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full-blown military campaign for independence.
{{Short description|First Vietnamese dynasty after the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam (939–965)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Citation style|date=October 2019}}
{{More footnotes|date=October 2019}}
}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = {{lang|vi|Tĩnh Hải Quân}} ({{lang|han|靜海軍}})
|conventional_long_name = Principality of Tĩnh Hải
|common_name = Ngô dynasty
|status =
|era = Medieval Asia
|government_type = Monarchy
|
|year_start = 939
|year_end = 968
|
|event_start = [[Ngô Quyền]] founded the dynasty
|date_start = February 1
|event_end = [[Anarchy of the 12 Warlords]]
|date_end =
|
|event1 = [[Dương Tam Kha]] seized the throne
|date_event1 = 944
|event2 = Prince [[Ngô Xương Văn]] overthrew [[Dương Tam Kha]]. Ngô Xương Văn and Ngô Xương Ngập both declared as kings
|date_event2 = 950
|event3 = Ngô Xương Ngập died.
|date_event3 = 954
|event4 = Ngô Xương Văn died. Ngô dynasty ended.
|date_event4 = 968
|
|event_pre = [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)]]
|date_pre = December 938
|
|<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --->
|p1 = Third Chinese domination of Vietnam
|flag_p1 =
|p2 =
|p3 =
|p4 =
|s1 = Đinh dynasty
|flag_s1 =
|s2 = Anarchy of the 12 Warlords
|image_flag =
|flag_border =
|flag =
|flag_type =
|
|image_coat =
|symbol =
|symbol_type =
|
|image_map =Map of Tĩnh Hải quân and early years of Ngô dynasty.png
|image_map_caption = early years of Ngô dynasty
| image_map2 = Jinghai Ngô circuits.png
| image_map2_caption = The map of Tĩnh Hải Quân (Jinghai) under Ngô dynasty in 939
|
|capital = [[Cổ Loa]]
|
|national_motto =
|national_anthem =
|common_languages =
|religion =
|currency =
|
|title_leader = [[List of monarchs of Vietnam|King/Governor]]
|leader1 = [[Ngô Quyền|Tiền Ngô Vương]] (First)
|year_leader1 = 938–944
|leader2 = [[Dương Tam Kha|Dương Bình Vương]]
|year_leader2 = 944–950
|leader3 = [[Ngô Xương Văn|Nam Tấn vương]] & [[Ngô Xương Ngập|Thiên Sách vương]] (co-rulers)
|year_leader3 = 950–965
|
|title_deputy =
|deputy1 =
|year_deputy1 =
|deputy2 =
|year_deputy2 =
|deputy3 =
|year_deputy3 =
|deputy4 =
|year_deputy4 =
|deputy5 =
|year_deputy5 =
|deputy6 =
|year_deputy6 =
|
|<!--- Area and population of a given year --->
|stat_year1=
|stat_area1=
|stat_pop1=
|stat_year2=
|stat_area2=
|stat_pop2=
|stat_year3=
|stat_area3=
|stat_pop3=
|footnotes =
|today = [[Vietnam]]<br>[[China]]
}}
{{Royal house
| surname = Ngô
| estates = [[Cổ Loa Citadel]]
| country = Tĩnh Hải quân
| parent house =
| titles = King/Grand Prince of Tĩnh Hải quân
| founder = [[Ngô Quyền]]
| final ruler = [[Ngô Xương Văn]]
| current head =
| founding year = 8th century
| deposition = 968
| ethnicity = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]
|nationality = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]
|religion=[[Mahayana Buddhism]]
}}
The '''Ngô dynasty''' ({{Lang-vi|Nhà Ngô}}; [[Chữ Nôm]]: 茹吳) was a dynasty that ruled [[Tĩnh Hải quân]] (Jinghai) in [[northern Vietnam]] from 939 to 968. The dynasty was founded by [[Ngô Quyền]], who led Vietnamese forces in the [[Battle of Bạch Đằng River (938)|Battle of Bạch Đằng River]] against the Chinese [[Southern Han|Southern Han dynasty]] in 938.

Around 930, as Ngô Quyền rose to power, [[northern Vietnam]] was militarily occupied by the Southern Han and was treated as an autonomous province and [[vassal]] state of [[Later Tang Dynasty]], referred to as [[Tĩnh Hải quân]]. Every year the [[Jiedushi]] of Tĩnh Hải quân had to pay tribute to its Chinese master in exchange for peace and political support. At the beginning of the 10th century, China was domestically plagued and weakened by civil war during what is known as the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]]. The Chinese were preoccupied with these civil struggles and lost their grip on Tĩnh Hải quân periodically. Tĩnh Hải quân took advantage of this opportunity and proclaimed its independence and seceded from China. Under the rule of Lord Protector Dương Đình Nghệ, the Tĩnh Hải quân state initiated a full blown military campaign for independence.


==Background==
==Background==
After defeating the [[Sui dynasty]] of [[China]], the [[Tang dynasty]] adjusted its administrative divisions and provinces, maintaining Chinese rule in [[Vietnam]]. In the late 9th Century, however, civil unrest increased and the rebellion of [[Huang Chao]] weaken the Tang dynasty. At the beginning of the 10th Century in 905, a member of the [[Khúc clan]] of Vietnam, Khúc Thừa Dụ took advantage of the continuing turmoil in China, seized power from the weakened Tang, and appointed himself Jiedushi (Viet: Tiết độ sứ) establishing a degree of autonomy for Vietnam.
After defeating the [[Sui dynasty]] of [[China]], the [[Tang dynasty]] adjusted its administrative divisions and provinces, maintaining Chinese rule in [[Vietnam]]. In the late 9th Century, however, civil unrest increased and the rebellion of [[Huang Chao]] weaken the Tang dynasty. At the beginning of the 10th Century in 905, a member of the [[Khúc clan]] of Vietnam, Khúc Thừa Dụ took advantage of the continuing turmoil in China, seized power from the weakened Tang, and appointed himself Jiedushi (Viet: Tiết độ sứ) establishing a degree of autonomy for Vietnam.


In 906 the Tang recognized Jiaozhi as an autonomous state, however a year later the Tang dynasty ended when [[Zhu Wen]] overthrew Tang rule establishing the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang Dynasty]] for himself and ushering in the division of China into the short-lived empires of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During this time of civil wars in China, the Khúc clan attempted to increase its power and control over Vietnam. In [[Guangzhou]] province of south China, however, the former Tang governor, [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]] declared himself the emperor of the emergent [[Southern Han]] kingdom.
In 906 the Tang recognized Jiaozhi as an autonomous state, however, a year later the Tang dynasty ended when [[Zhu Wen]] overthrew Tang rule establishing the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang Dynasty]] for himself and ushering in the division of China into the short-lived empires of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During this time of civil wars in China, the Khúc clan attempted to increase its power and control over Vietnam. In [[Guangzhou]] province of south China, however, the former Tang governor, [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]] declared himself the emperor of the emergent [[Southern Han]] kingdom.


In 917, [[Khúc Thừa Mỹ]] succeeded Khúc Hạo as [[Jiedushi]] of [[Tĩnh Hải Quân]] and reached out to the Liang Dynasty in northern China seeking political support as a vassal state. Such an action angered the Southern Han and in 930 emperor Liu Yan attempted to bring Tĩnh Hải Quân under his control by invading the capital city and taking Khúc Thừa Mỹ captive. Shortly thereafter, however, [[Dương Đình Nghệ]], the Governor of the Ái Châu district of Tĩnh Hải Quân sent troops to rescue Khúc Thừa Mỹ, defeated the Southern Han army, and in the process appointed himself as Jiedushi of Jinghai. In 937, Dương Đình Nghệ was assassinated by his official [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] who declared himself loyal to the Southern Han's emperor. Immediately thereafter, Dương Đình Nghệ's son in law, general [[Ngô Quyền]] who was governing the Ái district, initiated hostilities against Kiều Công Tiễn.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=45–46}}
In 917, [[Khúc Thừa Mỹ]] succeeded Khúc Hạo as [[Jiedushi]] of [[Tĩnh Hải Quân]] and reached out to the Liang Dynasty in northern China seeking political support as a vassal state. Such an action angered the Southern Han and in 930 emperor Liu Yan attempted to bring Tĩnh Hải Quân under his control by invading the capital city and taking Khúc Thừa Mỹ captive. Shortly thereafter, however, [[Dương Đình Nghệ]], the Governor of the Ái Châu district of Tĩnh Hải Quân sent troops to rescue Khúc Thừa Mỹ, defeated the Southern Han army, and in the process appointed himself as Jiedushi of Jinghai. In 937, Dương Đình Nghệ was assassinated by his official [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] who declared himself loyal to the Southern Han emperor. Immediately thereafter, Dương Đình Nghệ's son-in-law, general [[Ngô Quyền]] who was governing the Ái district, initiated hostilities against Kiều Công Tiễn. {{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=45–46}}


===Battle of Bạch Đằng River===
===Battle of Bạch Đằng River===
{{Main|Battle of Bạch Đằng River (938)}}
{{Main|Battle of Bạch Đằng River (938)}}
[[File:Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms 923 CE.png|thumb|Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms Period 923 CE and Tĩnh Hải Quân (orange) .]]
[[File: Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms 923 CE.png|thumb|Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms Period 923 CE and Tĩnh Hải Quân (orange) .]]


Ngô Quyền (897–944) was Dương Đình Nghệ's most loyal general and son-in-law. He served under Dương Đình Nghệ's command and married one of his daughters. After the murder of father-in-law, Ngô Quyền sought revenge. He launched an attack and defeated Kiều Công Tiễn in 938. The latter, before his death in battle with Ngô Quyền, sent an emissary to Southern Han court to ask for military re-enforcement. The Southern Han state's emperor then sent an army to the South land to assist [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] in 938. However, Ngô Quyền's forces were tipped off over the advancing Southern Han army and therefore he quickly mobilized his forces and strategically stationed them in key battle sites.
Ngô Quyền (897–944) was Dương Đình Nghệ's most loyal general and son-in-law. He served under Dương Đình Nghệ's command and married one of his daughters. After the murder of their father-in-law, Ngô Quyền sought revenge. He launched an attack and defeated Kiều Công Tiễn in 938. The latter, before his death in battle with Ngô Quyền, sent an emissary to the Southern Han court to ask for military re-enforcement. The Southern Han state's emperor then sent an army to the Southland to assist [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] in 938. However, Ngô Quyền's forces were tipped off by the advancing Southern Han army and therefore he quickly mobilized his forces and strategically stationed them in key battle sites.


To defeat the Southern Han army coming to supply aid to his rival, Ngô Quyền and his troops planted iron spikes underneath the Bạch Đằng River and timed the attack of the Southern Han navy. The attack began during high tide to conceal the spikes beneath the water. After the Vietnamese held the enemy in check for hours, the tides receded and the spikes impaled the Chinese armada. The Vietnamese forces followed this impalement with ferocious fire attacks, which annihilated hundreds of giant warships. The Southern Han navy and the Prince of Southern Han were killed in the battle, thus ended SH's ambition over Annam.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=46}}
To defeat the Southern Han army coming to supply aid to his rival, Ngô Quyền and his troops planted iron spikes underneath the Bạch Đằng River and timed the attack of the Southern Han navy. The attack began during high tide to conceal the spikes beneath the water. After the Vietnamese held the enemy in check for hours, the tides receded and the spikes impaled the Chinese armada. The Vietnamese forces followed this impalement with ferocious fire attacks, which annihilated hundreds of giant warships. The Southern Han navy and the Prince of Southern Han were killed in the battle, thus ending SH's ambition over Annam.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=46}}
==Independence era(938)==
==Independence era(938)==
=== Ngô Quyền's reign ===
=== Ngô Quyền's reign ===
The Battle of Bạch Đằng River was the first significant of many victories throughout the centuries at this famous river. Ngô Quyền then ascended to the throne and took the name "Ngô Vương" (King Ngô) or "Tiền Ngô Vương". He moved the capital back to [[Cổ Loa]].<ref>Pelley, p. 213., "Vietnamese kings and emperors sought the safety of cities that were easy to defend. Thus the Ngô dynasty retreated to Cổ Loa and the Đinh and Early Lê dynasties took refuge in Hoa Lư."</ref> He reigned for only five years, until 944, when he died of illness at age 47. A short reign for an ambitious ruler set the stage for future campaigns for independence. Nevertheless, Ngô Vương ushered in a new Viet era of continuous independence and political autonomy. Due to the Ngô dynasty's failure to control chieftains and Ngô Quyền's failure to gain Chinese acknowledgement of his legitimacy as a ruler, it was little more than a protectorate of the [[Song dynasty]].<ref name=sejarah>{{cite journal |title=The Tributary Relations between China's Song Dynasty and Vietnam's Dinh, Le and Ly Dynasties: Effects on Their Political Sustainability |journal=Sejarah: Journal of the History Department, University of Malaya |last= Dar |first=Ku Boon |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=2019 |pages=1–13 |quote=There is also the question of how far the Song dynasty (China) was willing to recognise the independence of the Ngo dynasty (Vietnam) amidst the turmoil in China. [...] The Ngo dynasty (939-968) was unable to control the local chiefs known as ''Hung Vuong'' or ''Su Quan'' because the ruling power was still in their hands. Since Ngo Quyen failed to gain acknowledgement of his legitimacy as a ruler from China, he could not get the unanimous support of the local authorities. Furthermore, the Ngo dynasty was still recorded as ''Ngoai Ky'' (not officially confirmed as a dynasty in Vietnamese history) because he was still known as a 'military governor', and not a king (''vuong''). These local chiefs possessed their own territories and constantly tried to dominate one another. Ngo Quyen died at the age of 46 before he had time to consolidate his position; Vietnam was little more than a protectorate of the Chinese empire.}}</ref>
The Battle of Bạch Đằng River was the first sign of many victories throughout the centuries at this famous river. Ngô Quyền then ascended to the throne and took the name "Ngô Vương" (King Ngô) or "Tiền Ngô Vương". He moved the capital back to [[Cổ Loa]].<ref>Pelley, p. 213., "Vietnamese kings and emperors sought the safety of cities that were easy to defend. Thus the Ngô dynasty retreated to Cổ Loa and the Đinh and Early Lê dynasties took refuge in Hoa Lư."</ref> He reigned for only five years until 944 when he died of illness at age 47. A short reign for an ambitious ruler set the stage for future campaigns for independence. Nevertheless, Ngô Vương ushered in a new Viet era of continuous independence and political autonomy. Due to the Ngô dynasty's failure to control chieftains and Ngô Quyền's failure to gain Chinese acknowledgment of his legitimacy as a ruler, it was little more than a protectorate of the [[Song dynasty]].<ref name=sejarah>{{cite journal |title=The Tributary Relations between China's Song Dynasty and Vietnam's Dinh, Le and Ly Dynasties: Effects on Their Political Sustainability |journal=Sejarah: Journal of the History Department, University of Malaya |last= Dar |first=Ku Boon |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=2019 |pages=1–13 |quote=There is also the question of how far the Song dynasty (China) was willing to recognize the independence of the Ngo dynasty (Vietnam) amidst the turmoil in China. [...] The Ngo dynasty (939-968) was unable to control the local chiefs known as ''Hung Vuong'' or ''Su Quan'' because the ruling power was still in their hands. Since Ngo Quyen failed to gain acknowledgment of his legitimacy as a ruler from China, he could not get the unanimous support of the local authorities. Furthermore, the Ngo dynasty was still recorded as ''Ngoai Ky'' (not officially confirmed as a dynasty in Vietnamese history) because he was still known as a 'military governor', and not a king (''Vuong''). These local chiefs possessed their territories and constantly tried to dominate one another. Ngo Quyen died at the age of 46 before he had time to consolidate his position; Vietnam was little more than a protectorate of the Chinese empire.}}</ref>


===Royal Court disputes===
===Royal Court disputes===


===Ngô Xương Xí's reign: 965–968===
===Ngô Xương Xí's reign: 965–968===
After Ngô Xương Văn's death in 965, his son Ngô Xương Xí (吳昌熾) succeeded him. But as he ascended to the throne Ngô Xương Xí was faced with the daunting task of having his rule recognized by the now open rivalry between the 12 lords who fought one another as they vied for control of the country. With the announcement of his rule, the country was thrown into a chaotic period called the [[Thập Nhị Sứ Quân]] (十二使君) Rebellion.<ref>Burke, p. 16., "Following the death of Ngỏ Quyển, who had driven the Chinese from Vietnam after a thousand years of domination, the Ngô Dynasty disintegrated. Vietnam was beset by a reign of confusion as twelve Warring lords fought over who was to rule ...""</ref>
After Ngô Xương Văn's death in 965, his son Ngô Xương Xí (吳昌熾) succeeded him. But as he ascended to the throne Ngô Xương Xí was faced with the daunting task of having his rule recognized by the now open rivalry between the 12 lords who fought one another as they vied for control of the country. With the announcement of his rule, the country was thrown into a chaotic period called the [[Thập Nhị Sứ Quân]] (十二使君) Rebellion.<ref>Burke, p. 16., "Following the death of Ngỏ Quyển, who had driven the Chinese from Vietnam after a thousand years of domination, the Ngô Dynasty disintegrated. Vietnam was beset by a reign of confusion as twelve Warring lords fought over who was to rule ..." </ref>
==Breakup and Civil war==
==Breakup and Civil war==
==="The Anarchy of the 12 Warlords" or "Thập Nhị Sứ Quân Rebellion" (966–968)===
==="The Anarchy of the 12 Warlords" or "Thập Nhị Sứ Quân Rebellion" (966–968)===
{{main|Anarchy of the 12 Warlords}}
{{main|Anarchy of the 12 Warlords}}
The depression of Ngô dynasty caused the uprising of some governors who want to revolt to the royal court. In 951, Duke [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]] of Hoa Lư district who was the son of Governor of Hoan district [[Đinh Công Trứ]], relied on the difficult geography of mountain area and start his rebellion against the Ngô dynasty. Both king of Tĩnh Hải Quân Ngô Xương Văn & Ngô Xương Ngập launched the military campaign against [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]]. However, after more than a month, Royal troops failed to succeed and returned to the capital and keep persuading Duke Đinh to give up.
