Guide+for+the+use+of+the+International+System+of+Units%2C+Section+8%3A+Comments+on+Some+Quantities+and+Their+Units&rft.date=2010-03-03&rft.au=A.+Thompson&rft.au=B.+N.+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2FPubs%2FSP811%2Fsec08.html%238.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHodgeman1961" class="citation book cs1">Hodgeman, Charles, ed. (1961). <i>Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (44th ed.). Cleveland, USA: Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. pp. 3480–3485.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+USA&rft.pages=3480-3485&rft.edition=44th&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFClark1964" class="citation book cs1">Clark, John B (1964). <i>Physical and Mathematical Tables</i>. Oliver and Boyd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+and+Mathematical+Tables&rft.pub=Oliver+and+Boyd&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=John+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yadav, S., & Aswal, D. K. (2020, February 25). Redefined SI Units and Their Implications. Mapan, pp. 1-9.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey-Wilensky, J. (2019, May 20). The definition of the kilogram just changed. Here's what that means. Retrieved from NBC News: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/definition-kilogram-just-changed-here-s-what-means-ncna1007731">https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/definition-kilogram-just-changed-here-s-what-means-ncna1007731</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ehtesham,_B._2020-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehtesham,_B._2020_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehtesham,_B._2020_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehtesham, B., John, T., Yadav, S., Singh, H. K., Mandal, G., & Singh, N. (2020). Journey of Kilogram from Physical Constant to Universal Physical Constant (h) via Artefact: A Brief Review. MAPAN - Journal of Metrology Society of India, 1-9</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/metric/common-conversion-b.cfm">"Common Conversion Factors, Approximate Conversions from U.S. Customary Measures to Metric"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+Conversion+Factors%2C+Approximate+Conversions+from+U.S.+Customary+Measures+to+Metric&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Fwmd%2Fmetric%2Fcommon-conversion-b.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeight" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This value excludes the adjustment for centrifugal force due to Earth’s rotation and is therefore greater than the 9.806<span style="margin-left:0.25em">65<span class="nowrap"> </span>m/s<sup>2</sup></span> value of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">standard gravity</a>.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Underwater_diving" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Underwater_diving" title="Template:Underwater diving"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Underwater_diving" title="Template talk:Underwater diving"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Underwater_diving&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">Underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Diving_modes&#95;_**_Atmospheric_pressure_diving_**_Freediving_**_Saturation_diving&#95;_**_Scuba_diving_**_Snorkeling_**_Surface_oriented_diving&#95;_**_Surface-supplied_diving&#95;_**_Unmanned_diving">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving mode">Diving modes</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric pressure diving">Atmospheric pressure diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surface_oriented_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface oriented diving">Surface oriented diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">Surface-supplied diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unmanned_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned diving">Unmanned diving</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleaning_and_disinfection_of_personal_diving_equipment" title="Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment">Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bailout_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout gas">Bailout gas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bottom_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom gas">Bottom gas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breathing_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing air">Breathing air</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression gas">Decompression gas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Travel_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel gas">Travel gas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">Trimix</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buoyancy and<br />trim equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">Buoyancy compensator</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Power_inflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Power inflator">Power inflator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dump_valve_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump valve (diving)">Dump valve</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variable_buoyancy_pressure_vessel" title="Variable buoyancy pressure vessel">Variable buoyancy pressure vessel</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_weighting_system" title="Diving weighting system">Diving weighting system</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ankle_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle weights (diving)">Ankle weights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_weights" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated weights">Integrated weights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trim_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim weights (diving)">Trim weights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weight_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight belt">Weight belt</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_buoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression buoy">Decompression buoy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_trapeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression trapeze">Decompression trapeze</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jersey_upline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey upline">Jersey upline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/JIM_suit" title="JIM suit">JIM suit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newtsuit" title="Newtsuit">Newtsuit</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suit</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sladen_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sladen suit">Sladen suit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_diving_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving suit">Standard diving suit</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rash_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rash vest">Rash vest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_skins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive skins">Dive skins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot-water_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-water suit">Hot-water suit</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helmets<br />and masks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-fog" title="Anti-fog">Anti-fog</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free-flow_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-flow helmet">Free-flow helmet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lightweight_demand_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight demand helmet">Lightweight demand helmet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">Orinasal mask</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shallow_water_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow water helmet">Shallow water helmet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_diving_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving helmet">Standard diving helmet</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Band_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Band mask">Band mask</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Full-face_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-face mask">Full-face mask</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bottom_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom timer">Bottom timer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Depth_gauge" title="Depth gauge">Depth gauge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive timer">Dive timer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_watch" title="Diving watch">Diving watch</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helium_release_valve" title="Helium release valve">Helium release valve</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">Pneumofathometer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submersible_pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Submersible pressure gauge">Submersible pressure gauge</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobility<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver propulsion vehicle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/PowerSwim" title="PowerSwim">PowerSwim</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Towboard" title="Towboard">Towboard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">Alternative air source</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Octopus_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus regulator">Octopus regulator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolt_snap" title="Bolt snap">Bolt snap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddy_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy line">Buddy line</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_light" title="Dive light">Dive light</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver%27s_cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's cutting tool">Diver's cutting tool</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver%27s_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's knife">Diver's knife</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver%27s_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's telephone">Diver's telephone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Through-water_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-water communications">Through-water communications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_safety_harness" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving safety harness">Diving safety harness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bailout_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout block">Bailout block</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lifeline_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifeline (diving)">Lifeline</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Screw_gate_carabiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw gate carabiner">Screw gate carabiner</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">Emergency locator beacon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rescue_tether" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue tether">Rescue tether</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safety_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety helmet">Safety helmet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shark-proof_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark-proof cage">Shark-proof cage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snoopy_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Snoopy loop">Snoopy loop</a></li>
<li>Navigation equipment
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">Distance line</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving compass">Diving compass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive reel">Dive reel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Line_marker" title="Line marker">Line marker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">Surface marker buoy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silt_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt screw">Silt screw</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater<br />breathing<br />apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">Diving cylinder</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burst_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Burst disc">Burst disc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_cylinder_valve" title="Scuba cylinder valve">Scuba cylinder valve</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mechanism_of_diving_regulators" title="Mechanism of diving regulators">Mechanism of diving regulators</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regulator_malfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator malfunction">Regulator malfunction</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regulator_freeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator freeze">Regulator freeze</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Single-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-hose regulator">Single-hose regulator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twin-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin-hose regulator">Twin-hose regulator</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Full_face_diving_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full face diving mask">Full face diving mask</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit<br />scuba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent doubles">Independent doubles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manifolded_twin_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifolded twin set">Manifolded twin set</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_manifold" title="Scuba manifold">Scuba manifold</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba configuration">Scuba configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sidemount" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidemount">Sidemount</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sling_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling cylinder">Sling cylinder</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carleton_CDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton CDBA">Carleton CDBA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CDLSE" class="mw-redirect" title="CDLSE">CDLSE</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cryogenic_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic rebreather">Cryogenic rebreather</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CUMA" title="CUMA">CUMA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DSEA" class="mw-redirect" title="DSEA">DSEA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halcyon_PVR-BASC" title="Halcyon PVR-BASC">Halcyon PVR-BASC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halcyon_RB80" title="Halcyon RB80">Halcyon RB80</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IDA71" title="IDA71">IDA71</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interspiro_DCSC" title="Interspiro DCSC">Interspiro DCSC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LAR-5" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-5">LAR-5</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LAR-6" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-6">LAR-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LAR-V" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-V">LAR-V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lambertsen_Amphibious_Respiratory_Unit" title="Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit">LARU</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_IV_Amphibian" title="Mark IV Amphibian">Mark IV Amphibian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Ray">Ray</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_CDBA" title="Siebe Gorman CDBA">Siebe Gorman CDBA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_Salvus" title="Siebe Gorman Salvus">Salvus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siva_(rebreather)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siva (rebreather)">Siva</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied<br />diving equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air_line" title="Air line">Air line</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">Diver's umbilical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hookah_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookah (diving)">Hookah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba replacement">Scuba replacement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_Trek_(diving_system)" title="Sea Trek (diving system)">Sea Trek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving<br />equipment<br />manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AP_Diving" title="AP Diving">AP Diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apeks" title="Apeks">Apeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aqua_Lung_America" title="Aqua Lung America">Aqua Lung