Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Tonality}}
{{Infobox scale
| name=F minor
| image_name=A-flat-major_f-minor.svg
| relative=[[A-flat major]]
| parallel=[[F major]]
| dominant=[[C minor]]
| subdominant=[[B-flat minor]]
| first_pitch=F
| second_pitch=G
| third_pitch=A{{music|flat}}
| fourth_pitch=B{{music|flat}}
| fifth_pitch=C
| sixth_pitch=D{{music|flat}}
| seventh_pitch=E{{music|flat}}
}}'''F minor''' is a [[minor scale]] based on [[F (musical note)|F]], consisting of the pitches F, [[G (musical note)|G]], [[A♭ (musical note)|A{{music|flat}}]], [[B♭ (musical note)|B{{music|flat}}]], [[C (musical note)|C]], [[D♭ (musical note)|D{{music|flat}}]], and [[E♭ (musical note)|E{{music|flat}}]]. Its [[key signature]] consists of four [[Flat (music)|flats]]. Its [[Relative key|relative major]] is [[A-flat major]] and its [[parallel key|parallel major]] is [[F major]]. Its enharmonic equivalent, [[#E-sharp minor|E-sharp minor]], has eight sharps, including the [[Sharp (music)#Variants|double sharp]] F{{music|doublesharp}}, which makes it impractical to use.
The F [[natural minor scale]] is
:<score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble \key f \minor \time 7/4
f4^\markup "F natural minor scale" g aes bes c des es f es des c bes aes g f2
\clef bass \key f \minor
} }
</score>
Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The F [[Harmonic minor scale|harmonic minor]] and [[Melodic minor scale|melodic minor scales]] are
:<score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble \key f \minor \time 7/4
f4^\markup "F harmonic minor scale" g aes bes c des e f e des c bes aes g f2
} }
</score>
:<score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble \key f \minor \time 7/4
f4^\markup "F melodic minor scale (ascending and descending)" g aes bes c d e f es! des! c bes aes g f2
} }
</score>
== Music in F minor ==
Famous pieces in the key of F minor include [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s ''[[Piano Sonata No. 23 (Beethoven)|Appassionata Sonata]]'', [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]]'s [[Piano Concerto No. 2 (Chopin)|Piano Concerto No. 2]], [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]]'s [[Symphony No. 49 (Haydn)|Symphony No. 49, ''La Passione'']] and [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]’s [[Symphony No. 4 (Tchaikovsky)|Symphony No. 4]].
[[Glenn Gould]] once said if he could be any key, he would be F minor, because "it's rather dour, halfway between complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness."<ref>Cathering Meng, ''Tonight's the Night'' (Apostrophe Books, 2007): 21</ref>
[[Hermann von Helmholtz]] once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. [[Christian Schubart]] described this key as "Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmich.edu/mus-theo/courses/keys.html|title=Musical Key Characteristics}}</ref>
==Notable compositions==
{{see also|List of symphonies in F minor}}
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Antonio Vivaldi]]
**"Winter" from ''[[The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)|The Four Seasons]]'', RV 297
*[[Johann Sebastian Bach]]
**[[Harpsichord concertos (J. S. Bach)#Concerto V in F minor, BWV 1056|Harpsichord Concerto No. 5]]
**"[[Orgelbüchlein#Miscellaneous BWV 639–644|Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ]]", BWV 639
*[[Joseph Haydn]]
**[[Symphony No. 49 (Haydn)|Symphony No. 49]] ("La Passione")
**[[Variations in F minor]]
*[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
**[[The Marriage of Figaro|Aria "L'ho perduta, me meschina"]] from ''The Marriage of Figaro'', act 4
**[[Adagio and Allegro in F minor for a mechanical organ, K. 594]]
*[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
**[[Egmont (Beethoven)|Egmont]] Op. 84: Overture in F Minor
**[[Piano Sonata No. 1 (Beethoven)|Piano Sonata No. 1]], Op. 2/1
**[[Piano Sonata No. 23 (Beethoven)|Piano Sonata No. 23 (Appassionata)]], Op. 57
**[[String Quartet No. 11 (Beethoven)|String Quartet No. 11 "Serioso"]], Op. 95
*[[Felix Mendelssohn]]
**[[String Quartet No. 6 (Mendelssohn)|String Quartet No. 6]]
*[[Carl Maria von Weber]]
**[[Clarinet Concerto No. 1 (Weber)|Clarinet Concerto No. 1]]
*[[Frédéric Chopin]]
