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{{Languages of
| country = the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| image = Map - DR Congo, major languages.svg
| caption = Map showing the distribution of the four national languages in the Congo
| official = [[French language|French]]
| national = [[Kikongo language|Kikongo]], [[Lingala language|Lingala]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]]
| foreign =
| indigenous = More than [[:Category:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|200]]
| extralabel = [[Lingua franca]]
| extra = [[French language|French]], [[Kituba language|Kikongo ya leta]], [[Lingala language|Lingala]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]]
| sign = [[American Sign Language]] ([[Francophone African Sign Language]])
|keyboard =French [[AZERTY]]
|keyboard image = [[File:KB France.svg|200px]]
}}
{{Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
The [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] is a multilingual country where an estimated total of 242 languages are spoken. [[Ethnologue]] lists 215 living languages.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CD Languages of Democratic Republic of the Congo], ethnologue.com</ref> The [[official language]], inherited from [[Belgian Congo|the colonial period]], is [[French language|French]]. Four other languages, three of them indigenous, have the status of [[national language]]: [[Kikongo language|Kikongo]], [[Lingala language|Lingala]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]].
51% of the total population speaks French<ref>[https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/LFDM-20Edition-2019-La-langue-fran%C3%A7aise-dans-le-monde.pdf La langue française dans le monde], [[Éditions Gallimard]], [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]</ref> and 74% are using French as a [[lingua franca]].<ref name="lingala" />
When the country was a Belgian colony, it had already instituted teaching and use of the four national languages in primary schools, making it one of the few African nations to have had literacy in local languages during the European colonial period. French remains the official language in the Congolese government and is spoken by half of the population.
== French ==
{{see also|African French}}
[[File:UN Day 2011 Banner (6311961650).jpg|thumb|Banner in French in [[Kinshasa]]]]
[[French language|French]] is the official language of the country since its colonial period under [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]] rule. Therefore, the variety of French used in the DRC has many similarities with [[Belgian French]]. French has been maintained as the official language since the time of independence because it is widely spoken in the capital of the country-Kinshasa, it belongs to none of the indigenous ethnic groups and eases communication between them as well as with the rest of the [[Francophonie]], which includes many African countries. According to a 2018 [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]] report, 42.5 million Congolese people (50.6% of the population) can read and write in French.<ref>[https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/LFDM-20Edition-2019-La-langue-fran%C3%A7aise-dans-le-monde.pdf Langue française dans le monde 2015-2018], [[Éditions Gallimard]].</ref><ref>{{cite book
|author=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
|author-link=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
|title=La langue française dans le monde 2014
|url=http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/
|location=Paris
|publisher=Éditions Nathan
|page=17
|date=2014
|isbn=978-2-09-882654-0
|access-date=2015-05-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702202909/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/
|archive-date=2015-07-02
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> In the capital city [[Kinshasa]], 67% of the population can read and write French, and 68.5% can speak and understand it.<ref>{{cite book
|author=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
|author-link=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
|title=La langue française dans le monde 2014
|url=http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/
|location=Paris
|publisher=Éditions Nathan
|page=30
|date=2014
|isbn=978-2-09-882654-0
|access-date=2015-05-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702202909/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/
|archive-date=2015-07-02
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The Democratic Republic of the Congo currently has the largest population of any country with French as its official language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-15 |title=The Countries That Speak the Most French (Besides France) |url=https://frenchly.us/the-countries-outside-of-france-that-speak-the-most-french/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Frenchly |language=en-US}}</ref>
According to a 2021 survey, French was the most spoken language in the country: a total of 74% of Congolese (79% of men, and 68% of women) reported using French as a language of communication.<ref name="lingala">{{cite web | url=https://www.target-sarl.cd/en/content/target-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc-far-ahead-lingala | title=Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala | date=10 July 2021 }}</ref>
== Kikongo ya leta ==
The [[Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|constitution]] says [[Kongo language|Kikongo]] is one of the national languages, but in fact it is a Kikongo-based creole, [[Kituba language|Kituba]] (''Kikongo ya Leta'' "Kikongo of the government", ''Leta'' being derived from French ''l'État'' "the State") that is used in the constitution and by the administration in the provinces of [[Bas-Congo]] (which is inhabited by the [[Bakongo]]), [[Kwango]], and [[Kwilu Province|Kwilu]]. Kituba has become a [[vernacular language]] in many urban centres including [[Kikwit]], [[Bandundu, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Bandundu]], [[Matadi]], [[Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Boma]] and [[Muanda]].<ref> Salikoko S. Mufwene, ''Kituba, Kileta, or Kikongo? What's in a name?'', University of Chicago, Dans: ''Le nom des langues III. Le nom des langues en Afrique sub-saharienne : pratiques dénominations, catégorisations. Naming Languages in Sub-Saharan Africa: Practices, Names, Categorisations (sous la direction de C. de Féral)'', Louvain-la-Neuve, Peeters, BCILL 124, 2009, {{p.|211-222}}</ref><ref> Foreign Service Institute (U.S.) and Lloyd Balderston Swift, ''Kituba; Basic Course'', Department of State, 1963, {{p.|10}}</ref><ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kikongo-Kituba |language=en|title=Kikongo-Kituba |encyclopedia=Britannica |access-date=14 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://journals.openedition.org/espacepolitique/1296|title=Les nouvelles provinces de la République Démocratique du Congo : construction territoriale et ethnicités|language=fr|date=2011|journal=L'Espace Politique |author=Jean-Claude Bruneau|issue=7 |doi=10.4000/espacepolitique.1296 }}</ref>
== Lingala ==
[[Lingala language|Lingala]] is a language which gained its modern form in the colonial period, with the push of missionaries to standardize and teach a local ''[[lingua franca]]''. It was originally spoken in the [[Lualaba River|upper Congo]] river area but rapidly spread to the middle Congo area and eventually became the major [[Bantu language]] in Kinshasa.