America</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aqua_Lung/La_Spirotechnique" title="Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique">Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beuchat" title="Beuchat">Beuchat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cavalero" title="René Cavalero">René Cavalero</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cis-Lunar" title="Cis-Lunar">Cis-Lunar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cressi-Sub" title="Cressi-Sub">Cressi-Sub</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dacor_(scuba_diving)" title="Dacor (scuba diving)">Dacor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DESCO" title="DESCO">DESCO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_Xtras" title="Dive Xtras">Dive Xtras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divex" title="Divex">Divex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_Unlimited_International" title="Diving Unlimited International">Diving Unlimited International</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Drägerwerk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fenzy" title="Fenzy">Fenzy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maurice_Fernez" title="Maurice Fernez">Maurice Fernez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luigi_Ferraro_(naval_officer)" title="Luigi Ferraro (naval officer)">Technisub</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oscar_Gugen" title="Oscar Gugen">Oscar Gugen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heinke_(diving_equipment_manufacturer)" title="Heinke (diving equipment manufacturer)">Heinke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/HeinrichsWeikamp" title="HeinrichsWeikamp">HeinrichsWeikamp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnson_Outdoors" title="Johnson Outdoors">Johnson Outdoors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mares_(scuba_equipment)" title="Mares (scuba equipment)">Mares</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morse_Diving" title="Morse Diving">Morse Diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nemrod" title="Nemrod">Nemrod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanic_Worldwide" title="Oceanic Worldwide">Oceanic Worldwide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_Trek_(diving_system)" title="Sea Trek (diving system)">Sub Sea Systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shearwater_Research" title="Shearwater Research">Shearwater Research</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_Products" title="Submarine Products">Submarine Products</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suunto" title="Suunto">Suunto</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_support_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Access equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boarding_stirrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding stirrup">Boarding stirrup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver lift">Diver lift</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving ladder">Diving ladder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_platform_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving platform (scuba)">Diving platform (scuba)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Downline_(diving)" title="Downline (diving)">Downline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jackstay" title="Jackstay">Jackstay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Messenger_line" title="Messenger line">Messenger line</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon_pool" title="Moon pool">Moon pool</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_air_compressor#Filtration" title="Diving air compressor">Air filtration</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hopcalite" title="Hopcalite">Hopcalite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">Molecular sieve</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">Silica gel</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cascade_filling_system" title="Cascade filling system">Cascade filling system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver%27s_pump" title="Diver's pump">Diver's pump</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_air_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving air filter">Diving air filter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Water separator">Water separator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure breathing air compressor">High pressure breathing air compressor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure breathing air compressor">Low pressure breathing air compressor</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">Gas blending</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas reclaim system">Gas reclaim system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas_storage_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage bank">Gas storage bank</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas_storage_quad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage quad">Gas storage quad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas_storage_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage tube">Gas storage tube</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helium_analyzer" title="Helium analyzer">Helium analyzer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nitrox_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrox production">Nitrox production</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Membrane_gas_separation" title="Membrane gas separation">Membrane gas separation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">Pressure swing adsorption</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxygen_analyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen analyser">Oxygen analyser</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxygen_compatibility" title="Oxygen compatibility">Oxygen compatibility</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air-lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-lock">Air-lock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression tables">Decompression tables</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bell_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell cursor">Bell cursor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clump_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Clump weight">Clump weight</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">Diving chamber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recreational_Dive_Planner" title="Recreational Dive Planner">Recreational Dive Planner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saturation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation system">Saturation system</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Combat_Rubber_Raiding_Craft" title="Combat Rubber Raiding Craft">Combat Rubber Raiding Craft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liveaboard" title="Liveaboard">Liveaboard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subskimmer" title="Subskimmer">Subskimmer</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(K07)" title="HMS Challenger (K07)">HMS Challenger (K07)</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterhabitat" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_habitat" title="Underwater habitat">Underwater<br />habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquarius_Reef_Base" title="Aquarius Reef Base">Aquarius Reef Base</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_Shelf_Station_Two" title="Continental Shelf Station Two">Continental Shelf Station Two</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helgoland_Habitat" title="Helgoland Habitat">Helgoland Habitat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jules%27_Undersea_Lodge" title="Jules' Undersea Lodge">Jules' Undersea Lodge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scott_Carpenter_Space_Analog_Station" title="Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station">Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SEALAB" title="SEALAB">SEALAB</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tektite_habitat" title="Tektite habitat">Tektite habitat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated<br />underwater vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/8A4-class_ROUV" title="8A4-class ROUV">8A4-class ROUV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABISMO" title="ABISMO">ABISMO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantis_ROV_Team" title="Atlantis ROV Team">Atlantis ROV Team</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CURV" title="CURV">CURV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep_Drone" title="Deep Drone">Deep Drone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89paulard" title="Épaulard">Épaulard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Explorer_ROV" title="Global Explorer ROV">Global Explorer ROV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goldfish-class_ROUV" title="Goldfish-class ROUV">Goldfish-class ROUV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaik%C5%8D_ROV" title="Kaikō ROV">Kaikō ROV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fif_ROUV" title="Kaşif ROUV">Kaşif ROUV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long-Term_Mine_Reconnaissance_System" title="Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System">Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mini_Rover_ROV" title="Mini Rover ROV">Mini Rover ROV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OpenROV" title="OpenROV">OpenROV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ROV_KIEL_6000" title="ROV KIEL 6000">ROV KIEL 6000</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ROV_PHOCA" title="ROV PHOCA">ROV PHOCA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scorpio_ROV" title="Scorpio ROV">Scorpio ROV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_Dragon-class_ROV" title="Sea Dragon-class ROV">Sea Dragon-class ROV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seabed_tractor" title="Seabed tractor">Seabed tractor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seafox_drone" title="Seafox drone">Seafox drone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seahorse_ROUV" title="Seahorse ROUV">Seahorse ROUV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SeaPerch" title="SeaPerch">SeaPerch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SJT-class_ROUV" title="SJT-class ROUV">SJT-class ROUV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T1200_Trenching_Unit" title="T1200 Trenching Unit">T1200 Trenching Unit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VideoRay_UROVs" title="VideoRay UROVs">VideoRay UROVs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_down_flag" title="Diver down flag">Diver down flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ENOS_Rescue-System" title="ENOS Rescue-System">ENOS Rescue-System</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyperbaric_lifeboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric lifeboat">Hyperbaric lifeboat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyperbaric_stretcher" title="Hyperbaric stretcher">Hyperbaric stretcher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jackstay_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackstay (diving)">Jackstay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reserve_gas_supply_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve gas supply (diving)">Reserve gas supply</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving spread">Diving spread</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Air spread">Air spread</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saturation_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation spread">Saturation spread</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_water_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water system (diving)">Hot water system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freediving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_ice_hockey" title="Underwater ice hockey">Underwater ice hockey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nordic_Deep" title="Nordic Deep">Nordic Deep</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vertical_Blue" title="Vertical Blue">Vertical Blue</a></li>
<li>Disciplines
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constant_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant weight">Constant weight</a> (CWT)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constant_Weight_Bi-fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant Weight Bi-fins">Constant Weight Bi-fins</a> (CWTB)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constant_weight_without_fins" title="Constant weight without fins">Constant weight without fins</a> (CNF)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dynamic_apnea" title="Dynamic apnea">Dynamic apnea</a> (DYN)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dynamic_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic apnea without fins">Dynamic apnea without fins</a> (DNF)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Free immersion">Free immersion</a> (FIM)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/No-limits_apnea" title="No-limits apnea">No-limits apnea</a> (NLT)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Static_apnea" title="Static apnea">Static apnea</a> (STA)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skandalopetra_diving" title="Skandalopetra diving">Skandalopetra diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea">Variable weight apnea</a> (VWT)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea without fins">Variable weight apnea without fins</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel (swimming)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfins</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo cap</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deborah_Andollo" title="Deborah Andollo">Deborah Andollo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peppo_Biscarini" title="Peppo Biscarini">Peppo Biscarini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sara_Campbell" title="Sara Campbell">Sara Campbell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Derya_Can_G%C3%B6%C3%A7en" class="mw-redirect" title="Derya Can Göçen">Derya Can Göçen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goran_%C4%8Colak" title="Goran Čolak">Goran Čolak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlos_Coste" title="Carlos Coste">Carlos Coste</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Croft_(diver)" title="Robert Croft (diver)">Robert Croft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandy-Rae_Cruickshank" title="Mandy-Rae Cruickshank">Mandy-Rae Cruickshank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yasemin_Dalk%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Yasemin Dalkılıç">Yasemin Dalkılıç</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonardo_D%27Imporzano" title="Leonardo D'Imporzano">Leonardo D'Imporzano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eahika_Erc%C3%BCmen" title="Şahika Ercümen">Şahika Ercümen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emma_Farrell_(freediver)" title="Emma Farrell (freediver)">Emma Farrell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Ferreras" title="Francisco Ferreras">Francisco Ferreras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Frolla" title="Pierre Frolla">Pierre Frolla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehgan_Heaney-Grier" title="Mehgan Heaney-Grier">Mehgan Heaney-Grier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elisabeth_Kristoffersen" title="Elisabeth Kristoffersen">Elisabeth Kristoffersen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enzo_Maiorca" title="Enzo Maiorca">Enzo Maiorca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Mayol" title="Jacques Mayol">Jacques Mayol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karol_Meyer" title="Karol Meyer">Karol Meyer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mifsud" title="Stéphane Mifsud">Stéphane Mifsud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexey_Molchanov" title="Alexey Molchanov">Alexey Molchanov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dave_Mullins_(freediver)" title="Dave Mullins (freediver)">Dave Mullins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Musimu" title="Patrick Musimu">Patrick Musimu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guillaume_N%C3%A9ry" title="Guillaume Néry">Guillaume Néry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herbert_Nitsch" title="Herbert Nitsch">Herbert Nitsch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umberto_Pelizzari" title="Umberto Pelizzari">Umberto Pelizzari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annelie_Pompe" title="Annelie Pompe">Annelie Pompe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michal_Risian" title="Michal Risian">Michal Risian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stig_Severinsen" title="Stig Severinsen">Stig Severinsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Sietas" title="Tom Sietas">Tom Sietas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aharon_Solomons" title="Aharon Solomons">Aharon Solomons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek_(free-diver)" title="Martin Štěpánek (free-diver)">Martin Štěpánek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_Steyn" title="Walter Steyn">Walter Steyn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanya_Streeter" title="Tanya Streeter">Tanya Streeter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Trubridge" title="William