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'{{short description|Third Seljuk sultan (r. 1072–1092)}} {{other uses|Malik Shah (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox royalty |name=Malik-Shah I |title= {{plainlist| * ''[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Medieval History: The Eastern Roman empire (717-1453)|year=1923|page=307|author=Henry Melvill Gwatkin|quote=Malik Shāh was recognised by the Caliph as his successor, and invested with the title of 'Amir-al-Mu'minin}}</ref> }} |image=Malik-Shah I.jpg |image_size=300px |caption=Investiture scene of Malik-Shah I, from the 14th-century book ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh]]'' |succession = [[List of sultans of the Seljuk Empire|Sultan]] of the [[Great Seljuk Empire]] |reign=15 December 1072 – 19 November 1092 |coronation= |othertitles= |predecessor=[[Alp Arslan]] |successor=[[Mahmud I of Great Seljuk|Mahmud I]] |full name= |house=[[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk]] |father=[[Alp Arslan]] |mother= |spouse={{plainlist| *[[Terken Khatun (wife of Malik-Shah I)|Terken Khatun]] *[[Zubayda Khatun]] *Taj al-Din Khatun Safariyya{{sfn|Massignon|1982|p=162}} ({{small|[[concubine]]}}) }} |issue= {{plainlist| *[[Barkiyaruq]] *[[Muhammad I Tapar]] *[[Ahmad Sanjar]] *[[Mahmud I of Great Seljuk|Mahmud I]] *Ahmed *Dawud *Tughril *Amir Khumarin *Mah-i Mulk Khatun *Sitara Khatun *Terken Khatun *[[Gawhar Khatun]] *Ismah Khatun}} |birth_date=16 August 1055 |birth_place=[[Isfahan]], Seljuk Empire |death_date=19 November 1092 (aged 37) |death_place=[[Baghdad]], Seljuk Empire |place of burial=Isfahan |religion= [[Sunni Islam]] }} '''Jalāl al-Dawla Mu'izz al-Dunyā Wa'l-Din Abu'l-Fatḥ ibn Alp Arslān''' (8 August 1055 – 19 November 1092, full name: {{lang-fa|{{nastaliq|سلطان جلال الدولہ معوذ الدنیا و الدین ملک شاه بن محمد الپ ارسلان قسیم }}}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Rāvandī |first=Muḥammad |title= Rāḥat al-ṣudūr va āyat al-surūr dar tārīkh-i āl-i saljūq |location=Tehran |publisher= Intishārāt-i Asāṭīr|page=85 |isbn=9643313662}}</ref>), better known by his regnal name of '''Malik-Shah I''' ({{lang-fa|{{nastaliq|ملک شاه}}}}, {{lang-tr|Melikşah}}), was the third sultan of the [[Great Seljuk Empire]] from 1072 to 1092, under whom the sultanate reached its zenith of power and influence.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Tucker |editor1-first=Spencer C. |title=Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=1-440-85353-3 |page=790}}</ref> [[File:Malik-Shah1.jpg|thumb|Miniature of Malik-Shah I]] During his youth, he spent his time participating in the campaigns of his father [[Alp Arslan]], along with the latters vizier [[Nizam al-Mulk]]. During one of such campaigns in 1072, Alp Arslan was fatally wounded and died only a few days later. After that, Malik-Shah was crowned as the new sultan of the empire, but the succession was contested by his uncle [[Qavurt]]. Although Malik-Shah was the nominal head of the Seljuk state, Nizam al-Mulk held near absolute power during his reign.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gibb|first=H. A. R.|title=The Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 8|year=1960–1985|publisher=Brill |location=Leiden|page=70}}</ref> Malik-Shah spent the rest of his reign waging war against the [[Karakhanids]] on the eastern side, and establishing order in the [[Caucasus]]. Malik-Shah's death to this day remains under dispute; according to some scholars, he was poisoned by Abbasid caliph [[al-Muqtadi]], while others say that he was poisoned by the supporters of Nizam al-Mulk. == Etymology == Although he was known by several names, he was mostly known as "Malik-Shah", a combination of the Arabic word [[malik]] (king) and the Persian word [[shah]] (which also means king). == Early life == Malik-Shah was born on 16 August 1055 and spent his youth in [[Isfahan]]. According to the 12th-century [[Persian people|Persian]] historian [[Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi]], Malik-Shah had fair skin, was tall and somewhat bulky.