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{{Infobox ecoregion
|name = Tundra
|map = 800px-Map-Tundra.png
|map_size = 300
|map_caption = Map showing Arctic tundra
|climate = [[Polar climate|ET]]
|image = Greenland scoresby-sydkapp2 hg.jpg
|image_caption = Tundra in Greenland
<!-- Area is sum of areas of all WWF tundra ecoregions, from http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html and similar -->
|area = 11563300<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604234555/http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html |archive-date=2011-06-04 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html |title=Ecoregions |publisher=[[World Wildlife Fund]]}}</ref>
}}
In [[physical geography]], '''tundra''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ʌ|n|d|r|ə|,_|ˈ|t|ʊ|n|-}}) is a type of [[biome]] where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term ''tundra'' comes through [[Russian language|Russian]] {{lang|ru|тундра}} (''{{lang|ru-Latn|tundra}}'') from the [[Kildin Sámi language|Kildin Sámi]] word {{lang|sjd|тӯндар}} (''{{lang|sjd-Latn|tūndâr}}'') meaning "uplands", "treeless mountain tract".<ref>{{cite web |title=Tunturista jängälle |trans-title=From fell to mountain |language=fi |work=Kieli-ikkunat
|url=http://www.kotus.fi/julkaisut/ikkunat/1999/kielii1999_19.shtml |last=Aapala |first=Kirsti |access-date=2009-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001211854/http://www.kotus.fi/julkaisut/ikkunat/1999/kielii1999_19.shtml |archive-date=2006-10-01}}</ref> There are three regions and associated types of tundra: Arctic tundra,<ref name="berkeley">{{cite web|title=The Tundra Biome |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html |access-date=2006-03-05 |work=The World's Biomes |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}</ref> [[alpine tundra]],<ref name="berkeley" /> and Antarctic tundra.<ref name="wwf">{{cite web|title=Terrestrial Ecoregions: Antarctica |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805095438/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html |archive-date=2011-08-05 |access-date=2009-11-02 |work=Wild World |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref>
Tundra vegetation is composed of dwarf [[shrubs]], [[Cyperaceae|sedges]], [[Poaceae|grasses]], [[moss]]es, and [[lichen]]s. Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions. The [[ecotone]] (or ecological boundary region) between the tundra and the forest is known as the [[tree line]] or timberline. The tundra soil is rich in [[nitrogen]] and [[phosphorus]].<ref name="berkeley" /> The soil also contains large amounts of biomass and decomposed biomass that has been stored as methane and carbon dioxide in the [[permafrost]], making the tundra soil a [[carbon sink]]. As global warming heats the ecosystem and causes soil thawing, the [[permafrost carbon cycle]] accelerates and releases much of these soil-contained greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, creating [[Climate change feedback|a feedback cycle]] that increases climate change.
== Arctic == <!-- This section is linked from [[Reindeer]] -->
{{anchor|Arctic tundra}}
{{see also|Arctic vegetation}}
Arctic tundra occurs in the far [[Northern Hemisphere]], north of the [[taiga]] belt. The word "tundra" usually refers only to the areas where the subsoil is [[permafrost]], or permanently frozen soil. (It may also refer to the treeless plain in general so that northern [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]] would be included.) Permafrost tundra includes vast areas of northern Russia and Canada.<ref name="berkeley"/> The polar tundra is home to several peoples who are mostly nomadic reindeer herders, such as the [[Nganasan people|Nganasan]] and [[Nenet people|Nenets]] in the permafrost area (and the [[Sami people|Sami]] in [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]]).
[[File:Tundra in Siberia.jpg|thumb|Tundra in [[Siberia]]]]
Arctic tundra contains areas of stark landscape and is frozen for much of the year. The soil there is frozen from {{convert|25|to|90|cm|0|abbr=on}} down, making it impossible for trees to grow. Instead, bare and sometimes rocky land can only support certain kinds of [[Arctic vegetation]], low-growing plants such as moss, heath ([[Ericaceae]] varieties such as [[crowberry]] and [[Arctostaphylos alpina|black bearberry]]), and [[lichen]].
There are two main seasons, winter and summer, in the polar tundra areas. During the winter it is very cold, dark, and windy with the average temperature around {{convert|-28|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, sometimes dipping as low as {{convert|-50|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. However, extreme cold temperatures on the tundra do not drop as low as those experienced in taiga areas further south (for example, Russia's and Canada's lowest temperatures were recorded in locations south of the tree line). During the summer, temperatures rise somewhat, and the top layer of seasonally-frozen soil melts, leaving the ground very soggy. The tundra is covered in marshes, lakes, bogs, and streams during the warm months. Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about {{convert|12|°C|°F|abbr=on}} but can often drop to {{convert|3|°C|°F|abbr=on}} or even below freezing. Arctic tundras are sometimes the subject of [[habitat conservation]] programs. In Canada and Russia, many of these areas are protected through a national [[Biodiversity Action Plan]].
[[File:Vontut National Park.jpg|thumb|left|[[Vuntut National Park]] in Canada]]
Tundra tends to be windy, with winds often blowing upwards of {{convert|50|-|100|kph|mph|-1|abbr=on}}. However, it is desert-like, with only about {{convert|150|-|250|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} of precipitation falling per year (the summer is typically the season of maximum precipitation). Although precipitation is light, evaporation is also relatively minimal. During the summer, the permafrost thaws just enough to let plants grow and reproduce, but because the ground below this is frozen, the water cannot sink any lower, so the water forms the lakes and marshes found during the summer months. There is a natural pattern of accumulation of fuel and wildfire which varies depending on the nature of vegetation and terrain. Research in Alaska has shown fire-event return intervals (FRIs) that typically vary from 150 to 200 years, with dryer lowland areas burning more frequently than wetter highland areas.<ref>{{cite journal|first2=Melissa L. |last2=Chipman |first3=Jennifer L. |last3=Barnes |first4=Michael A. |last4=Urban |first5=Feng Sheng |last5=Hu |name-list-style=amp |title=Variability of tundra fire regimes in Arctic Alaska: millennial-scale patterns and ecological implications |journal=[[Ecological Applications]] |date=December 2011 |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=3211–3226 |doi=10.1890/11-0387.1 |issn=1051-0761 |display-authors=4 |last1=Higuera |first1=Philip E.}}</ref>
[[File:Muskox and Geese.jpg|thumb|A group of [[muskox]]en in Alaska]]
The [[biodiversity]] of tundra is low: 1,700 species of vascular plants and only 48 species of land mammals can be found, although millions of birds migrate there each year for the marshes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibacanada.com/site.jsp?siteID=NU078&seedet=N |title=Great Plain of the Koukdjuak |publisher=Ibacanada.com |access-date=2011-02-16}}</ref> There are also a few fish species. There are few species with large populations. Notable plants in the Arctic tundra include blueberry (''[[Vaccinium uliginosum]]''), crowberry (''[[Empetrum nigrum]]''), reindeer lichen (''[[Cladonia rangiferina]]''), lingonberry (''[[Vaccinium vitis-idaea]]''), and Labrador tea (''[[Rhododendron groenlandicum]]'').<ref name=LakeClark/> Notable animals include [[reindeer]] (caribou), [[musk ox]], [[Arctic hare]], [[Arctic fox]], [[snowy owl]], [[ptarmigan]], [[northern red-backed vole]]s, [[lemming]]s, the [[Ochlerotatus|mosquito]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esa.org/blog/2020/08/04/where-are-arctic-mosquitoes-most-abundant-in-greenland-and-why|publisher=Ecological Society of America|date=2020-08-04|title=Where Are Arctic Mosquitoes Most Abundant in Greenland and Why?}}</ref> and even [[polar bear]]s near the ocean.<ref name=LakeClark>{{cite web|title=Tundra |work=Lake Clark National Park & Preserve |publisher=NPS |url=https://www.nps.gov/lacl/learn/nature/tundra.htm |access-date=2021-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tundra |work=Blue Planet Biomes |url=http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/tundra.htm |access-date=2006-03-05}}</ref> Tundra is largely devoid of [[poikilotherm]]s such as frogs or lizards.
Due to the harsh climate of Arctic tundra, regions of this kind have seen little human activity, even though they are sometimes rich in natural resources such as [[petroleum]], [[natural gas]], and [[uranium]]. In recent times this has begun to change in [[Alaska]], Russia, and some other parts of the world: for example, the [[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] produces 90% of Russia's natural gas.
=== Relationship to global warming ===
A severe threat to tundra is [[global warming]], which causes [[permafrost]] to thaw. The thawing of the permafrost in a given area on human time scales (decades or centuries) could radically change which species can survive there.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tundra Threats |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/tundra-threats.html |access-date=2008-04-03}}</ref> It also represents a significant risk to infrastructure built on top of permafrost, such as roads and pipelines.
In locations where dead vegetation and peat have accumulated, there is a risk of wildfire, such as the {{convert|1039|km2|abbr=on}} of tundra which burned in 2007 on the north slope of the [[Brooks Range]] in Alaska.<ref name="NYT Thaw">{{cite news|title=As Permafrost Thaws, Scientists Study the Risks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/science/earth/warming-arctic-permafrost-fuels-climate-change-worries.html |access-date=December 17, 2011 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 16, 2011 |first=Justin |last=Gillis}}</ref> Such events may both result from and contribute to global warming.<ref name=Nature2011>{{cite journal|first1=Michelle C. |last1=Mack |author1-link=Michelle Cailin Mack |first2=M. Syndonia |last2=Bret-Harte |first3=Teresa N. |last3=Hollingsworth |first4=Randi R. |last4=Jandt |first5=Edward A. G. |last5=Schuur |first6=Gaius R. |last6=Shaver |first7=David L. |last7=Verbyla |display-authors=4 |title=Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=July 28, 2011 |volume=475 |issue=7357 |pages=489–492 |doi=10.1038/nature10283 |pmid=21796209 |url=http://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/wildfires.pdf |access-date=2012-07-20 |bibcode=2011Natur.475..489M |s2cid=4371811 |archive-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114001622/http://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/wildfires.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
==== Greenhouse gas emissions ====
{{excerpt|Permafrost carbon cycle#Carbon release from the permafrost|paragraphs=2-3}}
{{excerpt|Permafrost carbon cycle#Cumulative|hat=no}}
== Antarctic ==
{{anchor|Antarctic tundra}}
[[File:11 Le Mont Werth (908m) devant le Ross.jpg|thumb|right|Tundra on the Kerguelen Islands.]]
Antarctic tundra occurs on Antarctica and on several Antarctic and subantarctic islands, including [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] and the [[Kerguelen Islands]]. Most of Antarctica is too cold and dry to support vegetation, and most of the continent is covered by ice fields. However, some portions of the continent, particularly the [[Antarctic Peninsula]], have areas of rocky soil that support plant life. The flora presently consists of around 300–400 species of lichens, 100 mosses, 25 [[Marchantiophyta|liverworts]], and around 700 terrestrial and aquatic algae species, which live on the areas of exposed rock and soil around the shore of the continent. Antarctica's two flowering plant species, the [[Antarctic hair grass]] (''Deschampsia antarctica'') and [[Antarctic pearlwort]] (''Colobanthus quitensis''), are found on the northern and western parts of the Antarctic Peninsula.<ref>{{cite web |title=Terrestrial Plants |work=British Antarctic Survey: About Antarctica |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//about_antarctica/wildlife/plants/ |access-date=2006-03-05}}</ref>
In contrast with the Arctic tundra, the Antarctic tundra lacks a large mammal fauna, mostly due to its physical isolation from the other continents. Sea mammals and sea birds, including seals and penguins, inhabit areas near the shore, and some small mammals, like rabbits and cats, have been introduced by humans to some of the subantarctic islands. The [[Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra]] [[ecoregion]] includes the [[Bounty Islands]], [[Auckland Islands]], [[Antipodes Islands]], the [[Campbell Island group]], and [[Macquarie Island]].<ref name="wwf2">{{WWF ecoregion|id=aa1101 |name=Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra |access-date=2009-11-02}}</ref> Species endemic to this ecoregion include ''[[Corybas dienemus]]'' and ''[[Corybas sulcatus]]'', the only subantarctic orchids; the [[royal penguin]]; and the [[Antipodean albatross]].<ref name="wwf2"/>
There is some ambiguity on whether [[Magellanic moorland]], on the west coast of [[Patagonia]], should be considered tundra or not.<ref name=Longton1988>{{cite book |last=Longton |first=R.E. |date=1988 |title=Biology of Polar Bryophytes and Lichen |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=20 |isbn=978-0-521-25015-3 |series=Studies in Polar Research }}</ref> [[phytogeography|Phytogeographer]] [[Edmundo Pisano]] called it tundra ({{lang-es|tundra Magallánica}}) since he considered the low temperatures key to restrict plant growth.<ref name=Longton1988/>
The flora and fauna of Antarctica and the Antarctic Islands (south of 60° south latitude) are protected by the [[Antarctic Treaty]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty |work=[[British Antarctic Survey]]: About Antarctica |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//about_antarctica/geopolitical/treaty/ |access-date=2006-03-05}}</ref>
== Alpine ==
{{anchor|Alpine tundra}}
{{main|Alpine tundra}}
[[File:Sahale Peak.jpg|thumb|upright=1.67|Alpine tundra in the [[North Cascades]] of [[Washington (state)|Washington]], United States]]
Alpine tundra does not contain trees because the climate and soils at high altitude block tree growth.<ref>{{cite book |first=D.L. |last=Elliott-Fisk |chapter=The Taiga and Boreal Forest |editor1-first=M.G. |editor1-last=Barbour |editor2-first=M.D. |editor2-last=Billings |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-55986-7 |title=North American Terrestrial Vegetation}}</ref>{{rp|51}} The cold climate of the alpine tundra is caused by the low air temperatures, and is similar to [[polar climate]]. Alpine tundra is generally better drained than arctic soils.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php|title=The tundra biome |publisher=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] |access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Alpine tundra transitions to [[subalpine forest]]s below the tree line; stunted forests occurring at the forest-tundra [[ecotone]] (the [[treeline]]) are known as ''[[Krummholz]]''.
Alpine tundra occurs in mountains worldwide. The flora of the alpine tundra is characterized by plants that grow close to the ground, including [[perennial grass]]es, [[Cyperaceae|sedges]], [[forb]]s, [[cushion plant]]s, [[moss]]es, and [[lichen]]s.<ref name="functional">{{Cite book|first=Christian |last=Körner |title=Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems |place=Berlin |publisher=Springer |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-540-00347-2}}</ref> The flora is adapted to the harsh conditions of the alpine environment, which include low temperatures, dryness, ultraviolet radiation, and a short growing season.
== Climatic classification ==
{{main|Tundra climate|Alpine climate}}
[[File:Kongsfjorden from Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg|thumb|right|Tundra region with fjords, glaciers and mountains. Kongsfjorden, [[Spitsbergen]].]]