**[[Ballade No. 4 (Chopin)|Ballade No. 4]], Op. 52
**[[Fantaisie in F minor (Chopin)|Fantaisie in F minor, Op. 49]]
**[[Étude Op. 10, No. 9 (Chopin)|Étude Op. 10, No. 9]]
**[[Étude Op. 25, No. 2 (Chopin)|Étude Op. 25, No. 2 "Bees"]]
**[[Preludes (Chopin)|Prelude Op. 28, No. 18 "Suicide"]]
**[[Piano Concerto No. 2 (Chopin)|Piano Concerto No. 2]], Op. 21
**[[Nocturnes, Op. 55 (Chopin)|Nocturne in F minor, Op. 55 No. 1]]
**[[Mazurkas, Op. 63 (Chopin) |Mazurka Op. 63 No. 2]]
**[[Mazurkas, Op. 68 (Chopin)|Mazurka Op. 68 No. 4 (Posthumous)]]
* [[Charles-Valentin Alkan]]
** [[Preludes, Op. 31 (Alkan)|Prelude Op. 31, No. 2 (Assez lentement)]]
** [[Symphony for Solo Piano (Alkan)#Marche Funèbre|Symphony for Solo Piano, 2nd movement: Marche funèbre]]
*[[Franz Liszt]]
**[[Funérailles]]
**[[Transcendental Étude No. 10 (Liszt)|Transcendental Étude No. 10 "Appassionata"]]
**[[Three_Concert_Études#Étude_No._2,_La_leggierezza|Trois études de concert, No. 2 "La leggierezza"]]
*[[Franz Schubert]]
**[[Fantasia in F minor (Schubert)|Fantasia in F minor]]
**[[Impromptus (Schubert)#No. 1 in F minor|Impromptu No. 1]], Op. 142
**[[Impromptus (Schubert)#No. 4 in F minor|Impromptu No. 4]], Op. 142
*[[Johannes Brahms]]
**[[Piano Quintet (Brahms)|Piano Quintet]] Op. 34
**[[Piano Sonata No. 3 (Brahms)|Piano Sonata No. 3]] Op. 5
*[[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]
**[[Symphony No. 4 (Tchaikovsky)|Symphony No. 4]]
**[[The Tempest (Tchaikovsky)|The Tempest]]
*[[Anton Bruckner]]
**[[Mass No. 3 (Bruckner)|Mass No. 3]]
*[[Alexander Borodin]]
**[[List of compositions by Alexander Borodin|String Quintet]]
*[[Paul Dukas]]
**''[[The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)|L'apprenti sorcier]]''
*[[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]
**[[English Folk Song Suite|English Folk Songs]]
**[[Symphony No. 4 (Vaughan Williams)|Symphony No. 4]]
**[[Tuba Concerto (Vaughan Williams)|Tuba Concerto in F minor]]
*[[Dmitri Shostakovich]]
**[[Symphony No. 1 (Shostakovich)|Symphony No. 1]]
**[[String Quartet No. 11 (Shostakovich)|String Quartet No. 11]] Op. 122
{{Div col end}}
== E-sharp minor ==
{{Infobox scale
| name=E-sharp minor
| image_name = G-sharp-major e-sharp-minor.png
| relative=[[G-sharp major]]<br>enharmonic: [[A-flat major]]
| parallel=E-sharp major<br>enharmonic: [[F major]]
| dominant=B-sharp minor<br>enharmonic: [[C minor]]
| subdominant=[[A-sharp minor]]<br>enharmonic: [[B-flat minor]]
| enharmonic=F minor
| first_pitch=E{{music|sharp}}
| second_pitch=F{{music|doublesharp}}
| third_pitch=G{{music|sharp}}
| fourth_pitch=A{{music|sharp}}
| fifth_pitch=B{{music|sharp}}
| sixth_pitch=C{{music|sharp}}
| seventh_pitch=D{{music|sharp}}
}}
'''E-sharp minor''' is a [[theoretical key]] based on the [[musical note]] [[E♯ (musical note)|E{{music|#}}]], consisting of the pitches E{{music|#}}, F{{music|x}}, [[G♯ (musical note)|G{{music|#}}]], [[A♯ (musical note)|A{{music|#}}]], [[B♯ (musical note)|B{{music|#}}]], [[C♯ (musical note)|C{{music|#}}]] and [[D♯ (musical note)|D{{music|#}}]]. Its key signature has six [[Sharp (music)|sharps]] and one [[double sharp]], (or eight sharps). Its relative major is [[G-sharp major]], which is usually replaced by [[A-flat major]]. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by [[F major]], as E-sharp major’s four [[double-sharp]]s make it impractical to use.
The E-sharp [[natural minor scale]] is:
:<score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble \key eis \minor \time 7/4
eis4^\markup "Natural minor scale" fisis gis ais bis cis dis eis dis cis bis ais gis fisis eis2
\clef bass \key eis \minor
} }
</score>
Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E-sharp [[Harmonic minor scale|harmonic minor]] and [[Melodic minor scale|melodic minor scales]] are:
:<score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble \key eis \minor \time 7/4
eis4^\markup "Harmonic minor scale" fisis gis ais bis cis disis eis disis cis bis ais gis fisis eis2
} }
</score>
:<score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble \key eis \minor \time 7/4
eis4^\markup "Melodic minor scale (ascending and descending)" fisis gis ais bis cisis disis eis dis! cis! bis ais gis fisis eis2
} }
</score>
Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]'s ''[[The Well-Tempered Clavier]]'', Book 1, Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in [[C-sharp major]]. (E-sharp minor is the [[mediant]] minor key of C-sharp major.)