Lingala was made the official language of the army under [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Mobutu]], but since the rebellions, the army has also used Swahili in the east. With the transition period and the consolidation of different armed groups into the Congolese Army, the linguistic policy has returned to its previous form and Lingala is again the official language of the Army.
A 2021 survey found that Lingala was the second-most spoken language in the country, used by 59% of the population (62% of men and 56% of women).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.target-sarl.cd/en/content/target-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc-far-ahead-lingala | title=Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala | date=10 July 2021 }}</ref>
== Swahili ==
[[Swahili language|Swahili]] is the most widespread ''lingua franca'' spoken in Eastern [[Equatorial Africa]]. Many variations of Swahili are spoken in the country but the major one is Kingwana, sometimes called ''Copperbelt Swahili'', especially in the Katanga area.
== Tshiluba ==
The constitution does not specify which of the two major variations of [[Tshiluba]] is the national language. [[Luba-Kasai]] is spoken in the [[East Kasai Region]] ([[Luba people]]) and [[Luba-Lulua]] is used in the [[West Kasai Region]] among the [[Bena Lulua people]]. Luba-Kasai seems to be the language used by the administration. A related language, known as [[Luba-Katanga language|Luba-Katanga]], is spoken in [[Katanga Province]].
== Sign languages ==
There are 12 deaf institutions in the country, and most teach [[French Sign Language]] or variations.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} [[American Sign Language]] is also practiced in the country.
== Other languages ==
The most notable other languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are [[Mashi language|Mashi]], [[Mongo language|Mongo]], [[Lunda language|Lunda]], [[Lega language|Kilega]], [[Tetela language|Tetela]], [[Chokwe language|Chokwe]], [[Budza language|Budza]], [[Ngbandi language|Ngbandi]], [[Lendu language|Lendu]], [[Mangbetu language|Mangbetu]], [[Yombe language|Yombe]], [[Nande language|Nande]], [[Ngbaka language|Ngbaka]], [[Zande language|Zande]], [[Lugbara language|Lugbara]] and [[Komo language (Bantu)|Komo]]. Considerable numbers of people in eastern Congo who came from Rwanda in either pre-colonial or recent times speak [[Kinyarwanda]].
As of 2010 the government decided to include [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] as an optional language at schools as a response to Brazil's increasing influence on the continent, and of the growing and considerable Angolan and Mozambican immigrant communities.<ref name="TSF">[[TSF (radio station)|TSF]]. (July 4th). ''[https://tsf.sapo.pt/PaginaInicial/Portugal/Interior.aspx?content_id=1585824 Português adoptado como língua opcional nas escolas da RD Congo]'', accessed on July 4, 2010</ref>
Among the various forms of [[slang]] spoken in the Congo, [[Indubil]] has been noted since around the 1960s<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghetto Blaster : Et la rumba congolaise rythma les indépendances|url=http://www.sebtheplayer.com/ghetto-blaster-et-la-rumba-congolaise-rythma-les-independances/|access-date=20 February 2011}}</ref> and continues to evolve today.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The spread of Indubil through DR Congo: context and modalities |author=Georges Mulumbwa Mutambwa |url=http://www.vad-ev.de/2010/index.php/en/programme/zu-den-panels/panels-papers/doc_view/120-mutambwa-the-spread-of-indubil-through-dr-congo |access-date=20 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719111839/http://www.vad-ev.de/2010/index.php/en/programme/zu-den-panels/panels-papers/doc_view/120-mutambwa-the-spread-of-indubil-through-dr-congo |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Portal|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Languages}}
* Tola Akindipe, Veronica Tshiama & Francisco Yamba, [http://tshiluba.mofeko.com/ Largest online resource to learn Tshiluba (Mofeko)]
*[http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesafrique/12.htm Linguistic map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo] from Muturzikin.com
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CD Ethnologue.com: Ethnologue report for the Democratic Republic of the Congo]
* [http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/RepDemCongo PanAfrican L10n: Democratic Republic of Congo], languages and software localization
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20121127023859/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/czaire.htm Linguistic situation in RDC]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://info-langues-congo.1sd.org/ New Technologies and languages of both Congos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502195949/http://info-langues-congo.1sd.org/ |date=2015-05-02 }}
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.educ-rdc.org/ ''ONG Éveil du Congo''], NGO working in localization and translations in Congolese national languages
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Yates |first1=Barbara A. |title=The Origins of Language Policy in Zaire |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=1980 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=257–279 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00011332 |issn=0022-278X|jstor=160280|s2cid=153362938 }}
{{Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
{{DRC topics}}
{{Africa in topic|Languages of}}
[[Category:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'zion e neger
== French ==
{{see also|African French}}
[[File:UN Day 2011 Banner (6311961650).jpg|thumb|Banner in French in [[Kinshasa]]]]