Tundra climates ordinarily fit the [[Köppen climate classification]] ''ET'', signifying a local climate in which at least one month has an average temperature high enough to melt snow ({{convert|0|C}}), but no month with an average temperature in excess of {{convert|10|C}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kottek |first1=Markus |last2=Grieser |first2=Jürgen |last3=Beck |first3=Christoph |last4=Rudolf |first4=Bruno |last5=Rubel |first5=Franz |year=2006 |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |journal=Meteorol. Z. |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=259–263 |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130|bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K |url=https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-400838 }}</ref> The cold limit generally meets the ''EF'' climates of [[ice cap|permanent ice and snow]]s; the warm-summer limit generally corresponds with the poleward or altitudinal limit of trees,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geodiode.com/climate/tundra|title=Tundra|website=geodiode.com}}</ref> where they grade into the [[subarctic climate]]s designated ''Dfd'', ''Dwd'' and ''Dsd'' (extreme winters as in parts of [[Siberia]]), ''Dfc'' typical in Alaska, Canada, mountain areas of [[Scandinavia]], [[European Russia]], and [[West Siberian Plain|Western Siberia]] (cold winters with months of freezing).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Peel |first1=M.C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B.L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T.A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644|doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |s2cid=9654551 }}</ref>
Despite the potential diversity of climates in the ''ET'' category involving precipitation, extreme temperatures, and relative wet and dry seasons, this category is rarely subdivided. Rainfall and snowfall are generally slight due to the low [[vapor pressure]] of water in the chilly atmosphere, but as a rule [[potential evapotranspiration]] is extremely low, allowing soggy terrain of swamps and bogs even in places that get precipitation typical of deserts of lower and middle latitudes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/biome/biotundra.php |title=Tundra |work=Earth Observatory |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> The amount of native tundra biomass depends more on the local temperature than the amount of precipitation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Keuper |first1=F. |last2=Parmentier |first2=F.J. |last3=Blok |first3=D. |last4=van Bodegom |first4=P.M. |last5=Dorrepaal |first5=E. |last6=van Hal |first6=J.R. |last7=van Logtestijn |first7=R.S. |last8=Aerts |first8=R. |title=Tundra in the rain: differential vegetation responses to three years of experimentally doubled summer precipitation in Siberian shrub and Swedish bog tundra |journal=Ambio |year=2012 |volume=41 Suppl 3(Suppl 3) |pages=269–80 |doi=10.1007/s13280-012-0305-2 |pmid=22864700 |pmc=3535056}}</ref>
=== Places featuring a tundra climate ===
{{columns-start|colwidth=20em}}
;Alpine tundra
* [[Gavia Pass]], Italy <ref>Valerio Giacomini, ''La Tundra del Gavia'', Pubblication out of commerce for [[Stelvio National Park]] authority, 1975</ref>
* [[Mount Fuji]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |title=Mount Fuji Facts & Worksheets |work=Kidskonnect |date=25 February 2018 |url=https://kidskonnect.com/geography/mount-fuji/ |access-date=2018-02-25}}</ref>
* [[Cerro de Pasco]], Peru<ref>{{cite web |title=Tundra |work=Mindat |url=https://www.mindat.org/climate-ET.html}}</ref>
* [[Apartaderos]], Venezuela
* [[Puno]], [[Peru]]
* [[Kasprowy Wierch]], Poland
* [[High Tatras]], Slovakia
* [[Murghob]], Tajikistan
* [[Mount Wellington (Tasmania)|Mount Wellington]], Australia
* [[Cairn Gorm]], United Kingdom
* [[Putre]], Chile
* [[Coranzuli]], Argentina
* [[Yu Shan]], Taiwan
* [[Juf]], Switzerland
* [[Finse]], [[Norway]]
{{column}}
;Polar tundra
* [[Longyearbyen]], [[Svalbard]], Norway<ref>{{cite web |title=Is Svalbard Tundra or Polar? |work=Restaurant Norman |url=https://www.restaurantnorman.com/is-svalbard-tundra-or-polar/#Is_Svalbard_tundra_or_polar |access-date=2019-08-03}}</ref>
* [[Yamal Peninsula]], [[Russia]]
* [[Iqaluit]], Canada<ref>{{cite web |title=Get to know Iqaluit|work=Artic Kingdom |date=24 July 2020 |url=https://arctickingdom.com/get-to-know-iqaluit/ |access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref>
* [[Utqiagvik, Alaska|Utqiagvik]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Utqiagvik, Alaska tours |work=Alaska Collection |url=https://www.alaskacollection.com/the-arctic/utqiagvik/}}</ref>
* ''[[Kerguelen Islands]], [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands|French Southern Lands]] (France)''<ref>{{cite web |title=Antartic Islands in the Southern Indian Ocean |work=World Wild Life |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/an1104 |access-date=2022-04-01}}</ref>
* ''[[Nuuk]], [[Greenland]] (Denmark) ''<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nuuk |encyclopedia=Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Greenland |access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref>
* ''[[Grytviken]], [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia]] (United Kingdom) ''
* [[Tiksi]], Russia
* ''[[Mykines, Faroe Islands|Mykines]], [[Faroe Islands]] (Denmark)''
* [[Campbell Island, New Zealand|Campbell Island]], New Zealand
{{columns-end}}
== See also ==
* [[Alas (geography)|Alas]]
* [[Fellfield]]
* [[List of tundra ecoregions]] from the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]
* [[Mammoth steppe]]
* [[Park Tundra]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Allaby |first1=Michael |last2=Moore |first2=Peter D. |last3=Day |first3=Trevor |last4=Garratt |first4=Richard |date=2008 |title=Tundra |url=https://archive.org/details/tundra0000moor |url-access=registration |quote=Tundra. |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-5934-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bliss |first=L. C |author2=[[Bill Heal|O. W. Heal]] |author3=J. J. Moore |date =1981 |title =Tundra Ecosystems: A Comparative Analysis |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=mK48AAAAIAAJ&q=Tundra&pg=PP1 |publisher= International Biological Programme Synthesis Series (No. 25) |isbn=978-0-521-22776-6 }}
* {{Cite book |last = Warhol|first = Tom|date =2007 |title =Tundra |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=oYUc7o43cuAC&q=Tundra&pg=PP1 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Benchmark |isbn=978-0-7614-2193-1 }}
* {{Cite book |last =Yu I |first = Chernov |date =1998 |title =The Living Tundra;Studies in Polar Research |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=agc5AAAAIAAJ&q=Tundra&pg=PP1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-35754-8}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*[http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat11.cfm WWF Tundra Ecoregions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223091305/http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat11.cfm |date=2010-02-23 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20011004081203/http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/tundra.html The Arctic biome at Classroom of the Future]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110720194120/http://kaares.ulapland.fi/home/arktinen/tundra/tundra.htm Arctic Feedbacks to Global Warming: Tundra Degradation in the Russian Arctic]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225213602/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/About_Antarctica/Wildlife/Plants/ British Antarctica Survey]
*[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/an1101 Antarctica: West of the Transantarctic Mountains]
*[https://databayou.com/world/tundra.html World Map of Tundra]
{{Sister bar|wikt=tundra|auto=1}}
{{Biomes}}
{{Koppen}}
{{Periglacial environment}}
{{Arctic topics}}
{{Antarctica}}
{{Biodiversity of South Africa|ecoreg}}
{{Earth's landforms}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Tundra| ]]
[[Category:Terrestrial biomes]]
[[Category:Geography of the Arctic]]
[[Category:Environment of the Arctic]]
[[Category:Köppen climate types]]
[[Category:Nearctic realm]]
[[Category:Palearctic realm]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Biome where plant growth is hindered by frigid temperatures}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox ecoregion
|name = Tundra
|map = 800px-Map-Tundra.png
|map_size = 300
|map_caption = Map showing Arctic tundra
|climate = [[Polar climate|ET]]
|image = Greenland scoresby-sydkapp2 hg.jpg
|image_caption = Tundra in Greenland
<!-- Area is sum of areas of all WWF tundra ecoregions, from http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html and similar -->
|area = 11563300<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604234555/http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html |archive-date=2011-06-04 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html |title=Ecoregions |publisher=[[World Wildlife Fund]]}}</ref>
}}
In [[physical geography]], '''tundra''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ʌ|n|d|r|ə|,_|ˈ|t|ʊ|n|-}}) is a type of [[biome]] where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term ''tundra'' comes through [[Russian language|Russian]] {{lang|ru|тундра}} (''{{lang|ru-Latn|tundra}}'') from the [[Kildin Sámi language|Kildin Sámi]] word {{lang|sjd|тӯндар}} (''{{lang|sjd-Latn|tūndâr}}'') meaning "uplands", "treeless mountain tract".<ref>{{cite web |title=Tunturista jängälle |trans-title=From fell to mountain |language=fi |work=Kieli-ikkunat
|url=http://www.kotus.fi/julkaisut/ikkunat/1999/kielii1999_19.shtml |last=Aapala |first=Kirsti |access-date=2009-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001211854/http://www.kotus.fi/julkaisut/ikkunat/1999/kielii1999_19.shtml |archive-date=2006-10-01}}</ref> There are three regions and associated types of tundra: Arctic tundra,<ref name="berkeley">{{cite web|title=The Tundra Biome |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html |access-date=2006-03-05 |work=The World's Biomes |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}</ref> [[alpine tundra]],<ref name="berkeley" /> and Antarctic tundra.<ref name="wwf">{{cite web|title=Terrestrial Ecoregions: Antarctica |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805095438/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html |archive-date=2011-08-05 |access-date=2009-11-02 |work=Wild World |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref>
Tundra vegetation is composed of dwarf [[shrubs]], [[Cyperaceae|sedges]], [[Poaceae|grasses]], [[moss]]es, and [[lichen]]s. Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions. The [[ecotone]] (or ecological boundary region) between the tundra and the forest is known as the [[tree line]] or timberline. The tundra soil is rich in [[nitrogen]] and [[phosphorus]].<ref name="berkeley" /> The soil also contains large amounts of biomass and decomposed biomass that has been stored as methane and carbon dioxide in the [[permafrost]], making the tundra soil a [[carbon sink]]. As global warming heats the ecosystem and causes soil thawing, the [[permafrost carbon cycle]] accelerates and releases much of these soil-contained greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, creating [[Climate change feedback|a feedback cycle]] that increases climate change.
== Antarctic ==
{{anchor|Antarctic tundra}}
[[File:11 Le Mont Werth (908m) devant le Ross.jpg|thumb|right|Tundra on the Kerguelen Islands.]]
Antarctic tundra occurs on Antarctica and on several Antarctic and subantarctic islands, including [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] and the [[Kerguelen Islands]]. Most of Antarctica is too cold and dry to support vegetation, and most of the continent is covered by ice fields. However, some portions of the continent, particularly the [[Antarctic Peninsula]], have areas of rocky soil that support plant life. The flora presently consists of around 300–400 species of lichens, 100 mosses, 25 [[Marchantiophyta|liverworts]], and around 700 terrestrial and aquatic algae species, which live on the areas of exposed rock and soil around the shore of the continent. Antarctica's two flowering plant species, the [[Antarctic hair grass]] (''Deschampsia antarctica'') and [[Antarctic pearlwort]] (''Colobanthus quitensis''), are found on the northern and western parts of the Antarctic Peninsula.<ref>{{cite web |title=Terrestrial Plants |work=British Antarctic Survey: About Antarctica |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//about_antarctica/wildlife/plants/ |access-date=2006-03-05}}</ref>
In contrast with the Arctic tundra, the Antarctic tundra lacks a large mammal fauna, mostly due to its physical isolation from the other continents. Sea mammals and sea birds, including seals and penguins, inhabit areas near the shore, and some small mammals, like rabbits and cats, have been introduced by humans to some of the subantarctic islands. The [[Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra]] [[ecoregion]] includes the [[Bounty Islands]], [[Auckland Islands]], [[Antipodes Islands]], the [[Campbell Island group]], and [[Macquarie Island]].<ref name="wwf2">{{WWF ecoregion|id=aa1101 |name=Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra |access-date=2009-11-02}}</ref> Species endemic to this ecoregion include ''[[Corybas dienemus]]'' and ''[[Corybas sulcatus]]'', the only subantarctic orchids; the [[royal penguin]]; and the [[Antipodean albatross]].<ref name="wwf2"/>
There is some ambiguity on whether [[Magellanic moorland]], on the west coast of [[Patagonia]], should be considered tundra or not.<ref name=Longton1988>{{cite book |last=Longton |first=R.E. |date=1988 |title=Biology of Polar Bryophytes and Lichen |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=20 |isbn=978-0-521-25015-3 |series=Studies in Polar Research }}</ref> [[phytogeography|Phytogeographer]] [[Edmundo Pisano]] called it tundra ({{lang-es|tundra Magallánica}}) since he considered the low temperatures key to restrict plant growth.<ref name=Longton1988/>
The flora and fauna of Antarctica and the Antarctic Islands (south of 60° south latitude) are protected by the [[Antarctic Treaty]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty |work=[[British Antarctic Survey]]: About Antarctica |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//about_antarctica/geopolitical/treaty/ |access-date=2006-03-05}}</ref>
== Alpine ==
{{anchor|Alpine tundra}}
{{main|Alpine tundra}}
[[File:Sahale Peak.jpg|thumb|upright=1.67|Alpine tundra in the [[North Cascades]] of [[Washington (state)|Washington]], United States]]
Alpine tundra does not contain trees because the climate and soils at high altitude block tree growth.<ref>{{cite book |first=D.L. |last=Elliott-Fisk |chapter=The Taiga and Boreal Forest |editor1-first=M.G. |editor1-last=Barbour |editor2-first=M.D. |editor2-last=Billings |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-55986-7 |title=North American Terrestrial Vegetation}}</ref>{{rp|51}} The cold climate of the alpine tundra is caused by the low air temperatures, and is similar to [[polar climate]]. Alpine tundra is generally better drained than arctic soils.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php|title=The tundra biome |publisher=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] |access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Alpine tundra transitions to [[subalpine forest]]s below the tree line; stunted forests occurring at the forest-tundra [[ecotone]] (the [[treeline]]) are known as ''[[Krummholz]]''.
Alpine tundra occurs in mountains worldwide. The flora of the alpine tundra is characterized by plants that grow close to the ground, including [[perennial grass]]es, [[Cyperaceae|sedges]], [[forb]]s, [[cushion plant]]s, [[moss]]es, and [[lichen]]s.<ref name="functional">{{Cite book|first=Christian |last=Körner |title=Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems |place=Berlin |publisher=Springer |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-540-00347-2}}</ref> The flora is adapted to the harsh conditions of the alpine environment, which include low temperatures, dryness, ultraviolet radiation, and a short growing season.
== Climatic classification ==
{{main|Tundra climate|Alpine climate}}
[[File:Kongsfjorden from Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg|thumb|right|Tundra region with fjords, glaciers and mountains. Kongsfjorden, [[Spitsbergen]].]]
Tundra climates ordinarily fit the [[Köppen climate classification]] ''ET'', signifying a local climate in which at least one month has an average temperature high enough to melt snow ({{convert|0|C}}), but no month with an average temperature in excess of {{convert|10|C}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kottek |first1=Markus |last2=Grieser |first2=Jürgen |last3=Beck |first3=Christoph |last4=Rudolf |first4=Bruno |last5=Rubel |first5=Franz |year=2006 |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |journal=Meteorol. Z. |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=259–263 |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130|bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K |url=https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-400838 }}</ref> The cold limit generally meets the ''EF'' climates of [[ice cap|permanent ice and snow]]s; the warm-summer limit generally corresponds with the poleward or altitudinal limit of trees,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geodiode.com/climate/tundra|title=Tundra|website=geodiode.com}}</ref> where they grade into the [[subarctic climate]]s designated ''Dfd'', ''Dwd'' and ''Dsd'' (extreme winters as in parts of [[Siberia]]), ''Dfc'' typical in Alaska, Canada, mountain areas of [[Scandinavia]], [[European Russia]], and [[West Siberian Plain|Western Siberia]] (cold winters with months of freezing).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Peel |first1=M.C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B.L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T.A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644|doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |s2cid=9654551 }}</ref>
Despite the potential diversity of climates in the ''ET'' category involving precipitation, extreme temperatures, and relative wet and dry seasons, this category is rarely subdivided. Rainfall and snowfall are generally slight due to the low [[vapor pressure]] of water in the chilly atmosphere, but as a rule [[potential evapotranspiration]] is extremely low, allowing soggy terrain of swamps and bogs even in places that get precipitation typical of deserts of lower and middle latitudes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/biome/biotundra.php |title=Tundra |work=Earth Observatory |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> The amount of native tundra biomass depends more on the local temperature than the amount of precipitation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Keuper |first1=F. |last2=Parmentier |first2=F.J. |last3=Blok |first3=D. |last4=van Bodegom |first4=P.M. |last5=Dorrepaal |first5=E. |last6=van Hal |first6=J.R. |last7=van Logtestijn |first7=R.S. |last8=Aerts |first8=R. |title=Tundra in the rain: differential vegetation responses to three years of experimentally doubled summer precipitation in Siberian shrub and Swedish bog tundra |journal=Ambio |year=2012 |volume=41 Suppl 3(Suppl 3) |pages=269–80 |doi=10.1007/s13280-012-0305-2 |pmid=22864700 |pmc=3535056}}</ref>
=== Places featuring a tundra climate ===
{{columns-start|colwidth=20em}}
;Alpine tundra
* [[Gavia Pass]], Italy <ref>Valerio Giacomini, ''La Tundra del Gavia'', Pubblication out of commerce for [[Stelvio National Park]] authority, 1975</ref>
* [[Mount Fuji]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |title=Mount Fuji Facts & Worksheets |work=Kidskonnect |date=25 February 2018 |url=https://kidskonnect.com/geography/mount-fuji/ |access-date=2018-02-25}}</ref>
* [[Cerro de Pasco]], Peru<ref>{{cite web |title=Tundra |work=Mindat |url=https://www.mindat.org/climate-ET.html}}</ref>
* [[Apartaderos]], Venezuela
* [[Puno]], [[Peru]]
* [[Kasprowy Wierch]], Poland
* [[High Tatras]], Slovakia
* [[Murghob]], Tajikistan
* [[Mount Wellington (Tasmania)|Mount Wellington]], Australia
* [[Cairn Gorm]], United Kingdom
* [[Putre]], Chile
* [[Coranzuli]], Argentina
* [[Yu Shan]], Taiwan
* [[Juf]], Switzerland
* [[Finse]], [[Norway]]
{{column}}
;Polar tundra
* [[Longyearbyen]], [[Svalbard]], Norway<ref>{{cite web |title=Is Svalbard Tundra or Polar? |work=Restaurant Norman |url=https://www.restaurantnorman.com/is-svalbard-tundra-or-polar/#Is_Svalbard_tundra_or_polar |access-date=2019-08-03}}</ref>
* [[Yamal Peninsula]], [[Russia]]
* [[Iqaluit]], Canada<ref>{{cite web |title=Get to know Iqaluit|work=Artic Kingdom |date=24 July 2020 |url=https://arctickingdom.com/get-to-know-iqaluit/ |access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref>
* [[Utqiagvik, Alaska|Utqiagvik]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Utqiagvik, Alaska tours |work=Alaska Collection |url=https://www.alaskacollection.com/the-arctic/utqiagvik/}}</ref>
* ''[[Kerguelen Islands]], [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands|French Southern Lands]] (France)''<ref>{{cite web |title=Antartic Islands in the Southern Indian Ocean |work=World Wild Life |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/an1104 |access-date=2022-04-01}}</ref>
* ''[[Nuuk]], [[Greenland]] (Denmark) ''<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nuuk |encyclopedia=Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Greenland |access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref>
* ''[[Grytviken]], [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia]] (United Kingdom) ''
* [[Tiksi]], Russia
* ''[[Mykines, Faroe Islands|Mykines]], [[Faroe Islands]] (Denmark)''
* [[Campbell Island, New Zealand|Campbell Island]], New Zealand
{{columns-end}}
== See also ==
* [[Alas (geography)|Alas]]
* [[Fellfield]]
* [[List of tundra ecoregions]] from the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]
* [[Mammoth steppe]]
* [[Park Tundra]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Allaby |first1=Michael |last2=Moore |first2=Peter D. |last3=Day |first3=Trevor |last4=Garratt |first4=Richard |date=2008 |title=Tundra |url=https://archive.org/details/tundra0000moor |url-access=registration |quote=Tundra. |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-5934-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bliss |first=L. C |author2=[[Bill Heal|O. W. Heal]] |author3=J. J. Moore |date =1981 |title =Tundra Ecosystems: A Comparative Analysis |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=mK48AAAAIAAJ&q=Tundra&pg=PP1 |publisher= International Biological Programme Synthesis Series (No. 25) |isbn=978-0-521-22776-6 }}
* {{Cite book |last = Warhol|first = Tom|date =2007 |title =Tundra |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=oYUc7o43cuAC&q=Tundra&pg=PP1 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Benchmark |isbn=978-0-7614-2193-1 }}
* {{Cite book |last =Yu I |first = Chernov |date =1998 |title =The Living Tundra;Studies in Polar Research |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=agc5AAAAIAAJ&q=Tundra&pg=PP1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-35754-8}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*[http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat11.cfm WWF Tundra Ecoregions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223091305/http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat11.cfm |date=2010-02-23 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20011004081203/http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/tundra.html The Arctic biome at Classroom of the Future]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110720194120/http://kaares.ulapland.fi/home/arktinen/tundra/tundra.htm Arctic Feedbacks to Global Warming: Tundra Degradation in the Russian Arctic]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225213602/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/About_Antarctica/Wildlife/Plants/ British Antarctica Survey]
*[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/an1101 Antarctica: West of the Transantarctic Mountains]
*[https://databayou.com/world/tundra.html World Map of Tundra]
{{Sister bar|wikt=tundra|auto=1}}
{{Biomes}}
{{Koppen}}
{{Periglacial environment}}
{{Arctic topics}}
{{Antarctica}}
{{Biodiversity of South Africa|ecoreg}}
{{Earth's landforms}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Tundra| ]]
[[Category:Terrestrial biomes]]
[[Category:Geography of the Arctic]]
[[Category:Environment of the Arctic]]
[[Category:Köppen climate types]]
[[Category:Nearctic realm]]
[[Category:Palearctic realm]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -17,31 +17,4 @@
Tundra vegetation is composed of dwarf [[shrubs]], [[Cyperaceae|sedges]], [[Poaceae|grasses]], [[moss]]es, and [[lichen]]s. Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions. The [[ecotone]] (or ecological boundary region) between the tundra and the forest is known as the [[tree line]] or timberline. The tundra soil is rich in [[nitrogen]] and [[phosphorus]].<ref name="berkeley" /> The soil also contains large amounts of biomass and decomposed biomass that has been stored as methane and carbon dioxide in the [[permafrost]], making the tundra soil a [[carbon sink]]. As global warming heats the ecosystem and causes soil thawing, the [[permafrost carbon cycle]] accelerates and releases much of these soil-contained greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, creating [[Climate change feedback|a feedback cycle]] that increases climate change.
