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'{{Short description|Indigenous people native to the U.S. states of Nevada, Arizona, and Utah}} {{refimprove|date=February 2022}} [[File:Southern Paiutes.jpg|thumb|[[Moapa Band of Paiute Indians|Moapa]] Southern Paiute, Paiute woman and girl wearing traditional Paiute basket hats. Baby swaddled in rabbit robes in [[cradleboard]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]]] The '''Southern Paiute people''' are a tribe of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] that have lived in the [[Colorado River]] basin of southern [[Nevada]], northern [[Arizona]], and southern [[Utah]]. Bands of Southern Paiute live in scattered locations throughout this territory and have been granted [[List of federally recognized tribes in the United States|federal recognition]] on several [[Indian reservation|reservations]]. The first European contact with the Southern Paiute occurred in 1776, when fathers [[Silvestre Vélez de Escalante]] and [[Francisco Atanasio Domínguez]] encountered them during an attempt to find an overland route to the [[Spanish missions in California|missions of California]]. They noted that some of the Southern Paiute men "had thick beards and were thought to look more in appearance like Spanish men than native Americans".{{efn|1={{harvtxt|Warner|1995|pp=187–193}} cites {{harvtxt|Dominguez|de Escalante|1776}}}} Before this date, the Southern Paiute suffered slave raids by the [[Navajo people|Navajo]] and the [[Ute Tribe|Ute]]. The arrival of Spanish and later Euro-American explorers into their territory increased slave raiding by other tribes. In 1851, [[Mormon]] settlers strategically occupied Paiute water sources, which created a dependency relationship.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}} However, the presence of Mormon settlers soon ended the slave raids, and relations between the Paiutes and the Mormons were basically peaceful. The Mormon missionary [[Jacob Hamblin]] worked at diplomatic efforts. The introduction of European settlers and agricultural practices (most especially large herds of [[cattle]]) made it difficult for the Southern Paiute to continue their traditional lifestyle, as it drove away the game and reduced their ability to hunt, as well as to gather natural foods. Today Southern Paiute communities are located at [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[Pahrump, Nevada|Pahrump]], and [[Moapa Town, Nevada|Moapa]], in Nevada; [[Cedar City, Utah|Cedar City]], [[Kanosh, Utah|Kanosh]], [[Koosharem, Utah|Koosharem]], Shivwits, and Indian Peaks, in Utah; at [[Kaibab, Arizona|Kaibab]] and Willow Springs, in Arizona. == Public relations == === Early policy === Prior to the 1850s the Paiute people lived relatively peacefully with the other Native American groups. These groups included the Navajo, Ute, and Hopi tribes.<ref name=holt>Holt, R. L. (October). [http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/american_indians/paiuteindians.html Paiute Indians]. Retrieved October 12, 2018.</ref> Though there was the occasional tension and violent outbreaks between groups, Paiutes were mainly able to live in peace with other tribes and settlers due to their loose social structure. Most Paiutes lived in small familial groups, and only gathered together in large settings for matters of trade and commerce.<ref name=holt/> Prior to the 1850s, their biggest antagonists were raiders from competing tribes; such as the Navajos, Utes, and Hopis. The Navajos were particularly known for intruding on Paiute grazing land and engaging in raids to capture Paiute women and children for slave trade.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 30028366|title = You Can't Get There from Here: Southern Paiute Testimony as Intercultural Communication|journal = Anthropological Linguistics|volume = 34|issue = 1/4|pages = 19–44|last1 = Bunte|first1 = Pamela|last2 = Franklin|first2 = Robert|year = 1992}}</ref> Prior to the 1860s, there had been no long-term development of the land. Most of the non-native contact they had was with transient militants or traders. Paiutes fought hard to defend their ancestral lands, and at first were successful in driving the settlers out. During the second half of the 1800s, the most prominent groups to migrate to Paiute lands were members and missionaries from [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints#Pioneer era|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]] and silver miners in [[Pioche, Nevada]].