[[French language|French]] is the official language of the country since its colonial period under [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]] rule. Therefore, the variety of French used in the DRC has many similarities with [[Belgian French]]. French has been maintained as the official language since the time of independence because it is widely spoken in the capital of the country-Kinshasa, it belongs to none of the indigenous ethnic groups and eases communication between them as well as with the rest of the [[Francophonie]], which includes many African countries. According to a 2018 [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]] report, 42.5 million Congolese people (50.6% of the population) can read and write in French.<ref>[https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/LFDM-20Edition-2019-La-langue-fran%C3%A7aise-dans-le-monde.pdf Langue française dans le monde 2015-2018], [[Éditions Gallimard]].</ref><ref>{{cite book
|author=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
|author-link=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
|title=La langue française dans le monde 2014
|url=http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/
|location=Paris
|publisher=Éditions Nathan
|page=17
|date=2014
|isbn=978-2-09-882654-0
|access-date=2015-05-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702202909/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/
|archive-date=2015-07-02
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> In the capital city [[Kinshasa]], 67% of the population can read and write French, and 68.5% can speak and understand it.<ref>{{cite book
|author=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
|author-link=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
|title=La langue française dans le monde 2014
|url=http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/
|location=Paris
|publisher=Éditions Nathan
|page=30
|date=2014
|isbn=978-2-09-882654-0
|access-date=2015-05-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702202909/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/
|archive-date=2015-07-02
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The Democratic Republic of the Congo currently has the largest population of any country with French as its official language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-15 |title=The Countries That Speak the Most French (Besides France) |url=https://frenchly.us/the-countries-outside-of-france-that-speak-the-most-french/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Frenchly |language=en-US}}</ref>
According to a 2021 survey, French was the most spoken language in the country: a total of 74% of Congolese (79% of men, and 68% of women) reported using French as a language of communication.<ref name="lingala">{{cite web | url=https://www.target-sarl.cd/en/content/target-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc-far-ahead-lingala | title=Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala | date=10 July 2021 }}</ref>
== Kikongo ya leta ==
The [[Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|constitution]] says [[Kongo language|Kikongo]] is one of the national languages, but in fact it is a Kikongo-based creole, [[Kituba language|Kituba]] (''Kikongo ya Leta'' "Kikongo of the government", ''Leta'' being derived from French ''l'État'' "the State") that is used in the constitution and by the administration in the provinces of [[Bas-Congo]] (which is inhabited by the [[Bakongo]]), [[Kwango]], and [[Kwilu Province|Kwilu]]. Kituba has become a [[vernacular language]] in many urban centres including [[Kikwit]], [[Bandundu, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Bandundu]], [[Matadi]], [[Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Boma]] and [[Muanda]].<ref> Salikoko S. Mufwene, ''Kituba, Kileta, or Kikongo? What's in a name?'', University of Chicago, Dans: ''Le nom des langues III. Le nom des langues en Afrique sub-saharienne : pratiques dénominations, catégorisations. Naming Languages in Sub-Saharan Africa: Practices, Names, Categorisations (sous la direction de C. de Féral)'', Louvain-la-Neuve, Peeters, BCILL 124, 2009, {{p.|211-222}}</ref><ref> Foreign Service Institute (U.S.) and Lloyd Balderston Swift, ''Kituba; Basic Course'', Department of State, 1963, {{p.|10}}</ref><ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kikongo-Kituba |language=en|title=Kikongo-Kituba |encyclopedia=Britannica |access-date=14 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://journals.openedition.org/espacepolitique/1296|title=Les nouvelles provinces de la République Démocratique du Congo : construction territoriale et ethnicités|language=fr|date=2011|journal=L'Espace Politique |author=Jean-Claude Bruneau|issue=7 |doi=10.4000/espacepolitique.1296 }}</ref>
== Lingala ==
[[Lingala language|Lingala]] is a language which gained its modern form in the colonial period, with the push of missionaries to standardize and teach a local ''[[lingua franca]]''. It was originally spoken in the [[Lualaba River|upper Congo]] river area but rapidly spread to the middle Congo area and eventually became the major [[Bantu language]] in Kinshasa.
Lingala was made the official language of the army under [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Mobutu]], but since the rebellions, the army has also used Swahili in the east. With the transition period and the consolidation of different armed groups into the Congolese Army, the linguistic policy has returned to its previous form and Lingala is again the official language of the Army.
A 2021 survey found that Lingala was the second-most spoken language in the country, used by 59% of the population (62% of men and 56% of women).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.target-sarl.cd/en/content/target-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc-far-ahead-lingala | title=Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala | date=10 July 2021 }}</ref>
== Swahili ==
[[Swahili language|Swahili]] is the most widespread ''lingua franca'' spoken in Eastern [[Equatorial Africa]]. Many variations of Swahili are spoken in the country but the major one is Kingwana, sometimes called ''Copperbelt Swahili'', especially in the Katanga area.
== Tshiluba ==
The constitution does not specify which of the two major variations of [[Tshiluba]] is the national language. [[Luba-Kasai]] is spoken in the [[East Kasai Region]] ([[Luba people]]) and [[Luba-Lulua]] is used in the [[West Kasai Region]] among the [[Bena Lulua people]]. Luba-Kasai seems to be the language used by the administration. A related language, known as [[Luba-Katanga language|Luba-Katanga]], is spoken in [[Katanga Province]].