-
-== Arctic == <!-- This section is linked from [[Reindeer]] -->
-{{anchor|Arctic tundra}}
-{{see also|Arctic vegetation}}
-Arctic tundra occurs in the far [[Northern Hemisphere]], north of the [[taiga]] belt. The word "tundra" usually refers only to the areas where the subsoil is [[permafrost]], or permanently frozen soil. (It may also refer to the treeless plain in general so that northern [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]] would be included.) Permafrost tundra includes vast areas of northern Russia and Canada.<ref name="berkeley"/> The polar tundra is home to several peoples who are mostly nomadic reindeer herders, such as the [[Nganasan people|Nganasan]] and [[Nenet people|Nenets]] in the permafrost area (and the [[Sami people|Sami]] in [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]]).
-[[File:Tundra in Siberia.jpg|thumb|Tundra in [[Siberia]]]]
-
-Arctic tundra contains areas of stark landscape and is frozen for much of the year. The soil there is frozen from {{convert|25|to|90|cm|0|abbr=on}} down, making it impossible for trees to grow. Instead, bare and sometimes rocky land can only support certain kinds of [[Arctic vegetation]], low-growing plants such as moss, heath ([[Ericaceae]] varieties such as [[crowberry]] and [[Arctostaphylos alpina|black bearberry]]), and [[lichen]].
-
-There are two main seasons, winter and summer, in the polar tundra areas. During the winter it is very cold, dark, and windy with the average temperature around {{convert|-28|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, sometimes dipping as low as {{convert|-50|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. However, extreme cold temperatures on the tundra do not drop as low as those experienced in taiga areas further south (for example, Russia's and Canada's lowest temperatures were recorded in locations south of the tree line). During the summer, temperatures rise somewhat, and the top layer of seasonally-frozen soil melts, leaving the ground very soggy. The tundra is covered in marshes, lakes, bogs, and streams during the warm months. Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about {{convert|12|°C|°F|abbr=on}} but can often drop to {{convert|3|°C|°F|abbr=on}} or even below freezing. Arctic tundras are sometimes the subject of [[habitat conservation]] programs. In Canada and Russia, many of these areas are protected through a national [[Biodiversity Action Plan]].
-
-[[File:Vontut National Park.jpg|thumb|left|[[Vuntut National Park]] in Canada]]
-Tundra tends to be windy, with winds often blowing upwards of {{convert|50|-|100|kph|mph|-1|abbr=on}}. However, it is desert-like, with only about {{convert|150|-|250|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} of precipitation falling per year (the summer is typically the season of maximum precipitation). Although precipitation is light, evaporation is also relatively minimal. During the summer, the permafrost thaws just enough to let plants grow and reproduce, but because the ground below this is frozen, the water cannot sink any lower, so the water forms the lakes and marshes found during the summer months. There is a natural pattern of accumulation of fuel and wildfire which varies depending on the nature of vegetation and terrain. Research in Alaska has shown fire-event return intervals (FRIs) that typically vary from 150 to 200 years, with dryer lowland areas burning more frequently than wetter highland areas.<ref>{{cite journal|first2=Melissa L. |last2=Chipman |first3=Jennifer L. |last3=Barnes |first4=Michael A. |last4=Urban |first5=Feng Sheng |last5=Hu |name-list-style=amp |title=Variability of tundra fire regimes in Arctic Alaska: millennial-scale patterns and ecological implications |journal=[[Ecological Applications]] |date=December 2011 |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=3211–3226 |doi=10.1890/11-0387.1 |issn=1051-0761 |display-authors=4 |last1=Higuera |first1=Philip E.}}</ref>
-[[File:Muskox and Geese.jpg|thumb|A group of [[muskox]]en in Alaska]]
-
-The [[biodiversity]] of tundra is low: 1,700 species of vascular plants and only 48 species of land mammals can be found, although millions of birds migrate there each year for the marshes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibacanada.com/site.jsp?siteID=NU078&seedet=N |title=Great Plain of the Koukdjuak |publisher=Ibacanada.com |access-date=2011-02-16}}</ref> There are also a few fish species. There are few species with large populations. Notable plants in the Arctic tundra include blueberry (''[[Vaccinium uliginosum]]''), crowberry (''[[Empetrum nigrum]]''), reindeer lichen (''[[Cladonia rangiferina]]''), lingonberry (''[[Vaccinium vitis-idaea]]''), and Labrador tea (''[[Rhododendron groenlandicum]]'').<ref name=LakeClark/> Notable animals include [[reindeer]] (caribou), [[musk ox]], [[Arctic hare]], [[Arctic fox]], [[snowy owl]], [[ptarmigan]], [[northern red-backed vole]]s, [[lemming]]s, the [[Ochlerotatus|mosquito]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esa.org/blog/2020/08/04/where-are-arctic-mosquitoes-most-abundant-in-greenland-and-why|publisher=Ecological Society of America|date=2020-08-04|title=Where Are Arctic Mosquitoes Most Abundant in Greenland and Why?}}</ref> and even [[polar bear]]s near the ocean.<ref name=LakeClark>{{cite web|title=Tundra |work=Lake Clark National Park & Preserve |publisher=NPS |url=https://www.nps.gov/lacl/learn/nature/tundra.htm |access-date=2021-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tundra |work=Blue Planet Biomes |url=http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/tundra.htm |access-date=2006-03-05}}</ref> Tundra is largely devoid of [[poikilotherm]]s such as frogs or lizards.
-
-Due to the harsh climate of Arctic tundra, regions of this kind have seen little human activity, even though they are sometimes rich in natural resources such as [[petroleum]], [[natural gas]], and [[uranium]]. In recent times this has begun to change in [[Alaska]], Russia, and some other parts of the world: for example, the [[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] produces 90% of Russia's natural gas.
-
-=== Relationship to global warming ===
-A severe threat to tundra is [[global warming]], which causes [[permafrost]] to thaw. The thawing of the permafrost in a given area on human time scales (decades or centuries) could radically change which species can survive there.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tundra Threats |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/tundra-threats.html |access-date=2008-04-03}}</ref> It also represents a significant risk to infrastructure built on top of permafrost, such as roads and pipelines.
-
-In locations where dead vegetation and peat have accumulated, there is a risk of wildfire, such as the {{convert|1039|km2|abbr=on}} of tundra which burned in 2007 on the north slope of the [[Brooks Range]] in Alaska.<ref name="NYT Thaw">{{cite news|title=As Permafrost Thaws, Scientists Study the Risks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/science/earth/warming-arctic-permafrost-fuels-climate-change-worries.html |access-date=December 17, 2011 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 16, 2011 |first=Justin |last=Gillis}}</ref> Such events may both result from and contribute to global warming.<ref name=Nature2011>{{cite journal|first1=Michelle C. |last1=Mack |author1-link=Michelle Cailin Mack |first2=M. Syndonia |last2=Bret-Harte |first3=Teresa N. |last3=Hollingsworth |first4=Randi R. |last4=Jandt |first5=Edward A. G. |last5=Schuur |first6=Gaius R. |last6=Shaver |first7=David L. |last7=Verbyla |display-authors=4 |title=Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=July 28, 2011 |volume=475 |issue=7357 |pages=489–492 |doi=10.1038/nature10283 |pmid=21796209 |url=http://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/wildfires.pdf |access-date=2012-07-20 |bibcode=2011Natur.475..489M |s2cid=4371811 |archive-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114001622/http://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/wildfires.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-
-==== Greenhouse gas emissions ====
-{{excerpt|Permafrost carbon cycle#Carbon release from the permafrost|paragraphs=2-3}}
-{{excerpt|Permafrost carbon cycle#Cumulative|hat=no}}
== Antarctic ==
' |
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0 => '',
1 => '== Arctic == <!-- This section is linked from [[Reindeer]] -->',
2 => '{{anchor|Arctic tundra}}',
3 => '{{see also|Arctic vegetation}}',
4 => 'Arctic tundra occurs in the far [[Northern Hemisphere]], north of the [[taiga]] belt. The word "tundra" usually refers only to the areas where the subsoil is [[permafrost]], or permanently frozen soil. (It may also refer to the treeless plain in general so that northern [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]] would be included.) Permafrost tundra includes vast areas of northern Russia and Canada.<ref name="berkeley"/> The polar tundra is home to several peoples who are mostly nomadic reindeer herders, such as the [[Nganasan people|Nganasan]] and [[Nenet people|Nenets]] in the permafrost area (and the [[Sami people|Sami]] in [[Sápmi (area)|Sápmi]]).',
5 => '[[File:Tundra in Siberia.jpg|thumb|Tundra in [[Siberia]]]]',
6 => '',
7 => 'Arctic tundra contains areas of stark landscape and is frozen for much of the year. The soil there is frozen from {{convert|25|to|90|cm|0|abbr=on}} down, making it impossible for trees to grow. Instead, bare and sometimes rocky land can only support certain kinds of [[Arctic vegetation]], low-growing plants such as moss, heath ([[Ericaceae]] varieties such as [[crowberry]] and [[Arctostaphylos alpina|black bearberry]]), and [[lichen]].',
8 => '',
9 => 'There are two main seasons, winter and summer, in the polar tundra areas. During the winter it is very cold, dark, and windy with the average temperature around {{convert|-28|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, sometimes dipping as low as {{convert|-50|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. However, extreme cold temperatures on the tundra do not drop as low as those experienced in taiga areas further south (for example, Russia's and Canada's lowest temperatures were recorded in locations south of the tree line). During the summer, temperatures rise somewhat, and the top layer of seasonally-frozen soil melts, leaving the ground very soggy. The tundra is covered in marshes, lakes, bogs, and streams during the warm months. Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about {{convert|12|°C|°F|abbr=on}} but can often drop to {{convert|3|°C|°F|abbr=on}} or even below freezing. Arctic tundras are sometimes the subject of [[habitat conservation]] programs. In Canada and Russia, many of these areas are protected through a national [[Biodiversity Action Plan]].',
10 => '',
11 => '[[File:Vontut National Park.jpg|thumb|left|[[Vuntut National Park]] in Canada]]',
12 => 'Tundra tends to be windy, with winds often blowing upwards of {{convert|50|-|100|kph|mph|-1|abbr=on}}. However, it is desert-like, with only about {{convert|150|-|250|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} of precipitation falling per year (the summer is typically the season of maximum precipitation). Although precipitation is light, evaporation is also relatively minimal. During the summer, the permafrost thaws just enough to let plants grow and reproduce, but because the ground below this is frozen, the water cannot sink any lower, so the water forms the lakes and marshes found during the summer months. There is a natural pattern of accumulation of fuel and wildfire which varies depending on the nature of vegetation and terrain. Research in Alaska has shown fire-event return intervals (FRIs) that typically vary from 150 to 200 years, with dryer lowland areas burning more frequently than wetter highland areas.<ref>{{cite journal|first2=Melissa L. |last2=Chipman |first3=Jennifer L. |last3=Barnes |first4=Michael A. |last4=Urban |first5=Feng Sheng |last5=Hu |name-list-style=amp |title=Variability of tundra fire regimes in Arctic Alaska: millennial-scale patterns and ecological implications |journal=[[Ecological Applications]] |date=December 2011 |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=3211–3226 |doi=10.1890/11-0387.1 |issn=1051-0761 |display-authors=4 |last1=Higuera |first1=Philip E.}}</ref>',
13 => '[[File:Muskox and Geese.jpg|thumb|A group of [[muskox]]en in Alaska]]',
14 => '',
15 => 'The [[biodiversity]] of tundra is low: 1,700 species of vascular plants and only 48 species of land mammals can be found, although millions of birds migrate there each year for the marshes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibacanada.com/site.jsp?siteID=NU078&seedet=N |title=Great Plain of the Koukdjuak |publisher=Ibacanada.com |access-date=2011-02-16}}</ref> There are also a few fish species. There are few species with large populations. Notable plants in the Arctic tundra include blueberry (''[[Vaccinium uliginosum]]''), crowberry (''[[Empetrum nigrum]]''), reindeer lichen (''[[Cladonia rangiferina]]''), lingonberry (''[[Vaccinium vitis-idaea]]''), and Labrador tea (''[[Rhododendron groenlandicum]]'').<ref name=LakeClark/> Notable animals include [[reindeer]] (caribou), [[musk ox]], [[Arctic hare]], [[Arctic fox]], [[snowy owl]], [[ptarmigan]], [[northern red-backed vole]]s, [[lemming]]s, the [[Ochlerotatus|mosquito]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esa.org/blog/2020/08/04/where-are-arctic-mosquitoes-most-abundant-in-greenland-and-why|publisher=Ecological Society of America|date=2020-08-04|title=Where Are Arctic Mosquitoes Most Abundant in Greenland and Why?}}</ref> and even [[polar bear]]s near the ocean.<ref name=LakeClark>{{cite web|title=Tundra |work=Lake Clark National Park & Preserve |publisher=NPS |url=https://www.nps.gov/lacl/learn/nature/tundra.htm |access-date=2021-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tundra |work=Blue Planet Biomes |url=http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/tundra.htm |access-date=2006-03-05}}</ref> Tundra is largely devoid of [[poikilotherm]]s such as frogs or lizards.',
16 => '',
17 => 'Due to the harsh climate of Arctic tundra, regions of this kind have seen little human activity, even though they are sometimes rich in natural resources such as [[petroleum]], [[natural gas]], and [[uranium]]. In recent times this has begun to change in [[Alaska]], Russia, and some other parts of the world: for example, the [[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] produces 90% of Russia's natural gas.',
18 => '',
19 => '=== Relationship to global warming ===',
20 => 'A severe threat to tundra is [[global warming]], which causes [[permafrost]] to thaw. The thawing of the permafrost in a given area on human time scales (decades or centuries) could radically change which species can survive there.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tundra Threats |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/tundra-threats.html |access-date=2008-04-03}}</ref> It also represents a significant risk to infrastructure built on top of permafrost, such as roads and pipelines. ',
21 => '',
22 => 'In locations where dead vegetation and peat have accumulated, there is a risk of wildfire, such as the {{convert|1039|km2|abbr=on}} of tundra which burned in 2007 on the north slope of the [[Brooks Range]] in Alaska.<ref name="NYT Thaw">{{cite news|title=As Permafrost Thaws, Scientists Study the Risks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/science/earth/warming-arctic-permafrost-fuels-climate-change-worries.html |access-date=December 17, 2011 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 16, 2011 |first=Justin |last=Gillis}}</ref> Such events may both result from and contribute to global warming.<ref name=Nature2011>{{cite journal|first1=Michelle C. |last1=Mack |author1-link=Michelle Cailin Mack |first2=M. Syndonia |last2=Bret-Harte |first3=Teresa N. |last3=Hollingsworth |first4=Randi R. |last4=Jandt |first5=Edward A. G. |last5=Schuur |first6=Gaius R. |last6=Shaver |first7=David L. |last7=Verbyla |display-authors=4 |title=Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=July 28, 2011 |volume=475 |issue=7357 |pages=489–492 |doi=10.1038/nature10283 |pmid=21796209 |url=http://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/wildfires.pdf |access-date=2012-07-20 |bibcode=2011Natur.475..489M |s2cid=4371811 |archive-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114001622/http://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/wildfires.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>',
23 => '',
24 => '==== Greenhouse gas emissions ====',
25 => '{{excerpt|Permafrost carbon cycle#Carbon release from the permafrost|paragraphs=2-3}}',
26 => '{{excerpt|Permafrost carbon cycle#Cumulative|hat=no}}'
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44 => 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abcc29',
45 => 'http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/tundra-threats.html',
46 => 'http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/71/6/1889',
47 => 'http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555906205171',
48 => 'http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//about_antarctica/wildlife/plants/',
49 => 'http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//about_antarctica/geopolitical/treaty/',
50 => 'http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/tundra.htm',
51 => 'http://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/wildfires.pdf',
52 => 'http://www.ibacanada.com/site.jsp?siteID=NU078&seedet=N',
53 => 'http://www.kotus.fi/julkaisut/ikkunat/1999/kielii1999_19.shtml',
54 => 'http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html',
55 => 'http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat11.cfm',
56 => 'http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html',
57 => 'http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/an1101',
58 => 'http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html',
59 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126789&CON_LNG=ENG',
60 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4371811',
61 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234515282',
62 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9654551',
63 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252221350',
64 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248917625',
65 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252161375',
66 => 'https://archive.org/details/tundra0000moor',
67 => 'https://arctickingdom.com/get-to-know-iqaluit/',
68 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=agc5AAAAIAAJ&q=Tundra&pg=PP1',
69 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=mK48AAAAIAAJ&q=Tundra&pg=PP1',
70 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=oYUc7o43cuAC&q=Tundra&pg=PP1',
71 => 'https://climatetippingpoints.info/2022/09/09/climate-tipping-points-reassessment-explainer/',
72 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061205-3',
73 => 'https://databayou.com/world/tundra.html',
74 => 'https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/biome/biotundra.php',
75 => 'https://geodiode.com/climate/tundra',
76 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85138590',
77 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573523',
78 => 'https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aad5f0',
79 => 'https://kidskonnect.com/geography/mount-fuji/',
80 => 'https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-400838',
81 => 'https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php',
82 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MetZe..15..259K',
83 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P',
84 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SSASJ..71.1889B',
85 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Oecol.163..785N',
86 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.475..489M',
87 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115.8252S',
88 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AGUFMB027...08S',
89 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.6329P',
90 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11720438H',
91 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021BGeo...18.4937M',
92 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11803081D',
93 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PNAS..11917308K',
94 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PNAS..11901191D',
95 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ScTEn.855o8710L',
96 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20011004081203/http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/tundra.html',
97 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20051225213602/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/About_Antarctica/Wildlife/Plants/',
98 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20061001211854/http://www.kotus.fi/julkaisut/ikkunat/1999/kielii1999_19.shtml',
99 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090717063627/http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/71/6/1889',
100 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100223091305/http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat11.cfm',
101 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110604234555/http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_na.html',
102 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110720194120/http://kaares.ulapland.fi/home/arktinen/tundra/tundra.htm',
103 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110805095438/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_an.html',
104 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121114001622/http://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/wildfires.pdf',
105 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170519052405/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/science/earth/warming-arctic-permafrost-fuels-climate-change-worries.html?pagewanted=all',
106 => 'https://www.50x30.net/carbon-emissions-from-permafrost',
107 => 'https://www.alaskacollection.com/the-arctic/utqiagvik/',
108 => 'https://www.britannica.com/place/Greenland',
109 => 'https://www.esa.org/blog/2020/08/04/where-are-arctic-mosquitoes-most-abundant-in-greenland-and-why',
110 => 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/',
111 => 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf',
112 => 'https://www.mindat.org/climate-ET.html',
113 => 'https://www.nps.gov/lacl/learn/nature/tundra.htm',
114 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/science/earth/warming-arctic-permafrost-fuels-climate-change-worries.html?pagewanted=all',
115 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/science/earth/warming-arctic-permafrost-fuels-climate-change-worries.html',
116 => 'https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2117308119',
117 => 'https://www.restaurantnorman.com/is-svalbard-tundra-or-polar/#Is_Svalbard_tundra_or_polar',
118 => 'https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn7950',
119 => 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016706121006819',
120 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43262#identifiers',
121 => 'https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/aa1101',
122 => 'https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/an1104'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biome where plant growth is hindered by frigid temperatures</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tundra_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tundra (disambiguation)">Tundra (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Tundra</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Greenland_scoresby-sydkapp2_hg.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Greenland scoresby-sydkapp2 hg.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Greenland_scoresby-sydkapp2_hg.jpg/272px-Greenland_scoresby-sydkapp2_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="204" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Greenland_scoresby-sydkapp2_hg.jpg/408px-Greenland_scoresby-sydkapp2_hg.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Greenland_scoresby-sydkapp2_hg.jpg/544px-Greenland_scoresby-sydkapp2_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Tundra in Greenland</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:800px-Map-Tundra.png" class="image"><img alt="800px-Map-Tundra.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/800px-Map-Tundra.png/300px-800px-Map-Tundra.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/800px-Map-Tundra.png/450px-800px-Map-Tundra.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/800px-Map-Tundra.png/600px-800px-Map-Tundra.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="370" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Map showing Arctic tundra</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">11,563,300<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (4,464,600 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Climate type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">ET</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a>, <b>tundra</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>-/</a></span></span>) is a type of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term <i>tundra</i> comes through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">тундра</span></span> (<i><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">tundra</i></span></i>) from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sámi language">Kildin Sámi</a> word <span title="Kildin Sami-language text"><span lang="sjd">тӯндар</span></span> (<i><span title="Kildin Sami-language text"><i lang="sjd-Latn">tūndâr</i></span></i>) meaning "uplands", "treeless mountain tract".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> There are three regions and associated types of tundra: Arctic tundra,<sup id="cite_ref-berkeley_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkeley-3">[3]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine tundra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-berkeley_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkeley-3">[3]</a></sup> and Antarctic tundra.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tundra vegetation is composed of dwarf <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrubs">shrubs</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedges</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>. Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">ecotone</a> (or ecological boundary region) between the tundra and the forest is known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a> or timberline. The tundra soil is rich in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-berkeley_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkeley-3">[3]</a></sup> The soil also contains large amounts of biomass and decomposed biomass that has been stored as methane and carbon dioxide in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, making the tundra soil a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a>. As global warming heats the ecosystem and causes soil thawing, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost carbon cycle</a> accelerates and releases much of these soil-contained greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, creating <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_change_feedback" title="Climate change feedback">a feedback cycle</a> that increases climate change.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Antarctic"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Antarctic</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Alpine"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Alpine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Climatic_classification"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Climatic classification</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Places_featuring_a_tundra_climate"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Places featuring a tundra climate</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Antarctic">Antarctic</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Antarctic">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><span class="anchor" id="Antarctic_tundra"></span>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:11_Le_Mont_Werth_(908m)_devant_le_Ross.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/11_Le_Mont_Werth_%28908m%29_devant_le_Ross.jpg/220px-11_Le_Mont_Werth_%28908m%29_devant_le_Ross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/11_Le_Mont_Werth_%28908m%29_devant_le_Ross.jpg/330px-11_Le_Mont_Werth_%28908m%29_devant_le_Ross.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/11_Le_Mont_Werth_%28908m%29_devant_le_Ross.jpg/440px-11_Le_Mont_Werth_%28908m%29_devant_le_Ross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:11_Le_Mont_Werth_(908m)_devant_le_Ross.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Tundra on the Kerguelen Islands.</div></div></div>
<p>Antarctic tundra occurs on Antarctica and on several Antarctic and subantarctic islands, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a>. Most of Antarctica is too cold and dry to support vegetation, and most of the continent is covered by ice fields. However, some portions of the continent, particularly the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a>, have areas of rocky soil that support plant life. The flora presently consists of around 300–400 species of lichens, 100 mosses, 25 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a>, and around 700 terrestrial and aquatic algae species, which live on the areas of exposed rock and soil around the shore of the continent. Antarctica's two flowering plant species, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_hair_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic hair grass">Antarctic hair grass</a> (<i>Deschampsia antarctica</i>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_pearlwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic pearlwort">Antarctic pearlwort</a> (<i>Colobanthus quitensis</i>), are found on the northern and western parts of the Antarctic Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
In contrast with the Arctic tundra, the Antarctic tundra lacks a large mammal fauna, mostly due to its physical isolation from the other continents. Sea mammals and sea birds, including seals and penguins, inhabit areas near the shore, and some small mammals, like rabbits and cats, have been introduced by humans to some of the subantarctic islands. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antipodes_Subantarctic_Islands_tundra" title="Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra">Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> includes the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bounty_Islands" title="Bounty Islands">Bounty Islands</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antipodes_Islands" title="Antipodes Islands">Antipodes Islands</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campbell_Island_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell Island group">Campbell Island group</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf2-6">[6]</a></sup> Species endemic to this ecoregion include <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corybas_dienemus" title="Corybas dienemus">Corybas dienemus</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corybas_sulcatus" title="Corybas sulcatus">Corybas sulcatus</a></i>, the only subantarctic orchids; the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_penguin" title="Royal penguin">royal penguin</a>; and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antipodean_albatross" title="Antipodean albatross">Antipodean albatross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf2-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>There is some ambiguity on whether <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magellanic_moorland" title="Magellanic moorland">Magellanic moorland</a>, on the west coast of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, should be considered tundra or not.<sup id="cite_ref-Longton1988_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longton1988-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographer</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edmundo_Pisano" title="Edmundo Pisano">Edmundo Pisano</a> called it tundra (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">tundra Magallánica</i>) since he considered the low temperatures key to restrict plant growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Longton1988_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longton1988-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>The flora and fauna of Antarctica and the Antarctic Islands (south of 60° south latitude) are protected by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Alpine">Alpine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alpine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><span class="anchor" id="Alpine_tundra"></span>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:372px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sahale_Peak.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sahale_Peak.jpg/370px-Sahale_Peak.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="149" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sahale_Peak.jpg/555px-Sahale_Peak.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sahale_Peak.jpg/740px-Sahale_Peak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="411" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sahale_Peak.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Alpine tundra in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Cascades" title="North Cascades">North Cascades</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, United States</div></div></div>
<p>Alpine tundra does not contain trees because the climate and soils at high altitude block tree growth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> The cold climate of the alpine tundra is caused by the low air temperatures, and is similar to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">polar climate</a>. Alpine tundra is generally better drained than arctic soils.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Alpine tundra transitions to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subalpine_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Subalpine forest">subalpine forests</a> below the tree line; stunted forests occurring at the forest-tundra <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">ecotone</a> (the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Treeline">treeline</a>) are known as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krummholz" title="Krummholz">Krummholz</a></i>.