The depression of the Ngô dynasty caused the uprising of some governors who want to revolt against the royal court. In 951, Duke [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]] of Hoa Lư district who was the son of the Governor of Hoan district [[Đinh Công Trứ]], relied on the difficult geography of the mountain area and start his rebellion against the Ngô dynasty. Both king of Tĩnh Hải Quân Ngô Xương Văn & Ngô Xương Ngập launched the military campaign against [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]]. However, after more than a month, Royal troops failed to succeed and returned to the capital and keep persuading Duke Đinh to give up.
In 954 Ngô Xương Ngập died and the leader of Thao Gian district [[Chu Thái]] also started to betray Ngô dynasty. Then, Ngô Xương Văn had to use force to suppress the revolt and beheaded Chu Thái. In 965 he was shot by arrows of archeries and died. His son, Ngô Xương Xí took up his leadership but the dynasty gradually fall in the weakness. According to [[Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục]](Historical record), The Kiều clan and Dương clan revolted against the Ngô and in 966. The country was divided into 12 states and ruled by 12 warlords in which there were also the Ngô royalty (Ngô Xương Văn, Ngô Nhật Khánh).
In 954 Ngô Xương Ngập died and the leader of the Thao Gian district [[Chu Thái]] also started to betray the Ngô dynasty. Then, Ngô Xương Văn had to use force to suppress the revolt and beheaded Chu Thái. In 965 he was shot by arrows of archeries and died. His son, Ngô Xương Xí took up his leadership but the dynasty gradually fall in the weakness. According to [[Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục]](Historical record), The Kiều clan and Dương clan revolted against the Ngô and in 966. The country was divided into 12 states and ruled by 12 warlords who there was also the Ngô royalty (Ngô Xương Văn, Ngô Nhật Khánh).
{{multiple image
{{multiple images
| align = right|
| align = right|
| total_width = 350
| total_width = 350
| image1 = 10th_century_figurine.jpg
| image1 = 10th_century_figurine.jpg
| alt1 =
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Ceramic of horse in 10 th century
| caption1 = Ceramic horse in 10 the century
| image2 = Vietnam 10th C - kendi in bronze IMG 9478 Museum of Asian Civilisation.jpg
| image2 = Vietnam 10th C - kendi in bronze IMG 9478 Museum of Asian Civilisation.jpg
| alt2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Bronze kettle in Ngô dynasty
| caption2 = Bronze kettle in Ngô dynasty
}}
}}
After having submission of the royal clan in the 960s, to strengthen his position, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh married one of his daughters to the last Ngô king; he married a younger sister of that king to his eldest son Ngô Nhật Khánh, and he took the Ngô queen mother as one of his wives.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}} In 968 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh established a new kingdom of [[Dai Viet]]. Ngô Nhật Khánh quickly became a dissent and went exile in [[Champa]]. When Đinh Bộ Lĩnh died in 979, Nhật Khánh persuaded the Cham king [[Paramesvaravarman I (Champa)|Paramesvaravarman I]] boarded a fleet to reclaim the throne, however the expedition was scuttled by a [[typhoon]] and Nhật Khánh was drown.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}}
After having submission to the royal clan in the 960s, to strengthen his position, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh married one of his daughters to the last Ngô king; he married a younger sister of that king to his eldest son Ngô Nhật Khánh, and he took the Ngô queen, mother, as one of his wives.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}} In 968 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh established a new kingdom of [[Dai Viet]]. Ngô Nhật Khánh quickly became a dissent and went to exile in [[Champa]]. When Đinh Bộ Lĩnh died in 979, Nhật Khánh persuaded the Cham king [[Paramesvaravarman I (Champa)|Paramesvaravarman I]] to board a fleet to reclaim the throne, however, the expedition was scuttled by a [[typhoon]] and Nhật Khánh was drowned.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}}


==Family tree==
==Family tree==


[[Category:Ngô dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Ngô dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Vietnamese dynasties]]
[[Category: Vietnamese dynasties]]
[[Category:939 establishments]]
[[Category:939 establishments]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in Vietnam]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in Vietnam]]
[[Category:968 disestablishments]]
[[Category:968 disestablishments]]
[[Category:10th-century disestablishments in Vietnam]]
[[Category:10th-century disestablishments in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]
[[Category: Former monarchies of Asia]]

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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext)
'{{Short description|First Vietnamese dynasty after the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam (939–965)}} {{Multiple issues| {{Citation style|date=October 2019}} {{More footnotes|date=October 2019}} }} {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = {{lang|vi|Tĩnh Hải Quân}} ({{lang|han|靜海軍}}) |conventional_long_name = Principality of Tĩnh Hải |common_name = Ngô dynasty |status = |era = Medieval Asia |government_type = Monarchy | |year_start = 939 |year_end = 968 | |event_start = [[Ngô Quyền]] founded the dynasty |date_start = February 1 |event_end = [[Anarchy of the 12 Warlords]] |date_end = | |event1 = [[Dương Tam Kha]] seized the throne |date_event1 = 944 |event2 = Prince [[Ngô Xương Văn]] overthrew [[Dương Tam Kha]]. Ngô Xương Văn and Ngô Xương Ngập both declared as kings |date_event2 = 950 |event3 = Ngô Xương Ngập died. |date_event3 = 954 |event4 = Ngô Xương Văn died. Ngô dynasty ended. |date_event4 = 968 | |event_pre = [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)]] |date_pre = December 938 | |<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 ---> |p1 = Third Chinese domination of Vietnam |flag_p1 = |p2 = |p3 = |p4 = |s1 = Đinh dynasty |flag_s1 = |s2 = Anarchy of the 12 Warlords |image_flag = |flag_border = |flag = |flag_type = | |image_coat = |symbol = |symbol_type = | |image_map =Map of Tĩnh Hải quân and early years of Ngô dynasty.png |image_map_caption = early years of Ngô dynasty | image_map2 = Jinghai Ngô circuits.png | image_map2_caption = The map of Tĩnh Hải Quân (Jinghai) under Ngô dynasty in 939 | |capital = [[Cổ Loa]] | |national_motto = |national_anthem = |common_languages = |religion = |currency = | |title_leader = [[List of monarchs of Vietnam|King/Governor]] |leader1 = [[Ngô Quyền|Tiền Ngô Vương]] (First) |year_leader1 = 938–944 |leader2 = [[Dương Tam Kha|Dương Bình Vương]] |year_leader2 = 944–950 |leader3 = [[Ngô Xương Văn|Nam Tấn vương]] & [[Ngô Xương Ngập|Thiên Sách vương]] (co-rulers) |year_leader3 = 950–965 | |title_deputy = |deputy1 = |year_deputy1 = |deputy2 = |year_deputy2 = |deputy3 = |year_deputy3 = |deputy4 = |year_deputy4 = |deputy5 = |year_deputy5 = |deputy6 = |year_deputy6 = | |<!--- Area and population of a given year ---> |stat_year1= |stat_area1= |stat_pop1= |stat_year2= |stat_area2= |stat_pop2= |stat_year3= |stat_area3= |stat_pop3= |footnotes = |today = [[Vietnam]]<br>[[China]] }} {{Royal house | surname = Ngô | estates = [[Cổ Loa Citadel]] | country = Tĩnh Hải quân | parent house = | titles = King/Grand Prince of Tĩnh Hải quân | founder = [[Ngô Quyền]] | final ruler = [[Ngô Xương Văn]] | current head = | founding year = 8th century | deposition = 968 | ethnicity = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] |nationality = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] |religion=[[Mahayana Buddhism]] }} The '''Ngô dynasty''' ({{Lang-vi|Nhà Ngô}}; [[Chữ Nôm]]: 茹吳) was a dynasty that ruled [[Tĩnh Hải quân]] (Jinghai) in [[northern Vietnam]] from 939 to 968. The dynasty was founded by [[Ngô Quyền]], who led Vietnamese forces in the [[Battle of Bạch Đằng River (938)|Battle of Bạch Đằng River]] against the Chinese [[Southern Han|Southern Han dynasty]] in 938. Around 930, as Ngô Quyền rose to power, [[northern Vietnam]] was militarily occupied by the Southern Han and was treated as an autonomous province and [[vassal]] state of [[Later Tang Dynasty]], referred to as [[Tĩnh Hải quân]]. Every year the [[Jiedushi]] of Tĩnh Hải quân had to pay tribute to its Chinese master in exchange for peace and political support. At the beginning of the 10th century, China was domestically plagued and weakened by civil war during what is known as the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]]. The Chinese were preoccupied with these civil struggles and lost their grip on Tĩnh Hải quân periodically. Tĩnh Hải quân took advantage of this opportunity and proclaimed its independence and seceded from China. Under the rule of Lord Protector Dương Đình Nghệ, the Tĩnh Hải quân state initiated a full blown military campaign for independence. ==Background== ===Pre-independence=== {{History of Vietnam}} {{main|Third Era of Northern Domination}} After defeating the [[Sui dynasty]] of [[China]], the [[Tang dynasty]] adjusted its administrative divisions and provinces, maintaining Chinese rule in [[Vietnam]]. In the late 9th Century, however, civil unrest increased and the rebellion of [[Huang Chao]] weaken the Tang dynasty. At the beginning of the 10th Century in 905, a member of the [[Khúc clan]] of Vietnam, Khúc Thừa Dụ took advantage of the continuing turmoil in China, seized power from the weakened Tang, and appointed himself Jiedushi (Viet: Tiết độ sứ) establishing a degree of autonomy for Vietnam. In 906 the Tang recognized Jiaozhi as an autonomous state, however a year later the Tang dynasty ended when [[Zhu Wen]] overthrew Tang rule establishing the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang Dynasty]] for himself and ushering in the division of China into the short-lived empires of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During this time of civil wars in China, the Khúc clan attempted to increase its power and control over Vietnam. In [[Guangzhou]] province of south China, however, the former Tang governor, [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]] declared himself the emperor of the emergent [[Southern Han]] kingdom. In 917, [[Khúc Thừa Mỹ]] succeeded Khúc Hạo as [[Jiedushi]] of [[Tĩnh Hải Quân]] and reached out to the Liang Dynasty in northern China seeking political support as a vassal state. Such an action angered the Southern Han and in 930 emperor Liu Yan attempted to bring Tĩnh Hải Quân under his control by invading the capital city and taking Khúc Thừa Mỹ captive. Shortly thereafter, however, [[Dương Đình Nghệ]], the Governor of the Ái Châu district of Tĩnh Hải Quân sent troops to rescue Khúc Thừa Mỹ, defeated the Southern Han army, and in the process appointed himself as Jiedushi of Jinghai. In 937, Dương Đình Nghệ was assassinated by his official [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] who declared himself loyal to the Southern Han's emperor. Immediately thereafter, Dương Đình Nghệ's son in law, general [[Ngô Quyền]] who was governing the Ái district, initiated hostilities against Kiều Công Tiễn.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=45–46}} ===Battle of Bạch Đằng River=== {{Main|Battle of Bạch Đằng River (938)}} [[File:Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms 923 CE.png|thumb|Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms Period 923 CE and Tĩnh Hải Quân (orange) .]] Ngô Quyền (897–944) was Dương Đình Nghệ's most loyal general and son-in-law. He served under Dương Đình Nghệ's command and married one of his daughters. After the murder of father-in-law, Ngô Quyền sought revenge. He launched an attack and defeated Kiều Công Tiễn in 938. The latter, before his death in battle with Ngô Quyền, sent an emissary to Southern Han court to ask for military re-enforcement. The Southern Han state's emperor then sent an army to the South land to assist [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] in 938. However, Ngô Quyền's forces were tipped off over the advancing Southern Han army and therefore he quickly mobilized his forces and strategically stationed them in key battle sites. To defeat the Southern Han army coming to supply aid to his rival, Ngô Quyền and his troops planted iron spikes underneath the Bạch Đằng River and timed the attack of the Southern Han navy. The attack began during high tide to conceal the spikes beneath the water. After the Vietnamese held the enemy in check for hours, the tides receded and the spikes impaled the Chinese armada. The Vietnamese forces followed this impalement with ferocious fire attacks, which annihilated hundreds of giant warships. The Southern Han navy and the Prince of Southern Han were killed in the battle, thus ended SH's ambition over Annam.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=46}} ==Independence era(938)== === Ngô Quyền's reign === The Battle of Bạch Đằng River was the first significant of many victories throughout the centuries at this famous river. Ngô Quyền then ascended to the throne and took the name "Ngô Vương" (King Ngô) or "Tiền Ngô Vương". He moved the capital back to [[Cổ Loa]].<ref>Pelley, p. 213., "Vietnamese kings and emperors sought the safety of cities that were easy to defend. Thus the Ngô dynasty retreated to Cổ Loa and the Đinh and Early Lê dynasties took refuge in Hoa Lư."</ref> He reigned for only five years, until 944, when he died of illness at age 47. A short reign for an ambitious ruler set the stage for future campaigns for independence. Nevertheless, Ngô Vương ushered in a new Viet era of continuous independence and political autonomy. Due to the Ngô dynasty's failure to control chieftains and Ngô Quyền's failure to gain Chinese acknowledgement of his legitimacy as a ruler, it was little more than a protectorate of the [[Song dynasty]].<ref name=sejarah>{{cite journal |title=The Tributary Relations between China's Song Dynasty and Vietnam's Dinh, Le and Ly Dynasties: Effects on Their Political Sustainability |journal=Sejarah: Journal of the History Department, University of Malaya |last= Dar |first=Ku Boon |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=2019 |pages=1–13 |quote=There is also the question of how far the Song dynasty (China) was willing to recognise the independence of the Ngo dynasty (Vietnam) amidst the turmoil in China. [...] The Ngo dynasty (939-968) was unable to control the local chiefs known as ''Hung Vuong'' or ''Su Quan'' because the ruling power was still in their hands. Since Ngo Quyen failed to gain acknowledgement of his legitimacy as a ruler from China, he could not get the unanimous support of the local authorities. Furthermore, the Ngo dynasty was still recorded as ''Ngoai Ky'' (not officially confirmed as a dynasty in Vietnamese history) because he was still known as a 'military governor', and not a king (''vuong''). These local chiefs possessed their own territories and constantly tried to dominate one another. Ngo Quyen died at the age of 46 before he had time to consolidate his position; Vietnam was little more than a protectorate of the Chinese empire.}}</ref> ===Royal Court disputes=== Before his death, Ngô Vương's wish was to see his brother-in-law [[Dương Tam Kha]] act as [[regent]] for his son Ngô Xương Ngập. However [[Dương Tam Kha]] usurped the throne and proclaimed himself "Bình Vương" (平王). He took [[Ngô Xương Ngập]]'s younger brother, [[Ngô Xương Văn]], as his adoptive son and made him heir to the throne. Fearing for his life, Ngô Xương Ngập went into hiding with his [[retinue]] in Nam Sách(now [[Hải Dương province]]). Dương Tam Kha's reign was unpopular and many revolts and rebellions sprung up across the kingdom.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=52}} ===Ngô Xương Văn & Ngô Xương Ngập co-reign: 950–954=== Ngô Xương Văn (吳昌文) deposed Dương Tam Kha in 950 and styled himself "Nam Tấn Vương" (南晉王) Out of respect for his uncle, Ngô Xương Văn did not have him killed, but merely demoted him and sent him into exile. Ngô Xương Văn then searched out his older brother Ngô Xương Ngập in order to share the throne with him. After arriving at the capital, Ngô Xương Ngập styled himself "Thiên Sách Vương" (天策王). Brought back by his younger brother Ngô Xương Văn to the throne, Ngô Xương Ngập soon abused his rights as the oldest son and began to rule Tĩnh Hải quân as dictator, "Thiên Sách Vương" (天策王). The country was ripe for open rivalries between different lords who fought each other to become the next successor. ===Ngô Xương Xí's reign: 965–968=== After Ngô Xương Văn's death in 965, his son Ngô Xương Xí (吳昌熾) succeeded him. But as he ascended to the throne Ngô Xương Xí was faced with the daunting task of having his rule recognized by the now open rivalry between the 12 lords who fought one another as they vied for control of the country. With the announcement of his rule, the country was thrown into a chaotic period called the [[Thập Nhị Sứ Quân]] (十二使君) Rebellion.<ref>Burke, p. 16., "Following the death of Ngỏ Quyển, who had driven the Chinese from Vietnam after a thousand years of domination, the Ngô Dynasty disintegrated. Vietnam was beset by a reign of confusion as twelve Warring lords fought over who was to rule ...""