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'{{short description|German left-wing militant}} {{For|the academic of the similar name|Ulrike Hanna Meinhof}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} {{Infobox person |name = Ulrike Meinhof |birth_name = Ulrike Marie Meinhof |birth_date = {{birth date|1934|10|7|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Oldenburg (city)|Oldenburg]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1976|5|9|1934|10|7|df=y}} |death_place = [[Stuttgart]], [[West Germany]] |alma_mater = |image = Ulrike Meinhof als junge Journalistin (retuschiert).jpg |caption = Meinhof as a journalist, around 1964 |other_names = |movement = |organization = [[Red Army Faction]]<!-- The English word for the German "Fraktion" is "faction". --> |monuments = |awards = |religion = |spouse = [[Klaus Rainer Röhl]] (divorced) |children = Regine Röhl<br />[[Bettina Röhl]] |influences = |influenced = |footnotes = }} '''Ulrike Marie Meinhof''' (7 October 1934 – 9 May 1976) was a German [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] journalist and founding member of the [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF) in [[West Germany]], commonly referred to in the press as the "Baader-Meinhof gang". She is the reputed author of ''The Urban Guerilla Concept'' (1971). The manifesto acknowledges the RAF's "roots in the history of the [[West German student movement|student movement]]"; condemns "[[reformism]]" as "a brake on the anti-[[Capitalism|capitalist]] struggle"; and invokes [[Mao Zedong]] to define "armed struggle" as "the highest form of [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]]".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moncourt|first=André|url=https://socialhistoryportal.org/sites/default/files/raf/en/0019710501%2520EN_2.pdf|title=The Red Army Faction, A Documentary History. Volume 1: Projectiles of the People|publisher=PM Press|year=2009|isbn=9781604860290|location=Oakland, CA|pages=(83-104) 87-88, 91}}</ref> Meinhof, who took part in the RAF's May Offensive in 1972, was arrested in June of that year and spent the rest of her life in custody, largely isolated from outside contact. In November 1974, she was sentenced to eight years in prison for attempted murder in the May 1970 liberation from prison of [[Andreas Baader]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Power |first=Jonathan |title=Amnesty International, the human rights story |publisher=Elsevier Science |year=2013 |isbn=9781483286013 |location=Oxford |pages=72}}</ref> From 1975, she stood trial on multiple charges of murder and attempted murder, with the three other RAF leaders: Baader, [[Gudrun Ensslin]], and [[Jan-Carl Raspe]]. Before the end of the trial, she was found hanged in her cell in the [[Stammheim Prison]]. The official finding of suicide sparked controversy. One year later, on 7 April 1977, two members of the RAF assassinated the Federal Attorney-General [[Siegfried Buback]] as the revenge of her alleged murder.<ref name="spon">{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,478928,00.html |title=Who Assassinated Siegfried Buback? Germany Revisits RAF Terrorism Verdict |work=[[Spiegel Online]] |date=23 April 2007 |access-date=7 September 2018 }}</ref> ==Early life== Meinhof was born in 1934 in [[Oldenburg (city)|Oldenburg]]. Her father died of cancer in 1940, causing her mother to take in a [[Lodging|boarder]], [[Renate Riemeck]], to make money. In 1946, the family moved back to Oldenburg<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Derek |title=Historical Dictionary of Contemporary Germany |last2=Zitzlsperger |first2=Ulrike |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2016 |isbn=9781442269576 |location=Lanham, Maryland |pages=420 |language=en}}</ref> after Jena fell under [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] occupation as a result of the [[Yalta Conference|Yalta agreement]]. Meinhof's mother, Dr. Ingeborg Meinhof, an art historian, began to work as a teacher<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.powercat.de/portraits/meinhof.html |title=Ulrike Meinhof (1934–1976)|language=de|access-date=12 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911035753/https://www.powercat.de/portraits/meinhof.html |archive-date=11 September 2007}}</ref> and died from cancer in 1949. Riemeck took on the role of guardian of Meinhof and her elder sister, Wienke.<ref>Jutta Ditfurth (2007), ''Ulrike Meinhof. Die Biografie''. Ullstein, Berlin, pp. 20-63. {{ISBN|978-3-550-08728-8}}</ref> ===Student activist 1950s=== In 1952, Meinhof took her ''[[Abitur]]'' at a school in [[Weilburg]]. She then studied [[philosophy]], [[sociology]], [[education]] and [[German language|German]] at [[Marburg]], where she became involved with reform movements.<ref>J. Hans D. Jensen, Gesine Schwan, Pierre Colas, Andy Bechtolsheim. ''Studienstiftung Alumni: Ulrike Meinhof, Gudrun Ensslin, Wolfgang Ketterle''</ref> In 1957, she transferred to the [[University of Münster]], where she met the Spanish [[Marxism|Marxist]] intellectual [[Manuel Sacristán]]<ref>Serra, Xavier. ''Social History of Catalan Philosophy: logic, 1900–1980''. p. 184</ref> (who later translated and edited some of her writings), joined the ''[[German Socialist Student Union|Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund]]'' (SDS), the German Socialist Student Union, and participated in protests against the rearmament of the [[Bundeswehr]] and its involvement with [[nuclear weapon]]s that were proposed by [[Konrad Adenauer]]'s government. Meinhof eventually became the spokeswoman of the local ''Anti-Atomtod-Ausschuss'' (Anti Atomic-Death Committee). In 1958, she spent a short time on the [[AStA]] (German: ''Allgemeiner Studierendenausschuss'', or General Committee of Students) of the university and wrote articles for various student newspapers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ditfurth |first=Jutta |title=Ulrike Meinhof : die Biografie |publisher=Ullstein |year=207 |isbn=9783550087288 |location=Berlin |pages=123 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Passmore |first=Leith |title=Ulrike Meinhof and the Red Army Faction : Performing Terrorism |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-230-37077-7 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> ===''Konkret'' and protest in the 1960s === In 1959, Meinhof joined the banned [[Communist Party of Germany]] (KPD)<ref>Moncourt, André. ''The Red Army Faction, A Documentary History''. p. 1958</ref> and later began working at the magazine ''[[konkret]]'', a monthly which, until 1964, had clandestine financing from the [[East German]] government.