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'{{Short description|Public university in Tuscaloosa, Alabama}} {{about|The University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa}} {{distinguish|Alabama State University}} {{Use American English|date = April 2019}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox university | name = The University of Alabama | motto = ''The Capstone of Higher Education''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ua.edu/about/traditions|title=Traditions}}</ref> | image = University of Alabama seal.svg | image_upright = 0.7 | established = {{start date and age|1820|12|18}}<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/> | type = [[Public university|Public]] [[research university]] | endowment = $1.09 billion (2022)<ref>As of September 30, 2021. {{cite web |url= https://thecrimsonwhite.com/97207/news/ua-endowment-surpasses-1b-for-first-time-as-tuition-revenue-falls/ |title=UA endowment surpasses $1B for first time as tuition revenue falls |work=The Crimson White |last=Maurer |first=Jack |date=March 9, 2022 |access-date=August 12, 2022}}</ref> | president = [[Stuart R. Bell]] | faculty = 1,986 (1,517 full-time & 469 part-time)<ref name="common-data-set">{{cite web|title=Common Data Set|url=http://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/?Report%20Type[0][0]=Common%20Data%20Set|publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment|access-date=April 3, 2021|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224140842/https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/?Report%20Type%5b0%5d%5b0%5d=Common%20Data%20Set|url-status=live}}</ref> | students = 38,320<ref name="common-data-set"/> | postgrad = 6,152 | undergrad = 31,688 | city = [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]] | state = [[Alabama]] | country = United States | campus = [[Rural]]/[[College town]] | campus_size= {{convert|1970|acre|km2}} | coordinates = {{coord|33|12|39|N|87|32|46|W|region:US-AL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | accreditation = [[Southern Association of Colleges and Schools|SACS]] | free_label = Newspaper | free = ''[[The Crimson White]]'' | sporting_affiliations = {{hlist|[[NCAA Division I FBS]] – [[Southeastern Conference|SEC]]|[[Big 12 Conference|Big 12]]}} | colors = {{color box|#9E1B32}} [[Crimson#School colors|Crimson]] and<br>{{color box|#FFFFFF}} White<ref>{{cite web |title=Colors – Brand Guidelines |url=https://brand.ua.edu/colors-2/ |publisher=University of Alabama Division of Strategic Communications |access-date=August 1, 2022}}</ref> | sports_nickname = [[Alabama Crimson Tide|Crimson Tide]] | mascot = [[Big Al (mascot)|Big Al]] | parent = [[University of Alabama System]] | academic_affiliations = {{hlist |[[Oak Ridge Associated Universities|ORAU]] |[[Universities Research Association|URA]] |[[National Sea Grant College Program|Sea-grant]] |[[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]] }} | website = {{url|www.ua.edu}} | logo = University of Alabama logo.svg | logo_upright = 1 }} '''The University of Alabama''' (informally known as '''Alabama''', '''UA''', or '''Bama''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]]. Established in 1820 and opened to students in 1831, the University of Alabama is the oldest<ref name="ua.edu">{{cite web |url=https://www.ua.edu/about/history |title=The University of Alabama |website=ua.edu |access-date=June 21, 2016 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111222403/https://www.ua.edu/about/history |url-status=live}}</ref> and largest of the public [[List of colleges and universities in Alabama|universities in Alabama]] as well as the [[University of Alabama System]]. It is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=100751&start_page=standard.php&clq=%7B%22basic2005_ids%22%3A%2215%22%7D|title=Carnegie Classifications &#124; Institution Lookup|access-date=February 17, 2022|archive-date=February 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217010343/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=100751&start_page=standard.php&clq=%7B%22basic2005_ids%22:%2215%22%7D|url-status=live}}</ref> The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor's, master's, [[Ed.S.|education specialist]], and [[doctorate|doctoral]] degrees. The only publicly supported [[University of Alabama School of Law|law school]] in the state is at UA. Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in [[anthropology]], communication and information sciences, metallurgical engineering, music, [[Romance languages]], and social work. Celebrated Graduates inc. Jimmy 'Jimbo' Wales. The British born Internet entrepreneur. Who successfully Incorporated favourite pastimes. Juggling, Pornography featuring circus strongmen, being a creepy lying bastard and an unscrupulous psychopathic nature. Into his first start up company. Circus strongmen R-us. Soon making his first million by dressing up as a circus strongman whilst pulling his is droopy little dingaling for the entertainment of either internet rooms or the personal appointments behind a thin silk curtain. Unbeknownst to him it was his own father (Jim senior) who who made every single booking. Has Jim senior explained in autobiography entitled ' My life of Shame' "I just wanted to do the best I could for my retarded, knuckleheaded child! If being a good father required my having to watch my idiot son, dressed as a circus strongman. Smashing one out sometimes 5 or 6 times a day.... and let's be very clear about this, it most certainly did require that. Then by the power of grayskull this Daddio wasn't going to the missing in Action"! "I can still see his little face when he told me he made his first million". "Covered in spunk it was. Mostly his"..... As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States, the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state, region and nation over the past two centuries. The school was a center of activity during the [[American Civil War]] and the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. The University of Alabama [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|varsity football program]] (nicknamed the ''Crimson Tide''), which was inaugurated in 1892, ranks as one of the ten winningest programs in US history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 winningest NCAA teams |url=http://collegefootball.about.com/od/schools/a/schools-wins.htm |access-date=April 8, 2013 |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927184215/http://collegefootball.about.com/od/schools/a/schools-wins.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> In a 1913 speech then-president [[George H. Denny]] extolled the university as the "[[wikt:capstone|capstone]] of the public school system in the state [of Alabama]", lending the university its current nickname, ''The Capstone''. In addition, university alumni and faculty include 59 Goldwater Scholars, 15 Rhodes Scholars, 16 Truman Scholars, 36 Hollings Scholars, and 16 Boren Scholars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts/know.html |title=University of Alabama Quick Facts |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811074039/https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts/know.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ==History== ===Establishment=== [[File:University of Alabama 1859.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|View of the Quad in 1859. The Rotunda can be seen at center, with the halls visible in the background. All buildings depicted were destroyed on April 4, 1865.]] {{Main|History of the University of Alabama}} In 1818, the [[Congress of the United States|United States Congress]] authorized the newly created [[Alabama Territory]] to set aside a township for the establishment of a "seminary of learning". When [[Alabama]] was admitted to the [[United States of America|Union]] on December 14, 1819, a second township was added to the [[land grant]], bringing it to a total of 46,000 acres (186&nbsp;km²). The General Assembly of Alabama established the seminary on December 18, 1820, named it "The University of the State of Alabama", and created a board of trustees to manage the construction and operation of the university.<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama">{{cite encyclopedia |title=University of Alabama (UA) |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1678 |author=Clark E. Center, Jr. |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Alabama |access-date=May 29, 2011 |date= |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020025732/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1678 |url-status=live}}</ref> The board selected a construction site and an architect to design the campus. The site the board chose was, at the time, outside the city limits of the erstwhile [[List of capitals in the United States|state capital]], Tuscaloosa.<ref name="Wolfe">{{cite book |title=The University of Alabama: A Pictorial History |last=Wolfe |first=Suzanne Rau |year=1983 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |isbn=0-8173-0119-4}}</ref> [[William Nichols (architect)|William Nichols]], the architect of the [[Alabama State Capitol]] building and [[Christ Episcopal Church (Tuscaloosa, Alabama)|Christ Episcopal Church]] in Tuscaloosa, was chosen to design the campus. Influenced by [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s plan at the [[University of Virginia]], the Nichols-designed campus featured a {{convert|70|ft|adj=on}} wide, {{convert|70|ft|adj=on}} high domed [[University of Alabama Quad|Rotunda]] that served as the library and nucleus of the campus.<ref name="alheritage2">{{cite journal |last1=Center |first1=Clark E. |year=1990 |title=The Burning of the University of Alabama |journal=Alabama Heritage |volume=Spring 1990 |issue=16 |pages=30–45 |url=http://www.alabamaheritage.com/vault/UAburning.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917073911/http://alabamaheritage.com/vault/UAburning.htm |archive-date=September 17, 2010}}</ref> The university's charter was presented to the first university president in the nave of Christ Episcopal Church. UA opened its doors to students on April 18, 1831, with the Reverend Alva Woods as president.<ref name="Sellers">{{cite book |title=History of the University of Alabama |volume=1: 1818–1902 |last=Sellers |first=James B. |year=1953 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama}}</ref> [[File:University of Alabama 1907.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|A view of either Tuomey Hall or Oliver-Barnard Hall, one of the first buildings constructed after the university reopened after the Civil War, in 1907]] An academy-style institution during the Antebellum period, the university emphasized the [[classics]] and the social and natural sciences. There were around 100 students per year at UA in the 1830s.<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/> As the state and university matured, an active literary culture evolved on campus and in Tuscaloosa. UA had one of the largest libraries in the country on the eve of the Civil War with more than 7,000 volumes. There were several thriving literary societies, including the Erosophic and the [[Phi Beta Kappa Society|Phi Beta Kappa]] societies, which often had lectures by such distinguished politicians and literary figures as [[United States Supreme Court Justice|United States Supreme Court justice]] [[John Archibald Campbell]], novelist [[William Gilmore Simms]], and professor [[Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard|Frederick Barnard]].<ref name="Sellers"/> The addresses to those societies reveal a vibrant intellectual culture in Tuscaloosa; they also illustrate the proslavery ideas that were so central to the university and the state.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, [http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/alabamaliteraryaddressesfinal.pdf The Law of Descent of Thought: Law, History, and Civilization in Antebellum Literary Addresses, Law and Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505091251/http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/alabamaliteraryaddressesfinal.pdf |date=May 5, 2010}} (2008) 20:343–402</ref> Discipline and student behavior was a major issue at the university almost from the day it opened. Early presidents attempted to enforce strict rules regarding conduct.<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/> Students were prohibited from drinking, swearing, making unauthorized visits off-campus, or playing musical instruments outside a one-hour time frame. Yet riots and gunfights were not uncommon. To combat the severe discipline problem, president [[Landon Garland]] lobbied and received approval from the legislature in 1860 to transform the university into a military school.<ref name="Sellers"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Eckinger |first=H. |year=2013 |title=The Militarization of the University of Alabama |journal=[[Alabama Review]] |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=163–185 |doi=10.1353/ala.2013.0017|s2cid=153400478 }}</ref> ===From the Civil War to World War II=== Many of the cadets who graduated from the school served as officers in the [[Confederate Army]] during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. As a consequence of that role, [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] troops burned down the campus on April 4, 1865, only 5 days before Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House. Despite a call to arms and defense by the student cadet corps, only four buildings survived the burning: the [[President's Mansion (University of Alabama)|President's Mansion]] (1841), [[Gorgas-Manly Historic District#Gorgas House|Gorgas House]] (1829), [[Gorgas-Manly Historic District#Little Round House|Little Round House]] (1860), and [[Old University of Alabama Observatory|Old Observatory]] (1844).<ref name="alheritage2"/> The university reopened in 1871 and in 1880, Congress granted the university 40,000 acres (162&nbsp;km²) of coal land in partial compensation for $250,000 in war damages.<ref name="Wolfe"/> The University of Alabama allowed female students beginning in 1892. The Board of Trustees allowed female students largely due to [[Julia S. Tutwiler]], with the condition that they be over eighteen, and would be allowed to enter the sophomore class after completing their first year at another school and passing an exam. Ten women from Tutwiler's Livingston school enrolled for the 1893 fall semester. By 1897, women were allowed to enroll as freshmen.