{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}} In 1064, Malik-Shah, only 9 years old by then, along with [[Nizam al-Mulk]], the Persian ''[[vizier]]'' of the Empire,{{sfn|Luther|1985|pp=895–898}} took part in Alp Arslan’s campaign in the [[Caucasus]]. The same year, Malik-Shah was married to [[Terken Khatun (wife of Malik-Shah I)|Terken Khatun]], the daughter of the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Karakhanid]] khan [[Ibrahim Tamghach-Khan]].{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}} In 1066, Alp Arslan arranged a ceremony near [[Merv]], where he appointed Malik-Shah as his heir and also granted him Isfahan as a [[fief]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=61}}{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}} In 1071, Malik-Shah took part in the [[Syria]]n campaign of his father, and stayed in [[Aleppo]] when his father fought the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Romanos IV Diogenes]] at [[Battle of Manzikert|Manzikert]].{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}} In 1072, Malik-Shah and Nizam al-Mulk accompanied Alp-Arslan during his campaign in [[Transoxiana]] against the Karakhanids. However, Alp-Arslan was badly wounded during his expedition, and Malik-Shah shortly took over the army. Alp-Arslan died some days later, and Malik-Shah was declared as the new ''sultan'' of the empire. ==Reign== [[File:Malik-Shah I.jpg|thumb|300px|Malik-Shah I seated on his throne, miniature from the ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh]]'' of [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani]]]] === War of succession === However, right after Malik-Shah's accession, his uncle [[Qavurt]] claimed the throne for himself and sent Malik-Shah a message which said: "I am the eldest brother, and you are a youthful son; I have the greater right to my brother Alp-Arslan's inheritance." Malik-Shah then replied by sending the following message: "A brother does not inherit when there is a son.".{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=88}} This message enraged Qavurt, who thereafter occupied Isfahan. In 1073 a [[Battle of Kerj Abu Dulaf|battle]] took place near [[Hamadan]], which lasted three days. Qavurt was accompanied by his seven sons, and his army consisted of [[Turkmen people|Turkmens]], while the army of Malik-Shah consisted of ''[[ghilman|ghulam]]s'' ("military slaves") and contingents of [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] and [[Arabs|Arab]] troops.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=88}} During the battle, the Turks of Malik-Shah's army mutinied against him, but he nevertheless managed to defeat and capture Qavurt.{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|pp=88-89}} Qavurt then begged for mercy and in return promised to retire to [[Oman]]. However, Nizam al-Mulk declined the offer, claiming that sparing him was an indication of weakness. After some time, Qavurt was strangled to death with a bowstring, while two of his sons were blinded. After having dealt with that problem, Malik-Shah appointed [[Qutlugh-Tegin]] as the governor of [[Fars Province|Fars]] and [[Sav-Tegin]] as the governor of [[Kerman]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=89}} === Warfare with Karakhanids === Malik-Shah then turned his attention towards the Karakhanids, who had after the death of Alp-Arslan invaded [[Tukharistan]], which was ruled by Malik-Shah's brother Ayaz, who was unable to repel the Karakhanids and was killed by them. Malik-Shah eventually managed to repel the Karakhanids and captured [[Tirmidh]], giving Sav-Tegin the key of the city. Malik-Shah then appointed his other brother [[Shihab al-Din Tekish]] as the ruler of Tukharistan and [[Balkh]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|pp=90-91}} During the same period, the [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]] was seizing Seljuk territory in northern [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], but was defeated by Malik-Shah, who then made peace with the latter and gave his daughter [[Gawhar Khatun]] in marriage to Ibrahim's son [[Mas'ud III]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2002|p=179}}{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=94}} === Other wars === In 1074, Malik-Shah ordered the Turkic warlord Arghar to restore what he had destroyed during his raids in the territory of the [[Shirvanshah]] [[Fariburz I]].