</ref> ==Breakup and Civil war== ==="The Anarchy of the 12 Warlords" or "Thập Nhị Sứ Quân Rebellion" (966–968)=== {{main|Anarchy of the 12 Warlords}} The depression of Ngô dynasty caused the uprising of some governors who want to revolt to the royal court. In 951, Duke [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]] of Hoa Lư district who was the son of Governor of Hoan district [[Đinh Công Trứ]], relied on the difficult geography of mountain area and start his rebellion against the Ngô dynasty. Both king of Tĩnh Hải Quân Ngô Xương Văn & Ngô Xương Ngập launched the military campaign against [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]]. However, after more than a month, Royal troops failed to succeed and returned to the capital and keep persuading Duke Đinh to give up. In 954 Ngô Xương Ngập died and the leader of Thao Gian district [[Chu Thái]] also started to betray Ngô dynasty. Then, Ngô Xương Văn had to use force to suppress the revolt and beheaded Chu Thái. In 965 he was shot by arrows of archeries and died. His son, Ngô Xương Xí took up his leadership but the dynasty gradually fall in the weakness. According to [[Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục]](Historical record), The Kiều clan and Dương clan revolted against the Ngô and in 966. The country was divided into 12 states and ruled by 12 warlords in which there were also the Ngô royalty (Ngô Xương Văn, Ngô Nhật Khánh). {{multiple image | align = right| | total_width = 350 | image_style = border:none; | image1 = 10th_century_figurine.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Ceramic of horse in 10 th century | image2 = Vietnam 10th C - kendi in bronze IMG 9478 Museum of Asian Civilisation.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = Bronze kettle in Ngô dynasty }} After having submission of the royal clan in the 960s, to strengthen his position, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh married one of his daughters to the last Ngô king; he married a younger sister of that king to his eldest son Ngô Nhật Khánh, and he took the Ngô queen mother as one of his wives.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}} In 968 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh established a new kingdom of [[Dai Viet]]. Ngô Nhật Khánh quickly became a dissent and went exile in [[Champa]]. When Đinh Bộ Lĩnh died in 979, Nhật Khánh persuaded the Cham king [[Paramesvaravarman I (Champa)|Paramesvaravarman I]] boarded a fleet to reclaim the throne, however the expedition was scuttled by a [[typhoon]] and Nhật Khánh was drown.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}} ==Family tree== {{chart top|width=80%|Family tree of the Ngô dynasty{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=46–47}}}} {{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:112%;|summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 15 boxes}} {{Tree chart| | | Ng| | | | |Ng=Wu Rida <br><small>(sinicized name)</small><br><small>8th century</small>}} {{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | |}} {{Tree chart| | | Nm| | | | | |Ddn|Nm=Ngô Đình Mân<br><small>9th century</small>|Ddn=[[Dương Đình Nghệ]]<br> <small>b.874–d.937</small>}} {{Tree chart| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|.}} {{Tree chart|Nt| |Nq|y|Dtn| |Dtk| Nt=[[Ngô Tịnh]] <br> <small>?–?</small>|Nq=[[Ngô Quyền]] <br> <small>b.897-d.944</small><br>{{nowrap|'''Ngô Vương''' <br> r. 939－944}}|Dtn=Dương Thị Ngọc|Dtk=[[Dương Tam Kha]]<br><small>d.980</small><br>{{nowrap|'''Dương Bình Vương''' <br> r. 944－950}}}} {{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|.| | |}} {{Tree chart| |Xn | | Xv| | Cl | Xn=[[Ngô Xương Ngập]]<br><small>d.954</small><br>{{nowrap|'''King of Thiên Sách'''<br> r.950–954}}| boxstyle_Ch=border-width:1px| Xv=<small>[[Ngô Xương Văn]]</small><br> <small>b.925–d.965</small><br>{{nowrap|'''King of Nam Tan''' <br> r. 950－965}}|boxstyle_Bl=border-width:2px|Cl=[[Ngô Chân Lưu]]<br /> <small>b.933-d.1001</small>}} {{Tree chart| | | |,|-|-|^|-|.}} {{Tree chart| | | Xx | | |Nk| | |Xx={{nowrap| [[Ngô Xương Xí]] <br>?-?}}<br><small>r. 965–966</small>| Nk=[[Ngô Nhật Khánh]]<br>d.979<br>'''Prince An'''}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ==Citations== {{Reflist}} ==References== {{Refbegin|indent=yes}} *{{cite book|title=[[Historical Records of the Five Dynasties|《Historical Records of the Five Dynasties》]]|author=Ouyang Xiu|author-link=Ouyang Xiu|location=[[北京]]|publisher=Zhonghua Book Company（1995）|isbn=7101003222}} *{{cite book|title=[[Zizhi Tongjian|《Zizhi Tongjian》]]|author=Sima Guang|author-link=Sima Guang|location=[[北京]]|publisher=Zhonghua Book Company（1995）|isbn=7101001831}} *{{cite book |first=J. Wills |last=Burke |title=Origines: The streets of Vietnam: A Historical Companion |year=2001}} *{{cite book |first=Keith |last=Taylor |title=A history of the Vietnamese |year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} ==External link== *{{commonscatinline}} {{Notable families in early independent Vietnam}} {{5d10k}} [[Category:Ngô dynasty| ]] [[Category:Vietnamese dynasties]] [[Category:939 establishments]] [[Category:10th-century establishments in Vietnam]] [[Category:968 disestablishments]] [[Category:10th-century disestablishments in Vietnam]] [[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'full-blown military campaign for independence. ==Background== ===Pre-independence=== {{History of Vietnam}} {{main|Third Era of Northern Domination}} After defeating the [[Sui dynasty]] of [[China]], the [[Tang dynasty]] adjusted its administrative divisions and provinces, maintaining Chinese rule in [[Vietnam]]. In the late 9th Century, however, civil unrest increased and the rebellion of [[Huang Chao]] weaken the Tang dynasty. At the beginning of the 10th Century in 905, a member of the [[Khúc clan]] of Vietnam, Khúc Thừa Dụ took advantage of the continuing turmoil in China, seized power from the weakened Tang, and appointed himself Jiedushi (Viet: Tiết độ sứ) establishing a degree of autonomy for Vietnam. In 906 the Tang recognized Jiaozhi as an autonomous state, however, a year later the Tang dynasty ended when [[Zhu Wen]] overthrew Tang rule establishing the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang Dynasty]] for himself and ushering in the division of China into the short-lived empires of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During this time of civil wars in China, the Khúc clan attempted to increase its power and control over Vietnam. In [[Guangzhou]] province of south China, however, the former Tang governor, [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]] declared himself the emperor of the emergent [[Southern Han]] kingdom. In 917, [[Khúc Thừa Mỹ]] succeeded Khúc Hạo as [[Jiedushi]] of [[Tĩnh Hải Quân]] and reached out to the Liang Dynasty in northern China seeking political support as a vassal state. Such an action angered the Southern Han and in 930 emperor Liu Yan attempted to bring Tĩnh Hải Quân under his control by invading the capital city and taking Khúc Thừa Mỹ captive. Shortly thereafter, however, [[Dương Đình Nghệ]], the Governor of the Ái Châu district of Tĩnh Hải Quân sent troops to rescue Khúc Thừa Mỹ, defeated the Southern Han army, and in the process appointed himself as Jiedushi of Jinghai. In 937, Dương Đình Nghệ was assassinated by his official [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] who declared himself loyal to the Southern Han emperor. Immediately thereafter, Dương Đình Nghệ's son-in-law, general [[Ngô Quyền]] who was governing the Ái district, initiated hostilities against Kiều Công Tiễn. {{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=45–46}} ===Battle of Bạch Đằng River=== {{Main|Battle of Bạch Đằng River (938)}} [[File: Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms 923 CE.png|thumb|Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms Period 923 CE and Tĩnh Hải Quân (orange) .]] Ngô Quyền (897–944) was Dương Đình Nghệ's most loyal general and son-in-law. He served under Dương Đình Nghệ's command and married one of his daughters. After the murder of their father-in-law, Ngô Quyền sought revenge. He launched an attack and defeated Kiều Công Tiễn in 938. The latter, before his death in battle with Ngô Quyền, sent an emissary to the Southern Han court to ask for military re-enforcement. The Southern Han state's emperor then sent an army to the Southland to assist [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] in 938. However, Ngô Quyền's forces were tipped off by the advancing Southern Han army and therefore he quickly mobilized his forces and strategically stationed them in key battle sites. To defeat the Southern Han army coming to supply aid to his rival, Ngô Quyền and his troops planted iron spikes underneath the Bạch Đằng River and timed the attack of the Southern Han navy. The attack began during high tide to conceal the spikes beneath the water. After the Vietnamese held the enemy in check for hours, the tides receded and the spikes impaled the Chinese armada. The Vietnamese forces followed this impalement with ferocious fire attacks, which annihilated hundreds of giant warships. The Southern Han navy and the Prince of Southern Han were killed in the battle, thus ending SH's ambition over Annam.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=46}} ==Independence era(938)== === Ngô Quyền's reign === The Battle of Bạch Đằng River was the first sign of many victories throughout the centuries at this famous river. Ngô Quyền then ascended to the throne and took the name "Ngô Vương" (King Ngô) or "Tiền Ngô Vương". He moved the capital back to [[Cổ Loa]].<ref>Pelley, p. 213., "Vietnamese kings and emperors sought the safety of cities that were easy to defend. Thus the Ngô dynasty retreated to Cổ Loa and the Đinh and Early Lê dynasties took refuge in Hoa Lư."</ref> He reigned for only five years until 944 when he died of illness at age 47. A short reign for an ambitious ruler set the stage for future campaigns for independence. Nevertheless, Ngô Vương ushered in a new Viet era of continuous independence and political autonomy. Due to the Ngô dynasty's failure to control chieftains and Ngô Quyền's failure to gain Chinese acknowledgment of his legitimacy as a ruler, it was little more than a protectorate of the [[Song dynasty]].<ref name=sejarah>{{cite journal |title=The Tributary Relations between China's Song Dynasty and Vietnam's Dinh, Le and Ly Dynasties: Effects on Their Political Sustainability |journal=Sejarah: Journal of the History Department, University of Malaya |last= Dar |first=Ku Boon |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=2019 |pages=1–13 |quote=There is also the question of how far the Song dynasty (China) was willing to recognize the independence of the Ngo dynasty (Vietnam) amidst the turmoil in China. [...] The Ngo dynasty (939-968) was unable to control the local chiefs known as ''Hung Vuong'' or ''Su Quan'' because the ruling power was still in their hands. Since Ngo Quyen failed to gain acknowledgment of his legitimacy as a ruler from China, he could not get the unanimous support of the local authorities. Furthermore, the Ngo dynasty was still recorded as ''Ngoai Ky'' (not officially confirmed as a dynasty in Vietnamese history) because he was still known as a 'military governor', and not a king (''Vuong''). These local chiefs possessed their territories and constantly tried to dominate one another. Ngo Quyen died at the age of 46 before he had time to consolidate his position; Vietnam was little more than a protectorate of the Chinese empire.}}</ref> ===Royal Court disputes=== Before his death, Ngô Vương's wish was to see his brother-in-law [[Dương Tam Kha]] act as [[regent]] for his son Ngô Xương Ngập. However [[Dương Tam Kha]] usurped the throne and proclaimed himself "Bình Vương" (平王). He took [[Ngô Xương Ngập]]'s younger brother, [[Ngô Xương Văn]], as his adoptive son and made him heir to the throne. Fearing for his life, Ngô Xương Ngập went into hiding with his [[retinue]] in Nam Sách(now [[Hải Dương province]]). Dương Tam Kha's reign was unpopular and many revolts and rebellions sprung up across the kingdom.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=52}} ===Ngô Xương Văn & Ngô Xương Ngập co-reign: 950–954=== Ngô Xương Văn (吳昌文) deposed Dương Tam Kha in 950 and styled himself "Nam Tấn Vương" (南晉王) Out of respect for his uncle, Ngô Xương Văn did not have him killed, but merely demoted him and sent him into exile. Ngô Xương Văn then searched out his older brother Ngô Xương Ngập in order to share the throne with him. After arriving at the capital, Ngô Xương Ngập styled himself "Thiên Sách Vương" (天策王). Brought back by his younger brother Ngô Xương Văn to the throne, Ngô Xương Ngập soon abused his rights as the oldest son and began to rule Tĩnh Hải quân as dictator, "Thiên Sách Vương" (天策王). The country was ripe for open rivalries between different lords who fought each other to become the next successor. ===Ngô Xương Xí's reign: 965–968=== After Ngô Xương Văn's death in 965, his son Ngô Xương Xí (吳昌熾) succeeded him. But as he ascended to the throne Ngô Xương Xí was faced with the daunting task of having his rule recognized by the now open rivalry between the 12 lords who fought one another as they vied for control of the country. With the announcement of his rule, the country was thrown into a chaotic period called the [[Thập Nhị Sứ Quân]] (十二使君) Rebellion.<ref>Burke, p. 16., "Following the death of Ngỏ Quyển, who had driven the Chinese from Vietnam after a thousand years of domination, the Ngô Dynasty disintegrated. Vietnam was beset by a reign of confusion as twelve Warring lords fought over who was to rule ..." </ref> ==Breakup and Civil war== ==="The Anarchy of the 12 Warlords" or "Thập Nhị Sứ Quân Rebellion" (966–968)=== {{main|Anarchy of the 12 Warlords}} The depression of the Ngô dynasty caused the uprising of some governors who want to revolt against the royal court. In 951, Duke [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]] of Hoa Lư district who was the son of the Governor of Hoan district [[Đinh Công Trứ]], relied on the difficult geography of the mountain area and start his rebellion against the Ngô dynasty. Both king of Tĩnh Hải Quân Ngô Xương Văn & Ngô Xương Ngập launched the military campaign against [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]]. However, after more than a month, Royal troops failed to succeed and returned to the capital and keep persuading Duke Đinh to give up. In 954 Ngô Xương Ngập died and the leader of the Thao Gian district [[Chu Thái]] also started to betray the Ngô dynasty. Then, Ngô Xương Văn had to use force to suppress the revolt and beheaded Chu Thái. In 965 he was shot by arrows of archeries and died. His son, Ngô Xương Xí took up his leadership but the dynasty gradually fall in the weakness. According to [[Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục]](Historical record), The Kiều clan and Dương clan revolted against the Ngô and in 966. The country was divided into 12 states and ruled by 12 warlords who there was also the Ngô royalty (Ngô Xương Văn, Ngô Nhật Khánh). {{multiple images | align = right| | total_width = 350 | image_style = border:none; | image1 = 10th_century_figurine.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Ceramic horse in 10 the century | image2 = Vietnam 10th C - kendi in bronze IMG 9478 Museum of Asian Civilisation.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = Bronze kettle in Ngô dynasty }} After having submission to the royal clan in the 960s, to strengthen his position, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh married one of his daughters to the last Ngô king; he married a younger sister of that king to his eldest son Ngô Nhật Khánh, and he took the Ngô queen, mother, as one of his wives.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}} In 968 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh established a new kingdom of [[Dai Viet]]. Ngô Nhật Khánh quickly became a dissent and went to exile in [[Champa]]. When Đinh Bộ Lĩnh died in 979, Nhật Khánh persuaded the Cham king [[Paramesvaravarman I (Champa)|Paramesvaravarman I]] to board a fleet to reclaim the throne, however, the expedition was scuttled by a [[typhoon]] and Nhật Khánh was drowned.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}} ==Family tree== {{chart top|width=80%|Family tree of the Ngô dynasty{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=46–47}}}} {{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:112%;|summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 15 boxes}} {{Tree chart| | | Ng| | | | |Ng=Wu Rida <br><small>(sinicized name)</small><br><small>8th century</small>}} {{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | |}} {{Tree chart| | | Nm| | | | | |Ddn|Nm=Ngô Đình Mân<br><small>9th century</small>|Ddn=[[Dương Đình Nghệ]]<br> <small>b.874–d.937</small>}} {{Tree chart| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|.}} {{Tree chart|Nt| |Nq|y|Dtn| |Dtk| Nt=[[Ngô Tịnh]] <br> <small>?–?</small>|Nq=[[Ngô Quyền]] <br> <small>b.897-d.944</small><br>{{nowrap|'''Ngô Vương''' <br> r. 939－944}}|Dtn=Dương Thị Ngọc|Dtk=[[Dương Tam Kha]]<br><small>d.980</small><br>{{nowrap|'''Dương Bình Vương''' <br> r. 944－950}}}} {{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|.| | |}} {{Tree chart| |Xn | | Xv| | Cl | Xn=[[Ngô Xương Ngập]]<br><small>d.954</small><br>{{nowrap|'''King of Thiên Sách'''<br> r.950–954}}| boxstyle_Ch=border-width:1px| Xv=<small>[[Ngô Xương Văn]]</small><br> <small>b.925–d.965</small><br>{{nowrap|'''King of Nam Tan''' <br> r. 950－965}}|boxstyle_Bl=border-width:2px|Cl=[[Ngô Chân Lưu]]<br /> <small>b.933-d.1001</small>}} {{Tree chart| | | |,|-|-|^|-|.}} {{Tree chart| | | Xx | | |Nk| | |Xx={{nowrap| [[Ngô Xương Xí]] <br>?-?