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[ 0 => '{{Short description|Geographical region}}', 1 => '{{Coord missing|Europe}}', 2 => '', 3 => '{{EngvarB|date=January 2019}}', 4 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}', 5 => '', 6 => '[[File:Northwestern Europe (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|right|220px|Frequent minimum definition of Northwestern Europe, excluding certain nations often defined as Northwestern Europe, such as Austria and Switzerland]]', 7 => '', 8 => ''''Northwestern Europe''', or '''Northwest Europe''', is a loosely defined [[subregion]] of Europe, overlapping [[Northern Europe|Northern]] and [[Western Europe]]. The region can be defined both geographically and [[ethnography|ethnographically]].', 9 => '', 10 => '==Geographic definitions==', 11 => '[[Geography|Geographically]], Northwestern Europe usually consists of the [[United Kingdom]], [[Ireland]], [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Langues d'oïl|Northern France]], [[Germany]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], and [[Iceland]].<ref>{{cite book|last1= Barnes|first1=R. J.|last2=Barnes|first2=Richard S. K.|title=The Brackish-Water Fauna of Northwestern Europe|date=1994|publisher=Cambridge University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xW2rkp-Yb0C&q=northwestern+europe|isbn=9780521455565}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lachmann|first1=Richard|title=Capitalists in Spite of Themselves: Elite Conflict and European Transitions in Early Modern Europe|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpU73Debh44C&q=northwestern+europe+france&pg=PA189|access-date=15 April 2015|isbn=9780195360509}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Blondel|first1=Jean|title=Political Cultures in Asia and Europe: Citizens, States and Societal Values|date=2006|publisher=Routledge|ref=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Loveluck|first1=Christopher|title=Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c.AD 600–1150|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT8IAQAAQBAJ&q=northwestern+europe+france|isbn=9781107037632}}</ref><ref name="boje">{{cite book|last1=Boje|first1=David M.|title=Organizational Change and Global Standardization: Solutions to Standards and Norms Overwhelming Organizations|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bNhCQAAQBAJ&q=%22northwestern+europe%22+austria&pg=PA181|isbn=9781317633105}}</ref><ref name=fascism>{{cite book|last1=Blinkhorn|first1=Martin|title=Fascism and the Right in Europe 1919-1945|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGUSBAAAQBAJ&q=northwestern+europe+france&pg=PT71|access-date=15 April 2015|isbn=9781317898047}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World and Its Peoples|date=2014|publisher=Marshall Cavendish}}</ref> [[Switzerland]], [[Finland]], and [[Austria]] are also often considered part of Northwestern Europe.<ref name="boje"/><ref name=fascism /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lachmann|first1=Richard|title=Capitalists in Spite of Themselves : Elite Conflict and European Transitions in Early Modern Europe|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpU73Debh44C&pg=P|isbn=9780195360509}}</ref><ref name="kono">{{cite book|last1=Kono|first1=Shigemi|title=The Demographic Challenge: A Handbook about Japan|date=2008|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9CwCQAAQBAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordic+france&pg=PA87|access-date=18 February 2016|isbn=9789047428114}}</ref><ref name="ward">{{cite book|last1=Ward|first1=Deborah E.|title=The White Welfare State: The Racialization of U.S. Welfare Policy|date=2004|publisher=University of Michigan Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHsYazwhXwgC&q=%22define+northwestern+europe+as%22&pg=PA160|isbn=0472024884}}</ref><ref name="amacad">{{cite book|last1=American Academy of Political and Social Science|title=The American people: studies in population|date=1936|publisher=American Academy of Political and Social Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcDPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22northwestern+europe+defined+as%22}}</ref><ref name=cereal>{{cite book|last1=Rutter|first1=Frank Roy|title=Cereal production of Europe|date=1908|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Statistics|url=https://archive.org/details/cerealproduction68rutt|page=[https://archive.org/details/cerealproduction68rutt/page/49 49]|quote=austria northwestern europe.}}</ref> [[Southern France]] is not regarded as northwestern, as it is usually geographically and culturally considered part of the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean region]] or [[Southern Europe]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goyan Kittler|first1=Pamela|last2=Sucher|first2=Kathryn|title=Food and Culture|date=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKdbaMY5AHEC&q=southern+europe+%22southern+france%22&pg=PA156|access-date=15 April 2015|isbn=9780495115410}}</ref><ref name="hearings">{{cite book|last1=United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary|title=Current antitrust problems: Hearings before Antitrust Subcommittee (Subcommittee No. 5)|date=1955|publisher=U.S. Govt Print Off|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uT8MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22northwestern+europe+is+defined+as%22}}</ref>', 12 => '', 13 => '==Ethnographic definitions==', 14 => '', 15 => '[[Germanic-speaking Europe|Germanic languages]] are widely spoken in most of Northwestern Europe, although other languages are also present, including [[Romance-speaking Europe|Romance languages]] in Northern France, Southern Belgium, Luxembourg, and some parts of Switzerland; [[Celtic languages]] along the western fringes of the British Isles and in [[Brittany]]; and [[Uralic languages]] in parts of the [[Nordic countries]]. The region also has a strong history of [[Protestant]]ism that differentiates it from its [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] neighbors to the South and East.