Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Overview of the geology of the U.S. state of New York}}
[[File: Catskill Escarpment from Olana.jpg|thumb|Catskill Escarpment from Olana State Historic Site across Hudson River]]
The '''geology of [[New York State]]''' is made up of ancient [[Precambrian]] crystalline [[basement rock]], forming the [[Adirondack Mountains]] and the bedrock of much of the state. These rocks experienced numerous deformations during mountain building events and much of the region was flooded by shallow seas depositing thick sequences of sedimentary rock during the [[Paleozoic]]. Fewer rocks have deposited since the [[Mesozoic]] as several kilometers of rock have eroded into the continental shelf and Atlantic coastal plain, although volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the [[Newark Basin]] are a prominent fossil-bearing feature near New York City from the Mesozoic rifting of the supercontinent [[Pangea]].
==Stratigraphy, Tectonics & Geologic History==
The igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rock of New York formed in the [[Precambrian]] and are coterminous with the [[Canadian Shield]]. The [[Adirondack Mountains]], [[Thousand Islands]], Hudson Highlands, and Fordham gneiss, along with outcrops in the [[Berkshires]] just over the state line in Massachusetts, are part of the Grenville Province, a large piece of continental crust which accreted to the Canadian Shield and underlies much of Quebec, Ontario as far west as Lake Huron and as far east as Labrador. These rocks date to 1.3 to 1.1 billion years ago in the [[Proterozoic]] and formed from lime mud, sand and clay on coastal barrier islands as well as [[evaporites]] in intervening lagoons. {{sfn|Van Diver|1985|p=18-21}}
The Avalonian mountain building event 575 million years ago in the [[Neoproterozoic]] is poorly understood but deformed and metamorphosed the Hudson Highlands and Manhattan Prong.
===Paleozoic (539-251 million years ago)===
New York constituted a continental margin in the [[Paleozoic]] as multi-cellular life became common. As the proto-Atlantic Ocean opened, a [[marine transgression]] in the [[Cambrian]] and [[Ordovician]] flooded much of the region, with the [[Potsdam Sea]] transgressing westward.
A reversal in mantle convection currents around 445 million years ago, in the [[Middle Ordovician]], launched the [[Taconic orogeny]] and closed the [[Iapetus Ocean]]. Crustal shortening caused a large section of continental crust in the west to thrust beneath the crust to the east, resulting in partial melting and the creation of an island arc. This complex tectonic situation produced intense folding, fracturing, thrust faults and large landslides which are now preserved in the Taconic Mountains. It also led to the intrusion of the Cortlandt and Croton Falls igneous complexes, in the vicinity of Peekskill.
The current day Taconic Mountains are the stubs of towering ancient mountains, as evidenced by high-pressure metamorphism indicating that extant rocks were buried under miles of overburden, which subsequently eroded. The sedimentation pattern changed from gradual deposition toward the east to much more rapid sedimentation to the west, filling in the [[Queenston Delta]] from the late Ordovician onward into a shallow sea. At the end of the Taconic orogeny, an [[unconformity]] appears with the uplift and erosion of the massive delta.
In the [[Silurian]] and [[Devonian]], new sediments covered the erosional surface, beginning with the white [[quartz]] pebbles of the [[Shawangunk conglomerate]]. Crustal stretching created a series [[horst and graben]] features, which remain in the Adirondacks as well as in the Mohawk, Hudson and Champlain areas. Down-dropped grabens preserved Ordovician rock from erosion.
Between 375 and 335 million years ago, the proto-Atlantic Ocean closed, forming the [[supercontinent]] [[Pangaea]]. The [[Acadian orogeny]] formed a massive range, much taller than the heavily eroded Taconics further to the east. Rocks in what is now eastern New York as far west as the Adirondacks was "overprinted" with new mineral assemblages forming due to deformation that had begun in the Taconic orogeny.
The newly formed mountains rapidly eroded and shed sediments, even as uplift continued. A massive apron of sediment formed the Catskill Delta to the westward, burying much of the Taconics and filling in a shallow sea. The Catskill Mountains formed through erosion of the debris field from the Acadian mountains.