<ref name=reeve>{{Cite book | jstor=10.5406/j.ctt1xcnr6| title=Making Space on the Western Frontier|author1-link=W. Paul Reeve| last1=Reeve| first1=W. Paul| year=2006| publisher=University of Illinois Press| chapter=Mormons, Miners, and Southern Paiutes| isbn=9780252031267}}</ref> In 1869, a rich investor named François Louis Alfred Pioche invested in a silver mine in the town of Pioche, which initially depended upon cheap Paiute labor to work in the mines. The conditions in the mines caused a dramatic decline in the Paiute population.<ref name=reeve/> Paiute children were mandated to attend American schools, which attempted to assimilate them as much as possible.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3641716|title = American Indians, Economic Development, and Self-Determination in the 1960s|journal = Pacific Historical Review|volume = 69|issue = 3|pages = 431–463|last1 = Riggs|first1 = Christopher K.|year = 2000|doi = 10.2307/3641716}}</ref> By the early 1900s, there were approximately 800 Paiute people.<ref>[https://www.utahpaiutes.org/news-2/history/Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah: History] Utahpaiutes.org. Retrieved 7 January 2019.</ref> === Modern relations === In the 1950s, the [[Indian termination policy|Indian termination policies]] of the federal government stripped the Paiutes of their health and educational benefits, federal tax protection, and agricultural assistance. This left them on their own in a weak and unstable state.<ref>Holt, Ronald L. “Paiute Indians.” Utah Department of Heritage and Arts, 17 Aug. 2016, heritage.utah.gov/history/uhg-first-peoples-paiute-indians.</ref> The first attempt of reconciliation was made in 1980, with the [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/96/hr4996 Restoration Act], which recognized the Paiutes as a tribe. It united the five main bands into one tribe: the Cedars, Indian Peaks, Kanosh, Koosharem, and Shivwits.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.utahpaiutes.org/news-2/history/ | title=Our History – the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah}}</ref> The bill also restored the bands to a system of federal aid and support. == Culture == === Basket weaving === One of the most important skills the women of the Paiute tribes had was their basket weaving skills. They would often use red-stemmed willows to weave their baskets. These skills were used in almost every aspect of their lives, and the skill is believed to have been passed down from mother to daughter for at least 9,000 years. When they would go to gather and forage they would carry large conical baskets on their back to collect things. Specific tools were created [[File:Hat, Southern Paiute, collected 1876 - Native American collection - Peabody Museum, Harvard University - DSC05567.JPG|thumb|Hat, Southern Paiute, collected 1876 – Native American collection – Peabody Museum, Harvard University ]]including ones to strip fruit off of bushes and trees, ones used for [[winnowing]], and ones used to get to roots better. They would also tightly weave these big baskets with clay and [[resin]] to create cooking pots and water jugs. Oftentimes, smaller tools were left behind, whereas bigger products such as cooking pots went with the families as they moved around. Based on the region the families were located determined different uses for the weaving. For instance, those who lived by marshes learned to create [[Duck decoy (model)|duck decoys]], nets, and rafts to better hunt the water fowl. Another use for this skill was to create their houses. They would use long thin grasses to tightly weave stalks of [[Typha|Cattails]] together, and in doing so they created these long board-like sections of grasses that they would set up around long willow limbs stuck in the ground.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://byu.kanopy.com/video/earth-our-home|title=The Earth is Our Home [Video file]|last=Patapoff|first=E. (Director)|date=1979|website=Kanopy|language=en|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref> === Traditional diet === [[File:Paiute indian woman grinding acorns for flour, Lemoore, Kings County, ca.1900 (CHS-922).jpg|thumb|Paiute Indian woman grinding acorns for flour, Lemoore, Kings County, ca.1900 (CHS-922)]] A staple food for the Southern Paiutes was the [[bitterroot]]. They also depended on [[wild carrot]], wild onion, and [[Prunus virginiana|chokecherries]]. Chokecherries were useful in more ways than one- their stems were brewed to make a sweet drink, and their berries would be crushed, then dried to be saved for later. When [[Aphid]]s came and swarmed the cane plants, they would leave small drops of nectar where they punctured the cane stalk. Knowing this the Southern Paiute women would take the cane rods and beat them until the small dried droplets came loose. These droplets were then tossed in a winnowing dish to be separated from the remnants of the cane. Often these small particles were the main income of sweetness for the people.