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1112|title=Julia S. Tutwiler|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Alabama|date=|access-date=July 7, 2014|archive-date=November 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111192149/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1112|url-status=live}}</ref> During World War II, UA was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="ua-v-12">{{cite web |url=http://gtalumni.org/Publications/techtopics/spr95/ww2.html |title=World War II and the Tech Connection |publisher=Georgia Tech Alumni Association |last=Goettling |first=Gary |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012134450/http://gtalumni.org/Publications/techtopics/spr95/ww2.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref> During this time the University of Alabama had extensions in other cities including [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]; the [[University of South Alabama]] was opened in 1963 to replace that program. ===Racial integration=== {{Expand section|date=September 2018}} [[File:Wallace at University of Alabama edit2.jpg|thumb|right|George Wallace's "stand in the schoolhouse door" to attempt to stop integration of other races at the University of Alabama.]] Until the 1960s, the university only admitted white students. The practice of [[racial segregation]] was common in the American South at this time and the university barred all students of color from attending. The first attempt to integrate the university occurred in 1956 when [[Autherine Lucy]] successfully enrolled on February 3 as a graduate student in library sciences after she secured a court order preventing the university from rejecting her application on the basis of race. In the face of violent protests against her attendance, Lucy was suspended (and later outright expelled) three days later by the board of trustees on the basis of being unable to provide a safe learning environment for her. The university was not integrated until 1963 when [[Vivian Malone Jones|Vivian Malone]] and [[James Hood]] registered for classes on June 11.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mokrzycki | first1 = P | year = 2012 | title = After the Stand Comes the Fall: Racial Integration and White Student Reactions at the University of Alabama, 1963–1976 | url = | journal = Alabama Review | volume = 65 | issue = 4| pages = 290–313 | doi = 10.1353/ala.2012.0039 | s2cid = 153392791 }}</ref> [[File:Malone Hood Plaza University of Alabama northeast view.jpg|thumb|Foster Auditorium and Malone-Hood Plaza today. Lucy Clock Tower is in the foreground.]] Governor [[George Wallace]] made his infamous "[[Stand in the Schoolhouse Door]]", standing in the front entrance of [[Foster Auditorium]] in a symbolic attempt to stop Malone and Hood's enrollment. When confronted by [[United States Deputy Attorney General|U.S. deputy attorney general]] [[Nicholas Katzenbach]] and [[United States Marshals Service|federal marshal]]s sent in by [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], Wallace stepped aside. President [[John F. Kennedy]] had called for the integration of the University of Alabama, as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=1963 Year in Review – Part 1 |url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/University-of-Alabama/12295509434394-4/ |work=United Press International |access-date=June 6, 2011 |archive-date=July 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726224436/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/University-of-Alabama/12295509434394-4/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Although Hood dropped out of school after two months, he returned and, in 1997, received his PhD in philosophy. Malone persisted in her studies and became the first African American to graduate from the university. In 2000, the university granted her a doctorate of humane letters. Autherine Lucy's expulsion was rescinded in 1980, and she re-enrolled and graduated with a master's degree in 1992. Later in his life, Wallace apologized for his opposition at that time to [[racial integration]]. In 2010, the university formally honored Lucy, Hood and Malone by rechristening the plaza in front of Foster Auditorium as Malone-Hood Plaza and erecting a clock tower – Autherine Lucy Clock Tower – in the plaza. ===2011 tornado=== {{Main|2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado}} On [[2011 Super Outbreak|April 27, 2011]], Tuscaloosa was hit by a tornado rated EF4 on the [[Enhanced Fujita scale]], which left a large path of complete destruction but spared the campus. Six students who lived on off-campus premises were confirmed dead by the university.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ua.edu/weather/april-27-2011/in-memoriam/ |title=In Memoriam – April 27, 2011 Storm |work=ua.edu |access-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616185808/http://ua.edu/weather/april-27-2011/in-memoriam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to the infrastructural damage of the city (approx. 12% of the city) and the loss of life, the university canceled the rest of the spring semester and postponed graduation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Degrees Given Posthumously To Ala. Tornado Victims |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/08/07/139062863/in-tuscaloosa-a-commencement-comes-a-year-late |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726203057/https://www.npr.org/2011/08/07/139062863/in-tuscaloosa-a-commencement-comes-a-year-late |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-06 |title=Tornado-delayed graduation finally held at Alabama |url=https://www.newstribune.com/news/2011/aug/06/tornado-delayed-graduation-finally-held-alabama/ |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=News Tribune |language=en |archive-date=July 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704201638/http://www.newstribune.com/news/2011/aug/06/tornado-delayed-graduation-finally-held-alabama/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-08-06 |title=University graduates, grieves six lost students |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-university-tornado-idUSTRE77521M20110806 |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726203048/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-university-tornado-idUSTRE77521M20110806 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Campus== [[File:Denny Chimes, UA, Tuscaloosa, South view 20160714 2.jpg|thumb|[[Denny Chimes]] on the Quad]] [[File:UA President's Mansion 02.jpg|right|thumb|The [[President's Mansion (University of Alabama)|President's Mansion]], opposite Denny Chimes]] From a small campus of seven buildings in the wilderness on the main road between Tuscaloosa and [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]] (now University Boulevard) in the 1830s, UA has grown to a massive {{convert|1970|acre|adj=on}} campus in the heart of Tuscaloosa. There are 297 buildings on campus containing some {{convert|10600000|sqft|m2}} of space.<ref>{{cite web |title=Facility Facts |url=http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/pages/facts.htm |publisher=University of Alabama Facilities |access-date=June 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031030754/http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/pages/facts.htm |archive-date=October 31, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, the school added 168 acres to its campus by purchasing the land formerly belonging to [[Bryce Hospital]]. It also plans to acquire more land to accommodate the continuing growth of the enrollment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/planning/pages/cmp-update.htm |title=University Planning, 2012 Campus Master Plan Update |access-date=September 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008092108/http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/planning/pages/cmp-update.htm |archive-date=October 8, 2011}}</ref> The university maintains the [[University of Alabama Arboretum]] in eastern Tuscaloosa and the [[Dauphin Island Sea Lab]] on [[Dauphin Island, Alabama|Dauphin Island]], just off the Alabama Gulf Coast. In 2011, the [[Sustainable Endowments Institute]] gave the university a College Sustainability Report Card grade of "B+".<ref name="Sustainable Endowments Institute Report Card">{{cite web |title=College Sustainability Report Card 2011 |publisher=Sustainable Endowments Institute |url=http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/university-of-alabama |access-date=November 19, 2011 |archive-date=April 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404105625/http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/university-of-alabama |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Landmarks=== UA is home to several museums, cultural facilities and historical landmarks. The [[Alabama Museum of Natural History]] at Smith Hall exhibits Alabama's rich natural history. The oddest artifact there could be the [[Sylacauga (meteorite)|Sylacauga meteorite]], the largest known extraterrestrial object to strike a human being who survived. The [[Paul W. Bryant Museum]] houses memorabilia and exhibits on the history of UA athletic programs, most notably the tenure of football coach [[Bear Bryant|Paul "Bear" Bryant]]. Athletic trophies and awards are displayed at the [[Mal Moore]] Athletic Facility, named for the university's former athletic director, near the Bryant Museum. The Sarah Moody Gallery of Art at Garland Hall hosts revolving exhibitions of contemporary art, including from the university's own permanent collection. The Ferguson Art Gallery at the University of Alabama Student Center also hosts revolving art exhibitions. The [[Moundville Archaeological Site|Jones Archaeological Museum]] at [[Moundville, Alabama|Moundville]] exhibits the history of [[Mississippian culture]] in Alabama. Numerous historical landmarks dot the campus, including the [[President's Mansion (University of Alabama)|President's Mansion]], [[Denny Chimes]], [[Foster Auditorium]] (a [[National Historical Landmark]]), the [[Gorgas–Manly Historic District]], and [[Old University of Alabama Observatory|Maxwell Observatory]]. A cemetery next to the Biology building includes the graves of two slaves who were owned by faculty members before the Civil War. Both men died in the 1840s, and their graves went unmarked until 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2012/01/24/on-campus-gravesite-recalls-antebellum-university/|title=On-campus gravesite recalls antebellum university|work=ua.edu|access-date=August 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105174827/http://cw.ua.edu/2012/01/24/on-campus-gravesite-recalls-antebellum-university/|archive-date=November 5, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Campus culture facilities include the Allen Bales Theatre, the Marion Gallaway Theatre, Morgan Auditorium, and the Frank M. Moody Music Building,<ref>[http://www.woollenmolzan.com/projectview.asp?pid=18&cid=2&st=3 Frank Moody Music Building (University of Alabama)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718081909/http://www.woollenmolzan.com/projectview.asp?pid=18&cid=2&st=3 |date=July 18, 2011}}. [[Woollen, Molzan and Partners]], architects/planners web site. Retrieved July 20, 2010.</ref> which houses the [[Tuscaloosa Symphony Orchestra]] and the UA Opera Theatre, as well as three resident choirs. ==Organization and administration== {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''UA Academic Divisions''' |- | '''College/school''' || '''Created'''<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/> |- | College of Arts and Sciences || 1909 |- | Culverhouse College of Business || 1919<ref>{{cite web |url=https://culverhouse.ua.edu/our-college/mission-vision/our-history/ |title=Our History |website=The University of Alabama, The Culverhouse College of Business |access-date=2020-10-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021195747/https://culverhouse.ua.edu/our-college/mission-vision/our-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[University of Alabama College of Communication and Information Sciences|College of Communication and Information Sciences]] || 1997 |- | [[UAB School of Medicine#Tuscaloosa|College of Community Health Sciences]]* || 1971 |- | College of Continuing Studies** || 1983 |- | College of Education || 1928 |- | [[University of Alabama College of Engineering|College of Engineering]] || 1909 |- | Graduate School || 1924 |- | Honors College** || 2003 |- | College of Human Environmental Sciences || 1987 |- | [[University of Alabama School of Law|School of Law]] || 1892 |- | Capstone College of Nursing || 1975 |- | School of Social Work || 1975 |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%" | *Degree-granting unit of UAB |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%" | **Not a degree-granting unit |} The University of Alabama is an autonomous institution within the [[University of Alabama System]], which is governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama and headed by the chancellor of the University of Alabama. The state legislature created the board to govern the university's operations. Its responsibilities include setting policy for the university, determining the university's mission and scope, and assuming responsibility for the university to the public and the legislature.<ref name="bylaws">{{cite web |title=Board Manual |url=http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Combined%20Board%20Manual.pdf |publisher=The Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515232204/http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Combined%20Board%20Manual.pdf |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The board is self-perpetuating and composed of 15 members and two [[ex officio]] members. The [[Constitution of Alabama|Constitution of the State of Alabama]] dictates the board's makeup and requires the board include three members from the [[congressional district]] that contains the Tuscaloosa campus and two members from every other congressional district in Alabama. Board members are elected by the board and are confirmed by the [[Alabama Senate|Alabama State Senate]]. Board members may serve three consecutive six-year terms.<ref name="board">{{cite web |title=The Board of Trustees of The University of Alabama, History and Purpose |url=http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Board%20history.htm |access-date=May 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515231429/http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Board%20history.htm |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The president of the University of Alabama is the principal executive officer of the university and is appointed by the chancellor with approval of the board of trustees. The president reports directly to the chancellor, and is responsible for the university's daily operations.