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'{{Redirect|Karst}} {{refimprove|date=May 2010}} [[Image:Kravice Trebižat river BiH.jpg|thumb|The Kravice waterfall on the [[Trebižat river]] in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] has karst geology.]] [[Image:Karst minerve.jpg|thumb|A karst landscape in [[Minerve, Hérault]], [[France]].]] [[Image:Burren karst.jpg|thumb|The karst hills of [[The Burren]] on the west coast of Ireland]] '''Karst topography''' is a landscape shaped by the [[Solvation|dissolution]] of a layer or layers of soluble [[bedrock]], usually [[carbonate rock]] such as [[limestone]] or [[dolomite]].<ref name=speleo-glossary>{{Cite web |title=Glossary of Cave and Karst Terms |publisher=[http://www.speleogenesis.info/ Speleogenesis.info] |url=http://www.speleogenesis.info/glossary/ |accessdate=2009-05-04}}</ref> Due to subterranean drainage, there may be very limited surface water, even to the absence of all rivers and lakes. Many karst regions display distinctive surface features, with [[sinkhole]]s or dolines being the most common. However, distinctive karst surface features may be completely absent where the soluble rock is mantled, such as by glacial debris, or confined by a superimposed non-soluble rock strata. Some karst regions include thousands of [[cave]]s, even though evidence of caves that are big enough for human exploration is not a required characteristic of karst. Various karst landforms have been found on all continents except [[Antarctica]] (see below: [[#Notable karst areas|Notable karst areas]]). ==Background== Karst topography is characterized by subterranean limestone caverns, carved by groundwater.The [[geographer]] [[Jovan Cvijić]] (1865–1927) was born in western [[Serbia]] and studied widely in the Dinaric [[Kras]] region. His publication of ''Das Karstphänomen'' (1893) established that rock dissolution was the key process and that it created most types of [[doline]]s, "the diagnostic karst landforms". The Dinaric Kras thus became the type area for dissolutional landforms and aquifers; the regional name ''kras'', Germanicised as "karst", is now applied to modern and paleo-dissolutional phenomena worldwide. Cvijić related the complex behaviour of karstic aquifers to development of solutional conduit networks and linked it to a cycle of landform evolution. After Cvijić, two main kinds of karstic areas exist: '''holokarst''' i.e. karst developed at whole as it is Dinaric region along eastern Adriatic coast comprises deep in the inland of Balkan Peninsula and '''merokarst''' developed imperfectly with some karstic forms as it is in eastern [[Serbia]]. He is recognized as "the father of karst geomorphology". Different terms for karst topography exist in other languages—for example, ''yanrong'' in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and ''[[tsingy]]'' in [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]].<ref>Jennings, ch.1 p.1</ref> The international community has settled on ''karst'', the [[German language|German]] name for [[Kras]], a region in [[Slovenia]] partially extending into [[Italy]], where it is called "Carso" and where the first scientific research of a karst topography was made. The name has an [[Indo-European]] origin (from ''karra'' meaning "stone")<ref>Gams, I., ''Kras v Sloveniji&nbsp;— v prostoru in casu'' (Karst in Slovenia in space and time), 2003, ISBN 9616500465.</ref>, and in antiquity it was called "Carusardius" in Latin. The [[Slovene language|Slovene]] form ''grast'' is attested since 1177, and the [[Croatian language|Croatian]] ''kras'' since 1230.