<ref name=":0" /> Another seed they would gather are waada seeds, minuscule black seeds that would be ground up into meal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/pacific/crm/oe/oeprojects/OEEWWada.htm|title=Rock Art of the Malheur Marshlands The Wada'Tika: Ancestors of Today's Burns Paiute Tribe, Oregon|last=Cultural Resources Management program|date=2012|website=US Fish and Wildlife Service|access-date=2018-11-12}}</ref> Those who lived in a region with an adequate water supply would set up farms, complete with ditch irrigation. The biggest crops were maize, squash and wheat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Allison|first1=James R.|last2=Meegan|first2=Cathryn M.|last3=Murray|first3=Shawn Sabrina|date=2008|title=Archaeology and Archaeobotany of Southern Paiute Horticulture in the St. George Basin, Southwestern Utah|journal=Kiva|volume=73|issue=4|pages=417–449|jstor=30246559|doi=10.1179/kiv.2008.73.4.003|s2cid=129614910}}</ref> The men were the primary hunters, they would hunt waterfowl, rabbits, bighorn sheep and other mammals in the regions they passed through.<ref name=":1" /> ===Paiute archery=== ====Bows==== There is a bow collected by the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in 1872.<ref>Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Catalogue Number E-12034-0.</ref> Made from a hardwood branch, possibly [[Mesquite]] or [[Cercocarpus|mountain mahogany]], and is 38 5/8 inches from tip to tip. The bow is round in cross section, and the string is two ply sinew. It has a sinew back, and the sinew has been stained with a reddish brown ochre. The bow is utilitarian and still has carving marks, as to be expected of a practical weapon in a hostile and harsh desert environment.<ref name="Primitive Archer">Berger, Billy. 2010. "Treasures of the Smithsonian. Part V. Archery of the Southwestern United States: Paiute. " [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881085890 Primitive Archer]. Volume 18 (5). October–November 2010. Pages 2025.</ref> Another photograph is taken of a Paiute bow and arrow.<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1006831501 Photograph of Willard George Shooting a Bow and Arrow (Neb.), 1899–1900]. University of Nevada, Las Vegas University Libraries, n.d. Notes: Taken in Nebraska, Willard George (left) is showing a relative how to shoot a Paiute bow and arrow.</ref> ====Arrows==== A set of Paiute arrows was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1874.<ref>Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Catalogue number E-14539.</ref> Only one arrow has a point. The arrowhead is attached by pine pitch glue. There are sinew wrappings behind the point, but they are to prevent the shaft from splitting when the target is hit. The feathers are hawk and buzzard.<ref name="Primitive Archer"/> ====Quivers and bowcases==== A Paiute arrow quiver was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1872.<ref>Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Catalogue Number E-12038-0.</ref> The quiver is made of deerskin with thick hair still on the case, showing the deer was killed in the winter, and is sewn with two ply sinew, much like the bowstring. "The quiver is plain, with no decoration, as would be expected of a desert dwelling culture."<ref name="Primitive Archer"/> === Organization of the Southern Paiute people === One important aspect of gathering food was the social aspect, often families would come together for foraging and games and then depart and go their different ways. The Southern Paiutes were not organized tribally. Groups were instead made up of small family units that would occasionally come together with others to socialize. Each group was about 10-50 related people. Family ties were very important to these groups and determined group movements and interdependence among groups. Marriages were thus very important to the Southern Paiutes. The leader of the group was called a Headman, and he would be old enough to know a lot about the land, but young enough to still participate in the tribes activities, and he usually had several different family ties within the group. His job was to wake early in the morning, and using his knowledge he would make specific suggestions of what he thought the tribe should do that day, and if people thought his observations were astute they would follow him, if not then they wouldn't. His suggestions would be based on the weather, season, and abundance of food. If over time they stopped following his ideas and instead turned to another, then the Headman leader title would move onto that person. The Headman also was supposed to settle any disputes that came up.