Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{about|regulatory and non-monetary policies to reduce traffic levels from motorized vehicles|monetary policies to reduce congestion and other externalities|road pricing}}
{{distinguish|road diet}}
{{Short description|Travel demand management strategy}}
[[File:Road Space Requirements.png|thumb|250px|Road space requirements]]
[[File:Traffic jam Sao Paulo 09 2006 30.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Traffic congestion]] persists despite [[São Paulo]]'s municipal no-drive days based on license numbers, implemented since 1997. São Paulo downtown, [[Brazil]].]]
'''Road space rationing''', also known as '''alternate-day travel''', '''driving restriction''' and '''no-drive days''' ({{lang-es|restricción vehicular}}; {{lang-pt|rodízio veicular}}; {{lang-fr|circulation alternée}}), is a [[travel demand management]] strategy aimed to reduce the [[externality|negative externalities]] generated by urban air pollution or peak urban travel demand in excess of available supply or road capacity, through artificially restricting demand (vehicle travel) by [[rationing]] the scarce [[common good (economics)|common good]] road capacity, especially during the peak periods or during peak pollution events. This objective is achieved by restricting traffic access into an urban cordon area, city center (CBD), or district based upon the last digits of the license number on pre-established days and during certain periods, usually, the peak hours.
The practical implementation of this traffic restraint policy is common in Latin America, and in many cases, the road rationing has as a main goal the reduction of air pollution, such as the cases of [[México City]], and [[Santiago (Chile)|Santiago]], [[Chile]]. [[São Paulo]], with a fleet of 6 million vehicles in 2007, is the largest metropolis in the world with such a travel restriction, implemented first in 1996 as measured to mitigate air pollution, and thereafter made permanent in 1997 to relieve traffic congestion. More recent implementations in [[Costa Rica]] and [[Honduras]] have had the objective of reducing oil consumption, due to the high impact this import has on the economy of small countries, and considering the steep [[Oil price increases since 2003|increases in oil prices]] that began in 2003. [[Bogotá]], [[Quito]], and [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]] also have similar driving restriction schemes in place.
After a temporary implementation of road space rationing to reduce air pollution in [[Beijing]] during the [[2008 Summer Olympics]], local officials put in place several permanent [[Road space rationing in Beijing|rationing schemes]] to improve the city's air quality. {{As of|2016|06}}, another 11 Chinese cities have similar restriction schemes in place. Also, temporary driving restrictions to reduce cars on the streets by half during severe pollution events have been implemented in [[Paris]] and surrounding suburbs in March 2014, March 2015, and December 2016; in Beijing twice in December 2015, and one more time in December 2016; and also in [[Rome]] and [[Milan]] for several days in December 2015. A similar alternate-day travel temporary scheme was implemented in [[New Delhi]] as a two-week trial in January 2016. A temporary ban on diesel cars was implemented in [[Oslo]] on municipal roads in January 2017.
==Historical background==
The earliest known implementation of road space rationing took place in [[Ancient Rome]], as [[carriage]]s and [[cart]]s pulled by horses created serious congestion problems in several Roman cities. In 45 B.C. [[Julius Caesar]] declared the center of Rome off-limits between 6 a.m. and 4 p.m. to all vehicles except for carriages transporting priests, officials, visitors, and high-ranking citizens.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Black|first=William R.|title =Sustainable Transportation: Problems and Solutions|url=https://archive.org/details/sustainabletrans00phdw|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=[[The Guilford Press]]|isbn =978-1-60623-485-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sustainabletrans00phdw/page/n32 14]}}</ref>
==Effectiveness==
[[File: Evaluating Effectiveness.jpg|thumb|Road Space Rationing impacts behavioral changes and may lead to the ultimate outcome, i.e. end traffic congestion. Other factors impacting these changes make it hard to isolate the singular effects of Road Space Rationing regulations.]]
Schemes rationing access based on number plate have mixed results. If used infrequently or temporarily the alternate-day travel policy can have some impact. However, if used as a long term measure, inequality issues might arise, as wealthier people can afford to own two cars with opposite-parity number plates, to circumvent any restrictions, with the second vehicle being often older and therefore more polluting.<ref name=Viegas2001/> Cities such as [[Tehran]] which have used such schemes are now looking to more sustainable methods of traffic and emissions control,<ref name="tehran">{{cite web|url=http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=77&smid=415&ArticleID=6841|publisher=en.tehran.ir|title=Tehran's low-emission zone rule gets green light|access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref> such as [[low emission zone]] or traffic limited zones as used in Europe.<ref name="urbanaccessregulations">{{cite web|url=http://urbanaccessregulations.eu/|publisher=urbanaccessregulations.eu|title=urban access regulations|access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref> Access regulations have often been found to be effective, in reducing congestion, traffic and pollution.<ref name="urbanaccessregulations2">{{cite web|url=http://urbanaccessregulations.eu/userhome/general-overview#Impacts|publisher=urbanaccessregulations.eu|title=Overview of website|access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref>
The program's impact on moving behavior to more [[Sustainable transport]] methods is also unclear. Evaluations on the effectiveness of Road space rationing regulations focus mainly on whether there is a decrease in the usage of the less sustainable vehicles for which the schemes were implemented in the first place. They do not focus on whether there is a change in the pattern in which such vehicles are used. For example, evaluations examine how many people stop using a polluting car. They do not evaluate how many people start riding bicycles or [[Carpool]] as a result of such schemes.<ref name="Frosch">Frosch, Colin. ''Evaluation of Shared Space to Reduce Traffic Congestion: A case study on West Virginia University's Downtown Campus'' (Thesis). West Virginia University Libraries.</ref>
=== Evaluating Effectiveness ===
It is important to better understand the effectiveness of the regulatory policies intended to reduce [[Traffic congestion]] to improve their implementation in the future. Some factors that hinder the effective [[Program evaluation]] of policies like Road space rationing are that [[Transportation demand management]] strategies are often implemented as a part of other broader policies. It is difficult to separate the effects of such methods from the other methods they are associated with. Most measures are taken at the beginning and during the implementation of a strategy. Not enough evaluation is conducted after strategy implementation. In [[Developing country|Developing countries]], data insufficiency hinders the formation of generalizable conclusions on the effectiveness of a strategy.<ref name="Frosch" /> It is hard to outline a [[Cause and effect]] relationship between the regulation that is implemented and the change in behavior it creates or general effect it has. Many factors could cause a change in the behavior of individuals affected by the regulation at hand. It could be the direct result of that regulation or the result of other existing regulations, and societal effects.<ref name="Frosch" /> Given that such programs are not usually implemented in isolation, singular conclusions on the effectiveness of regulations impacting [[Traffic congestion]] are difficult to form.
Three methods can be employed to measure the effectiveness of regulatory policies. The first measure, Administration Evaluation, examines how road space rationing is delivered and enforced to the [[Target audience]]. The second measure, Behavioral Evaluation, focuses on the extent to which the regulation changes the behavior of the target audience. The third measure, Outcome Performance, analyzes the outcomes of the regulation. To collect information on these measures, Direct [[Observation]], stated preferences surveys, and [[Revealed preference]] surveys can be conducted. These methods can be conducted in isolation or simultaneously to procure rich data. The problems associated with these methods are [[Observer bias|Observer Bias]] in direct observation, the spread of [[Misinformation]] when respondents are untruthful, and excess time consumption.<ref name="Frosch" />
== Applications of road space rationing ==
=== Permanent alternate-day travel schemes ===
{{See also|Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program|l1=Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program (Philippines)}}
Road space rationing based on license numbers has been implemented in cities such as [[Athens]] (1982),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leda.ils.nrw.de/database/measures/meas0205.htm|title=LEDA Measure: License plate based traffic restrictions, Athens, Greece|publisher=LEDA database|access-date=2008-04-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227030125/http://www.leda.ils.nrw.de/database/measures/meas0205.htm|archive-date=2008-02-27}}</ref> [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], [[Chile]] (1986 and extended 2001), [[México City]] (1989), [[Metro Manila]] (1995), [[São Paulo]] (1997), [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] (1998), [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]] (2003),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boliviahoy.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=3150 | title=Los choferes públicos acataron la restricción | date=2003-01-07 | publisher=La Prensa | access-date=2008-04-09 | language=es | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213053528/http://www.boliviahoy.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=3150 | archive-date=2006-12-13 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[San José de Costa Rica|San José]], [[Costa Rica]], (2005)<ref name=LN082005/><ref name=LN062008/> countrywide in [[Honduras]] (2008),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/abril/07/mundo1488835.html | title=Unos 39.000 vehículos dejan de circular en Honduras para ahorrar petróleo | date=2007-04-07 | publisher=La Nación | access-date=2008-04-09 | language=es | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411001222/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/abril/07/mundo1488835.html | archive-date=2008-04-11 }}</ref> and [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]] (2010).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/desde-marzo-se-aplicaria-el-pico-y-placa-en-la-capital-386893.html|publisher=Diario Hoy|title=Desde marzo se aplica el pico y placa en la capital|language=es|date=2010-01-10|access-date=2010-04-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508065600/http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/desde-marzo-se-aplicaria-el-pico-y-placa-en-la-capital-386893.html|archive-date=2010-05-08}}</ref> All these cities restrain a percentage of vehicles every weekday during rush hours or for the entire day. When the restriction is based in two digits a theoretical 20% reduction of traffic is expected. Cities with serious air quality problems, such as [[México City]] and [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]] use more digits to achieve greater reductions in air pollution, and even the prohibition can be for more than one day a week. In [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] from 2009 the plate restriction was extended from peak periods to the whole day (from 06:00 to 20:00 hours) in the whole city.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
[[Bertrand Delanoë]], the mayor of Paris, proposed to impose a complete ban on motor vehicles in the city's inner districts, with exemptions only for residents, businesses, and the disabled, as a three-part plan to implement during a seven-year period.<ref>
{{cite news | first = Jon | last = Henley | title = Paris drive to cut traffic in centre by 75% | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/mar/15/france.jonhenley | work = [[The Guardian]] | location = London | access-date=2008-04-26 | date = 2005-03-15 }}</ref> This proposal was made in 2005, in the context of Paris' bid to host the [[2012 Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{cite news | first = Charles | last = Bremner | title = Paris bans cars to make way for central pedestrian zone | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article427778.ece | publisher = Times Online | location = London | access-date=2008-04-26 | date = 2005-03-15 }}</ref> which ended up being won by London.
During the discussions regarding the proposal to introduce [[New York congestion pricing|congestion pricing in New York]], the commission created in 2007 by the New York State Legislature to evaluate other traffic relief options, considered road space rationing based on license plates as an alternative to [[congestion pricing]].<ref>{{Cite web | author = William Neuman | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/25/nyregion/25pricing.html?_r=1&oref=slogin|date = 2008-01-25 | title = Traffic Panel Members Expecto to Endorse Fees on Cars | work = The New York Times|access-date=2008-04-07}}</ref> The proposal stalled in April 2008 as the legislature decided not to vote the proposed plan.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/08/nyregion/08congest.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5088&en=6327902f9d5026b0&ex=1365393600&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |author= Nicholas Confessore |date=2008-04-08 | title=$8 Traffic Fee for Manhattan Gets Nowhere | work = The New York Times | access-date = 2008-04-08 }}</ref>
<!-- Feel free to contribute by translating the city cases from the Wiki Spanish article in this section, the references above will have to be moved to each case.-->
==== Athens ====
{{main|Dactylius}}
Rising traffic in Athens during the 1990s led to the development of the [[Dactylius]] ({{lang-el|Δακτύλιος|Daktýlios|ring}}) around central Athens. The Dactylius does not require drivers to pay in order to enter the areas subjected to the Dactylius' restrictions. Instead, the scheme depends on the [[Parity (mathematics)|parity]] of the date and of the vehicle's registration plate, the vehicle type as well as the time of the week/month. There are three Dactylius areas: The Inner, the Outer and the Green, each one with its own policies.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
====Bogotá====
{{Main|Pico y placa}}
Then mayor [[Enrique Peñalosa]], introduced in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] in 1998 a driving restriction program, "Pico y placa" (literally in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: "peak and license plate") to reduce [[traffic congestion]] during [[rush hour]]s.<ref name=Decree1998>{{cite web|url=http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=1937|title=Decreto 626 de 1998 Alcalde Mayor|language=es|trans-title=Major's Decree 626 of 1998|publisher= Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá D.C.|date=1998-07-15|access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref> The system restricts traffic access into a pre-established urban area for vehicles with [[license plate]] numbers ending in certain digits on pre-established days and during certain hours based on the last digit of the licence plate numbers. Initially the system restricted traffic between 7:00 - 9:00 a.m. and between 5:30 - 7:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, for two days for each registered vehicle.<ref name=Decree1998/><ref name=EE062012/>
Then mayor [[Antanas Mockus]] extended the restriction for one hour in 2001. A complementary program called "El Pico y Placa Ambiental" (literally in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: "environmental peak and license plate") was implemented by then mayor [[Luis Eduardo Garzón]] in 2006, expanding the restriction to public transportation vehicles, including both bus and taxi services.<ref name=EE062012>{{cite news|url=http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/bogota/pico-y-placa-marca-petro-articulo-352807 |title=Pico y Placa marca Petro
|language=es|trans-title="Pico y Placa" Petro brand|author=Staff |work=[[El Espectador]]|date=2012-06-12|access-date=2016-01-02}} ''See section: "La historia del Pico y Placa"''</ref> Four numbers were restricted every day for private use vehicles, and two for public transportation vehicles. Since 2002 Bogotá's scheme switched the combinations of days and numbers every year, making it harder to circumvent the restriction by buying another car.<ref name=Guardian032014/>
Starting in February 2009, then mayor [[Samuel Moreno Rojas]] extended the restriction from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m., Monday through Friday. This extension was issued as a temporary measure until public works related with the [[Transmilenio|Transmilenio BRT]] were completed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/bogota/pico-y-placa-sera-todo-el-dia-para-particulares-en-bogota-a-partir-del-6-de-febrero_4773160-1|title=Pico y placa será todo el día para particulares en Bogotá, a partir del 6 de febrero|language=es|trans-title="Pico y Placa" will be extended to all day for passenger vehicles in Bogotá, beginning February 6|author=Staff|work=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)]]|date=2009-01-24|access-date=2016-01-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308092610/http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/bogota/pico-y-placa-sera-todo-el-dia-para-particulares-en-bogota-a-partir-del-6-de-febrero_4773160-1|archive-date=2012-03-08}}</ref> In July 2012, then mayor [[Gustavo Petro]] reduced the hours of the restriction from 14 to 7 hours per day, to restrict access only between 6:00- 8:30 a.m. and between 3:00 - 7:30 p.m. In addition, five neighborhoods were released from the restriction, [[Usme]], [[Rafael Uribe Uribe (Bogotá)|Rafael Uribe Uribe]], [[Tunjuelito]], [[San Cristóbal (Bogotá)|San Cristóbal]] and [[Ciudad Bolívar (Bogotá)|Ciudad Bolívar]]. Also, under the modified scheme five ending numbers are restricted every day between Monday and Friday, license plated ending on odd-numbers are restricted on odd-days of the month, and even-numbers on even-days.<ref name=EE062012/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://guiatramitesyservicios.bogota.gov.co/portel/libreria/php/frame_detalle_scv.php?h_id=26490|title=Restricción para vehículos de servicio particular - SDM|language=es|trans-title=Restriction for private vehicles|author=Secretaría Distrital de Movilidad|publisher=Alcaldía de Bogotá|date=2015-10-29|access-date=2016-01-02}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Since December 2014, exempted vehicles include passenger cars with three or more passengers including the driver; properly registered vehicles for use by [[disability|people with disabilities]]; [[all-electric vehicle]]s; emergency vehicles, such police cars, ambulances, and fire trucks; properly identified public utilities vehicles, traffic control and towing vehicles; [[school bus]]es; motorcycles; [[cash-in-transit]] armored vehicles; [[Hearse|funeral vehicles]]; and press, judiciary, diplomatic, presidential motorcade, and security escort vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=55963 |title=Decreto 575 de 2013 Alcalde Mayor |language=es|trans-title=Major's Decree 575 of 2013|publisher=Alcaldía de Bogotá |date=2014-12-18|access-date=2016-01-03}}</ref>
Similar schemes with the same name have been implemented in several Colombian cities, including [[Armenia, Antioquia|Armenia]], [[Barranquilla]], [[Bucaramanga]], [[Cali]], [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]], [[Manizales]], [[Medellín]], and [[Pereira, Colombia|Pereira]].{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}
==== Jakarta ====
The no-drive day in Jakarta is known as ''Ganjil Genap'' (even and odd [days] in Indonesian). This policy imitates what has been done in Beijing during the Olympics. Policeman checks license plate's last digit on the entrance of avenue or expressway. A car with even license plate (for example B 1000 LA, obsolete plate of [[Idris Sardi]] car) is allowed to pass in "even days", but will be fined when they pass that road in "odd days". Drivers might get even/odd days information from [[social media]] to radio stations.