}}<br><small>r. 965–966</small>| Nk=[[Ngô Nhật Khánh]]<br>d.979<br>'''Prince An'''}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ==Citations== {{Reflist}} ==References== {{Refbegin|indent=yes}} *{{cite book|title=[[Historical Records of the Five Dynasties|《Historical Records of the Five Dynasties》]]|author=Ouyang Xiu|author-link=Ouyang Xiu|location=[[北京]]|publisher=Zhonghua Book Company（1995）|isbn=7101003222}} *{{cite book|title=[[Zizhi Tongjian|《Zizhi Tongjian》]]|author=Sima Guang|author-link=Sima Guang|location=[[北京]]|publisher=Zhonghua Book Company（1995）|isbn=7101001831}} *{{cite book |first=J. Wills |last=Burke |title=Origines: The streets of Vietnam: A Historical Companion |year=2001}} *{{cite book |first=Keith |last=Taylor |title=A history of the Vietnamese |year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} ==External link== *{{commonscatinline}} {{Notable families in early independent Vietnam}} {{5d10k}} [[Category:Ngô dynasty| ]] [[Category: Vietnamese dynasties]] [[Category:939 establishments]] [[Category:10th-century establishments in Vietnam]] [[Category:968 disestablishments]] [[Category:10th-century disestablishments in Vietnam]] [[Category: Former monarchies of Asia]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -1,119 +1,3 @@ -{{Short description|First Vietnamese dynasty after the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam (939–965)}} -{{Multiple issues| -{{Citation style|date=October 2019}} -{{More footnotes|date=October 2019}} -}} -{{Infobox Former Country -|native_name = {{lang|vi|Tĩnh Hải Quân}} ({{lang|han|靜海軍}}) -|conventional_long_name = Principality of Tĩnh Hải -|common_name = Ngô dynasty -|status = -|era = Medieval Asia -|government_type = Monarchy -| -|year_start = 939 -|year_end = 968 -| -|event_start = [[Ngô Quyền]] founded the dynasty -|date_start = February 1 -|event_end = [[Anarchy of the 12 Warlords]] -|date_end = -| -|event1 = [[Dương Tam Kha]] seized the throne -|date_event1 = 944 -|event2 = Prince [[Ngô Xương Văn]] overthrew [[Dương Tam Kha]]. Ngô Xương Văn and Ngô Xương Ngập both declared as kings -|date_event2 = 950 -|event3 = Ngô Xương Ngập died. -|date_event3 = 954 -|event4 = Ngô Xương Văn died. Ngô dynasty ended. -|date_event4 = 968 -| -|event_pre = [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)]] -|date_pre = December 938 -| -|<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 ---> -|p1 = Third Chinese domination of Vietnam -|flag_p1 = -|p2 = -|p3 = -|p4 = -|s1 = Đinh dynasty -|flag_s1 = -|s2 = Anarchy of the 12 Warlords -|image_flag = -|flag_border = -|flag = -|flag_type = -| -|image_coat = -|symbol = -|symbol_type = -| -|image_map =Map of Tĩnh Hải quân and early years of Ngô dynasty.png -|image_map_caption = early years of Ngô dynasty -| image_map2 = Jinghai Ngô circuits.png -| image_map2_caption = The map of Tĩnh Hải Quân (Jinghai) under Ngô dynasty in 939 -| -|capital = [[Cổ Loa]] -| -|national_motto = -|national_anthem = -|common_languages = -|religion = -|currency = -| -|title_leader = [[List of monarchs of Vietnam|King/Governor]] -|leader1 = [[Ngô Quyền|Tiền Ngô Vương]] (First) -|year_leader1 = 938–944 -|leader2 = [[Dương Tam Kha|Dương Bình Vương]] -|year_leader2 = 944–950 -|leader3 = [[Ngô Xương Văn|Nam Tấn vương]] & [[Ngô Xương Ngập|Thiên Sách vương]] (co-rulers) -|year_leader3 = 950–965 -| -|title_deputy = -|deputy1 = -|year_deputy1 = -|deputy2 = -|year_deputy2 = -|deputy3 = -|year_deputy3 = -|deputy4 = -|year_deputy4 = -|deputy5 = -|year_deputy5 = -|deputy6 = -|year_deputy6 = -| -|<!--- Area and population of a given year ---> -|stat_year1= -|stat_area1= -|stat_pop1= -|stat_year2= -|stat_area2= -|stat_pop2= -|stat_year3= -|stat_area3= -|stat_pop3= -|footnotes = -|today = [[Vietnam]]<br>[[China]] -}} -{{Royal house -| surname = Ngô -| estates = [[Cổ Loa Citadel]] -| country = Tĩnh Hải quân -| parent house = -| titles = King/Grand Prince of Tĩnh Hải quân -| founder = [[Ngô Quyền]] -| final ruler = [[Ngô Xương Văn]] -| current head = -| founding year = 8th century -| deposition = 968 -| ethnicity = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] -|nationality = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] -|religion=[[Mahayana Buddhism]] -}} -The '''Ngô dynasty''' ({{Lang-vi|Nhà Ngô}}; [[Chữ Nôm]]: 茹吳) was a dynasty that ruled [[Tĩnh Hải quân]] (Jinghai) in [[northern Vietnam]] from 939 to 968. The dynasty was founded by [[Ngô Quyền]], who led Vietnamese forces in the [[Battle of Bạch Đằng River (938)|Battle of Bạch Đằng River]] against the Chinese [[Southern Han|Southern Han dynasty]] in 938. - -Around 930, as Ngô Quyền rose to power, [[northern Vietnam]] was militarily occupied by the Southern Han and was treated as an autonomous province and [[vassal]] state of [[Later Tang Dynasty]], referred to as [[Tĩnh Hải quân]]. Every year the [[Jiedushi]] of Tĩnh Hải quân had to pay tribute to its Chinese master in exchange for peace and political support. At the beginning of the 10th century, China was domestically plagued and weakened by civil war during what is known as the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]]. The Chinese were preoccupied with these civil struggles and lost their grip on Tĩnh Hải quân periodically. Tĩnh Hải quân took advantage of this opportunity and proclaimed its independence and seceded from China. Under the rule of Lord Protector Dương Đình Nghệ, the Tĩnh Hải quân state initiated a full blown military campaign for independence. +full-blown military campaign for independence. ==Background== @@ -123,18 +7,18 @@ After defeating the [[Sui dynasty]] of [[China]], the [[Tang dynasty]] adjusted its administrative divisions and provinces, maintaining Chinese rule in [[Vietnam]]. In the late 9th Century, however, civil unrest increased and the rebellion of [[Huang Chao]] weaken the Tang dynasty. At the beginning of the 10th Century in 905, a member of the [[Khúc clan]] of Vietnam, Khúc Thừa Dụ took advantage of the continuing turmoil in China, seized power from the weakened Tang, and appointed himself Jiedushi (Viet: Tiết độ sứ) establishing a degree of autonomy for Vietnam. -In 906 the Tang recognized Jiaozhi as an autonomous state, however a year later the Tang dynasty ended when [[Zhu Wen]] overthrew Tang rule establishing the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang Dynasty]] for himself and ushering in the division of China into the short-lived empires of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During this time of civil wars in China, the Khúc clan attempted to increase its power and control over Vietnam. In [[Guangzhou]] province of south China, however, the former Tang governor, [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]] declared himself the emperor of the emergent [[Southern Han]] kingdom. +In 906 the Tang recognized Jiaozhi as an autonomous state, however, a year later the Tang dynasty ended when [[Zhu Wen]] overthrew Tang rule establishing the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang Dynasty]] for himself and ushering in the division of China into the short-lived empires of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During this time of civil wars in China, the Khúc clan attempted to increase its power and control over Vietnam. In [[Guangzhou]] province of south China, however, the former Tang governor, [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]] declared himself the emperor of the emergent [[Southern Han]] kingdom. -In 917, [[Khúc Thừa Mỹ]] succeeded Khúc Hạo as [[Jiedushi]] of [[Tĩnh Hải Quân]] and reached out to the Liang Dynasty in northern China seeking political support as a vassal state. Such an action angered the Southern Han and in 930 emperor Liu Yan attempted to bring Tĩnh Hải Quân under his control by invading the capital city and taking Khúc Thừa Mỹ captive. Shortly thereafter, however, [[Dương Đình Nghệ]], the Governor of the Ái Châu district of Tĩnh Hải Quân sent troops to rescue Khúc Thừa Mỹ, defeated the Southern Han army, and in the process appointed himself as Jiedushi of Jinghai. In 937, Dương Đình Nghệ was assassinated by his official [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] who declared himself loyal to the Southern Han's emperor. Immediately thereafter, Dương Đình Nghệ's son in law, general [[Ngô Quyền]] who was governing the Ái district, initiated hostilities against Kiều Công Tiễn.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=45–46}} +In 917, [[Khúc Thừa Mỹ]] succeeded Khúc Hạo as [[Jiedushi]] of [[Tĩnh Hải Quân]] and reached out to the Liang Dynasty in northern China seeking political support as a vassal state. Such an action angered the Southern Han and in 930 emperor Liu Yan attempted to bring Tĩnh Hải Quân under his control by invading the capital city and taking Khúc Thừa Mỹ captive. Shortly thereafter, however, [[Dương Đình Nghệ]], the Governor of the Ái Châu district of Tĩnh Hải Quân sent troops to rescue Khúc Thừa Mỹ, defeated the Southern Han army, and in the process appointed himself as Jiedushi of Jinghai. In 937, Dương Đình Nghệ was assassinated by his official [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] who declared himself loyal to the Southern Han emperor. Immediately thereafter, Dương Đình Nghệ's son-in-law, general [[Ngô Quyền]] who was governing the Ái district, initiated hostilities against Kiều Công Tiễn. {{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=45–46}} ===Battle of Bạch Đằng River=== {{Main|Battle of Bạch Đằng River (938)}} -[[File:Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms 923 CE.png|thumb|Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms Period 923 CE and Tĩnh Hải Quân (orange) .]] +[[File: Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms 923 CE.png|thumb|Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms Period 923 CE and Tĩnh Hải Quân (orange) .]] -Ngô Quyền (897–944) was Dương Đình Nghệ's most loyal general and son-in-law. He served under Dương Đình Nghệ's command and married one of his daughters. After the murder of father-in-law, Ngô Quyền sought revenge. He launched an attack and defeated Kiều Công Tiễn in 938. The latter, before his death in battle with Ngô Quyền, sent an emissary to Southern Han court to ask for military re-enforcement. The Southern Han state's emperor then sent an army to the South land to assist [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] in 938. However, Ngô Quyền's forces were tipped off over the advancing Southern Han army and therefore he quickly mobilized his forces and strategically stationed them in key battle sites. +Ngô Quyền (897–944) was Dương Đình Nghệ's most loyal general and son-in-law. He served under Dương Đình Nghệ's command and married one of his daughters. After the murder of their father-in-law, Ngô Quyền sought revenge. He launched an attack and defeated Kiều Công Tiễn in 938. The latter, before his death in battle with Ngô Quyền, sent an emissary to the Southern Han court to ask for military re-enforcement. The Southern Han state's emperor then sent an army to the Southland to assist [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] in 938. However, Ngô Quyền's forces were tipped off by the advancing Southern Han army and therefore he quickly mobilized his forces and strategically stationed them in key battle sites. -To defeat the Southern Han army coming to supply aid to his rival, Ngô Quyền and his troops planted iron spikes underneath the Bạch Đằng River and timed the attack of the Southern Han navy. The attack began during high tide to conceal the spikes beneath the water. After the Vietnamese held the enemy in check for hours, the tides receded and the spikes impaled the Chinese armada. The Vietnamese forces followed this impalement with ferocious fire attacks, which annihilated hundreds of giant warships. The Southern Han navy and the Prince of Southern Han were killed in the battle, thus ended SH's ambition over Annam.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=46}} +To defeat the Southern Han army coming to supply aid to his rival, Ngô Quyền and his troops planted iron spikes underneath the Bạch Đằng River and timed the attack of the Southern Han navy. The attack began during high tide to conceal the spikes beneath the water. After the Vietnamese held the enemy in check for hours, the tides receded and the spikes impaled the Chinese armada. The Vietnamese forces followed this impalement with ferocious fire attacks, which annihilated hundreds of giant warships. The Southern Han navy and the Prince of Southern Han were killed in the battle, thus ending SH's ambition over Annam.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=46}} ==Independence era(938)== === Ngô Quyền's reign === -The Battle of Bạch Đằng River was the first significant of many victories throughout the centuries at this famous river. Ngô Quyền then ascended to the throne and took the name "Ngô Vương" (King Ngô) or "Tiền Ngô Vương". He moved the capital back to [[Cổ Loa]].<ref>Pelley, p. 213., "Vietnamese kings and emperors sought the safety of cities that were easy to defend. Thus the Ngô dynasty retreated to Cổ Loa and the Đinh and Early Lê dynasties took refuge in Hoa Lư."</ref> He reigned for only five years, until 944, when he died of illness at age 47. A short reign for an ambitious ruler set the stage for future campaigns for independence. Nevertheless, Ngô Vương ushered in a new Viet era of continuous independence and political autonomy. Due to the Ngô dynasty's failure to control chieftains and Ngô Quyền's failure to gain Chinese acknowledgement of his legitimacy as a ruler, it was little more than a protectorate of the [[Song dynasty]].<ref name=sejarah>{{cite journal |title=The Tributary Relations between China's Song Dynasty and Vietnam's Dinh, Le and Ly Dynasties: Effects on Their Political Sustainability |journal=Sejarah: Journal of the History Department, University of Malaya |last= Dar |first=Ku Boon |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=2019 |pages=1–13 |quote=There is also the question of how far the Song dynasty (China) was willing to recognise the independence of the Ngo dynasty (Vietnam) amidst the turmoil in China. [...] The Ngo dynasty (939-968) was unable to control the local chiefs known as ''Hung Vuong'' or ''Su Quan'' because the ruling power was still in their hands. Since Ngo Quyen failed to gain acknowledgement of his legitimacy as a ruler from China, he could not get the unanimous support of the local authorities. Furthermore, the Ngo dynasty was still recorded as ''Ngoai Ky'' (not officially confirmed as a dynasty in Vietnamese history) because he was still known as a 'military governor', and not a king (''vuong''). These local chiefs possessed their own territories and constantly tried to dominate one another. Ngo Quyen died at the age of 46 before he had time to consolidate his position; Vietnam was little more than a protectorate of the Chinese empire.}}</ref> +The Battle of Bạch Đằng River was the first sign of many victories throughout the centuries at this famous river. Ngô Quyền then ascended to the throne and took the name "Ngô Vương" (King Ngô) or "Tiền Ngô Vương". He moved the capital back to [[Cổ Loa]].<ref>Pelley, p. 213., "Vietnamese kings and emperors sought the safety of cities that were easy to defend. Thus the Ngô dynasty retreated to Cổ Loa and the Đinh and Early Lê dynasties took refuge in Hoa Lư."</ref> He reigned for only five years until 944 when he died of illness at age 47. A short reign for an ambitious ruler set the stage for future campaigns for independence. Nevertheless, Ngô Vương ushered in a new Viet era of continuous independence and political autonomy. Due to the Ngô dynasty's failure to control chieftains and Ngô Quyền's failure to gain Chinese acknowledgment of his legitimacy as a ruler, it was little more than a protectorate of the [[Song dynasty]].<ref name=sejarah>{{cite journal |title=The Tributary Relations between China's Song Dynasty and Vietnam's Dinh, Le and Ly Dynasties: Effects on Their Political Sustainability |journal=Sejarah: Journal of the History Department, University of Malaya |last= Dar |first=Ku Boon |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=2019 |pages=1–13 |quote=There is also the question of how far the Song dynasty (China) was willing to recognize the independence of the Ngo dynasty (Vietnam) amidst the turmoil in China. [...] The Ngo dynasty (939-968) was unable to control the local chiefs known as ''Hung Vuong'' or ''Su Quan'' because the ruling power was still in their hands. Since Ngo Quyen failed to gain acknowledgment of his legitimacy as a ruler from China, he could not get the unanimous support of the local authorities. Furthermore, the Ngo dynasty was still recorded as ''Ngoai Ky'' (not officially confirmed as a dynasty in Vietnamese history) because he was still known as a 'military governor', and not a king (''Vuong''). These local chiefs possessed their territories and constantly tried to dominate one another. Ngo Quyen died at the age of 46 before he had time to consolidate his position; Vietnam was little more than a protectorate of the Chinese empire.}}</ref> ===Royal Court disputes=== @@ -146,11 +30,11 @@ ===Ngô Xương Xí's reign: 965–968=== -After Ngô Xương Văn's death in 965, his son Ngô Xương Xí (吳昌熾) succeeded him. But as he ascended to the throne Ngô Xương Xí was faced with the daunting task of having his rule recognized by the now open rivalry between the 12 lords who fought one another as they vied for control of the country. With the announcement of his rule, the country was thrown into a chaotic period called the [[Thập Nhị Sứ Quân]] (十二使君) Rebellion.<ref>Burke, p. 16., "Following the death of Ngỏ Quyển, who had driven the Chinese from Vietnam after a thousand years of domination, the Ngô Dynasty disintegrated. Vietnam was beset by a reign of confusion as twelve Warring lords fought over who was to rule ...""</ref> +After Ngô Xương Văn's death in 965, his son Ngô Xương Xí (吳昌熾) succeeded him. But as he ascended to the throne Ngô Xương Xí was faced with the daunting task of having his rule recognized by the now open rivalry between the 12 lords who fought one another as they vied for control of the country. With the announcement of his rule, the country was thrown into a chaotic period called the [[Thập Nhị Sứ Quân]] (十二使君) Rebellion.