Trubridge">William Trubridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Devrim_Cenk_Ulusoy" title="Devrim Cenk Ulusoy">Devrim Cenk Ulusoy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fatma_Uruk" title="Fatma Uruk">Fatma Uruk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danai_Varveri" title="Danai Varveri">Danai Varveri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alessia_Zecchini" title="Alessia Zecchini">Alessia Zecchini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nataliia_Zharkova" title="Nataliia Zharkova">Nataliia Zharkova</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep-water_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-water blackout">Deep-water blackout</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freediving_blackout#Terminology" title="Freediving blackout">Shallow-water blackout</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Octopus_wrestling" title="Octopus wrestling">Octopus wrestling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_underwater_swimming" title="Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming">Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Professional_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commercial_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver">Commercial diver</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial offshore diver">Commercial offshore diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazmat_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazmat diver">Hazmat diver</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Media diver">Media diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Police_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Police diver">Police diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_safety_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver">Public safety diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scientific_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver">Scientific diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater archaeologist">Underwater archaeologist</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydiving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Military<br />diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_engineer_diver" title="Army engineer diver">Army engineer diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_Divers" title="Canadian Armed Forces Divers">Canadian Armed Forces Divers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clearance_diver" title="Clearance diver">Clearance diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minentaucher" title="Minentaucher">Minentaucher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Navy_ships_diver" title="Royal Navy ships diver">Royal Navy ships diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_military_divers" title="United States military divers">United States military divers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Navy_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Navy diver (United States Navy)">U.S. Navy diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Master_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master diver (United States Navy)">U.S.Navy master diver</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydivingunits" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_military_diving_units" title="List of military diving units">Military<br />diving<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)" title="Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)">Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commando_Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Commando Hubert">Commando Hubert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comando_Raggruppamento_Subacquei_e_Incursori_Teseo_Tesei" title="Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei">Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frogman_Corps_(Denmark)" title="Frogman Corps (Denmark)">Frogman Corps (Denmark)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Fuerzas Especiales">Fuerzas Especiales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fukuryu" title="Fukuryu">Fukuryu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GRUMEC" title="GRUMEC">GRUMEC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grup_Gerak_Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Gerak Khas">Grup Gerak Khas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jagdkommando" title="Jagdkommando">Jagdkommando</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/JW_Formoza" title="JW Formoza">JW Formoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/JW_GROM" title="JW GROM">JW GROM</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/JW_Komandos%C3%B3w" title="JW Komandosów">JW Komandosów</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte_Marine" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine">Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KOPASKA" title="KOPASKA">KOPASKA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MARCOS" title="MARCOS">MARCOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_Commandos" title="Marine Commandos">Marine Commandos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marinejegerkommandoen" title="Marinejegerkommandoen">Marinejegerkommandoen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_Raider_Regiment" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minedykkerkommandoen" title="Minedykkerkommandoen">Minedykkerkommandoen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namibian_Marine_Corps#Operational_Diving_Unit" title="Namibian Marine Corps">Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)" title="Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)">Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naval_Service_Diving_Section" title="Naval Service Diving Section">Naval Service Diving Section</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naval_Special_Operations_Command" title="Naval Special Operations Command">Naval Special Operations Command</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operational_Diving_Division_(SA_Navy)" title="Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)">Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Russian commando frogmen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sappers_Divers_Group" title="Sappers Divers Group">Sappers Divers Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Actions_Detachment" title="Special Actions Detachment">Special Actions Detachment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Boat_Squadron_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)">Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Forces_Command_(Turkey)" title="Special Forces Command (Turkey)">Special Forces Command (Turkey)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Forces_Group_(Belgium)" title="Special Forces Group (Belgium)">Special Forces Group (Belgium)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Operations_Battalion_(Croatia)" title="Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)">Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Service_Group_(Navy)" title="Special Service Group (Navy)">Special Service Group (Navy)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Warfare_Diving_and_Salvage" title="Special Warfare Diving and Salvage">Special Warfare Diving and Salvage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tactical_Divers_Group" title="Tactical Divers Group">Tactical Divers Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance" title="United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance">US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions" title="United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions">US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">US Navy SEALs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_Construction_Teams" title="Underwater Construction Teams">Underwater Construction Teams</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Command" title="Underwater Demolition Command">Underwater Demolition Command</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team" title="Underwater Demolition Team">Underwater Demolition Team</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_Offence_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)" title="Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)">Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UNGERIN" title="UNGERIN">UNGERIN</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_work" title="Underwater work">Underwater<br />work</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diving" title="Commercial offshore diving">Commercial offshore diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">Hazmat diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyperbaric_welding" title="Hyperbaric welding">Hyperbaric welding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_diving" title="Media diving">Media diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Nondestructive testing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Police_diving" title="Police diving">Police diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Potable_water_diving" title="Potable water diving">Potable water diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">Public safety diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">Scientific diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">Ships husbandry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sponge_diving" title="Sponge diving">Sponge diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">Submarine pipeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Archaeology of shipwrecks</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_construction" title="Underwater construction">Underwater construction</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_demolition" title="Underwater demolition">Underwater demolition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_logging" title="Underwater logging">Underwater logging</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_search_and_recovery" title="Underwater search and recovery">Underwater search and recovery</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_videography" title="Underwater videography">Underwater videography</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Salvage_diving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salvage_diving" title="Salvage diving">Salvage diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SS_Egypt" title="SS Egypt">SS <i>Egypt</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)"><i>Kronan</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)"><i>La Belle</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SS_Laurentic_(1908)" title="SS Laurentic (1908)">SS <i>Laurentic</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swedish_warship_Mars" title="Swedish warship Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose"><i>Mary Rose</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS <i>Royal George</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)"><i>Vasa</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving contractor">Diving<br />contractors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">COMEX</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helix_Energy_Solutions_Group" title="Helix Energy Solutions Group">Helix Energy Solutions Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Abrasive_waterjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abrasive waterjet (page does not exist)">Abrasive waterjet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airlift_(dredging_device)" title="Airlift (dredging device)">Airlift</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baited_remote_underwater_video" title="Baited remote underwater video">Baited remote underwater video</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/In-water_surface_cleaning" title="In-water surface cleaning">In-water surface cleaning</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brush_cart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brush cart (page does not exist)">Brush cart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cavitation_cleaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavitation cleaning (page does not exist)">Cavitation cleaning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pressure_washing" title="Pressure washing">Pressure washing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pigging" title="Pigging">Pigging</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lifting_bag" title="Lifting bag">Lifting bag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated underwater vehicle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thermal_lance" title="Thermal lance">Thermal lance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tremie" title="Tremie">Tremie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Water_jetting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water jetting (page does not exist)">Water jetting</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">Limpet mine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterfirearm" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater<br />firearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gyrojet" title="Gyrojet">Gyrojet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mk_1_Underwater_Defense_Gun" title="Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun">Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Powerhead_(firearm)" title="Powerhead (firearm)">Powerhead</a></li>
<li>Underwater pistols
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P11" title="Heckler & Koch P11">Heckler & Koch P11</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SPP-1_underwater_pistol" title="SPP-1 underwater pistol">SPP-1 underwater pistol</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Underwater revolvers
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AAI_underwater_revolver" title="AAI underwater revolver">AAI underwater revolver</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Underwater rifles
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ADS_amphibious_rifle" title="ADS amphibious rifle">ADS amphibious rifle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/APS_underwater_rifle" title="APS underwater rifle">APS underwater rifle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ASM-DT_amphibious_rifle" title="ASM-DT amphibious rifle">ASM-DT amphibious rifle</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Recreational_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Index of recreational dive sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_wreck_diving_sites" title="List of wreck diving sites">List of wreck diving sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Outline of recreational dive sites">Outline of recreational dive sites</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">Sidemount diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diver<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Association_for_Cave_Diving" title="National Association for Cave Diving">National Association for Cave Diving</a> (NACD)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey" title="Quintana Roo Speleological Survey">Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</a> (QRSS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woodville_Karst_Plain_Project" title="Woodville Karst Plain Project">Woodville Karst Plain Project</a> (WKPP)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving tourism<br />industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_center" title="Dive center">Dive center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_in_East_Timor" title="Diving in East Timor">Diving in East Timor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_in_the_Maldives" title="Diving in the Maldives">Diving in the Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_diving_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands">Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinking_ships_for_wreck_diving_sites" title="Sinking ships for wreck diving sites">Sinking ships for wreck diving sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_diving_on_Guam" title="Underwater diving on Guam">Underwater diving on Guam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving events<br />and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diversnight" title="Diversnight">Diversnight</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_Bike_Race" title="Underwater Bike Race">Underwater Bike Race</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">Safety-critical system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving fatalities</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_hazards" title="Diving hazards">Diving<br />hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">List of diving hazards and precautions</a></li>
<li>Environmental
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Current</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delta-P_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-P (hazard)">Delta-P</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Entanglement_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entanglement (hazard)">Entanglement hazard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penetration_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Penetration diving">Overhead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silt_out" title="Silt out">Silt out</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">Wave action</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Equipment