{{sfn|Minorsky|1958|p=40}} During the same year, he appointed Qavurt's son Rukn al-Dawla Sultan-Shah as the ruler of Kerman.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=89}} One year later, Malik-Shah sent an army under Sav-Tegin to [[Arran (Caucasus)|Arran]], which was ruled by the [[Shaddadid]] ruler [[Al-Fadl III bin al-Fadl II|Fadlun III]]. Sav-Tegin managed to easily conquer the region, thus ending Shaddadid rule. Malik-Shah then gave [[Gorgan]] to Fadlun III as a fief.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=95}} Throughout Malik's reign new institutions of learning were established<ref>{{cite book|last=Gibb|first=H. A. R.|title=The Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 8|year=1960–1985|publisher=Brill |location=Leiden|pages=71}}</ref> and it was during this time that the [[Jalali calendar]] was reformed at the [[Isfahan Observatory|Isfahan observatory]].<ref>''Djalali'', S. H. Taqizadeh, '''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''', Vol. 2, Ed. B. Lewis, C. Pellat and J. Schacht, (E. J. Brill, 1991), 397-398.</ref> In 1086–87, he led an expedition to capture [[Edessa]], [[Manbij]], [[Aleppo]], [[Antioch]] and [[Latakia]].{{sfn|Purton|2009|p=184}} During this expedition, he appointed [[Aq Sunqur al-Hajib|Aq Sunqur]] governor of Aleppo and received homage of the Arab emir of [[Shaizar]], Nasir ibn Ali ibn Munquidh.{{sfn|Richards|2002|p=226}} In 1089, Malik-Shah captured [[Samarkand]] with the support of the local clergy, and imprisoned its Karakhanid ruler Ahmad Khan ibn Khizr, who was the nephew of Terken Khatun. He then marched to [[Semirechye]], and made the Karakhanid Harun Khan ibn Sulayman, the ruler of [[Kashgar]] and [[Khotan]], acknowledge him as his suzerain.{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}} === Domestic policy and Ismailis === {{further|Nizari–Seljuk wars}} In 1092, [[Nizam al-Mulk]] was assassinated near Sihna, on the road to [[Baghdad]], by a man disguised as a [[Sufi]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gibb|first=H. A. R.|title=The Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 8|year=1960–1985|publisher=Brill|location= Leiden|pages=69–72}}</ref> As the assassin was immediately cut down by Nizam's bodyguard, it became impossible to establish with certainty who had sent him. One theory had it that he was an [[Order of Assassins|Assassin]], since these regularly made attempts on the lives of Seljuk officials and rulers during the 11th century. Another theory had it that the attack had been instigated by Malik-Shah, who may have grown tired of his overmighty vizier.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gibb|first=H. A. R.|title=The Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 8|year=1960–1985|publisher=Brill|location= Leiden|pages=72}}</ref> After Nizam al-Mulk's death, Malik-Shah appointed another Persian named [[Taj al-Mulk Abu'l Ghana'im]] as his vizier.{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}} Malik-Shah then went to Baghdad and decided to depose [[al-Muqtadi]] and sent him the following message: "You must relinquish Baghdad to me, and depart to any land you choose." This was because Malik-Shah wanted to appoint his grandson (or nephew) Ja'far as the new caliph.{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=101}} As [[Sunni Muslims]], the Sultan persecuted [[Shiites]], in particular, the [[Ismailis]] of [[Hassan ibn Sabbah]]. Followers of Sabbah managed to occupy the [[Alamut Castle|Alamut fortress]] near [[Qazvin]], and the army under the command of the emir Arslan-Tash, sent by Malik Shah, could not recapture it. The Sultan's [[ghilman]], Kizil Sarug, besieged the Daru fortress in [[Quhistan|Kuhistan]], but ceased hostilities in connection with the death of Malik Shah on November 19, 1092, possibly due to poisoning.<ref>Stroeva L.V. ''"The State of the Ismailis in Iran in the XI - XIII centuries"''. - Publishing House: "Science", 1978. p. 67, 69, 71</ref> == Death and aftermath == Malik-Shah died on 19 November 1092 while he was hunting. He was most likely poisoned by the caliph or the supporters of Nizam al-Mulk. Under the orders of Terken Khatun, Malik-Shah's body was taken back to Isfahan, where it was buried in a [[madrasa]].