</p><p>Alpine tundra occurs in mountains worldwide. The flora of the alpine tundra is characterized by plants that grow close to the ground, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perennial_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial grass">perennial grasses</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedges</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forb" title="Forb">forbs</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">cushion plants</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-functional_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-functional-11">[11]</a></sup> The flora is adapted to the harsh conditions of the alpine environment, which include low temperatures, dryness, ultraviolet radiation, and a short growing season.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Climatic_classification">Climatic classification</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climatic classification">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">Tundra climate</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine climate</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg/220px-Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg/330px-Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg/440px-Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kongsfjorden_from_Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Tundra region with fjords, glaciers and mountains. Kongsfjorden, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>Tundra climates ordinarily fit the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>ET</i>, signifying a local climate in which at least one month has an average temperature high enough to melt snow (0 °C (32 °F)), but no month with an average temperature in excess of 10 °C (50 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> The cold limit generally meets the <i>EF</i> climates of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">permanent ice and snows</a>; the warm-summer limit generally corresponds with the poleward or altitudinal limit of trees,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> where they grade into the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climates</a> designated <i>Dfd</i>, <i>Dwd</i> and <i>Dsd</i> (extreme winters as in parts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>), <i>Dfc</i> typical in Alaska, Canada, mountain areas of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">Western Siberia</a> (cold winters with months of freezing).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite the potential diversity of climates in the <i>ET</i> category involving precipitation, extreme temperatures, and relative wet and dry seasons, this category is rarely subdivided. Rainfall and snowfall are generally slight due to the low <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a> of water in the chilly atmosphere, but as a rule <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Potential_evapotranspiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential evapotranspiration">potential evapotranspiration</a> is extremely low, allowing soggy terrain of swamps and bogs even in places that get precipitation typical of deserts of lower and middle latitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> The amount of native tundra biomass depends more on the local temperature than the amount of precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Places_featuring_a_tundra_climate">Places featuring a tundra climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Places featuring a tundra climate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<dl><dt>Alpine tundra</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gavia_Pass" title="Gavia Pass">Gavia Pass</a>, Italy <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a>, Japan<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cerro_de_Pasco" title="Cerro de Pasco">Cerro de Pasco</a>, Peru<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apartaderos" title="Apartaderos">Apartaderos</a>, Venezuela</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puno" title="Puno">Puno</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kasprowy_Wierch" title="Kasprowy Wierch">Kasprowy Wierch</a>, Poland</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_Tatras" title="High Tatras">High Tatras</a>, Slovakia</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murghob" title="Murghob">Murghob</a>, Tajikistan</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Wellington_(Tasmania)" title="Mount Wellington (Tasmania)">Mount Wellington</a>, Australia</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cairn_Gorm" title="Cairn Gorm">Cairn Gorm</a>, United Kingdom</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Putre" title="Putre">Putre</a>, Chile</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coranzuli" title="Coranzuli">Coranzuli</a>, Argentina</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yu_Shan" title="Yu Shan">Yu Shan</a>, Taiwan</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juf" title="Juf">Juf</a>, Switzerland</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finse" title="Finse">Finse</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li></ul>
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<dl><dt>Polar tundra</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, Norway<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamal_Peninsula" title="Yamal Peninsula">Yamal Peninsula</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iqaluit" title="Iqaluit">Iqaluit</a>, Canada<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utqiagvik,_Alaska" title="Utqiagvik, Alaska">Utqiagvik</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern Lands</a> (France)</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuuk" title="Nuuk">Nuuk</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> (Denmark) </i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia</a> (United Kingdom) </i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiksi" title="Tiksi">Tiksi</a>, Russia</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mykines,_Faroe_Islands" title="Mykines, Faroe Islands">Mykines</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> (Denmark)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campbell_Island,_New_Zealand" title="Campbell Island, New Zealand">Campbell Island</a>, New Zealand</li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alas_(geography)" title="Alas (geography)">Alas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fellfield" title="Fellfield">Fellfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tundra_ecoregions" title="List of tundra ecoregions">List of tundra ecoregions</a> from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammoth_steppe" title="Mammoth steppe">Mammoth steppe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Park_Tundra" title="Park Tundra">Park Tundra</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-wwf2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wwf2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/aa1101">"Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Antipodes+Subantarctic+Islands+tundra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Faa1101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Longton1988-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Longton1988_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longton1988_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLongton1988" class="citation book cs1">Longton, R.E. (1988). <i>Biology of Polar Bryophytes and Lichen</i>. Studies in Polar Research. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25015-3"><bdi>978-0-521-25015-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Polar+Bryophytes+and+Lichen&rft.series=Studies+in+Polar+Research&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25015-3&rft.aulast=Longton&rft.aufirst=R.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//about_antarctica/geopolitical/treaty/">"Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a>: About Antarctica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey%3A+About+Antarctica&rft.atitle=Protocol+on+Environmental+Protection+to+the+Antarctic+Treaty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.ac.uk%2F%2Fabout_antarctica%2Fgeopolitical%2Ftreaty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFElliott-Fisk2000" class="citation book cs1">Elliott-Fisk, D.L. (2000). "The Taiga and Boreal Forest". In Barbour, M.G.; Billings, M.D. (eds.). <i>North American Terrestrial Vegetation</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55986-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55986-7"><bdi>978-0-521-55986-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Taiga+and+Boreal+Forest&rft.btitle=North+American+Terrestrial+Vegetation&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55986-7&rft.aulast=Elliott-Fisk&rft.aufirst=D.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php">"The tundra biome"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology" title="University of California Museum of Paleontology">University of California Museum of Paleontology</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+tundra+biome&rft.pub=University+of+California+Museum+of+Paleontology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fbiomes%2Ftundra.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-functional-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-functional_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKörner2003" class="citation book cs1">Körner, Christian (2003). <i>Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems</i>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00347-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00347-2"><bdi>978-3-540-00347-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alpine+Plant+Life%3A+Functional+Plant+Ecology+of+High+Mountain+Ecosystems&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-540-00347-2&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6rner&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKottekGrieserBeckRudolf2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kottek, Markus; Grieser, Jürgen; Beck, Christoph; Rudolf, Bruno; Rubel, Franz (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-400838">"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated"</a>. <i>Meteorol. Z</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 259–263. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MetZe..15..259K">2006MetZe..15..259K</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130">10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorol.+Z.&rft.atitle=World+Map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+Climate+Classification+Updated&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-263&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006MetZe..15..259K&rft.aulast=Kottek&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft.au=Grieser%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Beck%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Rudolf%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Rubel%2C+Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.org%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Abvb%3A384-opus4-400838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geodiode.com/climate/tundra">"Tundra"</a>. <i>geodiode.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geodiode.com&rft.atitle=Tundra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeodiode.com%2Fclimate%2Ftundra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPeelFinlaysonMcMahon2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M.C.; Finlayson, B.L.; McMahon, T.A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". <i>Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 1633–1644. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9654551">9654551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrol.+Earth+Syst.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1633-1644&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9654551%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HESS...11.1633P&rft.aulast=Peel&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rft.au=Finlayson%2C+B.L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/biome/biotundra.php">"Tundra"</a>. <i>Earth Observatory</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Observatory&rft.atitle=Tundra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Fbiome%2Fbiotundra.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKeuperParmentierBlokvan_Bodegom2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Keuper, F.; Parmentier, F.J.; Blok, D.; van Bodegom, P.M.; Dorrepaal, E.; van Hal, J.R.; van Logtestijn, R.S.; Aerts, R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3535056">"Tundra in the rain: differential vegetation responses to three years of experimentally doubled summer precipitation in Siberian shrub and Swedish bog tundra"</a>. <i>Ambio</i>. 41 Suppl 3(Suppl 3): 269–80. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13280-012-0305-2">10.1007/s13280-012-0305-2</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3535056">3535056</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22864700">22864700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambio&rft.atitle=Tundra+in+the+rain%3A+differential+vegetation+responses+to+three+years+of+experimentally+doubled+summer+precipitation+in+Siberian+shrub+and+Swedish+bog+tundra&rft.volume=41+Suppl+3%28Suppl+3%29&rft.pages=269-80&rft.date=2012&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3535056%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22864700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13280-012-0305-2&rft.aulast=Keuper&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Parmentier%2C+F.J.&rft.au=Blok%2C+D.&rft.au=van+Bodegom%2C+P.M.&rft.au=Dorrepaal%2C+E.&rft.au=van+Hal%2C+J.R.&rft.au=van+Logtestijn%2C+R.S.&rft.au=Aerts%2C+R.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3535056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valerio Giacomini, <i>La Tundra del Gavia</i>, Pubblication out of commerce for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stelvio_National_Park" title="Stelvio National Park">Stelvio National Park</a> authority, 1975</span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.restaurantnorman.com/is-svalbard-tundra-or-polar/#Is_Svalbard_tundra_or_polar">"Is Svalbard Tundra or Polar?"</a>. <i>Restaurant Norman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Restaurant+Norman&rft.atitle=Is+Svalbard+Tundra+or+Polar%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.restaurantnorman.com%2Fis-svalbard-tundra-or-polar%2F%23Is_Svalbard_tundra_or_polar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arctickingdom.com/get-to-know-iqaluit/">"Get to know Iqaluit"</a>. <i>Artic Kingdom</i>. 24 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artic+Kingdom&rft.atitle=Get+to+know+Iqaluit&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farctickingdom.com%2Fget-to-know-iqaluit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/an1104">"Antartic Islands in the Southern Indian Ocean"</a>. <i>World Wild Life</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Wild+Life&rft.atitle=Antartic+Islands+in+the+Southern+Indian+Ocean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fan1104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAllabyMooreDayGarratt2008" class="citation book cs1">Allaby, Michael; Moore, Peter D.; Day, Trevor; Garratt, Richard (2008). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tundra0000moor"><i>Tundra</i></a></span>. Facts on File. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5934-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5934-8"><bdi>978-0-8160-5934-8</bdi></a>. <q>Tundra.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tundra&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5934-8&rft.aulast=Allaby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Moore%2C+Peter+D.&rft.au=Day%2C+Trevor&rft.au=Garratt%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftundra0000moor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBlissO._W._HealJ._J._Moore1981" class="citation book cs1">Bliss, L. C; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Heal" title="Bill Heal">O. W. Heal</a>; J. J. Moore (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mK48AAAAIAAJ&q=Tundra&pg=PP1"><i>Tundra Ecosystems: A Comparative Analysis</i></a>. International Biological Programme Synthesis Series (No. 25). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22776-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22776-6"><bdi>978-0-521-22776-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tundra+Ecosystems%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis&rft.pub=International+Biological+Programme+Synthesis+Series+%28No.+25%29&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22776-6&rft.aulast=Bliss&rft.aufirst=L.+C&rft.au=O.+W.+Heal&rft.au=J.+J.+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmK48AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DTundra%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWarhol2007" class="citation book cs1">Warhol, Tom (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oYUc7o43cuAC&q=Tundra&pg=PP1"><i>Tundra</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2193-1"><bdi>978-0-7614-2193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tundra&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Benchmark&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2193-1&rft.aulast=Warhol&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoYUc7o43cuAC%26q%3DTundra%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFYu_I1998" class="citation book cs1">Yu I, Chernov (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=agc5AAAAIAAJ&q=Tundra&pg=PP1"><i>The Living Tundra;Studies in Polar Research</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35754-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35754-8"><bdi>978-0-521-35754-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Tundra%3BStudies+in+Polar+Research&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-35754-8&rft.aulast=Yu+I&rft.aufirst=Chernov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dagc5AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DTundra%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATundra" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat11.cfm">WWF Tundra Ecoregions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100223091305/http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat11.cfm">Archived</a> 2010-02-23 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011004081203/http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/tundra.html">The Arctic biome at Classroom of the Future</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720194120/http://kaares.ulapland.fi/home/arktinen/tundra/tundra.htm">Arctic Feedbacks to Global Warming: Tundra Degradation in the Russian Arctic</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051225213602/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/About_Antarctica/Wildlife/Plants/">British Antarctica Survey</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/an1101">Antarctica: West of the Transantarctic Mountains</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://databayou.com/world/tundra.html">World Map of Tundra</a></li></ul>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1110954999">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Tundra</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><div class="sister-bar-content"><div class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tundra" class="extiw" title="wikt:tundra">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></div><div class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tundra" class="extiw" title="c:Tundra">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></div><div class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tundra" class="extiw" title="voy:Tundra">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></div></div></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biogeographic_regionalisations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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style="background:#f0f0f0;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biogeographic_regionalisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biogeography#Biogeographic_regionalisations" title="Biogeography">Biogeographic regionalisations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90A010;">Polar/montane</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tundra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands and shrublands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;">Temperate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">Coniferous forests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">Broadleaf and mixed forests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">Deciduous forests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#20A010;">Tropical and<br /> subtropical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">Coniferous forests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">Moist broadleaf forests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">Dry broadleaf forests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFDC60;">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">Deserts and xeric shrublands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:mediumseagreen;">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Aquatic<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:silver;">Other biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolithic zone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic <br /> realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Antarctic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holarctic_realm" title="Holarctic realm">Holarctic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nearctic_realm" title="Nearctic realm">Nearctic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanian_realm" title="Oceanian realm">Oceanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Marine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_realm" title="Arctic realm">Arctic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Indo-Pacific" title="Central Indo-Pacific">Central Indo-Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Pacific" title="Eastern Indo-Pacific">Eastern Indo-Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temperate_Australasia" title="Temperate Australasia">Temperate Australasia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Atlantic" title="Temperate Northern Atlantic">Temperate Northern Atlantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Pacific" title="Temperate Northern Pacific">Temperate Northern Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temperate_South_America" title="Temperate South America">Temperate South America</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temperate_Southern_Africa" title="Temperate Southern Africa">Temperate Southern Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_Atlantic" title="Tropical Atlantic">Tropical Atlantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_Eastern_Pacific" title="Tropical Eastern Pacific">Tropical Eastern Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Indo-Pacific" title="Western Indo-Pacific">Western Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_biogeographic_provinces" title="List of biogeographic provinces">Biogeographic provinces</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">Bioregions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_ecoregions" title="Lists of ecoregions">Lists of ecoregions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200 ecoregions</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation" title="Altitudinal zonation">Altitudinal zonation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecological_land_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological land classification">Ecological land classification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Floristic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic kingdom">Floristic kingdoms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vegetation_classification" title="Vegetation classification">Vegetation classifications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zoogeographic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoogeographic region">Zoogeographic regions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_types_under_the_Köppen_climate_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cceeff"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:K%C3%B6ppen" title="Template:Köppen"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background:#cceeff;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:K%C3%B6ppen" title="Template talk:Köppen"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:#cceeff;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:K%C3%B6ppen&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:#cceeff;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_types_under_the_Köppen_climate_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a> types under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cceeff;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">Class A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">Tropical rainforest <i>(Af)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">Tropical monsoon <i>(Am)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">Tropical savanna <i>(Aw, As)</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cceeff;">Class B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">Desert<i> (BWh, BWk)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">Semi-arid <i>(BSh, BSk)</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cceeff;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">Class C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Humid subtropical <i>(Cfa, Cwa)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic <i>(Cfb, Cwb, Cfc, Cwc)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean <i>(Csa, Csb, Csc)</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cceeff;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Class D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Humid continental <i>(Dfa, Dwa, Dfb, Dwb, Dsa, Dsb)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Subarctic <i>(Dfc, Dwc, Dfd, Dwd, Dsc, Dsd)</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cceeff;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Class E</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">Tundra <i>(ET)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">Ice cap <i>(EF)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine <i>(ET, EF)</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periglacial_environment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addfad;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Periglacial_environment" title="Template:Periglacial environment"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#addfad;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Periglacial_environment" title="Template talk:Periglacial environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#addfad;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Periglacial_environment&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#addfad;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periglacial_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Periglaciation" title="Periglaciation">Periglacial environment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#addfad;;width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blockfield" title="Blockfield">Blockfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bratschen" title="Bratschen">Bratschen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cryoplanation" title="Cryoplanation">Cryoplanation terrace</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glacial_erratic" title="Glacial erratic">Glacial erratic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurum_(landform)" title="Kurum (landform)">Kurum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithalsa" title="Lithalsa">Lithalsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paha_(landform)" title="Paha (landform)">Paha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Periglacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Periglacial">Periglacial lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo">Pingo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protalus_rampart" title="Protalus rampart">Protalus rampart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rock_glacier" title="Rock glacier">Rock glacier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strandflat" title="Strandflat">Strandflat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glaciokarst" title="Glaciokarst">Glaciokarst</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thermokarst" title="Thermokarst">Thermokarst</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Patterned_ground" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background: #addfad;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patterned_ground" title="Patterned ground">Patterned ground</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frost_boil" title="Frost boil">Frost boil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patterned_ground#Polygons" title="Patterned ground">Polygons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solifluction_lobes_and_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Solifluction lobes and sheets">Solifluction lobes and sheets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patterned_ground#Stripes" title="Patterned ground">Sorted stripe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stone_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone ring">Stone ring</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#addfad;;width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cryoplanation" title="Cryoplanation">Cryoplanation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cryosuction" title="Cryosuction">Cryosuction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cryoturbation" title="Cryoturbation">Cryoturbation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fluvio-thermal_erosion" title="Fluvio-thermal erosion">Fluvio-thermal erosion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frost_weathering" title="Frost weathering">Frost weathering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gelifluction" title="Gelifluction">Gelifluction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_segregation" title="Ice segregation">Ice segregation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_methane_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic methane release">Methane release</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nivation" title="Nivation">Nivation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solifluction" title="Solifluction">Solifluction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syngenetic_permafrost_growth" title="Syngenetic permafrost growth">Syngenetic permafrost growth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zero-curtain_effect" title="Zero-curtain effect">Zero-curtain effect</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#addfad;;width:1%">Soils and deposits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Active_layer" title="Active layer">Active layer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gelisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelisols">Gelisols</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_wedge" title="Ice wedge">Ice wedge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stratified_slope_deposit" title="Stratified slope deposit">Stratified slope deposit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talik" title="Talik">Talik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yedoma" title="Yedoma">Yedoma</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#addfad;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">ecotones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tundra#Arctic" title="Tundra">Arctic tundra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tree_line#Arctic_tree_lines" title="Tree line">Arctic tree line</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_oasis" title="Antarctic oasis">Antarctic oasis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golets_(geography)" title="Golets (geography)">Golets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Antarctic tundra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands and shrublands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tree_line#Alpine" title="Tree line">Alpine tree line</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Massenerhebung_effect" title="Massenerhebung effect">Massenerhebung effect</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drunken_trees" title="Drunken trees">Drunken trees</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#addfad;;width:1%">Climate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subpolar_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpolar climate">Subpolar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#addfad;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Periglacial_landforms" title="Category:Periglacial landforms">Category:Periglacial landforms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Glaciers" title="Template:Glaciers">Template:Glaciers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arctic_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Arctic_topics" title="Template:Arctic topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Arctic_topics" title="Template talk:Arctic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Arctic_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arctic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:History of the Arctic">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Arctic_research" title="Category:Arctic research">Arctic research</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">History of whaling</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Government_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Government of the Arctic">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_cooperation_and_politics" title="Arctic cooperation and politics">Arctic cooperation and politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ilulissat_Declaration" title="Ilulissat Declaration">Ilulissat Declaration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saami_Council" title="Saami Council">Saami Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Geography of the Arctic">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Arctic Archipelago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Cordillera" title="Arctic Cordillera">Arctic Cordillera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Arctic Cyclone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Impact_craters_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Impact craters of the Arctic">Impact craters of the Arctic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Innuitian_Region" title="Innuitian Region">Innuitian Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nordicity" title="Nordicity">Nordicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Populated places in the Arctic">Populated places in the Arctic</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tundra</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Geology_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Geology of the Arctic">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Rift_System" title="Canadian Arctic Rift System">Canadian Arctic Rift System</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurekan_orogeny" title="Eurekan orogeny">Eurekan orogeny</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenland_Plate" title="Greenland Plate">Greenland Plate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Islands_Subplate" title="Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate">Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ungava_Fault_Zone" title="Ungava Fault Zone">Ungava Fault Zone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Regions of the Arctic">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">Arctic Alaska</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakha_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic" title="Climate of the Arctic">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Climate_Impact_Assessment" title="Arctic Climate Impact Assessment">Arctic Climate Impact Assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_dipole_anomaly" title="Arctic dipole anomaly">Arctic dipole anomaly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" title="Arctic oscillation">Arctic oscillation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_ice_pack" title="Arctic ice pack">Arctic sea ice</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">decline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_ecology_and_history" title="Arctic sea ice ecology and history">ecology and history</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Climate change in the Arctic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_of_Alaska" title="Climate of Alaska">Climate of Alaska</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming on marine mammals">Effects of global warming on marine mammals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polar_amplification" title="Polar amplification">Polar amplification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">Polar vortex</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Fauna of the Arctic">Fauna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">Bowhead whale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lemming" title="Lemming">Lemming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">Narwhal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a></li>