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CixmFMIDfhoC&q=Headman|title=Boundaries between : the Southern Paiutes, 1775-1995|last=Knack|first=Martha C.|date=2004|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=9780803278189|pages=20–25}}</ref> Oftentimes different sub-units of the Southern Paiutes would be classified by the settlers coming in from Europe based on what they ate. So you had those who ate waada seeds, those who ate trout, those who ate cattails, etc.<ref name=":0" /> While the Southern Paiute people are categorized as one group, there were subgroups within the whole that were differentiated based on location and dialect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Steward |first=Julian |title=University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology |publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press |year=1933 |pages=233–250 |language=English}}</ref> ==== Subgroups Within Southern Paiute People ==== The Southern Paiute People consist of several subgroups that are each unique in language, location, practices, lifestyle, and tradition. In the following sections, three Southern Paiute People subgroups are discussed: the Owens Valley Paiute, Kaibab Paiute, and Chemeheuvi Paiute. The Owens Valley Paiute reside in Owens Valley, CA and rely on water and irrigation in their society. The Kaibab Paiute occupied northern Arizona and southern Utah, organizing around permanent water sources; however, the remaining Kaibab Paiute are located in the Kaibab Indian Reservation. The Chemeheuvi, located in the Great Basin and Southwest United States, intertwine water and land ownership in songs that are considered contractually obliging in the community. Water management is seen as an important role within Chemeheuvi communities and is held in high regard. ===== Owens Valley Paiute ===== While the Owens Valley Paiute are categorized as one unified group, multiple, distinct Paiute districts formed throughout the region, each varying in complexity and organization.<ref name=":02">Steward, Julian H. In ''University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology'', Edited by  A.L. Kroeber, 233-350;  Berkeley:  University of California Press, 1933.</ref> Each district developed through own political and housing systems, and established hunting and seed rights.<ref name=":02" /> Historical documents estimate that Owens Valley Paiute subgroup populations totaled to maintain approximately 1,000 members.<ref name=":02" /> ====== Diet & Fishing Practices ====== Owens Valley Paiute people relied on seasonal fishing and hunting, native vegetation and early agricultural yields, seeds, and nuts to compose their diet.<ref name=":02" /> They utilized complex cooking and storage processes to prolong and prepare their harvests and kills.<ref name=":02" /> Fishing regulations in the Owens Valley Paiute region depended upon the agreed upon rights within each district. Owens Valley Paiute people utilized an early form of water and property rights by districts declaring ownership of certain stretches of river where they would prohibit outsiders from fishing unless permitted otherwise.<ref name=":02" /> Fishing expeditions could be individual or communal activities.<ref name=":02" /> Some districts would equally distribute fish catches throughout the district, while others respected that individuals who caught fish got to keep it.<ref name=":02" /> Owens Valley Paiute people employed multiple methods in order to catch fish. More traditional practices included using wooden arrows to pierce fish, baskets and nets to trap and collect fish, and utilizing materials to construct early fishing poles.<ref name=":02" /> Owens Valley Paiute people created hooks using bone (preferably from deer or wildcats) and used grasshoppers or worms as bait.<ref name=":02" /> Natives also built two-pronged spears composed of either obsidian or wood to catch fish.<ref name=":02" /> These tools were typically used when people fished at night where fires were lit along rivers to attract fish to the shores for easy catching.