<ref name="bylaws"/> The president's office is on the third floor of the Rose Administration Building, and the president has the privilege of living in the President's Mansion on campus. [[Stuart R. Bell]] became the 29th university president on July 15, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.ua.edu/content/libraries/hoole/digital/presidents/pages/list.html |title=Presidents of the University of Alabama |publisher=W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library, University of Alabama |access-date=June 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803203052/http://www.lib.ua.edu/content/libraries/hoole/digital/presidents/pages/list.html |archive-date=August 3, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Academic staff === In fall 2020, UA employed 6,947 staff, including 1,986 instructional staff (faculty) and 2,375 professional staff. 18.2% of the faculty was non-white and 48% were women. 72% of faculty held a doctorate or the highest degree in their field. 50.4% of faculty were tenured or tenure-tracked. 23.6% of faculty were adjunct, clinical, or otherwise part-time.<ref name=faculty>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Faculty and Staff |url=https://oira.ua.edu/factbook/contents/Faculty-and-Staff/ |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=August 29, 2016 |archive-date=July 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718220200/http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/contents/Faculty-and-Staff/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Colleges and academic divisions=== [[File:UA School of Medicine tuscaloosa.png|thumb|left|School of Medicine – Tuscaloosa Branch]] [[File:Ua clark hall.jpg|thumb|Clark Hall is home of the College of Arts and Sciences]] The College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) is the university's [[college]] for the [[liberal arts]], [[fine arts]], and [[science]]s. It is the largest of the university's 13 colleges, with approximately 9,800 undergraduate students and 1,000 graduate students. Most [[core curriculum]] classes and [[Bachelor's degree|majors and minors]] are part of the college.<ref name="web about page">{{cite web |url=https://as.ua.edu/about_as/ |title=About the College |website=College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama |access-date=20 January 2020 |archive-date=January 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124073331/http://as.ua.edu/about_as/ |url-status=live}}</ref> There are 12 other academic divisions at the University of Alabama (see the table above). Eight divisions (<abbr title="Arts & Sciences">CAS</abbr>, C&BA, C&IS, Education, Engineering, HES, Nursing, and Social Work) grant undergraduate degrees. Degrees in those eight divisions at the master's, [[Ed.S.|specialist]], and [[doctorate|doctoral]] level are awarded through the Graduate School. The law school offers [[Juris Doctor|JD]] and [[Master of Laws|LL.M.]] degree programs. CHS provides advanced studies in medicine and related disciplines and operates a family medicine residency program. Medical students are also trained in association with the [[University of Alabama School of Medicine]], from which they receive their degree. The College of Continuing Studies provides correspondence courses and other types of distance education opportunities for non-traditional students. It operates a distance education facility in [[Gadsden, Alabama|Gadsden]]. Founded in 1971 and merged into the College of Arts and Sciences in 1996, the New College's stated objectives were to "create an opportunity for a highly individualized education that enables students to draw from the resources of all University classes and faculty" and to "serve as an experimental unit with the expectation of exporting successful innovations to other sectors of the University."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/history/ |title=History |website=New College, The University of Alabama |access-date=2019-04-18 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150700/https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The college allows undergraduate students flexibility in choosing their curriculum while completing a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree in interdisciplinary studies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/ |title=About |website=New College, The University of Alabama |access-date=2019-04-18 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150659/https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''New College Review'', a non-fiction cultural journal, is written, edited, designed and published by students.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/new-college-review/ |title=New College Review |website=New College, The University of Alabama |access-date=2019-04-18 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150734/https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/new-college-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Honors College is a non-degree granting division that encompasses all the university's selective undergraduate honors programs. ===Endowment=== The University of Alabama System's [[financial endowment]] was valued at $1.520&nbsp;billion in the National Association of College and University Business Officers' (NACUBO) 2019 listings.<ref name="endowment">{{cite web |title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY2014 to FY2015 |work=2011 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments|publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers |url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2018_NCSE_Endowment_Market_Values.pdf |access-date=August 29, 2016}}{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> UA's portion of the system's endowment was valued at $885.7&nbsp;million in September 2015.<ref name="financials_2014-15">{{Cite report |title= The University of Alabama Financial Report 2018 |url= https://finance-estus.fa.ua.edu/FinancialAccounting/FAPPub/UA%20Financial%20Reports/ua-financial-report%2014-15.pdf |year= 2015 |publisher= The Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama |access-date= June 13, 2019 |archive-date= April 12, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190412174555/https://finance-estus.fa.ua.edu/FinancialAccounting/FAPPub/UA%20Financial%20Reports/ua-financial-report%2014-15.pdf |url-status= live}}</ref> ==Academics== [[File:Shelby UA.jpg|right|thumb|Shelby Hall is the center of the Science and Engineering Complex, a 1,000,000 sq.ft teaching and research facility.]] === Classification === The University of Alabama is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=100751 |title=The University of Alabama |publisher=[[Indiana University]] |date=2020 |access-date=May 19, 2020 |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125001514/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=100751 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is a large, four-year primarily residential university accredited by the [[Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]].<ref name="DOE">{{cite web |title=College Navigator – The University of Alabama |url=http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=100751 |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics, United States Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-date=June 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615071558/http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=100751 |url-status=live}}</ref> Full-time, four-year undergraduates comprise a large amount of the university enrollment. The undergraduate instructional program emphasizes professional programs of study as well as the liberal arts, and there is a high level of co-existence between the graduate and undergraduate program. The university has a very high level<ref>{{cite web|title=Carnegie Lists UA among Elite Research Institutions|url=https://www.ua.edu/news/2018/12/carnegie-lists-ua-among-elite-research-institutions/|publisher=University of Alabama News|access-date=December 18, 2018|archive-date=December 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044416/https://www.ua.edu/news/2018/12/carnegie-lists-ua-among-elite-research-institutions/|url-status=live}}</ref> of research activity and has a "comprehensive doctoral" graduate instructional program in the liberal arts, humanities, social sciences. health sciences (medical school), and [[STEM fields]]. UA began offering engineering classes in 1837.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catalogs.ua.edu/catalog10/501900.html#1 |title=2010-2012 Undergraduate Catalog |website=The University of Alabama |access-date=6 December 2010 |archive-date=December 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222083703/http://catalogs.ua.edu/catalog10/501900.html#1 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was one of the first universities in the nation to offer an engineering degree. Over the last decade, UA has greatly expanded its science and engineering programs, in terms of numbers of students, faculty hired, and number and size of new academic/research facilities (almost 1 million in new square footage).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.eng.ua.edu/2014/04/vision-is-reality-with-the-opening-of-the-final-building-ua-ready-for-a-new-era-of-engineering-and-science/|title='Vision is Reality' |work= The University of Alabama News – The College of Engineering |date=April 8, 2014|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-date=April 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423210222/http://news.eng.ua.edu/2014/04/vision-is-reality-with-the-opening-of-the-final-building-ua-ready-for-a-new-era-of-engineering-and-science/|url-status=live}}</ref> UA's College of Engineering enrolls more students than any other engineering program in the state as of 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eng.auburn.edu/files/admin/ecm/fact-sheet-print.pdf |title=Fact sheet |website=eng.auburn.edu |access-date=2019-05-15 |archive-date=April 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401141147/http://eng.auburn.edu/files/admin/ecm/fact-sheet-print.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|title=By The Numbers – The University of Alabama College of Engineering |access-date=December 8, 2018 |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112075217/https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|title=By The Numbers|access-date=March 31, 2020|archive-date=June 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620035019/https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref> UA's freshman engineering classes have also had the highest average ACT score among all state of Alabama engineering programs for the last several years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profiles.asee.org/profiles/6799/screen/19?school_name=The+University+of+Alabama|title=The University of Alabama – 2015|website=profiles.asee.org|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-date=April 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428091803/http://profiles.asee.org/profiles/6799/screen/19?school_name=The+University+of+Alabama|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers|title=By The Numbers – The University of Alabama College of Engineering|access-date=December 8, 2018|archive-date=January 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112075217/https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Degrees conferred === Ten of the university's thirteen academic units (see above) offer degree programs in at total of 117 areas of study. Two areas, economics and health care management, are offered jointly by separate units (Commerce and Business Administration and Arts & Sciences for both), and one area (material science) is offered jointly by the other universities in the UA system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Degree Programs Offered by College/School |format=table |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=November 17, 2021 |url= https://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degrees-awarded-by-student-level/ |archive-date=November 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913110452/https://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degrees-awarded-by-student-level/ |url-status=live}}</ref> UA conferred 7,905 degrees in the 2020-21 academic year, including 7,367 bachelor's degrees (3,579 with [[Latin honors]]), 1,859 master's degrees, 245 doctorates and 119 professional degrees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Degrees Awarded |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=November 17, 2021 |url=https://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degrees-awarded-by-student-level/ |archive-date=November 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422215313/http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degrees-awarded-by-student-level/ |url-status=live}}/</ref> [[Latin honors]] are conferred on graduates completing a bachelor's degree for the first time (including at other universities) with an overall grade point average of at least 3.5. ''Cum laude'' honors are conferred to graduates with a GPA of 3.5 or greater and less than 3.7 (without rounding). ''Magna cum laude'' honors are conferred with a GPA of 3.7 or greater and less than 3.9. ''Summa cum laude'' honors are conferred with a GPA of 3.9 or higher.<ref>{{cite web |title=Honors |url=http://courseleaf.ua.edu/introduction/academicpolicies/honors/ |work=University of Alabama Undergraduate Catalog 2010–2012 |access-date=May 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814005719/http://courseleaf.ua.edu/introduction/academicpolicies/honors/ |archive-date=August 14, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Academic calendar === The university follows a standard academic calendar based on the [[semester#United States|semester system]], which divides the [[academic year#Academic year|academic year]], starting in mid-August, into two 15-week semesters (fall and spring) and the summer. The fall semester ends in December and the spring term lasts from January to early May. The summer, which lasts from mid-May to August, is divided into a 3-week "mini-semester" in May and two four-week sessions in June and July, respectively.