<li>Seal
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">hooded</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">ribbon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">Snowy owl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Flora of the Arctic">Flora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_vegetation" title="Arctic vegetation">Arctic vegetation</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tundra</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Culture of the Arctic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Arctic peoples</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic peoples</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evenks" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Icelandic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic people">Icelandic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koryaks" title="Koryaks">Koryaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nenets_people" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_East" title="Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East">Northern indigenous Russian peoples</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yukaghir_people" title="Yukaghir people">Yukaghir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games" title="Arctic Winter Games">Arctic Winter Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quviasukvik" title="Quviasukvik">Quviasukvik <span style="font-size:85%;">(New Year's Day)</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_resources_of_the_Arctic" title="Natural resources of the Arctic">Natural resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy" title="Arctic Refuge drilling controversy">Arctic Refuge drilling controversy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollution_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="Pollution in the Arctic Ocean">Pollution in the Arctic Ocean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Protected areas of the Arctic">Protected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Transport in the Arctic">Transportation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Transport in the Arctic">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Bridge" title="Arctic Bridge">Arctic Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_shipping_routes" title="Arctic shipping routes">Arctic shipping routes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northeast_Passage" title="Northeast Passage">Northeast Passage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northern Sea Route</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polar_route" title="Polar route">Polar air route</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transpolar_Sea_Route" title="Transpolar Sea Route">Transpolar Sea Route</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Search_and_Rescue_Agreement" title="Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement">Search and rescue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Arctic" title="Category:Arctic">Category</a></b></li>
<li><b><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="WikiProject" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arctic" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Arctic">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antarctica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Antarctica_topics" title="Template talk:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Antarctica_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Antarctica" title="Geography of Antarctica">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Climate change</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves" title="List of Antarctic ice shelves">Ice shelves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Antarctica" title="Geology of Antarctica">Geology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">Glaciers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Antarctica" title="List of Ultras of Antarctica">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica">Volcanoes</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Biogeographic realm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">shield</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Antarctica" title="Extreme points of Antarctica">Extreme points</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom" title="Antarctic Floristic Kingdom">Floristic Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake_CECs" title="Lake CECs">Lake CECs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercer_Lake_(Antarctica)" title="Mercer Lake (Antarctica)">Lake Mercer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Antarctica" title="List of rivers of Antarctica">List of rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Flora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Microorganisms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">Wildlife</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antarctica" title="List of birds of Antarctica">Birds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antarctica" title="List of mammals of Antarctica">Mammals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Krill</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img alt="Antarctica (orthographic projection).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Colonization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs" title="Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs">Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic" title="Military activity in the Antarctic">Military activity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Antarctic_Program" title="National Antarctic Program">National programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Treaty System</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctica_Day" title="Antarctica Day">Antarctica Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_Antarctica" title="Crime in Antarctica">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Antarctica">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">Field camps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firefighting_in_Antarctica" title="Firefighting in Antarctica">Firefighting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Antarctica">Flags</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_gateway_cities" title="Antarctic gateway cities">Gateway cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midwinter_Day" title="Midwinter Day">Midwinter Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_Protected_Area" title="Antarctic Protected Area">Protected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Antarctica" title="Religion in Antarctica">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Research stations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antarctica" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_in_Antarctica" title="Time in Antarctica">Time</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_Antarctica" title="Women in Antarctica">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Famous explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ui-te-Rangiora" title="Ui-te-Rangiora">Ui-te-Rangiora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Antarctica" title="Category:Antarctica">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antarctica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antarctica">Commons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Antarctica-related_articles" title="Index of Antarctica-related articles">Index</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Biodiversity of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Biodiversity of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Biodiversity_of_South_Africa&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Biodiversity of South Africa">Biodiversity of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Afrotropical_realm_*_Marine_biodiversity_of_South_Africa_*_Temperate_Southern_Africa_*_Western_Indo-Pacific_*_Wildlife_of_South_Africa">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical realm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Marine biodiversity of South Africa">Marine biodiversity of South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temperate_Southern_Africa" title="Temperate Southern Africa">Temperate Southern Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Indo-Pacific" title="Western Indo-Pacific">Western Indo-Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildlife_of_South_Africa" title="Wildlife of South Africa">Wildlife of South Africa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="National_taxon_checklists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National taxon checklists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_conifers_of_South_Africa" title="List of conifers of South Africa">Conifers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cycads_of_South_Africa" title="List of cycads of South Africa">Cycads</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_hornworts_of_South_Africa" title="List of hornworts of South Africa">Hornworts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_liverworts_of_South_Africa" title="List of liverworts of South Africa">Liverworts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_lycophytes_of_South_Africa" title="List of lycophytes of South Africa">Lycophytes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mosses_of_South_Africa" title="List of mosses of South Africa">Mosses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_pteridophytes_of_South_Africa" title="List of pteridophytes of South Africa">Pteridophytes</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Floweringplants" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_flowering_plants_of_South_Africa" title="Lists of flowering plants of South Africa">Flowering<br />plants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Acorales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Acorales of South Africa">Acorales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Alismatales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Alismatales of South Africa">Alismatales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Apiales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Apiales of South Africa">Apiales</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Apiaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Apiaceae of South Africa">Apiaceae</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Aquifoliales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Aquifoliales of South Africa">Aquifoliales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Arecales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Arecales of South Africa">Arecales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Asparagales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Asparagales of South Africa">Asparagales</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Asphodelaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Asphodelaceae of South Africa">Asphodelaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Hyacinthaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Hyacinthaceae of South Africa">Hyacinthaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Iridaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Iridaceae of South Africa">Iridaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Orchidaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Orchidaceae of South Africa">Orchidaceae</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Asterales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Asterales of South Africa">Asterales</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Asteraceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Asteraceae of South Africa">Asteraceae</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Boraginales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Boraginales of South Africa">Boraginales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Brassicales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Brassicales of South Africa">Brassicales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Bruniales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Bruniales of South Africa">Bruniales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Buxales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buxales of South Africa">Buxales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canellales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canellales of South Africa">Canellales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Caryophyllales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Caryophyllales of South Africa">Caryophyllales</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Aizoaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Aizoaceae of South Africa">Aizoaceae</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Celastrales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Celastrales of South Africa">Celastrales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Ceratophyllales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ceratophyllales of South Africa">Ceratophyllales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Commelinales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Commelinales of South Africa">Commelinales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Cornales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cornales of South Africa">Cornales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Crossosomatales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crossosomatales of South Africa">Crossosomatales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Cucurbitales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Cucurbitales of South Africa">Cucurbitales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Dioscoreales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Dioscoreales of South Africa">Dioscoreales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Dipsacales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Dipsacales of South Africa">Dipsacales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Ericales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Ericales of South Africa">Ericales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Escalloniales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Escalloniales of South Africa">Escalloniales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Fabales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Fabales of South Africa">Fabales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Fagales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Fagales of South Africa">Fagales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Gentianales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Gentianales of South Africa">Gentianales</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Apocynaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Apocynaceae of South Africa">Apocynaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Rubiaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Rubiaceae of South Africa">Rubiaceae</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Geraniales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Geraniales of South Africa">Geraniales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Gunnerales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gunnerales of South Africa">Gunnerales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Huerteales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Huerteales of South Africa">Huerteales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Icacinales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Icacinales of South Africa">Icacinales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Lamiales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Lamiales of South Africa">Lamiales</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Acanthaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Acanthaceae of South Africa">Acanthaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Lamiaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Lamiaceae of South Africa">Lamiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Scrophulariaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Scrophulariaceae of South Africa">Scrophulariaceae</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Laurales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Laurales of South Africa">Laurales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Liliales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Liliales of South Africa">Liliales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Magnoliales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Magnoliales of South Africa">Magnoliales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Malpighiales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Malpighiales of South Africa">Malpighiales</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Euphorbiaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Euphorbiaceae of South Africa">Euphorbiaceae</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Malvales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Malvales of South Africa">Malvales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Myrtales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Myrtales of South Africa">Myrtales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Nymphaeales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nymphaeales of South Africa">Nymphaeales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Oxalidales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Oxalidales of South Africa">Oxalidales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Pandanales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Pandanales of South Africa">Pandanales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Piperales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Piperales of South Africa">Piperales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Poales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Poales of South Africa">Poales</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Poaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Poaceae of South Africa">Poaceae</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Proteales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Proteales of South Africa">Proteales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Ranunculales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Ranunculales of South Africa">Ranunculales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Rosales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Rosales of South Africa">Rosales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Santalales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Santalales of South Africa">Santalales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Sapindales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Sapindales of South Africa">Sapindales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Saxifragales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Saxifragales of South Africa">Saxifragales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Solanales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Solanales of South Africa">Solanales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Vahliales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vahliales of South Africa">Vahliales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Vitales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Vitales of South Africa">Vitales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Zingiberales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Zingiberales of South Africa">Zingiberales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Zygophyllales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Zygophyllales of South Africa">Zygophyllales</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Ascidians</li>
<li>Bryozoans</li>
<li>Comb jellies</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_echinoderms_of_South_Africa" title="List of echinoderms of South Africa">Echinoderms</a></li>
<li>Nematodes</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_polychaete_worms_of_South_Africa" title="List of polychaete worms of South Africa">Polychaetes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_marine_cnidarians_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine cnidarians of South Africa">Marine cnidarians</a></li>
<li>Marine flatworms</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sponges_of_South_Africa" title="List of sponges of South Africa">Sponges</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tardigrades_of_South_Africa" title="List of tardigrades of South Africa">Tardigrades</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arthropods" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arthropods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_marine_crustaceans_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine crustaceans of South Africa">Marine crustaceans</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sea_spiders_of_South_Africa" title="List of sea spiders of South Africa">Sea spiders</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Centipedes</li>
<li>Millipedes</li>
<li>Entognatha</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arachnids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Harvestmen</li>
<li>Microwhip scorpions</li>
<li>Pseudoscorpions</li>
<li>Scorpions</li>
<li>Shorttailed whipscorpions</li>
<li>Solifugae</li>
<li>Araneae</li>
<li>Ixodida</li>
<li>Whip spiders and tailless whip scorpions</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies</li>
<li>Beetles</li>
<li>Booklice, barklice and barkflies</li>
<li>Butterflies and moths</li>
<li>Caddisflies</li>
<li>Cockroaches and termites</li>
<li>Dragonflies and damselflies</li>
<li>Earwigs</li>
<li>Fleas</li>
<li>Flies</li>
<li>Jumping bristletails</li>
<li>Lice</li>
<li>Mantises</li>
<li>Mayflies</li>
<li>Net-winged insects</li>
<li>Notoptera</li>
<li>Orthoptera</li>
<li>Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants</li>
<li>Scorpionflies</li>
<li>Silverfish and firebrats</li>
<li>Stick and leaf insects</li>
<li>Stoneflies</li>
<li>Strepsiptera</li>
<li>Termites</li>
<li>Thrips</li>
<li>True bugs</li>
<li>Webspinners</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Molluscs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_South_Africa" title="List of non-marine molluscs of South Africa">Non-marine molluscs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_marine_molluscs_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine molluscs of South Africa">Marine molluscs</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_marine_gastropods_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine gastropods of South Africa">Marine gastropods</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_marine_heterobranch_gastropods_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine heterobranch gastropods of South Africa">Marine heterobranch gastropods</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vertebrates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_South_Africa" title="List of amphibians of South Africa">Amphibians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_birds_of_South_Africa" title="List of birds of South Africa">Birds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_marine_fishes_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine fishes of South Africa">Marine fishes</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_marine_bony_fishes_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine bony fishes of South Africa">Marine bony fishes</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_marine_spiny-finned_fishes_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine spiny-finned fishes of South Africa">Marine spiny-finned fishes</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_marine_Perciform_fishes_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine Perciform fishes of South Africa">Marine Perciform fishes</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_marine_fishes_of_the_suborder_Percoidei_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine fishes of the suborder Percoidei of South Africa">Marine fishes in suborder Percoidei</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_South_Africa" title="List of mammals of South Africa">Mammals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_South_Africa" title="List of reptiles of South Africa">Reptiles</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seaweeds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_green_seaweeds_of_South_Africa" title="List of green seaweeds of South Africa">Green seaweeds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_brown_seaweeds_of_South_Africa" title="List of brown seaweeds of South Africa">Brown seaweeds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_South_Africa" title="List of red seaweeds of South Africa">Red seaweeds</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa" title="List of fungi of South Africa">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_A" title="List of fungi of South Africa – A">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_B" title="List of fungi of South Africa – B">B</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_C" title="List of fungi of South Africa – C">C</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_D" title="List of fungi of South Africa – D">D</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_E" title="List of fungi of South Africa – E">E</a></li>
<li>F</li>
<li>G</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_H" title="List of fungi of South Africa – H">H</a></li>
<li>I</li>
<li>J</li>
<li>K</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_L" title="List of fungi of South Africa – L">L</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_M" title="List of fungi of South Africa – M">M</a></li>
<li>N</li>
<li>O</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_P" title="List of fungi of South Africa – P">P</a></li>
<li>Q</li>
<li>R</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_S" title="List of fungi of South Africa – S">S</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_T" title="List of fungi of South Africa – T">T</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_U" title="List of fungi of South Africa – U">U</a></li>
<li>V</li>
<li>W</li>
<li>X</li>
<li>Y</li>
<li>Z</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_bacteria_of_South_Africa" title="List of bacteria of South Africa">List of bacteria of South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_invasive_species_in_South_Africa" title="List of invasive species in South Africa">List of invasive species in South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_invasive_plant_species_in_South_Africa" title="List of invasive plant species in South Africa">List of invasive plant species in South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Oomycetes_of_South_Africa" title="List of Oomycetes of South Africa">List of Oomycetes of South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_slime_moulds_of_South_Africa" title="List of slime moulds of South Africa">List of slime moulds of South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Southern_African_indigenous_trees_and_woody_lianes" title="List of Southern African indigenous trees and woody lianes">List of Southern African indigenous trees and woody lianes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">List of botanists by author abbreviation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional_taxon_checklists_and_other_minor_lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_marine_animals_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of marine animals of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">List of marine animals of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_green_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_brown_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</a></li>
<li>Related:
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timber_trees_of_Gauteng" title="Timber trees of Gauteng">Timber trees of Gauteng</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biodiversity_hotspots_and_Centres_of_diversity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">Biodiversity hotspots</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centre_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of diversity">Centres of diversity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany_Hotspot" title="Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot">Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent Karoo</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Griqualand_West_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Griqualand West Centre (page does not exist)">Griqualand West Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Albany_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Centre (page does not exist)">Albany Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Drakensberg_Alpine_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drakensberg Alpine Centre (page does not exist)">Drakensberg Alpine Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Soutpansberg_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soutpansberg Centre (page does not exist)">Soutpansberg Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wolkberg_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolkberg Centre (page does not exist)">Wolkberg Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sekhukhuneland_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekhukhuneland Centre (page does not exist)">Sekhukhuneland Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Barberton_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barberton Centre (page does not exist)">Barberton Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Maputaland-Pondoland_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maputaland-Pondoland Region (page does not exist)">Maputaland-Pondoland Region</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ecoregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_South_Africa" title="List of ecoregions in South Africa">List of ecoregions in South Africa</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">Tropical and subtropical<br />moist broadleaf forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Knysna%E2%80%93Amatole_montane_forests" title="Knysna–Amatole montane forests">Knysna–Amatole montane forests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KwaZulu%E2%80%93Cape_coastal_forest_mosaic" title="KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic">KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maputaland_coastal_forest_mosaic" title="Maputaland coastal forest mosaic">Maputaland coastal forest mosaic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Tropical and subtropical grasslands,<br />savannas, and shrublands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalahari_Acacia-Baikiaea_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands">Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Southern Africa bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands" title="Zambezian and mopane woodlands">Zambezian and mopane woodlands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands<br />and shrublands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drakensberg_alti-montane_grasslands_and_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands">Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drakensberg_montane_grasslands,_woodlands_and_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests">Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Highveld_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Highveld grasslands">Highveld grasslands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maputaland%E2%80%93Pondoland_bushland_and_thickets" title="Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets">Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests,<br />woodlands, and scrub</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albany_thickets" title="Albany thickets">Albany thickets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lowland_fynbos_and_renosterveld" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland fynbos and renosterveld">Lowland fynbos and renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montane_fynbos_and_renosterveld" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane fynbos and renosterveld">Montane fynbos and renosterveld</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">Deserts and xeric shrublands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalahari_xeric_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalahari xeric savanna">Kalahari xeric savanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nama_Karoo" title="Nama Karoo">Nama Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent Karoo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tundra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Indian_Ocean_Islands_tundra" title="Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra">Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Africa_mangroves" title="Southern Africa mangroves">Southern Africa mangroves</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_ecoregions_of_the_South_African_exclusive_economic_zone" title="Marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone">Marine ecoregions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agulhas_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Agulhas ecoregion">Agulhas ecoregion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benguela_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Benguela ecoregion">Benguela ecoregion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delagoa_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Delagoa ecoregion">Delagoa ecoregion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natal_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal ecoregion">Natal ecoregion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Atlantic_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Atlantic ecoregion">Southeast Atlantic ecoregion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southwest_Indian_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Indian ecoregion">Southwest Indian ecoregion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biomes_and_Vegetation_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vegetation_classification" title="Vegetation classification">Vegetation classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_vegetation_types_of_South_Africa" title="List of vegetation types of South Africa">List of vegetation types of South Africa</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">Savanna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Andesite_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andesite Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Andesite Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Aoub_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aoub Duneveld (page does not exist)">Aoub Duneveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Barberton_Serpentine_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barberton Serpentine Sourveld (page does not exist)">Barberton Serpentine Sourveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bhisho_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhisho Thornveld (page does not exist)">Bhisho Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_Mopane_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathedral Mopane Bushveld (page does not exist)">Cathedral Mopane Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Central_Sandy_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Sandy Bushveld (page does not exist)">Central Sandy Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Delagoa_Lowveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delagoa Lowveld (page does not exist)">Delagoa Lowveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dwaalboom_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dwaalboom Thornveld (page does not exist)">Dwaalboom Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dwarsberg-Swartruggens_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Valley_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Valley Bushveld (page does not exist)">Eastern Valley Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gabbro_Grassy_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabbro Grassy Bushveld (page does not exist)">Gabbro Grassy Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gauteng_Shale_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ghaap_Plateau_Vaalbosveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld (page does not exist)">Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gold_Reef_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gordonia_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordonia Duneveld (page does not exist)">Gordonia Duneveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gordonia_Kameeldoring_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld (page does not exist)">Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gordonia_Plains_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordonia Plains Shrubland (page does not exist)">Gordonia Plains Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Granite_Lowveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granite Lowveld (page does not exist)">Granite Lowveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gravelotte_Rocky_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld (page does not exist)">Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kaalrug_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kathu_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathu Bushveld (page does not exist)">Kathu Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kimberley_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimberley Thornveld (page does not exist)">Kimberley Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Koranna-Langeberg_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kuruman_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuruman Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Kuruman Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kuruman_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuruman Thornveld (page does not exist)">Kuruman Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kuruman_Vaalbosveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuruman Vaalbosveld (page does not exist)">Kuruman Vaalbosveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=KwaZulu-Natal_Hinterland_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld (page does not exist)">KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=KwaZulu-Natal_Sandstone_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld (page does not exist)">KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lebombo_Summit_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebombo Summit Sourveld (page does not exist)">Lebombo Summit Sourveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Legogote_Sour_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legogote Sour Bushveld (page does not exist)">Legogote Sour Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Limpopo_Ridge_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limpopo Ridge Bushveld (page does not exist)">Limpopo Ridge Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Limpopo_Sweet_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limpopo Sweet Bushveld (page does not exist)">Limpopo Sweet Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Loskop_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loskop Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Loskop Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Loskop_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loskop Thornveld (page does not exist)">Loskop Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lowveld_Rugged_Mopaneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld (page does not exist)">Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Madikwe_Dolomite_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld (page does not exist)">Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mafikeng_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mafikeng Bushveld (page does not exist)">Mafikeng Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Makatini_Clay_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makatini Clay Thicket (page does not exist)">Makatini Clay Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Makhado_Sweet_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makhado Sweet Bushveld (page does not exist)">Makhado Sweet Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Makuleke_Sandy_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makuleke Sandy Bushveld (page does not exist)">Makuleke Sandy Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malelane_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malelane Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Malelane Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mamabolo_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Marikana_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marikana Thornveld (page does not exist)">Marikana Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Molopo_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molopo Bushveld (page does not exist)">Molopo Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Moot_Plains_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moot Plains Bushveld (page does not exist)">Moot Plains Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mopane_Basalt_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mopane Basalt Shrubland (page does not exist)">Mopane Basalt Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mopane_Gabbro_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mopane Gabbro Shrubland (page does not exist)">Mopane Gabbro Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Musina_Mopane_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musina Mopane Bushveld (page does not exist)">Musina Mopane Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ngongoni_Veld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngongoni Veld (page does not exist)">Ngongoni Veld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Norite_Koppies_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norite Koppies Bushveld (page does not exist)">Norite Koppies Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Lebombo_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Lebombo Bushveld (page does not exist)">Northern Lebombo Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Zululand_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Zululand Sourveld (page does not exist)">Northern Zululand Sourveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nossob_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nossob Bushveld (page does not exist)">Nossob Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nwambyia-Pumbe_Sandy_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld (page does not exist)">Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ohrigstad_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Olifantshoek_Plains_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld (page does not exist)">Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Phalaborwa-Timbavati_Mopaneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld (page does not exist)">Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pilanesberg_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Polokwane_Plateau_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polokwane Plateau Bushveld (page does not exist)">Polokwane Plateau Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Postmasburg_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postmasburg Thornveld (page does not exist)">Postmasburg Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Poung_Dolomite_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pretoriuskop_Sour_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld (page does not exist)">Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Roodeberg_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roodeberg Bushveld (page does not exist)">Roodeberg Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Schmidtsdrif_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schmidtsdrif Thornveld (page does not exist)">Schmidtsdrif Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Schweizer-Reneke_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld (page does not exist)">Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sekhukhune_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sekhukhune_Plains_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld (page does not exist)">Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=South_Eastern_Coastal_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Eastern Coastal Thornveld (page does not exist)">South Eastern Coastal Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Lebombo_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Lebombo Bushveld (page does not exist)">Southern Lebombo Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Soutpansberg_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Springbokvlakte_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springbokvlakte Thornveld (page does not exist)">Springbokvlakte Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Stella_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stella Bushveld (page does not exist)">Stella Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swaziland_Sour_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swaziland Sour Bushveld (page does not exist)">Swaziland Sour Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tembe_Sandy_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembe Sandy Bushveld (page does not exist)">Tembe Sandy Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Thukela_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thukela Thornveld (page does not exist)">Thukela Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Thukela_Valley_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thukela Valley Bushveld (page does not exist)">Thukela Valley Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tsende_Mopaneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsende Mopaneveld (page does not exist)">Tsende Mopaneveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tshokwane-Hlane_Basalt_Lowveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld (page does not exist)">Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tzaneen_Sour_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tzaneen Sour Bushveld (page does not exist)">Tzaneen Sour Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Vaalbos_Rocky_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland (page does not exist)">Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=VhaVenda_Miombo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VhaVenda Miombo (page does not exist)">VhaVenda Miombo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Waterberg_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waterberg Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Waterberg Mountain Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Maputaland_Clay_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld (page does not exist)">Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Maputaland_Sandy_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld (page does not exist)">Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Sandy_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Sandy Bushveld (page does not exist)">Western Sandy Bushveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zeerust_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeerust Thornveld (page does not exist)">Zeerust Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zululand_Coastal_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zululand Coastal Thornveld (page does not exist)">Zululand Coastal Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zululand_Lowveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zululand Lowveld (page does not exist)">Zululand Lowveld</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">Grassland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Aliwal_North_Dry_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliwal North Dry Grassland (page does not exist)">Aliwal North Dry Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Amathole_Mistbelt_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amathole Mistbelt Grassland (page does not exist)">Amathole Mistbelt Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Amathole_Montane_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amathole Montane Grassland (page does not exist)">Amathole Montane Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Amersfoort_Highveld_Clay_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland (page does not exist)">Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Barberton_Montane_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barberton Montane Grassland (page does not exist)">Barberton Montane Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Basotho_Montane_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basotho Montane Shrubland (page does not exist)">Basotho Montane Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bedford_Dry_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bedford Dry Grassland (page does not exist)">Bedford Dry Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Besemkaree_Koppies_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland (page does not exist)">Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bloemfontein_Dry_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloemfontein Dry Grassland (page does not exist)">Bloemfontein Dry Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bloemfontein_Karroid_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland (page does not exist)">Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Carletonville_Dolomite_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carletonville Dolomite Grassland (page does not exist)">Carletonville Dolomite Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Central_Free_State_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Free State Grassland (page does not exist)">Central Free State Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Drakensberg_Afroalpine_Heathland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland (page does not exist)">Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Drakensberg_Foothill_Moist_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland (page does not exist)">Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Drakensberg-Amathole_Afromontane_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos (page does not exist)">Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=East_Griqualand_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Griqualand Grassland (page does not exist)">East Griqualand Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Free_State_Clay_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Free State Clay Grassland (page does not exist)">Eastern Free State Clay Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Free_State_Sandy_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland (page does not exist)">Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Highveld_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Highveld Grassland (page does not exist)">Eastern Highveld Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Egoli_Granite_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egoli Granite Grassland (page does not exist)">Egoli Granite Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Frankfort_Highveld_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankfort Highveld Grassland (page does not exist)">Frankfort Highveld Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Income_Sandy_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Income Sandy Grassland (page does not exist)">Income Sandy Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ithala_Quartzite_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ithala Quartzite Sourveld (page does not exist)">Ithala Quartzite Sourveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=KaNgwane_Montane_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KaNgwane Montane Grassland (page does not exist)">KaNgwane Montane Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karoo_Escarpment_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karoo Escarpment Grassland (page does not exist)">Karoo Escarpment Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Klerksdorp_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klerksdorp Thornveld (page does not exist)">Klerksdorp Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=KwaZulu-Natal_Highland_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld (page does not exist)">KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Leolo_Summit_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leolo Summit Sourveld (page does not exist)">Leolo Summit Sourveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lesotho_Highland_Basalt_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland (page does not exist)">Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Low_Escarpment_Moist_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low Escarpment Moist Grassland (page does not exist)">Low Escarpment Moist Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lydenburg_Montane_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lydenburg Montane Grassland (page does not exist)">Lydenburg Montane Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lydenburg_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lydenburg Thornveld (page does not exist)">Lydenburg Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mabela_Sandy_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mabela Sandy Grassland (page does not exist)">Mabela Sandy Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Midlands_Mistbelt_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midlands Mistbelt Grassland (page does not exist)">Midlands Mistbelt Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mooi_River_Highland_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mooi River Highland Grassland (page does not exist)">Mooi River Highland Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mthatha_Moist_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mthatha Moist Grassland (page does not exist)">Mthatha Moist Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Drakensberg_Highland_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland (page does not exist)">Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Escarpment_Afromontane_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos (page does not exist)">Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Escarpment_Dolomite_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland (page does not exist)">Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Escarpment_Quartzite_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld (page does not exist)">Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Free_State_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Free State Shrubland (page does not exist)">Northern Free State Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_KwaZulu-Natal_Moist_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland (page does not exist)">Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_KwaZulu-Natal_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland (page does not exist)">Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Zululand_Mistbelt_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland (page does not exist)">Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Paulpietersburg_Moist_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland (page does not exist)">Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Queenstown_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queenstown Thornveld (page does not exist)">Queenstown Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rand_Highveld_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rand Highveld Grassland (page does not exist)">Rand Highveld Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sekhukhune_Montane_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekhukhune Montane Grassland (page does not exist)">Sekhukhune Montane Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Senqu_Montane_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senqu Montane Shrubland (page does not exist)">Senqu Montane Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Drakensberg_Highland_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland (page does not exist)">Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_KwaZulu-Natal_Moist_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland (page does not exist)">Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Soutpansberg_Summit_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld (page does not exist)">Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Soweto_Highveld_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soweto Highveld Grassland (page does not exist)">Soweto Highveld Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Steenkampsberg_Montane_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland (page does not exist)">Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Stormberg_Plateau_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stormberg Plateau Grassland (page does not exist)">Stormberg Plateau Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Strydpoort_Summit_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strydpoort Summit Sourveld (page does not exist)">Strydpoort Summit Sourveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tarkastad_Montane_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarkastad Montane Shrubland (page does not exist)">Tarkastad Montane Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tsakane_Clay_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsakane Clay Grassland (page does not exist)">Tsakane Clay Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tsomo_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsomo Grassland (page does not exist)">Tsomo Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=UKhahlamba_Basalt_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UKhahlamba Basalt Grassland (page does not exist)">uKhahlamba Basalt Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Vaal_Reefs_Dolomite_Sinkhole_Woodland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland (page does not exist)">Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Vaal-Vet_Sandy_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland (page does not exist)">Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Vredefort_Dome_Granite_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland (page does not exist)">Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wakkerstroom_Montane_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland (page does not exist)">Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Waterberg-Magaliesberg_Summit_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld (page does not exist)">Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Free_State_Clay_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Free State Clay Grassland (page does not exist)">Western Free State Clay Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Highveld_Sandy_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Highveld Sandy Grassland (page does not exist)">Western Highveld Sandy Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Lesotho_Basalt_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland (page does not exist)">Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Winburg_Grassy_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winburg Grassy Shrubland (page does not exist)">Winburg Grassy Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wolkberg_Dolomite_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland (page does not exist)">Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Woodbush_Granite_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woodbush Granite Grassland (page does not exist)">Woodbush Granite Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Xhariep_Karroid_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xhariep Karroid Grassland (page does not exist)">Xhariep Karroid Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zastron_Moist_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zastron Moist Grassland (page does not exist)">Zastron Moist Grassland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">Fynbos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Limestone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agulhas Limestone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Agulhas Limestone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Sand_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agulhas Sand Fynbos (page does not exist)">Agulhas Sand Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Albertinia_Sand_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albertinia Sand Fynbos (page does not exist)">Albertinia Sand Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Algoa_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algoa Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Algoa Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantis_Sand_Fynbos" title="Atlantis Sand Fynbos">Atlantis Sand Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bokkeveld_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boland_Granite_Fynbos" title="Boland Granite Fynbos">Boland Granite Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Breede_Alluvium_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breede Alluvium Fynbos (page does not exist)">Breede Alluvium Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Breede_Quartzite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breede Quartzite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Breede Quartzite Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Breede_Sand_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breede Sand Fynbos (page does not exist)">Breede Sand Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Breede_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breede Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Breede Shale Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canca_Limestone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canca Limestone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Canca Limestone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Flats_Sand_Fynbos" title="Cape Flats Sand Fynbos">Cape Flats Sand Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Winelands_Shale_Fynbos" title="Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos">Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cederberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Central_Coastal_Shale_Band_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation (page does not exist)">Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Central_Inland_Shale_Band_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation (page does not exist)">Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=De_Hoop_Limestone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Hoop Limestone Fynbos (page does not exist)">De Hoop Limestone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Coastal_Shale_Band_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation (page does not exist)">Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Inland_Shale_Band_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation (page does not exist)">Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Elgin_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elgin Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Elgin Shale Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Elim_Ferricrete_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elim Ferricrete Fynbos (page does not exist)">Elim Ferricrete Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Garden_Route_Granite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garden Route Granite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Garden Route Granite Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Garden_Route_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garden Route Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Garden Route Shale Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Graafwater_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Greyton_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greyton Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Greyton Shale Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Grootrivier_Quartzite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hangklip_Sand_Fynbos" title="Hangklip Sand Fynbos">Hangklip Sand Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hawequas_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hopefield_Sand_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hopefield Sand Fynbos (page does not exist)">Hopefield