==See also==
*[[Key (music)]]
*[[Major and minor]]
*[[Chord (music)]]
*[[Chord names and symbols (popular music)]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|F minor}}
{{Circle of fifths}}
[[Category:Musical keys]]
[[Category:Minor scales]]
[[Category:Compositions in F minor| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Tonality}}
{{Infobox scale
| name=F minor<br /><score>{ \new Staff \with{ \magnifyStaff #3/2 } << \time 2/16 \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f { \clef treble \key f \minor s16 \clef bass \key f \minor s16 } >> }</score>
| relative=[[A-flat major]]
| parallel=[[F major]]
| dominant=[[C minor]]
| subdominant=[[B-flat minor]]
| first_pitch=F
| second_pitch=G
| third_pitch=A{{music|flat}}
| fourth_pitch=B{{music|flat}}
| fifth_pitch=C
| sixth_pitch=D{{music|flat}}
| seventh_pitch=E{{music|flat}}
}}'''F minor''' is a [[minor scale]] based on [[F (musical note)|F]], consisting of the pitches F, [[G (musical note)|G]], [[A♭ (musical note)|A{{music|flat}}]], [[B♭ (musical note)|B{{music|flat}}]], [[C (musical note)|C]], [[D♭ (musical note)|D{{music|flat}}]], and [[E♭ (musical note)|E{{music|flat}}]]. Its [[key signature]] consists of four [[Flat (music)|flats]]. Its [[Relative key|relative major]] is [[A-flat major]] and its [[parallel key|parallel major]] is [[F major]]. Its enharmonic equivalent, [[#E-sharp minor|E-sharp minor]], has eight sharps, including the [[Sharp (music)#Variants|double sharp]] F{{music|doublesharp}}, which makes it impractical to use.
The F [[natural minor scale]] is
:<score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble \key f \minor \time 7/4
f4^\markup "F natural minor scale" g aes bes c des es f es des c bes aes g f2
\clef bass \key f \minor
} }
</score>
Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The F [[Harmonic minor scale|harmonic minor]] and [[Melodic minor scale|melodic minor scales]] are
:<score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble \key f \minor \time 7/4
f4^\markup "F harmonic minor scale" g aes bes c des e f e des c bes aes g f2
} }
</score>
:<score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble \key f \minor \time 7/4
f4^\markup "F melodic minor scale (ascending and descending)" g aes bes c d e f es! des! c bes aes g f2
} }
</score>
== Music in F minor ==
Famous pieces in the key of F minor include [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s ''[[Piano Sonata No. 23 (Beethoven)|Appassionata Sonata]]'', [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]]'s [[Piano Concerto No. 2 (Chopin)|Piano Concerto No. 2]], [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]]'s [[Symphony No. 49 (Haydn)|Symphony No. 49, ''La Passione'']] and [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]’s [[Symphony No. 4 (Tchaikovsky)|Symphony No. 4]].
[[Glenn Gould]] once said if he could be any key, he would be F minor, because "it's rather dour, halfway between complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness."<ref>Cathering Meng, ''Tonight's the Night'' (Apostrophe Books, 2007): 21</ref>
[[Hermann von Helmholtz]] once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. [[Christian Schubart]] described this key as "Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmich.edu/mus-theo/courses/keys.html|title=Musical Key Characteristics}}</ref>
==Notable compositions==
{{see also|List of symphonies in F minor}}
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Antonio Vivaldi]]
**"Winter" from ''[[The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)|The Four Seasons]]'', RV 297
*[[Johann Sebastian Bach]]
**[[Harpsichord concertos (J. S. Bach)#Concerto V in F minor, BWV 1056|Harpsichord Concerto No. 5]]
**"[[Orgelbüchlein#Miscellaneous BWV 639–644|Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ]]", BWV 639
*[[Joseph Haydn]]
**[[Symphony No. 49 (Haydn)|Symphony No. 49]] ("La Passione")
**[[Variations in F minor]]
*[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
**[[The Marriage of Figaro|Aria "L'ho perduta, me meschina"]] from ''The Marriage of Figaro'', act 4
**[[Adagio and Allegro in F minor for a mechanical organ, K. 594]]
*[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
**[[Egmont (Beethoven)|Egmont]] Op. 84: Overture in F Minor
**[[Piano Sonata No. 1 (Beethoven)|Piano Sonata No. 1]], Op. 2/1
**[[Piano Sonata No. 23 (Beethoven)|Piano Sonata No. 23 (Appassionata)]], Op. 57
**[[String Quartet No. 11 (Beethoven)|String Quartet No. 11 "Serioso"]], Op. 95
*[[Felix Mendelssohn]]
**[[String Quartet No. 6 (Mendelssohn)|String Quartet No. 6]]
*[[Carl Maria von Weber]]