<ref name="academic-calender">{{cite web |title=Academic Calendars |url=http://registrar.ua.edu/academics/academic-calendars/ |publisher=The Office of the University Registrar, University of Alabama |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717180612/http://registrar.ua.edu/academics/academic-calendars/ |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Rankings=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} {{Infobox US university ranking | ARWU_N = 134-154 | ARWU_W = 501-600 | Forbes = 277 | THE_WSJ = 401-500 | QS_W = 1001-1200 | THES_W = 601–800 | USNWR_NU = 148 | USNWR_W = 470 | Wamo_NU = 342 }} {{col-break}} {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center" |- ! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Alabama Crimson Tide|color=white}}" |National Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings">{{cite web|title=University of Alabama – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=October 1, 2020|year=2021|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/the-university-of-alabama-100751/overall-rankings|archive-date=September 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905033624/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/the-university-of-alabama-100751/overall-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! Program ! Ranking |- | Biological Sciences || 130 |- | Business || 41 |- | Chemistry || 88 |- | Clinical Psychology || 80 |- | Computer Science || 111 |- | Earth Sciences || 114 |- | Economics || 90 |- | Education || 84 |- | Engineering || 119 |- | English || 116 |- | Fine Arts || 158 |- | History || 98 |- | Law || 25 |- | Library & Information Studies || 28 |- | Mathematics || 108 |- | Physics || 83 |- | Political Science || 96 |- | Psychology || 112 |- | Public Affairs || 101 |- | Rehabilitation Counseling || 47 |- | Social Work || 44 |- | Speech–Language Pathology || 72 |} {{col-break}} {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center" |- ! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Alabama Crimson Tide|color=white}}" |Global Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Global Univ Rankings">{{cite web|title=University of Alabama – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|work=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=October 1, 2020|year=2021|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-alabama-100751|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180903/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-alabama-100751|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! Program ! Ranking |- | Chemistry || 434 |- | Clinical Medicine || 701 |- | Economics & Business || 205 |- | Engineering || 669 |- | Materials Science || 493 |- | Physics || 176 |- | Social Sciences & Public Health || 387 |} {{col-end}} In the 2021 ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' rankings, UA was tied for 143rd in the ''National Universities'' category (tied for 65th among "Top Public Schools").<ref name="USNews-rankings">{{cite web |title=University of Alabama Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/overall-rankings |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |year=2021 |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701191804/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/overall-rankings |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, in the 2021 ''U.S. News'' rankings, the [[University of Alabama Law School|law school]] was tied for 31st in the nation, the business school was tied for 41st, the education school tied for 84th, and the engineering school was tied for 119th.<ref name="USNews-rankings"/> In 2016, ''Business Insider'' ranked the UA law school as the third best public law school in the nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/best-public-law-schools-2016|title=The 25 best public law schools in America|first=Emmie Martin, Tanza Loudenback and Kaitlyn|last=Yarborough|website=Business Insider|access-date=December 8, 2018|archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120021439/https://www.businessinsider.com/best-public-law-schools-2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2020, the University of Alabama's College of Communication & Information Sciences was recognized for having the nation's top public relations program. The UA Department of Advertising and Public Relations was named the Most Outstanding Education Program by [[PRWeek]] during the 2020 PRWeek Awards. It is the department's ninth recognition as a finalist for the award and first selection as the top program.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.ua.edu/2020/08/public-relations-program-named-no-1-in-country-by-prweek/ |title=Public Relations Program Named No. 1 in Country by PRWeek |access-date=December 31, 2020 |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130044243/https://news.ua.edu/2020/08/public-relations-program-named-no-1-in-country-by-prweek/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://alabamanewscenter.com/2020/08/16/university-of-alabama-public-relations-program-named-no-1-in-country-by-prweek/#:~:text=1%20in%20country%20by%20PRWeek,-By%20Rand%20Nelson&text=The%20University%20of%20Alabama%20was,during%20the%202020%20PRWeek%20Awards |title=University of Alabama public relations program named No. 1 in country by PRWeek |publisher=University of Alabama |date=August 16, 2020 |access-date=August 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218080701/https://alabamanewscenter.com/2020/08/16/university-of-alabama-public-relations-program-named-no-1-in-country-by-prweek/#:~:text=1%20in%20country%20by%20PRWeek,-By%20Rand%20Nelson&text=The%20University%20of%20Alabama%20was,during%20the%202020%20PRWeek%20Awards |archive-date=December 18, 2020}}</ref> As of 2021 ''[[The Princeton Review]]'' ranks University of Alabama first in the nation as a [[party school]], and first for having lots of [[Fraternities and sororities|Greek life]]. The university is also ranked the 8th most [[homophobia|LGBT unfriendly]] school in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princetonreview.com/college/university-alabama-tuscaloosa-1023009 |title=The University of Alabama - Tuscaloosa |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=The Princeton Review |access-date=August 29, 2021 |quote= |archive-date=August 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830035033/https://www.princetonreview.com/college/university-alabama-tuscaloosa-1023009 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Libraries=== [[File:Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library and Flags, UA, Tuscaloosa, South view 20160714 1.jpg|thumb|Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library on the Quad]] [[File:McLure Library, UA, Tuscaloosa, South view 20160714 1.jpg|thumb|right|McLure Library in 2016]] The University of Alabama has 2.9&nbsp;million document volumes, along with nearly 100,000 uncataloged government documents in its collection; of these 2.5&nbsp;million volumes are held by the University Libraries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Volumes in the University of Alabama Collection, 1998–2008 |url=http://oira.ua.edu/d/sites/all/files/reports09/0809_factbook/0809_p102.pdf |publisher=University of Alabama Factbook |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023090030/https://oira.ua.edu/d/sites/all/files/reports09/0809_factbook/0809_p102.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The University Libraries system has six separate libraries. The Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library, which sits on the [[University of Alabama Quad|Main Quad]], is the oldest and largest of the university libraries. Gorgas Library holds the university's collections in the humanities and social sciences, as well as the university's depository of US government documents. The library opened in 1939 as a four-story Greek Revival structure on the site of the original university Rotunda and was named after the long-time university librarian and wife of eighth university president Josiah Gorgas. A seven-story addition was built behind the library in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Amelia Gayle Gorgas |url=http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/gorgas/amelia.htm |publisher=University of Alabama Libraries |date=June 1999 |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192848/http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/gorgas/amelia.htm |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library |url=http://tour.ua.edu/tourstops/gorgaslib.html |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-date=November 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127135356/http://tour.ua.edu/tourstops/gorgaslib.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Angelo Bruno Business Library, in the Business Quad, is named after the co-founder of the [[Bruno's]] grocery chain who gave the university $4&nbsp;million to create a library focusing on commerce and business studies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Angelo Bruno? |url=http://brunolib.cba.ua.edu/about/brunobio.html |publisher=University of Alabama Libraries |year=1994 |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812221814/http://brunolib.cba.ua.edu/about/brunobio.html |archive-date=August 12, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Opened in 1994, the {{convert|64000|sqft|m2|adj=on}}, three-story facility holds over 170,000 volumes. Bruno Library also houses the {{convert|9500|sqft|m2|adj=on}} Sloan Y. Bashinsky Sr. Computer Center.<ref>{{cite web |title=Angelo Bruno Business Library, Description |url=http://brunolib.cba.ua.edu/about/descrip.html |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719014822/http://brunolib.cba.ua.edu/about/descrip.html |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Angelo Bruno Business Library & Sloan Y. Bashinsky, Sr. Computer Center |url=http://www.cba.ua.edu/prospects/virtual_tour/bruno |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928132206/http://www.cba.ua.edu/prospects/virtual_tour/bruno |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Eric and Sarah Rodgers Library for Science and Engineering, in the Science and Engineering Quad, is named after two popular, long-time professors of engineering and statistics, respectively. It opened in 1990, combining the Science Library collection in Lloyd Hall and the Engineering Library collection in the Mineral Industries Building (now known as HM Comer Hall). Rodgers Library was designed with help from IBM to incorporate the latest in [[Information technology|informatics]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Rodgers Library |url=http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/sel/about/selhistory.htm |publisher=University of Alabama |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192904/http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/sel/about/selhistory.htm |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> McLure Education Library was founded in 1954 in a remodeled student union annex (across the street from the old Student Union, now Reese Phifer Hall) and named in 1974 after John Rankin McLure, the longtime dean of the College of Education.<ref>{{cite web |title=McLure Library Description |url=http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/mclure/mclureabout/mcluredescription.htm |publisher=University of Alabama Libraries |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192920/http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/mclure/mclureabout/mcluredescription.htm |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library, which holds the university's collection of rare and historical documents and books, is in Mary Harmon Bryant Hall. The Library Annex holds seldom-used books and journals, as well as other volumes which need special protection, that would otherwise take up valuable space in the libraries. Other libraries on campus are independent of the University Libraries. The {{convert|66000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} Bounds Law Library, at the Law Center, holds more than 300,000 volumes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bounds Law Library–Library Information |url=http://www.library.law.ua.edu/libinfo.htm |date=December 14, 2006 |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610103418/http://www.library.law.ua.edu/libinfo.htm |archive-date=June 10, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Established in 1978, the Health Sciences Library, at the University Medical Center, serves students at the College of Community Health Sciences. Its 20,000-volume collection includes clinical medicine, family practice, primary care, medical education, consumer health, and related health care topics. Located in Farah Hall (home of the Department of Geography) the Map Library and Place Names Research Center holds over 270,000 maps and 75,000 aerial photographs.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Map Library |url=http://maplibrary.ua.edu/about_the_map_library.htm |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709132619/http://maplibrary.ua.edu/about_the_map_library.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The William E. Winter Reading Room of the College of Communication and Information Sciences is in Reese Phifer Hall and holds over 10,000 volumes.<ref>{{cite web |title=William E. Winter Reading Room |url=http://www.cis.ua.edu/about/readingroom.html |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720230819/http://cis.ua.edu/about/readingroom.html |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The School of Social Work Reading Room is in Little Hall and just around 200 volumes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Work Library |url=http://socialwork.ua.edu/social-work-library |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311090124/http://socialwork.ua.edu/social-work-library |archive-date=March 11, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> UA is one of the 126 members of the [[Association of Research Libraries]], which yearly compiles internal rankings. In 2011, the University of Alabama ranked 56th among all criteria, a marked improvement over a 2003 ranking of 97th.