The ''Ganjil Genap'' first time implemented in Sudirman Avenue on 27 July 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2016/07/27/10381811/hari.pertama.uji.coba.ganjil.genap.arus.lalu.lintas.di.sudirman.ramai.lancar | title = Hari Pertama Uji Coba Ganjil Genap, Arus Lalu Lintas di Sudirman Ramai Lancar | first = Akhdi Martin | last = Pratama | work = [[Kompas]].com |date=2016-07-27 |access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref> ''Ganjil Genap'' was implemented due to "3-in-1 policy" termination started from 16 May 2016 by former Jakarta Governor [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]] (or Ahok).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2016/05/11/338/1385962/16-mei-penghapusan-3-in-1-mulai-diberlakukan | title = 16 Mei, Penghapusan 3-in-1 Mulai Diberlakukan | first = Reni| last = Lestari| work = OkeZone.com |date=2016-05-16 |access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref> 3-in-1 policy banned vehicles containing less than 3 passengers. 3-in-1 existed for 12 years and a half (23 December 2003 – 16 May 2016), but abandoned by Basuki due to a trick known as ''joki 3 in 1''. He said that ''joki 3 in 1'' practice often exploited kids, just to fill the car to 3 people when passing checkpoints.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://m.merdeka.com/jakarta/sejarah-pemberlakuan-3-in-1-di-jakarta.html | title = Sejarah Pemberlakuan 3-in-1 di Jakarta | first = Raynaldo Giffari | last = Lubabah | work = Merdeka.com |date=2016-03-29 |access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref> Police authorities also admitted that control of 3-in-1 was harder than license plate checking, due to ''joki 3-in-1'' hack.
In 2018, license plate checking also applied on expressways bound to Jakarta suburban area ([[Jabodetabek]]). License plates are checked in [[Toll road|toll booths]] [[Bekasi]], Cibubur (border of Jakarta and [[Depok]]) and [[Tangerang]]. Only overcrowded toll booths apply this ban. Existing ''Ganjil Genap'' in Jakarta was extended from 6{{nbsp}}am starts from 23 April 2018.
====Mexico City====
{{Main|Hoy No Circula|l1= Hoy no Circula (Mexico City)}}
[[Mexico City]] started in November 1989 its driving restriction program, "Hoy no Circula" (literally in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: "today [your car] does not circulate", known as "No-drive days"), which consisted of prohibiting the circulation of 20% of vehicles from Monday to Friday depending on the last digit of their license plates. Record levels of [[Ozone#Ozone air pollution|ozone]] and other [[airborne pollutants]] led the city government to implement the scheme.<ref name=Guardian032014>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/mar/20/licence-plate-driving-bans-paris-ineffective-air-pollution |title=Why licence plate bans don't cut smog |author=Karl Mathiesen |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-03-20|access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref><ref name=UM2008/> The program was planned to apply only during the winter, when air pollution is at its worst. Winter follows the rainy season when [[inversion (meteorology)|thermal inversion]], an atmospheric condition which traps smog and pollution close to the ground, increases air pollution noticeably. However, the program was made permanent at the end of the 1990 winter season.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}
[[File:AerialViewPhotochemicalSmogMexicoCity 2.jpg|thumb|Severe smog over [[Mexico City]].]]
The program is intended to improve the [[air quality]] of Mexico City. The restriction is based on the last digit of the license plate. Two numbers are restricted to travel every day between from 5 a.m. to 10 p.m. The restrictions apply to the entire Mexico City metropolitan area, therefore, a similar coordinated program operates within the [[México (state)|State of México]], including the 18 neighboring municipalities which surrounds Mexico City on three sides: [[Atizapán de Zaragoza]], [[Coacalco de Berriozabal]], [[Cuautitlán]], [[Cuautitlán Izcalli]], [[Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias|Chalco]], [[Chimalhuacan]], [[Chicoloapan]], [[Ecatepec de Morelos]], [[Huixquilucan]], [[Ixtapaluca]], [[La Paz, State of Mexico|La Paz]], [[Naucalpan de Juárez]], [[Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl|Nezahualcóyotl]], [[Ciudad Nicolás Romero|Nicolás Romero]], [[Tecámac]], [[Tlalnepantla de Baz]], [[Tultitlán]] and [[Valle de Chalco Solidaridad]].<ref name=UM2008/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.milenio.com/monterrey/descarta-aplicar-programa-Hoy-circula_0_657534268.html |title=Estado descarta aplicar programa Hoy no circula |author=Orlando Maldonado|work=[[Milenio]]|date=2016-01-02|access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref>
Hoy No Circula is coupled with an exhaust monitoring program, known as "Verificación" in Spanish (verification), whereby a car's pollutant emissions are analyzed every six months. A colored sticker based on a vehicle's license plate number is affixed to each vehicle following an emissions test, indicating whether a vehicle is exempt from the program or not. [[Hybrid electric vehicle]]s and [[electric vehicle]]s are exempted. There are other restrictions that are applicable to non-local vehicles and foreigners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.angloinfo.com/mexico-city/how-to/page/mexico-city-transport-driving-driving-restrictions|title=Driving Restrictions in Mexico City and the State of Mexico: Hoy No Circula and Vehicle Verification|date=2015-12-04|publisher=[[Angloinfo]]|author=AngloInfo|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/sedema/index.php/verificacion-hoy-no-circula/hoy-no-circula/calendario-del-programa-hoy-no-circula|title=Calendario del programa Hoy No Circula 2016|author=Secretaría del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México (SEDEMA)|publisher=SEDEMA|date=2016|access-date=2016-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102110811/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/sedema/index.php/verificacion-hoy-no-circula/hoy-no-circula/calendario-del-programa-hoy-no-circula|archive-date=2016-01-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 2015, the [[Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation]] ruled in favor a constitutional challenge, and ordered that passenger cars with model year older than 2007 shall be restricted based on their actual tailpipe emissions, and not on how old the car is.<ref name=072015CNN>{{cite news|url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2015/07/03/los-autos-viejos-tambien-podran-tener-calcomania-0-en-el-centro-del-pais |title=Los autos viejos también podrán tener calcomanía 0 en el centro del país|language=es|trans-title=Old cars can also have sticker 0 in the center of the country |author=Staff |work=CNN México |date=2015-07-03|access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref>
Taxis, buses, police cars, ambulances, fire trucks, commercial vehicles operating with liquid [[propane]] gas, and commercial vehicles transporting perishable goods are exempt. In 2008 the scheme in Mexico City was extended to limit driving into the city one Saturday every month, but only applies to cars that are more than 10-years old (sticker 2). Foreign-plated vehicles without emissions stickers are restricted all day every Saturday.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2008/03/12/index.php?section=capital&article=044n1cap |title=Ebrard y Peña Nieto presentan este día el No circula sabatino |author=Ángel Bolaños Sánchez |work=[[La Jornada]]|date=2008-03-12|access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref> Similar alternate-day travel restriction programs have been implemented in [[Pachuca]], [[Puebla (city)|Puebla]] and [[Toluca]].<ref name=072015CNN/>
The driving restriction program was initially successful in reducing pollution levels, as [[carbon monoxide]] (CO) fell by 11%. Compliance with the program is near universal. However, as the restriction was made permanent residents began buying second cars to get around the ban, usually used and old polluting cars. A 2008 study from the [[University of Michigan]] found that there is no evidence that the restrictions have improved air quality. Evidence from additional sources indicates that the restrictions led to an increase in the total number of vehicles in circulation and the long-term impact of the scheme on CO levels has been a 13% rise.<ref name=Guardian032014/><ref name=UM2008>{{cite web|url=http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/mfinney/Courses/433/articles/mexico_program.pdf |title=The Effect of Driving Restrictions on Air Quality in Mexico City |author=Lucas W. Davis |publisher=Journal of Political Economy, 2008, vol. 116, no. 1 |year=2008|access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref>
====San José====
An alternate-day travel scheme was introduced in [[San José, Costa Rica]], in August 2005. The goal of the restriction program was to reduced oil consumption with the purpose of mitigating the negative effects of [[2000s energy crisis|high international oil prices]] in the Costa Rican economy. The program was implemented when the price of an [[oil barrel]] was at {{USD|65}} up from {{USD|20}} in early 2003. Fuel and oil imports represented in 2007 a 5.6% of the country's [[GDP]], up from 2% ten years earlier.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2007/noviembre/29/economia1333130.html|title= Factura petrolera costará más de $1.400 millones|language=es|trans-title=Oil bill will cost more than US$1.4 billion | author= Mercedes Aguero | date=2007-11-29 | work=[[La Nación (San José)]]| access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011094438/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2007/noviembre/29/economia1333130.html |archive-date=2008-10-11 }}</ref>
[[File:CRC Traffic Restriction Sign 07 2009 6307.jpg|thumb|left|[[Traffic sign]] used in [[San José, Costa Rica]], to warn drivers of the prevailing access restriction into the [[Central Business District|CBD]] according to license plate number by day of the week.]]
Initially the driving restriction was applied to enter the capital's central business district and the scheme is based on the last number of the license plate, restricting two numbers per day, Monday through Friday.<ref name=LN082005>{{cite news|title=Hoy empieza restricción para autos en centro de San José|trans-title=Today begins traffic restriction for cars in downtown San José|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2005/agosto/03/pais0.html|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515152117/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2005/agosto/03/pais0.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-05-15|author=Ángela Ávalos|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|language=es|date=2005-08-03|access-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> The travel restrictions were issued initially only during the [[rush hours]], from 7:00 to 8:30{{nbsp}}a.m. and 4:00-5:30 p.m.<ref name=LN062008>{{cite news | url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2006/abril/12/pais2.html | title=Evaluarán restricción vehicular en capital | language=es | trans-title=Driving restriction in the capital city will be evaluated | author=Mercedes Agüero | date=2006-04-12 | work=[[La Nación (San José)]] | access-date=2008-04-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919101624/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2006/abril/12/pais2.html | archive-date=2008-09-19 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
In June 2008 the restricted cordon area was expanded until San José's Boulevard Circunvalación peripheral ring.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/junio/26/pais1595155.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=440 conductores multados por violar restricciones en capital|language=es|trans-title=440 drivers fined for violating restrictions in the capital|author=Vanessa Loaiza|date=2008-06-26|access-date=2008-06-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630051208/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/junio/26/pais1595155.html|archive-date=2008-06-30}}</ref> The expansion aim was to attain further reductions in oil consumption, as oil prices continued to rise and reached {{USD|130}} per barrel in June 2008. Government official estimated that at this price, oil imports will reach {{USD|2.85 billion}}, representing about a third of the country's export earnings and about 9% of the country's [[GDP]] estimated for 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/junio/13/pais1577618.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=MOPT ampliará restricción vehicular|language=es|trans-title=Ministry of Public Works and Transportation will expand the driving restriction|author=Esteban Oviedo|date=2008-06-13|access-date=2008-06-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617123718/http://nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/junio/13/pais1577618.html|archive-date=2008-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/junio/13/pais1577616.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=Gobierno aplica subsidio para frenar alza en diésel|language=es|trans-title=Government subsidies applied to curb rising diesel prices|author=Esteban Oviedo|date=2008-06-13|access-date=2008-06-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615020906/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/junio/13/pais1577616.html|archive-date=2008-06-15}}</ref> As the implemented scheme only reduced fuel consumption by 5%, the government decided to expand the restriction hours beginning in July 2008. The road space rationing was expanded to 13 hours for passenger cars and light-duty commercial vehicles, from 6 a.m. through 7 p.m. Heavy-duty commercial vehicles were included in the restriction program but only during rush hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/julio/09/pais1613346.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=Mañana se iniciará restricción vehicular de 24 horas en capital|language=es|trans-title=Tomorrow will start 24-hour driving restriction in the capital|author=Vanessa Loaiza y Alonso Mata|date=2008-07-09|access-date=2008-07-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712152912/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/julio/09/pais1613346.html|archive-date=2008-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/julio/10/pais1614648.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=MOPT reduce horario de restricción vehicular en la capital|language=es|trans-title=Ministry of Public Works and Transportation reduces hours of driving restriction in the capital|author=Vanessa Loaiza|date=2008-07-10|access-date=2008-07-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713014346/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/julio/10/pais1614648.html|archive-date=2008-07-13}}</ref>
The alternate-day driving program was suspended in June 2009 as a result of a [[Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica|Constitutional Court]] ruling in favor a constitutional challenge. The court ruled that the policy infringed the constitutional freedom of movement right, and also that the economic sanctions for this violation were not supported by the existing legal framework.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/junio/13/pais1995167.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=San José se abre a cualquier carro sin importar su placa|language=es|trans-title=San José is open to any car regardless of its plate number|author=Álvaro Murillo|date=2009-06-13|access-date=2009-06-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616062638/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/junio/13/pais1995167.html|archive-date=2009-06-16}}</ref> The temporary end of the program resulted in heavy traffic jams all over the city, as traffic volumes within the restricted cordon area increased by 20% to 25%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/junio/15/pais1997097.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=Largas presas colapsan ingresos a San José|language=es|trans-title=Long traffic queues collapse entrances to San Jose|author=Alonso Mata|date=2009-06-15|access-date=2009-07-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618135409/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/junio/15/pais1997097.html|archive-date=2009-06-18}}</ref><ref name=LN0507>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/julio/05/pais2017632.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=Restricción vehicular volverá en dos semanas|language=es|trans-title=Driving restriction will be back in two weeks|author=Alonso Mata|date=2009-07-05|access-date=2009-07-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708054927/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/julio/05/pais2017632.html|archive-date=2009-07-08}}</ref> The driving restriction scheme was restored one month later by an Executive Decree based on amendments included in the Traffic Law passed by Congress in 2008. Nevertheless, this time the program was justified on San José's worsening traffic congestion levels instead of the economic impact of high oil prices.<ref name=LN1607>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/julio/16/pais2029041.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=Restricción vehicular volverá a aplicarse desde el martes|language=es|trans-title=Driving restriction will be in force starting next Tuesday|author=Álvaro Murillo|date=2009-07-16|access-date=2009-07-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719081949/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/julio/16/pais2029041.html|archive-date=2009-07-19}}</ref><ref name=LN2107/>
Since October 2012 [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s and [[all-electric car]]s are exempted from the driving restriction as part of Costa Rica's government policy to promote the use of clean energy in the country.<ref name=CRI072013>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/economia/Carros-hibridos-electricos-Costa-Rica_0_1352064817.html|title=Carros híbridos y eléctricos se abren paso en Costa Rica|language=es|trans-title=Hybrid and electric cars make their way in Costa Rica|author=Camila Salazar |work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|date=2013-07-06|access-date=2013-07-06}}</ref> As a result of multiple legal challenges, traffic engineering authorities decided to conduct periodic effectiveness evaluations of the program.<ref name=LN2107>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/julio/21/pais2033443.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=30.000 carros sin poder ingresar hoy a la capital|language=es|trans-title=30,000 cars unable to enter the capital city today|author=Alonso Mata|date=2009-07-21|access-date=2009-07-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724151549/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/julio/21/pais2033443.html|archive-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> Traffic authorities announced in October 2014 that the results of six studies found that the alternate-day travel restriction reduced the number of vehicles entering downtown San José every working day between 14% to 16%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/nacional/transportes/Restriccion-vehicular-disminuye-presas_0_1442855848.html|language=es|trans-title=Driving restriction reduces traffic jams between 14% to 16%|work=[[La Nación (San José)]] |title=Restricción vehicular disminuye presas entre un 14% y un 16%| author=Patricia Recio| date=2014-10-03|access-date=2014-10-04}}</ref>
{{-}}
====Santiago====
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2016}}
Driving restrictions were introduced in [[Santiago]] in 1986, as a measure to mitigate [[Chile]]'s capital high levels of air pollution. The scheme was based on the last number of the license plate. Two numbers are banned from entering the city between Monday and Friday. In 1992, Santiago reformed its program to adopt vintage-specific restrictions. These restrictions placed higher limits on old, more polluting cars and lower limits on new, less polluting cars. The 1992 reform led to a significant impact on the emissions created by local pollutants in Santiago. A price effect that favored less polluting car models was also seen. Households in localities facing restrictions owned more 1992 or older built vehicles without catalytic converter than households in localities that did not face restrictions. This reform highlights the effect of vintage-specific restrictions on fleet-composition. It does not provide information on how such a policy can be designed and how welfare is impacted by its implementation. It does not provide information on how such a policy can be designed and how welfare is impacted by its implementation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Onursal|first1=Bekir|last2=Gautam|first2=Surhid P.|date=1997-09-30|title=Vehicular air pollution|journal=World Bank Technical Papers|doi=10.1596/0-8213-4016-6|isbn=978-0-8213-4016-5|issn=0253-7494}}</ref>
Initially the restriction applied only to passenger vehicles without a [[catalytic converter]] with the aim to reduced [[particulate matter]] emissions. As of March 2018, the restriction applies to all cars built before 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moreno Gomez|first1=Clara|last2=García Pastor|first2=Antonio|date=2016-06-07|title=Diseño de redes de transporte urbano en ciudades de tamaño medio: El caso práctico de Terrassa|journal=Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte|location=Valencia|publisher=Universitat Politècnica València|doi=10.4995/cit2016.2016.2147|isbn=978-84-608-9960-0|doi-access=free}}</ref> During critical air pollution events, classified as alert, pre-emergency or emergency, the number of cars restricted to travel are increased by adding additional last number plates. Beginning with pre-emergency state, the restriction might include vehicles with catalytic converter. As the number of registered vehicles with the emission control device surpassed those without it, authorities decided in 2008 to increase the number of vehicles restricted to enter every day to the city, by increasing the restriction to the four last digits instead of the initial two. This scheme produces a theoretical reduction of 40% of vehicles entering the city on a work day.