<ref>Bettina Röhl, [http://www.dw.com/en/my-mother-the-terrorist/a-1933629 "My Mother, the Terrorist,"] Deutsche Welle (14 March 2006)</ref> ''Konkret'' was widely read by student activists and progressive intellectuals, and as its chief editor from 1962 to 1964, Meinhof was able to elicit contributions from established journalists and authors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Westley |first=F.C. |title=The spectator |journal=The Spectator |language=English |volume=239 |issue=2 |pages=9 |issn=0038-6952}}</ref> On 2 June 1967, Meinhof's exposure in ''konkret'' of German complicity in supporting the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] helped rally students to a demonstration in [[West Berlin]] against the visit of the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]]. When Iranian counter-demonstrators, including agents of the [[SAVAK|Shah's intelligence service]], attacked the students, the police joined the affray beating the demonstrator into a side street where an officer shot and killed the student protester [[Benno Ohnesorg]]<ref name="Spiegel20090522">"[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/stasi-archive-surprise-east-german-spy-shot-west-berlin-martyr-a-626275.html Stasi Archive Surprise: East German Spy Shot West Berlin Martyr]". ''[[Spiegel Online|Spiegel Online International]]''. spiegel.de. 22&nbsp;May 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</ref> The leading ''[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]'' columnist, [[Sebastian Haffner]] with whom Meinhof was befriended, took to ''konkret'' to suggest "with the [anti-] Student pogrom of 2 June 1967 fascism in West Berlin had thrown off its mask".<ref>“Mit den Studentenpogrom von 2. Juni 1967 hat der Faschismus in Westberlin seine maske bereits abgeworfen”. Sebastian Haffner, ''Konkret'', July 1967</ref><ref name="Zorneman">{{cite journal |last1=Zorneman |first1=Tom |title=The Extent of the German revolutionary left wing groups of the 1960/70s as a reaction to the Nazi past. |journal=GRIN, Wissenschaftlicher Aufsatz |date=2010 |url=https://www.grin.com/document/279177 |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> In February 1968, Meinhof was a participant in the International Vietnam Conference in West Berlin, which the authorities had permitted only in the face of large-scale protests. She was co-signatory, along with intellectuals including [[Ernst Bloch]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Eric Hobsbawm|Eric Hobsbawn]], [[Ernest Mandel]], and [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Jean Paul Sartre]], of the final declaration. This defined the U.S. intervention in Vietnam as "the Spain of our generation" and called for mobilisation against the "extermination" (''Vernichtung'') of the Vietnamese people.<ref>"Erklärung zur Internationalen Vietnamkonferenz Westberlin am 17./18. February 1968" in ''Vaterland, Muttersprache: Deutsche Schriftsteller und ihr Staat von 1945 bis heute'', eds. Klaus Wagenbach, Winfried Stephan and Michael Krüger. Klaus Wagenbach Berlin, 1980, {{ISBN|380310100X}}. p. 260</ref> ===Marriage to Klaus Rainer Röhl=== In 1961, Meinhof married the co-founder and publisher of ''konkret'', [[Klaus Rainer Röhl]]. Their marriage produced twins, Regine and [[Bettina Röhl|Bettina]], on 21 September 1962. Meinhof and Röhl separated in 1967 and divorced a year later.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gerhardt |first=Christina |title=Screening the Red Army Faction : Historical and Cultural Memory |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2018 |isbn=9781501336690 |location=New York, NY |pages=38}}</ref> ===Benign brain tumor surgically removed=== In 1962, Meinhof had a benign brain tumor surgically removed; the 1976 autopsy showed that remnants of the tumor and surgical scar tissue impinged on her [[amygdala]].<ref>[[Robert Sapolsky]] , ''Behave''</ref><ref>[[Constance Holden]], ''Fuss over a terrorists brain'' Sci 298(2002): 1551 </ref> ==Establishment of the Red Army Faction== {{more citations needed|section|date=October 2017}}<!--3 paragraphs have no references--> The attempted assassination of SDS leader [[Rudi Dutschke]] on 11 April 1968 provoked Meinhof to write an article in ''konkret'' demonstrating her increasingly militant attitude and containing perhaps her best-known quote: {{quote|<poem>Protest is when I say this does not please me. Resistance is when I ensure what does not please me occurs no more.<ref>''Die Würde des Menschen ist antastbar. Aufsätze und Polemiken,'' by Meinhof. See [[#Bibliography|Bibliography]].</ref><ref>[http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=895&language=english English translation] of "From Protest to Resistance" from ''[[konkret]]'', no. 5 (May 1968), p. 5. retrieved from ''German History in Documents and Images'' on 4 January 2010<br />[http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=895&language=german "Vom Protest zum Widerstand" original German text from ''konkret'', no. 5 (May 1968), p. 5.] retrieved from ''German History in Documents and Images'' on 4 January 2010</ref></poem>}} Later that year, her writings on arson attacks in Frankfurt as protests against the [[Vietnam War]] resulted in her developing an acquaintance with the perpetrators, most significantly [[Andreas Baader]] and [[Gudrun Ensslin]]. She stopped writing for ''konkret'' which had in her opinion evolved into a completely commercial magazine in the early part of 1969, and many other authors followed her. She stated that neither she nor her collaborators wanted to give a left-wing alibi to the magazine that sooner or later "would become part of the counter-revolution, a thing that I cannot gloss over with my co-operation, especially now that it is impossible to change its course".<ref>Ulrike Meinhof: "{{Lang|de|Ich will durch meine Mitarbeit nicht verschleiern}}", 26 April 1969 (''[[Frankfurter Rundschau]]'')</ref> Later, they organised an occupation at ''konkret''{{'}}s office (along with several members of the {{Lang|de|[[Außerparlamentarische Opposition]]}}), to distribute proclamations to the employees, something that failed since Röhl learned about it, and moved the employees to their homes to continue their work from there. Finally, Röhl's house was vandalised by some of the protesters. Meinhof arrived in Röhl's villa at 11:30, after police and journalists had already arrived. She was accused by Röhl (and subsequently described by the media) as the organizer of the vandalism. It was difficult to prove, as she was not there when it happened.