== Sign languages ==
There are 12 deaf institutions in the country, and most teach [[French Sign Language]] or variations.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} [[American Sign Language]] is also practiced in the country.
== Other languages ==
The most notable other languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are [[Mashi language|Mashi]], [[Mongo language|Mongo]], [[Lunda language|Lunda]], [[Lega language|Kilega]], [[Tetela language|Tetela]], [[Chokwe language|Chokwe]], [[Budza language|Budza]], [[Ngbandi language|Ngbandi]], [[Lendu language|Lendu]], [[Mangbetu language|Mangbetu]], [[Yombe language|Yombe]], [[Nande language|Nande]], [[Ngbaka language|Ngbaka]], [[Zande language|Zande]], [[Lugbara language|Lugbara]] and [[Komo language (Bantu)|Komo]]. Considerable numbers of people in eastern Congo who came from Rwanda in either pre-colonial or recent times speak [[Kinyarwanda]].
As of 2010 the government decided to include [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] as an optional language at schools as a response to Brazil's increasing influence on the continent, and of the growing and considerable Angolan and Mozambican immigrant communities.<ref name="TSF">[[TSF (radio station)|TSF]]. (July 4th). ''[https://tsf.sapo.pt/PaginaInicial/Portugal/Interior.aspx?content_id=1585824 Português adoptado como língua opcional nas escolas da RD Congo]'', accessed on July 4, 2010</ref>
Among the various forms of [[slang]] spoken in the Congo, [[Indubil]] has been noted since around the 1960s<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghetto Blaster : Et la rumba congolaise rythma les indépendances|url=http://www.sebtheplayer.com/ghetto-blaster-et-la-rumba-congolaise-rythma-les-independances/|access-date=20 February 2011}}</ref> and continues to evolve today.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The spread of Indubil through DR Congo: context and modalities |author=Georges Mulumbwa Mutambwa |url=http://www.vad-ev.de/2010/index.php/en/programme/zu-den-panels/panels-papers/doc_view/120-mutambwa-the-spread-of-indubil-through-dr-congo |access-date=20 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719111839/http://www.vad-ev.de/2010/index.php/en/programme/zu-den-panels/panels-papers/doc_view/120-mutambwa-the-spread-of-indubil-through-dr-congo |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Portal|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Languages}}
* Tola Akindipe, Veronica Tshiama & Francisco Yamba, [http://tshiluba.mofeko.com/ Largest online resource to learn Tshiluba (Mofeko)]
*[http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesafrique/12.htm Linguistic map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo] from Muturzikin.com
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CD Ethnologue.com: Ethnologue report for the Democratic Republic of the Congo]
* [http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/RepDemCongo PanAfrican L10n: Democratic Republic of Congo], languages and software localization
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20121127023859/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/czaire.htm Linguistic situation in RDC]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://info-langues-congo.1sd.org/ New Technologies and languages of both Congos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502195949/http://info-langues-congo.1sd.org/ |date=2015-05-02 }}
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.educ-rdc.org/ ''ONG Éveil du Congo''], NGO working in localization and translations in Congolese national languages
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Yates |first1=Barbara A. |title=The Origins of Language Policy in Zaire |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=1980 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=257–279 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00011332 |issn=0022-278X|jstor=160280|s2cid=153362938 }}
{{Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
{{DRC topics}}
{{Africa in topic|Languages of}}
[[Category:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo| ]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,24 +1,3 @@
-{{Short description|Languages of a geographic region}}
-{{Languages of
-| country = the Democratic Republic of the Congo
-| image = Map - DR Congo, major languages.svg
-| caption = Map showing the distribution of the four national languages in the Congo
-| official = [[French language|French]]
-| national = [[Kikongo language|Kikongo]], [[Lingala language|Lingala]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]]
-| foreign =
-| indigenous = More than [[:Category:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|200]]
-| extralabel = [[Lingua franca]]
-| extra = [[French language|French]], [[Kituba language|Kikongo ya leta]], [[Lingala language|Lingala]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]]
-| sign = [[American Sign Language]] ([[Francophone African Sign Language]])
- |keyboard =French [[AZERTY]]
- |keyboard image = [[File:KB France.svg|200px]]
-}}
-{{Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
-
-The [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] is a multilingual country where an estimated total of 242 languages are spoken. [[Ethnologue]] lists 215 living languages.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CD Languages of Democratic Republic of the Congo], ethnologue.com</ref> The [[official language]], inherited from [[Belgian Congo|the colonial period]], is [[French language|French]]. Four other languages, three of them indigenous, have the status of [[national language]]: [[Kikongo language|Kikongo]], [[Lingala language|Lingala]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]].
-
-51% of the total population speaks French<ref>[https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/LFDM-20Edition-2019-La-langue-fran%C3%A7aise-dans-le-monde.pdf La langue française dans le monde], [[Éditions Gallimard]], [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]</ref> and 74% are using French as a [[lingua franca]].<ref name="lingala" />
-
-When the country was a Belgian colony, it had already instituted teaching and use of the four national languages in primary schools, making it one of the few African nations to have had literacy in local languages during the European colonial period. French remains the official language in the Congolese government and is spoken by half of the population.