====São Paulo====
{{main|Vehicle Restriction in São Paulo}}
[[File:Rodizio Sao Paulo 05 2008 06 30 copy.jpg|thumb|[[Speed limit enforcement|Automatic speed limit surveillance devices]] are used in [[São Paulo]] to enforce alternate-day travel restrictions based on license plate numbers.]]
[[São Paulo]] is the largest metropolis in the world with a permanent alternate-day travel restriction ({{lang-pt|rodízio veicular}}). The scheme was first implemented in 1995 as a trial on a voluntary basis, and then as a mandatory restriction implemented in August 1996 to mitigate air pollution, and thereafter made permanent in June 1997 to relieve traffic congestion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://governo-sp.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/171386/decreto-41858-97 |title=Decreto 41858/97 - Decreto nº 41.858, de 12 de junho de 1997|language=pt|trans-title=Decree 41,858/97 |publisher=Jusbrasil |date=2015|access-date=2015-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2014/01/09/rodizio-de-veiculos-e-improviso-afirma-especialista-em-transito.htm|title=Rodízio de veículos em SP é improviso, afirma especialista em trânsito|language=pt|trans-title=Driving restriction in SP is improvised says traffic expert |author=Fabiana Maranhão |work=[[Universo Online]] |date=2014-01-09|access-date=2015-12-31}}</ref> The driving restriction applies to passenger cars and commercial vehicles, and it is based on the last digit of the license plate. Two numbers are restricted to travel every day between 7 a.m. to 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. from Monday through Friday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cetsp.com.br/consultas/rodizio-municipal/como-funciona.aspx|title=Rodízio Municipal: Como funciona|language=pt|trans-title=Municipal Alternate-day travel: How it works|author=Companhia de Engenharia de Tráfego (CET) |publisher= CET|date=2015|access-date=2015-12-31}}</ref>
Vehicles exempted from the restriction include buses and other urban transportation vehicles, [[school bus]]es, ambulances and other medical services vehicles, mail and fire cars and trucks, police and military vehicles, [[cash-in-transit]] armored vehicles, vehicles delivering perishable food products, properly registered vehicles for use by [[disability|people with disabilities]], and other public utility vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guiadedireitos.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1336&Itemid=336 |title=Rodízio em São Paulo - Quem está liberado do rodízio? |language=pt |trans-title=Alternate-day travel in Sao Paulo - Who is exempted from the restriction |work=Guia Direitos |publisher=GuiaDireitos.org |access-date=2015-12-31 |archive-date=2016-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123161914/http://www.guiadedireitos.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1336&Itemid=336 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In May 2014 the City Council approved a law to exempt from the restriction [[plug-in electric vehicle]]s, [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s and [[fuel-cell vehicle]]s with a license plate registered in the city.<ref name=BRAfirstEV>{{cite news|url=http://carros.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2014/09/10/eletrico-bmw-i3-chega-com-preco-de-9-populares-e-isencao-do-rodizio-em-sp.htm|title=Elétrico, BMW i3 chega com preço de 9 populares e isenção do rodízio em SP|language=pt|trans-title=Electric BMW i3 arrives with a price worth 9 popular cars and exempted from Sao Paulo's driving restriction |author=Leonardo Felix|work=[[Universo Online]] (UOL) |date=2014-09-10|access-date=2014-09-21}}</ref><ref name=CarroLimpoSP>{{cite news|url=http://www.automotivebusiness.com.br/noticia/19727/eletricos-e-hibridos-sao-paulo-aprova-lei-de-incentivo|title=Elétricos e híbridos: São Paulo aprova lei de incentivo|language=pt|trans-title=All-electric and hybrids: São Paulo approves incentives law|work=Automotive Business |date=2014-05-28|access-date=2014-09-21}}</ref> The benefits for electric-drive vehicles went into effect in September 2015.<ref name=RodizioSP>{{cite news|url=http://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/agencia-estado/2015/09/14/isencao-de-rodizio-vai-beneficiar-387-carros-eletricos-e-hibridos-em-sp.htm|title=Isenção de rodízio vai beneficiar 387 carros elétricos e híbridos em SP|language=pt|trans-title=Driving restriction exemption will benefit 387 electric and hybrid cars|work=Estadão de São Paulo|publisher=[[Universo Online]] (UOL) |date=2015-09-14|access-date=2015-12-31}}</ref>
<!--
Actualmente el control de acceso y las multas es realizado mediante un [[sistema automático de detección de infracciones de tránsito]], que funciona en conjunto con control manual de inspectores de tránsito destacados a esa labor.
Due the worsening of traffic jams in São Paulo,<ref name:"Times_SP">{{cite news|url= http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1733872,00.html |title=The World's Worst Traffic Jams|work=[[Times Magazine]]|date=2008-04-21|accessdate=2008-06-20|author= Andrew Downie}}</ref><ref name="uol">{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u400406.shtml|publisher=www1.folha.uol.com.br|title= Congestionamento em SP atinge 266 km, maior índice da história |accessdate=2016-10-15}}</ref> originada en el incremento acelerado de la flota vehicular que tuvo lugar a partir de 2003, como consecuencia de la bonanza económica que atraviesa Brasil, el gobierno municipal decidió ampliar las restricciones de circulación para los vehículos pesados y de reparto comercial, a partir del 30 de junio de 2008.<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u387928.shtml | title=Kassab restringe carga e descarga em SP e inclui caminhões no rodízio |date=1 April 2008|publisher=Folha de São Paulo Online|language=Portugués|accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www.intelog.net/site/default.asp?TroncoID=907492&SecaoID=508074&SubsecaoID=948063&Template=../artigosnoticias/user_exhibir.asp&ID=252171&Titulo=Kassab%20cria%20rod%EDzio%20para%20caminh%E3o%20no%20centro | title=Kassab cria rodízio para caminhão no centro |author=Folha de São Paulo |date=18 June 2008|publisher=INTELOG|language=Portugués|accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref> -->
{{-}}
===Temporary restrictions===
====Beijing====
{{main|Road space rationing in Beijing}}
[[File:Beijing Forbidden City Smog.jpg|thumb|Smog over [[Beijing]]'s [[Forbidden City]].]]
Temporary driving restrictions were imposed in [[Beijing]] from December 8 to 10, 2015, as part of the smog mitigation measures provided for in Beijing's red alert for hazardous smog, the first such alert issued ever. The smog alert system was put in place in 2013, and a red alert should go into effect if there is a prediction that the [[air quality index]] will stay over 200 for more than 72 hours. On the evening of December 7 the index was 253 according to Beijing's authorities. Under a red alert half of the city's cars are ordered off the streets through a temporary alternate-day travel scheme based on the [[Odd–even rationing|cars' license plate numbers]]. Only cars with even-numbered license plates were allowed on the roads during the first day of the restriction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2015/12/07/beijing-issues-first-ever-red-alert-for-hazardous-smog/ |title=Beijing Issues First-Ever Red Alert for Hazardous Smog|author=Te-Ping Chen |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=2015-12-07|access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/08/world/asia/beijing-pollution-red-alert.html?_r=0 |title=Beijing Issues Red Alert Over Air Pollution for the First Time |author=Edward Wong |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2015-12-07|access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> [[Electric car]]s are not subject to the driving restriction, as a government incentive to promote the use of [[green vehicle|cleaner vehicles]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/beijing-traffic-cut-schools-closed-due-pollution-red-035635673.html |title=Beijing slashes traffic in pollution red alert |author=Benjamin Dooley |work=Agence France-Presse |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=2015-12-08|access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref>
According to the [[Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Environmental Protection]], the combined effect of all the restrictions imposed reduced pollutant emissions in Beijing by 30% during day one of the city's first red alert for smog. Environmentalist from [[Beijing University of Technology]] estimated that without the measures, the density of [[Particulates|PM<sub>2.5</sub>]] would have risen by 10% in that period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-12/09/content_22675510.htm |title=Red alert cuts Beijing emissions by 30% |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |publisher=[[China Daily]]|date=2015-12-12|access-date=2015-12-19}}</ref> A second red alert for pollution was issued on December 18, 2015. Temporary driving restrictions were imposed for four days, beginning at 7 a.m. on December 19 and ending on the 23rd at midnight.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/18/world/asia/beijing-issues-a-second-red-alert-on-pollution.html?mabReward=CTM&action=click&pgtype=Homepage®ion=CColumn&module=Recommendation&src=rechp&WT.nav=RecEngine&_r=0|title=Beijing Issues a Second 'Red Alert' on Pollution|author=Edward Wong |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2015-12-17|access-date=2015-12-19}}</ref>
On 16 December 2016, Beijing authorities declared a five-day pollution “red alert” due to a heavy pollution event. Among other measures, about half the cars were restricted through a temporary alternate-day travel scheme, and older and “dirty” high-emissions vehicles were forbidden to circulate. Public transport services in the city were increased, with about 3,600 buses on duty. The Ministry of Environmental Protection reported that 21 other cities across north and central China had also declared pollution red alerts, including [[Tianjin]], [[Shijiazhuang]], [[Taiyuan]], and [[Zhengzhou]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/17/beijing-smog-pollution-red-alert-declared-in-china-capital-and-21-other-cities | title=Beijing smog: pollution red alert declared in China capital and 21 other cities | first=Tom | last=Phillips | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=2016-12-17 | access-date=2016-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-12/20/c_135919635.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221174125/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-12/20/c_135919635.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 21, 2016 | title=China Focus: A city sighs as Beijing's heavy smog continues | publisher= Xinhua English News | work=[[Xinhua]] | date=2016-12-20 | access-date=2016-12-25}}</ref> The red alert was lifted on 22 December 2016 as the winds cleared pollution away the night before.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/china-pollution-idINKBN14B07S | title=Blue skies return to Beijing as wind clears dangerous pollution
| first=Ben |last=Blanchard | work=[[Reuters]] | date=2016-12-22 | access-date=2016-12-25}}</ref>
====Italy====
In December 2015, several Italian cities implemented temporary driving restrictions due to severe air pollution levels. The restrictions were issued in [[Rome]], [[Milan]] and other cities in the [[Lombardy]] region, including [[Pavia]], [[Buccinasco]], [[Cesano Boscone]], [[Cernusco sul Naviglio]], [[Bresso]], [[Cinisello Balsamo]], [[Cormano]], [[Corsico]], [[Cusano Milanino]], [[Paderno Dugnano]] and [[Sesto San Giovanni]].<ref name=BBC122015>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35188685 |title=Italy smog: Milan and Rome ban cars as pollution rises|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2015-12-28|access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref><ref name=Ilpost122015>{{cite news|url=http://www.ilpost.it/2015/12/28/blocco-auto-come-funziona-targhe-alterne-milano-roma/ |title=Guida al blocco del traffico a Milano e Roma |language=it|trans-title=Guide to restrict traffic in Milan and Rome |author=Daniele Mascolo|publisher=Ilpost.it|work=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]] (ANSA)|date=2015-12-28|access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> Italy had the most pollution-related deaths in Europe in 2012. Over 84,000 people in the country died prematurely owing to bad air quality, according to the European Environment Agency (EEA).<ref name=BBC122015/>
=====Milan=====
[[File:Settimo Milanese visto da sud.jpg|thumb|Severe smog over [[Milan]] seem from a neighboring town.]]
Milan was named as Europe's most polluted city in 2008 and remains among the worst on the continent. City officials have limited traffic on several occasions since 2007 to curb bad air quality.<ref name=BBC122015/> Due to record high air pollution levels, Milanese authorities ban cars, motorcycles and scooters for six hours a day, between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. for three days during the last week of December 2015. Local authorities introduced a special "anti-smog" all-day public transport ticket for {{euro|1.50}} (~{{USD|1.65}}).<ref name=BBC122015/><ref name=Ilpost122015/><ref name=NYT122015/> Neighboring towns and municipalities in the [[Lombardy]] region, including [[Pavia]], [[Cinisello Balsamo]], [[Paderno Dugnano]], and [[Sesto San Giovanni]], also implemented the temporary driving restriction.<ref name=Ilpost122015/> [[Electric vehicle]]s and [[carsharing]] cars are exempted from the ban.<ref name=Ilpost122015/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.internazionale.it/notizie/2015/12/28/milano-roma-traffico-blocco|title=Come funzionano le limitazioni del traffico a Milano e a Roma|language=it|trans-title=How Traffic Restriction Works in Milan and Rome |author=Staff|work=Internazionale.it|date=2015-12-28|access-date=2015-12-31}}</ref>
=====Rome=====
An alternate-day travel scheme was implemented in Rome to curb severe air pollution in the city, which has high concentrations of [[particulate matter]] and [[nitrogen dioxide]]. The scheme was in force for several days during the last two weeks of December 2015. The driving restriction is based on the last digits of license plate numbers and was implemented for a total of nine hours, from 7:30 to 12:30 and 16:30 until 20:30. To promote ridership by public transportation, {{euro|1.50}} (~{{USD|1.65}}) single-ride transit tickets became passes valid all day. [[Environmentally friendly vehicle]]s, such as [[hybrid electric vehicle|hybrids]] and [[natural gas vehicle]]s are exempt from the restriction. The most polluting vehicles, such as gasoline-powered cars compliant with [[European emission standards|Euro 0 and 1 standards]], and diesel cars up to Euro 2, can not enter the city independently of the number plate. Rome authorities resorted to limit traffic in the city on several occasions during the fall of 2015 due to high air pollution.<ref name=BBC122015/><ref name=Ilpost122015/><ref name=NYT122015>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/25/world/europe/italy-air-pollution.html?ref=europe&_r=0 |title=Italy, Dirty Air at Record Levels, Is Putting Limits on Traffic|author=Gaia Pianigiani|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2015-12-24|access-date=2015-12-31}}</ref>
==== Oslo ====
[[File:Traffic in Oslo.JPG|thumb|A ban on diesel-powered cars from municipal roads was implemented in [[Oslo]] on 17 January 2017.]]
In January 2017 a combination of cold, still winter weather and poor air quality prompted [[Oslo]] city authorities to ban diesel-powered cars from municipal roads to combat rising air pollution for at least two days. The ban did not apply on the national motorways. This was the first time ever Oslo implemented a ban of this type after the city council agreed on the use of such a measure in February 2016. The diesel ban went into effect from 6{{nbsp}}a.m. until 10{{nbsp}}p.m on 17 January 2017, and motorists violating the ban were fined 1,500 kroner (~ {{USD|180}}).<ref name=NorskBan1>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jan/16/oslo-temporarily-bans-diesel-cars-combat-pollution |title=Oslo temporarily bans diesel cars to combat pollution | author=Agence France-Presse | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=2017-01-16 | access-date=2017-01-25|author-link=Agence France-Presse }}</ref><ref name=NorskBan2>{{cite news | url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2017/01/16/diesel-vehicles-fined-in-oslo-tomorrow/ |title=Diesel ban extended, no fines issued yet | first= Nina |last=Berglund | work=News in English Norway | date=2017-01-16 | access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref> The temporary ban scheduled for 18 January was lifted after officials said the weather forecast indicated that higher altitude winds would clear the air.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thelocal.no/20170118/oslo-lifts-temporary-ban-on-diesel-vehicles |title=Oslo lifts temporary ban on diesel vehicles
| author=NTB/AFP | work=The Local | date=2017-01-18 | access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref>
The restriction did not apply to heavy vehicles with [[Euro VI]] technology, gasoline-powered cars, [[electric car]]s and [[plug-in hybrid]] vehicles, emergency vehicles, goods transport, diplomatic vehicles, handicap transport, public service vehicles, and cars carrying a patient to a doctor appointment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dinside.no/motor/dieselbilforbud-det-stinker-av/66639711 |title=Dieselbilforbud det stinker av |language=no |trans-title=Diesel ban stinks |first=Espen |last=Stensrud | work=Dinside.no | date=2017-01-16 |access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref> The restriction angered some motorists, who were encouraged by Norwegian authorities in 2006 to opt for diesel vehicles, which at the time were considered a better environmental choice than gasoline-powered cars.<ref name=NorskBan1/><ref name=NorskBan2/>
==== Paris ====
{{see also|Paris Breathes}}
[[File:Air pollution Paris over Seine cropped.jpg|thumb|Traffic was restricted in [[Paris]] in March 2014 due to a peak in the levels of [[particulate matter]].]]