<ref>Burke, p. 16., "Following the death of Ngỏ Quyển, who had driven the Chinese from Vietnam after a thousand years of domination, the Ngô Dynasty disintegrated. Vietnam was beset by a reign of confusion as twelve Warring lords fought over who was to rule ..." </ref> ==Breakup and Civil war== ==="The Anarchy of the 12 Warlords" or "Thập Nhị Sứ Quân Rebellion" (966–968)=== {{main|Anarchy of the 12 Warlords}} -The depression of Ngô dynasty caused the uprising of some governors who want to revolt to the royal court. In 951, Duke [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]] of Hoa Lư district who was the son of Governor of Hoan district [[Đinh Công Trứ]], relied on the difficult geography of mountain area and start his rebellion against the Ngô dynasty. Both king of Tĩnh Hải Quân Ngô Xương Văn & Ngô Xương Ngập launched the military campaign against [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]]. However, after more than a month, Royal troops failed to succeed and returned to the capital and keep persuading Duke Đinh to give up. -In 954 Ngô Xương Ngập died and the leader of Thao Gian district [[Chu Thái]] also started to betray Ngô dynasty. Then, Ngô Xương Văn had to use force to suppress the revolt and beheaded Chu Thái. In 965 he was shot by arrows of archeries and died. His son, Ngô Xương Xí took up his leadership but the dynasty gradually fall in the weakness. According to [[Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục]](Historical record), The Kiều clan and Dương clan revolted against the Ngô and in 966. The country was divided into 12 states and ruled by 12 warlords in which there were also the Ngô royalty (Ngô Xương Văn, Ngô Nhật Khánh). -{{multiple image +The depression of the Ngô dynasty caused the uprising of some governors who want to revolt against the royal court. In 951, Duke [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]] of Hoa Lư district who was the son of the Governor of Hoan district [[Đinh Công Trứ]], relied on the difficult geography of the mountain area and start his rebellion against the Ngô dynasty. Both king of Tĩnh Hải Quân Ngô Xương Văn & Ngô Xương Ngập launched the military campaign against [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]]. However, after more than a month, Royal troops failed to succeed and returned to the capital and keep persuading Duke Đinh to give up. +In 954 Ngô Xương Ngập died and the leader of the Thao Gian district [[Chu Thái]] also started to betray the Ngô dynasty. Then, Ngô Xương Văn had to use force to suppress the revolt and beheaded Chu Thái. In 965 he was shot by arrows of archeries and died. His son, Ngô Xương Xí took up his leadership but the dynasty gradually fall in the weakness. According to [[Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục]](Historical record), The Kiều clan and Dương clan revolted against the Ngô and in 966. The country was divided into 12 states and ruled by 12 warlords who there was also the Ngô royalty (Ngô Xương Văn, Ngô Nhật Khánh). +{{multiple images | align = right| | total_width = 350 @@ -158,10 +42,10 @@ | image1 = 10th_century_figurine.jpg | alt1 = - | caption1 = Ceramic of horse in 10 th century + | caption1 = Ceramic horse in 10 the century | image2 = Vietnam 10th C - kendi in bronze IMG 9478 Museum of Asian Civilisation.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = Bronze kettle in Ngô dynasty }} -After having submission of the royal clan in the 960s, to strengthen his position, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh married one of his daughters to the last Ngô king; he married a younger sister of that king to his eldest son Ngô Nhật Khánh, and he took the Ngô queen mother as one of his wives.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}} In 968 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh established a new kingdom of [[Dai Viet]]. Ngô Nhật Khánh quickly became a dissent and went exile in [[Champa]]. When Đinh Bộ Lĩnh died in 979, Nhật Khánh persuaded the Cham king [[Paramesvaravarman I (Champa)|Paramesvaravarman I]] boarded a fleet to reclaim the throne, however the expedition was scuttled by a [[typhoon]] and Nhật Khánh was drown.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}} +After having submission to the royal clan in the 960s, to strengthen his position, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh married one of his daughters to the last Ngô king; he married a younger sister of that king to his eldest son Ngô Nhật Khánh, and he took the Ngô queen, mother, as one of his wives.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}} In 968 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh established a new kingdom of [[Dai Viet]]. Ngô Nhật Khánh quickly became a dissent and went to exile in [[Champa]]. When Đinh Bộ Lĩnh died in 979, Nhật Khánh persuaded the Cham king [[Paramesvaravarman I (Champa)|Paramesvaravarman I]] to board a fleet to reclaim the throne, however, the expedition was scuttled by a [[typhoon]] and Nhật Khánh was drowned.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}} ==Family tree== @@ -197,8 +81,8 @@ [[Category:Ngô dynasty| ]] -[[Category:Vietnamese dynasties]] +[[Category: Vietnamese dynasties]] [[Category:939 establishments]] [[Category:10th-century establishments in Vietnam]] [[Category:968 disestablishments]] [[Category:10th-century disestablishments in Vietnam]] -[[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]] +[[Category: Former monarchies of Asia]] '
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[ 0 => 'full-blown military campaign for independence.', 1 => 'In 906 the Tang recognized Jiaozhi as an autonomous state, however, a year later the Tang dynasty ended when [[Zhu Wen]] overthrew Tang rule establishing the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang Dynasty]] for himself and ushering in the division of China into the short-lived empires of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During this time of civil wars in China, the Khúc clan attempted to increase its power and control over Vietnam. In [[Guangzhou]] province of south China, however, the former Tang governor, [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]] declared himself the emperor of the emergent [[Southern Han]] kingdom.', 2 => 'In 917, [[Khúc Thừa Mỹ]] succeeded Khúc Hạo as [[Jiedushi]] of [[Tĩnh Hải Quân]] and reached out to the Liang Dynasty in northern China seeking political support as a vassal state. Such an action angered the Southern Han and in 930 emperor Liu Yan attempted to bring Tĩnh Hải Quân under his control by invading the capital city and taking Khúc Thừa Mỹ captive. Shortly thereafter, however, [[Dương Đình Nghệ]], the Governor of the Ái Châu district of Tĩnh Hải Quân sent troops to rescue Khúc Thừa Mỹ, defeated the Southern Han army, and in the process appointed himself as Jiedushi of Jinghai. In 937, Dương Đình Nghệ was assassinated by his official [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] who declared himself loyal to the Southern Han emperor. Immediately thereafter, Dương Đình Nghệ's son-in-law, general [[Ngô Quyền]] who was governing the Ái district, initiated hostilities against Kiều Công Tiễn. {{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=45–46}} ', 3 => '[[File: Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms 923 CE.png|thumb|Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms Period 923 CE and Tĩnh Hải Quân (orange) .]]', 4 => 'Ngô Quyền (897–944) was Dương Đình Nghệ's most loyal general and son-in-law. He served under Dương Đình Nghệ's command and married one of his daughters. After the murder of their father-in-law, Ngô Quyền sought revenge. He launched an attack and defeated Kiều Công Tiễn in 938. The latter, before his death in battle with Ngô Quyền, sent an emissary to the Southern Han court to ask for military re-enforcement. The Southern Han state's emperor then sent an army to the Southland to assist [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] in 938. However, Ngô Quyền's forces were tipped off by the advancing Southern Han army and therefore he quickly mobilized his forces and strategically stationed them in key battle sites.', 5 => 'To defeat the Southern Han army coming to supply aid to his rival, Ngô Quyền and his troops planted iron spikes underneath the Bạch Đằng River and timed the attack of the Southern Han navy. The attack began during high tide to conceal the spikes beneath the water. After the Vietnamese held the enemy in check for hours, the tides receded and the spikes impaled the Chinese armada. The Vietnamese forces followed this impalement with ferocious fire attacks, which annihilated hundreds of giant warships. The Southern Han navy and the Prince of Southern Han were killed in the battle, thus ending SH's ambition over Annam.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=46}}', 6 => 'The Battle of Bạch Đằng River was the first sign of many victories throughout the centuries at this famous river. Ngô Quyền then ascended to the throne and took the name "Ngô Vương" (King Ngô) or "Tiền Ngô Vương". He moved the capital back to [[Cổ Loa]].<ref>Pelley, p. 213., "Vietnamese kings and emperors sought the safety of cities that were easy to defend. Thus the Ngô dynasty retreated to Cổ Loa and the Đinh and Early Lê dynasties took refuge in Hoa Lư."</ref> He reigned for only five years until 944 when he died of illness at age 47. A short reign for an ambitious ruler set the stage for future campaigns for independence. Nevertheless, Ngô Vương ushered in a new Viet era of continuous independence and political autonomy. Due to the Ngô dynasty's failure to control chieftains and Ngô Quyền's failure to gain Chinese acknowledgment of his legitimacy as a ruler, it was little more than a protectorate of the [[Song dynasty]].<ref name=sejarah>{{cite journal |title=The Tributary Relations between China's Song Dynasty and Vietnam's Dinh, Le and Ly Dynasties: Effects on Their Political Sustainability |journal=Sejarah: Journal of the History Department, University of Malaya |last= Dar |first=Ku Boon |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=2019 |pages=1–13 |quote=There is also the question of how far the Song dynasty (China) was willing to recognize the independence of the Ngo dynasty (Vietnam) amidst the turmoil in China. [...] The Ngo dynasty (939-968) was unable to control the local chiefs known as ''Hung Vuong'' or ''Su Quan'' because the ruling power was still in their hands. Since Ngo Quyen failed to gain acknowledgment of his legitimacy as a ruler from China, he could not get the unanimous support of the local authorities. Furthermore, the Ngo dynasty was still recorded as ''Ngoai Ky'' (not officially confirmed as a dynasty in Vietnamese history) because he was still known as a 'military governor', and not a king (''Vuong''). These local chiefs possessed their territories and constantly tried to dominate one another. Ngo Quyen died at the age of 46 before he had time to consolidate his position; Vietnam was little more than a protectorate of the Chinese empire.}}</ref>', 7 => 'After Ngô Xương Văn's death in 965, his son Ngô Xương Xí (吳昌熾) succeeded him. But as he ascended to the throne Ngô Xương Xí was faced with the daunting task of having his rule recognized by the now open rivalry between the 12 lords who fought one another as they vied for control of the country. With the announcement of his rule, the country was thrown into a chaotic period called the [[Thập Nhị Sứ Quân]] (十二使君) Rebellion.<ref>Burke, p. 16., "Following the death of Ngỏ Quyển, who had driven the Chinese from Vietnam after a thousand years of domination, the Ngô Dynasty disintegrated. Vietnam was beset by a reign of confusion as twelve Warring lords fought over who was to rule ..." </ref>', 8 => 'The depression of the Ngô dynasty caused the uprising of some governors who want to revolt against the royal court. In 951, Duke [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]] of Hoa Lư district who was the son of the Governor of Hoan district [[Đinh Công Trứ]], relied on the difficult geography of the mountain area and start his rebellion against the Ngô dynasty. Both king of Tĩnh Hải Quân Ngô Xương Văn & Ngô Xương Ngập launched the military campaign against [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]]. However, after more than a month, Royal troops failed to succeed and returned to the capital and keep persuading Duke Đinh to give up.', 9 => 'In 954 Ngô Xương Ngập died and the leader of the Thao Gian district [[Chu Thái]] also started to betray the Ngô dynasty. Then, Ngô Xương Văn had to use force to suppress the revolt and beheaded Chu Thái. In 965 he was shot by arrows of archeries and died. His son, Ngô Xương Xí took up his leadership but the dynasty gradually fall in the weakness. According to [[Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục]](Historical record), The Kiều clan and Dương clan revolted against the Ngô and in 966. The country was divided into 12 states and ruled by 12 warlords who there was also the Ngô royalty (Ngô Xương Văn, Ngô Nhật Khánh). ', 10 => '{{multiple images', 11 => ' | caption1 = Ceramic horse in 10 the century', 12 => 'After having submission to the royal clan in the 960s, to strengthen his position, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh married one of his daughters to the last Ngô king; he married a younger sister of that king to his eldest son Ngô Nhật Khánh, and he took the Ngô queen, mother, as one of his wives.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}} In 968 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh established a new kingdom of [[Dai Viet]]. Ngô Nhật Khánh quickly became a dissent and went to exile in [[Champa]]. When Đinh Bộ Lĩnh died in 979, Nhật Khánh persuaded the Cham king [[Paramesvaravarman I (Champa)|Paramesvaravarman I]] to board a fleet to reclaim the throne, however, the expedition was scuttled by a [[typhoon]] and Nhật Khánh was drowned.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}}', 13 => '[[Category: Vietnamese dynasties]]', 14 => '[[Category: Former monarchies of Asia]]' ]
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[ 0 => '{{Short description|First Vietnamese dynasty after the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam (939–965)}}', 1 => '{{Multiple issues|', 2 => '{{Citation style|date=October 2019}}', 3 => '{{More footnotes|date=October 2019}}', 4 => '}}', 5 => '{{Infobox Former Country', 6 => '|native_name = {{lang|vi|Tĩnh Hải Quân}} ({{lang|han|靜海軍}})', 7 => '|conventional_long_name = Principality of Tĩnh Hải', 8 => '|common_name = Ngô dynasty', 9 => '|status = ', 10 => '|era = Medieval Asia', 11 => '|government_type = Monarchy', 12 => '|', 13 => '|year_start = 939', 14 => '|year_end = 968', 15 => '|', 16 => '|event_start = [[Ngô Quyền]] founded the dynasty', 17 => '|date_start = February 1', 18 => '|event_end = [[Anarchy of the 12 Warlords]]', 19 => '|date_end = ', 20 => '|', 21 => '|event1 = [[Dương Tam Kha]] seized the throne', 22 => '|date_event1 = 944', 23 => '|event2 = Prince [[Ngô Xương Văn]] overthrew [[Dương Tam Kha]]. Ngô Xương Văn and Ngô Xương Ngập both declared as kings', 24 => '|date_event2 = 950', 25 => '|event3 = Ngô Xương Ngập died.', 26 => '|date_event3 = 954', 27 => '|event4 = Ngô Xương Văn died. Ngô dynasty ended.', 28 => '|date_event4 = 968', 29 => '|', 30 => '|event_pre = [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)]]', 31 => '|date_pre = December 938', 32 => '|', 33 => '|<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --->', 34 => '|p1 = Third Chinese domination of Vietnam', 35 => '|flag_p1 = ', 36 => '|p2 = ', 37 => '|p3 = ', 38 => '|p4 = ', 39 => '|s1 = Đinh dynasty', 40 => '|flag_s1 = ', 41 => '|s2 = Anarchy of the 12 Warlords', 42 => '|image_flag = ', 43 => '|flag_border = ', 44 => '|flag = ', 45 => '|flag_type = ', 46 => '|', 47 => '|image_coat = ', 48 => '|symbol = ', 49 => '|symbol_type = ', 50 => '|', 51 => '|image_map =Map of Tĩnh Hải quân and early years of Ngô dynasty.png', 52 => '|image_map_caption = early years of Ngô dynasty', 53 => '| image_map2 = Jinghai Ngô circuits.png', 54 => '| image_map2_caption = The map of Tĩnh Hải Quân (Jinghai) under Ngô dynasty in 939 ', 55 => '|', 56 => '|capital = [[Cổ Loa]]', 57 => '|', 58 => '|national_motto =', 59 => '|national_anthem =', 60 => '|common_languages = ', 61 => '|religion = ', 62 => '|currency = ', 63 => '|', 64 => '|title_leader = [[List of monarchs of Vietnam|King/Governor]]', 65 => '|leader1 = [[Ngô Quyền|Tiền Ngô Vương]] (First)', 66 => '|year_leader1 = 938–944', 67 => '|leader2 = [[Dương Tam Kha|Dương Bình Vương]]', 68 => '|year_leader2 = 944–950', 69 => '|leader3 = [[Ngô Xương Văn|Nam Tấn vương]] & [[Ngô Xương Ngập|Thiên Sách vương]] (co-rulers)', 70 => '|year_leader3 = 950–965', 71 => '|', 72 => '|title_deputy = ', 73 => '|deputy1 = ', 74 => '|year_deputy1 = ', 75 => '|deputy2 = ', 76 => '|year_deputy2 =', 77 => '|deputy3 = ', 78 => '|year_deputy3 = ', 79 => '|deputy4 = ', 80 => '|year_deputy4 =', 81 => '|deputy5 = ', 82 => '|year_deputy5 =', 83 => '|deputy6 =', 84 => '|year_deputy6 =', 85 => '|', 86 => '|<!