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freeflow" title="Freeflow">Freeflow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Use_of_breathing_equipment_in_an_underwater_environment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Physiological
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">Uncontrolled decompression</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Diver_behaviour_and_competence" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Diver behaviour and competence</a>
<ul><li>Lack of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">Overconfidence effect</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Task_loading" title="Task loading">Task loading</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anxiety#Trait" title="Anxiety">Trait anxiety</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Willful_violation" title="Willful violation">Willful violation</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Consequences" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">Diving<br />procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ascending_and_descending_(diving)" title="Ascending and descending (diving)">Ascending and descending</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_ascent" title="Emergency ascent">Emergency ascent</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boat_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat diving">Boat diving</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">Buddy diving</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddy_check" title="Buddy check">buddy check</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_practice" title="Decompression practice">Decompression practice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyle_stop" title="Pyle stop">Pyle stop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ratio_decompression" title="Ratio decompression">Ratio decompression</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_briefing" title="Dive briefing">Dive briefing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_log" title="Dive log">Dive log</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">Dive planning</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">Rule of thirds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">Diver communications</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_hand_signals" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving hand signals">Diving hand signals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_line_signals" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving line signals">Diving line signals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_voice_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver voice communications">Diver voice communications</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_rescue" title="Diver rescue">Diver rescue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doing_It_Right_(scuba_diving)" title="Doing It Right (scuba diving)">Doing It Right</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drift_diving" title="Drift diving">Drift diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_safety" title="Water safety">Water safety</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li>
<li>Hazard identification and risk assessment
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Risk_control" title="Risk control">Risk control</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incident_pit" title="Incident pit">Incident pit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lockout%E2%80%93tagout" title="Lockout–tagout">Lockout–tagout</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">Situation awareness</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_team" title="Diving team">Diving team</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bellman_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellman (diving)">Bellman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chamber_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber operator">Chamber operator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_medical_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver medical technician">Diver medical technician</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver%27s_attendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's attendant">Diver's attendant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_systems_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving systems technician">Diving systems technician</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas man">Gas man</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Life_support_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support technician">Life support technician</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stand-by_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand-by diver">Stand-by diver</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment<br />safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breathing_gas_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing gas quality">Breathing gas quality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">Testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrostatic_test" title="Hydrostatic test">Hydrostatic test</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustained_load_cracking" title="Sustained load cracking">Sustained load cracking</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational<br />safety and<br />health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Approaches_to_safety&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approaches to safety (page does not exist)">Approaches to safety</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toolbox_talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Toolbox talk">Toolbox talk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Housekeeping_(industrial)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Housekeeping (industrial) (page does not exist)">Housekeeping</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Diving_Contractors_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Diving Contractors International (page does not exist)">Association of Diving Contractors International</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_procedure" title="Emergency procedure">Emergency procedure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Emergency_response_plan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emergency response plan (page does not exist)">Emergency response plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evacuation_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Evacuation plan">Evacuation plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazardous_Materials_Identification_System" title="Hazardous Materials Identification System">Hazardous Materials Identification System</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_controls" title="Administrative controls">Administrative controls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">Engineering controls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazard_elimination" title="Hazard elimination">Hazard elimination</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazard_substitution" title="Hazard substitution">Hazard substitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">Occupational hazard</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">Chemical hazard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physical_hazard" title="Physical hazard">Physical hazard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psychosocial_hazard" title="Psychosocial hazard">Psychosocial hazard</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Occupational hygiene</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exposure_assessment" title="Exposure assessment">Exposure assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Workplace_health_surveillance" title="Workplace health surveillance">Workplace health surveillance</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Health_and_safety_representative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health and safety representative (page does not exist)">Health and safety representative</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Safety_meeting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safety meeting (page does not exist)">Safety meeting</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">Diving<br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_signs_and_symptoms_of_diving_disorders" title="List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders">List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternobaric_vertigo" title="Alternobaric vertigo">Alternobaric vertigo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barostriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Barostriction">Barostriction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">Air embolism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barodontalgia" title="Barodontalgia">Barodontalgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dental_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental barotrauma">Dental barotrauma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">Pulmonary barotrauma</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compression_arthralgia" title="Compression arthralgia">Compression arthralgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">Decompression illness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dysbarism" title="Dysbarism">Dysbarism</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">Hyperoxia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inert gases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isobaric_counterdiffusion" title="Isobaric counterdiffusion">Isobaric counterdiffusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taravana" title="Taravana">Taravana</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dysbaric_osteonecrosis" title="Dysbaric osteonecrosis">Dysbaric osteonecrosis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High-pressure_nervous_syndrome" title="High-pressure nervous syndrome">High-pressure nervous syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrogen_narcosis" title="Hydrogen narcosis">Hydrogen narcosis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon dioxide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">Hypocapnia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />contaminants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersion<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immersion_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion diuresis">Immersion diuresis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Instinctive_drowning_response" title="Instinctive drowning response">Instinctive drowning response</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt_water_aspiration_syndrome" title="Salt water aspiration syndrome">Salt water aspiration syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swimming-induced_pulmonary_edema" title="Swimming-induced pulmonary edema">Swimming-induced pulmonary edema</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demand_valve_oxygen_therapy" title="Demand valve oxygen therapy">Demand valve oxygen therapy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyperbaric_treatment_schedules" title="Hyperbaric treatment schedules">Hyperbaric treatment schedules</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/In-water_recompression" title="In-water recompression">In-water recompression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Therapeutic_recompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic recompression">Therapeutic recompression</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_Medical_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Examiner">Diving Medical Examiner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_Medical_Practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Practitioner">Diving Medical Practitioner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_Medical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Technician">Diving Medical Technician</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyperbaric_nursing" title="Hyperbaric nursing">Hyperbaric nursing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Effects_of_drugs_on_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of drugs on fitness to dive">Effects of drugs on fitness to dive</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">Fitness to dive</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psychological_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological fitness to dive">Psychological fitness to dive</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Researchers in<br />diving physiology<br />and medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_J._Bachrach" title="Arthur J. Bachrach">Arthur J. Bachrach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_R._Behnke" title="Albert R. Behnke">Albert R. Behnke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Bert" title="Paul Bert">Paul Bert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_F._Bond" title="George F. Bond">George F. Bond</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_A._B%C3%BChlmann" title="Albert A. Bühlmann">Albert A. Bühlmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guybon_Chesney_Castell_Damant" title="Guybon Chesney Castell Damant">Guybon Chesney Castell Damant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald" title="Kenneth William Donald">Kenneth William Donald</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Paul_Fife" title="William Paul Fife">William Paul Fife</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_William_Hamilton_Jr." title="Robert William Hamilton Jr.">Robert William Hamilton Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonard_Erskine_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Erskine Hill">Leonard Erskine Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brian_Andrew_Hills" title="Brian Andrew Hills">Brian Andrew Hills</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler" title="Felix Hoppe-Seyler">Felix Hoppe-Seyler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simon_Mitchell" title="Simon Mitchell">Simon Mitchell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Momsen" title="Charles Momsen">Charles Momsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neal_W._Pollock" title="Neal W. Pollock">Neal W. Pollock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Rawlins_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Rawlins (Royal Navy officer)">John Rawlins R.N.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Wesley_Shilling" title="Charles Wesley Shilling">Charles Wesley Shilling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_D._Thalmann" title="Edward D. Thalmann">Edward D. Thalmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving medical<br />research<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aerospace_Medical_Association" title="Aerospace Medical Association">Aerospace Medical Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> (DAN)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_Diseases_Research_Centre" title="Diving Diseases Research Centre">Diving Diseases Research Centre</a> (DDRC)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_Medical_Advisory_Council" title="Diving Medical Advisory Council">Diving Medical Advisory Council</a> (DMAC)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Diving_Technology_Committee" title="European Diving Technology Committee">European Diving Technology Committee</a> (EDTC)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Underwater_and_Baromedical_Society" title="European Underwater and Baromedical Society">European Underwater and Baromedical Society</a> (EUBS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Board_of_Diving_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Technology" title="National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology">National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Medical_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory">Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_School_of_Underwater_Medicine" title="Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine">Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Society" title="South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society">South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society</a> (SPUMS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_African_Underwater_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Association" title="Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association">Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association</a> (SAUHMA)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" title="Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society</a> (UHMS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" title="United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit">United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a> (NEDU)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_liability_in_recreational_diving" title="Civil liability in recreational diving">Civil liability in recreational diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">Duty of care</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_legislation_regulating_underwater_diving" title="List of legislation regulating underwater diving">List of legislation regulating underwater diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Investigation_of_diving_accidents" title="Investigation