{{sfn|Durand-Guédy|2012}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Gibb|first=H. A. R.|title=The Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 7|year=1960–1985|publisher=Brill|location= Leiden|pages=275}}</ref> Upon his death, the Seljuk Empire fell into chaos, as rival successors and regional governors carved up their empire and waged war against each other. The situation within the Seljuk lands was further complicated by the beginning of the [[First Crusade]], which detached large portions of Syria and Palestine from Muslim control in 1098 and 1099. The success of the First Crusade is at least in part attributable to the political confusion which resulted from Malik-Shah's death.<ref>[[Jonathan Riley-Smith]], ''The Oxford History of the Crusades'', (Oxford University Press, 2002), 213.</ref> ==Family== One of his wives was [[Terken Khatun (wife of Malik-Shah I)|Terken Khatun]]. She was the daughter of [[Böritigin|Tamghach Khan Ibrahim]].{{sfn|Lambton|1988|p=11}} She was born in 1053. They married in 1065.{{sfn|Lambton|1988|p=263}} She had five sons, Dawud, who died in 1082, Ahmed, who died in 1088–9, aged eleven, Sultan [[Mahmud I of Great Seljuk|Mahmud I]], born in 1087–8,{{sfn|Lambton|1988|pages=226–7}} Abu'l-Qasim, who died in childhood, and another son who died in childhood, and was buried in Ray.<ref name="Bosworth">{{cite book | last=Bosworth | first=E. | title=The History of the Seljuq Turks: The Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishpuri | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-136-75258-2 | page=64}}</ref> She died in 1094.<ref name="Fisher Boyle Boyle Gershevitch 1968 p. 244">{{cite book | last=Fisher | first=William Bayne | last2=Boyle | first2=John Andrew | last3=Gershevitch | first3=Ilya | last4=Yarshater | first4=Ehsan | last5=Frye | first5=Richard Nelson | title=The Cambridge History of Iran | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=Cambridge histories online | issue=v. 5 | year=1968 | isbn=978-0-521-06936-6 | page=244}}</ref> Another of his wives was [[Zubayda Khatun]]. She was born in 1056.<ref name="Browne">{{cite book | last=Browne | first=E.G. | title=A Literary History of Persia: 4 Volume Set | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Library of literary history | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-134-56835-2 | page=301}}</ref> She was the daughter of Yaquti, and the granddaughter of [[Chaghri Beg]]. She was the mother of Malik-Shah's eldest son, Sultan [[Barkiyaruq]].{{sfn|Lambton|1988|pages=227}} She died in 1099.<ref name="Browne"/> One of his concubines<ref name="Bosworth"/> was Taj al-Din Khatun Safariyya,{{sfn|Lambton|1988|p=35}} also known as Bushali.<ref name="Bosworth"/> She was the mother of Sultans [[Muhammad Tapar]] and [[Ahmad Sanjar]],{{sfn|Lambton|1988|p=35}} and another son who died in childhood, and was buried in Ray.<ref name="Bosworth"/> She died in Merv in 1121.{{sfn|Richards|2002|p=232}} Two other sons, whose mothers are unknown were Tughril and Amir Khumarin, who was born with white hairs over his body and white eyelashes.<ref name="Bosworth"/> One of his daughters, [[Mah-i Mulk Khatun]], whose mother was Terken Khatun,<ref>{{cite book | last=El-Hibri | first=T. | title=The Abbasid Caliphate: A History | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2021 | isbn=978-1-107-18324-7 | page=211}}</ref> married Abbasid Caliph [[Al-Muqtadi]] in 1082.<ref name="al-sai">{{cite book | last1=al-Sāʿī | first1=Ibn | last2=Toorawa | first2=Shawkat M. | last3=Bray | first3=Julia | title=كتاب جهات الأئمة الخلفاء من الحرائر والإماء المسمى نساء الخلفاء: Women and the Court of Baghdad | publisher=NYU Press | series=Library of Arabic Literature | year=2017 | pages=62, 63 | isbn=978-1-4798-6679-3 }}</ref> Another daughter, Sitara Khatun, was married to [[Garshasp II]], son of [[Ali ibn Faramurz]].{{sfn|Lambton|1988|p=261}} Another daughter married Najm al-Daula, son of Shahriyar ibn Qarin.{{sfn|Lambton|1988|p=262}} Another daughter was married by Sanjar to the Ispahbud Taj al-Multk Mardavij, son of Ali ibn Mardavij.