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}. "Krš" - "Krsh" meaning in Serbo-Croatian "barren land" which is typical feature in the Northern Dinaric limestone mountains could also be a origin to the word Karst. ==Chemistry== [[Image:Karst italy doberdo lake.jpg|right|thumb|Karst lake ([[Doberdò del Lago]], [[Italy]]), from underground water springing into a depression. This lake has no surface inlet or outlet.]] Karst landforms are generally the result of mildly [[acid]]ic water acting on soluble [[bedrock]] such as [[limestone]] or [[dolostone]]. The [[carbonic acid]] that causes these features is formed as rain passes through the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]] picking up [[carbon dioxide|CO₂]], which dissolves in the water. Once the rain reaches the ground, it may pass through [[soil]] that may provide further CO₂ to form a weak carbonic acid solution: H₂O + CO₂ → H₂CO₃ (the acid). Recent studies of sulfates, in karst waters, suggests [[sulfuric acid]] and [[hydrogen sulfide|hydrosulfuric acid]] may also play an important role in karst formation. This mildly acidic water begins to [[Weathering|dissolve]] the surface along fractures or bedding planes in the limestone bedrock. Over time, these fractures enlarge as the bedrock continues to dissolve. Openings in the rock increase in size, and an underground drainage system begins to develop, allowing more water to pass through the area, and accelerating the formation of underground karst features.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.karstwaters.org/kwitour/whatiskarst.htm |title=What is Karst (and why is it important)? |work=Karst Waters Institute}}</ref> Somewhat less common than this limestone karst is [[gypsum]] karst, where the solubility of the mineral gypsum provides many similar structures to the dissolution and redeposition of [[calcium carbonate]]. ==Morphology== [[Image:karst Dent-de-Crolle-8.jpg|right|thumb|[[Limestone pavement]] in [[Dent de Crolles]], [[France]]]] The karstification of a landscape may result in a variety of large or small scale features both on the surface and beneath. On exposed surfaces, small features may include flutes, runnels, [[limestone pavement|clints and grikes]], collectively called karren or lapiez. Medium-sized surface features may include [[sinkhole]]s or [[cenote]]s (closed basins), vertical shafts, [[foibe]] (inverted funnel shaped sinkholes), disappearing streams, and reappearing [[spring (hydrosphere)|spring]]s. Large-scale features may include [[limestone pavement]]s, [[polje]]s and blind valleys. Mature karst landscapes, where more bedrock has been removed than remains, may result in karst towers, or [[mogote|haystack/eggbox]] landscapes. Beneath the surface, complex underground drainage systems (such as karst [[aquifer]]s) and extensive [[cave]]s and cavern systems may form. [[Image:Witchs Finger Carlsbad Caverns.jpg|left|thumb|The Witch's Finger stalagmite in [[Carlsbad Caverns]], [[USA]]]] Erosion along limestone shores, notably in the [[tropics]], produces karst topography that includes a sharp [[makatea]] surface above the normal reach of the sea and undercuts that are mostly the result of biological activity or [[bioerosion]] at or a little above mean sea level. Some of the most dramatic of these formations can be seen in Thailand's [[Phangnga Bay]] and [[Halong Bay]] in [[Vietnam]]. Calcium carbonate dissolved into water may precipitate out where the water discharges some of its dissolved carbon dioxide. Rivers which emerge from springs may produce [[tufa]] terraces, consisting of layers of calcite deposited over extended periods of time. In caves, a variety of features collectively called [[speleothems]] are formed by deposition of calcium carbonate and other dissolved minerals. ==Hydrology== [[Image:SourceDeLaLoue.jpg|thumb|A karst spring in the [[Jura mountains]] near [[Ouhans]] in eastern France at the source of the river [[Loue]]]] Farming in karst areas must take into account the lack of surface water. The soils may be fertile enough, and rainfall may be adequate, but rainwater quickly moves through the crevices into the ground, sometimes leaving the surface soil parched between rains. A [[karst fenster]] is where an underground stream emerges onto the surface between layers of rock, [[waterfall#Types of waterfalls|cascades]] some feet, and then disappears back down, often into a [[sinkhole]]. Rivers in karst areas may disappear underground a number of times and spring up again in different places, usually under a different name (like Ljubljanica, the river of seven names). An example of this is the Popo Agie River in Fremont County, Wyoming. At a site simply named "The Sinks" in [[Sinks