The Peekskill granite intruded after the orogeny, in Westchester County, between 335 and 320 million years ago. Around 250 million years ago, the final Appalachian mountain orogeny, the [[Alleghanian orogeny]] occurred. Geologists debate whether gentle east–west folds in the Alleghany Plateau are remnants of this orogeny. {{sfn|Van Diver|1985|p=22-28}}
===Mesozoic (251-66 million years ago)===
The Newark Lowlands of the [[Newark Basin]] extends into New York between the Hudson Highlands and the Manhattan Prong. The basin formed beginning 220 million years ago during the late [[Triassic]] as [[Pangea]] rifted apart. Failed rift basins like the Newark Basin filled with thick sequences of sediment. The Stockton Formation is the lowest unit, with [[feldspar]] rich sandstone and conglomerate alternating with layers of shale mudstone. A rift valley lake deposited the mudstone and black shale of the middle unit—the Lockatong Formation—which holds extremely well preserved fossilized freshwater fish. This is, in turn, is overlain by the red-brown shale mudstone and sandstone of the Brunswick Formation which merges with the Hammer Creek Conglomerate. Because rifting thinned the crust, magma upwelled and intruded the basin, producing the feldspar and [[pyroxene]] dominant [[diabase]] of the [[Palisades Sill]] and an almost pure layer [[olivine]] up to six meters thick. The sill intruded 195 million years ago in the [[Early Jurassic]]. Cooling of the melt led to columnar fracture giving its column-like appearance. Fractional crystallization of what may have been the same magma also left behind the Ladentown Basalt. Lakeshore mud preserved the footprints of a predatory [[coelophysis]] in New York along with fossilized fish, clams and arthropods.<ref>{{cite book |author=Isachsen, Lauber, Landing, Rickard, Rogers |year=2000|title=Geology of New York: A Simplified Edition|publisher=New York State Education Department|pages=270–280}}</ref>
Offshore of New York is the Fall Zone Peneplain, an area of much more ancient crystalline rocks that forms the slowly sinking continental shelf of eastern North America. Eroded nearly flat, this surface began to be covered by the current sediments of the [[Atlantic coastal plain]] beginning in the [[Jurassic]]. In fact, the current basement rocks date to a time span between the Proterozoic and early Jurassic. Recent geologic research has revealed the Baltimore Canyon Trough, a long basin south of Long Island filled with up to 12 kilometers of rock. Sedimentary rocks are about six kilometers thick in the Long Island Platform. Some of the thinnest sediments are only 600 meters thick at Fire Island.
A research well, COST B-3 drilled 130 kilometers off of Long Island in the Baltimore Canyon Trough, encountering two-kilometer thick rocks from the [[Cretaceous]]. Most rocks offshore are [[marl]] with some clay and limestone. The green mineral [[glauconite]] is particularly common. {{sfn|Isachsen et al.|2000|p=285-289}}
===Cenozoic (66 million years ago-present)===
Aside from sediments produced or moved by glaciers, rivers and streams during the last 2.5 million years of the [[Quaternary]], [[Cenozoic]] rocks are extremely rare in New York. A small [[Oligocene]] [[lignite]] deposit near [[Brandon, Vermont]] may extend into New York. Several kilometers of rock eroded and deposited offshore in the Atlantic coastal plain and eastern North American continental shelf.
Drilling offshore of New Jersey and Long Island indicates Cenozoic sediments 130 meters thick reaching up to 1.5 kilometers thick near the edge of the continental shelf. The biggest increase in thickness took place during the [[Miocene]]. Deeply weathered [[saprolite]] soils formed throughout the region, with small remnants found in New York City, the Adirondacks, and Catskills during highway construction.
Rivers responsible for transporting sediment out of the region were significantly rechanneled or filled with sediments during the [[Pleistocene]] glaciations. The Erian River once downcut Middle Devonian shales, feeding into the Erie Basin while the Ontarian River eroded Ordovician shales into the Ontario Basin. The Sound River has been inferred as an eastward flowing river replaced by Long Island Sound. {{sfn|Isachsen et al.|2000|p=295-299}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{New York}}
{{Geology of the United States by political division}}
[[Category:Geology of New York (state)| ]]
[[Category:Geology of the United States by state|New York]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'New
==Stratigraphy, Tectonics & Geologic History==
The igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rock of New York formed in the [[Precambrian]] and are coterminous with the [[Canadian Shield]]. The [[Adirondack Mountains]], [[Thousand Islands]], Hudson Highlands, and Fordham gneiss, along with outcrops in the [[Berkshires]] just over the state line in Massachusetts, are part of the Grenville Province, a large piece of continental crust which accreted to the Canadian Shield and underlies much of Quebec, Ontario as far west as Lake Huron and as far east as Labrador. These rocks date to 1.3 to 1.1 billion years ago in the [[Proterozoic]] and formed from lime mud, sand and clay on coastal barrier islands as well as [[evaporites]] in intervening lagoons. {{sfn|Van Diver|1985|p=18-21}}
The Avalonian mountain building event 575 million years ago in the [[Neoproterozoic]] is poorly understood but deformed and metamorphosed the Hudson Highlands and Manhattan Prong.
