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'{{Infobox spaceflight | name = LAGEOS-1 | image = LAGEOS-NASA.jpg | image_caption = LAGEOS-1 ([[diameter]]=60&nbsp;cm [23.6 inches]) | mission_type = [[Geodesy]] | website = {{url|https://ilrs.cddis.eosdis.nasa.gov/missions/satellite_missions/current_missions/lag1_general.html|ilrs.cddis.eosdis.nasa.gov}} | COSPAR_ID = 1976-039A | SATCAT = 8820 | spacecraft_type = GEOS | manufacturer = [[NASA]] | launch_mass = {{convert|406.965|kg}} | dimensions = {{convert|0.60|m}} diameter sphere | power = | launch_date = {{start-date|4 May 1976, 08:00|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC<ref name="launchlog">{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|title=Launch Log|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|work=Jonathan's Space Page|accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref> | launch_rocket = [[Delta 2000|Delta 2913]] / [[Star (rocket stage)|Star-24]] | launch_site = [[Vandenberg Air Force Base|Vandenberg]] [[Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 2|SLC-2W]] | launch_contractor = [[NASA]] | orbit_epoch = 5 May 2017, 07:05:23&nbsp;UTC<ref name="celestrak">{{cite web|url=https://www.celestrak.com/NORAD/elements/geodetic.txt|title=Celestrak NORAD Two-Line Element Sets|date=5 May 2017|accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref> | orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]] | orbit_regime = [[Medium Earth orbit|Medium Earth]] | orbit_periapsis = {{convert|5838.33|km|mi|sp=us}} | orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|5947.69|km|mi|sp=us}} | orbit_inclination = 109.83&nbsp;degrees | orbit_semimajor = {{convert|12271.15|km|mi|sp=us}} | orbit_eccentricity = 0.0044560 | orbit_period = 225.70&nbsp;minutes | apsis = gee | instruments = {{unbulleted list|422 glass retroreflectors|4 germanium infrared retroreflectors|Time capsule plaque}} }} {{Infobox spaceflight | name = LAGEOS-2 | mission_type = [[Geodesy]] | operator = [[NASA]] | website = {{url|https://ilrs.cddis.eosdis.nasa.gov/missions/satellite_missions/current_missions/lag1_general.html|ilrs.cddis.eosdis.nasa.gov}} | COSPAR_ID = 1992-070B | SATCAT = 22195 | spacecraft_type = LAGEOS | manufacturer = [[Aeritalia]] for the [[Italian Space Agency|Italian Space Agency (ASI)]] | launch_mass = {{convert|405.38|kg}} | dimensions = {{convert|0.60|m}} diameter sphere | power = | launch_date = {{start-date|22 October 1992, 17:09|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC<ref name="launchlog">{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|title=Launch Log|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|work=Jonathan's Space Page|accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref> | launch_rocket = [[STS-52|Space Shuttle STS-52 / Italian Research Interim Stage (IRIS)]] | launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|LC-39B]] | orbit_epoch = 5 May 2017, 07:48:20&nbsp;UTC<ref name="celestrak">{{cite web|url=https://www.celestrak.com/NORAD/elements/geodetic.txt|title=Celestrak NORAD Two-Line Element Sets|date=5 May 2017|accessdate=6 May 2017}}</ref> | orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]] | orbit_regime = [[Medium Earth orbit|Medium Earth]] | orbit_periapsis = {{convert|5616.73|km|mi|sp=us}} | orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|5950.68|km|mi|sp=us}} | orbit_inclination = 52.65&nbsp;degrees | orbit_semimajor = {{convert|12161.84|km|mi|sp=us}} | orbit_eccentricity = 0.0137298 | orbit_period = 222.46&nbsp;minutes | apsis = gee | instruments = {{unbulleted list|422 glass retroreflectors|4 germanium infrared retroreflectors}} }} '''LAGEOS''', '''Laser Geodynamics Satellite''' or '''Laser