{{sfn|Lambton|1988|p=262}} Another daughter, Terken Khatun,<ref>{{cite book | last=Basan | first=O.A. | title=The Great Seljuqs: A History | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Studies in the History of Iran and Turkey | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-136-95393-4 | page=132}}</ref> was married to the Kara-Khanid Muhammad Arslan Khan. Their son Rukn al-Din Mahmud Khan, succeeded Sanjar in Khurasan.{{sfn|Lambton|1988|p=263}} Another daughter, [[Gawhar Khatun]], was married to [[Mas'ud III of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Lambton|1988|p=263}} Another daughter, [[Ismah Khatun]],<ref name="al-sai"/> married Abbasid Caliph [[Al-Mustazhir]] in 1109.{{sfn|Lambton|1988|p=268}} ==Legacy== The 18th century English historian [[Edward Gibbon]] wrote of him: {{blockquote|On his father's death the inheritance was disputed by an uncle, a cousin, and a brother: they drew their cimeters, and assembled their followers; and the triple victory of Malek Shah established his own reputation and the right of primogeniture. In every age, and more especially in Asia, the thirst of power has inspired the same passions, and occasioned the same disorders; but, from the long series of civil war, it would not be easy to extract a sentiment more pure and magnanimous than is contained in the saying of the Turkish prince. On the eve of the battle, he performed his devotions at Thous, before the tomb of the Imam Riza. As the sultan rose from the ground, he asked his vizier Nizam, who had knelt beside him, what had been the object of his secret petition: "That your arms may be crowned with victory," was the prudent, and most probably the sincere, answer of the minister. "For my part," replied the generous Malek, "I implored the Lord of Hosts that he would take from me my life and crown, if my brother be more worthy than myself to reign over the Moslems." The favourable judgment of heaven was ratified by the caliph; and for the first time, the sacred title of Commander of the Faithful was communicated to a Barbarian. But this Barbarian, by his personal merit, and the extent of his empire, was the greatest prince of his age.<ref>[[Edward Gibbon]], ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'', New York: The Modern Library, n.d. v. 3, p. 406.</ref>}} ==Personality== Malik-Shah displayed substantial interest in science, art and literature.<ref name=science>{{cite web |title=Malik-Shāh |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Malik-Shah |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> The [[Isfahan Observatory]] or Malikshah Observatory was constructed during his reign, closing shortly after his death in [[1092]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory|last=Sayili|first=Aydin|publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi|year=1960|series=Publications of the Turkish Historical Society, Series VII, No. 38|location=Ankara|pages=159–66|bibcode=1960oipg.book.....S}}</ref> It was from the work at the observatory that the [[Jalali calendar|Jalali Calendar]] was adopted.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam|others=Kalın, İbrahim.|year=2014|isbn=9780199812578|location=Oxford|pages=92|oclc=868981941}}</ref> He thought highly of the art of architecture as well, as he enjoyed building new and splendid mosques in his capital, [[Isfahan]]. He was religiously tolerant which is supported by the fact that during his reign, subjects of the Seljuk Empire enjoyed internal peace and religious tolerance. Malik-Shah also showed lenience towards exquisite poetry as his reign is also memorable for the poetry of [[Omar Khayyam]].<ref name=science/> Despite being arguably the most powerful monarch of his era, it is believed that Malik-Shah was unpretentious and modest. The legend has it that during the years that were hugely successful for Seljuks on all fronts, Malik-Shah, overwhelmed by the imperial might of his dynasty, used to climb to the top of a hill and say the following: "Oh Almighty God, I will somehow cope with the problem of hunger, please save me from the threat of abundance".