On March 17, 2014, a partial driving restriction was imposed in [[Paris]] and its inner suburbs based on license plate numbers. The measure was issued by the city government in order to mitigate a peak in air pollution, caused by [[particulate matter]] (PM 10) attributable to vehicle emissions. Cars with even-numbered license plates and commercial vehicles over 3.5 tons were banned from entering the city from 5:30 a.m. until midnight. [[Electric car|Electric]] and [[hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid cars]], [[natural gas vehicle|natural gas-powered vehicles]] and [[carpool]]s with three or more passengers were exempted. Only once before this type of restriction had been implemented in the city for one day in 1997. The week before the traffic restriction was imposed, the government also reduced speed limits around Paris by {{Convert|20|km|abbr=on}} per hour, provided all [[public transportation]] for free, and the short-term subscriptions of the [[Vélib]] [[bikesharing]] program, and the first hour of the [[Autolib]] [[carsharing]] service were free. The measure was not extended to the following day due to the improvement of air quality.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/18/world/europe/fighting-pollution-paris-imposes-partial-driving-ban.html?hpw&rref=science&action=click&module=Search%C2%AEion=searchResults%230&version=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fsearch%2Fsitesearch%2F%23%2Fparis%2520pollution%2F&_r=1|title=Fighting Pollution, Paris Imposes Partial Driving Ban|author=Scott Sayare|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2014-03-17|access-date=2014-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2014/03/15/01016-20140315ARTFIG00091-pollution-la-meteo-devrait-ameliorer-la-situation-ce-week-end.php|title=Pollution : circulation alternée lundi matin à Paris et dans la petite couronne |language=fr|trans-title=Pollution: traffic restriction on Monday morning in Paris and the inner suburbs |author=Agence France-Presse|work=[[Le Figaro]]|date=2014-03-17|access-date=2014-03-18|author-link=Agence France-Presse }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avem.fr/actualite-circulation-alternee-les-camions-electriques-bannis-de-la-capitale-4850.html|title=Circulation alternée – Les camions électriques bannis de la capitale|language=fr|trans-title= Traffic restriction - Electric trucks banned from the capital|author=Michaël Torregrossa|publisher= Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM)|date=2014-03-17|access-date=2014-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/accueil/deplacements/pollution-gratuite-de-velib-et-autolib-stationnement-residentiel-gratuit/rub_9648_actu_141463_port_23738 |title=Fin de la circulation alternée et des mesures antipollution |language=fr|trans-title=End of alternating traffic and pollution control measures|author=Mayor of Paris |publisher=Mairie de Paris News|date=2014-03-17|access-date=2014-03-18}}</ref>
[[File:Pollution event in Paris D161208 - Eiffel tower from Montmartre trimmed.jpg|thumb|left|275px|A driving restriction of four days took effect in December 2016 due to the persistence of pollution of fine particles and nitrogen dioxide.]]
Another peak in air pollution affected Paris and Northern France in mid March 2015. The [[Mayor of Paris]], [[Anne Hidalgo]], requested the central government to implement a driving restriction to mitigate the problem. The pollution index in Paris at 93 micrograms per cubic meter (mcg/m3) on Friday 20, 2015, due to increase amounts of pollutant [[particulate matter|PM10]]. The accepted limit for PM10 is set at 50 mcg/m3, and the safe limit or alert threshold is set at 80 mcg/m3.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/xinhua-news-agency/150320/france-restrict-vehicles-use-monday-unless-air-pollution-eas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321041649/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/xinhua-news-agency/150320/france-restrict-vehicles-use-monday-unless-air-pollution-eas |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-03-21 |title=France to restrict vehicles use on Monday unless air pollution eases: minister |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |publisher=[[GlobalPost]] |date=2015-03-20 |access-date=2015-03-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/sciences/2015/03/20/01008-20150320ARTFIG00278-circulation-alternee-en-ile-de-france-la-situation-empire-hidalgo-reitere-sa-demande.php |title=Anne Hidalgo annonce la circulation alternée lundi à Paris|language=fr|trans-title=Anne Hidalgo announced alternate traffic restriction on Monday in Paris|author=Simon Blin|work=[[Le Figaro]]|date=2015-01-21|access-date=2015-03-22}}</ref> As the pollution episode continued on Saturday 21 according to [[Airparif]] measurements, the central government imposed a driving restriction on Monday 23 affecting cars with even-numbered license plates and commercial vehicles over 3.5 tons. Taxis, ambulances, carpools with three or more passengers, [[electric car]]s and other environmentally friendly vehicles were exempted. As in the 2014 episode, complementary measures were implemented including reduced speed limits in the city, free public transportation, free residential parking, and free short-term use for subscribers of bike and carsharing services. The restriction was implemented in Paris and 22 towns located in the [[Regions of France|administrative region]] of [[Île-de-France]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2015/03/21/pollution-a-paris-qui-est-concerne-par-la-circulation-alternee-lundi_4598602_3244.html|title=Pollution à Paris : qui est concerné par la circulation alternée lundi ?|language=fr|trans-title=Pollution in Paris: Who is affected by alternating traffic on Monday?|author=Staff|work=[[Le Monde]]|date=2015-03-22|access-date=2015-03-22}}</ref>
In early December 2016, Paris and its surrounding region suffered for a week the longest and most intense winter pollution episode in 10 years.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lemonde.fr/pollution/article/2016/12/07/paris-connait-le-plus-long-et-le-plus-intense-pic-de-pollution-hivernal-depuis-dix-ans_5044804_1652666.html|title=Paris connaît le plus long et intense pic de pollution hivernal depuis dix ans | language=fr |trans-title=Paris is experiencing the longest and most intense winter pollution spike in ten years | work=[[Le Monde]] | date=2016-12-07 |access-date=2016-12-25}}</ref> A driving restriction went into effect in Paris and 22 surrounding towns for four days, from Tuesday 6 to Friday 9, due to the persistence of pollution of fine particles and nitrogen dioxide. The restriction was extended for the first time in the cities of [[Villeurbanne]] and [[Lyon]] on Friday December 9. This was the fourth time in twenty years that alternating traffic is implemented in the capital, but the first time it is maintained for several days in a row.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lemonde.fr/pollution/article/2016/12/07/pollution-circulation-alternee-a-lyon-et-villeurbanne-a-partir-de-vendredi_5044942_1652666.html |title=Pollution : circulation alternée reconduite jeudi à Paris, instaurée vendredi à Lyon et Villeurbanne | language=fr |trans-title=Pollution: alternating circulation renewed Thursday in Paris, established Friday in Lyon and Villeurbanne | work=[[Le Monde]] | date=2016-12-08 |access-date=2016-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2016/12/08/pollution-circulation-alternee-reconduite-vendredi-a-paris-et-e/ |title=Pollution: circulation alternée reconduite vendredi à Paris et en proche banlieue |language=fr |trans-title=Pollution: alternate circulation renewed Friday in Paris and near suburbs |author=Agence France-Presse |work=Le Huffington Post |date=2016-12-08 |access-date=2016-12-25 |author-link=Agence France-Presse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209140127/http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2016/12/08/pollution-circulation-alternee-reconduite-vendredi-a-paris-et-e/ |archive-date=2016-12-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/societe/pollution-a-paris-pas-de-circulation-alternee-lundi-ni-mardi-11-12-2016-6442725.php |title=Pollution à Paris : pas de circulation alternée, ni ce lundi, ni mardi | language=fr |trans-title=Pollution in Paris: no alternating traffic, neither this Monday nor Tuesday | work=[[Le Parisien]] | date=2016-12-11 |access-date=2016-12-25}}</ref>
In May 2016, the city of Paris launched a scheme called "''[[Paris Breathes|Paris Respire]]''" (literally "Paris breathes") as part of which certain areas of the city are closed to vehicular traffic on Sundays and public holidays.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.paris.fr/parisrespire|title=Paris Respire|language=fr-FR|access-date=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.citylab.com/commute/2016/04/paris-introduces-car-free-sundays/480609/|title=Starting May 8, Sundays on the Champs Elysées Will Be a Car-Free Experience|last=Anzilotti|first=Eillie|date=2016-04-29|newspaper=CityLab|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-12}}</ref>
====New Delhi====
According to the [[World Health Organization]], in 2014, New Delhi had the most polluted air of about 1,600 cities the organization tracked around the world. According to India's [[Central Pollution Control Board]], the city's air pollution had been in the severe category on nearly three-quarter of the days in November 2015. The [[Delhi High Court]] asked the government to take action to curb air pollution on 30 November 2015.<ref name=Delhi122015/>
[[File:Connaught Place sunset.jpg|thumb|Dense smog at [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]].]]
In an attempt to mitigate severe air pollution in [[New Delhi]], which gets worst during the winter, a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered license plates system was announced by [[Delhi]] government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 p.m., two hours later than the existing restriction.<ref name=Delhi122015>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/05/world/asia/delhi-announces-pollution-control-measures.html?_r=0 |title=Delhi to Limit Use of Cars in an Effort to Control Pollution |author=Nida Najar |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2015-12-04|access-date=2015-12-05}}</ref> Almost 9 million vehicles are registered in Delhi.<ref name=CNN2016>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/01/01/news/delhi-india-cars-autos-air-pollution/ |title=Delhi residents give up cars to stop toxic air pollution |author=Charles Riley |work=[[CNNMoney]] |date=2016-01-01|access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref> The driving restriction scheme went into effect as a trial for an initial period of 15 days, from 1 to 15 January 2016. The restriction was in force from 8 a.m. till 8 p.m., and traffic was not restricted on Sundays. The scheme was expected to take more than a million private cars off the road every day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-have-taken-note-of-odd-even-formula-of-plying-of-vehicles-delhi-police-2153471 |title=Have taken note of odd-even formula of plying of vehicles: Delhi Police |publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA India) |work=[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) |date=2015-12-08|access-date=2015-12-09}}</ref><ref name=Guardian2015/>
Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period.<ref name=Delhi122015/> A total of 27 exemptions to the restriction were allowed by the government, including all motorcycles, benefiting more than 5 million motorcyclists, all female drivers traveling alone, to ensure women's security, and several categories of official vehicles, including those of high-ranking officials. During the first day of the restriction there was acceptance by the general population.<ref name=CNN2016/><ref name=Guardian2015>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/31/delhi-driving-restrictions-car-ban-pollution-india|title=Delhi driving restrictions in force from New Year's Day in bid to clear pollution |author=Maseeh Rahman |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2015-12-31|access-date=2016-01-01}}</ref>
A petition was filed in the Delhi High Court against the government in order to stop the implementation of the restriction driving scheme. On 9 December 2015, the Court decided to put on hold the analysis of the petition until more details of the scheme are defined by the government, and considering that no official notification has been issued by a public agency. A hearing was scheduled for December 23 for further analysis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/delhi-govts-vehicle-plan-hc-refuses-to-pass-interim-order-on-pil/ |title=Delhi govt's vehicle plan: HC refuses to pass interim order on PIL |work=[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI)|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2015-12-09|access-date=2015-12-09}}</ref> The most contested exemption is the one for female drivers, and a legal petition was filed. A court had to decide whether it is discriminatory to allow women to drive around Delhi while some of males will be forced to leave their vehicles at home.<ref name=Guardian2015/>
On 16 December 2015, the [[Supreme Court of India]] mandated several restrictions to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court banned the sale of new cars that have diesel engines and sport utility vehicles with an engine greater than 2000 [[Cubic centimeter|cc]] until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to [[compressed natural gas]] by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles than are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/india-choking-on-pollution-restricts-vehicle-use-in-new-delhi.html|title=India, choking on pollution, Restricts Vehicle Use in Delhi |author=Nida Najar |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2015-12-16|access-date=2015-12-19}}</ref>
== Summer Olympics ==
=== Beijing 2008 ===
On July 20, 2008, [[Beijing]] implemented a temporary road space rationing scheme based on plate numbers in order to significantly improve air quality in the city during the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7515907.stm|title=Car restrictions begin in Beijing | date=2008-07-20 | work= BBC News | access-date=2008-07-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/15/world/asia/15china.html?hp|title=Traffic Beijing Stops Construction for Olympics | author= Andrew Jacobs | date=2008-04-14 | work= [[New York Times]] | access-date=2008-04-14 }}</ref> Enforcement was carried out through an automated traffic surveillance network. The rationing was in effect for two months, between July 20 to September 20, as the Olympics were followed by the [[Paralympics]] from September 6 until 17.<ref name=EfDBeijing>{{cite web| url=http://www.rff.org/RFF/Documents/EfD-DP-13-11.pdf| title=Will a Driving Restriction Policy Reduce Car Trips? - A Case Study of Beijing, China| author1=Lanl an W ang| author2=Ji nta o Xu| author3=Xinye Zheng| author4=Ping Qin| name-list-style=amp| date=September 2013| publisher=Environment for Development and Resources for the Future| access-date=2013-10-07| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401164828/http://www.rff.org/RFF/Documents/EfD-DP-13-11.pdf| archive-date=2014-04-01| url-status=dead}} ''Discussion Papers Series, EfD DP 13-11, pp. 7-8''.</ref> The restrictions on car use was implemented on alternate days depending on the plates [[odd-even rationing|ending in odd or even numbers]]. This measure was expected to take 45% of the 3.3 million car fleet off the streets. In addition, 300,000 heavy polluting vehicles were banned from July 1,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/21/AR2008072100269_2.html?nav=rss_business/industries |title= Beijing has first workday under car restrictions| author=Anita Chang | date=2008-07-21 | newspaper= [[The Washington Post]] | access-date=2008-07-25 }}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref> and the measure also prohibited access to most vehicles coming from outside Beijing. Authorities decided to compensate car owners for the inconvenience, by exempting them from payment of vehicle taxes for three months.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/06/23/2282484.htm?site=olympics/2008 |title=Beijing to launch Olympic 'odd-even' car ban | agency= Reuters | date=2008-06-23 | work=ABC news | access-date=2008-06-23 }}</ref>
[[File:Beijing pollution.jpg|thumb|Typical severe air pollution day in Beijing]]
A pilot test was conducted in August 2007 for four days, restricting driving for a third of Beijing's fleet, some 1.3 million vehicles.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/10/AR2007081000748.html |title= Beijing To Test Plan to Cut Cars: Measure Intended For '08 Olympics | author= Edward Cody | date=2007-08-11 | newspaper= Washington Post | access-date=2008-04-08 }}</ref> A 40% daily reduction of [[Automobile emissions control|vehicle emissions]] was reported.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.clicrbs.com.br/olimpiadas2008/jsp/default.jsp?newsID=a1809711.htm&uf=2&local=18&template=4061.dwt§ion=Not%EDcias | title=Pequim vai adotar rodízio de veículos durante os Jogos | date=2008-03-28 | publisher=Agencia Xinhua | access-date=2008-04-08 | language=pt }}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A previous test carried out in November 2006 during the Sino-African Summit show reductions of 40% in NOx auto emissions.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007GL029326.shtml |title=Traffic restrictions associated with the Sino-African summit: Reductions of NOx detected from space |author1=Yuxuan Wang |author2=Michael B. McElroy | year=2007 | publisher= Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34 | access-date=2008-04-08 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
====Post-Olympics permanent rule====
{{Main|Road space rationing in Beijing}}
The driving restriction during the Olympics was so successful in cleaning the air and relieving [[traffic congestion]], that a modified version of the scheme was made permanent afterward in October 2008, now banning 20% of the vehicles on a given weekday instead of half the vehicles as implemented during the Olympics.<ref name=NYT1009/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/28/content_10126448.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001084051/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/28/content_10126448.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 1, 2008|title=Post-Olympics Beijing car restrictions to take effect next month|publisher=China View news|date=2008-09-28|access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref> Also a ban on heavy trucks from entering the city during the day was implemented, and the oldest most polluting automobiles, called "yellow-label" cars, after the sticker fixed to their windshields, are banned from entering the city center. In July 2009 a nationwide car [[scrappage program]] was implemented offering rebates for trade in old heavy polluting cars and trucks for new ones.<ref name=NYT1009>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/17/world/asia/17beijing.html?_r=1&hpw|title=Beijing's Air Is Cleaner, but Far From Clean|work=[[New York Times]]|author=Michael Wines|date=2009-10-16|access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref> {{As of|2016|06}}, in addition to Beijing, another 11 Chinese cities have similar restriction schemes in place.<ref name=China2016>{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/news/china/21700676-chinese-love-their-cars-do-not-want-pay-more-driving-them-great-crawl?frsc=dg%7Ca | title=The great crawl | newspaper=[[The Economist]] | date=2016-06-18 | access-date=2016-06-22}} From the print edition.</ref>
=== London 2012===
{{update|section|date=March 2014}}
The [[2012 Summer Olympics]] organization, with support from the [[Mayor of London]] office,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/olympics/benefits-environment.jsp |title=The 2012 Olympic Games and the environment |publisher=Mayor of London official website |access-date=2008-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117115741/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/olympics/benefits-environment.jsp |archive-date=2008-01-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> announced in 2007 that they are planning auto exclusion zones around all venues, including London, [[Birmingham]], [[Manchester]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Glasgow]] and [[Cardiff]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,513092,00.html |title=Car-Free Travel: London Olympic Organizers Hope to Reform Britain |newspaper= Spiegel ONLINE|date=2007-10-23|access-date=2008-04-10}}</ref> London authorities hope this measure will work as an experiment to change the public's travel behavior, allowing thereafter a shift from automobile to [[mass transit]] or bicycling. This severe policy has been publicized as the "First Car-free Olympics". During the peak events, the Olympics expect a crowd of 800,000 people. Those attending will have to travel by [[public transport]], mainly through the [[London Underground|Underground]], or by bicycle or on foot.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2007/10/31/london-2012-olympics-the-first-to-be-car-free/ |title=London 2012 Olympics the first to be "car-free" |publisher= AutoBlogGreen|date=2007-10-31|access-date=2008-04-10}}</ref> This strategy was deemed effective and successful by [[Transport for London]]. Over 60 million passengers used the tube, which was 30% more than usual usage. Road Traffic was reduced by 15% and only 30% of designated game lanes were in operation each day of the Olympics. Regular transport users altered their travel methods and times to avoid hotspots during the games. The success of the strategy was largely due to the cooperation of the residents of London and visitors attending the games.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-19240713|title=Tube carried 60m during Olympics|date=2012-08-13|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-03-18|language=en-GB}}</ref>
== Similar management and rationing policies ==
===Congestion pricing===
{{Further|Congestion pricing}}
Transport economists consider road space rationing a variation of [[road pricing]], and an alternative to [[congestion pricing]], but road space rationing is considered more equitable by some, as the restrictions force all drivers to reduce auto travel, while congestion pricing restrains less those who can afford paying the congestion charge. Nevertheless, high-income users can often avoid the restrictions by owning a second car.<ref>{{cite web| author= Victoria Transport Policy Institute| url=http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm33.htm |title=Vehicle Restrictions. Limiting Automobile Travel At Certain Times and Places |publisher= TDM Encyclopedia|access-date=2008-04-09}} See Equity Impacts section</ref> Moreover, congestion pricing (unlike rationing) acts "to allocate a scarce resource to its most valuable use, as evinced by users' willingness to pay for the resource". While some "opponents of congestion pricing fear that tolled roads will be used only by people with high income. But preliminary evidence suggests that the new toll lanes in California are used by people of all income groups. The ability to get somewhere fast and reliably is valued in a variety of circumstances. Not everyone will need or want to incur a toll on a daily basis, but on occasions when getting somewhere quickly is necessary, the option of paying to save time is valuable to people at all income levels."<ref>{{cite web|author=Holtz-Eakin, Douglas |date=2003-05-06 |url=http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdoc.cfm?index=4197 |title=Congestion Pricing for Highways (Testimony before the Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress) |access-date=2008-02-26 |publisher=Congressional Budget Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214064914/http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdoc.cfm?index=4197 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Mobility rights or congestion credits===
A more recent idea for automobile travel restrictions, proposed by some transport economists<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Verhoef E, Nijkamp P, Rietveld P | year = 1997 | title = Tradeable permits: their potential in the regulation of road transport externalities |journal=Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 527–548 | doi = 10.1068/b240527 | hdl = 1871/16225 | s2cid = 153913288 | url = https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/f8594832-1192-484a-8ab7-9aba4dd71f2e }}</ref> to avoid inequality and revenue allocation issues, is to implement a [[rationing]] of peak period travel but through revenue-neutral credit-based [[congestion pricing]]. This concept is similar to the existing system of [[emissions trading]] of [[carbon credit]]s, proposed by the [[Kyoto Protocol]] to curb [[greenhouse emissions]]. Metropolitan area or city residents, or the taxpayers, will have the option to use the local government-issued mobility rights or congestion credits for themselves, or to trade or sell them to anyone willing to continue traveling by automobile beyond the personal quota. This trading system will allow direct benefits to be accrued by those users shifting to public transportation or by those reducing their peak-hour travel rather than the government.<ref name=Viegas2001>{{Cite journal | author = José M. Viegas | title = Making urban road pricing acceptable and effective: searching for quality and equity in urban mobility | journal = Transport Policy | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 289–294 |date=October 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00024-5 }} ''pp. 289-294.''</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Kara M. Kockelman |author2=Sukumar Kalmanje |name-list-style=amp | year = 2005 | title = Credit-based congestion pricing: a policy proposal and the public's response|journal=Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice |volume=39 |issue=7–9 |pages=671–690 |doi=10.1016/j.tra.2005.02.014 }}</ref>
== See also ==
*[[Car-Free Days]]
* [[Common good (economics)]]
* [[Commons dilemma]]
* [[Congestion pricing]]
* [[Externalities]]
* [[Low-emission zone]]
* [[Odd-even rationing]]
* [[Public good (economics)|Public good]]
* [[Rationing]]
* [[Road pricing]]
* [[Traffic calming]]
* [[Tragedy of the Commons]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== External links ==
*[http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm33.htm Online TDM Encyclopedia - Vehicle restrictions]
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272713001667 The effect of transport policies on car use: Evidence from Latin American cities], Journal of Public Economics, November 2013
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140401164828/http://www.rff.org/RFF/Documents/EfD-DP-13-11.pdf Will a Driving Restriction Policy Reduce Car Trips? - A Case Study of Beijing, China], Environment for Development, September 2013.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Road Space Rationing}}
[[Category:Sustainable transport]]
[[Category:Rationing]]
[[Category:Vehicle registration plates]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{about|regulatory and non-monetary policies to reduce traffic levels from motorized vehicles|monetary policies to reduce congestion and other externalities|road pricing}}
{{distinguish|road diet}}
{{Short description|Travel demand management strategy}}
[[File:Road Space Requirements.png|thumb|250px|Road space requirements]]
[[File:Traffic jam Sao Paulo 09 2006 30.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Traffic congestion]] persists despite [[São Paulo]]'s municipal no-drive days based on license numbers, implemented since 1997. São Paulo downtown, [[Brazil]].]]