<ref name="Ditfurth" />{{RP|352–4}} Perhaps her last work as an individual was the writing and production of the film ''{{ill|Bambule (film)|de|Bambule (Fernsehspiel)|lt=Bambule}}'' in 1970, where she put focus on a group of [[borstal]] girls in [[West Berlin]]; by the time it was scheduled to be aired, she had become wanted for the breakout of Andreas Baader, and its broadcast was delayed until 1994.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A New History of German Cinema |publisher=Camden House |others=Jennifer M. Kapczynski, Michael David Richardson |year=2012 |isbn=9781571135957 |location=Rochester, N.Y. |pages=466}}</ref> Meinhof was approached by Ensslin, girlfriend of jailed [[arson]]ist Baader, for her help in securing the release of Baader from police custody. Thus the plot was developed, and Meinhof approached leftist publisher Klaus Wagenbach, seeking cooperation in the release the imprisoned Baader, and Wagenbach agreed as he believed in release of political prisoners.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ditfurth |first=Jutta |title=Ulrike Meinhof : die Biografie |publisher=Ullstein |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-550-08728-8 |location=Berlin |pages=11 |language=de}}</ref> After securing a contract from Wagenbach, Meinhof petitioned authorities to allow Baader to travel from Moabit Prison to an institute for social research in the Dahlem district of Berlin. The plan was for armed guerrillas to enter the institute and secure the release of Baader; it was intended that no shooting was to take place. Meinhof was to stay behind, and have a plausibly deniable explanation that she was not involved in the planning of Baader's escape. Baader arrived with two guards, and set to work with Meinhof in the institute's library. Two women compatriots of Ensslin's, along with a man with a criminal record (hired because of his supposed experience with armed encounters) broke into the institute. The man shot the elderly librarian Georg Linke, severely wounding him in his liver. It was later claimed that the man was holding two weapons, a pistol and a gas canister gun, and accidentally fired the wrong weapon in the confusion.{{cn|date=July 2021}} Because of the shooting of the librarian, it is speculated{{by whom|date=November 2019}} that Meinhof made a snap decision to join Baader in his escape. Within days wanted posters appeared throughout [[Berlin]] offered a 10,000 [[Deutsche Mark|DM]] reward for her capture for [[attempted murder]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guelke |first=Adrian |title=The age of terrorism and the international political system |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=1995 |isbn=9781850439523 |location=London |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mair |first=Kimberly |title=Guerrilla Aesthetics : Art, Memory, and the West German Urban Guerrilla |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780773598751 |location=Montreal |pages=171 |language=en}}</ref> In the beginning, Meinhof meant to stay behind to use her power as an influential reporter to help the rest outside, but in the panic after the shooting she joined the others jumping out of the institute's window. Immediately after their escape Meinhof called a friend to pick up her children from school. This call helped illustrate her overall lack of planning.<ref name="Ditfurth">{{Cite book|last=Ditfurth|first=Jutta|author-link=Jutta Ditfurth|title=Ulrike Meinhof: Die Biographie|publisher=Ullstein|year=2007|isbn=978-3550087288|language=de}} Page numbering follows the Greek translation</ref> ==Action in the Red Army Faction and arrest== {{Main|Red Army Faction}} In the next two years Meinhof participated in the various [[bank robberies]] and [[improvised explosive device|bombings]] perpetrated by the group. She and other RAF members attempted to [[kidnap]] her children so that they could be sent to a camp for [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] orphans and educated there according to her desires; however, the twins were intercepted in [[Sicily]] and returned to their father, in part due to the intervention of [[Stefan Aust]].<ref name="Ascherson">Neal Ascherson [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/28/germany.terrorism "A terror campaign of love and hate"], ''The Observer'', 28 September 2008.</ref> During this period, Meinhof wrote or recorded many of the [[manifesto]]s and tracts for the RAF. The most significant of these is probably ''The Concept of the Urban Guerrilla'', a response to an essay by [[Horst Mahler]], that attempts to set out more correctly their prevailing [[ideology]]. It also included the first use of the name ''Rote Armee Fraktion'' and, in the publications of it, the first use of the RAF insignia.<ref name="dks">[http://www.baader-meinhof.com/students/resources/communique/deuconcept.html Full text in German of ''Das Konzept Stadtguerilla''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108213008/http://www.baader-meinhof.com/students/resources/communique/deuconcept.html |date=8 November 2007 }} from ''Baader-Meinhof.com''. Retrieved 2 January 2007. :[http://www.germanguerilla.com/red-army-faction/documents/71_04.html Full Text English Translation] by Anthony Murphy from ''GermanGuerilla.com''. Retrieved 2 January 2007<br />[http://www.dhm.de/lemo/objekte/pict/NeueHerausforderungen_kampfschrift/index.html Information on copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827073621/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/objekte/pict/NeueHerausforderungen_kampfschrift/index.html |date=27 August 2006 }} held by the Bonn Museum of History (site refers to an exhibit by the [[Deutsches Historisches Museum|DHM]])</ref> Her practical importance in the group, however, was often overstated by the media, the most obvious example being the common name ''Baader-Meinhof gang'' for the RAF. ([[Gudrun Ensslin]] is often considered to have been the effective female co-leader of the group rather than Meinhof.){{cn|date=July 2021}} Meinhof wrote an essay defending the [[Munich massacre]], which historian [[Jeffrey Herf]] describes as "one of the most important documents in the history of antisemitism in Europe after the Holocaust".