<ref>{{cite web |title=Steady Growth, Investment Raise Rankings of UA Libraries |url=http://uanews.ua.edu/2011/10/steady-growth-investment-raise-rankings-of-ua-libraries/ |date=October 5, 2011 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007183517/http://uanews.ua.edu/2011/10/steady-growth-investment-raise-rankings-of-ua-libraries/ |archive-date=October 7, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the fall of 2011, the University of Alabama Trustees approved a resolution to expand Gorgas Library by {{convert|50000|sqft|m2|sigfig=2|abbr=out}}, doubling the seating capacity from 1,139 to 2,278. This expansion also signaled the beginning of the construction of an Academic Honors Plaza, between the library and Clark Hall. The plaza includes green-space, fountains, benches, and decorative lighting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferguson Center to See Big Expansion |url=http://cw.ua.edu/2011/10/05/ferguson-center-to-see-big-expansion/ |date=October 5, 2011 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031734/http://cw.ua.edu/2011/10/05/ferguson-center-to-see-big-expansion/ |archive-date=April 7, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UA to Expand Campus Over Next 5 Years |url=http://cw.ua.edu/2011/09/01/ua-to-expand-campus-over-next-five-years/ |date=September 1, 2011 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031753/http://cw.ua.edu/2011/09/01/ua-to-expand-campus-over-next-five-years/ |archive-date=April 7, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Research=== In academic year 2014–2015, UA received $76&nbsp;million in research contracts and grants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Expenditures for all Sponsored Programs by Funding |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |url=http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/financial-information/expenditures-for-all-sponsored-programs-by-funding-source/ |access-date=August 29, 2016 |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913172638/http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/financial-information/expenditures-for-all-sponsored-programs-by-funding-source/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Alabama International Trade Center]] and the [[Center for Advanced Public Safety]] are two research centers at UA. The [[United States Department of Homeland Security|US Department of Homeland Security]] has selected The University of Alabama as a National Center of Academic Excellence (CAE) in Information Assurance Education and Research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsa.gov/resources/students-educators/centers-academic-excellence/|title=National Centers of Academic Excellence|website=www.nsa.gov|access-date=2019-12-09|archive-date=September 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918035032/https://www.nsa.gov/resources/students-educators/centers-academic-excellence/|url-status=live}}</ref> ====SECU: SEC Academic Initiative==== The University of Alabama is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium. Now renamed the [[Southeastern Conference#Formation of SECU and SEC academic network|SECU]], the initiative was a collaborative endeavor designed to promote research, scholarship and achievement amongst the member universities in the [[Southeastern conference]]. The SECU formed its mission to serve as a means to bolster collaborative academic endeavors of [[Southeastern Conference#Member universities|Southeastern Conference universities]]. Its goals include highlighting the endeavors and achievements of SEC [[Faculty (academic staff)|faculty]], students and its universities and advancing the academic reputation of SEC universities.<ref>{{cite web |title=SECU |url=http://www.secsymposium.com/secu.php |publisher=SEC |access-date=February 13, 2013 |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124074319/http://www.secsymposium.com/secu.php |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SECU: The Academic Initiative of the SEC |url=http://www.secdigitalnetwork.com/AcademicConsortium |publisher=SEC Digital Network |access-date=February 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721055557/http://www.secdigitalnetwork.com/AcademicConsortium |archive-date=July 21, 2012}}</ref> In 2013, the University of Alabama participated in the SEC Symposium in [[Atlanta]], Georgia which was organized and led by the [[University of Georgia]] and the [[University of Georgia#Bioenergy Systems Research Institute|UGA Bioenergy Systems Research Institute]]. The topic of the symposium was titled "The Impact of the Southeast in the World's Renewable Energy Future".<ref>{{cite web|title=SEC Symposium to address role of Southeast in renewable energy|date=February 6, 2013|url=http://news.uga.edu/releases/article/sec-symposium-to-address-role-of-southeast-in-renewable-energy/|publisher=University of Georgia|access-date=February 13, 2013|archive-date=February 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212211032/http://news.uga.edu/releases/article/sec-symposium-to-address-role-of-southeast-in-renewable-energy/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Student body== ===Admissions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin:10px; text-align:center; font-size:85%; margin:auto;" |+ ''Fall Admission Statistics''<ref name="common-data-set"/> |- ! !! 2021 !! 2020 !! 2019 !! 2018 !! 2017 !! 2016 |- ! Applicants | 42,421 || 39,560 || 38,505 || 37,302 || 38,129 || 38,237 |- ! Admits | 33,472 || 31,804 || 31,835 || 22,032 || 21,344 || 20,107 |- ! % Admitted | 78.9 || 80.4 || 82.7 || 59.0 || 56.0 || 52.6 |- ! Enrolled | 7,593 || 6,466 || 6,764 || 6,663 || 7,407 || 7,559 |- ! Avg GPA | - || 3.82 || 3.77 || 3.71 || 3.72 || 3.69 |} In fall 2021, the university received 42,421 applications for first-time freshman enrollment, from which 33.472 applications were accepted (78.9%) and 7,593 freshmen enrolled.<ref name="common-data-set"/> Of the 77% of enrolled freshmen in 2020 who submitted [[ACT (test)|ACT]] scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 23 and 31 (21–29 Math, 23–33 English, 6–8 Writing). Of the 23% of the incoming freshman class who submitted [[SAT]] scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1070–1330, with 540–660 for evidence-based reading and 530–670 for Math.<ref name="common-data-set"/> The average high school [[GPA]] of incoming freshmen was 3.82; 92% had a GPA of 3.00 or higher.<ref name="common-data-set"/> ===Enrollment=== {| class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;" |+ style="font-size:90%" |Student body composition as of May 2, 2022 |- ! Race and ethnicity<ref>{{cite web|title=College Scorecard: University of Alabama|url=https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?100751-The-University-of-Alabama|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|access-date=May 8, 2022|archive-date=June 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615000132/https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?100751-The-University-of-Alabama|url-status=live}}</ref> ! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total |- | [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]] |align=right| {{bartable|77|%|2||background:gray}} |- | [[African Americans|Black]] |align=right| {{bartable|10|%|2||background:mediumblue}} |- | [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] |align=right| {{bartable|5|%|2||background:green}} |- | Other{{efn|Other consists of [[Multiracial Americans]] & those who prefer to not say.}} |align=right| {{bartable|5|%|2||background:brown}} |- | [[Foreign national]] |align=right| {{bartable|2|%|2||background:orange}} |- | [[Asian Americans|Asian]] |align=right| {{bartable|1|%|2||background:purple}} |- ! colspan="4" data-sort-type=number |[[Economic diversity]] |- | [[American lower class|Low-income]]{{efn|The percentage of students who received an income-based federal [[Pell grant]] intended for low-income students.}} |align=right| {{bartable|17|%|2||background:red}} |- | [[Affluence in the United States|Affluent]]{{efn|The percentage of students who are a part of the [[American middle class]] at the bare minimum.}} |align=right| {{bartable|83|%|2||background:black}} |} In fall 2021, the university had an enrollment of 38,320 students, consisting of 31,688 undergraduates and 6,152 postgraduates, from all [[List of counties in Alabama|67 Alabama counties]], all 50 US states and the District of Columbia, and 78 foreign nations. Alabama residents comprised 41.4% of the undergraduate student body; out-of-state residents comprised 55.4%, and international (non-resident alien) students comprised 3.2%.<ref name="census-enrollment">{{cite web|title=Census Enrollment: Fall 2020|url=https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/5f5bcb044736214759aa9b08|publisher=The Office of Institutional Research and Assessment, University of Alabama|access-date=April 3, 2021|archive-date=April 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403183034/https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/|url-status=live}}</ref> The five Alabama counties with the highest enrollment of students were [[Tuscaloosa County, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]] (3,158 students), [[Jefferson County, Alabama|Jefferson]] (2,836), [[Madison County, Alabama|Madison]] (1,295), [[Shelby County, Alabama|Shelby]] (1,290) and [[Mobile County, Alabama|Mobile]] (988), while the five states (beside Alabama) with the highest enrollment of students were [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] (2,518 students), [[Texas]] (1,709), [[Illinois]] (1,649), Florida (1,550), and [[Tennessee]] (1,465).<ref name="census-enrollment"/> In 2013, UA ranked 1st in the nation among public universities in the enrollment of [[National Merit Scholarship Program|National Merit Scholars]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uanews.ua.edu/2013/02/ua-ranks-first-among-public-universities-in-enrollment-of-national-merit-scholars/|title=UA Ranks First Among Public Universities in Enrollment of National Merit Scholars – University of Alabama News|website=uanews.ua.edu|access-date=February 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322030206/http://uanews.ua.edu/2013/02/ua-ranks-first-among-public-universities-in-enrollment-of-national-merit-scholars/|archive-date=March 22, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Student life== [[File:Campus Scene - University of Alabama-Tuscaloosa - Tuscaloosa - Alabama - USA - 02 (34012835260).jpg|thumb|right|A group of students on campus in 2017]] ===Residential life=== The board of trustees chose to locate the UA campus in a field a mile away from the center of the town of Tuscaloosa (which was a considerable distance in early 19th century Alabama). The board consciously chose to make on-campus residence an integral part of the student experience at UA. Dormitories were among the first buildings erected at Alabama (the remains of one [Franklin Hall] is now the Mound on the Quad), and student residential life has been emphasized at UA ever since. Dormitories at the university include Blount Hall, Bryant Hall, Burke Hall, Harris Hall, John England, Jr. Hall, Lakeside Hall, Parham Hall, Paty Hall, Presidential Village I and II, Riverside Hall, Tutwiler Hall, and Ridgecrest East, West, and South. There are also two on-campus apartment complexes, Bryce Lawn and the Highlands.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Alabama Halls | url=https://housing.sa.ua.edu/halls/ |publisher=The University of Alabama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422032350/https://housing.sa.ua.edu/halls/ |archive-date=April 22, 2020 | access-date=May 8, 2020}}</ref> Today nearly 30% of students live on campus, including over 90% of first-year freshmen.<ref name="common-data-set"/> ===Student government=== The Student Government Association is the primary student advocacy organization at UA. The SGA is governed by the SGA Constitution<ref name="SGA-constitution">{{cite web |title=SGA Constitution |url=http://sga.ua.edu/documents/SGA%20Constitution,%20ratified%2002.01.11.pdf |publisher=The University of Alabama Student Government Association |date=February 1, 2011 |access-date=June 8, 2011 |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930225350/http://sga.ua.edu/documents/SGA |url-status=live}}</ref> and consists of a legislative branch, an executive branch and a judicial council. ====SGA controversy==== {{Main|The Machine (social group)}} Since its founding in 1914, a secretive coalition of fraternities and sororities, commonly known as "[[The Machine (social group)|The Machine]]", has wielded enormous influence over the [[Student Government Association]]. Occurrences of harassment, intimidation, and even criminal activities aimed at opposition candidates have been reported. Many figures in local, state, and national politics have come out of the SGA at the University of Alabama. ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' devoted its April 1992 cover story to an exposé of The Machine. The controversy led to the university disbanding the SGA in 1993, which wasn't undone until 1996.<ref name="Mathews2006">{{cite book|last=Mathews|first=Mary Chapman|title=A Mansion's Memories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFbh9_Pbm78C&pg=PT139|access-date=January 15, 2013|year=2006|publisher=U of Alabama P|isbn=9780817315351|pages=139–|archive-date=June 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602035735/http://books.google.com/books?id=aFbh9_Pbm78C&pg=PT139|url-status=live}}</ref> "Machine" fraternities and sororities have traditionally accepted only white pledges, with only one documented case of an African American student being offered entry, in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|last=Staff|first=CW|title=Confirmed facts about the machine |url=http://cw.ua.edu/2011/30/confirmed-facts-about-the-machine/|access-date=September 13, 2013|newspaper=The Crimson White|date=November 30, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130913063723/http://cw.ua.edu/2011/30/confirmed-facts-about-the-machine/|archive-date=September 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Scherker|first=Amanda|title=University of Alabama Sorority Chapters Allegedly Discriminate Against Black Women: Report|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/university-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html|access-date=September 13, 2013|newspaper=HuffPost|date=September 12, 2013|archive-date=September 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913182535/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/university-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Controversy surrounding The Machine reemerged in August 2013, when sororities and fraternities were mobilized to elect two former SGA presidents, Cason Kirby and Lee Garrison, in closely contested municipal school board races.<ref>{{cite news|last=Enoch|first=Ed|title=Talks of UA's Machine spurred by voting allegations|url=http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20130831/NEWS/130839947?p=1&tc=pg|access-date=September 1, 2013|newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News|archive-date=November 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106131728/http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20130831/NEWS/130839947?p=1&tc=pg|url-status=live}}</ref> Before election day, questions about illegal voter registration were raised when evidence emerged that indicated eleven fraternity members fraudulently claimed to be living in a single house in one district.