Sand Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kamiesberg_Granite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kango_Conglomerate_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kango Conglomerate Fynbos (page does not exist)">Kango Conglomerate Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Knysna_Sand_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knysna Sand Fynbos (page does not exist)">Knysna Sand Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kogelberg_Sandstone_Fynbos" title="Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos">Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kouebokkeveld_Alluvium_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos (page does not exist)">Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kouebokkeveld_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kouga_Grassy_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kouga_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kouga Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Kouga Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Leipoldtville_Sand_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos (page does not exist)">Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Loerie_Conglomerate_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos (page does not exist)">Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lourensford_Alluvium_Fynbos" title="Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos">Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Matjiesfontein_Quartzite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Matjiesfontein_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Montagu_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montagu Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Montagu Shale Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Sand_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Sand Fynbos (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Sand Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=North_Hex_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Hex Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">North Hex Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=North_Kammanassie_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=North_Langeberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=North_Outeniqua_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=North_Rooiberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=North_Sonderend_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=North_Swartberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Inland_Shale_Band_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation (page does not exist)">Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Olifants_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olifants Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Olifants Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Overberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Overberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peninsula_Granite_Fynbos" title="Peninsula Granite Fynbos">Peninsula Granite Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peninsula_Sandstone_Fynbos" title="Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos">Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Piketberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Potberg_Ferricrete_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos (page does not exist)">Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Potberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Potberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Robertson_Granite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robertson Granite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Robertson Granite Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=South_Hex_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Hex Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">South Hex Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=South_Kammanassie_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=South_Langeberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=South_Outeniqua_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=South_Rooiberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=South_Sonderend_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=South_Swartberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Cape_Dune_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Cape Dune Fynbos (page does not exist)">Southern Cape Dune Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Stinkfonteinberge_Quartzite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Suurberg_Quartzite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Suurberg_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suurberg Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Suurberg Shale Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swartberg_Altimontane_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swartberg_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartberg Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Swartberg Shale Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swartland_Alluvium_Fynbos" title="Swartland Alluvium Fynbos">Swartland Alluvium Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swartruggens_Quartzite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swellendam_Silcrete_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos (page does not exist)">Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tsitsikamma_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Altimontane_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Coastal_Shale_Band_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation (page does not exist)">Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Winterhoek_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renosterveld" title="Renosterveld">Renosterveld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Baviaanskloof_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Breede_Alluvium_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breede Alluvium Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Breede Alluvium Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Breede_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breede Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Breede Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Central_Mountain_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Central_Ru%C3%AAns_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Ruêns Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Central Ruêns Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ceres_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceres Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Ceres Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Ru%C3%AAns_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Ruêns Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Eastern Ruêns Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hantam_Plateau_Dolerite_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Humansdorp_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kango_Limestone_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kango Limestone Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Kango Limestone Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Langkloof_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkloof Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Langkloof Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Matjiesfontein_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Montagu_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montagu Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Montagu Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Granite_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nieuwoudtville_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld_Dolerite_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peninsula_Shale_Renosterveld" title="Peninsula Shale Renosterveld">Peninsula Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Robertson_Granite_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robertson Granite Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Robertson Granite Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Roggeveld_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ru%C3%AAns_Silcrete_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruêns Silcrete Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Ruêns Silcrete Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swartberg_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartberg Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Swartberg Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swartland_Alluvium_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swartland_Granite_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartland Granite Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Swartland Granite Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swartland_Shale_Renosterveld" title="Swartland Shale Renosterveld">Swartland Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swartland_Silcrete_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Uniondale_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uniondale Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Uniondale Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Vanrhynsdorp_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Ru%C3%AAns_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Ruêns Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Western Ruêns Shale Renosterveld</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent<br />Karoo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Aggeneys_Gravel_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Agter-Sederberg_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agter-Sederberg Shrubland (page does not exist)">Agter-Sederberg Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Anenous_Plateau_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anenous Plateau Shrubland (page does not exist)">Anenous Plateau Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bushmanland_Inselberg_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland (page does not exist)">Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Central_Knersvlakte_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Central_Richtersveld_Mountain_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland (page does not exist)">Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Citrusdal_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citrusdal Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Citrusdal Vygieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Die_Plate_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Plate Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Die Plate Succulent Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Doringrivier_Quartzite_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo (page does not exist)">Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Little_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Little Karoo (page does not exist)">Eastern Little Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eenriet_Plains_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Goariep_Mountain_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hantam_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hantam Karoo (page does not exist)">Hantam Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kamiesberg_Mountains_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland (page does not exist)">Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Klawer_Sandy_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klawer Sandy Shrubland (page does not exist)">Klawer Sandy Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Knersvlakte_Dolomite_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Knersvlakte_Quartz_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Knersvlakte_Shale_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Koedoesberge-Moordenaars_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo (page does not exist)">Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kosiesberg_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lekkersing_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Little_Karoo_Quartz_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Arid_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Arid Grassland (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Arid Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Blomveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Blomveld (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Blomveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Coastal_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Heuweltjie_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Heuweltjie Strandveld (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Heuweltjie Strandveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Heuweltjieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Inland_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Inland Duneveld (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Inland Duneveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Klipkoppe_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Shale_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Shale Shrubland (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Shale Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Spinescent_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Strandveld (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Strandveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Knersvlakte_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Richtersveld_Scorpionstailveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld (page does not exist)">Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Richtersveld_Yellow_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld (page does not exist)">Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Oograbies_Plains_Sandy_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland (page does not exist)">Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Piketberg_Quartz_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Platbakkies_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_Succulent_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince Albert Succulent Karoo (page does not exist)">Prince Albert Succulent Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Richtersveld_Coastal_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld (page does not exist)">Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Richtersveld_Red_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richtersveld Red Duneveld (page does not exist)">Richtersveld Red Duneveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Richtersveld_Sandy_Coastal_Scorpionstailveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld (page does not exist)">Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Riethuis-Wallekraal_Quartz_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robertson_Karoo" title="Robertson Karoo">Robertson Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Roggeveld_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roggeveld Karoo (page does not exist)">Roggeveld Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rooiberg_Quartz_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rosyntjieberg_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Namaqualand_Quartzite_Klipkoppe_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Namaqualand Quartzite Klipkoppe Shrubland (page does not exist)">Southern Namaqualand Quartzite Klipkoppe Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Richtersveld_Inselberg_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland (page does not exist)">Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Richtersveld_Scorpionstailveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld (page does not exist)">Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Richtersveld_Yellow_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld (page does not exist)">Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Steytlerville_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steytlerville Karoo (page does not exist)">Steytlerville Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Stinkfonteinberge_Eastern_Apron_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland (page does not exist)">Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swartruggens_Quartzite_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo (page does not exist)">Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tanqua_Escarpment_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland (page does not exist)">Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanqua_Karoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanqua Karoo">Tanqua Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tatasberg_Mountain_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Umdaus_Mountains_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Upper_Annisvlakte_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Vanrhynsdorp_Gannabosveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld (page does not exist)">Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Vyftienmyl_se_Berge_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Bushmanland_Klipveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Bushmanland Klipveld (page does not exist)">Western Bushmanland Klipveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Gwarrieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Gwarrieveld (page does not exist)">Western Gwarrieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Little_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Little Karoo (page does not exist)">Western Little Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Willowmore_Gwarrieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willowmore Gwarrieveld (page does not exist)">Willowmore Gwarrieveld</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Albany_Thicket_and_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Thicket and Strandveld (page does not exist)">Albany<br />Thicket<br />and<br />Strandveld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Albany_Arid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Arid Thicket (page does not exist)">Albany Arid Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Albany_Bontveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Bontveld (page does not exist)">Albany Bontveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Albany_Mesic_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Mesic Thicket (page does not exist)">Albany Mesic Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Albany_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Albany Valley Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Baviaans_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baviaans Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Baviaans Valley Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bethelsdorp_Bontveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bethelsdorp Bontveld (page does not exist)">Bethelsdorp Bontveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Blombos_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blombos Strandveld (page does not exist)">Blombos Strandveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Buffels_Mesic_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buffels Mesic Thicket (page does not exist)">Buffels Mesic Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Buffels_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buffels Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Buffels Valley Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Flats_Dune_Strandveld" title="Cape Flats Dune Strandveld">Cape Flats Dune Strandveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Crossroads_Grassland_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crossroads Grassland Thicket (page does not exist)">Crossroads Grassland Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Doubledrift_Karroid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doubledrift Karroid Thicket (page does not exist)">Doubledrift Karroid Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Gwarrieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Gwarrieveld (page does not exist)">Eastern Gwarrieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Elands_Forest_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elands Forest Thicket (page does not exist)">Elands Forest Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Escarpment_Arid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escarpment Arid Thicket (page does not exist)">Escarpment Arid Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Escarpment_Mesic_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escarpment Mesic Thicket (page does not exist)">Escarpment Mesic Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Escarpment_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escarpment Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Escarpment Valley Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fish_Arid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fish Arid Thicket (page does not exist)">Fish Arid Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fish_Mesic_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fish Mesic Thicket (page does not exist)">Fish Mesic Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fish_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fish Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Fish Valley Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gamka_Arid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamka Arid Thicket (page does not exist)">Gamka Arid Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gamka_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamka Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Gamka Valley Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Geluk_Grassland_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geluk Grassland Thicket (page does not exist)">Geluk Grassland Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Goukamma_Dune_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goukamma Dune Thicket (page does not exist)">Goukamma Dune Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gouritz_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gouritz Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Gouritz Valley Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Grahamstown_Grassland_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grahamstown Grassland Thicket (page does not exist)">Grahamstown Grassland Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Grassridge_Bontveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grassridge Bontveld (page does not exist)">Grassridge Bontveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Groot_Brak_Dune_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Groot Brak Dune Strandveld (page does not exist)">Groot Brak Dune Strandveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hamburg_Dune_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamburg Dune Thicket (page does not exist)">Hamburg Dune Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hartenbos_Dune_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartenbos Dune Thicket (page does not exist)">Hartenbos Dune Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kasouga_Dune_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasouga Dune Thicket (page does not exist)">Kasouga Dune Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Koedoeskloof_Karroid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koedoeskloof Karroid Thicket (page does not exist)">Koedoeskloof Karroid Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lambert%E2%80%99s_Bay_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert’s Bay Strandveld (page does not exist)">Lambert’s Bay Strandveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Langebaan_Dune_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langebaan Dune Strandveld (page does not exist)">Langebaan Dune Strandveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mons_Ruber_Fynbos_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mons Ruber Fynbos Thicket (page does not exist)">Mons Ruber Fynbos Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Motherwell_Karroid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motherwell Karroid Thicket (page does not exist)">Motherwell Karroid Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nanaga_Savanna_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanaga Savanna Thicket (page does not exist)">Nanaga Savanna Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Oudshoorn_Karroid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oudshoorn Karroid Thicket (page does not exist)">Oudshoorn Karroid Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Overberg_Dune_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overberg Dune Strandveld (page does not exist)">Overberg Dune Strandveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saldanha_Flats_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saldanha Flats Strandveld (page does not exist)">Saldanha Flats Strandveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saldanha_Granite_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saldanha Granite Strandveld (page does not exist)">Saldanha Granite Strandveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saldanha_Limestone_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saldanha Limestone Strandveld (page does not exist)">Saldanha Limestone Strandveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saltaire_Karroid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saltaire Karroid Thicket (page does not exist)">Saltaire Karroid Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sardinia_Forest_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sardinia Forest Thicket (page does not exist)">Sardinia Forest Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=St_Francis_Dune_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Francis Dune Thicket (page does not exist)">St Francis Dune Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subtropical_Dune_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropical Dune Thicket (page does not exist)">Subtropical Dune Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sundays_Arid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundays Arid Thicket (page does not exist)">Sundays Arid Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sundays_Mesic_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundays Mesic Thicket (page does not exist)">Sundays Mesic Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sundays_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundays Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Sundays Valley Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Thorndale_Forest_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorndale Forest Thicket (page does not exist)">Thorndale Forest Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Umtiza_Forest_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umtiza Forest Thicket (page does not exist)">Umtiza Forest Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Vanstadens_Forest_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanstadens Forest Thicket (page does not exist)">Vanstadens Forest Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Gwarrieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Gwarrieveld (page does not exist)">Western Gwarrieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Willowmore_Gwarrieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willowmore Gwarrieveld (page does not exist)">Willowmore Gwarrieveld</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nama_Karoo_and_desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nama Karoo and desert (page does not exist)">Nama<br />Karoo<br />and<br />desert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Albany_Broken_Veld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Broken Veld (page does not exist)">Albany Broken Veld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Blouputs_Karroid_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blouputs Karroid Thornveld (page does not exist)">Blouputs Karroid Thornveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bushmanland_Arid_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bushmanland Arid Grassland (page does not exist)">Bushmanland Arid Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bushmanland_Basin_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bushmanland Basin Shrubland (page does not exist)">Bushmanland Basin Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bushmanland_Sandy_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bushmanland Sandy Grassland (page does not exist)">Bushmanland Sandy Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Lower_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Lower Karoo (page does not exist)">Eastern Lower Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Upper_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Upper Karoo (page does not exist)">Eastern Upper Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gamka_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamka Karoo (page does not exist)">Gamka Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kalahari_Karroid_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalahari Karroid Shrubland (page does not exist)">Kalahari Karroid Shrubland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lower_Gariep_Broken_Veld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Gariep Broken Veld (page does not exist)">Lower Gariep Broken Veld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lower_Karoo_Gwarrieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld (page does not exist)">Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Upper_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Upper Karoo (page does not exist)">Northern Upper Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Upper_Karoo_Hardeveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Karoo Hardeveld (page does not exist)">Upper Karoo Hardeveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Upper_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Upper Karoo (page does not exist)">Western Upper Karoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Bay_Coastal_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld (page does not exist)">Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Gariep_Plains_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Gariep Plains Desert (page does not exist)">Eastern Gariep Plains Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Gariep_Rocky_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert (page does not exist)">Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Helskloof_Canyon_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helskloof Canyon Desert (page does not exist)">Helskloof Canyon Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kahams_Mountain_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahams Mountain Desert (page does not exist)">Kahams Mountain Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kwaggarug_Mountain_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwaggarug Mountain Desert (page does not exist)">Kwaggarug Mountain Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namib_Lichen_Fields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namib Lichen Fields (page does not exist)">Namib Lichen Fields</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Noms_Mountain_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noms Mountain Desert (page does not exist)">Noms Mountain Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Nababiepsberge_Mountain_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert (page does not exist)">Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Richtersberg_Mountain_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richtersberg Mountain Desert (page does not exist)">Richtersberg Mountain Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Richtersveld_Sheet_Wash_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert (page does not exist)">Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Nababiepsberge_Mountain_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert (page does not exist)">Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Gariep_Hills_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Gariep Hills Desert (page does not exist)">Western Gariep Hills Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Gariep_Lowland_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Gariep Lowland Desert (page does not exist)">Western Gariep Lowland Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Gariep_Plains_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Gariep Plains Desert (page does not exist)">Western Gariep Plains Desert</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azonal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Albany_Alluvial_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Alluvial Vegetation (page does not exist)">Albany Alluvial Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Albany_Dune_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Dune Strandveld (page does not exist)">Albany Dune Strandveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Algoa_Dune_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algoa Dune Strandveld (page does not exist)">Algoa Dune Strandveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arid_Estuarine_Salt_Marshes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes (page does not exist)">Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bushmanland_Vloere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bushmanland Vloere (page does not exist)">Bushmanland Vloere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cape_Estuarine_Salt_Marshes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes (page does not exist)">Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cape_Inland_Salt_Pans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Inland Salt Pans (page does not exist)">Cape Inland Salt Pans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cape_Lowland_Alluvial_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation (page does not