<ref name=hgs>{{cite journal |last1=Berman |first1=Russell A. |title=Undeclared Wars with Israel: East Germany and the West German Far Left, 1967–1989Jeffrey Herf |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |date=2017 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=312–314 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dcx023}}</ref> On 14 June 1972, in [[Langenhagen]], Fritz Rodewald, a teacher who had been providing accommodation to deserters from the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. Armed Forces]], was approached by a stranger asking for an overnighting house the next day for herself and a friend. He agreed but later became suspicious that the woman might be involved with the RAF and eventually decided to call the police. The next day the pair arrived at Rodewald's dwelling while the police watched. The man was followed to a nearby telephone box and was found to be Gerhard Müller who was armed. After arresting Müller, the police then proceeded to arrest the woman – Meinhof.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eager |first=Paige Whaley |title=From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists : Women and Political Violence |publisher=[[Routledge]], [[Taylor & Francis]] Group |year=2016 |isbn=9780754672258 |edition=1st |location=London, New York |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref> ==Imprisonment and death== [[File:Ulrike Meinhof2-Mutter Erde fec.jpg|thumb|Burial site for Ulrike Meinhof]] ==="Letter from a prisoner" 1972–73=== During her solitary confinement at Köln-Ossendorf Prison from June 1972 to February 1973, Meinhof wrote what was later published as "A Letter from a Prisoner in Death Row" (''Brief einer Gefangenen aus dem Toten Trakt'').<ref>Ulrike Meinhof, "Brief einer Gefangenen aus dem Toten Trakt", in ''Diese Alltage überleben : Lesebuch 1945 - 1984'', ed. Monika Walther. Münster, Tende Verlag, 1982. {{ISBN|978-388633050-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last= Bauer |first= Karin |editor1-first= Gert |editor1-last=Hofmann|editor2-first=Snježana|editor2-last=Zorić|url= https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962412446 |title= Presence of the Body : Awareness in and Beyond Experience|date=2017|publisher=Brill {{!}} Rodopi|isbn= 978-90-04-33474-8 |location= Leiden|pages=92–106|chapter= Lost in Isolation: Ulrike Meinhof’s Body in Poetry |doi= 10.1163/9789004334748|oclc= 962412446}}</ref> It conveys a sense of disorientation and despair:<poem>The feeling that one's head is exploding… The feeling that the brain is shrivelling up like a baked fruit The feeling that… one is being controlled remotely The feeling that all one's associations are being cut away The feeling of pissing the soul out of one's body, like someone who can no longer hold water. …The raging aggressiveness for which there is no outlet. That's the worst. The clear understanding that one has no chance of survival…</poem> ===Interpretation of Auschwitz=== In December 1972, Meinhof, who was awaiting trial, was called to testify at [[Horst Mahler]]'s trial where Mahler questioned her about the statement of support the two had issued for the [[Munich massacre|massacre]] at the [[1972 Summer Olympics]] in [[Munich]]. His questioning led her to say: <blockquote>How was [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] possible, what was anti-Semitism? It used the hatred of the people of their dependence on money as a medium of exchange, their longing for communism. Auschwitz means that six million Jews were murdered and carted on to the rubbish dumps of Europe for being that which was maintained of them – Money-Jews. What had happened was that finance capital and banks, the hard core of the system of imperialism and capitalism, had diverted the people's hatred of money and exploitation away from themselves and on to the Jews.<ref>[http://www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/cultn/cultn012.pdf "The Red Army Faction: Another Final Battle on the Stage of History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325034316/http://www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/cultn/cultn012.pdf |date=25 March 2009 }} by Jillian Becker in ''Terrorism: An International Journal'', Vol. 5, No. 1/2, 1981. Retrieved November 2008</ref></blockquote> ===Sentencing=== After two years of preliminary hearings, Meinhof was sentenced to eight years' imprisonment on 29 November 1974. Eventually Meinhof, Baader, Ensslin, and [[Jan-Carl Raspe]] were jointly charged on 19 August 1975, with four counts of [[murder]], fifty-four of attempted murder, and a single count of forming a criminal association. However, before the trial was concluded, Meinhof was found hanged by a rope, fashioned from a towel, in her cell in the [[Stammheim Prison]], Stuttgart, on 9 May 1976. It is highly probable that, if not for her death, she would have been sentenced to 'life imprisonment plus 15 years'. (The remaining three defendants received such a sentence,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081215122836/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947908,00.html "Guilty as charged"], ''Time Magazine'', 9 May 1977</ref> designed to minimize the possibility of early parole.) ===Death=== The official verdict was Meinhof had committed suicide. It was later discovered she had become increasingly isolated from other RAF prisoners. Notes exchanged between them in prison included one by Ensslin, describing her as "too weak". The official findings were not accepted by many in the RAF<ref>[http://www.germanguerilla.com/red-army-faction/documents/76-05-11-raspe.html Jan Carl Raspe's speech in court] of 11 May 1976. Retrieved from ''German guerillas'', 9 January 2013.</ref> and other militant organisations, and there are still some who doubt their accuracy and believe that she was murdered by the authorities. A second investigation was carried out by an international group. The findings of the inquiry were published under the title ''Der Tod Ulrike Meinhofs. Bericht der Internationalen Untersuchungskommission'' (''The Death of Ulrike Meinhof. Report of the International Investigation Committee'') in 1979. Meinhof's was buried in Berlin-[[Mariendorf]], six days after her death. Her funeral turned out to be a demonstration of about 7,000 people. Demonstrations took place across the country, social and political prisoners in Berlin and Hessen held a three-day hunger strike. [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] and [[Simone de Beauvoir]] in an open letter compared her death to the worst crimes of Nazi era.