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>zion e neger
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#French"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">French</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Kikongo_ya_leta"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Kikongo ya leta</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Lingala"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Lingala</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Swahili"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Swahili</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Tshiluba"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Tshiluba</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sign_languages"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sign languages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Other_languages"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Other languages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="French">French</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African French</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:UN_Day_2011_Banner_(6311961650).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/UN_Day_2011_Banner_%286311961650%29.jpg/220px-UN_Day_2011_Banner_%286311961650%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="5172" data-file-height="3324" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:UN_Day_2011_Banner_(6311961650).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Banner in French in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></div></div></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is the official language of the country since its colonial period under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a> rule. Therefore, the variety of French used in the DRC has many similarities with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a>. French has been maintained as the official language since the time of independence because it is widely spoken in the capital of the country-Kinshasa, it belongs to none of the indigenous ethnic groups and eases communication between them as well as with the rest of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a>, which includes many African countries. According to a 2018 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">OIF</a> report, 42.5 million Congolese people (50.6% of the population) can read and write in French.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> In the capital city <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, 67% of the population can read and write French, and 68.5% can speak and understand it.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The Democratic Republic of the Congo currently has the largest population of any country with French as its official language.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to a 2021 survey, French was the most spoken language in the country: a total of 74% of Congolese (79% of men, and 68% of women) reported using French as a language of communication.<sup id="cite_ref-lingala_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lingala-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Kikongo_ya_leta">Kikongo ya leta</span></h2>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">constitution</a> says <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kikongo</a> is one of the national languages, but in fact it is a Kikongo-based creole, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kituba_language" title="Kituba language">Kituba</a> (<i>Kikongo ya Leta</i> "Kikongo of the government", <i>Leta</i> being derived from French <i>l'État</i> "the State") that is used in the constitution and by the administration in the provinces of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bas-Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-Congo">Bas-Congo</a> (which is inhabited by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakongo">Bakongo</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwango" title="Kwango">Kwango</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwilu_Province" title="Kwilu Province">Kwilu</a>. Kituba has become a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">vernacular language</a> in many urban centres including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kikwit" title="Kikwit">Kikwit</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bandundu,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandundu, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Bandundu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matadi" title="Matadi">Matadi</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Boma</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Muanda">Muanda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Lingala">Lingala</span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a> is a language which gained its modern form in the colonial period, with the push of missionaries to standardize and teach a local <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i>. It was originally spoken in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lualaba_River" title="Lualaba River">upper Congo</a> river area but rapidly spread to the middle Congo area and eventually became the major <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu language">Bantu language</a> in Kinshasa.
</p><p>Lingala was made the official language of the army under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a>, but since the rebellions, the army has also used Swahili in the east. With the transition period and the consolidation of different armed groups into the Congolese Army, the linguistic policy has returned to its previous form and Lingala is again the official language of the Army.
</p><p>A 2021 survey found that Lingala was the second-most spoken language in the country, used by 59% of the population (62% of men and 56% of women).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Swahili">Swahili</span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> is the most widespread <i>lingua franca</i> spoken in Eastern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a>. Many variations of Swahili are spoken in the country but the major one is Kingwana, sometimes called <i>Copperbelt Swahili</i>, especially in the Katanga area.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tshiluba">Tshiluba</span></h2>
<p>The constitution does not specify which of the two major variations of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tshiluba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshiluba">Tshiluba</a> is the national language. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luba-Kasai" class="mw-redirect" title="Luba-Kasai">Luba-Kasai</a> is spoken in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Kasai_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="East Kasai Region">East Kasai Region</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luba_people" title="Luba people">Luba people</a>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luba-Lulua" class="mw-redirect" title="Luba-Lulua">Luba-Lulua</a> is used in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Kasai_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="West Kasai Region">West Kasai Region</a> among the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bena_Lulua_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bena Lulua people (page does not exist)">Bena Lulua people</a>. Luba-Kasai seems to be the language used by the administration. A related language, known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luba-Katanga_language" title="Luba-Katanga language">Luba-Katanga</a>, is spoken in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga Province</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sign_languages">Sign languages</span></h2>
<p>There are 12 deaf institutions in the country, and most teach <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a> or variations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> is also practiced in the country.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_languages">Other languages</span></h2>
<p>The most notable other languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mashi_language" title="Mashi language">Mashi</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Mongo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunda_language" title="Lunda language">Lunda</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lega_language" title="Lega language">Kilega</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetela_language" title="Tetela language">Tetela</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Budza</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngbandi_language" title="Ngbandi language">Ngbandi</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lendu_language" title="Lendu language">Lendu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangbetu_language" title="Mangbetu language">Mangbetu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yombe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yombe language">Yombe</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nande_language" title="Nande language">Nande</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngbaka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngbaka language">Ngbaka</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zande_language" title="Zande language">Zande</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lugbara_language" title="Lugbara language">Lugbara</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komo_language_(Bantu)" title="Komo language (Bantu)">Komo</a>. Considerable numbers of people in eastern Congo who came from Rwanda in either pre-colonial or recent times speak <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>.