'''Road space rationing''', also known as '''alternate-day travel''', '''driving restriction''' and '''no-drive days''' ({{lang-es|restricción vehicular}}; {{lang-pt|rodízio veicular}}; {{lang-fr|circulation alternée}}), is a [[travel demand management]] strategy aimed to reduce the [[externality|negative externalities]] generated by urban air pollution or peak urban travel demand in excess of available supply or road capacity, through artificially restricting demand (vehicle travel) by [[rationing]] the scarce [[common good (economics)|common good]] road capacity, especially during the peak periods or during peak pollution events. This objective is achieved by restricting traffic access into an urban cordon area, city center (CBD), or district based upon the last digits of the license number on pre-established days and during certain periods, usually, the peak hours.
The practical implementation of this traffic restraint policy is common in Latin America, and in many cases, the road rationing has as a main goal the reduction of air pollution, such as the cases of [[México City]], and [[Santiago (Chile)|Santiago]], [[Chile]]. [[São Paulo]], with a fleet of 6 million vehicles in 2007, is the largest metropolis in the world with such a travel restriction, implemented first in 1996 as measured to mitigate air pollution, and thereafter made permanent in 1997 to relieve traffic congestion. More recent implementations in [[Costa Rica]] and [[Honduras]] have had the objective of reducing oil consumption, due to the high impact this import has on the economy of small countries, and considering the steep [[Oil price increases since 2003|increases in oil prices]] that began in 2003. [[Bogotá]], [[Quito]], and [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]] also have similar driving restriction schemes in place.
After a temporary implementation of road space rationing to reduce air pollution in [[Beijing]] during the [[2008 Summer Olympics]], local officials put in place several permanent [[Road space rationing in Beijing|rationing schemes]] to improve the city's air quality. {{As of|2016|06}}, another 11 Chinese cities have similar restriction schemes in place. Also, temporary driving restrictions to reduce cars on the streets by half during severe pollution events have been implemented in [[Paris]] and surrounding suburbs in March 2014, March 2015, and December 2016; in Beijing twice in December 2015, and one more time in December 2016; and also in [[Rome]] and [[Milan]] for several days in December 2015. A similar alternate-day travel temporary scheme was implemented in [[New Delhi]] as a two-week trial in January 2016. A temporary ban on diesel cars was implemented in [[Oslo]] on municipal roads in January 2017.
==Historical background==
The earliest known implementation of road space rationing took place in [[Ancient Rome]], as [[carriage]]s and [[cart]]s pulled by horses created serious congestion problems in several Roman cities. In 45 B.C. [[Julius Caesar]] declared the center of Rome off-limits between 6 a.m. and 4 p.m. to all vehicles except for carriages transporting priests, officials, visitors, and high-ranking citizens.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Black|first=William R.|title =Sustainable Transportation: Problems and Solutions|url=https://archive.org/details/sustainabletrans00phdw|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=[[The Guilford Press]]|isbn =978-1-60623-485-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sustainabletrans00phdw/page/n32 14]}}</ref>
==Effectiveness==
[[File: Evaluating Effectiveness.jpg|thumb|Road Space Rationing impacts behavioral changes and may lead to the ultimate outcome, i.e. end traffic congestion. Other factors impacting these changes make it hard to isolate the singular effects of Road Space Rationing regulations.]]
Schemes rationing access based on number plate have mixed results. If used infrequently or temporarily the alternate-day travel policy can have some impact. However, if used as a long term measure, inequality issues might arise, as wealthier people can afford to own two cars with opposite-parity number plates, to circumvent any restrictions, with the second vehicle being often older and therefore more polluting.<ref name=Viegas2001/> Cities such as [[Tehran]] which have used such schemes are now looking to more sustainable methods of traffic and emissions control,<ref name="tehran">{{cite web|url=http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=77&smid=415&ArticleID=6841|publisher=en.tehran.ir|title=Tehran's low-emission zone rule gets green light|access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref> such as [[low emission zone]] or traffic limited zones as used in Europe.<ref name="urbanaccessregulations">{{cite web|url=http://urbanaccessregulations.eu/|publisher=urbanaccessregulations.eu|title=urban access regulations|access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref> Access regulations have often been found to be effective, in reducing congestion, traffic and pollution.<ref name="urbanaccessregulations2">{{cite web|url=http://urbanaccessregulations.eu/userhome/general-overview#Impacts|publisher=urbanaccessregulations.eu|title=Overview of website|access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref>
The program's impact on moving behavior to more [[Sustainable transport]] methods is also unclear. Evaluations on the effectiveness of Road space rationing regulations focus mainly on whether there is a decrease in the usage of the less sustainable vehicles for which the schemes were implemented in the first place. They do not focus on whether there is a change in the pattern in which such vehicles are used. For example, evaluations examine how many people stop using a polluting car. They do not evaluate how many people start riding bicycles or [[Carpool]] as a result of such schemes.<ref name="Frosch">Frosch, Colin. ''Evaluation of Shared Space to Reduce Traffic Congestion: A case study on West Virginia University's Downtown Campus'' (Thesis). West Virginia University Libraries.</ref>
=== Evaluating Effectiveness ===
It is important to better understand the effectiveness of the regulatory policies intended to reduce [[Traffic congestion]] to improve their implementation in the future. Some factors that hinder the effective [[Program evaluation]] of policies like Road space rationing are that [[Transportation demand management]] strategies are often implemented as a part of other broader policies. It is difficult to separate the effects of such methods from the other methods they are associated with. Most measures are taken at the beginning and during the implementation of a strategy. Not enough evaluation is conducted after strategy implementation. In [[Developing country|Developing countries]], data insufficiency hinders the formation of generalizable conclusions on the effectiveness of a strategy.<ref name="Frosch" /> It is hard to outline a [[Cause and effect]] relationship between the regulation that is implemented and the change in behavior it creates or general effect it has. Many factors could cause a change in the behavior of individuals affected by the regulation at hand. It could be the direct result of that regulation or the result of other existing regulations, and societal effects.<ref name="Frosch" /> Given that such programs are not usually implemented in isolation, singular conclusions on the effectiveness of regulations impacting [[Traffic congestion]] are difficult to form.
Three methods can be employed to measure the effectiveness of regulatory policies. The first measure, Administration Evaluation, examines how road space rationing is delivered and enforced to the [[Target audience]]. The second measure, Behavioral Evaluation, focuses on the extent to which the regulation changes the behavior of the target audience. The third measure, Outcome Performance, analyzes the outcomes of the regulation. To collect information on these measures, Direct [[Observation]], stated preferences surveys, and [[Revealed preference]] surveys can be conducted. These methods can be conducted in isolation or simultaneously to procure rich data. The problems associated with these methods are [[Observer bias|Observer Bias]] in direct observation, the spread of [[Misinformation]] when respondents are untruthful, and excess time consumption.<ref name="Frosch" /> I like pooping.
== Applications of road space rationing ==
=== Permanent alternate-day travel schemes ===
{{See also|Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program|l1=Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program (Philippines)}}
Road space rationing based on license numbers has been implemented in cities such as [[Athens]] (1982),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leda.ils.nrw.de/database/measures/meas0205.htm|title=LEDA Measure: License plate based traffic restrictions, Athens, Greece|publisher=LEDA database|access-date=2008-04-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227030125/http://www.leda.ils.nrw.de/database/measures/meas0205.htm|archive-date=2008-02-27}}</ref> [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], [[Chile]] (1986 and extended 2001), [[México City]] (1989), [[Metro Manila]] (1995), [[São Paulo]] (1997), [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] (1998), [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]] (2003),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boliviahoy.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=3150 | title=Los choferes públicos acataron la restricción | date=2003-01-07 | publisher=La Prensa | access-date=2008-04-09 | language=es | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213053528/http://www.boliviahoy.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=3150 | archive-date=2006-12-13 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[San José de Costa Rica|San José]], [[Costa Rica]], (2005)<ref name=LN082005/><ref name=LN062008/> countrywide in [[Honduras]] (2008),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/abril/07/mundo1488835.html | title=Unos 39.000 vehículos dejan de circular en Honduras para ahorrar petróleo | date=2007-04-07 | publisher=La Nación | access-date=2008-04-09 | language=es | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411001222/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/abril/07/mundo1488835.html | archive-date=2008-04-11 }}</ref> and [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]] (2010).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/desde-marzo-se-aplicaria-el-pico-y-placa-en-la-capital-386893.html|publisher=Diario Hoy|title=Desde marzo se aplica el pico y placa en la capital|language=es|date=2010-01-10|access-date=2010-04-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508065600/http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/desde-marzo-se-aplicaria-el-pico-y-placa-en-la-capital-386893.html|archive-date=2010-05-08}}</ref> All these cities restrain a percentage of vehicles every weekday during rush hours or for the entire day. When the restriction is based in two digits a theoretical 20% reduction of traffic is expected. Cities with serious air quality problems, such as [[México City]] and [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]] use more digits to achieve greater reductions in air pollution, and even the prohibition can be for more than one day a week. In [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] from 2009 the plate restriction was extended from peak periods to the whole day (from 06:00 to 20:00 hours) in the whole city.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
[[Bertrand Delanoë]], the mayor of Paris, proposed to impose a complete ban on motor vehicles in the city's inner districts, with exemptions only for residents, businesses, and the disabled, as a three-part plan to implement during a seven-year period.<ref>
{{cite news | first = Jon | last = Henley | title = Paris drive to cut traffic in centre by 75% | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/mar/15/france.jonhenley | work = [[The Guardian]] | location = London | access-date=2008-04-26 | date = 2005-03-15 }}</ref> This proposal was made in 2005, in the context of Paris' bid to host the [[2012 Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{cite news | first = Charles | last = Bremner | title = Paris bans cars to make way for central pedestrian zone | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article427778.ece | publisher = Times Online | location = London | access-date=2008-04-26 | date = 2005-03-15 }}</ref> which ended up being won by London.
During the discussions regarding the proposal to introduce [[New York congestion pricing|congestion pricing in New York]], the commission created in 2007 by the New York State Legislature to evaluate other traffic relief options, considered road space rationing based on license plates as an alternative to [[congestion pricing]].<ref>{{Cite web | author = William Neuman | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/25/nyregion/25pricing.html?_r=1&oref=slogin|date = 2008-01-25 | title = Traffic Panel Members Expecto to Endorse Fees on Cars | work = The New York Times|access-date=2008-04-07}}</ref> The proposal stalled in April 2008 as the legislature decided not to vote the proposed plan.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/08/nyregion/08congest.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5088&en=6327902f9d5026b0&ex=1365393600&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |author= Nicholas Confessore |date=2008-04-08 | title=$8 Traffic Fee for Manhattan Gets Nowhere | work = The New York Times | access-date = 2008-04-08 }}</ref>
<!-- Feel free to contribute by translating the city cases from the Wiki Spanish article in this section, the references above will have to be moved to each case.-->
==== Athens ====
{{main|Dactylius}}
Rising traffic in Athens during the 1990s led to the development of the [[Dactylius]] ({{lang-el|Δακτύλιος|Daktýlios|ring}}) around central Athens. The Dactylius does not require drivers to pay in order to enter the areas subjected to the Dactylius' restrictions. Instead, the scheme depends on the [[Parity (mathematics)|parity]] of the date and of the vehicle's registration plate, the vehicle type as well as the time of the week/month. There are three Dactylius areas: The Inner, the Outer and the Green, each one with its own policies.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
====Bogotá====
{{Main|Pico y placa}}
Then mayor [[Enrique Peñalosa]], introduced in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] in 1998 a driving restriction program, "Pico y placa" (literally in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: "peak and license plate") to reduce [[traffic congestion]] during [[rush hour]]s.<ref name=Decree1998>{{cite web|url=http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=1937|title=Decreto 626 de 1998 Alcalde Mayor|language=es|trans-title=Major's Decree 626 of 1998|publisher= Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá D.C.|date=1998-07-15|access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref> The system restricts traffic access into a pre-established urban area for vehicles with [[license plate]] numbers ending in certain digits on pre-established days and during certain hours based on the last digit of the licence plate numbers. Initially the system restricted traffic between 7:00 - 9:00 a.m. and between 5:30 - 7:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, for two days for each registered vehicle.<ref name=Decree1998/><ref name=EE062012/>
Then mayor [[Antanas Mockus]] extended the restriction for one hour in 2001. A complementary program called "El Pico y Placa Ambiental" (literally in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: "environmental peak and license plate") was implemented by then mayor [[Luis Eduardo Garzón]] in 2006, expanding the restriction to public transportation vehicles, including both bus and taxi services.<ref name=EE062012>{{cite news|url=http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/bogota/pico-y-placa-marca-petro-articulo-352807 |title=Pico y Placa marca Petro
|language=es|trans-title="Pico y Placa" Petro brand|author=Staff |work=[[El Espectador]]|date=2012-06-12|access-date=2016-01-02}} ''See section: "La historia del Pico y Placa"''</ref> Four numbers were restricted every day for private use vehicles, and two for public transportation vehicles. Since 2002 Bogotá's scheme switched the combinations of days and numbers every year, making it harder to circumvent the restriction by buying another car.<ref name=Guardian032014/>
Starting in February 2009, then mayor [[Samuel Moreno Rojas]] extended the restriction from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m., Monday through Friday. This extension was issued as a temporary measure until public works related with the [[Transmilenio|Transmilenio BRT]] were completed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/bogota/pico-y-placa-sera-todo-el-dia-para-particulares-en-bogota-a-partir-del-6-de-febrero_4773160-1|title=Pico y placa será todo el día para particulares en Bogotá, a partir del 6 de febrero|language=es|trans-title="Pico y Placa" will be extended to all day for passenger vehicles in Bogotá, beginning February 6|author=Staff|work=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)]]|date=2009-01-24|access-date=2016-01-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308092610/http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/bogota/pico-y-placa-sera-todo-el-dia-para-particulares-en-bogota-a-partir-del-6-de-febrero_4773160-1|archive-date=2012-03-08}}</ref> In July 2012, then mayor [[Gustavo Petro]] reduced the hours of the restriction from 14 to 7 hours per day, to restrict access only between 6:00- 8:30 a.m. and between 3:00 - 7:30 p.m. In addition, five neighborhoods were released from the restriction, [[Usme]], [[Rafael Uribe Uribe (Bogotá)|Rafael Uribe Uribe]], [[Tunjuelito]], [[San Cristóbal (Bogotá)|San Cristóbal]] and [[Ciudad Bolívar (Bogotá)|Ciudad Bolívar]]. Also, under the modified scheme five ending numbers are restricted every day between Monday and Friday, license plated ending on odd-numbers are restricted on odd-days of the month, and even-numbers on even-days.<ref name=EE062012/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://guiatramitesyservicios.bogota.gov.co/portel/libreria/php/frame_detalle_scv.php?h_id=26490|title=Restricción para vehículos de servicio particular - SDM|language=es|trans-title=Restriction for private vehicles|author=Secretaría Distrital de Movilidad|publisher=Alcaldía de Bogotá|date=2015-10-29|access-date=2016-01-02}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Since December 2014, exempted vehicles include passenger cars with three or more passengers including the driver; properly registered vehicles for use by [[disability|people with disabilities]]; [[all-electric vehicle]]s; emergency vehicles, such police cars, ambulances, and fire trucks; properly identified public utilities vehicles, traffic control and towing vehicles; [[school bus]]es; motorcycles; [[cash-in-transit]] armored vehicles; [[Hearse|funeral vehicles]]; and press, judiciary, diplomatic, presidential motorcade, and security escort vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=55963 |title=Decreto 575 de 2013 Alcalde Mayor |language=es|trans-title=Major's Decree 575 of 2013|publisher=Alcaldía de Bogotá |date=2014-12-18|access-date=2016-01-03}}</ref>
Similar schemes with the same name have been implemented in several Colombian cities, including [[Armenia, Antioquia|Armenia]], [[Barranquilla]], [[Bucaramanga]], [[Cali]], [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]], [[Manizales]], [[Medellín]], and [[Pereira, Colombia|Pereira]].{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}
==== Jakarta ====
The no-drive day in Jakarta is known as ''Ganjil Genap'' (even and odd [days] in Indonesian). This policy imitates what has been done in Beijing during the Olympics. Policeman checks license plate's last digit on the entrance of avenue or expressway. A car with even license plate (for example B 1000 LA, obsolete plate of [[Idris Sardi]] car) is allowed to pass in "even days", but will be fined when they pass that road in "odd days". Drivers might get even/odd days information from [[social media]] to radio stations.