<ref name=americanmind>{{cite book|last1=J. Richard|first1=Carl|title=The Battle for the American Mind: A Brief History of a Nation's Thought|date=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VV_caPJhT6AC&q=northwestern+europe+protestantism&pg=PA20|access-date=15 April 2015|isbn=9780742534360}}</ref><ref name="berkhof">{{cite book|last1=Berkhof|first1=Hendrikus|title=Christian Faith|date=2010|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eZ5eKmy5N8gC&q=%22northwestern+europe%22+germanic+protestant&pg=PA196|isbn=9780802805485}}</ref><ref name="amimmigration">{{cite book|last1=Ciment|first1=James|last2=Radzilowski|first2=John|title=American Immigration: An Encyclopedia of Political, Social, and Cultural Change|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPJnBwAAQBAJ&q=%22northwestern+europe%22+italians+immigration&pg=PA174|isbn=9781317477174}}</ref> The definition of Northwestern Europe as correlating with Protestant Germanic Europe mostly leads to the same definition as the geographical one above, but would tend to exclude northern France, Belgium, much of the [[southern Netherlands]], much of [[Southern Germany]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Liechenstein]], [[Austria]], [[Finland]], and [[Ireland]]. This, in part, is because northern France, despite its historical Protestant [[Huguenot]] populations (currently, however, only 2% of the French population),<ref>Special Eurobarometer 493, pages 229-230, European Commission. September, 2019.</ref> is traditionally and demographically<ref>Populations legales de Mayotte en 2017 (France), www.Worldometers.info (Germany) and Demographics of Germany</ref> considered a [[Catholic]] [[Romance language]] region, while Southern Germany, much of the southern Netherlands, Austria, Luxembourg, Liechenstein, and Ireland, though largely containing [[Germanic language]] speakers, are historically [[Roman Catholic]]; meanwhile, Finland, while overwhelmingly majority Protestant and containing a significant Germanic population, is largely a Uralic-speaking country. Belgium is unique in that it is a majority Catholic country, with both German-speaking and Romance-speaking regions. Consequently, although Northwestern Europe has a strong history of Protestantism and an overall majority Protestant and Germanic-speaking population, there are considerable Catholic and non-Germanic language populations, partially because of the majority Catholic populations indigenous to Southern Germany, Ireland, Austria, Luxembourg, Lichenstein, Belgium, and Northern France.<ref>Deutsche Bischofskonferenz. Needless to say, demographically, the Catholic and Protestant populations of this region are equal, certainly in Germany. And Catholics in Northern France, Austria, Ireland, Belgium, etc., exceed the combined contemporary Protestant populations of UK, Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. See "Five Centuries After Reformation, Catholic-Protestant Divide in Western Europe Has Faded," Pew Research Center, www.pewforum.org/22017/08/31.</ref>', 16 => '', 17 => 'A definition of Northwestern Europe as an inclusive term for those European countries not falling within Southern Europe or Eastern Europe was used by some late 19th to mid 20th century [[anthropologists]], [[eugenicists]], and [[Nordicist]]s, who used Northwestern Europe as a shorthand term for the region of Europe in which members of the [[Nordic race]] were concentrated, in contrast to the Eastern and Southern regions of Europe that contained [[Mediterranean race|Mediterranean peoples]], [[Slavs]], [[Balts]] and other non-Nordic peoples.<ref name="hayes">{{cite book|last1=Hayes|first1=Patrick J.|title=The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313392030|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GVqXgCkkmgC&q=%22northwestern+europe%22+germanic+protestant&pg=PA33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Porterfield|first1=Austin Larimore|title=Wait the Withering Rain?|date=1953|publisher=Leo Potishman Foundation|isbn=9780912646374|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1r8OAQAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hutton|first1=Christopher|title=Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk|date=2005|publisher=Polity|isbn=9780745631776|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWDyVPi6pHgC&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism&pg=PA108|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=d'Alroy Jones|first1=Peter|title=Since Columbus: Poverty and Pluralism in the History of the Americas|date=1975|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=9780435315252|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt8IAQAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Boettiger|first1=Louis Angelo|title=Fundamentals of Sociology|date=1938|publisher=Ronald Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F39DAAAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism}}</ref><ref name="lynn">{{cite book|last1=Lynn|first1=Richard|title=Eugenics: A Reassessment|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|pages=35–37|isbn=9780275958220|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaiF6MeXFmQC&q=northwestern+europe+not+southern+or+eastern+europe&pg=PA36}}</ref> Under this [[racialist]] view, all of the [[Germanic Europe|Germanic countries]] and areas such as northern France, which historically contains large numbers of people of [[Gauls|Gaulish]], [[Normans|Norman]], and Germanic [[Franks|Frankish]] descent, would be included as Northwestern Europe, due in part to the predominance of phenotypically Nordic people within these areas.