</p><p>As of 2010 the government decided to include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> as an optional language at schools as a response to Brazil's increasing influence on the continent, and of the growing and considerable Angolan and Mozambican immigrant communities.<sup id="cite_ref-TSF_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSF-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Among the various forms of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> spoken in the Congo, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indubil" title="Indubil">Indubil</a> has been noted since around the 1960s<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> and continues to evolve today.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/LFDM-20Edition-2019-La-langue-fran%C3%A7aise-dans-le-monde.pdf">Langue française dans le monde 2015-2018</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard" title="Éditions Gallimard">Éditions Gallimard</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFOrganisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702202909/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/"><i>La langue française dans le monde 2014</i></a>. Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 17. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0"><bdi>978-2-09-882654-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/">the original</a> on 2015-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+dans+le+monde+2014&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Nathan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-09-882654-0&rft.au=Organisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francophonie.org%2FLangue-Francaise-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFOrganisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702202909/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/"><i>La langue française dans le monde 2014</i></a>. Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 30. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0"><bdi>978-2-09-882654-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/">the original</a> on 2015-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+dans+le+monde+2014&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Nathan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-09-882654-0&rft.au=Organisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francophonie.org%2FLangue-Francaise-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frenchly.us/the-countries-outside-of-france-that-speak-the-most-french/">"The Countries That Speak the Most French (Besides France)"</a>. <i>Frenchly</i>. 2020-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frenchly&rft.atitle=The+Countries+That+Speak+the+Most+French+%28Besides+France%29&rft.date=2020-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrenchly.us%2Fthe-countries-outside-of-france-that-speak-the-most-french%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-lingala-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lingala_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.target-sarl.cd/en/content/target-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc-far-ahead-lingala">"Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala"</a>. 10 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Target+Survey%3A+French%2C+the+most+spoken+language+in+DRC%2C+far+ahead+of+Lingala&rft.date=2021-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.target-sarl.cd%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Ftarget-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc-far-ahead-lingala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Salikoko S. Mufwene, <i>Kituba, Kileta, or Kikongo? What's in a name?</i>, University of Chicago, Dans: <i>Le nom des langues III. Le nom des langues en Afrique sub-saharienne : pratiques dénominations, catégorisations. Naming Languages in Sub-Saharan Africa: Practices, Names, Categorisations (sous la direction de C. de Féral)</i>, Louvain-la-Neuve, Peeters, BCILL 124, 2009, p. 211-222</span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Foreign Service Institute (U.S.) and Lloyd Balderston Swift, <i>Kituba; Basic Course</i>, Department of State, 1963, p. 10</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Britannica-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kikongo-Kituba">"Kikongo-Kituba"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kikongo-Kituba&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FKikongo-Kituba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJean-Claude_Bruneau2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jean-Claude Bruneau (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/espacepolitique/1296">"Les nouvelles provinces de la République Démocratique du Congo : construction territoriale et ethnicités"</a>. <i>L'Espace Politique</i> (in French) (7). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fespacepolitique.1296">10.4000/espacepolitique.1296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Espace+Politique&rft.atitle=Les+nouvelles+provinces+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+D%C3%A9mocratique+du+Congo+%3A+construction+territoriale+et+ethnicit%C3%A9s&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fespacepolitique.1296&rft.au=Jean-Claude+Bruneau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fespacepolitique%2F1296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.target-sarl.cd/en/content/target-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc-far-ahead-lingala">"Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala"</a>. 10 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Target+Survey%3A+French%2C+the+most+spoken+language+in+DRC%2C+far+ahead+of+Lingala&rft.date=2021-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.target-sarl.cd%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Ftarget-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc-far-ahead-lingala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TSF-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TSF_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TSF_(radio_station)" title="TSF (radio station)">TSF</a>. (July 4th). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsf.sapo.pt/PaginaInicial/Portugal/Interior.aspx?content_id=1585824">Português adoptado como língua opcional nas escolas da RD Congo</a></i>, accessed on July 4, 2010</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sebtheplayer.com/ghetto-blaster-et-la-rumba-congolaise-rythma-les-independances/">"Ghetto Blaster : Et la rumba congolaise rythma les indépendances"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghetto+Blaster+%3A+Et+la+rumba+congolaise+rythma+les+ind%C3%A9pendances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sebtheplayer.com%2Fghetto-blaster-et-la-rumba-congolaise-rythma-les-independances%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGeorges_Mulumbwa_Mutambwa" class="citation web cs1">Georges Mulumbwa Mutambwa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719111839/http://www.vad-ev.de/2010/index.php/en/programme/zu-den-panels/panels-papers/doc_view/120-mutambwa-the-spread-of-indubil-through-dr-congo">"The spread of Indubil through DR Congo: context and modalities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vad-ev.de/2010/index.php/en/programme/zu-den-panels/panels-papers/doc_view/120-mutambwa-the-spread-of-indubil-through-dr-congo">the original</a> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+spread+of+Indubil+through+DR+Congo%3A+context+and+modalities&rft.au=Georges+Mulumbwa+Mutambwa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vad-ev.de%2F2010%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fprogramme%2Fzu-den-panels%2Fpanels-papers%2Fdoc_view%2F120-mutambwa-the-spread-of-indubil-through-dr-congo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1127877093">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px}.mw-parser-output .portalborder ul{padding:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox ul>li{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder tright">
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Portal:Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo portal</a></span></li><li><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul></div></div>
<ul><li>Tola Akindipe, Veronica Tshiama & Francisco Yamba, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tshiluba.mofeko.com/">Largest online resource to learn Tshiluba (Mofeko)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesafrique/12.htm">Linguistic map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> from Muturzikin.com</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CD">Ethnologue.com: Ethnologue report for the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/RepDemCongo">PanAfrican L10n: Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, languages and software localization</li>
<li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127023859/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/czaire.htm">Linguistic situation in RDC</a></li>
<li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info-langues-congo.1sd.org/">New Technologies and languages of both Congos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502195949/http://info-langues-congo.1sd.org/">Archived</a> 2015-05-02 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educ-rdc.org/"><i>ONG Éveil du Congo</i></a>, NGO working in localization and translations in Congolese national languages</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFYates1980" class="citation journal cs1">Yates, Barbara A. (1980). "The Origins of Language Policy in Zaire". <i>The Journal of Modern African Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 257–279. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00011332">10.1017/S0022278X00011332</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-278X">0022-278X</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/160280">160280</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153362938">153362938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Language+Policy+in+Zaire&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-279&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=0022-278X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153362938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F160280%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X00011332&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template talk:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_French" title="African French">French</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kituba_language" title="Kituba language">Kituba</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language" title="Luba-Kasai language">Tshiluba</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages<br />(by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">province</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bandundu_Province" title="Bandundu Province">Bandundu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boma_language" title="Boma language">Boma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ding_language" title="Ding language">Ding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungana_language" title="Hungana language">Hungana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwese_language" title="Kwese language">Kwese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lia-Ntomba_language" title="Lia-Ntomba language">Lia-Ntomba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbala_language" title="Mbala language">Mbala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mpuono_language" title="Mpuono language">Mpuono</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nzadi_language" title="Nzadi language">Nzadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pende_language" title="Pende language">Pende</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakata_language" title="Sakata language">Sakata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sengele_language" title="Sengele language">Sengele</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shinji_language" title="Shinji language">Shinji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sonde_language" title="Sonde language">Sonde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suku_language" title="Suku language">Suku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiene_language" title="Tiene language">Tiene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaka_language_(Congo%E2%80%93Angola)" title="Yaka language (Congo–Angola)">Yaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yansi_language" title="Yansi language">Yansi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89quateur_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Équateur Province">Équateur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bala_language" title="Bala language">Bala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangi_language" title="Bangi language">Bangi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bango_language" title="Bango language">Bango</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Budza_language" title="Budza language">Budza</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Banda_language" title="Central Banda language">Central Banda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Furu_language" title="Furu language">Furu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Losengo_language" title="Losengo language">Losengo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbaka_language" title="Mbaka language">Mbaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbandja_language" title="Mbandja language">Mbandja</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Mongo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mono_language_(Congo)" title="Mono language (Congo)">Mono</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ndolo_dialect" title="Ndolo dialect">Ndolo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ndunga_language" title="Ndunga language">Ndunga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngbaka_Minagende_language" title="Ngbaka Minagende language">Ngbaka Minagende</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngbandi_language" title="Ngbandi language">Ngbandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngbinda_language" title="Ngbinda language">Ngbinda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngbundu_language" title="Ngbundu language">Ngbundu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngombe_language_(Bantu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngombe language (Bantu)">Ngombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pagibete_language" title="Pagibete language">Pagibete</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sango_language" title="Sango language">Sango</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Banda_language" title="South Banda language">South Banda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yangere_language" title="Yangere language">Yangere</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kasai-Occidental" title="Kasai-Occidental">Kasai-Occidental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Binji_language" title="Binji language">Binji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bushong_language" title="Bushong language">Bushong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lele_language_(Bantu)" title="Lele language (Bantu)">Lele</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lwalu_language" title="Lwalu language">Lwalu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wongo_language" title="Wongo language">Wongo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kasai-Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai-Oriental">Kasai-Oriental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Budya_language" title="Budya language">Budya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dengese_language" title="Dengese language">Dengese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luna_language" title="Luna language">Luna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nkutu_language" title="Nkutu language">Nkutu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salampasu_language" title="Salampasu language">Salampasu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songe_language" title="Songe language">Songe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetela_language" title="Tetela language">Tetela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangubangu_language" title="Bangubangu language">Bangubangu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bwile_language" title="Bwile language">Bwile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hemba_language" title="Hemba language">Hemba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaonde_language" title="Kaonde language">Kaonde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kebwe_language" title="Kebwe language">Kebwe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luba-Katanga_language" title="Luba-Katanga language">Luba-Katanga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunda_language" title="Lunda language">Lunda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruund_language" title="Ruund language">Ruund</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanga_language_(Bantu)" title="Sanga language (Bantu)">Sanga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabwa language">Tabwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zela_language" title="Zela language">Zela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yazi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazi language">Yazi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mfinu_language" title="Mfinu language">Mfinu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maniema_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniema Province">Maniema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hendo_language" title="Hendo language">Hendo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zimba_language" title="Zimba language">Zimba</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nord-Kivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord-Kivu">Nord-Kivu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amba_language_(Bantu)" title="Amba language (Bantu)">Amba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Havu_language" title="Havu language">Havu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunde_language" title="Hunde language">Hunde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nande_language" title="Nande language">Nande</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyanga_language" title="Nyanga language">Nyanga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talinga_language" title="Talinga language">Talinga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tembo_(Kitembo)_language" title="Tembo (Kitembo) language">Tembo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vanuma_language" title="Vanuma language">Vanuma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaka_language_(Kivu)" title="Yaka language (Kivu)">Yaka</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orientale_Province" title="Orientale Province">Orientale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alur_language" title="Alur language">Alur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asoa_language" title="Asoa language">Asoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avokaya_language" title="Avokaya language">Avokaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangala_language" title="Bangala language">Bangala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangba_language" title="Bangba language">Bangba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barambu_language" title="Barambu language">Barambu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beeke_language" title="Beeke language">Beeke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Bila</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Budu_language" title="Budu language">Budu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bwa_language" title="Bwa language">Bwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bwela_language" title="Bwela language">Bwela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dongo_language" title="Dongo language">Dongo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_language" title="Guru language">Guru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hema_language" title="Hema language">Hema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaliko_language" title="Kaliko language">Kaliko</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kango_language_(Bas-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_District)" title="Kango language (Bas-Uélé District)">Kango</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kari_language" title="Kari language">Kari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kele_language_(Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kele language (Congo)">Kele</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lendu_language" title="Lendu language">Lendu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lese_language" title="Lese language">Lese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lika_language" title="Lika language">Lika</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Likile_language" title="Likile