===Paleozoic (539-251 million years ago)===
New York constituted a continental margin in the [[Paleozoic]] as multi-cellular life became common. As the proto-Atlantic Ocean opened, a [[marine transgression]] in the [[Cambrian]] and [[Ordovician]] flooded much of the region, with the [[Potsdam Sea]] transgressing westward.
A reversal in mantle convection currents around 445 million years ago, in the [[Middle Ordovician]], launched the [[Taconic orogeny]] and closed the [[Iapetus Ocean]]. Crustal shortening caused a large section of continental crust in the west to thrust beneath the crust to the east, resulting in partial melting and the creation of an island arc. This complex tectonic situation produced intense folding, fracturing, thrust faults and large landslides which are now preserved in the Taconic Mountains. It also led to the intrusion of the Cortlandt and Croton Falls igneous complexes, in the vicinity of Peekskill.
The current day Taconic Mountains are the stubs of towering ancient mountains, as evidenced by high-pressure metamorphism indicating that extant rocks were buried under miles of overburden, which subsequently eroded. The sedimentation pattern changed from gradual deposition toward the east to much more rapid sedimentation to the west, filling in the [[Queenston Delta]] from the late Ordovician onward into a shallow sea. At the end of the Taconic orogeny, an [[unconformity]] appears with the uplift and erosion of the massive delta.
In the [[Silurian]] and [[Devonian]], new sediments covered the erosional surface, beginning with the white [[quartz]] pebbles of the [[Shawangunk conglomerate]]. Crustal stretching created a series [[horst and graben]] features, which remain in the Adirondacks as well as in the Mohawk, Hudson and Champlain areas. Down-dropped grabens preserved Ordovician rock from erosion.
Between 375 and 335 million years ago, the proto-Atlantic Ocean closed, forming the [[supercontinent]] [[Pangaea]]. The [[Acadian orogeny]] formed a massive range, much taller than the heavily eroded Taconics further to the east. Rocks in what is now eastern New York as far west as the Adirondacks was "overprinted" with new mineral assemblages forming due to deformation that had begun in the Taconic orogeny.
The newly formed mountains rapidly eroded and shed sediments, even as uplift continued. A massive apron of sediment formed the Catskill Delta to the westward, burying much of the Taconics and filling in a shallow sea. The Catskill Mountains formed through erosion of the debris field from the Acadian mountains.
The Peekskill granite intruded after the orogeny, in Westchester County, between 335 and 320 million years ago. Around 250 million years ago, the final Appalachian mountain orogeny, the [[Alleghanian orogeny]] occurred. Geologists debate whether gentle east–west folds in the Alleghany Plateau are remnants of this orogeny. {{sfn|Van Diver|1985|p=22-28}}
===Mesozoic (251-66 million years ago)===
The Newark Lowlands of the [[Newark Basin]] extends into New York between the Hudson Highlands and the Manhattan Prong. The basin formed beginning 220 million years ago during the late [[Triassic]] as [[Pangea]] rifted apart. Failed rift basins like the Newark Basin filled with thick sequences of sediment. The Stockton Formation is the lowest unit, with [[feldspar]] rich sandstone and conglomerate alternating with layers of shale mudstone. A rift valley lake deposited the mudstone and black shale of the middle unit—the Lockatong Formation—which holds extremely well preserved fossilized freshwater fish. This is, in turn, is overlain by the red-brown shale mudstone and sandstone of the Brunswick Formation which merges with the Hammer Creek Conglomerate. Because rifting thinned the crust, magma upwelled and intruded the basin, producing the feldspar and [[pyroxene]] dominant [[diabase]] of the [[Palisades Sill]] and an almost pure layer [[olivine]] up to six meters thick. The sill intruded 195 million years ago in the [[Early Jurassic]]. Cooling of the melt led to columnar fracture giving its column-like appearance. Fractional crystallization of what may have been the same magma also left behind the Ladentown Basalt. Lakeshore mud preserved the footprints of a predatory [[coelophysis]] in New York along with fossilized fish, clams and arthropods.<ref>{{cite book |author=Isachsen, Lauber, Landing, Rickard, Rogers |year=2000|title=Geology of New York: A Simplified Edition|publisher=New York State Education Department|pages=270–280}}</ref>
Offshore of New York is the Fall Zone Peneplain, an area of much more ancient crystalline rocks that forms the slowly sinking continental shelf of eastern North America. Eroded nearly flat, this surface began to be covered by the current sediments of the [[Atlantic coastal plain]] beginning in the [[Jurassic]]. In fact, the current basement rocks date to a time span between the Proterozoic and early Jurassic. Recent geologic research has revealed the Baltimore Canyon Trough, a long basin south of Long Island filled with up to 12 kilometers of rock. Sedimentary rocks are about six kilometers thick in the Long Island Platform. Some of the thinnest sediments are only 600 meters thick at Fire Island.