<ref>Smith J, Moncourt A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tl_70h3jIFkC&pg=PA386 ''The Red Army Faction: A documentary history''], vol. 1, p. 389</ref> In late 2002, following investigations by her daughter Bettina, it was discovered that Meinhof's [[human brain|brain]] had been retained (apparently without permission) following the [[autopsy]] performed as part of the investigation into her death. The original autopsy had found brain injury near the [[amygdala]], resulting from successful surgery in 1962 to remove a (benign) cyst. The unpublished autopsy results at the time stated that the brain injuries "justified questions as to the culpability" of Meinhof. Bernhard Bogerts, a psychiatrist at Magdeburg university, later re-examined the brain and also doubted that Meinhof was fully criminally responsible.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2455647.stm |title= Meinhof brain study yields clues|work= BBC News Online|date=12 November 2002 |access-date=3 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/0,1518,222124,00.html|author=Jürgen Dahlkamp |title= Das Gehirn des Terrors|date=8 November 2002 |newspaper=Spiegel Online|language=de}}</ref> On Bettina's request, the brain was interred in Meinhof's burial place on 19 December 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/0,1518,228177,00.html|title= Gehirn von Ulrike Meinhof in aller Stille beigesetzt|date=20 December 2002|newspaper=Spiegel Online|language= de}}</ref> ==Controversy surrounding her death== === Last days in prison === {{See also|Red Army Faction#Defense strategy|label 1=RAF-Defense strategy on trial}} Meinhof's last appearance in court was on 4 May 1976, in a hearing the defendants had requested in order to provide evidence about the participation of West Germany in the Vietnam War. This, they claimed, was the cause of their radicalisation, and was their basis for demanding the status of [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] (see above). According to [[Jutta Ditfurth]], the last days before Meinhof's death went smoothly. The prisoners (including Meinhof) spent their meeting time (30 minutes, twice per day) discussing various philosophers and political issues. One of the guards noted that they were laughing.<ref name="Ditfurth" />{{RP|586,592}} According to Meinhof's sister, Wienke Zitzlaff, during her last visit in prison, Meinhof had told her: "You can stand up and fight only while you are alive. If they say I committed suicide, be sure that it was a murder."<ref name="Ditfurth" />{{RP|582}} In early May, attorney {{Interlanguage link|Axel Azzola|de}} contacted his client (Meinhof). They were hopeful about the possibilities that the new strategy seemed to offer. They also discussed whether Meinhof could testify as witness in the International Law Conference in Geneva where a delegation of lawyers planned to denounce the measure of detention in solitary confinement. Finally, Meinhof was planning to reveal main witness Gerhard Müller's role in trial.<ref name="Ditfurth" />{{RP|590}} Federal prosecutors had indicted the four defendants for the murder of policeman {{Interlanguage link|Norbert Schmid|de}}, who was shot by Müller himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baader-meinhof.com/gerhard-muller/|title=Gerhard Müller|website=Baader-meinhof.com|access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref> During the [[press conference]] called by defence attorneys, one of Meinhof's lawyers, Michael Oberwinder, stated that it was less than a week before Meinhof's death that they had a very involved conversation. He claimed that there was not the least sign of depression or lack of interest on her part, and that it was an animated discussion in the context of which Meinhof explained the group's point of view.<ref>[http://germanguerilla.com/red-army-faction/documents/stammheim.html The Stammheim model] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903081055/http://germanguerilla.com/red-army-faction/documents/stammheim.html |date=3 September 2014 }}</ref> Meinhof's last visitor was Giovanni Capelli, lawyer of the [[Red Brigades]]. He conveyed the desire of the Red Brigades to contact her and described the conditions of detention in [[Italy]] where prisoners were not held in isolation (except [[Renato Curcio]]) and were politically active. They also discussed the establishment of an international committee of lawyers to defend the RAF. Capelli later said that Meinhof gave him the impression of "a vivid, lifelike woman", "open to all questions". They arranged to meet again soon. "She behaved like a woman who wanted to live".<ref>''Bericht der Internationalen Untersuchungskommission zum Tod von Ulrike Meinhof:'' [http://www.nadir.org/nadir/archiv/PolitischeStroemungen/Stadtguerilla+RAF/RAF/ulrike_meinhof/iuk/anhang/anh-iii.htm ''Bericht ulrike meinhofs vom 7. mai 1976 ueber ein gespraech'']</ref><ref>texte der RAF, pp. 496–503{{incomplete short citation|date=September 2020}}</ref> === Autopsy and investigation === At 9.20 a.m. on 9 May, the Ministry of Justice of [[Baden-Württemberg]] announced that Meinhof had committed suicide, although the initial post-mortem body examination by Professor Joachim Rauschke did not begin until at least 9:25&nbsp;a.m. At 9:34&nbsp;a.m. the German news agency (dpa) announced "Suicide by hanging".<ref name="Ditfurth" />{{RP|594,595}}. Two hours later Professor Rauschke together with {{Interlanguage link|Hans Joachim Mallach|de}} performed the official autopsy in the general hospital of Stuttgart from 11:45&nbsp;a.m. until 12:45&nbsp;p.m., whose outcome was "death by hanging beyond doubt". According to Ditfurth the hasty press releases that followed Meinhof's death, were similar to those of April 1972, when it was incorrectly broadcast that Meinhof had committed suicide.<ref name="Ditfurth" />{{RP|596}}. The following days the newspapers reported in detail what supposed to be Meinhof's thoughts, like: "she realised her mistake,"<ref>''[[Frankfurter Rundschau]]'', 15 May 1976{{full citation needed|date=September 2020|reason=Title?}}</ref> "she had become aware of the futility,"<ref>''[[Die Zeit]]'', 14 May 1976{{full citation needed|date=September 2020|reason=Title?}}</ref> and that she "resigned to death".<ref>''[[Der Spiegel]]'', 17 May 1976{{full citation needed|date=September 2020|reason=Title?}}</ref> There was a concern of Meinhof supporters about the forensic surgeons chosen by the state to perform the autopsy. Mallach (NSDAP Member No. 9154986) had been a member of the SS. He served in World War II as [[corporal]] in a [[Panzer division]]. In 1977, he made (without approval) and kept for a long time the death masks of Baader, Ensslin and Raspe.