language">Likile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linga_language" title="Linga language">Linga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loki_dialect" title="Loki dialect">Loki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Logo_language" title="Logo language">Logo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lombo_language" title="Lombo language">Lombo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lugbara_language" title="Lugbara language">Lugbara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ma_language" title="Ma language">Ma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangbetu_language" title="Mangbetu language">Mangbetu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangbutu_language" title="Mangbutu language">Mangbutu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayogo_language" title="Mayogo language">Mayogo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mba_language" title="Mba language">Mba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbo_language_(Congo)" title="Mbo language (Congo)">Mbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ndaka_language" title="Ndaka language">Ndaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngbee_language" title="Ngbee language">Ngbee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngelima_language" title="Ngelima language">Ngelima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyali_language" title="Nyali language">Nyali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyanga-li_language" title="Nyanga-li language">Nyanga-li</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nzakara_language" title="Nzakara language">Nzakara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omi_language" title="Omi language">Omi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pambia_language" title="Pambia language">Pambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poke_language" title="Poke language">Poke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soko_language" title="Soko language">Soko</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagbo_language" title="Tagbo language">Tagbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zande_language" title="Zande language">Zande</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sud-Kivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sud-Kivu">Sud-Kivu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buyu_language" title="Buyu language">Buyu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuliiru_language" title="Fuliiru language">Fuliiru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Havu_language" title="Havu language">Havu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabwari_language" title="Kabwari language">Kabwari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shi_language" title="Shi language">Shi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tembo_(Kitembo)_language" title="Tembo (Kitembo) language">Tembo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Francophone_African_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">French African Sign</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Template:Democratic Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Template talk:Democratic Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pre-colonial_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Pre-colonial history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Early history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo_Basin" title="Colonization of the Congo Basin">Colonization (1867–85)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_the_Congo_Free_State_and_Belgian_Congo" title="List of colonial governors of the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo">Colonial governors (1885–1960)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State (1885–1908)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo (1908–60)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis (1960–65)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga (1960–63)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire (1965–97)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War (1996–98)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War (1998–2003)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="2000s in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">2000s</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transitional Government (2003–06)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion (2012–13)</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Nature_conservation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Nature conservation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Deforestation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Ecoregions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Mountain ranges of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of volcanoes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Volcanoes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Wildlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Former_place_names_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Former place names in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Former place names</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Subdivisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Administrative divisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Court of Cassation (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Court of Cassation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Foreign relations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Mobutu Sese Seko administration">Foreign policy under Mobutu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="LGBT rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Law enforcement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Law enforcement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Parliament</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Senate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">National Assembly</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of political parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Congo" title="Central Bank of the Congo">Central Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of companies of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Tourism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Society of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child marriage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Corruption</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Health_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human trafficking in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Human trafficking</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prostitution in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_issues_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" title="Social issues in the Democratic Republic of Congo">Social issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Football_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Football</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mass media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Public holidays in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Public holidays</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Outline</a></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Democratic Republic of the Congo–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Portal:Democratic Republic of the Congo">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Angola" title="Languages of Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Benin" title="Languages of Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Botswana" title="Languages of Botswana">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Languages of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Burundi" title="Languages of Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Languages of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Languages of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_the_Comoros" title="Languages of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Djibouti" title="Languages of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Eritrea" title="Languages of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Eswatini" title="Languages of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Gabon" title="Languages of Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_the_Gambia" title="Languages of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Guinea" title="Languages of Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Languages of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Languages of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Lesotho" title="Languages of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Liberia" title="Languages of Liberia">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Libya" title="Languages of Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Madagascar" title="Languages of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Mauritania" title="Languages of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Mauritius" title="Languages of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Morocco" title="Languages of Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Languages of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Namibia" title="Languages of Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Niger" title="Languages of Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Rwanda" title="Languages of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Languages of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Senegal" title="Languages of Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Seychelles" title="Languages of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Languages of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia" title="Languages of Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_South_Sudan" title="Languages of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Sudan" title="Languages of Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Languages of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Togo" title="Languages of Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Tunisia" title="Languages of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Uganda" title="Languages of Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Zambia" title="Languages of Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Somaliland" title="Languages of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1671376130' |