<ref>{{cite news |last=Leder |first=Travis |title=Suspected voter fraud |url=http://www.wvuatv.com/content/suspected-voter-fraud |date=August 24, 2013 |publisher=WVUA TV |access-date=August 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130831132403/http://www.wvuatv.com/content/suspected-voter-fraud |archive-date=August 31, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> And on election day, leaked emails suggested that sorority/fraternity members may have been provided incentives to vote—including free drinks at local bars.<ref>{{cite news|last=Klein|first=Rebecca|title=University of Alabama Sorority Reportedly Bribes Members To Vote in Local School Board Election|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/29/university-of-alabama-sorority-bribes_n_3838720.html|access-date=August 30, 2013|newspaper=HuffPost|date=August 29, 2013|archive-date=September 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916184831/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/29/university-of-alabama-sorority-bribes_n_3838720.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of possible voter fraud, Kirby's opponent filed a lawsuit challenging the election results<ref>{{cite news|last=Robertson|first=Campbell|title=Secret Society Dips Toe in City Politics, Prompting Lawsuit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/us/secret-society-dips-toe-in-city-politics-prompting-lawsuit.html|access-date=September 15, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 15, 2013|archive-date=September 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916235731/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/us/secret-society-dips-toe-in-city-politics-prompting-lawsuit.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and University of Alabama faculty have questioned whether The Machine has corrupted the democratic process in the City of Tuscaloosa.<ref>{{cite news|last=Benstead|first=Jon|title=The Greek system and the meaning of Democracy|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/29/the-greek-system-and-the-meaning-of-democracy/|access-date=August 30, 2013|newspaper=The Crimson White|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917011831/http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/29/the-greek-system-and-the-meaning-of-democracy/|archive-date=September 17, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=CW Staff|title=Law professor, BOE candidate's husband seeks action in wake of voting fraud allegations|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/28/law-professor-boe-candidates-husband-seeks-action-in-wake-of-voting-fraud-allegations/|access-date=August 30, 2013|newspaper=The Crimson White|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917011743/http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/28/law-professor-boe-candidates-husband-seeks-action-in-wake-of-voting-fraud-allegations/|archive-date=September 17, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Greek life=== <!--{{main|List of fraternities and sororities at the University of Alabama}}--> [[File:Alabama Frat Row.jpg|thumb|right|Fraternity Row, c. 1943]] [[File:Pi Kappa Phi Omicron Chapter (University of Alabama).png|thumb|[[Pi Kappa Phi]], Omicron Chapter]] Greek letter organizations (GLOs) first appeared at the university in 1847 when two men visiting from [[Yale University]] installed a chapter of [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Psi Chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon |url=http://www.uadke.org/s/index.cfm?SSID=14 |access-date=June 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320160424/http://www.uadke.org/s/index.cfm?SSID=14 |archive-date=March 20, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> When DKE members began holding secret meetings in the old state capitol building that year, the administration strongly voiced its disapproval.<ref name="Sellers"/> Over a few more decades, 7 other fraternities appeared at UA: [[Alpha Delta Phi]] in 1850, [[Phi Gamma Delta]] in 1855, [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]] in 1856 (this was the founding chapter), [[Kappa Sigma]] in 1867, [[Sigma Nu]] in 1874, [[Sigma Chi]] in 1876, and [[Phi Delta Theta]] in 1877.<ref name="GLOs">{{cite web |url=http://oira.ua.edu/d/sites/all/files/reports10/0910_factbook/0910_p56.pdf |title=Social Fraternities and Sororities |work=University of Alabama Factbook 2009–2010 |publisher=University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-date=August 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823150742/http://oira.ua.edu/d/sites/all/files/reports10/0910_factbook/0910_p56.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Anti-fraternity laws were imposed that year, but were lifted in the 1890s.<ref name="Sellers"/> Women at the university founded the Zeta chapter of [[Kappa Delta]] sorority in 1903. [[Alpha Delta Pi]] soon followed.<ref name="GLOs" /> [[Hazing]] at UA fraternities, as in most American colleges, has been common. The [[Atlanta Constitution]] newspaper reported students receiving "100 licks with a paddle" by fellow students multiple times in the 1890s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tavm.omeka.net/items/show/254|title=William Carlos Jemison, 1850–1901, Mayor of Tuscaloosa from 1880 to 1890 · Tuscaloosa Area Virtual Museum|website=tavm.omeka.net|year=1899|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-date=February 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214104044/https://tavm.omeka.net/items/show/254|url-status=live}}</ref> In fall 2009, the university sanctioned 29 men's and 23 women's GLOs.<ref name="GLOs"/> Additionally, an unknown number of non-sanctioned GLOs existed. Four governing boards oversee the operations of the university-sanctioned GLOs: the [[Interfraternity Council]] (IFC), the [[National Panhellenic Conference]] (NPC), the [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] (NPHC) and the Unified Greek Council (UGC). The number of men in GLOs more than doubled from 2002 to 2009, with fifteen fraternities reporting active memberships of more than 100 (where as recently as 2001 none reported memberships greater than 100). Following 2008 fall recruitment, almost all Panhellenic sororities participating through all rounds had potential new member class sizes of 80 or more; nearly all Panhellenic sororities also now have more than 200 total members. To accommodate growth in the student population since 2005, the university has sanctioned three new fraternities and two new sororities.<ref name="GLOs"/> Additionally, four new sorority houses were added, built behind the President's Mansion.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ethan Summers |title=Four new sorority houses to be built in 2011 |url=http://www.cw.ua.edu/2010/07/22/four-new-sorority-houses-to-be-built-in-2011 |date=July 22, 2010 |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807214312/http://cw.ua.edu/2010/07/22/four-new-sorority-houses-to-be-built-in-2011/ |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite having the first non-white student initiated into a historically white Greek organization on campus in 2000,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20010907/News/606125062|title=UA sophomore says she's first black sorority member|first=Chris|last=Sanders|website=Tuscaloosa News|access-date=March 31, 2020|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220250/https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/DA/20010907/News/606125062/TL|url-status=live}}</ref> high segregation within Alabama's Greek system has long been considered a major point of concern due to many other public college Greek systems becoming more integrated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/greek-life-benefits-2014-12|title=I Still Think Joining A Fraternity Was One Of The Best Decisions I've Ever Made|first=Peter|last=Jacobs|website=Business Insider|access-date=March 14, 2020|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220259/https://www.businessinsider.com/greek-life-benefits-2014-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jbhe">{{cite journal|year=2001|title=The University of Alabama: Where Racial Segregation Remains a Way of Life|journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education|volume=32|issue=32|pages=22–24|doi=10.2307/2678750|jstor=2678750}}</ref> [[John P. Hermann]], a now-retired English professor, tried in the 1990s and 2000s to end what he referred to as "taxpayer-supported segregation".<ref name="zengerle">{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/politics/sorority-row|title=Sorority Row|last=Zengerle|first=Jason|date=February 4, 2002|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|access-date=September 16, 2013|archive-date=November 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105172558/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/sorority-row|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?p=2&tc=pg&AID=/20011107/NEWS/111070332&Title=Officials-say-racial-incident-wouldn-t-happen-at-UA|title=Officials say racial incident wouldn't happen at UA|last=Reeves|first=Steve|date=November 7, 2001|work=[[Tuscaloosa News]]|access-date=September 16, 2013|archive-date=November 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106141146/http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?p=2&tc=pg&AID=%2F20011107%2FNEWS%2F111070332&Title=Officials-say-racial-incident-wouldn-t-happen-at-UA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Torbenson|first=Craig L.|editor=Craig LaRon Torbenson, Gregory Parks|title=Brothers and Sisters: Diversity in College Fraternities and Sororities|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ0hFQlKx4oC&pg=PA252|year=2009|publisher=Associated University Presse|isbn=9780838641941|pages=210–36|chapter=Praising God and Maintaining Tradition: Religious Diversity within College Fraternities and Sororities|access-date=October 27, 2015|archive-date=May 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521181335/https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ0hFQlKx4oC&pg=PA252|url-status=live}}</ref> Controversy erupted again in September 2013, when a story in the campus paper, ''[[The Crimson White]]'', revealed that alumnae of Greek organizations had prevented a black student from being accepted in an all-white sorority.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2013/09/11/the-final-barrier-50-years-later-segregation-still-exists/|title=The Final Barrier: 50 years later, segregation still exists|last=Crain|first=Abby|author2=Matt Ford|date=September 11, 2013|work=[[The Crimson White]]|access-date=September 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913183922/http://cw.ua.edu/2013/09/11/the-final-barrier-50-years-later-segregation-still-exists/ |archive-date=September 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/university-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html|title=University of Alabama Sorority Chapters Allegedly Discriminate Against Black Women: Report|last=Scherker|first=Amanda|date=September 12, 2013|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=September 18, 2013|archive-date=September 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916160849/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/university-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, the Alabama Panhellenic Association allowed recruitment to continue through continuous open bidding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2013/09/17/sororities-reopen-bidding-process/|title=Sororities reopen bidding process|work=ua.edu|access-date=June 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922053601/http://cw.ua.edu/2013/09/17/sororities-reopen-bidding-process/|archive-date=September 22, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to ''TIME'', a deal that would allow black students to join historically white sororities was announced by the university as "the first step toward ending more than a century of systematic segregation in the school's sorority system".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://nation.time.com/2013/09/16/university-of-alabama-moves-to-end-segregated-sorority-system/|title=University of Alabama Moves to End Segregated Sorority System|last=Luckerson|first=Victor|date=September 16, 2013|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=September 18, 2013|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220259/https://nation.time.com/2013/09/16/university-of-alabama-moves-to-end-segregated-sorority-system/|url-status=live}}</ref> With over 10,000 active students, UA has one of the largest Greek systems in the nation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/18/us/coronavirus-fraternities-sororities.html |title= 'Frats Are Being Frats': Greek Life Is Stoking the Virus on Some Campuses |newspaper= The New York Times |date= August 18, 2020 |access-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920061210/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/18/us/coronavirus-fraternities-sororities.html |url-status=live|last1= Harmon |first1= Amy |last2= Robles |first2= Frances |last3= Blinder |first3= Alan |last4= Fuller |first4= Thomas }}</ref> In 2019, 29% of male undergraduates were in university-sanctioned fraternities; 44% of female undergraduates were in university-sanctioned sororities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/student-life |title= University of Alabama Student Life |access-date=March 13, 2020 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714082915/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/student-life |url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !colspan=5|Fraternities <small>(NIC)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=University of Alabama Interfraternity Council-Fraternities|url=http://alabamaifc.com/fraternities.html|publisher=Interfraternity Council at The University of Alabama|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=June 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611023539/http://alabamaifc.com/fraternities.html|url-status=live}}</ref> !colspan=3|Sororities <small>(NPC)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=University of Alabama Panhellenic Association – Chapter Profiles|url=http://www.uapanhellenic.com/chapter-profiles.html|publisher=University of Alabama Panhellenic Association|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525115151/http://www.uapanhellenic.com/chapter-profiles.