of diving accidents">Investigation of diving accidents</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UNESCO_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Underwater_Cultural_Heritage" title="UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage">UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_decompression_research_and_development" title="History of decompression research and development">History of decompression research and development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_scuba_diving" title="History of scuba diving">History of scuba diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lyons_Maritime_Museum" title="Lyons Maritime Museum">Lyons Maritime Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SS_Commodore" title="SS Commodore">SS <i>Commodore</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater art<br />and artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Diver" title="The Diver">The Diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jason_deCaires_Taylor" title="Jason deCaires Taylor">Jason deCaires Taylor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers<br />and inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Deane" title="Charles Anthony Deane">Charles Anthony Deane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Deane_(inventor)" title="John Deane (inventor)">John Deane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ted_Eldred" title="Ted Eldred">Ted Eldred</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph-Martin_Cabirol" title="Joseph-Martin Cabirol">Joseph-Martin Cabirol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yves_Le_Prieur" title="Yves Le Prieur">Yves Le Prieur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Lethbridge" title="John Lethbridge">John Lethbridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernest_William_Moir" title="Ernest William Moir">Ernest William Moir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress" title="Joseph Salim Peress">Joseph Salim Peress</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Joe_Savoie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe Savoie (page does not exist)">Joe Savoie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Willard_Franklyn_Searle" title="Willard Franklyn Searle">Willard Franklyn Searle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(inventor)" title="Gordon Smith (inventor)">Gordon Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Augustus Siebe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/RV_Calypso" title="RV Calypso">RV <i>Calypso</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SP-350_Denise" title="SP-350 Denise">SP-350 <i>Denise</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikonos" title="Nikonos">Nikonos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise regulator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vintage_scuba" title="Vintage scuba">Vintage scuba</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diverpropulsionvehicles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver<br />propulsion<br />vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advanced_SEAL_Delivery_System" title="Advanced SEAL Delivery System">Advanced SEAL Delivery System</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cosmos_CE2F_series" title="Cosmos CE2F series">Cosmos CE2F series</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dry_Combat_Submersible" title="Dry Combat Submersible">Dry Combat Submersible</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motorised_Submersible_Canoe" title="Motorised Submersible Canoe">Motorised Submersible Canoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Necker_Nymph" title="Necker Nymph">Necker Nymph</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R-2_Mala-class_swimmer_delivery_vehicle" title="R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle">R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle" title="SEAL Delivery Vehicle">SEAL Delivery Vehicle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shallow_Water_Combat_Submersible" title="Shallow Water Combat Submersible">Shallow Water Combat Submersible</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siluro_San_Bartolomeo" title="Siluro San Bartolomeo">Siluro San Bartolomeo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welfreighter" title="Welfreighter">Welfreighter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wet_Nellie" title="Wet Nellie">Wet Nellie</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military and<br />covert operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria (1941)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1992_cageless_shark-diving_expedition" title="1992 cageless shark-diving expedition">1992 cageless shark-diving expedition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mission_31" title="Mission 31">Mission 31</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Conception" title="Sinking of MV Conception">Sinking of MV <i>Conception</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fire_on_MV_Red_Sea_Aggressor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fire on MV Red Sea Aggressor (page does not exist)">Fire on MV Red Sea Aggressor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diver rescues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Day_(carpenter)" title="John Day (carpenter)">John Day (carpenter)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Spalding" title="Charles Spalding">Charles Spalding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ebenezer_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Watson">Ebenezer Watson</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_Mevoli" title="Nicholas Mevoli">Nicholas Mevoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Offshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore diving">Offshore<br />diving</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident" title="Byford Dolphin"><i>Byford Dolphin</i> diving bell accident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drill_Master_diving_accident" title="Drill Master diving accident"><i>Drill Master</i> diving accident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Star_Canopus_diving_accident" title="Star Canopus diving accident"><i>Star Canopus</i> diving accident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stena_Seaspread_diving_accident" title="Stena Seaspread diving accident"><i>Stena Seaspread</i> diving accident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venture_One_diving_accident" title="Venture One diving accident"><i>Venture One</i> diving accident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waage_Drill_II_diving_accident" title="Waage Drill II diving accident"><i>Waage Drill II</i> diving accident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildrake_diving_accident" title="Wildrake diving accident"><i>Wildrake</i> diving accident</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional<br />diving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Baldwin_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Baldwin (diver)">Roger Baldwin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Bennett_(diver)" title="John Bennett (diver)">John Bennett</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victor_F._Guiel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Guiel Jr.">Victor F. Guiel Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_P._Hammerberg" title="Francis P. Hammerberg">Francis P. Hammerberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Craig_M._Hoffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig M. Hoffman">Craig M. Hoffman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Henry_Michael_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Henry Michael Holmes">Peter Henry Michael Holmes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnson_Sea_Link_accident" title="Johnson Sea Link accident">Johnson Sea Link accident</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edwin_Clayton_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Clayton Link">Edwin Clayton Link</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerard_Anthony_Prangley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Anthony Prangley">Gerard Anthony Prangley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pier_Skipness" class="mw-redirect" title="Pier Skipness">Pier Skipness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_John_Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Smyth">Robert John Smyth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_D._Stover" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert D. Stover">Albert D. Stover</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_A._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Walker">Richard A. Walker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lothar_Michael_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar Michael Ward">Lothar Michael Ward</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Death_of_Bradley_Westell" title="Death of Bradley Westell">Bradley Westell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving<br />fatalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1973_Mount_Gambier_cave_diving_accident" title="1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident">1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ricardo_Armbruster" title="Ricardo Armbruster">Ricardo Armbruster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allan_Bridge" title="Allan Bridge">Allan Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Bright_(diver)" title="David Bright (diver)">David Bright</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cotton_Coulson" title="Cotton Coulson">Cotton Coulson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Coutinho" title="Cláudio Coutinho">Cláudio Coutinho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E._Yale_Dawson" title="E. Yale Dawson">E. Yale Dawson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deon_Dreyer" title="Deon Dreyer">Deon Dreyer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Milan_Dufek" title="Milan Dufek">Milan Dufek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maurice_Fargues" title="Maurice Fargues">Maurice Fargues</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guy_Garman" title="Guy Garman">Guy Garman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Death_of_Steve_Irwin" title="Death of Steve Irwin">death</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Jones_(American_football,_born_1935)" title="Jim Jones (American football, born 1935)">Jim Jones</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artur_Koz%C5%82owski_(speleologist)" title="Artur Kozłowski (speleologist)">Artur Kozłowski</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuri_Lipski" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Lipski">Yuri Lipski</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirsty_MacColl" title="Kirsty MacColl">Kirsty MacColl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Roubaix" title="François de Roubaix">François de Roubaix</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">Chris and Chrissy Rouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dave_Shaw_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Shaw (diver)">Dave Shaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rob_Stewart_(filmmaker)" title="Rob Stewart (filmmaker)">Rob Stewart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson" title="Esbjörn Svensson">Esbjörn Svensson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Josef_Velek" title="Josef Velek">Josef Velek</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NOAA_Diving_Manual" title="NOAA Diving Manual">NOAA Diving Manual</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Navy_Diving_Manual" title="U.S. Navy Diving Manual">U.S. Navy Diving Manual</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basic_Cave_Diving:_A_Blueprint_for_Survival" title="Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival">Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Underwater_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underwater Handbook (page does not exist)">Underwater Handbook</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bennett_and_Elliott%27s_physiology_and_medicine_of_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving (page does not exist)">Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Recreational_Diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=The_new_science_of_skin_and_scuba_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The new science of skin and scuba diving (page does not exist)">The new science of skin and scuba diving</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Professional_Diver%27s_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional Diver's Handbook (page does not exist)">Professional Diver's Handbook</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Basic_Scuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic Scuba (page does not exist)">Basic Scuba</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards and<br />Codes of Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Code_of_Practice_for_Scientific_Diving_(UNESCO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) (page does not exist)">Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DIN_7876" title="DIN 7876">DIN 7876</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=IMCA_Code_of_Practice_for_Offshore_Diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving (page does not exist)">IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=ISO_24801_Recreational_diving_services_%E2%80%94_Requirements_for_the_training_of_recreational_scuba_divers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers (page does not exist)">ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Darkness_Beckons" title="The Darkness Beckons">The Darkness Beckons</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goldfinder" title="Goldfinder">Goldfinder</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">The Last Dive</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shadow_Divers" title="Shadow Divers">Shadow Divers</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Silent_World:_A_Story_of_Undersea_Discovery_and_Adventure" title="The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure">The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Divers_Alert_Network_publications" title="List of Divers Alert Network publications">List of Divers Alert Network publications</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_guide_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive guide (publication)">Dive guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Training_and_registration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Training and registration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver<br />training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Competence and assessment
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning">Competency-based learning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Refresher_training_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refresher training (diving)">Refresher training</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skill_assessment" title="Skill assessment">Skill assessment</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_training_standard" title="Diver training standard">Diver training standard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving school">Diving school</a></li>
<li>Occupational diver training