A research well, COST B-3 drilled 130 kilometers off of Long Island in the Baltimore Canyon Trough, encountering two-kilometer thick rocks from the [[Cretaceous]]. Most rocks offshore are [[marl]] with some clay and limestone. The green mineral [[glauconite]] is particularly common. {{sfn|Isachsen et al.|2000|p=285-289}}
===Cenozoic (66 million years ago-present)===
Aside from sediments produced or moved by glaciers, rivers and streams during the last 2.5 million years of the [[Quaternary]], [[Cenozoic]] rocks are extremely rare in New York. A small [[Oligocene]] [[lignite]] deposit near [[Brandon, Vermont]] may extend into New York. Several kilometers of rock eroded and deposited offshore in the Atlantic coastal plain and eastern North American continental shelf.
Drilling offshore of New Jersey and Long Island indicates Cenozoic sediments 130 meters thick reaching up to 1.5 kilometers thick near the edge of the continental shelf. The biggest increase in thickness took place during the [[Miocene]]. Deeply weathered [[saprolite]] soils formed throughout the region, with small remnants found in New York City, the Adirondacks, and Catskills during highway construction.
Rivers responsible for transporting sediment out of the region were significantly rechanneled or filled with sediments during the [[Pleistocene]] glaciations. The Erian River once downcut Middle Devonian shales, feeding into the Erie Basin while the Ontarian River eroded Ordovician shales into the Ontario Basin. The Sound River has been inferred as an eastward flowing river replaced by Long Island Sound. {{sfn|Isachsen et al.|2000|p=295-299}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{New York}}
{{Geology of the United States by political division}}
[[Category:Geology of New York (state)| ]]
[[Category:Geology of the United States by state|New York]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>New
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Stratigraphy,_Tectonics_&_Geologic_History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Stratigraphy, Tectonics & Geologic History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Paleozoic_(539-251_million_years_ago)"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Paleozoic (539-251 million years ago)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Mesozoic_(251-66_million_years_ago)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mesozoic (251-66 million years ago)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Cenozoic_(66_million_years_ago-present)"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cenozoic (66 million years ago-present)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span id="Stratigraphy.2C_Tectonics_.26_Geologic_History"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Stratigraphy,_Tectonics_&_Geologic_History">Stratigraphy, Tectonics & Geologic History</span></h2>
<p>The igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rock of New York formed in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> and are coterminous with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thousand_Islands" title="Thousand Islands">Thousand Islands</a>, Hudson Highlands, and Fordham gneiss, along with outcrops in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berkshires" title="Berkshires">Berkshires</a> just over the state line in Massachusetts, are part of the Grenville Province, a large piece of continental crust which accreted to the Canadian Shield and underlies much of Quebec, Ontario as far west as Lake Huron and as far east as Labrador. These rocks date to 1.3 to 1.1 billion years ago in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> and formed from lime mud, sand and clay on coastal barrier islands as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evaporites" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporites">evaporites</a> in intervening lagoons. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Diver198518-21_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Diver198518-21-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Avalonian mountain building event 575 million years ago in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> is poorly understood but deformed and metamorphosed the Hudson Highlands and Manhattan Prong.