<ref name=":02" /> Stranding was a technique that required people to remove water from a separated body of water from the river, allowing them to collect fish who failed to escape.<ref name=":02" /> They also used a method, titled stupefying, involved natives adding and diffusing [[Maianthemum stellatum|slim solomon]] into water systems which would disorient fish and allowed them to collect the fish easily.<ref name=":02" /> ====== Irrigation ====== Owens Valley Paiute people's knowledge and use of agricultural practices were limited, but early forms of irrigation were heavily utilized. Dams and ditches were constructed by Owens Valley Paiutes to control and direct natural river water toward wild seed plots which ultimately increased their natural yields.<ref name=":02" /> These chosen seed plots were selected based on their soil's drainage ability and yield production observed throughout Owens Valley Paiute history.<ref name=":02" /> Dams were constructed using natural materials such as sticks, stone, mud, and debris.<ref name=":02" /> Irrigation practices were most developed in the pitana patü district within the Owens Valley Paiute region, while other districts built similar structures at a smaller scale.<ref name=":02" /> A district would elect one individual to be responsible for irrigation management called tuvaijü (meaning "to irrigate").<ref name=":02" /> To be awarded this position was a high honor in the community.<ref name=":02" /> After the tuvaijü was elected, they led dam construction efforts and were assisted by other tribal members to complete the labor-intensive builds.<ref name=":02" /> Once the dam or ditch was complete, the tuvaijü monitored and controlled all irrigation flow within their district.<ref name=":02" /> ===== Kaibab Paiute ===== The [[Kaibab Paiute]] were a semi-sedentary group who resided in modern-day northern Arizona and southern Utah.<ref name=":12">Stoffle, R. W., & Evans, M. J. (1976). Resource Competition and Population Change: A Kaibab Paiute Ethnohistorical Case. ''Ethnohistory'', ''23''(2), 173–197. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/481516</nowiki></ref> Their diet relied on the abundant natural flora and fauna found within their territory: cacti, berries, trees, fruits, roots, rodents, big cats, reptiles, insects, and other herbivores.<ref name=":12" /> Kaibab Paiute people utilized their permanent water sources for garden irrigation.<ref name=":12" /> They grew maize, beans, and squash using water from the Kanab creek - a major perennial stream - and artesian springs along the Vermillion Cliffs.<ref name=":12" /> In the 1860s, Mormon settlers usurped all of the Kaibab Paiute's permanent water sources in order to continue their development.<ref name=":12" /> This contributed to a significant population decline of the Kaibab Paiute people. After the arrival of Mormon settlers, approximately 82% of Kaibab Paiutes died, most from starvation.<ref>Powell, J.W., & Ingalls, G.W. (1874) "Report of J. W. Powell and G. W. Ingalls, Special Commissioners to Enumerate Indians in Nevada and Adjacent Places." Annual Report of the Commissioner of IndianAffairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year of 1873. Washington: Government Printing Office, pp. 4</ref> In 1909, the [[Kaibab Indian Reservation]] was established and it currently houses 76 Kaibab Paiute people.<ref>Hebner, & Plyler, M. (2010). Southern Paiute a portrait / William Logan Hebner ; photographs by Michael L. Plyler. Utah State University Press.</ref> ===== Chemeheuvi ===== The [[Chemehuevi|Chemeheuvi]] are a tribal group who are spiritually connected with the land, plants, animals, and water of California, the Great Basin, and the Southwest.<ref name=":2">Trafzer. (2015). A Chemehuevi Song : The Resilience of a Southern Paiute Tribe / Clifford E. Trafzer ; foreword by Larry Myers. University of Washington Press.</ref> They believe that the Earth and all of its inhabitants were created by Hutsipamamauu (meaning "Ocean Woman"). Chemeheuvi elders believe water covered all of Earth's surface until a small worm fell from the sky and transformed into Hutsipamamauu.<ref name=":2" /> She created land by using her skin and dirt from her reproductive regions, mud from the ocean floor, and natural oils from her body.<ref name=":2" /> Hutsipamamauu extended the land mass by laying down and stretching her body.<ref name=":2" /> The Chemeheuvi accredit her for creating all geologic and aquatic features - including all water sources - that we know and see today.