<ref>Jürgen Dahlkamp: [http://wissen.spiegel.de/wissen/image/show.html?did=25448057&aref=image035/E0241/SCSP200204200660070.pdf&thumb=false "Trophäen für den Panzerschrank"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428215116/http://wissen.spiegel.de/wissen/image/show.html?did=25448057&aref=image035%2FE0241%2FSCSP200204200660070.pdf&thumb=false |date=28 April 2012 }}, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' Nr. 42, 2002, 14 October 2002]</ref> Professor Rauschke was the one who also performed the autopsy of [[Siegfried Hausner]] one year earlier and was accused by fellows and supporters of the RAF for ignoring the injuries to Hausner's head, so as to cover up the true cause of his death.<ref>Smith J, Moncourt A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tl_70h3jIFkC&pg=PA386 ''The Red Army Faction: A documentary history''], vol. 1, p. 386</ref> On 11 May, a second autopsy was performed on demand of Wienke Zitzlaff by Dr. Werner Janssen and Dr. Jürgen Schröder, even though the brain, a lot of critical organs, and tissue parts had been previously removed from the body. Also her nails had been cut, so the doctors could not determine clearly if there were traces of struggle. Some examinations could not take place since critical time had passed. Janssen concluded that the most probable cause of death was "suicide by hanging", however in order to come to a definite conclusion he insisted to be given access to the report of the first autopsy, something that never happened.<ref name="Ditfurth" />{{RP|602,603}} Finally on demand of Meinhof's attorney [[Klaus Croissant]] and the International Committee for Political Prisoners, an international investigation commission was created in order to examine the conditions surrounding Meinhof's death. Once more the German authorities refused to give the complete (first) autopsy report to the commission, hindering their investigation. In 1978 the committee published its report, concluding that: "The formal claim that Ulrike Meinhof committed suicide by hanging is unfounded, given the fact that the investigation results reasonably converge to the conclusion that she could not hang herself. Most probably Ulrike Meinhof was already dead before she was hanged and there are warning signs indicating the involvement of a third party regarding her death."<ref>''Der Tod Ulrike Meinhofs''. Bericht der Internationalen Untersuchungskommission, iva-Verlag bernd polke, Tübingen 1979 (2nd ed) pp. 5–6</ref><ref>Alois Prinz: [https://books.google.de/books?id=lIcSF3ul3VsC&pg=PA288 ''Lieber wütend als traurig – Die Lebensgeschichte der Ulrike Marie Meinhof''], [[Beltz & Gelberg]] 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-407-74012-0}}, p. 288.</ref> === Suicide disputation === The circumstances around Meinhof's death have been disputed by people close to her, including many of Meinhof's relatives, friends, lawyers, and comrades, presenting various arguments. There are inquiries regarding the procedure followed by the authorities, including the autopsy reports and the findings of the international commission. Some of them are: *Some exams like the histamine-test were omitted, something that could determine if Meinhof was alive the moment she was hanged<ref>Der Tod Ulrike Meinhofs: ''Bericht der International Untersuchungskommission'', p. 18 (Unrast Verlag) {{ISBN|978-3928300391}} [http://www.nadir.org/nadir/archiv/PolitischeStroemungen/Stadtguerilla+RAF/RAF/ulrike_meinhof/iuk/medunter/offizopt.htm available on nadir.org]</ref> *Meinhof's body and head lacked some common signs of suicide by hanging.<ref name="second_opinion">''Bericht der International Untersuchungskommission : [http://www.nadir.org/nadir/archiv/PolitischeStroemungen/Stadtguerilla+RAF/RAF/ulrike_meinhof/iuk/medunter/opt2.htm> ''Second stellungnahme English aerzte of 13 8th 1976'']{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref> *Both autopsy reports mention severe swelling at external genitals as well as abrasions on the left buttock. Jansen-Schroder's report also mentioned contusions in the right hip area and fluid accumulation in the lungs.<ref name="second_opinion" /> *Although the prison report mentions that the chair used by Meinhof to hang herself had fallen,<ref>Sem-Sandberg, Steve: ''Theres'' (Stockholm: Bonnier 1996), p. 387.{{ISBN|91-0-056189-4}}></ref><ref>''Bericht der Internationalen Untersuchungskommission zum Tod von Ulrike Meinhof'' [http://www.nadir.org/nadir/archiv/PolitischeStroemungen/Stadtguerilla+RAF/RAF/ulrike_meinhof/iuk/haftbed/haft1.htm ''widersprueche'']</ref> photographs published by the police show that her left leg rests on that (standing) chair that is upon the soft mattress.<ref>Björn Sandmark: [http://www.jutta-ditfurth.de/ulrike-meinhof/Presse/Goeteborgsposten-engl-Ditfurth-Meinhof-20071110.pdf ''Jutta Ditfurth: Ulrike Meinhof, The Biography''] p. 4</ref> Some other questions still remain, including: *Why there were no fingerprints of Meinhof on the light bulb she had? What about the contradictory statements regarding the internal organs of the neck, and the noose length?<ref>''Bericht der Internationalen Untersuchungskommission zum Tod von Ulrike Meinhof: [http://www.nadir.org/nadir/archiv/PolitischeStroemungen/Stadtguerilla+RAF/RAF/ulrike_meinhof/iuk/medunter/opt4.htm ''Bericht von dr. meyer, mitglied der internationalen untersuchungskommission'']</ref> *Why were no fabric traces from the towel found either on the knife or the scissors Meinhof had?<ref name="Ditfurth" />{{RP|604}} *Two days after Meinhof's death, the prison staff cleaned and painted her cell despite the fact that it had been repainted in September 1975 (8 months before). Shouldn't the cell be sealed? Why had police seized all of the Meinhof's personal items and refused to give them to her relatives or lawyers? Other prisoners reported that handwritten documents, which Meinhof used to keep with her inside a black dossier, had also disappeared. Her fellow prisoners insisted that her cell remained intact until Meinhof's lawyers arrived, but "by the time the first lawyer arrived the metal tank had already been extracted hastily" (Ensslin). They were prohibited to come closer to the corridor in order to have visual contact with the cell. The authorities also prohibited Wienke Zitzlaff, Anja Röhl, [[Klaus Croissant]], and Michael Oberwinder to view Meinhof's body and the inside of the cell. According to the official explanation they were also looking for incriminating documents that could be used against [[Klaus Croissant]].