</p>
<h3><span id="Paleozoic_.28539-251_million_years_ago.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Paleozoic_(539-251_million_years_ago)">Paleozoic (539-251 million years ago)</span></h3>
<p>New York constituted a continental margin in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> as multi-cellular life became common. As the proto-Atlantic Ocean opened, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">marine transgression</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> flooded much of the region, with the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Potsdam_Sea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potsdam Sea (page does not exist)">Potsdam Sea</a> transgressing westward.
</p><p>A reversal in mantle convection currents around 445 million years ago, in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle Ordovician</a>, launched the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taconic_orogeny" title="Taconic orogeny">Taconic orogeny</a> and closed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean" title="Iapetus Ocean">Iapetus Ocean</a>. Crustal shortening caused a large section of continental crust in the west to thrust beneath the crust to the east, resulting in partial melting and the creation of an island arc. This complex tectonic situation produced intense folding, fracturing, thrust faults and large landslides which are now preserved in the Taconic Mountains. It also led to the intrusion of the Cortlandt and Croton Falls igneous complexes, in the vicinity of Peekskill.
</p><p>The current day Taconic Mountains are the stubs of towering ancient mountains, as evidenced by high-pressure metamorphism indicating that extant rocks were buried under miles of overburden, which subsequently eroded. The sedimentation pattern changed from gradual deposition toward the east to much more rapid sedimentation to the west, filling in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queenston_Delta" title="Queenston Delta">Queenston Delta</a> from the late Ordovician onward into a shallow sea. At the end of the Taconic orogeny, an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unconformity" title="Unconformity">unconformity</a> appears with the uplift and erosion of the massive delta.
</p><p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>, new sediments covered the erosional surface, beginning with the white <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> pebbles of the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shawangunk_conglomerate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shawangunk conglomerate (page does not exist)">Shawangunk conglomerate</a>. Crustal stretching created a series <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horst_and_graben" title="Horst and graben">horst and graben</a> features, which remain in the Adirondacks as well as in the Mohawk, Hudson and Champlain areas. Down-dropped grabens preserved Ordovician rock from erosion.
</p><p>Between 375 and 335 million years ago, the proto-Atlantic Ocean closed, forming the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acadian_orogeny" title="Acadian orogeny">Acadian orogeny</a> formed a massive range, much taller than the heavily eroded Taconics further to the east. Rocks in what is now eastern New York as far west as the Adirondacks was "overprinted" with new mineral assemblages forming due to deformation that had begun in the Taconic orogeny.
</p><p>The newly formed mountains rapidly eroded and shed sediments, even as uplift continued. A massive apron of sediment formed the Catskill Delta to the westward, burying much of the Taconics and filling in a shallow sea. The Catskill Mountains formed through erosion of the debris field from the Acadian mountains.
</p><p>The Peekskill granite intruded after the orogeny, in Westchester County, between 335 and 320 million years ago. Around 250 million years ago, the final Appalachian mountain orogeny, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alleghanian_orogeny" title="Alleghanian orogeny">Alleghanian orogeny</a> occurred. Geologists debate whether gentle east–west folds in the Alleghany Plateau are remnants of this orogeny. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Diver198522-28_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Diver198522-28-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Mesozoic_.28251-66_million_years_ago.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Mesozoic_(251-66_million_years_ago)">Mesozoic (251-66 million years ago)</span></h3>
<p>The Newark Lowlands of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newark_Basin" title="Newark Basin">Newark Basin</a> extends into New York between the Hudson Highlands and the Manhattan Prong. The basin formed beginning 220 million years ago during the late <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a> rifted apart. Failed rift basins like the Newark Basin filled with thick sequences of sediment. The Stockton Formation is the lowest unit, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> rich sandstone and conglomerate alternating with layers of shale mudstone. A rift valley lake deposited the mudstone and black shale of the middle unit—the Lockatong Formation—which holds extremely well preserved fossilized freshwater fish. This is, in turn, is overlain by the red-brown shale mudstone and sandstone of the Brunswick Formation which merges with the Hammer Creek Conglomerate. Because rifting thinned the crust, magma upwelled and intruded the basin, producing the feldspar and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a> dominant <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">diabase</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palisades_Sill" title="Palisades Sill">Palisades Sill</a> and an almost pure layer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> up to six meters thick. The sill intruded 195 million years ago in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a>. Cooling of the melt led to columnar fracture giving its column-like appearance. Fractional crystallization of what may have been the same magma also left behind the Ladentown Basalt. Lakeshore mud preserved the footprints of a predatory <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coelophysis" title="Coelophysis">coelophysis</a> in New York along with fossilized fish, clams and arthropods.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Offshore of New York is the Fall Zone Peneplain, an area of much more ancient crystalline rocks that forms the slowly sinking continental shelf of eastern North America. Eroded nearly flat, this surface began to be covered by the current sediments of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain" title="Atlantic coastal plain">Atlantic coastal plain</a> beginning in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>. In fact, the current basement rocks date to a time span between the Proterozoic and early Jurassic. Recent geologic research has revealed the Baltimore Canyon Trough, a long basin south of Long Island filled with up to 12 kilometers of rock. Sedimentary rocks are about six kilometers thick in the Long Island Platform. Some of the thinnest sediments are only 600 meters thick at Fire Island.