<ref name=":2" /> Songs are an important feature of Chemeheuvi society and range in subject matter. Individuals owned songs and, therefore, owned the subjects and land discussed in the songs.<ref name=":2" /> Whoever owned a song about a particular area of land owned all of the plants, animals, and water sources within the region.<ref name=":2" /> Songs were the Chemeheuvi's version of contractual land ownership agreements and were passed down through generations. The Chemeheuvi established permanent villages near water sources and springs.<ref name=":2" /> Village leaders sang about water sources located in their region and, therefore, claimed ownership of the land and all its features.<ref name=":2" /> Though water sources were owned by village leaders, other people could drink from the sources, but couldn't permanently use it in the same capacity as the leader.<ref name=":2" /> Springs provided abundant and active plant life of yucca, willow, cottonwood, mesquite, and other flora.<ref name=":2" /> Songs not only proclaim land and water ownership, but they were also used as directions to water sources, particularly in desert regions.<ref name=":2" /> The Chemeheuvi innovated canteens - baskets or animal stomachs that were coated in tar as a form of waterproofing - to store water and adapt to harsh conditions.<ref name=":2" /> Irrigation of the Colorado River enabled the Chemeheuvi to establish some agricultural plots. George Armstrong, a colonial outsider, reported that a half-mile irrigation ditch was built from the Colorado River to transport water to Chemeheuvi land.<ref name=":2" /> This water source supported native and non-native crops: maize, wheat, watermelon, potatoes, carrots, beets, and others.<ref name=":2" /> === Holy land traditions === The Southern Paiute people believe in Puaxant Tuvip, or power land. It is their holy land that links to many significant landmarks in the Southern Paiutes memory and stories. For instance Nuvagantu, or [[Mount Charleston|Mt. Charleston]] in Nevada is a holy landmark that the Southern Paiute people believe was where they were created. These holy lands were places that the separate families or tribes would come to barter, trade, socialize and perform religious ceremonies. Another large landmark that is culturally significant to the Southern Paiutes is the [[Colorado River|Colorado river]] and the [[Grand Canyon]]. The modern-day importance of these Holy Lands is that the Southern Paiutes claim the supernaturally given right to know what happens and the impacts of any projects that occur in their holy lands.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stoffle|first1=Richard W.|last2=Halmo|first2=David B.|last3=Austin|first3=Diane E.|date=1997|title=Cultural Landscapes and Traditional Cultural Properties: A Southern Paiute View of the Grand Canyon and Colorado River|journal=American Indian Quarterly|volume=21|issue=2|pages=229|doi=10.2307/1185646|issn=0095-182X|jstor=1185646}}</ref> === Modern-day flag === The Paiutes have a flag that was officially confirmed in 1997. Within it are several symbolisms for the tribe. First the colors, white symbolizes purity, the red and black are both for strength and power, and the yellow for healing and life. The biggest symbol is the eagle which represents their deity, then there are a [[File:Flag of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah.png|thumb|Flag of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah]] series of images that relate to traditional songs and games the Southern Paiutes would play, the arrowheads that they were known for. Overall the image is supposed to represent a warrior's shield with the five eagle feathers hanging on the bottom representing the 5 modern-day tribes of the Southern Paiutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.utahpaiutes.org/about/paiutelogo.aspx|title=Paiute logo and flag information|last=Healy|first=Donald|date=2008|website=Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah}}</ref> == Traditional Southern Paiute bands == The Southern Paiute traditionally had 16 to 31 subgroups, bands, or tribes.