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commercial_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver training">Commercial diver training</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military diver training">Military diver training</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_safety_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver training">Public safety diver training</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scientific_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver training">Scientific diver training</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overlearning" title="Overlearning">Overlearning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stress_exposure_training" title="Stress exposure training">Stress exposure training</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Skills" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Combat_sidestroke" title="Combat sidestroke">Combat sidestroke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_navigation" title="Diver navigation">Diver navigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">Diver trim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">Ear clearing</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frenzel_maneuver" title="Frenzel maneuver">Frenzel maneuver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver" title="Valsalva maneuver">Valsalva maneuver</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finning_techniques" title="Finning techniques">Finning techniques</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddy_breathing" title="Buddy breathing">Buddy breathing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diamond_Reef_System" title="Diamond Reef System">Diamond Reef System</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recreational_scuba_certification_levels" title="Recreational scuba certification levels">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core diving skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advanced_Open_Water_Diver" title="Advanced Open Water Diver">Advanced Open Water Diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autonomous_diver" title="Autonomous diver">Autonomous diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CMAS*_scuba_diver" title="CMAS* scuba diver">CMAS* scuba diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CMAS**_scuba_diver" title="CMAS** scuba diver">CMAS** scuba diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low_Impact_Diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Impact Diver">Low Impact Diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Master_Scuba_Diver" title="Master Scuba Diver">Master Scuba Diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_Water_Diver" title="Open Water Diver">Open Water Diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supervised_diver" title="Supervised diver">Supervised diver</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Master_Instructor" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Instructor">Master Instructor</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rescue_Diver" title="Rescue Diver">Rescue Diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solo_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo diver">Solo diver</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_training_organization" title="Diver training organization">Diver training<br />certification<br />and registration<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Underwater_Federation" title="European Underwater Federation">European Underwater Federation</a> (EUF)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Diving_Regulators_and_Certifiers_Forum" title="International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum">International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum</a> (IDRCF)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Diving_Schools_Association" title="International Diving Schools Association">International Diving Schools Association</a> (IDSA)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a> (IMCA)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">List of diver certification organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_Referral_Program" title="Universal Referral Program">Universal Referral Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" title="World Recreational Scuba Training Council">World Recreational Scuba Training Council</a> (WRSTC)</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Diver_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme">Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme</a> (ADAS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commercial_diver_registration_in_South_Africa" title="Commercial diver registration in South Africa">Commercial diver registration in South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divers_Institute_of_Technology" title="Divers Institute of Technology">Divers Institute of Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (HSE)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Employment_and_Labour" title="Department of Employment and Labour">Department of Employment and Labour</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diving<br />schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divers_Academy_International" title="Divers Academy International">Divers Academy International</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Norway_University_of_Applied_Sciences#Norwegian_diver_school" title="Western Norway University of Applied Sciences">Norwegian diver school</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-diving<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a> (AIDA)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a> (PI)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Canadian_Underwater_Certifications" title="American Canadian Underwater Certifications">American Canadian Underwater Certifications</a> (ACUC)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Association_nationale_des_moniteurs_de_plong%C3%A9e" title="Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée">Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée</a> (ANMP)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Diving_Educators_Association" title="International Diving Educators Association">International Diving Educators Association</a> (IDEA)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation" title="International Life Saving Federation">International Life Saving Federation</a> (ILS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israeli_Diving_Federation" title="Israeli Diving Federation">Israeli Diving Federation</a> (TIDF)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Academy_of_Scuba_Educators" title="National Academy of Scuba Educators">National Academy of Scuba Educators</a> (NASE)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nederlandse_Onderwatersport_Bond" title="Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond">Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond</a> (NOB)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sub-Aqua_Association" title="Sub-Aqua Association">Sub-Aqua Association</a> (SAA)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_Educators_International" title="Scuba Educators International">Scuba Educators International</a> (SEI)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scottish_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Scottish Sub Aqua Club">Scottish Sub Aqua Club</a> (ScotSAC)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a> (TSSF)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Diving_Instructors" title="United Diving Instructors">United Diving Instructors</a> (UDI)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/YMCA_SCUBA_Program" title="YMCA SCUBA Program">YMCA SCUBA Program</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> (AAUS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques#Scientific_committee" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS Scientific Committee</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical diver<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_Science_and_Technology" title="Diving Science and Technology">Diving Science and Technology</a> (DSAT)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trimix_Scuba_Association" title="Trimix Scuba Association">Trimix Scuba Association</a> (TSA)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Technical Extended Range</a> (TXR)</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cavediving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cave<br />diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Association_for_Cave_Diving" title="National Association for Cave Diving">National Association for Cave Diving</a> (NACD)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Speleological_Society#Cave_Diving_Group" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">Technical Diving International</a> (TDI)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defence_Diving_School" title="Defence Diving School">Defence Diving School</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City#Tenant_commands" title="Naval Support Activity Panama City">Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_Escape_Training_Unit" title="Underwater Escape Training Unit">Underwater Escape Training Unit</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Combatant_Diver_Course" title="United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course">United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">Underwater sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface snorkeling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snorkeling/breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Australia" title="Underwater hockey in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Turkey" title="Underwater hockey in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_Colombia" title="Underwater rugby in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_the_United_States" title="Underwater rugby in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_ice_hockey" title="Underwater ice hockey">Underwater ice hockey</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open Circuit Scuba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immersion_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion finswimming">Immersion finswimming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_diving_(sport)" title="Sport diving (sport)">Sport diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_cycling" title="Underwater cycling">Underwater cycling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_orienteering" title="Underwater orienteering">Underwater orienteering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebreather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports governing<br />organisations<br /> and federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>International
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li>National
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AIDA_Hellas" title="AIDA Hellas">AIDA Hellas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Octopush_Association" title="British Octopush Association">British Octopush Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Underwater_Sports_Association" title="British Underwater Sports Association">British Underwater Sports Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_federation_of_underwater_studies_and_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="French federation of underwater studies and sports">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="South African Underwater Sports Federation">South African Underwater Sports Federation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_Society_of_America" title="Underwater Society of America">Underwater Society of America</a>)</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/14th_CMAS_Underwater_Photography_World_Championship" title="14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship">14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_divers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_underwater_divers" title="List of underwater divers">Underwater divers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers<br />of diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eduard_Admetlla_i_L%C3%A1zaro" title="Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro">Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanaut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_F._Cahill" title="James F. Cahill">James F. Cahill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billy_Deans_(diver)" title="Billy Deans (diver)">Billy Deans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dottie_Frazier" title="Dottie Frazier">Dottie Frazier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trevor_Hampton" title="Trevor Hampton">Trevor Hampton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teseo_Tesei" title="Teseo Tesei">Teseo Tesei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />scientists<br />archaeologists and<br />environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Arbuthnot" title="Michael Arbuthnot">Michael Arbuthnot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mensun_Bound" title="Mensun Bound">Mensun Bound</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Boutan" title="Louis Boutan">Louis Boutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cathy_Church" title="Cathy Church">Cathy Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eugenie_Clark" title="Eugenie Clark">Eugenie Clark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">James P. Delgado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_R._Fischer" title="George R. Fischer">George R. Fischer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anders_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Anders Franzén">Anders Franzén</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honor_Frost" title="Honor Frost">Honor Frost</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Gibbins" title="David Gibbins">David Gibbins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graham_Jessop" title="Graham Jessop">Graham Jessop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swietenia_Puspa_Lestari" title="Swietenia Puspa Lestari">Swietenia Puspa Lestari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pilar_Luna" title="Pilar Luna">Pilar Luna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_F._Marx" title="Robert F. Marx">Robert F. Marx</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anna_Marguerite_McCann" title="Anna Marguerite McCann">Anna Marguerite McCann</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Innes_McCartney" title="Innes McCartney">Innes McCartney</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_T._Meide" title="Charles T. Meide">Charles T. Meide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Moore_(archaeologist)" title="David Moore (archaeologist)">David Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_M._Newell" title="Mark M. Newell">Mark M. Newell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lyuba_Ognenova-Marinova" title="Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova">Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">John Peter Oleson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mendel_L._Peterson" title="Mendel L. Peterson">Mendel L. Peterson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Pyle" title="Richard Pyle">Richard Pyle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_R._Royal" title="William R. Royal">William R. Royal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Rule" title="Margaret Rule">Margaret Rule</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunter_Sch%C3%B6bel" title="Gunter Schöbel">Gunter Schöbel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephanie_Schwabe" title="Stephanie Schwabe">Stephanie Schwabe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myriam_Seco" title="Myriam Seco">Myriam Seco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cristina_Zenato" title="Cristina Zenato">Cristina Zenato</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scuba record<br />holders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pascal_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Pascal Bernabé">Pascal Bernabé</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Bowden_(diver)" title="Jim Bowden (diver)">Jim Bowden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Ellyatt" title="Mark Ellyatt">Mark Ellyatt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuno_Gomes_(diver)" title="Nuno Gomes (diver)">Nuno Gomes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claudia_Serpieri" title="Claudia Serpieri">Claudia Serpieri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krzysztof_Starnawski" title="Krzysztof Starnawski">Krzysztof Starnawski</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />filmmakers<br />and presenters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samir_Alhafith" title="Samir Alhafith">Samir Alhafith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Bravo" title="Ramón Bravo">Ramón Bravo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau" title="Jean-Michel Cousteau">Jean-Michel Cousteau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richie_Kohler" title="Richie Kohler">Richie Kohler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Rose_(TV_presenter)" title="Paul Rose (TV presenter)">Paul Rose</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andy_Torbet" title="Andy Torbet">Andy Torbet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivan_Tors" title="Ivan Tors">Ivan Tors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Wight" title="Andrew Wight">Andrew Wight</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doug_Allan" title="Doug Allan">Doug Allan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamara_Benitez" title="Tamara Benitez">Tamara Benitez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adrian_Biddle" title="Adrian Biddle">Adrian Biddle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonathan_Bird" title="Jonathan Bird">Jonathan Bird</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eric_Cheng" title="Eric Cheng">Eric Cheng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neville_Coleman" title="Neville Coleman">Neville Coleman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_D._Craig" title="John D. Craig">John D. Craig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ben_Cropp" title="Ben Cropp">Ben Cropp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bernard_Delemotte" title="Bernard Delemotte">Bernard Delemotte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Doubilet" title="David Doubilet">David Doubilet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Candice_Farmer" title="Candice Farmer">Candice Farmer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dermot_FitzGerald" title="Dermot FitzGerald">Dermot FitzGerald</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rodney_Fox" title="Rodney Fox">Rodney Fox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ric_Frazier" title="Ric Frazier">Ric Frazier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_Frink" title="Stephen Frink">Stephen Frink</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Gimbel" title="Peter Gimbel">Peter Gimbel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monty_Halls" title="Monty Halls">Monty Halls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudie_Kuiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudie Kuiter">Rudie Kuiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luis_Marden" title="Luis Marden">Luis Marden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noel_Monkman" title="Noel Monkman">Noel Monkman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pete_Oxford" title="Pete Oxford">Pete Oxford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steve_Parish" title="Steve Parish">Steve Parish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zale_Parry" title="Zale Parry">Zale Parry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Petit_(photographer)" title="Pierre Petit (photographer)">Pierre Petit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Scoones" title="Peter Scoones">Peter Scoones</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brian_Skerry" title="Brian Skerry">Brian Skerry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippe_Tailliez" title="Philippe Tailliez">Philippe Tailliez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ron_Taylor_(diver)" title="Ron Taylor (diver)">Ron Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valerie_Taylor_(diver)" title="Valerie Taylor (diver)">Valerie Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Tillman" title="Albert Tillman">Albert Tillman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Veltri" title="John Veltri">John Veltri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stan_Waterman" title="Stan Waterman">Stan Waterman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michele_Westmorland" title="Michele Westmorland">Michele Westmorland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Ernest_Williamson" title="John Ernest Williamson">John Ernest Williamson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J._Lamar_Worzel" title="J. Lamar Worzel">J. Lamar Worzel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Caves