</p><p>A research well, COST B-3 drilled 130 kilometers off of Long Island in the Baltimore Canyon Trough, encountering two-kilometer thick rocks from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>. Most rocks offshore are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">marl</a> with some clay and limestone. The green mineral <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glauconite" title="Glauconite">glauconite</a> is particularly common. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsachsen_et_al.2000285-289_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsachsen_et_al.2000285-289-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Cenozoic_.2866_million_years_ago-present.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cenozoic_(66_million_years_ago-present)">Cenozoic (66 million years ago-present)</span></h3>
<p>Aside from sediments produced or moved by glaciers, rivers and streams during the last 2.5 million years of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> rocks are extremely rare in New York. A small <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> deposit near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brandon,_Vermont" title="Brandon, Vermont">Brandon, Vermont</a> may extend into New York. Several kilometers of rock eroded and deposited offshore in the Atlantic coastal plain and eastern North American continental shelf.
</p><p>Drilling offshore of New Jersey and Long Island indicates Cenozoic sediments 130 meters thick reaching up to 1.5 kilometers thick near the edge of the continental shelf. The biggest increase in thickness took place during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>. Deeply weathered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saprolite" title="Saprolite">saprolite</a> soils formed throughout the region, with small remnants found in New York City, the Adirondacks, and Catskills during highway construction.
</p><p>Rivers responsible for transporting sediment out of the region were significantly rechanneled or filled with sediments during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> glaciations. The Erian River once downcut Middle Devonian shales, feeding into the Erie Basin while the Ontarian River eroded Ordovician shales into the Ontario Basin. The Sound River has been inferred as an eastward flowing river replaced by Long Island Sound. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsachsen_et_al.2000295-299_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsachsen_et_al.2000295-299-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Diver198518-21-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Diver198518-21_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Diver1985">Van Diver 1985</a>, p. 18-21.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Diver1985 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Diver198522-28-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Diver198522-28_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Diver1985">Van Diver 1985</a>, p. 22-28.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Diver1985 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFIsachsen,_Lauber,_Landing,_Rickard,_Rogers2000" class="citation book cs1">Isachsen, Lauber, Landing, Rickard, Rogers (2000). <i>Geology of New York: A Simplified Edition</i>. New York State Education Department. pp. 270–280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geology+of+New+York%3A+A+Simplified+Edition&rft.pages=270-280&rft.pub=New+York+State+Education+Department&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Isachsen%2C+Lauber%2C+Landing%2C+Rickard%2C+Rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeology+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsachsen_et_al.2000285-289-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsachsen_et_al.2000285-289_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsachsen_et_al.2000">Isachsen et al. 2000</a>, p. 285-289.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFIsachsen_et_al.2000 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsachsen_et_al.2000295-299-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsachsen_et_al.2000295-299_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsachsen_et_al.2000">Isachsen et al. 2000</a>, p. 295-299.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFIsachsen_et_al.2000 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_New_York" title="Outline of New York">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_New_York_(state)%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of New York (state)–related articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_airports_in_New_York_(state)" title="List of airports in New York (state)">Airports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibliography_of_New_York_(state)" title="Bibliography of New York (state)">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Demographics of New York (state)">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_New_York_(state)" title="Economy of New York (state)">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_New_York_(state)" title="Education in New York (state)">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_New_York_(state)" title="Geography of New York (state)">Geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_York_(state)" title="Healthcare in New York (state)">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_museums_in_New_York_(state)" title="List of museums in New York (state)">Museums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_New_York_(state)" title="Music of New York (state)">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Empire_State" title="Empire State">Nickname</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_parks" title="List of New York state parks">Parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_York_(state)" title="List of people from New York (state)">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Politics of New York (state)">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sports_in_New_York_(state)" title="Sports in New York (state)">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_symbols" title="List of New York state symbols">Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transportation_in_New_York_(state)" title="Transportation in New York (state)">Transportation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Tourist attractions in New York (state)">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York_(state)" title="Administrative divisions of New York (state)">Administrative divisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York%27s_congressional_districts" title="New York's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_New_York" title="Constitution of New York">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">Delegations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senators</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">Representatives</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_New_York_(state)" title="Elections in New York (state)">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_New_York_(state)" title="Government of New York (state)">Government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_New_York_(state)" title="Law of New York (state)">Law</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#New_York" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capital_District,_New_York" title="Capital District, New York">Capital