Canyon State Park]], the river flows into a cave in a formation known as the Madison Limestone, and then rises again a half-mile down the canyon in a placid pool. A [[Turlough (lake)|Turlach]] is a unique type of seasonal lake found in Irish karst areas which are formed through the annual welling-up of water from the underground water system. Water supplies from [[water well|wells]] in karst topography may be unsafe, as the water may have run unimpeded from a sinkhole in a cattle pasture, through a cave and to the well, bypassing the normal filtering that occurs in a porous [[aquifer]]. Karst formations are cavernous and therefore have high rates of permeability, resulting in reduced opportunity for contaminants to be filtered out. [[Groundwater]] in karst areas is just as easily [[Water pollution|polluted]] as surface streams. Sinkholes have often been used as farmstead or community [[landfill|trash dumps]]. Overloaded or malfunctioning [[septic tank]]s in karst landscapes may dump raw sewage directly into underground channels. The karst topography itself also poses difficulties for human inhabitants. Sinkholes can develop gradually as surface openings enlarge, but quite often progressive [[erosion]] is unseen and the roof of an underground cavern suddenly collapses. Such events have swallowed homes, cattle, cars, and farm machinery. The [[Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge]] in [[Iowa]] protects ''[[Discus macclintocki]]'', a species of [[ice age]] [[snail]] surviving in air chilled by flowing over buried karst ice formations. ==Pseudokarst== Pseudokarsts are similar in form or appearance to karst features, but are created by different mechanisms. Examples include [[lava]] caves and [[granite]] [[tor (geography)|tors]]—for example, [[Labertouche Cave]] in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]] and [[paleocollapse]] features. ==Notable karst areas== <table class="wikitable"> <tr> <td width = 50% valign=top> ===Africa=== ====Madagascar==== * [[Anjajavy Forest]], western [[Madagascar]] * [[Ankarana Reserve]], Madagascar * [[Madagascar dry deciduous forests]], western Madagascar * [[Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve]], Madagascar ===Asia=== [[Image:Phongnhacave.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Phong Nha Cave in [[Phong Nha-Ke Bang]], [[Vietnam]]]] ====China==== * Area around [[Guilin]] and [[Yangshuo]] * [[Jiuzhaigou]] and [[Huanglong, Sichuan|Huanglong]] National Park, ([[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]) * [[South China Karst]], World Heritage Site * [[Stone Forest]] * [[Zhangjiajie]] National Forest park, forming part of the [[Wulingyuan]] scenic area, World Heritage Site ====Georgia==== * [[Arabika Massif]] (including [[Voronya Cave]]—the world's deepest cave), [[Abkhazia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] ====Indonesia==== * [[Bantimurung]], [[Indonesia]] * [[Gunung Sewu]], [[Indonesia]] ====Israel==== * [[Ofra]] region, [[Israel]] ====Japan==== * [[Akiyoshidai Quasi-National Park|Akiyoshi Plateau]], [[Japan]] * [[Atetsudai and Taishakudai Plateaus]], Japan * [[Shikoku Karst]], Japan * [[Kokura Minami-ku, Kitakyūshū|Hiraodai Plateau]], Japan * [[Okinoerabujima]] Island and other islets of [[Nansei Islands]], Japan ====Laos==== * [[Vang Vieng]], [[Laos]] ====Lebanon==== [[Image:Karst and Cedars.JPG|thumb|Dunnieh mountains, North Lebanon]] * [[Jeita Grotto]], [[Lebanon]] * Parts of [[Mount Lebanon]] ====Malaysia==== * [[Gunung Mulu National Park]], [[Malaysia]] * [[Kilim Karst Geoforest Park]], [[Langkawi]], [[Malaysia]] * [[Kinta Valley]], [[Perak]], [[Malaysia]] * [[Perlis State Park]], [[Perlis]], [[Malaysia]] * [[Batu Caves]], [[Selangor]], [[Malaysia]] ====Philippines==== * ====South Korea==== * [[Gangwon-do (South Korea)]], [[South Korea]] * Northwestern [[North Chungcheong Province]], [[South Korea]] ====Thailand==== * [[Krabi Province|Krabi region]], [[Thailand]] * [[Phangnga Bay]] Area, southern [[Thailand]] * [[Doi Nang Non]], northern [[Thailand]] ====Taiwan==== * [[Kenting National Park]], [[Taiwan]] ====Turkey==== * [[Taseli plateau]], [[Turkey]] ====Vietnam==== * [[Halong