The ''Ganjil Genap'' first time implemented in Sudirman Avenue on 27 July 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2016/07/27/10381811/hari.pertama.uji.coba.ganjil.genap.arus.lalu.lintas.di.sudirman.ramai.lancar | title = Hari Pertama Uji Coba Ganjil Genap, Arus Lalu Lintas di Sudirman Ramai Lancar | first = Akhdi Martin | last = Pratama | work = [[Kompas]].com |date=2016-07-27 |access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref> ''Ganjil Genap'' was implemented due to "3-in-1 policy" termination started from 16 May 2016 by former Jakarta Governor [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]] (or Ahok).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2016/05/11/338/1385962/16-mei-penghapusan-3-in-1-mulai-diberlakukan | title = 16 Mei, Penghapusan 3-in-1 Mulai Diberlakukan | first = Reni| last = Lestari| work = OkeZone.com |date=2016-05-16 |access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref> 3-in-1 policy banned vehicles containing less than 3 passengers. 3-in-1 existed for 12 years and a half (23 December 2003 – 16 May 2016), but abandoned by Basuki due to a trick known as ''joki 3 in 1''. He said that ''joki 3 in 1'' practice often exploited kids, just to fill the car to 3 people when passing checkpoints.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://m.merdeka.com/jakarta/sejarah-pemberlakuan-3-in-1-di-jakarta.html | title = Sejarah Pemberlakuan 3-in-1 di Jakarta | first = Raynaldo Giffari | last = Lubabah | work = Merdeka.com |date=2016-03-29 |access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref> Police authorities also admitted that control of 3-in-1 was harder than license plate checking, due to ''joki 3-in-1'' hack.
In 2018, license plate checking also applied on expressways bound to Jakarta suburban area ([[Jabodetabek]]). License plates are checked in [[Toll road|toll booths]] [[Bekasi]], Cibubur (border of Jakarta and [[Depok]]) and [[Tangerang]]. Only overcrowded toll booths apply this ban. Existing ''Ganjil Genap'' in Jakarta was extended from 6{{nbsp}}am starts from 23 April 2018.
====Mexico City====
{{Main|Hoy No Circula|l1= Hoy no Circula (Mexico City)}}
[[Mexico City]] started in November 1989 its driving restriction program, "Hoy no Circula" (literally in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: "today [your car] does not circulate", known as "No-drive days"), which consisted of prohibiting the circulation of 20% of vehicles from Monday to Friday depending on the last digit of their license plates. Record levels of [[Ozone#Ozone air pollution|ozone]] and other [[airborne pollutants]] led the city government to implement the scheme.<ref name=Guardian032014>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/mar/20/licence-plate-driving-bans-paris-ineffective-air-pollution |title=Why licence plate bans don't cut smog |author=Karl Mathiesen |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-03-20|access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref><ref name=UM2008/> The program was planned to apply only during the winter, when air pollution is at its worst. Winter follows the rainy season when [[inversion (meteorology)|thermal inversion]], an atmospheric condition which traps smog and pollution close to the ground, increases air pollution noticeably. However, the program was made permanent at the end of the 1990 winter season.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}
[[File:AerialViewPhotochemicalSmogMexicoCity 2.jpg|thumb|Severe smog over [[Mexico City]].]]
The program is intended to improve the [[air quality]] of Mexico City. The restriction is based on the last digit of the license plate. Two numbers are restricted to travel every day between from 5 a.m. to 10 p.m. The restrictions apply to the entire Mexico City metropolitan area, therefore, a similar coordinated program operates within the [[México (state)|State of México]], including the 18 neighboring municipalities which surrounds Mexico City on three sides: [[Atizapán de Zaragoza]], [[Coacalco de Berriozabal]], [[Cuautitlán]], [[Cuautitlán Izcalli]], [[Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias|Chalco]], [[Chimalhuacan]], [[Chicoloapan]], [[Ecatepec de Morelos]], [[Huixquilucan]], [[Ixtapaluca]], [[La Paz, State of Mexico|La Paz]], [[Naucalpan de Juárez]], [[Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl|Nezahualcóyotl]], [[Ciudad Nicolás Romero|Nicolás Romero]], [[Tecámac]], [[Tlalnepantla de Baz]], [[Tultitlán]] and [[Valle de Chalco Solidaridad]].<ref name=UM2008/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.milenio.com/monterrey/descarta-aplicar-programa-Hoy-circula_0_657534268.html |title=Estado descarta aplicar programa Hoy no circula |author=Orlando Maldonado|work=[[Milenio]]|date=2016-01-02|access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref>
Hoy No Circula is coupled with an exhaust monitoring program, known as "Verificación" in Spanish (verification), whereby a car's pollutant emissions are analyzed every six months. A colored sticker based on a vehicle's license plate number is affixed to each vehicle following an emissions test, indicating whether a vehicle is exempt from the program or not. [[Hybrid electric vehicle]]s and [[electric vehicle]]s are exempted. There are other restrictions that are applicable to non-local vehicles and foreigners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.angloinfo.com/mexico-city/how-to/page/mexico-city-transport-driving-driving-restrictions|title=Driving Restrictions in Mexico City and the State of Mexico: Hoy No Circula and Vehicle Verification|date=2015-12-04|publisher=[[Angloinfo]]|author=AngloInfo|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/sedema/index.php/verificacion-hoy-no-circula/hoy-no-circula/calendario-del-programa-hoy-no-circula|title=Calendario del programa Hoy No Circula 2016|author=Secretaría del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México (SEDEMA)|publisher=SEDEMA|date=2016|access-date=2016-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102110811/http://www.sedema.df.gob.mx/sedema/index.php/verificacion-hoy-no-circula/hoy-no-circula/calendario-del-programa-hoy-no-circula|archive-date=2016-01-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 2015, the [[Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation]] ruled in favor a constitutional challenge, and ordered that passenger cars with model year older than 2007 shall be restricted based on their actual tailpipe emissions, and not on how old the car is.<ref name=072015CNN>{{cite news|url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2015/07/03/los-autos-viejos-tambien-podran-tener-calcomania-0-en-el-centro-del-pais |title=Los autos viejos también podrán tener calcomanía 0 en el centro del país|language=es|trans-title=Old cars can also have sticker 0 in the center of the country |author=Staff |work=CNN México |date=2015-07-03|access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref>
Taxis, buses, police cars, ambulances, fire trucks, commercial vehicles operating with liquid [[propane]] gas, and commercial vehicles transporting perishable goods are exempt. In 2008 the scheme in Mexico City was extended to limit driving into the city one Saturday every month, but only applies to cars that are more than 10-years old (sticker 2). Foreign-plated vehicles without emissions stickers are restricted all day every Saturday.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2008/03/12/index.php?section=capital&article=044n1cap |title=Ebrard y Peña Nieto presentan este día el No circula sabatino |author=Ángel Bolaños Sánchez |work=[[La Jornada]]|date=2008-03-12|access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref> Similar alternate-day travel restriction programs have been implemented in [[Pachuca]], [[Puebla (city)|Puebla]] and [[Toluca]].<ref name=072015CNN/>
The driving restriction program was initially successful in reducing pollution levels, as [[carbon monoxide]] (CO) fell by 11%. Compliance with the program is near universal. However, as the restriction was made permanent residents began buying second cars to get around the ban, usually used and old polluting cars. A 2008 study from the [[University of Michigan]] found that there is no evidence that the restrictions have improved air quality. Evidence from additional sources indicates that the restrictions led to an increase in the total number of vehicles in circulation and the long-term impact of the scheme on CO levels has been a 13% rise.<ref name=Guardian032014/><ref name=UM2008>{{cite web|url=http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/mfinney/Courses/433/articles/mexico_program.pdf |title=The Effect of Driving Restrictions on Air Quality in Mexico City |author=Lucas W. Davis |publisher=Journal of Political Economy, 2008, vol. 116, no. 1 |year=2008|access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref>
====San José====
An alternate-day travel scheme was introduced in [[San José, Costa Rica]], in August 2005. The goal of the restriction program was to reduced oil consumption with the purpose of mitigating the negative effects of [[2000s energy crisis|high international oil prices]] in the Costa Rican economy. The program was implemented when the price of an [[oil barrel]] was at {{USD|65}} up from {{USD|20}} in early 2003. Fuel and oil imports represented in 2007 a 5.6% of the country's [[GDP]], up from 2% ten years earlier.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2007/noviembre/29/economia1333130.html|title= Factura petrolera costará más de $1.400 millones|language=es|trans-title=Oil bill will cost more than US$1.4 billion | author= Mercedes Aguero | date=2007-11-29 | work=[[La Nación (San José)]]| access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011094438/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2007/noviembre/29/economia1333130.html |archive-date=2008-10-11 }}</ref>
[[File:CRC Traffic Restriction Sign 07 2009 6307.jpg|thumb|left|[[Traffic sign]] used in [[San José, Costa Rica]], to warn drivers of the prevailing access restriction into the [[Central Business District|CBD]] according to license plate number by day of the week.]]
Initially the driving restriction was applied to enter the capital's central business district and the scheme is based on the last number of the license plate, restricting two numbers per day, Monday through Friday.<ref name=LN082005>{{cite news|title=Hoy empieza restricción para autos en centro de San José|trans-title=Today begins traffic restriction for cars in downtown San José|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2005/agosto/03/pais0.html|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515152117/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2005/agosto/03/pais0.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-05-15|author=Ángela Ávalos|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|language=es|date=2005-08-03|access-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> The travel restrictions were issued initially only during the [[rush hours]], from 7:00 to 8:30{{nbsp}}a.m. and 4:00-5:30 p.m.<ref name=LN062008>{{cite news | url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2006/abril/12/pais2.html | title=Evaluarán restricción vehicular en capital | language=es | trans-title=Driving restriction in the capital city will be evaluated | author=Mercedes Agüero | date=2006-04-12 | work=[[La Nación (San José)]] | access-date=2008-04-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919101624/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2006/abril/12/pais2.html | archive-date=2008-09-19 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
In June 2008 the restricted cordon area was expanded until San José's Boulevard Circunvalación peripheral ring.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/junio/26/pais1595155.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=440 conductores multados por violar restricciones en capital|language=es|trans-title=440 drivers fined for violating restrictions in the capital|author=Vanessa Loaiza|date=2008-06-26|access-date=2008-06-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630051208/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/junio/26/pais1595155.html|archive-date=2008-06-30}}</ref> The expansion aim was to attain further reductions in oil consumption, as oil prices continued to rise and reached {{USD|130}} per barrel in June 2008. Government official estimated that at this price, oil imports will reach {{USD|2.85 billion}}, representing about a third of the country's export earnings and about 9% of the country's [[GDP]] estimated for 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/junio/13/pais1577618.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=MOPT ampliará restricción vehicular|language=es|trans-title=Ministry of Public Works and Transportation will expand the driving restriction|author=Esteban Oviedo|date=2008-06-13|access-date=2008-06-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617123718/http://nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/junio/13/pais1577618.html|archive-date=2008-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/junio/13/pais1577616.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=Gobierno aplica subsidio para frenar alza en diésel|language=es|trans-title=Government subsidies applied to curb rising diesel prices|author=Esteban Oviedo|date=2008-06-13|access-date=2008-06-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615020906/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/junio/13/pais1577616.html|archive-date=2008-06-15}}</ref> As the implemented scheme only reduced fuel consumption by 5%, the government decided to expand the restriction hours beginning in July 2008. The road space rationing was expanded to 13 hours for passenger cars and light-duty commercial vehicles, from 6 a.m. through 7 p.m. Heavy-duty commercial vehicles were included in the restriction program but only during rush hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/julio/09/pais1613346.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=Mañana se iniciará restricción vehicular de 24 horas en capital|language=es|trans-title=Tomorrow will start 24-hour driving restriction in the capital|author=Vanessa Loaiza y Alonso Mata|date=2008-07-09|access-date=2008-07-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712152912/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/julio/09/pais1613346.html|archive-date=2008-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/julio/10/pais1614648.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=MOPT reduce horario de restricción vehicular en la capital|language=es|trans-title=Ministry of Public Works and Transportation reduces hours of driving restriction in the capital|author=Vanessa Loaiza|date=2008-07-10|access-date=2008-07-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713014346/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2008/julio/10/pais1614648.html|archive-date=2008-07-13}}</ref>
The alternate-day driving program was suspended in June 2009 as a result of a [[Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica|Constitutional Court]] ruling in favor a constitutional challenge. The court ruled that the policy infringed the constitutional freedom of movement right, and also that the economic sanctions for this violation were not supported by the existing legal framework.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/junio/13/pais1995167.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=San José se abre a cualquier carro sin importar su placa|language=es|trans-title=San José is open to any car regardless of its plate number|author=Álvaro Murillo|date=2009-06-13|access-date=2009-06-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616062638/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/junio/13/pais1995167.html|archive-date=2009-06-16}}</ref> The temporary end of the program resulted in heavy traffic jams all over the city, as traffic volumes within the restricted cordon area increased by 20% to 25%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/junio/15/pais1997097.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=Largas presas colapsan ingresos a San José|language=es|trans-title=Long traffic queues collapse entrances to San Jose|author=Alonso Mata|date=2009-06-15|access-date=2009-07-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618135409/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/junio/15/pais1997097.html|archive-date=2009-06-18}}</ref><ref name=LN0507>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/julio/05/pais2017632.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=Restricción vehicular volverá en dos semanas|language=es|trans-title=Driving restriction will be back in two weeks|author=Alonso Mata|date=2009-07-05|access-date=2009-07-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708054927/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/julio/05/pais2017632.html|archive-date=2009-07-08}}</ref> The driving restriction scheme was restored one month later by an Executive Decree based on amendments included in the Traffic Law passed by Congress in 2008. Nevertheless, this time the program was justified on San José's worsening traffic congestion levels instead of the economic impact of high oil prices.<ref name=LN1607>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/julio/16/pais2029041.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=Restricción vehicular volverá a aplicarse desde el martes|language=es|trans-title=Driving restriction will be in force starting next Tuesday|author=Álvaro Murillo|date=2009-07-16|access-date=2009-07-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719081949/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/julio/16/pais2029041.html|archive-date=2009-07-19}}</ref><ref name=LN2107/>
Since October 2012 [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s and [[all-electric car]]s are exempted from the driving restriction as part of Costa Rica's government policy to promote the use of clean energy in the country.<ref name=CRI072013>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/economia/Carros-hibridos-electricos-Costa-Rica_0_1352064817.html|title=Carros híbridos y eléctricos se abren paso en Costa Rica|language=es|trans-title=Hybrid and electric cars make their way in Costa Rica|author=Camila Salazar |work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|date=2013-07-06|access-date=2013-07-06}}</ref> As a result of multiple legal challenges, traffic engineering authorities decided to conduct periodic effectiveness evaluations of the program.<ref name=LN2107>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/julio/21/pais2033443.html|work=[[La Nación (San José)]]|title=30.000 carros sin poder ingresar hoy a la capital|language=es|trans-title=30,000 cars unable to enter the capital city today|author=Alonso Mata|date=2009-07-21|access-date=2009-07-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724151549/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/julio/21/pais2033443.html|archive-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> Traffic authorities announced in October 2014 that the results of six studies found that the alternate-day travel restriction reduced the number of vehicles entering downtown San José every working day between 14% to 16%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/nacional/transportes/Restriccion-vehicular-disminuye-presas_0_1442855848.html|language=es|trans-title=Driving restriction reduces traffic jams between 14% to 16%|work=[[La Nación (San José)]] |title=Restricción vehicular disminuye presas entre un 14% y un 16%| author=Patricia Recio| date=2014-10-03|access-date=2014-10-04}}</ref>
{{-}}
====Santiago====
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2016}}
Driving restrictions were introduced in [[Santiago]] in 1986, as a measure to mitigate [[Chile]]'s capital high levels of air pollution. The scheme was based on the last number of the license plate. Two numbers are banned from entering the city between Monday and Friday. In 1992, Santiago reformed its program to adopt vintage-specific restrictions. These restrictions placed higher limits on old, more polluting cars and lower limits on new, less polluting cars. The 1992 reform led to a significant impact on the emissions created by local pollutants in Santiago. A price effect that favored less polluting car models was also seen. Households in localities facing restrictions owned more 1992 or older built vehicles without catalytic converter than households in localities that did not face restrictions. This reform highlights the effect of vintage-specific restrictions on fleet-composition. It does not provide information on how such a policy can be designed and how welfare is impacted by its implementation. It does not provide information on how such a policy can be designed and how welfare is impacted by its implementation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Onursal|first1=Bekir|last2=Gautam|first2=Surhid P.|date=1997-09-30|title=Vehicular air pollution|journal=World Bank Technical Papers|doi=10.1596/0-8213-4016-6|isbn=978-0-8213-4016-5|issn=0253-7494}}</ref>
Initially the restriction applied only to passenger vehicles without a [[catalytic converter]] with the aim to reduced [[particulate matter]] emissions. As of March 2018, the restriction applies to all cars built before 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moreno Gomez|first1=Clara|last2=García Pastor|first2=Antonio|date=2016-06-07|title=Diseño de redes de transporte urbano en ciudades de tamaño medio: El caso práctico de Terrassa|journal=Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte|location=Valencia|publisher=Universitat Politècnica València|doi=10.4995/cit2016.2016.2147|isbn=978-84-608-9960-0|doi-access=free}}</ref> During critical air pollution events, classified as alert, pre-emergency or emergency, the number of cars restricted to travel are increased by adding additional last number plates. Beginning with pre-emergency state, the restriction might include vehicles with catalytic converter. As the number of registered vehicles with the emission control device surpassed those without it, authorities decided in 2008 to increase the number of vehicles restricted to enter every day to the city, by increasing the restriction to the four last digits instead of the initial two. This scheme produces a theoretical reduction of 40% of vehicles entering the city on a work day.