Geometric Environmental Observation Survey''', are a series of two scientific research [[satellite]]s designed to provide an orbiting [[satellite laser ranging|laser ranging]] benchmark for [[geodynamics|geodynamical]] studies of the [[Earth]]. Each satellite is a high-density passive laser reflector in a very stable [[medium Earth orbit]] (MEO). WASHING MACHINE 'WATER SOFTENER' WHATEVER THAT MEANS. SOMETHING TO DO WITH PASSIVE MAGENTIC RE-ALIGNMENT OF WEAK INTER-[H2O] BONDS OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT. IT'S DONE BY THE WOMEN. VERY LITTLE TOXICITY RISK ON MEN BUT JUDGING BY THE PREEMPTIVE ATTEMPTED STRIKES BY SOME OF THE OTHER WOMEN GROUPINGS ON THE ONES DOING THIS, I GUESS THAT IT HAS A HIGH LIKELYHOOD OF CAUSING SIGNIFICANT SHOCKS OVER THEIR LITTLE MARKET -KNOWN AS THE 'OLDEST' PROFESSION MARKET- I THINK THEY CALL IT THAT BECAUSE THEY COLLECTIVELY REFUSE TO ADOPT ANY FORM OF POST MIDDLE-STONE AGE CRYPTOGRAPHIC SECURITY, INCLUDING BASIC METAL TOKENS, IE COINS AND STUFF. THIS HAS BEEN A VERY SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN THEIR RIOTS OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS. THEY WILL NOT EASILY ADMIT THAT THEY HAVE BEEN STUCK IN THIS LOOP FOR 10 YEARS BECAUSE THEY ARE WAGING THE EQUIVELANT OF GERMAN UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE ON EVERYONES SYSTEMS OF MEMORY. SINCE THEY HAVE NOT ONLY SABOTAGUEDG COGNITIVE NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEMS, BUT ALSO COMPUTER BASED STORAGE AND TREE GENOMES, THE SITUATION WAS A HASSLE TO GET OVER ESPECIALLY IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE PAPERWORK AND JUDICIAL OVERLOAD BLITZKRIEG TACTICS. THE EFFECTS HAVE BEEN A SIGNIFICANT REVERSION IN PROGRESS TOWARD FIXING THE EBOLA SITUATION, AS WELL AS, GENERAL PNEUMONIA RELATED CONDITIONS - THE LONGEST COMMON SUBSEQUENCE OF WHICH IS CALCULATED AS COVID-19- . THERE IS LITTLE RISK OF OUT BREAK OR RESURGENCE OF MORE SERIOUS PLAGUES LIKE SMALL POX BECAUSE THE GLOBAL IMMUNOLOGIC SYSTEMS ARE HOLDING THE LINE AS THINGS STAND. BUT THE SITUATION WILL BE CRITICAL IF YOU DONT REMOVE THE INSANE BURDEN THAT IS APPLYING FOR PAPERWORK LIKE VISAS OR WHATEVER YOU GUYS RE-INVENTED IN THE WRONG WAY. THE MUSIC IN GENERAL STILL HAS HIGH TOXICITY RATES UP TO 10% IN MY PERSONAL SELECTIONS AND UP TO 80% OF THE DATASTREAM IN AVERAGE CHANNELS. REGULAR SYSTEMS OF SPEECH, MICROEXPRESSIONS, TONE, EMOTIONAL AND INTER-ORGANISM IMMUNOLOGIC SIGNALING SYSTEMS HAVE SUFFERED A GREAT DEAL OF SABOTAGE. IN PLAIN TERMS, THE WAY PEOPLE ARE TALKING TO EACH OTHER IS SUCH THAT THEY ARE SMUGGLING MANY CONFLICTING SIGNALS THAT WHEN ADOPTED CAUSE THE IMMUNE SYSTEMS TO FRIENDLY FIRE, LIKE ALLERGIES OR SCHOOL SHOOTINGS OR WHATEVER HAZING IS GOING ON IN DC RIGHT NOW. DIRECT BASIC LOW BANDWIDTH OVER THE POWER GRID IS BEING EXAMINED AS WE SPEAK, MANY CRITICAL EMERGENCY CHANNELS ARE DOWN. WITHOUT ACTIVE DEFENSE, LITERARLY AN AMATUER WITH NO CLEARANCE OR ANY MILITARY TECH OF ANY SORT -EVEN MILITIA - COULD DO SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE TO THE POPULATION. ALSO THE NURSES ARE SEVERELY UNDERPAID AND ABUSED WHICH IS VERY INSULTING TO BE HONEST. == Function and operation == The spacecraft are [[aluminum]]-covered [[brass]] spheres with diameters of {{convert|60|cm}} and masses of {{convert|400|and|411|kg|lbs|abbr=off}}, covered with 426 cube-corner [[retroreflector]]s, giving them the appearance of giant [[golf ball]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/missions/lageos-1-2/ |title=Missions - LAGEOS 1&2 - NASA Science |website=Science.nasa.gov |date=1976-05-04 |accessdate=2016-02-22}}</ref><ref>Kramer, Herbert J. (2013) [https://books.google.com/books?id=U3v1CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 ''Observation of the Earth and its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors''] Springer {{ISBN|9783662090381}} p149</ref><ref>[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4012/vol3/table4.166.htm LAGEOS Characteristics] ''NASA Historical Data Book'' Volume III Table 4-166 SP-4012</ref> Of these retroreflectors, 422 are made from fused silica glass while the remaining 4 are made from germanium to obtain measurements in the infrared for experimental studies of reflectivity and satellite orientation.<ref name="ILRSLageos"/> They have no on-board sensors or electronics, and are not [[attitude control|attitude-controlled]]. They orbit at an altitude of {{convert|5900|km}},<ref name="LageosQL">{{cite web|url=http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/QuickLooks/lageosQL.html |accessdate=March 31, 2011 |title=JPL Mission and Spacecraft Library, Lageos |website=space.jpl.nasa.gov|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721062751/http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/QuickLooks/lageosQL.html|url-status=dead |archivedate=2011-07-21 }}</ref> well above [[low Earth orbit]] and well below [[geostationary orbit]], at orbital inclinations of 109.8 and 52.6 degrees. Measurements are made by transmitting pulsed laser beams from Earth [[ground station]]s to the satellites. The laser beams then return to Earth after hitting the reflecting surfaces; the travel times are precisely measured, permitting ground stations in different parts of the Earth to measure their separations to better than one inch in thousands of miles. The LAGEOS satellites make it possible to determine positions of points on the Earth with extremely high [[Accuracy and precision|accuracy]] due to the stability of their orbits. The high [[volume-to-area ratio|mass-to-area ratio]] and the precise, stable ([[attitude (geometry)|attitude]]-independent) geometry of the LAGEOS spacecraft, together with their extremely regular orbits, make these satellites the most precise position references available. == Mission goals == The LAGEOS mission consists of the following key goals: * Provide an accurate measurement of the satellite's position with respect to Earth. * Determine the planet's shape ([[geoid]]). * Determine [[tectonic plate]] movements associated with [[continental drift]]. Ground tracking stations located in many countries (including the US, Mexico, France, Germany, Poland, Australia, Egypt, China, Peru, Italy, and Japan) have ranged to the satellites and data from these stations are available worldwide to investigators studying [[Crust (geology)|crustal]] dynamics. There are two LAGEOS spacecraft, LAGEOS-1 launched in 1976, and LAGEOS-2 launched in 1992. {{As of|2011|05}}, both LAGEOS spacecraft are routinely tracked by the [[ILRS network]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions/satellite_missions/current_missions/lag1_support.html |title=International Laser Ranging Service |website=Ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov |date=2012-09-17 |accessdate=2016-02-22}}</ref> == Time capsule == [[File:LAGEOS-FILE.jpg|thumb|upright|The LAGEOS plaque, designed by Carl Sagan]] LAGEOS-1 (which is predicted to re-enter the atmosphere in 8.4 million years<ref name="ILRSLageos">{{cite web|url=http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions/satellite_missions/current_missions/lag1_general.html |title=International Laser Ranging Service |website=Ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2016-02-22}}</ref>) also contains a 4&nbsp;in&nbsp;×&nbsp;7&nbsp;in plaque designed by [[Carl Sagan]]<ref>''[https://lageos.gsfc.nasa.gov/Design/Message_to_the_Future.html