<ref name="amimmigration" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Social Studies for Teachers and Administrators|date=1946|publisher=McKinley Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_QVAAAAIAAJ&q=northwestern+europe+nordicism|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Baradat|first1=Leon P.|title=Political Ideologies|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317345558|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OqO9CgAAQBAJ&q=northwestern+europe+aryan+france&pg=PT359}}</ref>', 18 => '', 19 => '==World War II Theatre==', 20 => '{{Further|North West Europe Campaign}}', 21 => 'In [[military]] history, especially in [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, the [[battle honour]] ''North-West Europe'' has been used to refer to the two land campaigns in that approximate area during [[World War II]]. Two separate battle honours were awarded to regiments who took part in these campaigns. The North-West Europe Campaign of 1940 during the [[Battle of France]], was restricted to Belgium and the [[Battle of Dunkirk|French Channel ports]]. The North-West Europe Campaign of 1944–1945 started with the [[Operation Overlord|landings]] in [[Normandy]] and ended with Field Marshal Montgomery taking the German military surrender of all German forces in the Netherlands, north-west Germany and Denmark on [[Lüneburg Heath]] in north-west Germany. It was fought by the [[British 21st Army Group]]. In the First campaign the French Army was responsible for the rest of the [[Western Front (WWII)|Western Front]] from Luxembourg to Switzerland, as were the American [[U.S. 12th Army Group|12th Army]] and [[U.S. 6th Army Group|6th Army Groups]] during the second campaign.', 22 => '', 23 => 'Units of the [[First Canadian Army]] fought in five major campaigns in North-West Europe, including the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]], the battles for the Channel Ports, the [[Battle of the Scheldt]], the [[Rhineland]] fighting in February and March 1945, and the final operations east of the River Rhine. A period of static warfare existed from 1 November 1944 to 8 February 1945 during which time the First Canadian Army manned positions in the Nijmegen Salient.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/history/campaigns/northwesteurope/northwesteurope.htm | title=North-West Europe | publisher=Canadian Soldiers | access-date=9 August 2012}}</ref>', 24 => '', 25 => '==Genetics==', 26 => 'There is very close genetic affinity among Northwest European populations.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/nature07331|pmid = 18758442| pmc=2735096| title=Genes mirror geography within Europe| journal=Nature| volume=456| issue=7218| pages=98–101| year=2008| last1=Novembre| first1=John| last2=Johnson| first2=Toby| last3=Bryc| first3=Katarzyna| last4=Kutalik| first4=Zoltán| last5=Boyko| first5=Adam R.| last6=Auton| first6=Adam| last7=Indap| first7=Amit| last8=King| first8=Karen S.| last9=Bergmann| first9=Sven| last10=Nelson| first10=Matthew R.| last11=Stephens| first11=Matthew| last12=Bustamante| first12=Carlos D.|bibcode = 2008Natur.456...98N}}</ref> This is largely due to these populations descending from closely related [[Corded Ware]] and [[Bell Beaker]] populations carrying large amounts of [[steppe ancestry]]. The Beaker people of the lower Rhine for example, overturned 90% of Great Britain and Ireland's gene pools, replacing the Basque-like neolithic populations present prior.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/nature25738|pmid = 29466337| pmc=5973796| title=The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe| journal=Nature| volume=555| issue=7695| pages=190–196| year=2018| last1=Olalde| first1=Iñigo| last2=Brace| first2=Selina| last3=Allentoft| first3=Morten E.| last4=Armit| first4=Ian| last5=Kristiansen| first5=Kristian| last6=Booth| first6=Thomas| last7=Rohland| first7=Nadin| last8=Mallick| first8=Swapan| last9=Szécsényi-Nagy| first9=Anna| last10=Mittnik| first10=Alissa| last11=Altena| first11=Eveline| last12=Lipson| first12=Mark| last13=Lazaridis| first13=Iosif| last14=Harper| first14=Thomas K.| last15=Patterson| first15=Nick| last16=Broomandkhoshbacht| first16=Nasreen| last17=Diekmann| first17=Yoan| last18=Faltyskova| first18=Zuzana| last19=Fernandes| first19=Daniel| last20=Ferry| first20=Matthew| last21=Harney| first21=Eadaoin| last22=De Knijff| first22=Peter| last23=Michel| first23=Megan| last24=Oppenheimer| first24=Jonas| last25=Stewardson| first25=Kristin| last26=Barclay| first26=Alistair| last27=Alt| first27=Kurt Werner| last28=Liesau| first28=Corina| last29=Ríos| first29=Patricia| last30=Blasco| first30=Concepción| display-authors=29|bibcode = 2018Natur.555..190O}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/01/dutch-beakers-like-no-other-beakers.html | title=Dutch Beakers: Like no other Beakers| date=19 January 2019}}</ref>', 27 => '', 28 => '==See also==', 29 => '* [[Germanic-speaking Europe]]', 30 => '* [[North Sea Region]]', 31 => '* [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]]', 32 => '', 33 => '==References==', 34 => '{{reflist}}', 35 => '', 36 => '{{Sovereign states of Europe}}', 37 => '{{Regions of the world}}', 38 => '', 39 => '{{Authority control}}', 40 => '', 41 => '[[Category:Northern Europe]]', 42 => '[[Category:Regions of Europe]]', 43 => '[[Category:Western Europe]]', 44 => '[[Category:North Sea]]' ]