exist)">Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Lowland_Freshwater_Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands">Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cape_Seashore_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Seashore Vegetation (page does not exist)">Cape Seashore Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cape_Vernal_Pools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Vernal Pools (page does not exist)">Cape Vernal Pools</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Drakensberg_Wetlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drakensberg Wetlands (page does not exist)">Drakensberg Wetlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Temperate_Freshwater_Wetlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands (page does not exist)">Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fynbos_Riparian_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fynbos Riparian Vegetation (page does not exist)">Fynbos Riparian Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Highveld_Alluvial_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Highveld Alluvial Vegetation (page does not exist)">Highveld Alluvial Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Highveld_Salt_Pans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Highveld Salt Pans (page does not exist)">Highveld Salt Pans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lesotho_Mires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesotho Mires (page does not exist)">Lesotho Mires</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lower_Gariep_Alluvial_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation (page does not exist)">Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Muscadel_Riviere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muscadel Riviere (page does not exist)">Muscadel Riviere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Riviere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Riviere (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Riviere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Salt_Pans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Salt Pans (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Salt Pans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Seashore_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namib_Seashore_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namib Seashore Vegetation (page does not exist)">Namib Seashore Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Kalahari_Mekgacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Kalahari Mekgacha (page does not exist)">Southern Kalahari Mekgacha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Kalahari_Salt_Pans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Kalahari Salt Pans (page does not exist)">Southern Kalahari Salt Pans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Karoo_Riviere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Karoo Riviere (page does not exist)">Southern Karoo Riviere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Kelp_Bed_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Kelp Bed Vegetation (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Kelp Bed Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subtropical_Alluvial_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation (page does not exist)">Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subtropical_Dune_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropical Dune Thicket (page does not exist)">Subtropical Dune Thicket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subtropical_Estuarine_Salt_Marshes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes (page does not exist)">Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subtropical_Freshwater_Wetlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands (page does not exist)">Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subtropical_Salt_Pans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropical Salt Pans (page does not exist)">Subtropical Salt Pans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subtropical_Seashore_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropical Seashore Vegetation (page does not exist)">Subtropical Seashore Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tanqua_Wash_Riviere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanqua Wash Riviere (page does not exist)">Tanqua Wash Riviere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Upper_Gariep_Alluvial_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation (page does not exist)">Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Forest_and_coastal_belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forest and coastal belt (page does not exist)">Forest<br />and<br />Coastal<br />belt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=KwaZulu-Natal_Coastal_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt (page does not exist)">KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Maputaland_Coastal_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maputaland Coastal Belt (page does not exist)">Maputaland Coastal Belt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Maputaland_Wooded_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maputaland Wooded Grassland (page does not exist)">Maputaland Wooded Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pondoland-Natal_Sandstone_Coastal_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld (page does not exist)">Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Transkei_Coastal_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transkei Coastal Belt (page does not exist)">Transkei Coastal Belt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ironwood_Dry_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ironwood Dry Forest (page does not exist)">Ironwood Dry Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lowveld_Riverine_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lowveld Riverine Forest (page does not exist)">Lowveld Riverine Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mangrove_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangrove Forest (page does not exist)">Mangrove Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Afrotemperate_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Afrotemperate Forest (page does not exist)">Northern Afrotemperate Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Coastal_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Coastal Forest (page does not exist)">Northern Coastal Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Mistbelt_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Mistbelt Forest (page does not exist)">Northern Mistbelt Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sand_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand Forest">Sand Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Scarp_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scarp Forest (page does not exist)">Scarp Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Afrotemperate_Forest" title="Southern Afrotemperate Forest">Southern Afrotemperate Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Coastal_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Coastal Forest (page does not exist)">Southern Coastal Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Southern_Mistbelt_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Mistbelt Forest (page does not exist)">Southern Mistbelt Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swamp_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swamp Forest (page does not exist)">Swamp Forest</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">Subantarctic</a><br />biome</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Biotic_Herbfield_and_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Cinder_Cone_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Coastal_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Drainage_Line_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Drainage Line Vegetation (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Drainage Line Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Fellfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Fellfield (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Fellfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Fernbrake_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Mire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Mire (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Mire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Polar_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Polar Desert (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Polar Desert</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">not on<br />VEGMAP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_forests_of_South_Africa" title="List of forests of South Africa">List of forests of South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_forests_of_the_Eastern_Cape" title="List of forests of the Eastern Cape">List of forests of the Eastern Cape</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forests_of_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Forests of KwaZulu-Natal">Forests of KwaZulu-Natal</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal_Dune_Forest" title="KwaZulu-Natal Dune Forest">KwaZulu-Natal Dune Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal_coastal_lowland_forest" title="KwaZulu-Natal coastal lowland forest">KwaZulu-Natal coastal lowland forest</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_forests_of_the_Western_Cape" title="List of forests of the Western Cape">List of forests of the Western Cape</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protected_areas_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="List of protected areas of South Africa">Protected areas of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="Index of protected areas of South Africa">Index of protected areas of South Africa</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_National_Parks" title="South African National Parks">South<br />African<br />National<br />Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Addo_Elephant_National_Park" title="Addo Elephant National Park">Addo Elephant National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agulhas_National_Park" title="Agulhas National Park">Agulhas National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augrabies_Falls_National_Park" title="Augrabies Falls National Park">Augrabies Falls National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bontebok_National_Park" title="Bontebok National Park">Bontebok National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camdeboo_National_Park" title="Camdeboo National Park">Camdeboo National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garden_Route_National_Park" title="Garden Route National Park">Garden Route National Park</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsitsikamma_National_Park" title="Tsitsikamma National Park">Tsitsikamma National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilderness_National_Park" title="Wilderness National Park">Wilderness National Park</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_Gate_Highlands_National_Park" title="Golden Gate Highlands National Park">Golden Gate Highlands National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karoo_National_Park" title="Karoo National Park">Karoo National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park" title="Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park">Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mapungubwe_National_Park" title="Mapungubwe National Park">Mapungubwe National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marakele_National_Park" title="Marakele National Park">Marakele National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mokala_National_Park" title="Mokala National Park">Mokala National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mountain_Zebra_National_Park" title="Mountain Zebra National Park">Mountain Zebra National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namaqua_National_Park" title="Namaqua National Park">Namaqua National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Table_Mountain_National_Park" title="Table Mountain National Park">Table Mountain National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tankwa_Karoo_National_Park" title="Tankwa Karoo National Park">Tankwa Karoo National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Coast_National_Park" title="West Coast National Park">West Coast National Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C7%80Ai-%C7%80Ais/Richtersveld_Transfrontier_Park" title="ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park">ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biosphere_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere reserve">Biosphere<br />reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Winelands_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Cape Winelands Biosphere Reserve">Cape Winelands Biosphere Reserve</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gouritz_Cluster_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Gouritz Cluster Biosphere Reserve">Gouritz Cluster Biosphere Reserve</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kogelberg_Nature_Reserve" title="Kogelberg Nature Reserve">Kogelberg Nature Reserve</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kruger_to_Canyons_Biosphere" title="Kruger to Canyons Biosphere">Kruger to Canyons Biosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magaliesberg_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve">Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waterberg_Biosphere" title="Waterberg Biosphere">Waterberg Biosphere</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="Marine protected areas of South Africa">Marine<br />protected<br />areas of<br />South<br />Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coastal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Addo_Elephant_National_Park_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area">Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amathole_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Amathole Marine Protected Area">Amathole Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Betty%27s_Bay_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area">Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bird_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird Island Marine Protected Area">Bird Island Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_Hoop_Marine_Protected_Area" title="De Hoop Marine Protected Area">De Hoop Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dwesa-Cwebe_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area">Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goukamma_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Goukamma Marine Protected Area">Goukamma Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helderberg_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Helderberg Marine Protected Area">Helderberg Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hluleka_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Hluleka Marine Protected Area">Hluleka Marine Protected Area</a>I</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISimangaliso_Marine_Protected_Area" title="ISimangaliso Marine Protected Area">iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jutten_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Jutten Island Marine Protected Area">Jutten Island Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langebaan_Lagoon_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area">Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malgas_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Malgas Island Marine Protected Area">Malgas Island Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marcus_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Marcus Island Marine Protected Area">Marcus Island Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namaqua_National_Park_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area">Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pondoland_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Pondoland Marine Protected Area">Pondoland Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robben_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Robben Island Marine Protected Area">Robben Island Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rocherpan_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Rocherpan Marine Protected Area">Rocherpan Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robberg_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Robberg Marine Protected Area">Robberg Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardinia_Bay_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area">Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sixteen_Mile_Beach_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area">Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stilbaai_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Stilbaai Marine Protected Area">Stilbaai Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Table_Mountain_National_Park_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area">Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trafalgar_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Trafalgar Marine Protected Area">Trafalgar Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsitsikamma_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area">Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UThukela_Banks_Marine_Protected_Area" title="UThukela Banks Marine Protected Area">uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walker_Bay_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary">Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offshore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agulhas_Bank_Complex_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area">Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agulhas_Front_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area">Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agulhas_Muds_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area">Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aliwal_Shoal_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area">Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amathole_Offshore_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area">Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benguela_Bank_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area">Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benguela_Muds_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area">Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Browns_Bank_Complex_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area">Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Browns_Bank_Corals_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area">Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Canyon_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area">Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Childs_Bank_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Childs Bank Marine Protected Area">Childs Bank Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISimangaliso_Offshore_Marine_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="ISimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area">iSimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namaqua_Fossil_Forest_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area">Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_Shelf_Edge_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area">Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area">Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protea_Banks_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Protea Banks Marine Protected Area">Protea Banks Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Atlantic_Seamounts_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area">Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southwest_Indian_Seamount_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Southwest Indian Seamount Marine Protected Area">Southwest Indian Seamount Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Elizabeth_Corals_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area">Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UThukela_Banks_Marine_Protected_Area" title="UThukela Banks Marine Protected Area">uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CapeNature" title="CapeNature">CapeNature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_of_Cape_Town" title="City of Cape Town">City of Cape Town</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Environment,_Forestry_and_Fisheries" title="Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries">Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Innovation" title="Department of Science and Innovation">Department of Science and Innovation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Cape_Parks" title="Eastern Cape Parks">Eastern Cape Parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ezemvelo_KZN_Wildlife" title="Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife">Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=ISimangaliso_Wetland_Park_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISimangaliso Wetland Park Authority (page does not exist)">iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_Bay_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality">Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_National_Parks" title="South African National Parks">South African National Parks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biodiversity_research_in_SA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Biodiversity research in SA</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolus_Herbarium" title="Bolus Herbarium">Bolus Herbarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iziko_South_African_Museum" title="Iziko South African Museum">Iziko South African Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_(South_Africa)" title="National Research Foundation (South Africa)">National Research Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=South_African_National_Collection_of_Fungi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South African National Collection of Fungi (page does not exist)">South African National Collection of Fungi</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_Demography_Unit" title="Animal Demography Unit">Animal Demography Unit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BirdLife_South_Africa" title="BirdLife South Africa">BirdLife South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Association_for_Marine_Biological_Research" title="South African Association for Marine Biological Research">South African Association for Marine Biological Research</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Environmental_Observation_Network" title="South African Environmental Observation Network">South African Environmental Observation Network</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Institute_for_Aquatic_Biodiversity" title="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity">South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">South African National Biodiversity Institute</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research<br />projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=African_Coelacanth_Ecosystem_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme (page does not exist)">African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="National Biodiversity Assessment">National Biodiversity Assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=National_Vegetation_Map_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Vegetation Map Project (page does not exist)">National Vegetation Map Project</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Reef_Atlas_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reef Atlas Project (page does not exist)">Reef Atlas Project</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizen science<br />databases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISpot" title="ISpot">iSpot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Percy_FitzPatrick_Institute_of_African_Ornithology" title="Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology">Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Virtual Museum</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_South_Africa" title="List of botanical gardens in South Africa">Botanical<br />gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Durban_Botanic_Gardens" title="Durban Botanic Gardens">Durban Botanic Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_State_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Free State National Botanical Garden">Free State National Botanical Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garden_Route_Botanical_Garden" title="Garden Route Botanical Garden">Garden Route Botanical Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hantam_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Hantam National Botanical Garden">Hantam National Botanical Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harold_Porter_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Harold Porter National Botanical Garden">Harold Porter National Botanical Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johannesburg_Botanical_Garden" title="Johannesburg Botanical Garden">Johannesburg Botanical Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karoo_Desert_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden">Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirstenbosch_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden">Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal_National_Botanical_Garden" title="KwaZulu-Natal National Botanical Garden">KwaZulu-Natal National Botanical Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lowveld_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Lowveld National Botanical Garden">Lowveld National Botanical Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makana_Botanical_Gardens" title="Makana Botanical Gardens">Makana Botanical Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manie_van_der_Schijff_Botanical_Garden" title="Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden">Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North-West_University_Botanical_Garden" title="North-West University Botanical Garden">North-West University Botanical Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pretoria_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Pretoria National Botanical Garden">Pretoria National Botanical Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stellenbosch_University_Botanical_Garden" title="Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden">Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_KwaZulu-Natal_Botanical_Garden" title="University of KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden">University of KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_Sisulu_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden">Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxonomists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_authors_of_South_African_botanical_taxa" title="List of authors of South African botanical taxa">List of authors of South African botanical taxa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_authors_of_South_African_animal_taxa" title="List of authors of South African animal taxa">List of authors of South African animal taxa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_park" title="National park">National park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=South_African_Sustainable_Seafood_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative (page does not exist)">South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">World Register of Marine Species</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional biodiversity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Cape_Town" title="Biodiversity of Cape Town">Biodiversity of Cape Town</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_nature_reserves_in_Cape_Town" title="List of nature reserves in Cape Town">List of nature reserves in Cape Town</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_Living_Resources_Act,_18_of_1998" title="Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998">Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Environmental_Management_Act,_1998" title="National Environmental Management Act, 1998">National Environmental Management Act, 1998</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=National_Environmental_Management:_Biodiversity_Act,_10_of_2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004 (page does not exist)">National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=National_Environmental_Management:_Integrated_Coastal_Management_Act,_24_of_2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008 (page does not exist)">National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=National_Environmental_Management:_Protected_Areas_Act,_57_of_2003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003 (page does not exist)">National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_field_guides_to_South_African_biota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of field guides to South African biota (page does not exist)">List of field guides to South African biota</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Categories: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Biodiversity of South Africa">Biodiversity of South Africa</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="Index of protected areas of South Africa">Index</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_landforms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Earth%27s_landforms" title="Template:Earth's landforms"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Earth%27s_landforms" title="Template talk:Earth's landforms"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Earth%27s_landforms&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_landforms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_landforms"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_landforms" title="Glossary of landforms">List of landforms</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountainous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Butte" title="Butte">Butte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hill" title="Hill">Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flat_(landform)" title="Flat (landform)">Flat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">Mountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">Mountain range</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">Plateau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ridge" title="Ridge">Ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Table_(landform)" title="Table (landform)">Table</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">Valley</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental plain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">Ice sheet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">Plain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tundra</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fluvial_processes" title="Fluvial processes">Fluvial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/River" title="River">River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">Waterfall</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glacial_landform" title="Glacial landform">Glacial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ar%C3%AAte" title="Arête">Arête</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">Cirque</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esker" title="Esker">Esker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glacier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">Ice field</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunnel_valley" title="Tunnel valley">Tunnel valley</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Oceanic and<br /> coastal landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_island" title="High island">High island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volcanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">Caldera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geyser</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_island" title="High island">High island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">Lava dome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lava_field" title="Lava field">Lava field</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">Volcanic crater</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake" title="Volcanic crater lake">Volcanic crater lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volcanic_plateau" title="Volcanic plateau">Volcanic plateau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volcanic_plug" title="Volcanic plug">Volcanic plug</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wall_rock" title="Wall rock">Wall rock</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">Aeolian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">Dry lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandhill" title="Sandhill">Sandhill</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tundra</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">Artificial island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">Artificial reef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Building" title="Building">Building</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">Ditch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">Polder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographical_feature" title="Geographical feature">Geographical feature</a></div></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43262#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43262#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control: National libraries</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43262#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061205-3">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555906205171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85138590">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573523">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126789&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1668011767' |