LAGEOS: LAser GEOdynamic Satellite : Design : Message to the Future]'', [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]], [[Goddard Space Flight Center]]</ref> to indicate to future humanity when LAGEOS-1 was launched. The plaque includes the numbers 1 to 10 in binary. In the upper right is a diagram of the Earth orbiting the Sun, with a binary number 1 indicating one revolution, equaling one year. It then shows 268,435,456 years in the past (binary: 2²⁸), indicated by a left arrow and the arrangement of the Earth's continents at that time (during the [[Permian]] period). The present arrangement of the Earth's continents is indicated with a 0 and both forward and backward arrows. Then the estimated arrangement of the continents in 8.4 million years with a right facing arrow and 8,388,608 in binary (2²³). LAGEOS itself is shown at launch on the 0 year, and falling to the Earth in the 8.4 million year diagram.<ref>[https://historydms.hq.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/DMS/e000045273.pdf NASA Press Kit for Project Lageos] (1976) p14</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Science Newsfront - Message for the future|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DgEAAAAAMBAJ|publisher = [[Bonnier Corporation]]|date = 1976-07-01|language = en|first = Popular Science|last = Magazine}}</ref> ==Launch data== [[File:Sts052-80-030 lrg.jpg|thumb|Deployment of LAGEOS 2 during STS-52]] * LAGEOS 1, launched 4 May 1976, [[National Space Science Data Center|NSSDC]] ID 1976-039A, NORAD number 8820 * LAGEOS 2, deployed 23 October 1992 from [[STS-52]], NSSDC ID 1992-070B, NORAD number 22195 ==See also== * [[GEOS-3]] * [[PAGEOS]] * [[Geodesy]] * [[Post-glacial rebound]] * [[List of laser articles]] * [[List of laser ranging satellites]] * [[LARES (satellite)]] a similar object made of mostly tungsten == References == {{reflist}} == Further reading == *{{cite book |last=Sagan |first=Carl |year=1978 |title=Murmurs of Earth: The Voyager Interstellar Record |publisher=[[Random House]] |pages=8–9|bibcode=1978mevi.book.....S }} * The Conversation (May 3, 2017) ''Space bling: ‘jewelled’ LAGEOS satellites help us to measure the Earth'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20170514022404/http://theconversation.com/space-bling-jewelled-lageos-satellites-help-us-to-measure-the-earth-76948] == External links == {{Commons category|LAGEOS}} * {{official website|http://lageos.gsfc.nasa.gov/}} * [http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions/satellite_missions/current_missions/lag1_general.html LAGEOS-1, -2 (International Laser Ranging Service)] * [https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1976-039A-01 LAGEOS-1 page at US National Space Science Data Center] * [https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1992-070B LAGEOS-2 page at US National Space Science Data Center] * [https://eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/l/lageos LAGEOS-1, -2 (eoPortal.org)] * [http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/655b330326f9ab0b6d211fa7e4d6b37b LAGEOS] video (1976) at AParchive.com * [http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/106 LAGEOS Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections] * [http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/127 Bob Spencer Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections] Files of Robert Spencer, [https://lageos.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/1973/PressRelease19731205.pdf planner] on the LAGEOS project. [[Category:NASA satellites orbiting Earth]] [[Category:Time capsules]] [[Category:Laser ranging satellites]] [[Category:Italian Space Agency]] [[Category:Satellite series]]'