{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=394}} * '''Ankakkani'kacimi''' ('''Un-ka-ka'-ni-guts, Unka-kanig-its''', '''Oaw'tuhus'eng'''), "Yellow Mouth of Canyon People" in present [[Long Valley (Kane County, Utah)|Long Valley]] * '''Antarianunts''' (Ute name with ending ''unts''); Paiute name '''Yantar<s>i</s>i''', mixed Southern Paiute-Ute band from [[Escalante River]] east to Colorado River and southeast to [[Henry Mountains]], Utah{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=394}} * Beaver band ('''K^wi?umpací<s>i</s>i''', '''Kwiumpus''', '''Quiumputs)''', "''[[Frasera speciosa]]'' people", lived in [[Beaver Valley (Utah)|Beaver Valley]] along [[Beaver River (Utah)|Beaver River]] near today's [[Beaver, Utah]],{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=394}} some intermarried with the [[Pahvant]] [[Ute people|Ute]] band to the north living in the deserts near [[Sevier Lake]] * Cedar band ('''Ankappanukkic<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s>)''', '''Unkapanukuints''', "Red-stream people", or '''Suh’dutsing''', "Cedar people" from near [[Cedar City, Utah]]{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=394}} * '''Chemehuevi''' ('''Nüwüwü''', Tantáwats) Southernmost band of Southern Paiute People. * Gunlock band ('''Matooshats''', '''Matissatï''' was the name given them by the southwards living ''St. George band/Uainuints'', they instead bestowed the term to Southern Paiute bands northeast of them), lived near [[Gunlock, Utah|Gunlock]]{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}} in southwest Utah * '''[[Kaibab Paiute|Kaibab]]''' ('''Kai'vi'vits''', '''Kaipapic<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s>''', '''Kaivavwits''', '''Kaibabits''', '''Kaipa'pici''', '''Kaivavituvingui''', "Mountain Lying Down People" the [[Kaibab Plateau]] and [[Kaibab National Forest]] in northern Arizona are named after them{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}} * Indian Peak Band ('''Kwee’choovunt'''), "Peak People" * '''Kaiparowits''', "mountain home of the people", lived along the [[Escalante River]] and were hunting the [[Kaiparowits Plateau]] in Utah,{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}} therefore also known as Escalante band * [[Las Vegas Paiute|Las Vegas band]] ('''N<s>i</s>pakant<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s>''', '''Nuvagantucimi'''), "People of [[Mount Charleston|Charleston Peak]]"{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}} * '''[[Moapa Band of Paiute Indians|Moapa]]''' ('''Muapaa, Moapats'''), "Muddy Creek Paiute"{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}}<ref>Yanawant Paiute Places and Landscapes in the Arizona Strip: Volume Two Of The Arizona Strip Landscapes and Place Name Study, Part 2, Page 63 [http://npshistory.com/publications/para/yanawant-2.pdf Link]</ref> * '''Pahranagat''' ('''Pata?nikic<s>i</s>'''), "Person who sticks his feet in the water, named for the [[Pahranagat Valley]], Nevada{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=395}} * '''Panaca''' ('''Tsouwaraits''', '''Matisabits'''), named for [[Panaca, Nevada]]{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}} * '''Panguitch''' ('''Pakiucimi'''), "fish people", named for [[Panguitch, Utah]]{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}} * [[San Juan Paiute|San Juan band]] ('''Kwaiantikowkets'''), "People being over on the opposite side", from the [[San Juan River (Colorado River)|San Juan River]] in northern Arizona{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}} * '''[[Shivwits]]''' ('''Sipicimi''', '''Shebits''', '''Sübüts'''), "People who live in the East"{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}} or '''See’veetseng''', "Whitish Earth People" * '''Uinkaret''' ('''Yipinkat<s>i</s>t<s>i</s>cim<s>i</s>'''), "People of Mount Trumbull"{{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}} * '''Uainuints''' ('''Uenuwunts''', also known as '''Tonaquints''', hunted and farmed from [[Hebron, Utah|Hebron]] (Shoal Creek Fort), [[Enterprise, Utah|Enterprise]] and Pinto southward along the [[Santa Clara River (Utah)|Santa Clara River]] (also called ''Tonaquint River'') to his mouth into the [[Virgin River]] south of today's [[Saint George, Utah]], therefore called St. George Band){{sfn|Kelly|Fowler|1986|p=396}} == Contemporary Southern Paiute federally recognized tribes == * [[Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians of the Kaibab Indian Reservation, Arizona]]—[[Kaibab Indian Reservation]], [[Arizona]] * [[Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians of the Las Vegas Indian Colony]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] * [[Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation]], [[Moapa River Indian Reservation]], [[Moapa, Nevada]] * [[Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah]], [[Cedar City, Utah]] ** [[Cedar City Band of Paiutes]] ** [[Kanosh Band of Paiutes]] ** [[Koosharem Band of Paiutes]] ** [[Indian Peaks Band of Paiutes]] ** [[Shivwits Band of Paiutes]] * [[San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona]], [[Tuba City, Arizona]] == Notable Southern Paiutes == * [[Tony Tillohash]], linguist and politician == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == Sources == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | title = Derrotero de los Padres Fray Francisco Atanacio Domínguez, and Fr. Silvestre Vélez, de Escalante, en sus exploraciónes, desde las missiones de Zuñy del Nuevo Mexico, hasta las ymmediaciones de Monte Rey de California | first1 = Atanasio | last1 = Dominguez | first2 = Silvestre <!