--- Area and population of a given year --->', 87 => '|stat_year1=', 88 => '|stat_area1=', 89 => '|stat_pop1=', 90 => '|stat_year2=', 91 => '|stat_area2=', 92 => '|stat_pop2=', 93 => '|stat_year3=', 94 => '|stat_area3=', 95 => '|stat_pop3=', 96 => '|footnotes =', 97 => '|today = [[Vietnam]]<br>[[China]]', 98 => '}}', 99 => '{{Royal house', 100 => '| surname = Ngô', 101 => '| estates = [[Cổ Loa Citadel]]', 102 => '| country = Tĩnh Hải quân', 103 => '| parent house =', 104 => '| titles = King/Grand Prince of Tĩnh Hải quân', 105 => '| founder = [[Ngô Quyền]]', 106 => '| final ruler = [[Ngô Xương Văn]]', 107 => '| current head =', 108 => '| founding year = 8th century', 109 => '| deposition = 968', 110 => '| ethnicity = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]', 111 => '|nationality = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]', 112 => '|religion=[[Mahayana Buddhism]]', 113 => '}}', 114 => 'The '''Ngô dynasty''' ({{Lang-vi|Nhà Ngô}}; [[Chữ Nôm]]: 茹吳) was a dynasty that ruled [[Tĩnh Hải quân]] (Jinghai) in [[northern Vietnam]] from 939 to 968. The dynasty was founded by [[Ngô Quyền]], who led Vietnamese forces in the [[Battle of Bạch Đằng River (938)|Battle of Bạch Đằng River]] against the Chinese [[Southern Han|Southern Han dynasty]] in 938. ', 115 => '', 116 => 'Around 930, as Ngô Quyền rose to power, [[northern Vietnam]] was militarily occupied by the Southern Han and was treated as an autonomous province and [[vassal]] state of [[Later Tang Dynasty]], referred to as [[Tĩnh Hải quân]]. Every year the [[Jiedushi]] of Tĩnh Hải quân had to pay tribute to its Chinese master in exchange for peace and political support. At the beginning of the 10th century, China was domestically plagued and weakened by civil war during what is known as the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]]. The Chinese were preoccupied with these civil struggles and lost their grip on Tĩnh Hải quân periodically. Tĩnh Hải quân took advantage of this opportunity and proclaimed its independence and seceded from China. Under the rule of Lord Protector Dương Đình Nghệ, the Tĩnh Hải quân state initiated a full blown military campaign for independence.', 117 => 'In 906 the Tang recognized Jiaozhi as an autonomous state, however a year later the Tang dynasty ended when [[Zhu Wen]] overthrew Tang rule establishing the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang Dynasty]] for himself and ushering in the division of China into the short-lived empires of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During this time of civil wars in China, the Khúc clan attempted to increase its power and control over Vietnam. In [[Guangzhou]] province of south China, however, the former Tang governor, [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]] declared himself the emperor of the emergent [[Southern Han]] kingdom.', 118 => 'In 917, [[Khúc Thừa Mỹ]] succeeded Khúc Hạo as [[Jiedushi]] of [[Tĩnh Hải Quân]] and reached out to the Liang Dynasty in northern China seeking political support as a vassal state. Such an action angered the Southern Han and in 930 emperor Liu Yan attempted to bring Tĩnh Hải Quân under his control by invading the capital city and taking Khúc Thừa Mỹ captive. Shortly thereafter, however, [[Dương Đình Nghệ]], the Governor of the Ái Châu district of Tĩnh Hải Quân sent troops to rescue Khúc Thừa Mỹ, defeated the Southern Han army, and in the process appointed himself as Jiedushi of Jinghai. In 937, Dương Đình Nghệ was assassinated by his official [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] who declared himself loyal to the Southern Han's emperor. Immediately thereafter, Dương Đình Nghệ's son in law, general [[Ngô Quyền]] who was governing the Ái district, initiated hostilities against Kiều Công Tiễn.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=45–46}} ', 119 => '[[File:Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms 923 CE.png|thumb|Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms Period 923 CE and Tĩnh Hải Quân (orange) .]]', 120 => 'Ngô Quyền (897–944) was Dương Đình Nghệ's most loyal general and son-in-law. He served under Dương Đình Nghệ's command and married one of his daughters. After the murder of father-in-law, Ngô Quyền sought revenge. He launched an attack and defeated Kiều Công Tiễn in 938. The latter, before his death in battle with Ngô Quyền, sent an emissary to Southern Han court to ask for military re-enforcement. The Southern Han state's emperor then sent an army to the South land to assist [[Kiều Công Tiễn]] in 938. However, Ngô Quyền's forces were tipped off over the advancing Southern Han army and therefore he quickly mobilized his forces and strategically stationed them in key battle sites.', 121 => 'To defeat the Southern Han army coming to supply aid to his rival, Ngô Quyền and his troops planted iron spikes underneath the Bạch Đằng River and timed the attack of the Southern Han navy. The attack began during high tide to conceal the spikes beneath the water. After the Vietnamese held the enemy in check for hours, the tides receded and the spikes impaled the Chinese armada. The Vietnamese forces followed this impalement with ferocious fire attacks, which annihilated hundreds of giant warships. The Southern Han navy and the Prince of Southern Han were killed in the battle, thus ended SH's ambition over Annam.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=46}}', 122 => 'The Battle of Bạch Đằng River was the first significant of many victories throughout the centuries at this famous river. Ngô Quyền then ascended to the throne and took the name "Ngô Vương" (King Ngô) or "Tiền Ngô Vương". He moved the capital back to [[Cổ Loa]].<ref>Pelley, p. 213., "Vietnamese kings and emperors sought the safety of cities that were easy to defend. Thus the Ngô dynasty retreated to Cổ Loa and the Đinh and Early Lê dynasties took refuge in Hoa Lư."</ref> He reigned for only five years, until 944, when he died of illness at age 47. A short reign for an ambitious ruler set the stage for future campaigns for independence. Nevertheless, Ngô Vương ushered in a new Viet era of continuous independence and political autonomy. Due to the Ngô dynasty's failure to control chieftains and Ngô Quyền's failure to gain Chinese acknowledgement of his legitimacy as a ruler, it was little more than a protectorate of the [[Song dynasty]].<ref name=sejarah>{{cite journal |title=The Tributary Relations between China's Song Dynasty and Vietnam's Dinh, Le and Ly Dynasties: Effects on Their Political Sustainability |journal=Sejarah: Journal of the History Department, University of Malaya |last= Dar |first=Ku Boon |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=2019 |pages=1–13 |quote=There is also the question of how far the Song dynasty (China) was willing to recognise the independence of the Ngo dynasty (Vietnam) amidst the turmoil in China. [...] The Ngo dynasty (939-968) was unable to control the local chiefs known as ''Hung Vuong'' or ''Su Quan'' because the ruling power was still in their hands. Since Ngo Quyen failed to gain acknowledgement of his legitimacy as a ruler from China, he could not get the unanimous support of the local authorities. Furthermore, the Ngo dynasty was still recorded as ''Ngoai Ky'' (not officially confirmed as a dynasty in Vietnamese history) because he was still known as a 'military governor', and not a king (''vuong''). These local chiefs possessed their own territories and constantly tried to dominate one another. Ngo Quyen died at the age of 46 before he had time to consolidate his position; Vietnam was little more than a protectorate of the Chinese empire.}}</ref>', 123 => 'After Ngô Xương Văn's death in 965, his son Ngô Xương Xí (吳昌熾) succeeded him. But as he ascended to the throne Ngô Xương Xí was faced with the daunting task of having his rule recognized by the now open rivalry between the 12 lords who fought one another as they vied for control of the country. With the announcement of his rule, the country was thrown into a chaotic period called the [[Thập Nhị Sứ Quân]] (十二使君) Rebellion.<ref>Burke, p. 16., "Following the death of Ngỏ Quyển, who had driven the Chinese from Vietnam after a thousand years of domination, the Ngô Dynasty disintegrated. Vietnam was beset by a reign of confusion as twelve Warring lords fought over who was to rule ...""</ref>', 124 => 'The depression of Ngô dynasty caused the uprising of some governors who want to revolt to the royal court. In 951, Duke [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]] of Hoa Lư district who was the son of Governor of Hoan district [[Đinh Công Trứ]], relied on the difficult geography of mountain area and start his rebellion against the Ngô dynasty. Both king of Tĩnh Hải Quân Ngô Xương Văn & Ngô Xương Ngập launched the military campaign against [[Đinh Bộ Lĩnh]]. However, after more than a month, Royal troops failed to succeed and returned to the capital and keep persuading Duke Đinh to give up.', 125 => 'In 954 Ngô Xương Ngập died and the leader of Thao Gian district [[Chu Thái]] also started to betray Ngô dynasty. Then, Ngô Xương Văn had to use force to suppress the revolt and beheaded Chu Thái. In 965 he was shot by arrows of archeries and died. His son, Ngô Xương Xí took up his leadership but the dynasty gradually fall in the weakness. According to [[Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục]](Historical record), The Kiều clan and Dương clan revolted against the Ngô and in 966. The country was divided into 12 states and ruled by 12 warlords in which there were also the Ngô royalty (Ngô Xương Văn, Ngô Nhật Khánh). ', 126 => '{{multiple image', 127 => ' | caption1 = Ceramic of horse in 10 th century', 128 => 'After having submission of the royal clan in the 960s, to strengthen his position, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh married one of his daughters to the last Ngô king; he married a younger sister of that king to his eldest son Ngô Nhật Khánh, and he took the Ngô queen mother as one of his wives.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}} In 968 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh established a new kingdom of [[Dai Viet]]. Ngô Nhật Khánh quickly became a dissent and went exile in [[Champa]]. When Đinh Bộ Lĩnh died in 979, Nhật Khánh persuaded the Cham king [[Paramesvaravarman I (Champa)|Paramesvaravarman I]] boarded a fleet to reclaim the throne, however the expedition was scuttled by a [[typhoon]] and Nhật Khánh was drown.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=53}}', 129 => '[[Category:Vietnamese dynasties]]', 130 => '[[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]' ]
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[ 0 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&q=%22tran+anh+tong%22&pg=PA85' ]
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'<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>full-blown military campaign for independence. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Pre-independence"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-independence</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Battle_of_Bạch_Đằng_River"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Battle of Bạch Đằng River</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Independence_era(938)"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Independence era(938)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ngô_Quyền&#39;s_reign"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ngô Quyền's reign</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Royal_Court_disputes"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Royal Court disputes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Ngô_Xương_Văn_&amp;_Ngô_Xương_Ngập_co-reign:_950–954"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ngô Xương Văn &amp; Ngô Xương Ngập co-reign: 950–954</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Ngô_Xương_Xí&#39;s_reign:_965–968"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Ngô Xương Xí's reign: 965–968</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Breakup_and_Civil_war"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Breakup and Civil war</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#&quot;The_Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords&quot;_or_&quot;Thập_Nhị_Sứ_Quân_Rebellion&quot;_(966–968)"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">"The Anarchy of the 12 Warlords" or "Thập Nhị Sứ Quân Rebellion" (966–968)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Family_tree"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Family tree</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_link"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External link</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-independence">Pre-independence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-independence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:History_of_Vietnam" title="Category:History of Vietnam">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: none;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History of <span class="fn org label">Vietnam</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:History_of_Vietnam.png" class="image"><img alt="History of Vietnam.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/History_of_Vietnam.png/150px-History_of_Vietnam.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="34" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/History_of_Vietnam.png/225px-History_of_Vietnam.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/History_of_Vietnam.png/300px-History_of_Vietnam.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="288" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Ancient_period_(2879–111_BC)" title="History of Vietnam">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng_dynasty" title="Hồng Bàng dynasty">Hồng Bàng dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2879 BC–258 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Thục dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 257 BC–179 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tri%E1%BB%87u_dynasty" title="Triệu dynasty">Triệu dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 204 BC–111 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese domination of Vietnam">Dominated</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chinese domination of Vietnam">1st Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 111 BC–40 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trung_sisters%27_rebellion" title="Trung sisters&#39; rebellion">Trung sisters' rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 40–43</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chinese domination of Vietnam">2nd Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 43–544</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Early Lý dynasty">Early Lý dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">544–602</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Chinese domination of Vietnam">3rd Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">602–939</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Monarchical_period_(938–1858)" title="History of Vietnam">Dynastic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ngô dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 939–967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 968–980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Lê dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 980–1009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Later Lý dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1009–1225</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1225–1400</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1400–1407</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fourth_Era_of_Northern_Domination" title="Fourth Era of Northern Domination">4th Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1407–1427</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Lê dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1428–1527</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1527–1592</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Later Lê Restoration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1533–1788</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1788–1802</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1802–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#French_colonial_era_(1858–1945)" title="History of Vietnam">Colonial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">French Cochinchina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1862–1945 / 1945–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French Annam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1883–1945 / 1945–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">French Tonkin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1883–1945 / 1945–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></i></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1887–1945 / 1945–1954</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_since_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnam since 1945">Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a><br /><small>(Democratic Republic of Vietnam)</small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam" title="Provisional Central Government of Vietnam">Provisional Central Government</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">South-North division</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954-1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1949–1955</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a><br /><small>(Republic of Vietnam)</small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1955–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government</a><br /><small>(Republic of South Vietnam)</small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1976–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_history_of_Vietnam" title="Economic history of Vietnam">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Vietnam" title="List of historical capitals of Vietnam">Historical capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_Vietnam" title="Military history of Vietnam">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naval_history_of_Vietnam" title="Naval history of Vietnam">Naval</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Vietnamese_history" title="Timeline of Vietnamese history">Timeline</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam&#32;portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:History_of_Vietnam" title="Template:History of Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Vietnam" title="Template talk:History of Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Vietnam&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Era_of_Northern_Domination" title="Third Era of Northern Domination">Third Era of Northern Domination</a></div> <p>After defeating the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> adjusted its administrative divisions and provinces, maintaining Chinese rule in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. In the late 9th Century, however, civil unrest increased and the rebellion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huang_Chao" title="Huang Chao">Huang Chao</a> weaken the Tang dynasty. At the beginning of the 10th Century in 905, a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_clan" title="Khúc clan">Khúc clan</a> of Vietnam, Khúc Thừa Dụ took advantage of the continuing turmoil in China, seized power from the weakened Tang, and appointed himself Jiedushi (Viet: Tiết độ sứ) establishing a degree of autonomy for Vietnam. </p><p>In 906 the Tang recognized Jiaozhi as an autonomous state, however, a year later the Tang dynasty ended when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a> overthrew Tang rule establishing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang Dynasty</a> for himself and ushering in the division of China into the short-lived empires of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During this time of civil wars in China, the Khúc clan attempted to increase its power and control over Vietnam. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> province of south China, however, the former Tang governor, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liu_Yan_(emperor)" title="Liu Yan (emperor)">Liu Yan</a> declared himself the emperor of the emergent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a> kingdom. </p><p>In 917, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_Th%E1%BB%ABa_M%E1%BB%B9" title="Khúc Thừa Mỹ">Khúc Thừa Mỹ</a> succeeded Khúc Hạo as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_Qu%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tĩnh Hải Quân">Tĩnh Hải Quân</a> and reached out to the Liang Dynasty in northern China seeking political support as a vassal state. Such an action angered the Southern Han and in 930 emperor Liu Yan attempted to bring Tĩnh Hải Quân under his control by invading the capital city and taking Khúc Thừa Mỹ captive. Shortly thereafter, however, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ngh%E1%BB%87" title="Dương Đình Nghệ">Dương Đình Nghệ</a>, the Governor of the Ái Châu district of Tĩnh Hải Quân sent troops to rescue Khúc Thừa Mỹ, defeated the Southern Han army, and in the process appointed himself as Jiedushi of Jinghai. In 937, Dương Đình Nghệ was assassinated by his official <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%81u_C%C3%B4ng_Ti%E1%BB%85n" title="Kiều Công Tiễn">Kiều Công Tiễn</a> who declared himself loyal to the Southern Han emperor. Immediately thereafter, Dương Đình Nghệ's son-in-law, general <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Ngô Quyền">Ngô Quyền</a> who was governing the Ái district, initiated hostilities against Kiều Công Tiễn. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201345–46_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201345–46-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Battle_of_B.E1.BA.A1ch_.C4.90.E1.BA.B1ng_River"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Battle_of_Bạch_Đằng_River">Battle of Bạch Đằng River</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Battle of Bạch Đằng River">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_River_(938)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng River (938)">Battle of Bạch Đằng River (938)</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Five_Dynasties_Ten_Kingdoms_923_CE.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Five_Dynasties_Ten_Kingdoms_923_CE.png/220px-Five_Dynasties_Ten_Kingdoms_923_CE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Five_Dynasties_Ten_Kingdoms_923_CE.png/330px-Five_Dynasties_Ten_Kingdoms_923_CE.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Five_Dynasties_Ten_Kingdoms_923_CE.png/440px-Five_Dynasties_Ten_Kingdoms_923_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="537" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Five_Dynasties_Ten_Kingdoms_923_CE.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms Period 923 CE and Tĩnh Hải Quân (orange) .</div></div></div> <p>Ngô Quyền (897–944) was Dương Đình Nghệ's most loyal general and son-in-law. He served under Dương Đình Nghệ's command and married one of his daughters. After the murder of their father-in-law, Ngô Quyền sought revenge. He launched an attack and defeated Kiều Công Tiễn in 938. The latter, before his death in battle with Ngô Quyền, sent an emissary to the Southern Han court to ask for military re-enforcement. The Southern Han state's emperor then sent an army to the Southland to assist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%81u_C%C3%B4ng_Ti%E1%BB%85n" title="Kiều Công Tiễn">Kiều Công Tiễn</a> in 938. However, Ngô Quyền's forces were tipped off by the advancing Southern Han army and therefore he quickly mobilized his forces and strategically stationed them in key battle sites. </p><p>To defeat the Southern Han army coming to supply aid to his rival, Ngô Quyền and his troops planted iron spikes underneath the Bạch Đằng River and timed the attack of the Southern Han navy. The attack began during high tide to conceal the spikes beneath the water. After the Vietnamese held the enemy in check for hours, the tides receded and the spikes impaled the Chinese armada. The Vietnamese forces followed this impalement with ferocious fire attacks, which annihilated hundreds of giant warships. The Southern Han navy and the Prince of Southern Han were killed in the battle, thus ending SH's ambition over Annam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201346_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201346-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span id="Independence_era.28938.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Independence_era(938)">Independence era(938)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Independence era(938)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span id="Ng.C3.B4_Quy.E1.BB.81n.27s_reign"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ngô_Quyền's_reign">Ngô Quyền's reign</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Ngô Quyền&#039;s reign">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Battle of Bạch Đằng River was the first sign of many victories throughout the centuries at this famous river. Ngô Quyền then ascended to the throne and took the name "Ngô Vương" (King Ngô) or "Tiền Ngô Vương". He moved the capital back to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cổ Loa">Cổ Loa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> He reigned for only five years until 944 when he died of illness at age 47. A short reign for an ambitious ruler set the stage for future campaigns for independence. Nevertheless, Ngô Vương ushered in a new Viet era of continuous independence and political autonomy. Due to the Ngô dynasty's failure to control chieftains and Ngô Quyền's failure to gain Chinese acknowledgment of his legitimacy as a ruler, it was little more than a protectorate of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sejarah_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sejarah-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Royal_Court_disputes">Royal Court disputes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Royal Court disputes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Before his death, Ngô Vương's wish was to see his brother-in-law <a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Tam_Kha" title="Dương Tam Kha">Dương Tam Kha</a> act as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> for his son Ngô Xương Ngập. However <a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Tam_Kha" title="Dương Tam Kha">Dương Tam Kha</a> usurped the throne and proclaimed himself "Bình Vương" (平王). He took <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Ng%E1%BA%ADp" title="Ngô Xương Ngập">Ngô Xương Ngập</a>'s younger brother, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n" title="Ngô Xương Văn">Ngô Xương Văn</a>, as his adoptive son and made him heir to the throne. Fearing for his life, Ngô Xương Ngập went into hiding with his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">retinue</a> in Nam Sách(now <a href="/enwiki/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_province" title="Hải Dương province">Hải Dương province</a>). Dương Tam Kha's reign was unpopular and many revolts and rebellions sprung up across the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201352_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201352-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Ng.C3.B4_X.C6.B0.C6.A1ng_V.C4.83n_.26_Ng.C3.B4_X.C6.B0.C6.A1ng_Ng.E1.BA.ADp_co-reign:_950.E2.80.93954"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ngô_Xương_Văn_&amp;_Ngô_Xương_Ngập_co-reign:_950–954">Ngô Xương Văn &amp; Ngô Xương Ngập co-reign: 950–954</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Ngô Xương Văn &amp; Ngô Xương Ngập co-reign: 950–954">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Ngô Xương Văn (吳昌文) deposed Dương Tam Kha in 950 and styled himself "Nam Tấn Vương" (南晉王) Out of respect for his uncle, Ngô Xương Văn did not have him killed, but merely demoted him and sent him into exile. Ngô Xương Văn then searched out his older brother Ngô Xương Ngập in order to share the throne with him. After arriving at the capital, Ngô Xương Ngập styled himself "Thiên Sách Vương" (天策王). Brought back by his younger brother Ngô Xương Văn to the throne, Ngô Xương Ngập soon abused his rights as the oldest son and began to rule Tĩnh Hải quân as dictator, "Thiên Sách Vương" (天策王). The country was ripe for open rivalries between different lords who fought each other to become the next successor. </p> <h3><span id="Ng.C3.B4_X.C6.B0.C6.A1ng_X.C3.AD.27s_reign:_965.E2.80.93968"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ngô_Xương_Xí's_reign:_965–968">Ngô Xương Xí's reign: 965–968</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Ngô Xương Xí&#039;s reign: 965–968">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>After Ngô Xương Văn's death in 965, his son Ngô Xương Xí (吳昌熾) succeeded him. But as he ascended to the throne Ngô Xương Xí was faced with the daunting task of having his rule recognized by the now open rivalry between the 12 lords who fought one another as they vied for control of the country. With the announcement of his rule, the country was thrown into a chaotic period called the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_Nh%E1%BB%8B_S%E1%BB%A9_Qu%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Thập Nhị Sứ Quân">Thập Nhị Sứ Quân</a> (十二使君) Rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Breakup_and_Civil_war">Breakup and Civil war</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Breakup and Civil war">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span id=".22The_Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords.22_or_.22Th.E1.BA.ADp_Nh.E1.BB.8B_S.E1.BB.A9_Qu.C3.A2n_Rebellion.22_.28966.E2.80.93968.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="&quot;The_Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords&quot;_or_&quot;Thập_Nhị_Sứ_Quân_Rebellion&quot;_(966–968)">"The Anarchy of the 12 Warlords" or "Thập Nhị Sứ Quân Rebellion" (966–968)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: &quot;The Anarchy of the 12 Warlords&quot; or &quot;Thập Nhị Sứ Quân Rebellion&quot; (966–968)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords" title="Anarchy of the 12 Warlords">Anarchy of the 12 Warlords</a></div> <p>The depression of the Ngô dynasty caused the uprising of some governors who want to revolt against the royal court. In 951, Duke <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C4%90inh_B%E1%BB%99_L%C4%A9nh" title="Đinh Bộ Lĩnh">Đinh Bộ Lĩnh</a> of Hoa Lư district who was the son of the Governor of Hoan district <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=%C4%90inh_C%C3%B4ng_Tr%E1%BB%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Đinh Công Trứ (page does not exist)">Đinh Công Trứ</a>, relied on the difficult geography of the mountain area and start his rebellion against the Ngô dynasty. Both king of Tĩnh Hải Quân Ngô Xương Văn &amp; Ngô Xương Ngập launched the military campaign against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C4%90inh_B%E1%BB%99_L%C4%A9nh" title="Đinh Bộ Lĩnh">Đinh Bộ Lĩnh</a>. However, after more than a month, Royal troops failed to succeed and returned to the capital and keep persuading Duke Đinh to give up. In 954 Ngô Xương Ngập died and the leader of the Thao Gian district <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Chu_Th%C3%A1i&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chu Thái (page does not exist)">Chu Thái</a> also started to betray the Ngô dynasty. Then, Ngô Xương Văn had to use force to suppress the revolt and beheaded Chu Thái. In 965 he was shot by arrows of archeries and died. His son, Ngô Xương Xí took up his leadership but the dynasty gradually fall in the weakness. According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kh%C3%A2m_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_Th%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1m_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BB%A5c" title="Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục">Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục</a>(Historical record), The Kiều clan and Dương clan revolted against the Ngô and in 966. The country was divided into 12 states and ruled by 12 warlords who there was also the Ngô royalty (Ngô Xương Văn, Ngô Nhật Khánh). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:10th_century_figurine.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/10th_century_figurine.jpg/195px-10th_century_figurine.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/10th_century_figurine.jpg/293px-10th_century_figurine.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/10th_century_figurine.jpg/390px-10th_century_figurine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ceramic horse in 10 the century</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vietnam_10th_C_-_kendi_in_bronze_IMG_9478_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vietnam_10th_C_-_kendi_in_bronze_IMG_9478_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg/139px-Vietnam_10th_C_-_kendi_in_bronze_IMG_9478_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="130" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vietnam_10th_C_-_kendi_in_bronze_IMG_9478_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg/209px-Vietnam_10th_C_-_kendi_in_bronze_IMG_9478_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vietnam_10th_C_-_kendi_in_bronze_IMG_9478_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg/278px-Vietnam_10th_C_-_kendi_in_bronze_IMG_9478_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="2249" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bronze kettle in Ngô dynasty</div></div></div></div></div> <p>After having submission to the royal clan in the 960s, to strengthen his position, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh married one of his daughters to the last Ngô king; he married a younger sister of that king to his eldest son Ngô Nhật Khánh, and he took the Ngô queen, mother, as one of his wives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201353_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201353-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> In 968 Đinh Bộ Lĩnh established a new kingdom of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dai_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dai Viet">Dai Viet</a>. Ngô Nhật Khánh quickly became a dissent and went to exile in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>. When Đinh Bộ Lĩnh died in 979, Nhật Khánh persuaded the Cham king <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paramesvaravarman_I_(Champa)" title="Paramesvaravarman I (Champa)">Paramesvaravarman I</a> to board a fleet to reclaim the throne, however, the expedition was scuttled by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> and Nhật Khánh was drowned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201353_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201353-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Family_tree">Family tree</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Family tree">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:80%; width:80%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; width:80%">Family tree of the Ngô dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201346–47_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201346–47-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:112%;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em">Wu Rida <br /><small>(sinicized name)</small><br /><small>8th century</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em">Ngô Đình Mân<br /><small>9th century</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ngh%E1%BB%87" title="Dương Đình Nghệ">Dương Đình Nghệ</a><br /> <small>b.874–d.937</small></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_T%E1%BB%8Bnh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngô Tịnh (page does not exist)">Ngô Tịnh</a> <br /> <small>?–?</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Ngô Quyền">Ngô Quyền</a> <br /> <small>b.897-d.944</small><br /><span class="nowrap"><b>Ngô Vương</b> <br /> r. 939－944</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em">Dương Thị Ngọc</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Tam_Kha" title="Dương Tam Kha">Dương Tam Kha</a><br /><small>d.980</small><br /><span class="nowrap"><b>Dương Bình Vương</b> <br /> r. 944－950</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Ng%E1%BA%ADp" title="Ngô Xương Ngập">Ngô Xương Ngập</a><br /><small>d.954</small><br /><span class="nowrap"><b>King of Thiên Sách</b><br /> r.950–954</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n" title="Ngô Xương Văn">Ngô Xương Văn</a></small><br /> <small>b.925–d.965</small><br /><span class="nowrap"><b>King of Nam Tan</b> <br /> r. 950－965</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Ch%C3%A2n_L%C6%B0u" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Chân Lưu">Ngô Chân Lưu</a><br /> <small>b.933-d.1001</small></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_X%C3%AD" title="Ngô Xương Xí">Ngô Xương Xí</a> <br />?