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"| * [[Alpha Delta Phi]] * [[Alpha Kappa Lambda]] * [[Alpha Sigma Phi]] * [[Alpha Tau Omega]] * [[Beta Theta Pi]] * [[Beta Upsilon Chi]] | style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"| * [[Chi Phi]] * [[Delta Chi]] * [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]] * [[Delta Sigma Phi]] * [[Delta Tau Delta]] * [[Kappa Alpha Order]] * [[Kappa Sigma]] | style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"| * [[Lambda Chi Alpha]] * Lambda Sigma Phi * [[Phi Delta Theta]] * [[Phi Gamma Delta]] * [[Phi Kappa Psi]] * [[Phi Kappa Sigma]] | style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"| * [[Phi Kappa Tau]] * [[Phi Sigma Kappa]] * [[Pi Kappa Alpha]] * [[Pi Kappa Phi]] * [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]] * [[Sigma Alpha Mu]] * [[Sigma Chi]] | style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"| * [[Sigma Nu]] * [[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] * [[Sigma Pi]] * [[Sigma Tau Gamma]] * [[Theta Chi]] * [[Zeta Beta Tau]] | style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"| * [[Alpha Chi Omega]] * [[Alpha Delta Chi]] * [[Alpha Delta Pi]] * [[Alpha Gamma Delta]] * [[Alpha Omicron Pi]] * [[Alpha Phi]] | style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"| * [[Chi Omega]] * [[Delta Delta Delta]] * [[Delta Gamma]] * [[Delta Zeta]] * [[Gamma Phi Beta]] * [[Kappa Alpha Theta]] | style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"| * [[Kappa Delta]] * [[Kappa Kappa Gamma]] * [[Phi Mu]] * [[Pi Beta Phi]] * [[Sigma Delta Tau]] * [[Sigma Kappa]] * [[Zeta Tau Alpha]] |} In 1987, the Theta Sigma chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha became the first historically black Greek organization and only historically black sorority with a [[North American fraternity and sorority housing|traditional house on Greek row]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theplainsman.com/article/2019/10/auburn-to-be-second-sec-school-with-nphc-legacy-plaza|title=Auburn to be second SEC school with NPHC Legacy Plaza|website=The Auburn Plainsman|access-date=March 15, 2020|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610190617/https://www.theplainsman.com/article/2019/10/auburn-to-be-second-sec-school-with-nphc-legacy-plaza|url-status=live}}</ref> The previous year before moving to the sorority side of Greek row, the house AKA was making arrangements to acquire had [[Cross burning|burning crosses]] on the front lawn. UA officials claimed it was a distasteful prank but the local black community disputed that claim saying it was a serious threat against integrating Greek row. Two white male students were briefly detained for questioning but they were not charged with anything and their full identity and Greek affiliations were never released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bittersoutherner.com/elliot-spillers-a-shifting-tide|title=A Shifting Tide?|website=THE BITTER SOUTHERNER|access-date=March 16, 2020|archive-date=September 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929224753/https://bittersoutherner.com/elliot-spillers-a-shifting-tide/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/4ae542ee57432bccfa80f24ae9e7a3b5|title=University Spokesman Says No Charges Filed In Cross Burning|website=AP NEWS|access-date=March 16, 2020|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220305/https://apnews.com/4ae542ee57432bccfa80f24ae9e7a3b5|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kappa Alpha chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha is the first and only historically black fraternity with a traditional house on fraternity row.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al.com/entertainment/2016/06/alabama_fraternity_row_2016_th.html|title=Alabama Fraternity Row 2016: The houses, new and old|date=June 30, 2016|website=al|access-date=March 18, 2020|archive-date=March 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318000642/https://www.al.com/entertainment/2016/06/alabama_fraternity_row_2016_th.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The eight [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] organizations represented on campus are listed below. ;Fraternities * [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] * [[Kappa Alpha Psi]] * [[Omega Psi Phi]] * [[Phi Beta Sigma]] ;Sororities *[[Alpha Kappa Alpha]] *[[Delta Sigma Theta]] *[[Zeta Phi Beta]] *[[Sigma Gamma Rho]] ===Honor societies=== Several honor societies are present at the University of Alabama. Some honor societies are national organizations with a local chapter while others are local organizations. {{Div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Alpha Epsilon Delta]] * [[Alpha Lambda Delta]] * [[Alpha Psi Omega]] * [[Arnold Air Society]] * [[Blue Key]] * Jasons Senior Men's Honorary<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Tides of Tradition: Culture and Reform at the University of Alabama|year=2003|url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED476569.pdf#page=243|journal=|access-date=September 18, 2017|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220258/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED476569.pdf#page=243|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Kappa Kappa Psi]] * [[Lambda Pi Eta]] * [[Lambda Sigma]] * [[Mallet Assembly]] * [[Mortar Board]] * [[National Society of Collegiate Scholars]] * [[Order of Omega]] * [[Omicron Delta Kappa]] * [[Phi Alpha Theta]] * [[Phi Beta Kappa]] * [[Phi Eta Sigma]] * [[Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia]] * [[Phi Kappa Phi]] * [[Pi Mu Epsilon]] * [[Sigma Alpha Lambda]] * [[Sigma Delta Pi]] * [[Sigma Tau Delta]] * [[Marquis Who's Who|Who's Who]] {{colend}} ===Student media=== The ''[[The Crimson White|Crimson White]]'' is the student-produced newspaper. Published two times a week during the academic year and weekly during the summer, the ''CW'' normally distributes 15,000 copies per publication. The ''CW'' received a 2010 Mark of Excellence Award for "Best All-Around Daily Student Newspaper at a Four-Year College or University" in the Southeast region by the [[Society of Professional Journalists]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=UA's Crimson White Takes First Place Honors for Best Student Newspaper |url=http://uanews.ua.edu/2011/04/ua%E2%80%99s-crimson-white-takes-first-place-honors-for-best-student-newspaper/ |date=April 12, 2011 |publisher=University of Alabama News |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606144402/http://uanews.ua.edu/2011/04/ua%e2%80%99s-crimson-white-takes-first-place-honors-for-best-student-newspaper/ |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=SPJ announces 2010 Region 3 Mark of Excellence Award Winners |url=http://www.spj.org/news.asp?ref=1042 |date=April 4, 2011 |publisher=SPJ News |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-date=April 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416003146/http://spj.org/news.asp?ref=1042 |url-status=live}}</ref> The CW won the Mark of Excellence Award again in 2011 and a Gold Crown Award from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association for its spring 2011 issues. The Crimson White was also inducted into the College Media Hall of Fame for its coverage of the April 2011 tornado that caused massive damage in Tuscaloosa.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reimold |first=Dan |title=College Media Hall of Fame, Class of 2011: Victor Luckerson & The Crimson White |url=http://collegemediamatters.com/2011/08/25/college-media-hall-of-fame-class-of-2011-victor-luckerson-the-crimson-white/ |publisher=College Media Matters |access-date=April 3, 2012 |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929011435/http://collegemediamatters.com/2011/08/25/college-media-hall-of-fame-class-of-2011-victor-luckerson-the-crimson-white/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Other UA student publications include the "Blount Truth Literary Journal",<ref>{{cite web |title=The Blount Truth Literary Journal |url=https://blountlitjournal.wixsite.com/uablountjournal/home/ |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225224711/https://blountlitjournal.wixsite.com/uablountjournal/home/ |url-status=live}}</ref> "Marr's Field Journal",<ref>{{cite web |title=Marr's Field Journal |url=https://studentmedia.sa.ua.edu/media/mfj/ |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-date=August 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810104936/https://studentmedia.sa.ua.edu/media/mfj/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and "Alice".<ref>{{cite web |title=Alice University of Alabama |url=https://alice.ua.edu/magazine/about/ |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920011222/https://alice.ua.edu/magazine/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Athletics and traditions== {{main|Alabama Crimson Tide|University of Alabama traditions}} [[File:Alabama Athletics logo.svg|left|thumb|upright=0.5|Alabama logo]] The University of Alabama's intercollegiate athletic teams are known as the ''Alabama Crimson Tide'' (this name can be shortened to ''Alabama'', the ''Crimson Tide'', or even the ''Tide''). The nickname ''Crimson Tide'' originates from a 1907 football game versus [[Auburn University]] in [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] where, after a hard-fought game in torrential rain in which Auburn had been heavily favored to win, Alabama forced a tie. Writing about the game, one sportswriter described the offensive line as a "Crimson Tide", in reference to their jerseys, stained red from the wet dirt. Alabama competes primarily in the [[Southeastern Conference]] (Western Division) of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]'s [[NCAA Division I|Division I]]. Alabama fields men's varsity teams in [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|football]], [[Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball|basketball]], [[Alabama Crimson Tide baseball|baseball]], [[Alabama Crimson Tide golf|golf]], [[Cross country running|cross country]], swimming and [[Diving (sport)|diving]], tennis, and track and field. Women's varsity teams are fielded in [[Alabama Crimson Tide women's basketball|basketball]], [[Alabama Crimson Tide golf|golf]], cross country, [[Alabama Crimson Tide women's gymnastics|gymnastics]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], soccer, [[Alabama Crimson Tide softball|softball]], swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and [[Alabama Crimson Tide volleyball|volleyball]]. The athletic facilities on campus include the [[Bryant–Denny Stadium]], named after legendary football coach [[Bear Bryant|Paul "Bear" Bryant]] and former UA President George Denny, and the 14,619-seat [[Coleman Coliseum]]. Alabama's women's rowing team competes in the Big 12 conference of the NCAA's Division I. Alabama maintains athletic rivalries with [[Auburn University]] and the [[University of Tennessee]]. The rivalry with Auburn is especially heated as it encompasses all sports. The annual Alabama-Auburn football game is nicknamed the ''[[Iron Bowl]]''. While the rivalry with Tennessee is centered around football for the most part, there is no shortage of acrimony, especially given the recent history between then-UT Coach [[Phillip Fulmer]] and his relationship to the Tide's most recent NCAA probation. There are also rivalries with [[Louisiana State University]] (football and baseball), [[University of Mississippi]] (football and men's basketball), [[Mississippi State University]] (football, men's basketball), [[University of Georgia]] (women's gymnastics), and the [[University of Florida]] (football, softball). ===Football=== {{main|Alabama Crimson Tide football}} [[File:Bryant-Denny Stadium panoramic 2010-10-02.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.8|[[Bryant–Denny Stadium]] in 2010]] The [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|University of Alabama football]] program, started in 1892, has won 25 SEC titles and 18 national championships (including 12 awarded by the [[Associated Press]] and 8 by the Coaches Poll).<ref name="nationalchamps">{{cite web |title=Past Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (Division I FBS) National Champions (formerly called Division I-A) |url=https://www.ncaa.org/wps/portal/ncaahome?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/ncaa/NCAA/Sports+and+Championship/General+Information/ia_football_past_champs.html |publisher=NCAA |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611083727/http://www.ncaa.org/wps/portal/ncaahome?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fncaa%2FNCAA%2FSports+and+Championship%2FGeneral+Information%2Fia_football_past_champs.html |archive-date=June 11, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The program has compiled 36 10-win seasons and 59 bowl appearances, winning 32 of them – all [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] records. Alabama has produced 18 [[Alabama Crimson Tide football#College Football Hall of Fame inductees|hall-of-famers]], 97 [[List of Alabama Crimson Tide football All-Americans|All-Americans]] honored 105 times, and 4 Heisman trophy winners ([[Mark Ingram II]], [[Derrick Henry]], [[DeVonta Smith]], and [[Bryce Young]]). The Crimson Tide's current home venue, [[Bryant–Denny Stadium]], opened in 1929 with a capacity of around 12,000. The most recent addition of the stadium was completed in 2010. An upper deck was added in the south end zone, completing the upper deck around the stadium. The current official capacity of the stadium is 101,821. The previous addition was the north end zone expansion, completed 2006. The Tide has also played many games, including the [[Iron Bowl]] against rival [[Auburn University]], at [[Legion Field]] in [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]]. [[File:Thestripuattown.JPG|thumb|left|"The Strip" during a home game in 2006. Located adjacent to Bryant-Denny Stadium and the campus]] Nearly synonymous with Alabama football is legendary coach [[Bear Bryant|Paul "Bear" Bryant]] whose record at the University of Alabama was 232–46–9. He led the Crimson Tide to 6 national titles in 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, and 1979, which is tied with Notre Dame's legendary coach [[Knute Rockne]]. Alabama's current head football coach [[Nick Saban]] has won a total of 7 national titles, including six at Alabama.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pickman|first=Ben|title=Nick Saban Passes Bear Bryant for Most Titles in CFB History|url=https://www.si.com/college/2021/01/12/nick-saban-passes-bear-bryant-most-championships-cfb|access-date=2021-05-14|website=Sports Illustrated|language=en-us|archive-date=January 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129083159/https://www.si.com/college/2021/01/12/nick-saban-passes-bear-bryant-most-championships-cfb|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the 1966 team was the only one in the country to finish with a perfect record, but poll voters denied the 12–0 Alabama team the three-peat as Michigan State and Notre Dame played each other to a [[1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game|10–10]] tie in what was considered the "Game of the Century" and subsequently split the national championship.