Bay]], [[Vietnam]] * [[Phong Nha-Ke Bang]], [[Vietnam]] * [[Tam Coc - Bich Dong]] in [[Ninh Binh Province]], [[Vietnam]] ===Europe=== ====Albania==== * Bisa area in Eastern [[Albania]] ====Austria==== * Eastern region of the [[Northern Limestone Alps]] in the provinces of [[Salzburg]], [[Upper Austria]], [[Styria]], and [[Lower Austria]], forming huge limestone plateaus such as Steinernes Meer, Hagengebirge, Tennengebirge, [[Hoher Dachstein|Dachstein]], [[Totes Gebirge]], [[Hochschwab]], [[Rax]], and [[Schneeberg (Alps)|Schneeberg]]. * Area around [[Graz]], [[Styria]]. ====Bosnia and Herzegovina==== [[polje|Karst poljas]] (Bosnian: kraška polja) * [[Popovo field|Popovo polje]] in [[Herzegovina]] region of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] * [[Livanjsko field|Livanjsko polje]] (405&nbsp;km²), near [[Livno]] in [[Bosnia (region)]] of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] * Nevesinjsko polje, near [[Nevesinje]] in [[Herzegovina]] region of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] * Gatačko polje, near [[Gacko]] in [[Herzegovina]] region of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] * Glamočko polje, near [[Glamoč]] in [[Bosnia (region)]] of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] * Duvanjsko polje, near [[Duvno]] in [[Bosnia (region)]] of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] * Mostarsko polje, near [[Mostar]] in [[Herzegovina]] region of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] * Kupreško Polje, near [[Kupres]] in [[Bosnia (region)]] of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] * [[Vjetrenica]] (which means "wind cave" or "blowhole"), largest and most important cave * [[Neretva]] river * [[Trebisnjica]] river ====Bulgaria==== * Central [[Rhodope Mountains|Rhodope]] karst (including [[Trigrad Gorge]]), [[Bulgaria]] * [[Devnya]] Valley, [[Varna Province]], [[Bulgaria]] * [[Dragoman marsh]], [[Bulgaria]] * Karlukovo Karst Geocomplex ====Croatia==== * Regions of [[Dalmatia]] (including [[Zagora (Croatia)|Zagora]]), [[Lika]] ([[Plitvice Lakes National Park]]), [[Gorski kotar]], [[Kvarner]] and the islands in [[Croatia]] ====Czech Republic==== * [[Moravian Karst]], [[Czech Republic]] * [[Bohemian Karst]], [[Czech Republic]] ====England==== * [[White Peak]] of the [[Peak District]], around [[Matlock, Derbyshire|Matlock]], [[Castleton, Derbyshire|Castleton]]<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7d4i1Ss_HY8C&pg=PA63&dq="giants+hole"+castleton&as_brr=3#PPA63,M1 Castleton], Karst hydrology By Christian Leibundgut, John Gunn, Alain Dassargues, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 1998, ISBN 1901502406, accessed June 2009</ref> (including [[Thor's Cave]]) * [[Mendip Hills]] including [[Cheddar Gorge]]<ref>http://www.ukcaves.co.uk/region-mendip-longest</ref> * [[Yorkshire Dales]] including the [[Gaping Gill]] and [[Easegill System|Ease Gill]] systems<ref>http://www.ukcaves.co.uk/region-northerndales-longest</ref> * [[Forest of Dean]] including the [[Clearwell Caves]] and Mines<ref>http://www.ukcaves.co.uk/region-forestofdean-longest</ref> ====Estonia==== * [[Tuhala karst area]], [[Estonia]] ====France==== * Ares de l'[[Anie]], in the southernmost part of [[Barétous]] valley, southwest [[France]] * [[Causses]] of the southern [[Massif Central]], [[France]] ====Germany==== * [[Hönne]]tal at [[Balve]] * [[Swabian Alb]] region in the federal state of [[Baden-Wuerttemberg]] ====Hungary==== * Region of the [[Mecsek]] Mountains * [[Bükk]], a plateau in northeastern [[Hungary]] * Bakony-hills in Transdanubien * Budai-hills, thermal karst area * Aggtelek karst and the largest cave in Hungary ====Ireland==== * [[The Burren|Burren]] in [[County Clare]] ====Italy==== * [[Murge]], in [[Apulia]] and [[Basilicata]], southern * [[Kras|Carso]] ({{lang-sl|Kras}}), a plateau in southwestern Slovenia and northeastern Italy ====Malta==== * [[Wied iż-Żurrieq]] and [[Dingli]], West ====Montenegro==== * [[Dinaric Alps]] region </td> <td width=50% valign=top> ====Poland==== * [[Kraków-Częstochowa Upland]] (Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska) * [[Holy Cross Mountains]] (Góry