-?</span><br /><small>r. 965–966</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Ngô Nhật Khánh">Ngô Nhật Khánh</a><br />d.979<br /><b>Prince An</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201345–46-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201345–46_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p.&#160;45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201346-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201346_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p.&#160;46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pelley, p. 213., "Vietnamese kings and emperors sought the safety of cities that were easy to defend. Thus the Ngô dynasty retreated to Cổ Loa and the Đinh and Early Lê dynasties took refuge in Hoa Lư."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sejarah-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sejarah_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFDar2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dar, Ku Boon (2019). "The Tributary Relations between China's Song Dynasty and Vietnam's Dinh, Le and Ly Dynasties: Effects on Their Political Sustainability". <i>Sejarah: Journal of the History Department, University of Malaya</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 1–13. <q>There is also the question of how far the Song dynasty (China) was willing to recognize the independence of the Ngo dynasty (Vietnam) amidst the turmoil in China. [...] The Ngo dynasty (939-968) was unable to control the local chiefs known as <i>Hung Vuong</i> or <i>Su Quan</i> because the ruling power was still in their hands. Since Ngo Quyen failed to gain acknowledgment of his legitimacy as a ruler from China, he could not get the unanimous support of the local authorities. Furthermore, the Ngo dynasty was still recorded as <i>Ngoai Ky</i> (not officially confirmed as a dynasty in Vietnamese history) because he was still known as a 'military governor', and not a king (<i>Vuong</i>). These local chiefs possessed their territories and constantly tried to dominate one another. Ngo Quyen died at the age of 46 before he had time to consolidate his position; Vietnam was little more than a protectorate of the Chinese empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sejarah%3A+Journal+of+the+History+Department%2C+University+of+Malaya&amp;rft.atitle=The+Tributary+Relations+between+China%27s+Song+Dynasty+and+Vietnam%27s+Dinh%2C+Le+and+Ly+Dynasties%3A+Effects+on+Their+Political+Sustainability&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-13&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.aulast=Dar&amp;rft.aufirst=Ku+Boon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANg%C3%B4+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201352-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201352_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p.&#160;52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke, p. 16., "Following the death of Ngỏ Quyển, who had driven the Chinese from Vietnam after a thousand years of domination, the Ngô Dynasty disintegrated. Vietnam was beset by a reign of confusion as twelve Warring lords fought over who was to rule ..." </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201353-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201353_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201353_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p.&#160;53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201346–47-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201346–47_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor 2013</a>, p.&#160;46–47.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFOuyang_Xiu" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_Records_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Historical Records of the Five Dynasties">《Historical Records of the Five Dynasties》</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>: Zhonghua Book Company（1995）. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/7101003222" title="Special:BookSources/7101003222"><bdi>7101003222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AHistorical+Records+of+the+Five+Dynasties%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=Zhonghua+Book+Company%EF%BC%881995%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.isbn=7101003222&amp;rft.au=Ouyang+Xiu&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANg%C3%B4+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSima_Guang" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">《Zizhi Tongjian》</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>: Zhonghua Book Company（1995）. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/7101001831" title="Special:BookSources/7101001831"><bdi>7101001831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AZizhi+Tongjian%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=Zhonghua+Book+Company%EF%BC%881995%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.isbn=7101001831&amp;rft.au=Sima+Guang&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANg%C3%B4+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBurke2001" class="citation book cs1">Burke, J. Wills (2001). <i>Origines: The streets of Vietnam: A Historical Companion</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Origines%3A+The+streets+of+Vietnam%3A+A+Historical+Companion&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.aulast=Burke&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+Wills&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANg%C3%B4+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2013" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Keith (2013). <i>A history of the Vietnamese</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Vietnamese&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;rft.aufirst=Keith&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANg%C3%B4+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_link">External link</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: External link">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ng%C3%B4_dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ngô dynasty">Ngô dynasty</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; width:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Notable_families_in_early_independent_Vietnam" title="Template:Notable families in early independent Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Notable_families_in_early_independent_Vietnam" title="Template talk:Notable families in early independent Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Notable_families_in_early_independent_Vietnam&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vietnamese monarchs">Notable families</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Early_independence_(938_AD_–_1009_AD)" title="History of Vietnam">Early independent Vietnam</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table width="100%" style="background: #E6E6FA" class="nowrap"> <tbody><tr> <td align="left"><b>Colour note</b> </td> <td width="8%" style="padding-top: 2px"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px #555 solid;background-color:#FF6; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_clan" title="Khúc clan">Khúc</a></div> </td> <td width="8%" style="padding-top: 2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px #555 solid;background-color:#FC6; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Dương</div> </td> <td width="8%" style="padding-top: 2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px #555 solid;background-color:#F96; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ngô</a></div> </td> <td width="8%" style="padding-top: 2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px #555 solid;background-color:#C96; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Kiều</div> </td> <td width="8%" style="padding-top: 2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px #555 solid;background-color:#9CF; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh</a></div> </td> <td width="8%" style="padding-top: 2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px #555 solid;background-color:#9FF; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Lê</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FF6;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_Th%E1%BB%ABa_D%E1%BB%A5" title="Khúc Thừa Dụ">Khúc Thừa Dụ</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FF6;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_H%E1%BA%A1o" title="Khúc Hạo">Khúc Hạo</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FC6;"><a 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid 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style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em;background-color: #F96;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Ngô Nhật Khánh">Ngô Nhật Khánh</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em;background-color: #F96;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_X%C3%AD" title="Ngô Xương Xí">Ngô Xương Xí</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em;background-color: #9CF;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C4%90inh_Li%E1%BB%85n" title="Đinh Liễn">Đinh Liễn</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em;background-color: #9CF;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C4%90inh_H%E1%BA%A1ng_Lang" title="Đinh Hạng Lang">Đinh Hạng Lang</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em;background-color: #9CF;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C4%90inh_Ph%E1%BA%BF_%C4%90%E1%BA%BF" title="Đinh Phế Đế">Đinh Phế Đế</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em;background-color: #C96;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%81u_C%C3%B4ng_H%C3%A3n" title="Kiều Công Hãn">Kiều Công Hãn</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed black;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em;background-color: #9CF;">Princess Phất Kim</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em;background-color: #9FF;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%C3%AA_Trung_T%C3%B4ng_(Early_L%C3%AA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lê Trung Tông (Early Lê)">Lê Long Việt</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em;background-color: #9FF;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%C3%AA_Long_%C4%90%C4%A9nh" title="Lê Long Đĩnh">Lê Long Đĩnh</a></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid black;padding:0.2em;background-color: #C96;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%81u_Thu%E1%BA%ADn" title="Kiều Thuận">Kiều Thuận</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>Notes:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNgô_Sĩ_Liên1993" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_S%C4%A9_Li%C3%AAn" title="Ngô Sĩ Liên">Ngô Sĩ Liên</a> (1993), <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_k%C3%BD_to%C3%A0n_th%C6%B0" title="Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư">Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư</a></i> (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản&#160;ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+s%E1%BB%AD+k%C3%BD+to%C3%A0n+th%C6%B0&amp;rft.place=Hanoi&amp;rft.edition=N%E1%BB%99i+c%C3%A1c+quan+b%E1%BA%A3n&amp;rft.pub=Social+Science+Publishing+House&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.au=Ng%C3%B4+S%C4%A9+Li%C3%AAn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANg%C3%B4+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNational_Bureau_for_Historical_Record1998" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=National_Bureau_for_Historical_Record_(Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Bureau for Historical Record (Nguyễn Dynasty) (page does not exist)">National Bureau for Historical Record</a> (1998), <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kh%C3%A2m_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_Th%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1m_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BB%A5c" title="Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục">Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục</a></i> (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kh%C3%A2m+%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh+Vi%E1%BB%87t+s%E1%BB%AD+Th%C3%B4ng+gi%C3%A1m+c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+m%E1%BB%A5c&amp;rft.place=Hanoi&amp;rft.pub=Education+Publishing+House&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.au=National+Bureau+for+Historical+Record&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANg%C3%B4+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTrần_Trọng_Kim1971" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kim" title="Trần Trọng Kim">Trần Trọng Kim</a> (1971), <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_s%E1%BB%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="Việt Nam sử lược">Việt Nam sử lược</a></i> (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+s%E1%BB%AD+l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c&amp;rft.place=Saigon&amp;rft.pub=Center+for+School+Materials&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.au=Tr%E1%BA%A7n+Tr%E1%BB%8Dng+Kim&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANg%C3%B4+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFChapuis1995" class="citation cs2">Chapuis, Oscar (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&amp;q=%22tran+anh+tong%22&amp;pg=PA85"><i>A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc</i></a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313296227" title="Special:BookSources/0313296227"><bdi>0313296227</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+history+of+Vietnam%3A+from+Hong+Bang+to+Tu+Duc&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=0313296227&amp;rft.aulast=Chapuis&amp;rft.aufirst=Oscar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJskyi00bspcC%26q%3D%2522tran%2Banh%2Btong%2522%26pg%3DPA85&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANg%C3%B4+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table width="100%" style="background: #E6E6FA"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="7"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_tree_of_Vietnamese_monarchs" title="Family tree of Vietnamese monarchs">Family tree of Vietnamese monarchs</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period_(Timeline)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:5d10k" title="Template:5d10k"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:5d10k" title="Template talk:5d10k"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:5d10k&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period_(Timeline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" title="Timeline of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Five Dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a></li> <li>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jin_(Later_Tang_precursor)" title="Jin (Later Tang precursor)">Jin</a>) / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ten Kingdoms (Ten States)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wu_(Ten_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu (Ten Kingdoms)">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Former_Shu" title="Former Shu">Former Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chu_(Ten_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu (Ten Kingdoms)">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Min_Kingdom" title="Min Kingdom">Min</a> / (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yin_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yin (Five Dynasties period)">Yin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jingnan" title="Jingnan">Jingnan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qi_(Li_Maozhen%27s_state)" title="Qi (Li Maozhen&#39;s state)">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhao_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Zhao (Five Dynasties period)">Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yan_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yan (Five Dynasties period)">Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>De facto</i> independent entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wang_Chuzhi" title="Wang Chuzhi">Yiwu Jiedushi</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dingnan_Jiedushi" title="Dingnan Jiedushi">Dingnan Jiedushi</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qingyuan_Jiedushi" title="Qingyuan Jiedushi">Qingyuan Jiedushi</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n" title="Tĩnh Hải quân">Jinghai Jiedushi</a></li> <li>Wuping Jiedushi</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Jiedushi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighboring states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gansu_Uyghur_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gansu Uyghur Kingdom">Gansu Uyghur Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Tibetan kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">Old History of the Five Dynasties</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_Records_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Historical Records of the Five Dynasties">Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Ten_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wudai_Huiyao" title="Wudai Huiyao">Wudai Huiyao</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1659068420'
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog/33076001"