====São Paulo====
{{main|Vehicle Restriction in São Paulo}}
[[File:Rodizio Sao Paulo 05 2008 06 30 copy.jpg|thumb|[[Speed limit enforcement|Automatic speed limit surveillance devices]] are used in [[São Paulo]] to enforce alternate-day travel restrictions based on license plate numbers.]]
[[São Paulo]] is the largest metropolis in the world with a permanent alternate-day travel restriction ({{lang-pt|rodízio veicular}}). The scheme was first implemented in 1995 as a trial on a voluntary basis, and then as a mandatory restriction implemented in August 1996 to mitigate air pollution, and thereafter made permanent in June 1997 to relieve traffic congestion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://governo-sp.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/171386/decreto-41858-97 |title=Decreto 41858/97 - Decreto nº 41.858, de 12 de junho de 1997|language=pt|trans-title=Decree 41,858/97 |publisher=Jusbrasil |date=2015|access-date=2015-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2014/01/09/rodizio-de-veiculos-e-improviso-afirma-especialista-em-transito.htm|title=Rodízio de veículos em SP é improviso, afirma especialista em trânsito|language=pt|trans-title=Driving restriction in SP is improvised says traffic expert |author=Fabiana Maranhão |work=[[Universo Online]] |date=2014-01-09|access-date=2015-12-31}}</ref> The driving restriction applies to passenger cars and commercial vehicles, and it is based on the last digit of the license plate. Two numbers are restricted to travel every day between 7 a.m. to 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. from Monday through Friday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cetsp.com.br/consultas/rodizio-municipal/como-funciona.aspx|title=Rodízio Municipal: Como funciona|language=pt|trans-title=Municipal Alternate-day travel: How it works|author=Companhia de Engenharia de Tráfego (CET) |publisher= CET|date=2015|access-date=2015-12-31}}</ref>
Vehicles exempted from the restriction include buses and other urban transportation vehicles, [[school bus]]es, ambulances and other medical services vehicles, mail and fire cars and trucks, police and military vehicles, [[cash-in-transit]] armored vehicles, vehicles delivering perishable food products, properly registered vehicles for use by [[disability|people with disabilities]], and other public utility vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guiadedireitos.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1336&Itemid=336 |title=Rodízio em São Paulo - Quem está liberado do rodízio? |language=pt |trans-title=Alternate-day travel in Sao Paulo - Who is exempted from the restriction |work=Guia Direitos |publisher=GuiaDireitos.org |access-date=2015-12-31 |archive-date=2016-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123161914/http://www.guiadedireitos.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1336&Itemid=336 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In May 2014 the City Council approved a law to exempt from the restriction [[plug-in electric vehicle]]s, [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s and [[fuel-cell vehicle]]s with a license plate registered in the city.<ref name=BRAfirstEV>{{cite news|url=http://carros.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2014/09/10/eletrico-bmw-i3-chega-com-preco-de-9-populares-e-isencao-do-rodizio-em-sp.htm|title=Elétrico, BMW i3 chega com preço de 9 populares e isenção do rodízio em SP|language=pt|trans-title=Electric BMW i3 arrives with a price worth 9 popular cars and exempted from Sao Paulo's driving restriction |author=Leonardo Felix|work=[[Universo Online]] (UOL) |date=2014-09-10|access-date=2014-09-21}}</ref><ref name=CarroLimpoSP>{{cite news|url=http://www.automotivebusiness.com.br/noticia/19727/eletricos-e-hibridos-sao-paulo-aprova-lei-de-incentivo|title=Elétricos e híbridos: São Paulo aprova lei de incentivo|language=pt|trans-title=All-electric and hybrids: São Paulo approves incentives law|work=Automotive Business |date=2014-05-28|access-date=2014-09-21}}</ref> The benefits for electric-drive vehicles went into effect in September 2015.<ref name=RodizioSP>{{cite news|url=http://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/agencia-estado/2015/09/14/isencao-de-rodizio-vai-beneficiar-387-carros-eletricos-e-hibridos-em-sp.htm|title=Isenção de rodízio vai beneficiar 387 carros elétricos e híbridos em SP|language=pt|trans-title=Driving restriction exemption will benefit 387 electric and hybrid cars|work=Estadão de São Paulo|publisher=[[Universo Online]] (UOL) |date=2015-09-14|access-date=2015-12-31}}</ref>
<!--
Actualmente el control de acceso y las multas es realizado mediante un [[sistema automático de detección de infracciones de tránsito]], que funciona en conjunto con control manual de inspectores de tránsito destacados a esa labor.
Due the worsening of traffic jams in São Paulo,<ref name:"Times_SP">{{cite news|url= http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1733872,00.html |title=The World's Worst Traffic Jams|work=[[Times Magazine]]|date=2008-04-21|accessdate=2008-06-20|author= Andrew Downie}}</ref><ref name="uol">{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u400406.shtml|publisher=www1.folha.uol.com.br|title= Congestionamento em SP atinge 266 km, maior índice da história |accessdate=2016-10-15}}</ref> originada en el incremento acelerado de la flota vehicular que tuvo lugar a partir de 2003, como consecuencia de la bonanza económica que atraviesa Brasil, el gobierno municipal decidió ampliar las restricciones de circulación para los vehículos pesados y de reparto comercial, a partir del 30 de junio de 2008.<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u387928.shtml | title=Kassab restringe carga e descarga em SP e inclui caminhões no rodízio |date=1 April 2008|publisher=Folha de São Paulo Online|language=Portugués|accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www.intelog.net/site/default.asp?TroncoID=907492&SecaoID=508074&SubsecaoID=948063&Template=../artigosnoticias/user_exhibir.asp&ID=252171&Titulo=Kassab%20cria%20rod%EDzio%20para%20caminh%E3o%20no%20centro | title=Kassab cria rodízio para caminhão no centro |author=Folha de São Paulo |date=18 June 2008|publisher=INTELOG|language=Portugués|accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref> -->
{{-}}
===Temporary restrictions===
====Beijing====
{{main|Road space rationing in Beijing}}
[[File:Beijing Forbidden City Smog.jpg|thumb|Smog over [[Beijing]]'s [[Forbidden City]].]]
Temporary driving restrictions were imposed in [[Beijing]] from December 8 to 10, 2015, as part of the smog mitigation measures provided for in Beijing's red alert for hazardous smog, the first such alert issued ever. The smog alert system was put in place in 2013, and a red alert should go into effect if there is a prediction that the [[air quality index]] will stay over 200 for more than 72 hours. On the evening of December 7 the index was 253 according to Beijing's authorities. Under a red alert half of the city's cars are ordered off the streets through a temporary alternate-day travel scheme based on the [[Odd–even rationing|cars' license plate numbers]]. Only cars with even-numbered license plates were allowed on the roads during the first day of the restriction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2015/12/07/beijing-issues-first-ever-red-alert-for-hazardous-smog/ |title=Beijing Issues First-Ever Red Alert for Hazardous Smog|author=Te-Ping Chen |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=2015-12-07|access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/08/world/asia/beijing-pollution-red-alert.html?_r=0 |title=Beijing Issues Red Alert Over Air Pollution for the First Time |author=Edward Wong |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2015-12-07|access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> [[Electric car]]s are not subject to the driving restriction, as a government incentive to promote the use of [[green vehicle|cleaner vehicles]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/beijing-traffic-cut-schools-closed-due-pollution-red-035635673.html |title=Beijing slashes traffic in pollution red alert |author=Benjamin Dooley |work=Agence France-Presse |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=2015-12-08|access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref>
According to the [[Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Environmental Protection]], the combined effect of all the restrictions imposed reduced pollutant emissions in Beijing by 30% during day one of the city's first red alert for smog. Environmentalist from [[Beijing University of Technology]] estimated that without the measures, the density of [[Particulates|PM<sub>2.5</sub>]] would have risen by 10% in that period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-12/09/content_22675510.htm |title=Red alert cuts Beijing emissions by 30% |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |publisher=[[China Daily]]|date=2015-12-12|access-date=2015-12-19}}</ref> A second red alert for pollution was issued on December 18, 2015. Temporary driving restrictions were imposed for four days, beginning at 7 a.m. on December 19 and ending on the 23rd at midnight.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/18/world/asia/beijing-issues-a-second-red-alert-on-pollution.html?mabReward=CTM&action=click&pgtype=Homepage®ion=CColumn&module=Recommendation&src=rechp&WT.nav=RecEngine&_r=0|title=Beijing Issues a Second 'Red Alert' on Pollution|author=Edward Wong |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2015-12-17|access-date=2015-12-19}}</ref>
On 16 December 2016, Beijing authorities declared a five-day pollution “red alert” due to a heavy pollution event. Among other measures, about half the cars were restricted through a temporary alternate-day travel scheme, and older and “dirty” high-emissions vehicles were forbidden to circulate. Public transport services in the city were increased, with about 3,600 buses on duty. The Ministry of Environmental Protection reported that 21 other cities across north and central China had also declared pollution red alerts, including [[Tianjin]], [[Shijiazhuang]], [[Taiyuan]], and [[Zhengzhou]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/17/beijing-smog-pollution-red-alert-declared-in-china-capital-and-21-other-cities | title=Beijing smog: pollution red alert declared in China capital and 21 other cities | first=Tom | last=Phillips | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=2016-12-17 | access-date=2016-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-12/20/c_135919635.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221174125/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-12/20/c_135919635.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 21, 2016 | title=China Focus: A city sighs as Beijing's heavy smog continues | publisher= Xinhua English News | work=[[Xinhua]] | date=2016-12-20 | access-date=2016-12-25}}</ref> The red alert was lifted on 22 December 2016 as the winds cleared pollution away the night before.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/china-pollution-idINKBN14B07S | title=Blue skies return to Beijing as wind clears dangerous pollution
| first=Ben |last=Blanchard | work=[[Reuters]] | date=2016-12-22 | access-date=2016-12-25}}</ref>
====Italy====
In December 2015, several Italian cities implemented temporary driving restrictions due to severe air pollution levels. The restrictions were issued in [[Rome]], [[Milan]] and other cities in the [[Lombardy]] region, including [[Pavia]], [[Buccinasco]], [[Cesano Boscone]], [[Cernusco sul Naviglio]], [[Bresso]], [[Cinisello Balsamo]], [[Cormano]], [[Corsico]], [[Cusano Milanino]], [[Paderno Dugnano]] and [[Sesto San Giovanni]].<ref name=BBC122015>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35188685 |title=Italy smog: Milan and Rome ban cars as pollution rises|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2015-12-28|access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref><ref name=Ilpost122015>{{cite news|url=http://www.ilpost.it/2015/12/28/blocco-auto-come-funziona-targhe-alterne-milano-roma/ |title=Guida al blocco del traffico a Milano e Roma |language=it|trans-title=Guide to restrict traffic in Milan and Rome |author=Daniele Mascolo|publisher=Ilpost.it|work=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]] (ANSA)|date=2015-12-28|access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> Italy had the most pollution-related deaths in Europe in 2012. Over 84,000 people in the country died prematurely owing to bad air quality, according to the European Environment Agency (EEA).<ref name=BBC122015/>
=====Milan=====
[[File:Settimo Milanese visto da sud.jpg|thumb|Severe smog over [[Milan]] seem from a neighboring town.]]
Milan was named as Europe's most polluted city in 2008 and remains among the worst on the continent. City officials have limited traffic on several occasions since 2007 to curb bad air quality.<ref name=BBC122015/> Due to record high air pollution levels, Milanese authorities ban cars, motorcycles and scooters for six hours a day, between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. for three days during the last week of December 2015. Local authorities introduced a special "anti-smog" all-day public transport ticket for {{euro|1.50}} (~{{USD|1.65}}).<ref name=BBC122015/><ref name=Ilpost122015/><ref name=NYT122015/> Neighboring towns and municipalities in the [[Lombardy]] region, including [[Pavia]], [[Cinisello Balsamo]], [[Paderno Dugnano]], and [[Sesto San Giovanni]], also implemented the temporary driving restriction.<ref name=Ilpost122015/> [[Electric vehicle]]s and [[carsharing]] cars are exempted from the ban.<ref name=Ilpost122015/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.internazionale.it/notizie/2015/12/28/milano-roma-traffico-blocco|title=Come funzionano le limitazioni del traffico a Milano e a Roma|language=it|trans-title=How Traffic Restriction Works in Milan and Rome |author=Staff|work=Internazionale.it|date=2015-12-28|access-date=2015-12-31}}</ref>
=====Rome=====
An alternate-day travel scheme was implemented in Rome to curb severe air pollution in the city, which has high concentrations of [[particulate matter]] and [[nitrogen dioxide]]. The scheme was in force for several days during the last two weeks of December 2015. The driving restriction is based on the last digits of license plate numbers and was implemented for a total of nine hours, from 7:30 to 12:30 and 16:30 until 20:30. To promote ridership by public transportation, {{euro|1.50}} (~{{USD|1.65}}) single-ride transit tickets became passes valid all day. [[Environmentally friendly vehicle]]s, such as [[hybrid electric vehicle|hybrids]] and [[natural gas vehicle]]s are exempt from the restriction. The most polluting vehicles, such as gasoline-powered cars compliant with [[European emission standards|Euro 0 and 1 standards]], and diesel cars up to Euro 2, can not enter the city independently of the number plate. Rome authorities resorted to limit traffic in the city on several occasions during the fall of 2015 due to high air pollution.<ref name=BBC122015/><ref name=Ilpost122015/><ref name=NYT122015>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/25/world/europe/italy-air-pollution.html?ref=europe&_r=0 |title=Italy, Dirty Air at Record Levels, Is Putting Limits on Traffic|author=Gaia Pianigiani|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2015-12-24|access-date=2015-12-31}}</ref>
==== Oslo ====
[[File:Traffic in Oslo.JPG|thumb|A ban on diesel-powered cars from municipal roads was implemented in [[Oslo]] on 17 January 2017.]]