<ref name="Ditfurth" />{{RP|601}}<ref>LKA BW Az.:811/3. police investigation report, Stuttgart-Stammheim, 10 May 1976</ref> Finally there is dispute over the arguments regarding Meinhof's motive. Some of the points usually mentioned are: *That no suicide note was found (even though, according to Ensslin, Meinhof was working on typewriter the last night – as she used to do in the last months), has been considered suspicious. Why would Meinhof allow the government and media to talk about "rejection", "awareness of her political mistake", the moment that, according to her lawyers, her main concern was to ensure the integrity of organisation's political identity both to the trial and beyond? *The official claim was that there was tension among the defendants and especially between Meinhof and Ensslin. On 9 May the Federal Prosecutor {{Interlanguage link|Felix Kaul|de}} spoke about "deep contradistinctions" and "profound clashes" among the team, claiming Meinhof had realized that Baader was "a common criminal", and finally tried to prove the conflict between Meinhof and Ensslin by mentioning a series of letters between them.<ref>''Bericht der International Untersuchungskommission'' [http://www.nadir.org/nadir/archiv/PolitischeStroemungen/Stadtguerilla+RAF/RAF/ulrike_meinhof/iuk/verdeauf/vda6.htm ''konstruktion des selbstmordmotivs'']</ref> However these letters were dated no later than early March when they informed the other prisoners (through the "info" network) that their conflict was over, mentioning that: "We didn't even realise what they were doing to ourselves" (Meinhof),<ref>Letter No. 96 of Ulrike Meinhof (March 1976), Pieter Bakker Schut ''das info. Briefe der Gefangenen aus der RAF. Dokumente, Neuer Malik Verlag'', (Kiel 1987), pp. 255–6</ref> the cause of their conflict "finally seemed strange" when they "understood what was happening" to them (Ensslin).<ref name="Ditfurth" />{{RP|595}}<ref>Letter No. 98 of Gudrun Ensslin (14 March 1976), in: Bakker, Pieter: ''das info'', p. 260</ref> *When a ''[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]'' representative asked {{ill|Traugott Bender|de}} (Minister of Justice of Baden-Württemberg): "Since the federal prosecutors of Karlsruhe were (somehow) aware of the tension within the group, why wasn't this noticed by the prison staff?" he answered: "If there were conflicts they were older and had never led to something like this". When he was asked if Meinhof had been isolated by the rest of the prisoners he answered, "I am not aware of that fact." Jailer Renate Frede and prison official Horst Bubeck reported that they had not noticed any strange or unusual behaviour, or conflicts among the prisoners.<ref name="Ditfurth" />{{RP|600}} ==Portrayals== The book ''{{Lang|de|Lieber wütend als traurig}}'' (Better angry than sad)<ref>{{Cite book|year=2003|isbn=3-407-80905-0|title=Lieber wütend als traurig|first=Alois|last=Prinz|publisher=Beltz|language=de}}</ref> by Alois Prinz was intended as a mainly faithful account of Meinhof's life story for adolescents. Meinhof's life has been the subject, to varying degrees of fictionalisation, of several films and stage productions. Treatment in films include [[Reinhard Hauff]]'s 1986 ''[[Stammheim (film)|Stammheim]]'', an account of the [[Red Army Faction#Custody and the Stammheim trial|Stammheim trial]], [[Margarethe von Trotta]]'s 1981 ''[[Marianne and Juliane]]'' and [[Uli Edel]]'s 2008 film ''[[The Baader Meinhof Complex]]''. Stage treatments include the 1990 [[opera]] ''Ulrike Meinhof'' by Johann Kresnik, the 1993 play ''Leviathan'' by [[Dea Loher]], the 2005 play ''La extraordinaria muerte de Ulrike M.'' by Spanish playwright [[Carlos Be]] and the 2006 play ''{{Interlanguage link|Ulrike Maria Stuart|de}}'' by Austrian playwright [[Elfriede Jelinek]]. The 1981 French movie ''[[Birgitt Haas Must Be Killed]]'' is inspired by Meinhof's death. In 1978, [[Dario Fo]] and [[Franca Rame]] wrote the monologue ''Moi, Ulrike, je crie...'' The 2010 feature documentary ''[[Children of the Revolution (2010 film)|Children of the Revolution]]'' tells Meinhof's story from the perspective of her daughter, journalist and historian [[Bettina Röhl]]. ''Subtopia'', a novel published in 2005 by Australian author and academic [[A.L. McCann]], is partially set in Berlin and contains a [[fictional character|character]] who is obsessed with Meinhof and another who claims to have attended her funeral. The 2013 book "Revolutionary Brain" by [[Harold Jaffe]] features a titular section devoted to the brain of Meinhof.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~hjaffe/revolutionarybrain.html|title=Harold Jaffe's Official Website|website=Rohan.sdsu.edu|access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref> The 2018 film ''[[Entebbe (film)|7 Days in Entebbe]]'' about [[Operation Entebbe]] mentions Meinhof as motivation for the participation of the Germans in the hijacking, particularly Brigette Kuhlmann. The film suggests Meinhof was a friend of Kuhlmann and Böse and that a mistake Kuhlmann made resulted in her imprisonment and subsequent death. ===Music=== In 1975, the Italian singer-songwriter [[Claudio Lolli]] published the song Incubo Numero Zero (Nightmare #0), with the verse "turn off the light, thought Ulrike", and more. [[Marianne Faithfull]]'s album ''[[Broken English (album)|Broken English]]'' had the title track dedicated to Meinhof. The [[anarcho punk]] band [[Chumbawamba]]'s 1990 album, ''[[Slap!]]'' featured an opening and closing track, both named after Meinhof. The first track was entitled ''Ulrike'' and featured lyrics which directly involve Meinhof as the [[protagonist]] and the final track was an instrumental reprise of the first track. and was entitled "Meinhof". The album's liner notes included information and an article relating to the song Ulrike. [[Electronica]] act Doris Days created a track entitled ''To Ulrike M.'', in which there is a passage spoken in German throughout the song, presumably an archived audio file from Meinhof herself. This track has since been remixed by other electronica acts like [[Zero 7]], [[Kruder & Dorfmeister]], and The Amalgamation of Soundz. The German duo Andreas Ammer and [[F.M. Einheit]] released an album in 1996 entitled ''Deutsche Krieger'', a substantial portion of which consists of audio recordings of and about Meinhof. [[Der Plan]], the electronic music group from [[Düsseldorf]] published in 2004 the song ''Ulrike'', as part of the Die Verschwörung album. London-based experimental group [[Cindytalk]] have an electronic side-project called Bambule, named after the Meinhof film {{ill|Bambule (film)|de|Bambule (Fernsehspiel)|lt=of the same name}}. German [[Neue Deutsche Härte]] band [[Rammstein]] feature Meinhof, played by lead singer [[Till Lindemann]], in the music video to their 2019 song [[Deutschland (song)|Deutschland]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leupold|first=David|date=25 August 2019|title="Germany, my love I cannot give to you" - an anti-facist reading of Rammstein's "Deutschland"|url=https://medium.com/@davidleupold/germany-my-love-i-cannot-give-to-you-a-radical-interpretation-of-rammsteins-deutschland-e9fe03ed17a4|url-status=live|access-date=16 November 2021|website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]}}</ref> ==See also== * [[List of people who died by hanging#suicide by hanging|List of people who died by suicide by hanging]] ==Bibliography== *''[[Karl Wolff]] oder: Porträt eines anpassungsfähigen Deutschen'' (Karl Wolff or: A Portrait of an Adaptable German). [[Radio documentary]]. Director: Heinz Otto Müller. [[Hessischer Rundfunk]], Abendstudio, 1964. *''Gefahr vom Fließband. Arbeitsunfälle – beobachtet und kritisch beschrieben''. (Dangers of the Assembly-Line. Industrial Accidents – observed and critically analysed). Radio documentary. Director: Peter Schulze-Rohr. Hessischer Rundfunk, Abendstudio, 1965. *''Bambule – Fürsorge – Sorge für wen?'' (Bambule: Welfare – Providing for whom?) Wagenbach, 1971, (Republished 2002, {{ISBN|3-8031-2428-X}}) '''Works of the Red Army Faction''' *''Das Konzept Stadtguerilla'' (The Concept of the Urban Guerilla), 1971<ref name="dks" /> *''Stadtguerilla und Klassenkampf'' (Urban Guerilla and Class Struggle), 1972/1974<ref>[http://www.baader-meinhof.com/students/resources/communique/deuclass.html Full text in German of ''Stadtguerilla und Klassenkampf''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108213003/http://www.baader-meinhof.com/students/resources/communique/deuclass.html |date=8 November 2007 }} from ''Baader-Meinhof.com''. Retrieved 2 January 2007.</ref> *''Fragment Regarding Structure'' (1976)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.germanguerilla.com/red-army-faction/documents/76-05-11-meinhof.html|title=Ulrike Meinhof: Fragment Regarding Structure|date=11 May 1976|website=Germanguerilla.com|access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref> *''Deutschland, Deutschland unter anderem'' (Germany, Germany among other things), Wagenbach, 1995 ({{ISBN|3-803-12253-8}}) *''Die Würde des Menschen ist antastbar'' (The Dignity of Man Is Violable), Wagenbach, 2004 ({{ISBN|3-803-12491-3}}) *Karin Bauer, ed. ''Everybody Talks about the Weather... We Don't: The Writings of Ulrike Meinhof'', Seven Stories Press, New York, 2008 ({{ISBN|978-1583228319}}). A selection of Meinhof's writings published in ''konkret'' from 1960 to 1968, with a foreword by [[Elfriede Jelinek]], translated by Luise von Flotow. *''Ulrike Meinhof's notes from the Dead Wing.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.germanguerilla.com/red-army-faction/documents/72-73-meinhof.html|title=Ulrike Meinhof on the Dead Wing|date=1 January 1973|website=Germanguerilla.com|access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== '''Books''' * [[Stefan Aust|Aust, Stefan]]: ''Der Baader-Meinhof Komplex'', (1998, {{ISBN|3-442-12953-2}}) * Aust, Stefan: ''Baader-Meinhof: The Inside Story of the R.A.F.'', (2009, {{ISBN|978-0195372755}}) * Bauer, Karin (editor): [https://web.archive.org/web/20120524001132/http://www.sevenstories.com/book/?GCOI=58322100491220 ''Everybody Talks About The Weather...We Don't'']. The Writings of Ulrike Meinhof. Preface by [[Elfriede Jelinek]] ([[Seven Stories Press]] {{ISBN|978-1-58322-831-9}}) * [[Jillian Becker|Becker, Jillian]]: ''Hitler's Children: The Story of the Baader-Meinhof Terrorist Gang'', London 1977. * [[Heinrich Böll|Böll, Heinrich]]: "Will Ulrike Gnade oder freies Geleit" (essay), (1972, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'') * {{Cite book|last=Brückner|first=Peter|title=Ulrike Meinhof und die deutschen Verhältnisse|trans-title=Ulrike Meinhof and the German Situation|year=2006|isbn=978-3-8031-2407-4|publisher=Wagenbach|language=de|ref=none}} * [[Jutta Ditfurth|Ditfurth, Jutta]]: ''Ulrike Meinhof: Die Biographie'', Berlin 2007 * Krebs, Mario: ''Ulrike Meinhof'' (1988, {{ISBN|3-499-15642-3}}) * [[Bettina Röhl|Röhl, Bettina]] (Meinhof's daughter): ''So macht Kommunismus Spass'' [Making Communism Fun], (2007, {{ISBN|978-3-434-50600-3}}) * Smith, J. and André Moncourt: ''Red Army Faction – A Documentary History'', Volume I: Projectiles for the People '''Films''' *''[http://www.timonkoulmasis.eu/en/documentaries/ulrike-marie-meinhof.html Ulrike Marie Meinhof]'', a documentary produced by [[Arte|ARTE]] in 1994 *''Ulrike Meinhof – Wege in den Terror'' (Ulrike Meinhof – Paths to Terror), a documentary produced by [[Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg|RBB]] in 2006 *''So macht Kommunismus Spass'' [Making Communism Fun], a documentary produced by Bettina Röhl, Meinhof's daughter, for ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' TV in 2006 *''[[The Baader Meinhof Complex]]'' (2008) *''[[Children of the Revolution (2010 film)|Children of the Revolution]]'' (documentary, 2010) ==External links== {{Commons category|Ulrike Meinhof}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.nadir.org/nadir/archiv/PolitischeStroemungen/Stadtguerilla+RAF/RAF/ulrike_meinhof/iuk/index.html Information about Ulrike Meinhof's death and the controversial finding of the international committee] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181725/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/terrorists/meinhof/9.html Section on Meinhof from an article on the RAF], crimelibrary.com *[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1933629,00.html My Mother, the Terrorist], [[Deutsche Welle]], 14 March 2006 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130502151106/http://www.germanguerilla.com/red-army-faction/index.html Communiqués, Statements & Supporting Documents], an English-language collection of all communiqués and statements by the RAF. *[http://www.jutta-ditfurth.de/ulrike-meinhof/Material/Ditfurth-Meinhof-BIBLIOGRAFIE-20071222.pdf A list with all Meinhof's articles] {{Members of the Red Army Faction}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Meinhof, Ulrike}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:1976 suicides]] [[Category:Communist Party of Germany members]] [[Category:Criminals from Lower Saxony]] [[Category:Criminals from Thuringia]] [[Category:German female criminals]] [[Category:German revolutionaries]] [[Category:Meinhof family]] [[Category:Members of the Red Army Faction]] [[Category:People from Oldenburg (city)]] [[Category:People from the Free State of Oldenburg]] [[Category:People imprisoned on charges of terrorism]] [[Category:People who committed suicide in prison custody]] [[Category:Prisoners who died in German detention]] [[Category:Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund members]] [[Category:Studienstiftung alumni]]'