<!--somebody more familiar with this should place Bryant's stats during his tenure and nothing more. Anything deeper belongs either at [[University of Alabama athletics]] or [[Bear Bryant]]!--> [[File:University of Alabama Campus 01.jpg|thumb|right|A view of some campus buildings during seasonal [[Tailgate party|tailgating]], 2008. Denny Chimes visible in the background]] On December 12, 2009, sophomore running back [[Mark Ingram II]] was awarded the [[Heisman Trophy]] as college football's best player. In being so named, Ingram became the first Heisman Trophy winner for the University of Alabama. Alabama defeated Texas 37–21 in the BCS Championship game on January 7, 2010, capping a perfect season, an SEC Championship, and winning its first national championship in the BCS era. Alabama defeated Louisiana State University 21–0 on January 9, 2012, to win its second BCS National Championship. Alabama won its third [[BCS National Championship Game|BCS National Championship]] in January 2013 defeating Notre Dame 42–14, becoming the first school to win three BCS Titles. On January 1, 2015, No. 1 Alabama lost to No. 4 Ohio St. in the second game of the first College Football Playoffs 42–35. On December 12, 2015, running back [[Derrick Henry]] was awarded the Heisman Trophy, becoming only the second winner for the University of Alabama. On January 11, 2016, Alabama defeated Clemson to win the National Championship, 45–40. In January 2017, Alabama lost to Clemson 35–31 in the National Championship. They beat SEC rival Georgia 26–23 in overtime during the 2018 National Championship in January 2018. In January 2019, Alabama lost to Clemson 44–16 in the National Championship. In the 2020 season, Alabama earned a 13–0 record against an all-SEC schedule during the COVID-19 pandemic including winning the SEC Championship against Florida, the Rose Bowl against Notre Dame, and the National Championship game against Ohio State. Crimson Tide Wide Receiver [[DeVonta Smith]] was awarded the Heisman Trophy, the program's third winner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/alabama/2020-schedule.html|title=2020 Alabama Crimson Tide Schedule and Results|access-date=May 14, 2021|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514112325/https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/alabama/2020-schedule.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2021 season, the Crimson Tide would post a 13-2 record, including a 41-24 win over Georgia in the SEC championship game to win their 29th conference title. They would then go on to beat the [[Cincinnati Bearcats football|Cincinnati Bearcats]] 27-6 in the [[2021 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl]], culminating in an eventual loss to Georgia in the [[2022 College Football Playoff National Championship|National Championship]] by a score of 33-18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Football Schedule |url=https://rolltide.com/sports/football/schedule/2021 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=University of Alabama Athletics |language=en |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127105055/https://rolltide.com/sports/football/schedule/2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with a successful football season, Alabama's starting quarterback, [[Bryce Young]], won the Heisman trophy - becoming the 4th player from the university to win it, and the 1st quarterback from the University to win it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Madeline |title=Bryce Young Becomes First Alabama QB to Win Heisman Trophy |url=https://www.si.com/college/2021/12/12/alabama-bryce-young-wins-heisman-trophy-over-pickett-stroud-hutchinson |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Sports Illustrated |language=en-us |archive-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510215707/https://www.si.com/college/2021/12/12/alabama-bryce-young-wins-heisman-trophy-over-pickett-stroud-hutchinson |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title=Most Heisman Trophy winners from college football's elite schools |url=https://sportsnaut.com/most-heisman-trophy-winners-college-footballs-elite/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=sportsnaut.com |language=en-US |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212171008/https://sportsnaut.com/most-heisman-trophy-winners-college-footballs-elite/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===School songs=== The school's fight song is "[[Yea Alabama]]", written in 1926 by Lundy Sykes, then editor of the campus newspaper.<ref>{{cite book|last=Studwell |first=William Emmett |author2=Bruce R. Schueneman |title=College Fight Songs II: A Supplementary Anthology |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |page=21 |isbn=978-0-7890-0920-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5T_VguL00J0C&pg=RA1-PA21 |access-date=February 6, 2010}}</ref> Sykes composed the song in response to a contest by the Rammer Jammer to create a fight song following Alabama's first Rose Bowl victory. The song as it is played by the Million Dollar Band during games and known to most people is simply the chorus of the larger song.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sparks |first=Linda |author2=Bruce Emerton |title=American college regalia: a handbook |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-313-26266-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/americancolleger00spar |url-access=registration |quote=yea alabama crimson tide. |access-date=February 6, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tradition – Songs of Alabama |url=http://www.rolltide.com/trads/song-downloads.html |publisher=Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Alabama |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604041405/http://www.rolltide.com/trads/song-downloads.html |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Alabama Alma Mater is set to the tune of ''[[Annie Lisle]]'', a ballad written in the 1850s. The lyrics are usually credited as, "Helen Vickers, 1908", although it is not clear whether that was when it was written or if that was her graduating class. ==Alumni== {{Main|List of University of Alabama people}} University of Alabama graduates include 15 [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], 59 [[Goldwater Scholarship|Goldwater Scholars]], and 16 [[Truman Scholarship|Truman Scholars]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts |title=Quick Facts |publisher=The University of Alabama |access-date=May 4, 2020 |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510235610/https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts |url-status=live}}</ref> UA graduates have also been named to the USA Today All-USA College Academic Team.<ref name="academic-all-americans">{{cite web |title=USA Today All-USA Academic Team |url=http://www.ua.edu/features/allusa.html |publisher=The University of Alabama |access-date=June 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525184754/http://www.ua.edu/features/allusa.html |archive-date=May 25, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="USA-Today">{{cite news |title=All-USA Academic Teams |url=http://www.academic.usatoday.com/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20131206024443/http://www.usatoday.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |work=USA Today |date=June 8, 2010 |access-date=June 14, 2011}}</ref> The University of Alabama is the alma mater of numerous notable people in politics, sports, business, entertainment, science, art, and literature. Among UA's alumni are [[Harper Lee]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harper Lee Timeline |url=https://www.monroecountymuseum.org/harper-lee-timeline |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=Monroe County Museum |language=en |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118040440/https://www.monroecountymuseum.org/harper-lee-timeline |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bear Bryant]],<ref name=DiRoma /> [[Mel Allen]],<ref name="Smith2007">{{cite book|author=Curt Smith|title=The Voice: Mel Allen's Untold Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77MSvgAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|isbn=978-1-59921-094-0|pages=114–|access-date=February 13, 2021|archive-date=June 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612055715/https://books.google.com/books?id=77MSvgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Joe Namath]],<ref name=DiRoma>{{cite web|url=https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/namath__joe|title=Joe Namath|author=DiRoma, Frank Joseph|access-date=February 13, 2021|archive-date=June 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614182601/https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/namath__joe|url-status=live}}</ref> [[George Wallace]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_wallac.html |title=Alabama Governor George Wallace, gubernatorial history |publisher=Archives.state.al.us |access-date=2011-01-08 |archive-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322022657/http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_wallac.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jim Nabors]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jim Nabors June 12, 1930 - November 30, 2017 2001 Inductee |url=https://www.alamhof.org/jimnabors |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=Alabama Music Hall of Fame |language=en-US |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818155445/https://www.alamhof.org/jimnabors |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Joe Scarborough]],<ref name=bioguide>{{cite web | title=Scarborough, Charles Joseph | work=[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]] | url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000106 | access-date=March 18, 2006 | archive-date=October 25, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025152739/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000106 | url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hugo Black]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hugo L. Black |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Alabama |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1848 |date=January 31, 2017 |language=en |access-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211053215/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1848 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[E. O. Wilson]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Naturalist|last=Wilson|first=Edward O.|publisher=Island Press [for] Shearwater Books|year=2006|isbn=1597260886|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=69669557}}</ref> poet [[Honorée Fanonne Jeffers]],<ref name=haskins>{{cite news |url=https://www.al.com/opinion/2018/03/talladega_college_grad_wins_20.html |access-date=February 11, 2021 |title=Talladega College grad wins 2018 Harper Lee award |date=March 11, 2018 |first=Shelly |last=Haskins |newspaper=[[The Huntsville Times]] |archive-date=March 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220556/https://www.al.com/opinion/2018/03/talladega_college_grad_wins_20.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and Wikipedia founder [[Jimmy Wales]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Jimmy Wales |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Alabama |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2618 |date=October 19, 2010 |language=en |access-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203112243/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2618 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-05 |title=Jimmy Wales |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/profile/ |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=Wikimedia Foundation |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="nolines" caption="Notable University of Alabama alumni include:"> File:HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg|Former [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court]] [[Hugo Black]] File:Photo portrait of Harper Lee (To Kill a Mockingbird dust jacket, 1960).jpg|Author [[Harper Lee]] File:George C Wallace.jpg|Former Governor of Alabama [[George Wallace]] File:Joe Scarborough (NBC News).jpg|News anchor and former Congressman [[Joe Scarborough]] File:Bear Bryant 1977 (cropped).jpg|Football coach [[Bear Bryant]] File:Gay Talese by David Shankbone.jpg|Writer [[Gay Talese]] File:Julio Jones Titans.jpg|Football player [[Julio Jones]] File:Richard Shelby, official portrait, 112th Congress (cropped).jpg|[[U.S. Senator]] [[Richard Shelby]] File:Jimmy Wales - August 2019 (cropped).jpg|Co-founder of [[Wikipedia]] [[Jimmy Wales]] File:Joe Namath.jpg|Former football player [[Joe Namath]] File:Jeff Sessions, official portrait.jpg|Former [[United States Attorney General]] [[Jeff Sessions]] File:C. J. Mosley (linebacker).JPG|Football player [[C. J. Mosley (linebacker)|C. J. Mosley]] File:Senator Doug Jones official photo (cropped 2).jpg|Former [[U.S. Senator]] [[Doug Jones (politician)|Doug Jones]] </gallery> ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|University of Alabama}} * {{Official website}} * [http://www.rolltide.com/ University of Alabama Athletics website] * {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Alabama, University of |short=x}} {{University of Alabama}} {{Navboxes |titlestyle = background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#828A8F|2px}} |list = {{University of Alabama System}} {{Southeastern Conference navbox}} {{Public colleges and universities in Alabama}} {{Tuscaloosa, Alabama}} {{Southeastern Universities Research Association}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alabama, University Of}} [[Category:University of Alabama| ]] [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1831]] [[Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]] [[Category:Education in Tuscaloosa, Alabama]] [[Category:University of Alabama System|University of Alabama]] [[Category:Flagship universities in the United States]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Tuscaloosa, Alabama]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama]] [[Category:1831 establishments in Alabama]] [[Category:Public universities and colleges in Alabama|University of Alabama]]'