**[[Clarinet Concerto No. 1 (Weber)|Clarinet Concerto No. 1]]
*[[Frédéric Chopin]]
**[[Ballade No. 4 (Chopin)|Ballade No. 4]], Op. 52
**[[Fantaisie in F minor (Chopin)|Fantaisie in F minor, Op. 49]]
**[[Étude Op. 10, No. 9 (Chopin)|Étude Op. 10, No. 9]]
**[[Étude Op. 25, No. 2 (Chopin)|Étude Op. 25, No. 2 "Bees"]]
**[[Preludes (Chopin)|Prelude Op. 28, No. 18 "Suicide"]]
**[[Piano Concerto No. 2 (Chopin)|Piano Concerto No. 2]], Op. 21
**[[Nocturnes, Op. 55 (Chopin)|Nocturne in F minor, Op. 55 No. 1]]
**[[Mazurkas, Op. 63 (Chopin) |Mazurka Op. 63 No. 2]]
**[[Mazurkas, Op. 68 (Chopin)|Mazurka Op. 68 No. 4 (Posthumous)]]
* [[Charles-Valentin Alkan]]
** [[Preludes, Op. 31 (Alkan)|Prelude Op. 31, No. 2 (Assez lentement)]]
** [[Symphony for Solo Piano (Alkan)#Marche Funèbre|Symphony for Solo Piano, 2nd movement: Marche funèbre]]
*[[Franz Liszt]]
**[[Funérailles]]
**[[Transcendental Étude No. 10 (Liszt)|Transcendental Étude No. 10 "Appassionata"]]
**[[Three_Concert_Études#Étude_No._2,_La_leggierezza|Trois études de concert, No. 2 "La leggierezza"]]
*[[Franz Schubert]]
**[[Fantasia in F minor (Schubert)|Fantasia in F minor]]
**[[Impromptus (Schubert)#No. 1 in F minor|Impromptu No. 1]], Op. 142
**[[Impromptus (Schubert)#No. 4 in F minor|Impromptu No. 4]], Op. 142
*[[Johannes Brahms]]
**[[Piano Quintet (Brahms)|Piano Quintet]] Op. 34
**[[Piano Sonata No. 3 (Brahms)|Piano Sonata No. 3]] Op. 5
*[[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]
**[[Symphony No. 4 (Tchaikovsky)|Symphony No. 4]]
**[[The Tempest (Tchaikovsky)|The Tempest]]
*[[Anton Bruckner]]
**[[Mass No. 3 (Bruckner)|Mass No. 3]]
*[[Alexander Borodin]]
**[[List of compositions by Alexander Borodin|String Quintet]]
*[[Paul Dukas]]
**''[[The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)|L'apprenti sorcier]]''
*[[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]
**[[English Folk Song Suite|English Folk Songs]]
**[[Symphony No. 4 (Vaughan Williams)|Symphony No. 4]]
**[[Tuba Concerto (Vaughan Williams)|Tuba Concerto in F minor]]
*[[Dmitri Shostakovich]]
**[[Symphony No. 1 (Shostakovich)|Symphony No. 1]]
**[[String Quartet No. 11 (Shostakovich)|String Quartet No. 11]] Op. 122
{{Div col end}}
== E-sharp minor ==
{{Infobox scale
| name=E-sharp minor<br /><score>{ \new Staff \with{ \magnifyStaff #3/2 } << \time 2/16 \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f { \clef treble \key eis \minor s16 \clef bass \key eis \minor s16 } >> }</score>
| relative=[[G-sharp major]]<br>enharmonic: [[A-flat major]]
| parallel=E-sharp major<br>enharmonic: [[F major]]
| dominant=B-sharp minor<br>enharmonic: [[C minor]]
| subdominant=[[A-sharp minor]]<br>enharmonic: [[B-flat minor]]
| enharmonic=F minor
| first_pitch=E{{music|sharp}}
| second_pitch=F{{music|doublesharp}}
| third_pitch=G{{music|sharp}}
| fourth_pitch=A{{music|sharp}}
| fifth_pitch=B{{music|sharp}}
| sixth_pitch=C{{music|sharp}}
| seventh_pitch=D{{music|sharp}}
}}
'''E-sharp minor''' is a [[theoretical key]] based on the [[musical note]] [[E♯ (musical note)|E{{music|#}}]], consisting of the pitches E{{music|#}}, F{{music|x}}, [[G♯ (musical note)|G{{music|#}}]], [[A♯ (musical note)|A{{music|#}}]], [[B♯ (musical note)|B{{music|#}}]], [[C♯ (musical note)|C{{music|#}}]] and [[D♯ (musical note)|D{{music|#}}]]. Its key signature has six [[Sharp (music)|sharps]] and one [[double sharp]], (or eight sharps). Its relative major is [[G-sharp major]], which is usually replaced by [[A-flat major]]. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by [[F major]], as E-sharp major’s four [[double-sharp]]s make it impractical to use.
The E-sharp [[natural minor scale]] is:
:<score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble \key eis \minor \time 7/4
eis4^\markup "Natural minor scale" fisis gis ais bis cis dis eis dis cis bis ais gis fisis eis2
\clef bass \key eis \minor
} }
</score>
Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E-sharp [[Harmonic minor scale|harmonic minor]] and [[Melodic minor scale|melodic minor scales]] are:
:<score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble \key eis \minor \time 7/4
eis4^\markup "Harmonic minor scale" fisis gis ais bis cis disis eis disis cis bis ais gis fisis eis2
} }
</score>
:<score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble \key eis \minor \time 7/4
eis4^\markup "Melodic minor scale (ascending and descending)" fisis gis ais bis cisis disis eis dis! cis! bis ais gis fisis eis2
} }
</score>
Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]'s ''[[The Well-Tempered Clavier]]'', Book 1, Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in [[C-sharp major]]. (E-sharp minor is the [[mediant]] minor key of C-sharp major.)