Świętokrzyskie) with the [[Jaskinia Raj]] (Raj Cave) * [[Tatra Mountains]] including the [[Jaskinia Wielka Śnieżna]] (Great Snowy Cave)— the longest cave in [[Poland]] ====Romania==== * [[Apuseni Mountains]], [[Romania]] ====Serbia==== * [[Dinaric Alps]] region * merokarst of eastern Serbia ====Scotland==== * [[Assynt]], southeast [[Skye]] and near [[Kentallen]] in [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref>http://www.ukcaves.co.uk/region-assynt-longest</ref> ====Slovakia==== * [[Slovak Paradise]], [[Slovak Karst]] and [[Muránska planina]], [[Slovakia]] ====Slovenia==== * Region of [[Inner Carniola]], [[Goriška]], [[Upper Carniola]] and [[Lower Carniola]] * [[Kras]] (German: ''Karst''), a plateau in southwestern [[Slovenia]] and northeastern [[Italy]] ====Spain==== [[Image:Torcal1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|El Torcal (Antequera - Spain)]] * [[Picos de Europa]] and [[Basque mountains]], northern [[Spain]] * Larra-Belagua, [[Navarre]], northern [[Spain]] * [[Cadí-Moixeró Natural Park|Cadí]] mountain range, [[Spain]] * [[Garraf]] Natural Park area, [[Spain]] * [[Ciudad Encantada]] in the [[Cuenca province]], [[Castilla-La Mancha]] * El [[Torcal de Antequera]] nature preserve, southern [[Spain]] ====Switzerland==== *Karst and Caves of Switzerland *{{convert|7900|km2|sqmi}}, or 19% of the surface of Switzerland, is karst. *Within this area lies the majority of the 7,500 currently known Swiss caves, with an accumulated passage length of more than {{convert|1200|km|mi}}. ====Ukraine==== * [[Podolia]] and [[Bukovina]] regions in the northeastern edge of the [[Carpathian Mountains]]. * Includes some of the largest gypsum karst caves in the world, including the [[Optymistychna Cave]], which is over 200,000 meters in length, making it the longest cave in Eurasia, the third longest in the world, and the longest gypsum cave in the world. ====Wales==== * Southern region of the [[Brecon Beacons National Park]], [[Wales]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref>http://www.ukcaves.co.uk/region-southwales-longest</ref> ===North America=== ====Canada==== * [[Marble Canyon (Canada)|Marble Canyon]], [[British Columbia]] * [[Monkman Provincial Park]], [[British Columbia]] * Northern [[Vancouver Island]], [[British Columbia]] * [[Niagara Escarpment]], [[Ontario]] * [[Port au Port Peninsula]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] * [[Nahanni National Park Reserve|Nahanni]] region in the [[Northwest Territories]] * [[Wood Buffalo National Park]] in [[Alberta]] and the [[Northwest Territories]] * Avon Peninsula, [[Nova Scotia]] * St-Jude, [[Quebec]] ====Mexico==== * [[Cenote]]s of the [[Yucatán]] Peninsula * Sótanos of the [[Sierra Gorda]], [[Querétaro]] * Cacahuamilpa grottos [[Guerrero]] ====United States==== * [[Bluegrass region]] of [[Kentucky]] * [[Carlsbad Caverns National Park]], [[New Mexico]] * Central [[Pennsylvania]] * Cumberland Plateau in Middle [[Tennessee]] * [[Deschutes River]] basin, Oregon * [[Driftless Area]] of southwest [[Wisconsin]], southeast [[Minnesota]], northeast [[Iowa]] and northwest [[Illinois]] * Peneplain areas of central [[Minnesota]] and western [[Wisconsin]] (forming the 10,000 lakes of Minnesota) * [[Florida]] peninsula. * [[Germany Valley|Germany Valley Karst Area]], [[West Virginia]] * [[Grassy Cove|Grassy Cove Karst Area]], [[Tennessee]] * [[Great Appalachian Valley|Great Valley of Appalachia]] ([[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], [[Alabama]] to [[Howe Caverns]], central [[New York]]) * [[Greenbrier River]] [[Drainage basin|watershed]] in [[West Virginia]] * [[Illinois Caverns State Natural Area]] and Illinois Sinkhole Plain in [[Monroe County, Illinois|Monroe County]], [[Illinois]] * Kamas Ranch and Alabaster Cavern area of [[Oklahoma]] * [[Kosciusko Island]], southeastern [[Alaska]] * [[Lehman Caves]] located within [[Great Basin National Park]] in eastern [[Nevada]] * [[Mammoth Cave]] in central [[Kentucky]] [[File:Texas-Canyon.