District</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catskill_Mountains" title="Catskill Mountains">Catskill Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_New_York_Region" title="Central New York Region">Central Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_New_York" title="Central New York">Central New York</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Champlain_Valley" title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phelps_and_Gorham_Purchase" title="Phelps and Gorham Purchase">Holland Purchase</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hudson_Highlands" title="Hudson Highlands">Hudson Highlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_region" title="Mohawk Valley region">Mohawk Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niagara_Frontier" title="Niagara Frontier">Niagara Frontier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Country_(New_York)" title="North Country (New York)">North Country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shawangunk_Ridge" title="Shawangunk Ridge">Shawangunks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ski_country" title="Ski country">Ski country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Tier" title="Southern Tier">Southern Tier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southtowns" title="Southtowns">Southtowns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tech_Valley" title="Tech Valley">Tech Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thousand_Islands" title="Thousand Islands">Thousand Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tug_Hill" title="Tug Hill">Tug Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_statistical_areas" title="New York statistical areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elmira,_New_York" title="Elmira, New York">Elmira</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corning_(city),_New_York" title="Corning (city), New York">Corning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glens_Falls,_New_York" title="Glens Falls, New York">Glens Falls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamestown,_New_York" title="Jamestown, New York">Jamestown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingston,_New_York" title="Kingston, New York">Kingston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watertown,_New_York" title="Watertown, New York">Watertown</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_counties_in_New_York" title="List of counties in New York">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albany_County,_New_York" title="Albany County, New York">Albany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allegany_County,_New_York" title="Allegany County, New York">Allegany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broome_County,_New_York" title="Broome County, New York">Broome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cattaraugus_County,_New_York" title="Cattaraugus County, New York">Cattaraugus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cayuga_County,_New_York" title="Cayuga County, New York">Cayuga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chautauqua_County,_New_York" title="Chautauqua County, New York">Chautauqua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chemung_County,_New_York" title="Chemung County, New York">Chemung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chenango_County,_New_York" title="Chenango County, New York">Chenango</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clinton_County,_New_York" title="Clinton County, New York">Clinton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbia_County,_New_York" title="Columbia County, New York">Columbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cortland_County,_New_York" title="Cortland County, New York">Cortland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delaware_County,_New_York" title="Delaware County, New York">Delaware</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutchess_County,_New_York" title="Dutchess County, New York">Dutchess</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Essex_County,_New_York" title="Essex County, New York">Essex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_County,_New_York" title="Franklin County, New York">Franklin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fulton_County,_New_York" title="Fulton County, New York">Fulton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genesee_County,_New_York" title="Genesee County, New York">Genesee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greene_County,_New_York" title="Greene County, New York">Greene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamilton_County,_New_York" title="Hamilton County, New York">Hamilton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herkimer_County,_New_York" title="Herkimer County, New York">Herkimer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jefferson_County,_New_York" title="Jefferson County, New York">Jefferson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Kings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewis_County,_New_York" title="Lewis County, New York">Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Livingston_County,_New_York" title="Livingston County, New York">Livingston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madison_County,_New_York" title="Madison County, New York">Madison</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Monroe County, New York">Monroe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montgomery_County,_New_York" title="Montgomery County, New York">Montgomery</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tryon_County,_New_York" title="Tryon County, New York">Tryon</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niagara_County,_New_York" title="Niagara County, New York">Niagara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oneida_County,_New_York" title="Oneida County, New York">Oneida</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onondaga_County,_New_York" title="Onondaga County, New York">Onondaga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ontario_County,_New_York" title="Ontario County, New York">Ontario</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York" title="Orange County, New York">Orange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orleans_County,_New_York" title="Orleans County, New York">Orleans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oswego_County,_New_York" title="Oswego County, New York">Oswego</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otsego_County,_New_York" title="Otsego County, New York">Otsego</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Putnam_County,_New_York" title="Putnam County, New York">Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rensselaer_County,_New_York" title="Rensselaer County, New York">Rensselaer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Richmond</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York" title="Rockland County, New York">Rockland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Lawrence_County,_New_York" title="St. Lawrence County, New York">Saint Lawrence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saratoga_County,_New_York" title="Saratoga County, New York">Saratoga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schenectady_County,_New_York" title="Schenectady County, New York">Schenectady</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schoharie_County,_New_York" title="Schoharie County, New