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graham_Balcombe" title="Graham Balcombe">Graham Balcombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martyn_Farr" title="Martyn Farr">Martyn Farr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jochen_Hasenmayer" title="Jochen Hasenmayer">Jochen Hasenmayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jarrod_Jablonski" title="Jarrod Jablonski">Jarrod Jablonski</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Hogarth_Main" title="William Hogarth Main">William Hogarth Main</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Mount" title="Tom Mount">Tom Mount</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Sheppard_(cave_diver)" title="Jack Sheppard (cave diver)">Jack Sheppard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Stone_(caver)" title="William Stone (caver)">Bill Stone</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Reefs
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Wrecks
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leigh_Bishop" title="Leigh Bishop">Leigh Bishop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Chatterton" title="John Chatterton">John Chatterton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Nagle" title="Bill Nagle">Bill Nagle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valerie_van_Heest" title="Valerie van Heest">Valerie van Heest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aristotelis_Zervoudis" title="Aristotelis Zervoudis">Aristotelis Zervoudis</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Abercromby" title="Andrew Abercromby">Andrew Abercromby</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_M._Acaba" title="Joseph M. Acaba">Joseph M. Acaba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clayton_Anderson" title="Clayton Anderson">Clayton Anderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_R._Arnold" title="Richard R. Arnold">Richard R. Arnold</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serena_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor" title="Serena Auñón-Chancellor">Serena Auñón-Chancellor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(astronaut)" title="Michael Barratt (astronaut)">Michael Barratt (astronaut)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_A._Barth" title="Robert A. Barth">Robert A. Barth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Robert L. Behnken</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Randolph_Bresnik" title="Randolph Bresnik">Randolph Bresnik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timothy_J._Broderick" title="Timothy J. Broderick">Timothy J. Broderick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Justin_Brown_(aquanaut)" title="Justin Brown (aquanaut)">Justin Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gregory_Chamitoff" title="Gregory Chamitoff">Gregory Chamitoff</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steve_Chappell" title="Steve Chappell">Steve Chappell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine_Coleman" title="Catherine Coleman">Catherine Coleman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robin_Cook_(American_novelist)" title="Robin Cook (American novelist)">Robin Cook</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Craig_B._Cooper" title="Craig B. Cooper">Craig B. Cooper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabien_Cousteau" title="Fabien Cousteau">Fabien Cousteau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippe_Cousteau" title="Philippe Cousteau">Philippe Cousteau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timothy_Creamer" title="Timothy Creamer">Timothy Creamer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonathan_Dory" title="Jonathan Dory">Jonathan Dory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeanette_Epps" title="Jeanette Epps">Jeanette Epps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Falco" title="Albert Falco">Albert Falco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_J._Feustel" title="Andrew J. Feustel">Andrew J. Feustel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Fincke" title="Michael Fincke">Michael Fincke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satoshi_Furukawa" title="Satoshi Furukawa">Satoshi Furukawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ronald_J._Garan_Jr." title="Ronald J. Garan Jr.">Ronald J. Garan Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_L._Gernhardt" title="Michael L. Gernhardt">Michael L. Gernhardt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christopher_E._Gerty" title="Christopher E. Gerty">Christopher E. Gerty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Gruber" title="David Gruber">David Gruber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen" title="Jeremy Hansen">Jeremy Hansen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M._Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José M. Hernández">José M. Hernández</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Herrington" title="John Herrington">John Herrington</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Hill_(flight_director)" title="Paul Hill (flight director)">Paul Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akihiko_Hoshide" title="Akihiko Hoshide">Akihiko Hoshide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Hulsbeck" title="Mark Hulsbeck">Mark Hulsbeck</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emma_Hwang" title="Emma Hwang">Emma Hwang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norishige_Kanai" title="Norishige Kanai">Norishige Kanai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Les_Kaufman" title="Les Kaufman">Les Kaufman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karen_Kohanowich" title="Karen Kohanowich">Karen Kohanowich</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timothy_Kopra" title="Timothy Kopra">Timothy Kopra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominic_Landucci" title="Dominic Landucci">Dominic Landucci</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jon_Lindbergh" title="Jon Lindbergh">Jon Lindbergh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kjell_N._Lindgren" title="Kjell N. Lindgren">Kjell N. Lindgren</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Marshburn" title="Thomas Marshburn">Thomas Marshburn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matthias_Maurer" title="Matthias Maurer">Matthias Maurer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K._Megan_McArthur" title="K. Megan McArthur">K. Megan McArthur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Craig_McKinley_(physician)" title="Craig McKinley (physician)">Craig McKinley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simone_Melchior" title="Simone Melchior">Simone Melchior</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dorothy_Metcalf-Lindenburger" title="Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger">Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andreas_Mogensen" title="Andreas Mogensen">Andreas Mogensen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karen_Nyberg" title="Karen Nyberg">Karen Nyberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_D._Olivas" title="John D. Olivas">John D. Olivas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Takuya_Onishi" title="Takuya Onishi">Takuya Onishi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luca_Parmitano" title="Luca Parmitano">Luca Parmitano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_Patrick" title="Nicholas Patrick">Nicholas Patrick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tim_Peake" title="Tim Peake">Tim Peake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc_Reagan" title="Marc Reagan">Marc Reagan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garrett_Reisman" title="Garrett Reisman">Garrett Reisman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kathleen_Rubins" title="Kathleen Rubins">Kathleen Rubins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tara_Ruttley" title="Tara Ruttley">Tara Ruttley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Saint-Jacques" title="David Saint-Jacques">David Saint-Jacques</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Josef_Schmid_(flight_surgeon)" title="Josef Schmid (flight surgeon)">Josef Schmid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Sheats" title="Robert Sheats">Robert Sheats</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steve_Squyres" title="Steve Squyres">Steve Squyres</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heidemarie_Stefanyshyn-Piper" title="Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper">Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Stevenin" title="Hervé Stevenin">Hervé Stevenin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicole_Stott" title="Nicole Stott">Nicole Stott</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Talacek" title="James Talacek">James Talacek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_M._Tani" title="Daniel M. Tani">Daniel M. Tani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Thirsk" title="Robert Thirsk">Robert Thirsk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Todd" title="Bill Todd">Bill Todd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_T._Vande_Hei" title="Mark T. Vande Hei">Mark T. Vande Hei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Koichi Wakata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rex_J._Walheim" title="Rex J. Walheim">Rex J. Walheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shannon_Walker" title="Shannon Walker">Shannon Walker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Morgan_Wells" title="John Morgan Wells">John Morgan Wells</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douglas_H._Wheelock" title="Douglas H. Wheelock">Douglas H. Wheelock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dafydd_Williams" title="Dafydd Williams">Dafydd Williams</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeffrey_Williams_(astronaut)" title="Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)">Jeffrey Williams</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gregory_R._Wiseman" title="Gregory R. Wiseman">Gregory R. Wiseman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kimiya_Yui" title="Kimiya Yui">Kimiya Yui</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_C._Barnette" title="Michael C. Barnette">Michael C. Barnette</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victor_Berge" title="Victor Berge">Victor Berge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippe_Diol%C3%A9" title="Philippe Diolé">Philippe Diolé</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gary_Gentile" title="Gary Gentile">Gary Gentile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bret_Gilliam" title="Bret Gilliam">Bret Gilliam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bob_Halstead" title="Bob Halstead">Bob Halstead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trevor_Jackson_(diver)" title="Trevor Jackson (diver)">Trevor Jackson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steve_Lewis_(diver)" title="Steve Lewis (diver)">Steve Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Mattera" title="John Mattera">John Mattera</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescuers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Craig_Challen" title="Craig Challen">Craig Challen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Harris_(anaesthetist)" title="Richard Harris (anaesthetist)">Richard Harris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Stanton_(cave_diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Stanton (cave diver)">Rick Stanton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Volanthen" title="John Volanthen">John Volanthen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frogmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ian_Edward_Fraser" title="Ian Edward Fraser">Ian Edward Fraser</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sydney_Knowles" title="Sydney Knowles">Sydney Knowles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Joseph_Magennis" title="James Joseph Magennis">James Joseph Magennis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial salvors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keith_Jessop" title="Keith Jessop">Keith Jessop</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_of_underwater_diving" title="Science of underwater diving">Science of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_physics" title="Diving physics">Diving<br />physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">Buoyancy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archimedes%27_principle" title="Archimedes' principle">Archimedes' principle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">Neutral buoyancy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">Concentration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">Diffusion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molecular_diffusion" title="Molecular diffusion">Molecular diffusion</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Force" title="Force">Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxygen_fraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen fraction">Oxygen fraction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permeation" title="Permeation">Permeation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psychrometric_constant" title="Psychrometric constant">Psychrometric constant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry%27s_law" title="Henry's law">Henry's law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Saturation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supersaturation" title="Supersaturation">Supersaturation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">Surface tension</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrophobe" title="Hydrophobe">Hydrophobe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">Surfactant</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torricellian_chamber" title="Torricellian chamber">Torricellian chamber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modulated_ultrasound" title="Modulated ultrasound">Modulated ultrasound</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snell%27s_law" title="Snell's law">Snell's law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_computer_vision" title="Underwater computer vision">Underwater computer vision</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weight</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apparent_weight" title="Apparent weight">Apparent weight</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas_laws" title="Gas laws">Gas laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amontons%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Amontons's law">Amontons's law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boyle%27s_law" title="Boyle's law">Boyle's law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles%27s_law" title="Charles's law">Charles's law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Combined_gas_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined gas law">Combined gas law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dalton%27s_law" title="Dalton's law">Dalton's law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gay-Lussac%27s_law" title="Gay-Lussac's law">Gay-Lussac's law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ideal_gas_law" title="Ideal gas law">Ideal gas law</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Absolute_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute pressure">Absolute pressure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambient_pressure" title="Ambient pressure">Ambient pressure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">Atmospheric pressure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gauge_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge pressure">Gauge pressure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic pressure">Hydrostatic pressure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">Metre sea water</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">Partial pressure</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving physiology">Diving<br />physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artificial_gills_(human)" title="Artificial gills (human)">Artificial gills</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_reflex" title="Diving reflex">Diving reflex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equivalent_narcotic_depth" title="Equivalent narcotic depth">Equivalent narcotic depth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximum_operating_depth" title="Maximum operating depth">Maximum operating depth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physiological_response_to_water_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological response to water immersion">Physiological response to water immersion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory<br />system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_reflex#Blood_shift" title="Diving reflex">Blood shift</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patent_foramen_ovale" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent foramen ovale">Patent foramen ovale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">Perfusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">Pulmonary circulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">Systemic circulation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decompression_theory" title="Decompression theory">Decompression<br />theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Decompression models:
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B%C3%BChlmann_decompression_algorithm" title="Bühlmann decompression algorithm">Bühlmann decompression algorithm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haldane%27s_decompression_model" title="Haldane's decompression model">Haldane's decompression model</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reduced_gradient_bubble_model" title="Reduced gradient bubble model">Reduced gradient bubble model</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thalmann_algorithm" title="Thalmann algorithm">Thalmann algorithm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thermodynamic_model_of_decompression" title="Thermodynamic model of decompression">Thermodynamic model of decompression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Varying_Permeability_Model" title="Varying Permeability Model">Varying Permeability Model</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equivalent_air_depth" title="Equivalent air depth">Equivalent air depth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equivalent_narcotic_depth" title="Equivalent narcotic depth">Equivalent narcotic depth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxygen_window" title="Oxygen window">Oxygen window</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physiology_of_decompression" title="Physiology of decompression">Physiology of decompression</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">Respiration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93air_barrier" title="Blood–air barrier">Blood–air barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">Breathing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CO%E2%82%82_retention" class="mw-redirect" title="CO₂ retention">CO₂ retention</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">Dead space</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">Gas exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">Hypocapnia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Respiratory_exchange_ratio" title="Respiratory exchange ratio">Respiratory exchange ratio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Respiratory_quotient" title="Respiratory quotient">Respiratory quotient</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving environment">Diving<br />environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diving_environments_by_type" title="List of diving environments by type">List of diving environments by type</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benign_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign water diving">Benign water diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confined_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Confined water diving">Confined water diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inland_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland diving">Inland diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inshore diving">Inshore diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-water diving">Black-water diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-water diving">Blue-water diving</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penetration_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Penetration diving">Penetration diving</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_environment" title="Underwater environment">Underwater environment</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li>
<li>Currents:
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Current_(stream)" title="Current (stream)">Current</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halocline" title="Halocline">Halocline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stratification_(water)" title="Stratification (water)">Stratification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">Thermocline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Tides">Tides</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">Breaking wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">Surf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surge_(wave_action)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surge (wave action)">Surge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">Swell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bathysphere" title="Bathysphere">Bathysphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defense_against_swimmer_incursions" title="Defense against swimmer incursions">Defense against swimmer incursions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diver_detection_sonar" title="Diver detection sonar">Diver detection sonar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Offshore_survey" title="Offshore survey">Offshore survey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugged_compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged compact camera">Rugged compact camera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_domain_awareness" title="Underwater domain awareness">Underwater domain awareness</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hans_Hass_Award" title="Hans Hass Award">Hans Hass Award</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Scuba_Diving_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame">International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/London_Diving_Chamber_Dive_Lectures" title="London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures">London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NOGI_Awards" title="NOGI Awards">NOGI Awards</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aluminaut" title="Aluminaut"><i>Aluminaut</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_submarine_NR-1" title="American submarine NR-1">American submarine NR-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">Bathyscaphe</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède"><i>Archimède</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FNRS-2" title="FNRS-2">FNRS-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FNRS-3" title="FNRS-3">FNRS-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe#Harmony_class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Harmony</i> class bathyscaphe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Sea Pole</i>-class bathyscaphe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste II"><i>Trieste II</i></a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deepsea_Challenger" title="Deepsea Challenger"><i>Deepsea Challenger</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ictineu_3" title="Ictineu 3"><i>Ictineu 3</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/JAGO_(German_research_submersible)" title="JAGO (German research submersible)"><i>JAGO</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jiaolong_(submersible)" title="Jiaolong (submersible)"><i>Jiaolong</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Konsul-class_submersible" title="Konsul-class submersible"><i>Konsul</i>-class submersible</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_submarine_Losharik" title="Russian submarine Losharik">Russian submarine <i>Losharik</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nautile" title="Nautile"><i>Nautile</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pisces-class_deep_submergence_vehicle" title="Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle"><i>Pisces</i>-class deep submergence vehicle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DSV_Sea_Cliff" title="DSV Sea Cliff">DSV <i>Sea Cliff</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DSV_Shinkai" title="DSV Shinkai">DSV <i>Shinkai</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_2000" title="DSV Shinkai 2000">DSV <i>Shinkai 2000</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_6500" title="DSV Shinkai 6500">DSV <i>Shinkai 6500</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DSV_Turtle" title="DSV Turtle">DSV <i>Turtle</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DSV-5_Nemo" title="DSV-5 Nemo">DSV-5 <i>Nemo</i></a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deep-submergencerescue_vehicle" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />rescue vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LR5" title="LR5">LR5</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LR7" title="LR7">LR7</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MSM-1" title="MSM-1">MSM-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mystic-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Mystic</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DSRV-1_Mystic" title="DSRV-1 Mystic">DSRV-1 <i>Mystic</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DSRV-2_Avalon" title="DSRV-2 Avalon">DSRV-2 <i>Avalon</i></a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO_Submarine_Rescue_System" title="NATO Submarine Rescue System">NATO Submarine Rescue System</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Priz-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Priz</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_deep_submergence_rescue_vehicle_AS-28" title="Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28">Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_submarine_AS-34" title="Russian submarine AS-34">Russian submarine AS-34</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ASRV_Remora" class="mw-redirect" title="ASRV Remora">ASRV <i>Remora</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SRV-300" title="SRV-300">SRV-300</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_Rescue_Diving_Recompression_System" title="Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System">Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Type_7103_DSRV" title="Type 7103 DSRV">Type 7103 DSRV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/URF_(Swedish_Navy)" title="URF (Swedish Navy)">URF (Swedish Navy)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special<br />interest<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artificial_Reef_Society_of_British_Columbia" title="Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia">Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CMAS_Europe" title="CMAS Europe">CMAS Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_Reef_Alliance" title="Coral Reef Alliance">Coral Reef Alliance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_Equipment_and_Marketing_Association" title="Diving Equipment and Marketing Association">Diving Equipment and Marketing Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_Fins" title="Green Fins">Green Fins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Underwater_Preserve_Association" title="Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association">Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_Diving_Society" title="Historical Diving Society">Historical Diving Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karst_Underwater_Research" title="Karst Underwater Research">Karst Underwater Research</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Program" title="Nautical Archaeology Program">Nautical Archaeology Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naval_Air_Command_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club">Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Project_AWARE" title="Project AWARE">Project AWARE</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reef_Check" title="Reef Check">Reef Check</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reef_Life_Survey" title="Reef Life Survey">Reef Life Survey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Save_Ontario_Shipwrecks" title="Save Ontario Shipwrecks">Save Ontario Shipwrecks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Historical_Research" title="Society for Underwater Historical Research">Society for Underwater Historical Research</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Technology" title="Society for Underwater Technology">Society for Underwater Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_Archaeology_Branch,_Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" title="Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command">Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Submarine_escape_and_rescue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submarine escape and rescue (page does not exist)">Submarine escape<br />and rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Escape_trunk" title="Escape trunk">Escape trunk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_Liaison_Office" title="International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office">International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/McCann_Rescue_Chamber" title="McCann Rescue Chamber">McCann Rescue Chamber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_system_(Royal_Swedish_Navy)" title="Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)">Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_escape_training_facility" title="Submarine escape training facility">Submarine escape training facility</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Training_Facility_(Australia)" title="Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)">Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_rescue_ship" title="Submarine rescue ship">Submarine rescue ship</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Escape_set" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Escape_set" title="Escape set">Escape set</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Momsen_lung" title="Momsen lung">Momsen lung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steinke_hood" title="Steinke hood">Steinke hood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment" title="Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment">Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral buoyancy<br />facilities for<br />Astronaut training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_pool" title="Neutral buoyancy pool">Neutral buoyancy pool</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_simulation_as_a_training_aid" title="Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid">Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Simulator" title="Neutral Buoyancy Simulator">Neutral Buoyancy Simulator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_Systems_Laboratory_(Maryland)" title="Space Systems Laboratory (Maryland)">Space Systems Laboratory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helicopter_Aircrew_Breathing_Device" title="Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device">Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" title="Category:Underwater diving">Category</a></b></li>
<li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Underwater diving">Commons</a></b></li>
<li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">Glossary</a></b></li>
<li><b>Indexes: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Dive sites</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_underwater_divers" title="Index of underwater divers">Divers</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_underwater_diving" title="Index of underwater diving">Diving</a></b></li>
<li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Outline" width="10" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_diving" title="Outline of underwater diving">Outline</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="image" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Underwater_diving" title="Portal:Underwater diving">Portal</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25288#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25288#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control: National libraries</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25288#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4130657-0">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553501805171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85145953">United States</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1651601136 |