==See also==
*[[Key (music)]]
*[[Major and minor]]
*[[Chord (music)]]
*[[Chord names and symbols (popular music)]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|F minor}}
{{Circle of fifths}}
[[Category:Musical keys]]
[[Category:Minor scales]]
[[Category:Compositions in F minor| ]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tonality</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox" style="text-align: center;"><caption class="infobox-title">F minor<br /><div class="mw-ext-score" data-midi="/upwiki/score/c/u/cuc63wn4ro4o604vqf1ufmrk5e1lhhz/cuc63wn4.midi"><img src="/upwiki/score/c/u/cuc63wn4ro4o604vqf1ufmrk5e1lhhz/cuc63wn4.png" width="210" height="77" alt="{ \new Staff \with{ \magnifyStaff #3/2 } << \time 2/16 \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f { \clef treble \key f \minor s16 \clef bass \key f \minor s16 } >> }" /></div></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Relative_key" title="Relative key">Relative key</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-flat_major" title="A-flat major">A-flat major</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parallel_key" title="Parallel key">Parallel key</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F_major" title="F major">F major</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominant_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant key">Dominant key</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/C_minor" title="C minor">C minor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subdominant" title="Subdominant">Subdominant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B-flat_minor" title="B-flat minor">B-flat minor</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: palegoldenrod;">Component pitches</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">F, G, A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, C, D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>F minor</b> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minor_scale" title="Minor scale">minor scale</a> based on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/F_(musical_note)" title="F (musical note)">F</a>, consisting of the pitches F, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/G_(musical_note)" title="G (musical note)">G</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/A%E2%99%AD_(musical_note)" title="A♭ (musical note)">A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/B%E2%99%AD_(musical_note)" title="B♭ (musical note)">B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C_(musical_note)" title="C (musical note)">C</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%E2%99%AD_(musical_note)" title="D♭ (musical note)">D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/E%E2%99%AD_(musical_note)" title="E♭ (musical note)">E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a>. Its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Key_signature" title="Key signature">key signature</a> consists of four <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flat_(music)" title="Flat (music)">flats</a>. Its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Relative_key" title="Relative key">relative major</a> is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-flat_major" title="A-flat major">A-flat major</a> and its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parallel_key" title="Parallel key">parallel major</a> is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/F_major" title="F major">F major</a>. Its enharmonic equivalent, <a href="#E-sharp_minor">E-sharp minor</a>, has eight sharps, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharp_(music)#Variants" title="Sharp (music)">double sharp</a> F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:DoubleSharp.svg" class="image" title="double sharp"><img alt="double sharp" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DoubleSharp.svg/7px-DoubleSharp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DoubleSharp.svg/10px-DoubleSharp.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DoubleSharp.svg/14px-DoubleSharp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6" data-file-height="7" /></a></span>, which makes it impractical to use.
</p><p>The F <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_minor_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural minor scale">natural minor scale</a> is
</p>
<dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score" data-midi="/upwiki/score/t/a/tavm5j6yp46etqozw4qnoc71q3owxeo/tavm5j6y.midi"><img src="/upwiki/score/t/a/tavm5j6yp46etqozw4qnoc71q3owxeo/tavm5j6y.png" width="448" height="61" alt=" { \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \key f \minor \time 7/4 f4^\markup "F natural minor scale" g aes bes c des es f es des c bes aes g f2 \clef bass \key f \minor } } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="/upwiki/score/t/a/tavm5j6yp46etqozw4qnoc71q3owxeo/tavm5j6y.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/score/t/a/tavm5j6yp46etqozw4qnoc71q3owxeo/tavm5j6y.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl>
<p>Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The F <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harmonic_minor_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic minor scale">harmonic minor</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melodic_minor_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic minor scale">melodic minor scales</a> are
</p>
<dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score" data-midi="/upwiki/score/3/l/3lwikht2d38bj21o5vmbflhmn03gcdv/3lwikht2.midi"><img src="/upwiki/score/3/l/3lwikht2d38bj21o5vmbflhmn03gcdv/3lwikht2.png" width="414" height="61" alt=" { \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \key f \minor \time 7/4 f4^\markup "F harmonic minor scale" g aes bes c des e f e des c bes aes g f2 } } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="/upwiki/score/3/l/3lwikht2d38bj21o5vmbflhmn03gcdv/3lwikht2.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/score/3/l/3lwikht2d38bj21o5vmbflhmn03gcdv/3lwikht2.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score" data-midi="/upwiki/score/b/8/b8u8y501d7zgjhz802tamp918xmims3/b8u8y501.midi"><img src="/upwiki/score/b/8/b8u8y501d7zgjhz802tamp918xmims3/b8u8y501.png" width="428" height="64" alt=" { \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \key f \minor \time 7/4 f4^\markup "F melodic minor scale (ascending and descending)" g aes bes c d e f es! des! c bes aes g f2 } } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="/upwiki/score/b/8/b8u8y501d7zgjhz802tamp918xmims3/b8u8y501.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/score/b/8/b8u8y501d7zgjhz802tamp918xmims3/b8u8y501.