<ref>{{cite web |title=in Russian |url=http://supol.narod.ru/archive/books/ruhnama.htm}}</ref> Malik Shah did not spend as much time on campaign as his prominent predecessor [[Tughril]] or his father Alp Arslan did. [[Isfahan]] became securely established as his chief city of residence, although in the latter years of his rule Malik Shah preferred to winter in [[Baghdad]]. Whereas Alp Arslan had spent just over a year out of his decade-long reign in Isfahan, Malik Shah resided there for more than half of his rule. Isfahan also served as the burial site of Malik Shah, his descendants, as well as celebrated bureaucrats of the sultanate like Nizam al-Mulk. Malik Shah’s decision of residing in a capital far away from the centers of Turkmen settlement around [[Merv]], [[Ray, Iran|Rayy]], [[Hamadan]], and [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] could well be explained by the increasing distance between him and his nomadic subjects.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=A.C.S. |title=The Great Seljuk Empire |date=2015 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press Ltd |isbn=978-0-7486-3827-7 |page=69}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|2}} == Sources == * {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods | year = 1968 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | chapter = The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217) | pages = 1–202 | isbn = 0-521-06936-X | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&pg=PA1}} * {{cite encyclopedia | article = GOWHAR ḴĀTUN | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gowhar-katun- | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 2 | pages = 179 | location = London et al. | year = 2002 }} *{{cite encyclopedia | last = Bosworth | first = C. E | title = The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040-1186 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YhHVPQAACAAJ&q=The+Later+Ghaznavids | year = 1995 | isbn = 9788121505772 | access-date = 17 May 2014}} * {{cite encyclopedia | article = MALEKŠĀH | last = Durand-Guédy | first = David | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/maleksah | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2012 }} * {{cite book | last=Lambton | first=A.K.S. | title=Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia | publisher=Bibliotheca Persica | series=Bibliotheca Persica | year=1988 | isbn=978-0-88706-133-2}} * {{cite encyclopedia | article = ALP ARSLĀN | last = Luther | first = K. A. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alp-arslan-saljuq-sultan | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8-9 | pages = 895–898 | year = 1985 }} * {{cite book |title=The Passion of al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam |translator-first=Herbert |translator-last=Mason |first=Louis |last=Massignon |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1982 |volume=2}} *{{cite book|last=Minorsky|first=Vladimir|title=A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries|publisher=University of Michigan|year=1958|pages =1–219|isbn=978-1-84511-645-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPMHVEt_wVUC}} *{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Donald Sydney |title=The Annals of the Saljuq Turks: Selections from Al-Kāmil Fīʻl-Taʻrīkh of ʻIzz Al-Dīn Ibn Al-Athīr |year=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=0700715762}} * {{cite encyclopedia | article = SHADDADIDS | last = Peacock | first = Andrew | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shaddadids | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica }} * {{cite book | title = A History of the Early Medieval Siege, C. 450-1220 | year = 2009 | publisher = Boydell & Brewer Ltd | last = Purton | first = Peter Fraser | isbn = 9781843834489}} {{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[Seljuk dynasty|House of Seljuk]]||8 August 1055||19 November 1092}} {{s-reg|}} {{s-bef | before = [[Alp Arslan]] }} {{s-ttl | title = [[List of sultans of the Seljuk Empire|Sultan of the Seljuk Empire]] | years = 15 December 1072 – 19 November 1092 }} {{s-aft | after = [[Mahmud I of Great Seljuk|Mahmud I]] }} {{s-end}} {{Seljuk dynasty}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malik-Shah 01}} [[Category:Seljuk rulers]] [[Category:1055 births]] [[Category:1092 deaths]] [[Category:11th-century Turkic people]] [[Category:People of the Nizari–Seljuk wars]]'