York">Schoharie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schuyler_County,_New_York" title="Schuyler County, New York">Schuyler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seneca_County,_New_York" title="Seneca County, New York">Seneca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steuben_County,_New_York" title="Steuben County, New York">Steuben</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sullivan_County,_New_York" title="Sullivan County, New York">Sullivan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tioga_County,_New_York" title="Tioga County, New York">Tioga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tompkins_County,_New_York" title="Tompkins County, New York">Tompkins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulster_County,_New_York" title="Ulster County, New York">Ulster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warren_County,_New_York" title="Warren County, New York">Warren</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington_County,_New_York" title="Washington County, New York">Washington</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte_County,_Province_of_New_York" title="Charlotte County, Province of New York">Charlotte</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayne_County,_New_York" title="Wayne County, New York">Wayne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wyoming_County,_New_York" title="Wyoming County, New York">Wyoming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yates_County,_New_York" title="Yates County, New York">Yates</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_places_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places in New York">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_York" title="List of cities in New York">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_towns_in_New_York" title="List of towns in New York">Towns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_American_Indian_Reservations_in_New_York_(state)" title="List of American Indian Reservations in New York (state)">Indian reservations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_villages_in_New_York" title="List of villages in New York">Villages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_New_York" title="List of census-designated places in New York">Census-designated places</a></li></ul>
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<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geology_of_the_United_States_by_political_division" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Geology_of_the_United_States_by_political_division" title="Template:Geology of the United States by political division"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Geology_of_the_United_States_by_political_division" title="Template talk:Geology of the United States by political division"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Geology_of_the_United_States_by_political_division&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geology_of_the_United_States_by_political_division" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_the_United_States" title="Geology of the United States">Geology of the United States</a> by political division</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Alabama" title="Geology of Alabama">Alabama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Alaska" title="Geology of Alaska">Alaska</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Arizona" title="Geology of Arizona">Arizona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Arkansas" title="Geology of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of California">California</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Colorado" title="Geology of Colorado">Colorado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Connecticut" title="Geology of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Delaware" title="Geology of Delaware">Delaware</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Florida" title="Geology of Florida">Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Geology of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Idaho" title="Geology of Idaho">Idaho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Illinois" title="Geology of Illinois">Illinois</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Indiana">Indiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Iowa">Iowa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Kansas" title="Geology of Kansas">Kansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Kentucky" title="Geology of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Maine" title="Geology of Maine">Maine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Maryland">Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Massachusetts" title="Geology of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Michigan">Michigan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Minnesota" title="Geology of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Mississippi" title="Geology of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Missouri" title="Geology of Missouri">Missouri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Montana" title="Geology of Montana">Montana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Nebraska" title="Geology of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Nevada" title="Geology of Nevada">Nevada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_New_Hampshire" title="Geology of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_New_Jersey" title="Geology of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_New_Mexico" title="Geology of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New York</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_North_Carolina" title="Geology of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_North_Dakota" title="Geology of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Ohio" title="Geology of Ohio">Ohio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Oklahoma" title="Geology of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Oregon">Oregon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Pennsylvania" title="Geology of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Rhode_Island" title="Geology of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_South_Carolina" title="Geology of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_South_Dakota" title="Geology of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Tennessee" title="Geology of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Texas" title="Geology of Texas">Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Utah" title="Geology of Utah">Utah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Vermont">Vermont</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Virginia" title="Geology of Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_West_Virginia" title="Geology of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Wisconsin" title="Geology of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Wyoming" title="Geology of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Geology of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_American_Samoa" title="Geology of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Guam" title="Geology of Guam">Guam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Geology of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geology of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Geology of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