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Music_in_F_minor"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Music in F minor</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Notable_compositions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Notable compositions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#E-sharp_minor"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">E-sharp minor</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Music_in_F_minor">Music in F minor</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=F_minor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Music in F minor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Famous pieces in the key of F minor include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._23_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 23 (Beethoven)">Appassionata Sonata</a></i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Chopin)">Piano Concerto No. 2</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symphony_No._49_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 49 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 49, <i>La Passione</i></a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>’s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Tchaikovsky)">Symphony No. 4</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a> once said if he could be any key, he would be F minor, because "it's rather dour, halfway between complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_Schubart" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Schubart">Christian Schubart</a> described this key as "Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_compositions">Notable compositions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=F_minor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notable compositions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_symphonies_in_F_minor" title="List of symphonies in F minor">List of symphonies in F minor</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r998391716">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>
<ul><li>"Winter" from <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Vivaldi)" title="The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)">The Four Seasons</a></i>, RV 297</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harpsichord_concertos_(J._S._Bach)#Concerto_V_in_F_minor,_BWV_1056" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpsichord concertos (J. S. Bach)">Harpsichord Concerto No. 5</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orgelb%C3%BCchlein#Miscellaneous_BWV_639–644" title="Orgelbüchlein">Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ</a>", BWV 639</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symphony_No._49_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 49 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 49</a> ("La Passione")</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variations_in_F_minor" title="Variations in F minor">Variations in F minor</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">Aria "L'ho perduta, me meschina"</a> from <i>The Marriage of Figaro</i>, act 4</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adagio_and_Allegro_in_F_minor_for_a_mechanical_organ,_K._594" title="Adagio and Allegro in F minor for a mechanical organ, K. 594">Adagio and Allegro in F minor for a mechanical organ, K. 594</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egmont_(Beethoven)" title="Egmont (Beethoven)">Egmont</a> Op. 84: Overture in F Minor</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._1_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 1 (Beethoven)">Piano Sonata No. 1</a>, Op. 2/1</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._23_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 23 (Beethoven)">Piano Sonata No. 23 (Appassionata)</a>, Op. 57</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/String_Quartet_No._11_(Beethoven)" title="String Quartet No. 11 (Beethoven)">String Quartet No. 11 "Serioso"</a>, Op. 95</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/String_Quartet_No._6_(Mendelssohn)" title="String Quartet No. 6 (Mendelssohn)">String Quartet No. 6</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarinet_Concerto_No._1_(Weber)" title="Clarinet Concerto No. 1 (Weber)">Clarinet Concerto No. 1</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ballade_No._4_(Chopin)" title="Ballade No. 4 (Chopin)">Ballade No. 4</a>, Op. 52</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantaisie_in_F_minor_(Chopin)" title="Fantaisie in F minor (Chopin)">Fantaisie in F minor, Op. 49</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89tude_Op._10,_No._9_(Chopin)" title="Étude Op. 10, No. 9 (Chopin)">Étude Op. 10, No. 9</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89tude_Op._25,_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Étude Op. 25, No. 2 (Chopin)">Étude Op. 25, No. 2 "Bees"</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Preludes_(Chopin)" title="Preludes (Chopin)">Prelude Op. 28, No. 18 "Suicide"</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Chopin)">Piano Concerto No. 2</a>, Op. 21</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nocturnes,_Op._55_(Chopin)" title="Nocturnes, Op. 55 (Chopin)">Nocturne in F minor, Op. 55 No. 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazurkas,_Op._63_(Chopin)" title="Mazurkas, Op. 63 (Chopin)">Mazurka Op. 63 No. 2</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazurkas,_Op._68_(Chopin)" title="Mazurkas, Op. 68 (Chopin)">Mazurka Op. 68 No. 4 (Posthumous)</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Charles-Valentin Alkan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Preludes,_Op._31_(Alkan)" title="Preludes, Op. 31 (Alkan)">Prelude Op. 31, No. 2 (Assez lentement)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symphony_for_Solo_Piano_(Alkan)#Marche_Funèbre" title="Symphony for Solo Piano (Alkan)">Symphony for Solo Piano, 2nd movement: Marche funèbre</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fun%C3%A9railles" title="Funérailles">Funérailles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transcendental_%C3%89tude_No._10_(Liszt)" title="Transcendental Étude No. 10 (Liszt)">Transcendental Étude No. 10 "Appassionata"</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Concert_%C3%89tudes#Étude_No._2,_La_leggierezza" title="Three Concert Études">Trois études de concert, No. 2 "La leggierezza"</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasia_in_F_minor_(Schubert)" title="Fantasia in F minor (Schubert)">Fantasia in F minor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impromptus_(Schubert)#No._1_in_F_minor" title="Impromptus (Schubert)">Impromptu No. 1</a>, Op. 142</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impromptus_(Schubert)#No._4_in_F_minor" title="Impromptus (Schubert)">Impromptu No. 