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Texas Canyon in Arizona]] * Mitchell Plain and uplands of southern [[Indiana]] * [[Ozark Plateau]] of [[Missouri]] and [[Arkansas]] * [[Presque Isle County]] near and around [[Rogers City]] in northern [[Michigan]] * [[Ricks Spring]] in northeast [[Utah]] * [[Shenandoah Valley]], [[Virginia]] * [[Swago Karst Area]], [[West Virginia]] * [[Texas Canyon]], [[Cochise County, Arizona]] * [[Texas Hill Country]], [[Texas]] and its northern extensions, including the [[Palo Pinto Mountains]] * [[Geology of the Yosemite area|Yosemite area]], [[California]] ===Central America and the Caribbean=== ====Belize==== * Eastern foothills of [[Maya Mountains]] including parts of the [[Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Belize]] * [[Great Blue Hole]] near the center of [[Lighthouse Reef]], [[Belize]] ====Cuba==== * [[Mogote]]s in [[Viñales Valley]] ====Dominican Republic==== * [[Los Haitises National Park]] ====Jamaica==== * [[Cockpit Country]] region ====Puerto Rico==== * [[Karst forest]], [[Puerto Rico]] (''see'' [[Geography of Puerto Rico]]) * Mountains of northwestern [[Puerto Rico]] (''see'' [[Geography of Puerto Rico]]) ===Oceania=== ====Australia==== * [[Cutta Cutta Caves National Park]] and [[Kintore Caves Conservation Park]], [[Katherine]], [[Northern Territory]] * [[Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park]], near [[Margaret River]], south west [[Western Australia]] * Northern [[Swan Coastal Plain]], [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], [[Western Australia]] * [[Naracoorte Caves National Park]], [[South Australia]] * [[Jenolan Caves]], [[New South Wales]] * [[Wombeyan Caves]], [[New South Wales]] * [[Mole Creek Karst National Park]], [[Tasmania]] * [[Nullarbor Plain]], [[South Australia]] and [[Western Australia]] ====New Zealand==== * [[Takaka Hill]], South Island * [[Waitomo]], Oparara regions ====Papua New Guinea==== * [[Nakanai Mountains]], [[East New Britain]] ===South America=== * [[Madre de Dios Island]] and [[Guarello Island]] (the world's southernmost [[limestone]] mine), [[Magallanes Region|Magallanes]], [[Chile]] </td> </tr> </table> ==Notable pseudokarst areas== ===North America=== ====Belize==== * [[Great Blue Hole]] near the center of [[Lighthouse Reef]], Belize ====United States==== * [[Arroyo Tapiado]] in [[Anza-Borrego Desert State Park]]. Over two-dozen [[Mud Caves|mud caves]] are found in this desert area east of [[San Diego]], [[California]]. ==See also== * [[Glaciokarst]] * [[Thermokarst]] * [[Speleology]] * [[Subterranean river]] * [[List of landforms]] ==References== {{reflist}} * Jennings, J.N., ''Karst Geomorphology'', 2nd ed., Blackwell, 1985, ISBN 0631140328 * Sweeting, M.M., ''Karst Landforms'', Macmillan, 1973, ISBN 023103623X ==External links== {{Commons category|Karst}} * [http://www.network.speleogenesis.info/index.php Speleogenesis Network, a communication platform for physical speleology and karst science research] * [http://www.speleogenesis.info/glossary/index.php Speleogenesis and Karst Aquifers] - a large glossary of Karst related terms. * [http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si Acta Carsologica] - research papers and reviews in all the fields related to karst. * [http://sktfi.org SERA Karst Task Force] - a non-profit resource organization dedicated to karst conservation and the clean up of cave and karst features. * [http://cdk-pr.org CDK Citizens of the Karst] - Citizens of the Karst, a non profit NGO dedicated to the protection of the Puerto Rican Karst (English site available) {{Caves}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Karst Topography}} [[Category:Karst caves]] [[Category:Landforms]] [[Category:Cave geology]] [[Category:Geomorphology]] [[bg:Карст]] [[ca:Relleu càrstic]] [[cs:Kras]] [[da:Karst]] [[de:Karst]] [[et:Karst]] [[es:Karst]] [[eo:Karsto]] [[eu:Karst]] [[fr:Karst]] [[ko:카르스트 지형]] [[hr:Krš]] [[id:Karst]] [[it:Carsismo]] [[he:קארסט]] [[kk:Карст]] [[lv:Karsta process]] [[lt:Karstas (reiškinys)]] [[hu:Karszt]] [[nl:Karst (geografie)]] [[ja:カルスト地形]] [[no:Karst-topografi]] [[pl:Kras (geologia)]] [[pt:Carste]] [[ro:Carst]] [[ru:Карст]] [[sk:Kras]] [[sl:Kras]] [[sr:Крас (геоморфологија)]] [[sh:Kras]] [[fi:Karstimaa]] [[sv:Karst]] [[th:คาสต์]] [[tr:Karst]] [[uk:Карст]] [[vi:Karst]] [[zh:喀斯特地形]]'