--{{sfn|Dominguez|de Escalante|1776 }} --> | last2 = Vélez de Escalante | date = 1776 | url = http://mith.umd.edu/eada/gateway/diario/diary.html }} * {{cite web | last1 = Hogan | first1 = C. Michael | title = Morro Creek – Ancient Village or Settlement in United States in The West | date = 2008 | work = The Megalith Portal | editor1-first = A. | editor1-last = Burnham | url = http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18502 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130524184144/http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18502 | archive-date = 24 May 2013 | url-status = live }} * {{cite encyclopedia | last1 = Kelly | first1 = Isabel T. | last2 = Fowler | first2 = Catherine S. | author2-link = Catherine S. Fowler | date = 1986 | chapter = Southern Paiute | pages = 368–397 | editor1-last = d'Azevedo | editor1-first = Warren L. | encyclopedia = [[Handbook of North American Indians]] | volume = '''11''' Great Basin | others = [[William C. Sturtevant]], general editor | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | isbn = 978-0-16-004581-3 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Kroeber | first1 = Alfred L. | author1-link = Alfred L. Kroeber | date = 1925 | title = Handbook of the Indians of California | publisher = Government Printing Office | series = Bulletin (Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology) | volume = 78 | location = Washington, D. C. | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/87612#page/7/mode/1up }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1 = Pritzker |first1 = Barry M. |date = 2000 |encyclopedia = A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples |publisher = OUP |isbn = 978-0-19-513877-1 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit }} * {{Cite book | translator1-last = Chávez | translator1-first = Angélico | editor1-last = Warner | editor1-first = Ted J. | others = foreword by Robert Himmerich y Valencia | date = 1995 | title = The Domínguez–Escalante journal : their expedition through Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico in 1776 | publisher = University of Utah Press | isbn = 978-0-87480-447-8 | title-link = Dominguez–Escalante Expedition }} {{refend}} == Further reading == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | last1 = Dutton | first1 = Bertha Pauline | date = 1976 | title = The Ranchería, Ute, and Southern Paiute Peoples | publisher = Prentice-Hall | edition = 2nd | isbn = 978-0-13-752923-0 }} {{refend}} == External links == {{Commons category|Paiute}} === Tribes === * [http://www.utahpaiutes.org/ Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah] === Language === * [https://www.ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla%3A124402 Southern Paiute Collection of Charles Cairns] at [[Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America|AILLA]]—contains audio recordings of words, phrases, and a story in the Southern Paiute language. === Other === * [https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1506652361/removing-classrooms-from-the-battlefield-liberty "Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice", 2008 ''BYU Law Review'' 377] * "The Piutes and the Legacy of [[Richard Henry Pratt]]"{{clarify|date=May 2014}} * [http://www.kaibabpaiute-nsn.gov/spc/SPC2temp_Paiute_Map.jpg Traditional Southern Paiute Territory: Band Divisions] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140520001435/http://library.dixie.edu/special_collections/Juanita%20Brooks%20lectures/lecture_images/2007%20-%20map.png Southern Paiute Tribal Boundary] {{Indigenous People of AZ}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Paiute| ]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin]] [[Category:Native American tribes in Arizona]] [[Category:Native American tribes in Nevada]] [[Category:Native American tribes in Utah]] [[Category:Indigenous weapons of the Americas]] [[Category:Archery in the United States]]'