4</a>, Op. 142</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piano_Quintet_(Brahms)" title="Piano Quintet (Brahms)">Piano Quintet</a> Op. 34</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._3_(Brahms)" title="Piano Sonata No. 3 (Brahms)">Piano Sonata No. 3</a> Op. 5</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Tchaikovsky)">Symphony No. 4</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Tempest_(Tchaikovsky)" title="The Tempest (Tchaikovsky)">The Tempest</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_No._3_(Bruckner)" title="Mass No. 3 (Bruckner)">Mass No. 3</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Alexander Borodin</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Alexander_Borodin" title="List of compositions by Alexander Borodin">String Quintet</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Dukas" title="Paul Dukas">Paul Dukas</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(Dukas)" title="The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)">L'apprenti sorcier</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_Folk_Song_Suite" title="English Folk Song Suite">English Folk Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Vaughan_Williams)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Vaughan Williams)">Symphony No. 4</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuba_Concerto_(Vaughan_Williams)" title="Tuba Concerto (Vaughan Williams)">Tuba Concerto in F minor</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Shostakovich)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Shostakovich)">Symphony No. 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/String_Quartet_No._11_(Shostakovich)" title="String Quartet No. 11 (Shostakovich)">String Quartet No. 11</a> Op. 122</li></ul></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="E-sharp_minor">E-sharp minor</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=F_minor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: E-sharp minor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/><table class="infobox" style="text-align: center;"><caption class="infobox-title">E-sharp minor<br /><div class="mw-ext-score" data-midi="/upwiki/score/r/k/rka5cot2kljf5kdowmsk2j8u1jzsl7a/rka5cot2.midi"><img src="/upwiki/score/r/k/rka5cot2kljf5kdowmsk2j8u1jzsl7a/rka5cot2.png" width="293" height="79" alt="{ \new Staff \with{ \magnifyStaff #3/2 } << \time 2/16 \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f { \clef treble \key eis \minor s16 \clef bass \key eis \minor s16 } >> }" /></div></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Relative_key" title="Relative key">Relative key</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G-sharp_major" title="G-sharp major">G-sharp major</a><br />enharmonic: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-flat_major" title="A-flat major">A-flat major</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parallel_key" title="Parallel key">Parallel key</a></th><td class="infobox-data">E-sharp major<br />enharmonic: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/F_major" title="F major">F major</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominant_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant key">Dominant key</a></th><td class="infobox-data">B-sharp minor<br />enharmonic: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C_minor" title="C minor">C minor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subdominant" title="Subdominant">Subdominant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-sharp_minor" title="A-sharp minor">A-sharp minor</a><br />enharmonic: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/B-flat_minor" title="B-flat minor">B-flat minor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enharmonic" title="Enharmonic">Enharmonic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">F minor</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: palegoldenrod;">Component pitches</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:DoubleSharp.svg" class="image" title="double sharp"><img alt="double sharp" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DoubleSharp.svg/7px-DoubleSharp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DoubleSharp.svg/10px-DoubleSharp.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DoubleSharp.svg/14px-DoubleSharp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6" data-file-height="7" /></a></span>, G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>E-sharp minor</b> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theoretical_key" title="Theoretical key">theoretical key</a> based on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">musical note</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/E%E2%99%AF_(musical_note)" class="mw-redirect" title="E♯ (musical note)">E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a>, consisting of the pitches E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:DoubleSharp.svg" class="image" title="double sharp"><img alt="double sharp" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DoubleSharp.svg/7px-DoubleSharp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DoubleSharp.svg/10px-DoubleSharp.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DoubleSharp.svg/14px-DoubleSharp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6" data-file-height="7" /></a></span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/G%E2%99%AF_(musical_note)" title="G♯ (musical note)">G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/A%E2%99%AF_(musical_note)" title="A♯ (musical note)">A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/B%E2%99%AF_(musical_note)" class="mw-redirect" title="B♯ (musical note)">B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C%E2%99%AF_(musical_note)" title="C♯ (musical note)">C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%E2%99%AF_(musical_note)" title="D♯ (musical note)">D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a>. Its key signature has six <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharp_(music)" title="Sharp (music)">sharps</a> and one <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Double_sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="Double sharp">double sharp</a>, (or eight sharps). Its relative major is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/G-sharp_major" title="G-sharp major">G-sharp major</a>, which is usually replaced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-flat_major" title="A-flat major">A-flat major</a>. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/F_major" title="F major">F major</a>, as E-sharp major’s four <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Double-sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-sharp">double-sharps</a> make it impractical to use.
</p><p>The E-sharp <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_minor_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural minor scale">natural minor scale</a> is:
</p>
<dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score" data-midi="/upwiki/score/i/i/iiormbqwlu7f2reavwd1fhzh8334ekn/iiormbqw.midi"><img src="/upwiki/score/i/i/iiormbqwlu7f2reavwd1fhzh8334ekn/iiormbqw.png" width="504" height="61" alt=" { \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \key eis \minor \time 7/4 eis4^\markup "Natural minor scale" fisis gis ais bis cis dis eis dis cis bis ais gis fisis eis2 \clef bass \key eis \minor } } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="/upwiki/score/i/i/iiormbqwlu7f2reavwd1fhzh8334ekn/iiormbqw.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/score/i/i/iiormbqwlu7f2reavwd1fhzh8334ekn/iiormbqw.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl>
<p>Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E-sharp <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harmonic_minor_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic minor scale">harmonic minor</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melodic_minor_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic minor scale">melodic minor scales</a> are:
</p>
<dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score" data-midi="/upwiki/score/6/o/6of1ckvbh7xoy3p0i44g4gw26fzwkfq/6of1ckvb.midi"><img src="/upwiki/score/6/o/6of1ckvbh7xoy3p0i44g4gw26fzwkfq/6of1ckvb.png" width="446" height="61" alt=" { \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \key eis \minor \time 7/4 eis4^\markup "Harmonic minor scale" fisis gis ais bis cis disis eis disis cis bis ais gis fisis eis2 } } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="/upwiki/score/6/o/6of1ckvbh7xoy3p0i44g4gw26fzwkfq/6of1ckvb.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/score/6/o/6of1ckvbh7xoy3p0i44g4gw26fzwkfq/6of1ckvb.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score" data-midi="/upwiki/score/a/9/a9jca9fk09hkt05086nt93gev0ghrnj/a9jca9fk.midi"><img src="/upwiki/score/a/9/a9jca9fk09hkt05086nt93gev0ghrnj/a9jca9fk.png" width="451" height="61" alt=" { \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \key eis \minor \time 7/4 eis4^\markup "Melodic minor scale (ascending and descending)" fisis gis ais bis cisis disis eis dis! cis! bis ais gis fisis eis2 } } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="/upwiki/score/a/9/a9jca9fk09hkt05086nt93gev0ghrnj/a9jca9fk.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/score/a/9/a9jca9fk09hkt05086nt93gev0ghrnj/a9jca9fk.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl>
<p>Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Well-Tempered_Clavier" title="The Well-Tempered Clavier">The Well-Tempered Clavier</a></i>, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C-sharp_major" title="C-sharp major">C-sharp major</a>. (E-sharp minor is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediant" title="Mediant">mediant</a> minor key of C-sharp major.)
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=F_minor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">Key (music)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Major_and_minor" title="Major and minor">Major and minor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">Chord (music)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chord_names_and_symbols_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord names and symbols (popular music)">Chord names and symbols (popular music)</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=F_minor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cathering Meng, <i>Tonight's the Night</i> (Apostrophe Books, 2007): 21</span>
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<table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks">
<tbody><tr>
<td><div class="floatleft"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Circle_of_fifths_deluxe_4.svg" class="image" title="Circle of fifths"><img alt="Circle of fifths" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Circle_of_fifths_deluxe_4.svg/300px-Circle_of_fifths_deluxe_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Circle_of_fifths_deluxe_4.svg/450px-Circle_of_fifths_deluxe_4.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Circle_of_fifths_deluxe_4.svg/600px-Circle_of_fifths_deluxe_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td>
<td>
<table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;">
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" rowspan="2"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr>
</th>
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flat_(music)" title="Flat (music)">Flats</a>
</th>
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharp_(music)" title="Sharp (music)">Sharps</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="col"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Major_scale" title="Major scale">Major</a>
</th>
<th scope="col"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minor_scale" title="Minor scale">minor</a>
</th>
<th scope="col">Major
</th>
<th scope="col">minor
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">0
</th>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/C_major" title="C major">C</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_minor" title="A minor">a</a></td>
<td>C</td>
<td>a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">1
</th>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F_major" title="F major">F</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/D_minor" title="D minor">d</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G_major" title="G major">G</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E_minor" title="E minor">e</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">2
</th>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B-flat_major" title="B-flat major">B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G_minor" title="G minor">g</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/D_major" title="D major">D</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B_minor" title="B minor">b</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">3
</th>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E-flat_major" title="E-flat major">E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/C_minor" title="C minor">c</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_major" title="A major">A</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F-sharp_minor" title="F-sharp minor">f<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">4
</th>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-flat_major" title="A-flat major">A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a></td>
<td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">f</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E_major" title="E major">E</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/C-sharp_minor" title="C-sharp minor">c<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">5
</th>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/D-flat_major" title="D-flat major">D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B-flat_minor" title="B-flat minor">b<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B_major" title="B major">B</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G-sharp_minor" title="G-sharp minor">g<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">6
</th>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G-flat_major" title="G-flat major">G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E-flat_minor" title="E-flat minor">e<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F-sharp_major" title="F-sharp major">F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/D-sharp_minor" title="D-sharp minor">d<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">7
</th>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/C-flat_major" title="C-flat major">C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-flat_minor" title="A-flat minor">a<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/C-sharp_major" title="C-sharp major">C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-sharp_minor" title="A-sharp minor">a<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theoretical_key" title="Theoretical key">8</a>
</th>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F-flat_major" title="F-flat major">F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/D-flat_minor" title="D-flat minor">d<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G-sharp_major" title="G-sharp major">G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F_minor#E-sharp_minor" title="F minor">e<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-style:italic">The table indicates the number of sharps or flats in each scale. Minor scales are written in lower case.
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