In January 2017 a combination of cold, still winter weather and poor air quality prompted [[Oslo]] city authorities to ban diesel-powered cars from municipal roads to combat rising air pollution for at least two days. The ban did not apply on the national motorways. This was the first time ever Oslo implemented a ban of this type after the city council agreed on the use of such a measure in February 2016. The diesel ban went into effect from 6{{nbsp}}a.m. until 10{{nbsp}}p.m on 17 January 2017, and motorists violating the ban were fined 1,500 kroner (~ {{USD|180}}).<ref name=NorskBan1>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jan/16/oslo-temporarily-bans-diesel-cars-combat-pollution |title=Oslo temporarily bans diesel cars to combat pollution | author=Agence France-Presse | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=2017-01-16 | access-date=2017-01-25|author-link=Agence France-Presse }}</ref><ref name=NorskBan2>{{cite news | url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2017/01/16/diesel-vehicles-fined-in-oslo-tomorrow/ |title=Diesel ban extended, no fines issued yet | first= Nina |last=Berglund | work=News in English Norway | date=2017-01-16 | access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref> The temporary ban scheduled for 18 January was lifted after officials said the weather forecast indicated that higher altitude winds would clear the air.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thelocal.no/20170118/oslo-lifts-temporary-ban-on-diesel-vehicles |title=Oslo lifts temporary ban on diesel vehicles
| author=NTB/AFP | work=The Local | date=2017-01-18 | access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref>
The restriction did not apply to heavy vehicles with [[Euro VI]] technology, gasoline-powered cars, [[electric car]]s and [[plug-in hybrid]] vehicles, emergency vehicles, goods transport, diplomatic vehicles, handicap transport, public service vehicles, and cars carrying a patient to a doctor appointment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dinside.no/motor/dieselbilforbud-det-stinker-av/66639711 |title=Dieselbilforbud det stinker av |language=no |trans-title=Diesel ban stinks |first=Espen |last=Stensrud | work=Dinside.no | date=2017-01-16 |access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref> The restriction angered some motorists, who were encouraged by Norwegian authorities in 2006 to opt for diesel vehicles, which at the time were considered a better environmental choice than gasoline-powered cars.<ref name=NorskBan1/><ref name=NorskBan2/>
==== Paris ====
{{see also|Paris Breathes}}
[[File:Air pollution Paris over Seine cropped.jpg|thumb|Traffic was restricted in [[Paris]] in March 2014 due to a peak in the levels of [[particulate matter]].]]
On March 17, 2014, a partial driving restriction was imposed in [[Paris]] and its inner suburbs based on license plate numbers. The measure was issued by the city government in order to mitigate a peak in air pollution, caused by [[particulate matter]] (PM 10) attributable to vehicle emissions. Cars with even-numbered license plates and commercial vehicles over 3.5 tons were banned from entering the city from 5:30 a.m. until midnight. [[Electric car|Electric]] and [[hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid cars]], [[natural gas vehicle|natural gas-powered vehicles]] and [[carpool]]s with three or more passengers were exempted. Only once before this type of restriction had been implemented in the city for one day in 1997. The week before the traffic restriction was imposed, the government also reduced speed limits around Paris by {{Convert|20|km|abbr=on}} per hour, provided all [[public transportation]] for free, and the short-term subscriptions of the [[Vélib]] [[bikesharing]] program, and the first hour of the [[Autolib]] [[carsharing]] service were free. The measure was not extended to the following day due to the improvement of air quality.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/18/world/europe/fighting-pollution-paris-imposes-partial-driving-ban.html?hpw&rref=science&action=click&module=Search%C2%AEion=searchResults%230&version=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fsearch%2Fsitesearch%2F%23%2Fparis%2520pollution%2F&_r=1|title=Fighting Pollution, Paris Imposes Partial Driving Ban|author=Scott Sayare|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2014-03-17|access-date=2014-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2014/03/15/01016-20140315ARTFIG00091-pollution-la-meteo-devrait-ameliorer-la-situation-ce-week-end.php|title=Pollution : circulation alternée lundi matin à Paris et dans la petite couronne |language=fr|trans-title=Pollution: traffic restriction on Monday morning in Paris and the inner suburbs |author=Agence France-Presse|work=[[Le Figaro]]|date=2014-03-17|access-date=2014-03-18|author-link=Agence France-Presse }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avem.fr/actualite-circulation-alternee-les-camions-electriques-bannis-de-la-capitale-4850.html|title=Circulation alternée – Les camions électriques bannis de la capitale|language=fr|trans-title= Traffic restriction - Electric trucks banned from the capital|author=Michaël Torregrossa|publisher= Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM)|date=2014-03-17|access-date=2014-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/accueil/deplacements/pollution-gratuite-de-velib-et-autolib-stationnement-residentiel-gratuit/rub_9648_actu_141463_port_23738 |title=Fin de la circulation alternée et des mesures antipollution |language=fr|trans-title=End of alternating traffic and pollution control measures|author=Mayor of Paris |publisher=Mairie de Paris News|date=2014-03-17|access-date=2014-03-18}}</ref>
[[File:Pollution event in Paris D161208 - Eiffel tower from Montmartre trimmed.jpg|thumb|left|275px|A driving restriction of four days took effect in December 2016 due to the persistence of pollution of fine particles and nitrogen dioxide.]]
Another peak in air pollution affected Paris and Northern France in mid March 2015. The [[Mayor of Paris]], [[Anne Hidalgo]], requested the central government to implement a driving restriction to mitigate the problem. The pollution index in Paris at 93 micrograms per cubic meter (mcg/m3) on Friday 20, 2015, due to increase amounts of pollutant [[particulate matter|PM10]]. The accepted limit for PM10 is set at 50 mcg/m3, and the safe limit or alert threshold is set at 80 mcg/m3.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/xinhua-news-agency/150320/france-restrict-vehicles-use-monday-unless-air-pollution-eas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321041649/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/xinhua-news-agency/150320/france-restrict-vehicles-use-monday-unless-air-pollution-eas |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-03-21 |title=France to restrict vehicles use on Monday unless air pollution eases: minister |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |publisher=[[GlobalPost]] |date=2015-03-20 |access-date=2015-03-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/sciences/2015/03/20/01008-20150320ARTFIG00278-circulation-alternee-en-ile-de-france-la-situation-empire-hidalgo-reitere-sa-demande.php |title=Anne Hidalgo annonce la circulation alternée lundi à Paris|language=fr|trans-title=Anne Hidalgo announced alternate traffic restriction on Monday in Paris|author=Simon Blin|work=[[Le Figaro]]|date=2015-01-21|access-date=2015-03-22}}</ref> As the pollution episode continued on Saturday 21 according to [[Airparif]] measurements, the central government imposed a driving restriction on Monday 23 affecting cars with even-numbered license plates and commercial vehicles over 3.5 tons. Taxis, ambulances, carpools with three or more passengers, [[electric car]]s and other environmentally friendly vehicles were exempted. As in the 2014 episode, complementary measures were implemented including reduced speed limits in the city, free public transportation, free residential parking, and free short-term use for subscribers of bike and carsharing services. The restriction was implemented in Paris and 22 towns located in the [[Regions of France|administrative region]] of [[Île-de-France]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2015/03/21/pollution-a-paris-qui-est-concerne-par-la-circulation-alternee-lundi_4598602_3244.html|title=Pollution à Paris : qui est concerné par la circulation alternée lundi ?|language=fr|trans-title=Pollution in Paris: Who is affected by alternating traffic on Monday?|author=Staff|work=[[Le Monde]]|date=2015-03-22|access-date=2015-03-22}}</ref>
In early December 2016, Paris and its surrounding region suffered for a week the longest and most intense winter pollution episode in 10 years.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lemonde.fr/pollution/article/2016/12/07/paris-connait-le-plus-long-et-le-plus-intense-pic-de-pollution-hivernal-depuis-dix-ans_5044804_1652666.html|title=Paris connaît le plus long et intense pic de pollution hivernal depuis dix ans | language=fr |trans-title=Paris is experiencing the longest and most intense winter pollution spike in ten years | work=[[Le Monde]] | date=2016-12-07 |access-date=2016-12-25}}</ref> A driving restriction went into effect in Paris and 22 surrounding towns for four days, from Tuesday 6 to Friday 9, due to the persistence of pollution of fine particles and nitrogen dioxide. The restriction was extended for the first time in the cities of [[Villeurbanne]] and [[Lyon]] on Friday December 9. This was the fourth time in twenty years that alternating traffic is implemented in the capital, but the first time it is maintained for several days in a row.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lemonde.fr/pollution/article/2016/12/07/pollution-circulation-alternee-a-lyon-et-villeurbanne-a-partir-de-vendredi_5044942_1652666.html |title=Pollution : circulation alternée reconduite jeudi à Paris, instaurée vendredi à Lyon et Villeurbanne | language=fr |trans-title=Pollution: alternating circulation renewed Thursday in Paris, established Friday in Lyon and Villeurbanne | work=[[Le Monde]] | date=2016-12-08 |access-date=2016-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2016/12/08/pollution-circulation-alternee-reconduite-vendredi-a-paris-et-e/ |title=Pollution: circulation alternée reconduite vendredi à Paris et en proche banlieue |language=fr |trans-title=Pollution: alternate circulation renewed Friday in Paris and near suburbs |author=Agence France-Presse |work=Le Huffington Post |date=2016-12-08 |access-date=2016-12-25 |author-link=Agence France-Presse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209140127/http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2016/12/08/pollution-circulation-alternee-reconduite-vendredi-a-paris-et-e/ |archive-date=2016-12-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/societe/pollution-a-paris-pas-de-circulation-alternee-lundi-ni-mardi-11-12-2016-6442725.php |title=Pollution à Paris : pas de circulation alternée, ni ce lundi, ni mardi | language=fr |trans-title=Pollution in Paris: no alternating traffic, neither this Monday nor Tuesday | work=[[Le Parisien]] | date=2016-12-11 |access-date=2016-12-25}}</ref>
In May 2016, the city of Paris launched a scheme called "''[[Paris Breathes|Paris Respire]]''" (literally "Paris breathes") as part of which certain areas of the city are closed to vehicular traffic on Sundays and public holidays.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.paris.fr/parisrespire|title=Paris Respire|language=fr-FR|access-date=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.citylab.com/commute/2016/04/paris-introduces-car-free-sundays/480609/|title=Starting May 8, Sundays on the Champs Elysées Will Be a Car-Free Experience|last=Anzilotti|first=Eillie|date=2016-04-29|newspaper=CityLab|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-12}}</ref>
====New Delhi====
According to the [[World Health Organization]], in 2014, New Delhi had the most polluted air of about 1,600 cities the organization tracked around the world. According to India's [[Central Pollution Control Board]], the city's air pollution had been in the severe category on nearly three-quarter of the days in November 2015. The [[Delhi High Court]] asked the government to take action to curb air pollution on 30 November 2015.<ref name=Delhi122015/>
[[File:Connaught Place sunset.jpg|thumb|Dense smog at [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]].]]
In an attempt to mitigate severe air pollution in [[New Delhi]], which gets worst during the winter, a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered license plates system was announced by [[Delhi]] government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 p.m., two hours later than the existing restriction.<ref name=Delhi122015>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/05/world/asia/delhi-announces-pollution-control-measures.html?_r=0 |title=Delhi to Limit Use of Cars in an Effort to Control Pollution |author=Nida Najar |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2015-12-04|access-date=2015-12-05}}</ref> Almost 9 million vehicles are registered in Delhi.<ref name=CNN2016>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/01/01/news/delhi-india-cars-autos-air-pollution/ |title=Delhi residents give up cars to stop toxic air pollution |author=Charles Riley |work=[[CNNMoney]] |date=2016-01-01|access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref> The driving restriction scheme went into effect as a trial for an initial period of 15 days, from 1 to 15 January 2016. The restriction was in force from 8 a.m. till 8 p.m., and traffic was not restricted on Sundays. The scheme was expected to take more than a million private cars off the road every day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-have-taken-note-of-odd-even-formula-of-plying-of-vehicles-delhi-police-2153471 |title=Have taken note of odd-even formula of plying of vehicles: Delhi Police |publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA India) |work=[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) |date=2015-12-08|access-date=2015-12-09}}</ref><ref name=Guardian2015/>
Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period.<ref name=Delhi122015/> A total of 27 exemptions to the restriction were allowed by the government, including all motorcycles, benefiting more than 5 million motorcyclists, all female drivers traveling alone, to ensure women's security, and several categories of official vehicles, including those of high-ranking officials. During the first day of the restriction there was acceptance by the general population.<ref name=CNN2016/><ref name=Guardian2015>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/31/delhi-driving-restrictions-car-ban-pollution-india|title=Delhi driving restrictions in force from New Year's Day in bid to clear pollution |author=Maseeh Rahman |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2015-12-31|access-date=2016-01-01}}</ref>
A petition was filed in the Delhi High Court against the government in order to stop the implementation of the restriction driving scheme. On 9 December 2015, the Court decided to put on hold the analysis of the petition until more details of the scheme are defined by the government, and considering that no official notification has been issued by a public agency. A hearing was scheduled for December 23 for further analysis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/delhi-govts-vehicle-plan-hc-refuses-to-pass-interim-order-on-pil/ |title=Delhi govt's vehicle plan: HC refuses to pass interim order on PIL |work=[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI)|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2015-12-09|access-date=2015-12-09}}</ref> The most contested exemption is the one for female drivers, and a legal petition was filed. A court had to decide whether it is discriminatory to allow women to drive around Delhi while some of males will be forced to leave their vehicles at home.<ref name=Guardian2015/>
On 16 December 2015, the [[Supreme Court of India]] mandated several restrictions to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court banned the sale of new cars that have diesel engines and sport utility vehicles with an engine greater than 2000 [[Cubic centimeter|cc]] until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to [[compressed natural gas]] by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles than are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/india-choking-on-pollution-restricts-vehicle-use-in-new-delhi.html|title=India, choking on pollution, Restricts Vehicle Use in Delhi |author=Nida Najar |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2015-12-16|access-date=2015-12-19}}</ref>
== Summer Olympics ==
=== Beijing 2008 ===
On July 20, 2008, [[Beijing]] implemented a temporary road space rationing scheme based on plate numbers in order to significantly improve air quality in the city during the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7515907.stm|title=Car restrictions begin in Beijing | date=2008-07-20 | work= BBC News | access-date=2008-07-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/15/world/asia/15china.html?hp|title=Traffic Beijing Stops Construction for Olympics | author= Andrew Jacobs | date=2008-04-14 | work= [[New York Times]] | access-date=2008-04-14 }}</ref> Enforcement was carried out through an automated traffic surveillance network. The rationing was in effect for two months, between July 20 to September 20, as the Olympics were followed by the [[Paralympics]] from September 6 until 17.<ref name=EfDBeijing>{{cite web| url=http://www.rff.org/RFF/Documents/EfD-DP-13-11.pdf| title=Will a Driving Restriction Policy Reduce Car Trips? - A Case Study of Beijing, China| author1=Lanl an W ang| author2=Ji nta o Xu| author3=Xinye Zheng| author4=Ping Qin| name-list-style=amp| date=September 2013| publisher=Environment for Development and Resources for the Future| access-date=2013-10-07| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401164828/http://www.rff.org/RFF/Documents/EfD-DP-13-11.pdf| archive-date=2014-04-01| url-status=dead}} ''Discussion Papers Series, EfD DP 13-11, pp. 7-8''.</ref> The restrictions on car use was implemented on alternate days depending on the plates [[odd-even rationing|ending in odd or even numbers]]. This measure was expected to take 45% of the 3.3 million car fleet off the streets. In addition, 300,000 heavy polluting vehicles were banned from July 1,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/21/AR2008072100269_2.html?nav=rss_business/industries |title= Beijing has first workday under car restrictions| author=Anita Chang | date=2008-07-21 | newspaper= [[The Washington Post]] | access-date=2008-07-25 }}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref> and the measure also prohibited access to most vehicles coming from outside Beijing. Authorities decided to compensate car owners for the inconvenience, by exempting them from payment of vehicle taxes for three months.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/06/23/2282484.htm?site=olympics/2008 |title=Beijing to launch Olympic 'odd-even' car ban | agency= Reuters | date=2008-06-23 | work=ABC news | access-date=2008-06-23 }}</ref>
[[File:Beijing pollution.jpg|thumb|Typical severe air pollution day in Beijing]]
A pilot test was conducted in August 2007 for four days, restricting driving for a third of Beijing's fleet, some 1.3 million vehicles.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/10/AR2007081000748.html |title= Beijing To Test Plan to Cut Cars: Measure Intended For '08 Olympics | author= Edward Cody | date=2007-08-11 | newspaper= Washington Post | access-date=2008-04-08 }}</ref> A 40% daily reduction of [[Automobile emissions control|vehicle emissions]] was reported.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.clicrbs.com.br/olimpiadas2008/jsp/default.jsp?newsID=a1809711.htm&uf=2&local=18&template=4061.dwt§ion=Not%EDcias | title=Pequim vai adotar rodízio de veículos durante os Jogos | date=2008-03-28 | publisher=Agencia Xinhua | access-date=2008-04-08 | language=pt }}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A previous test carried out in November 2006 during the Sino-African Summit show reductions of 40% in NOx auto emissions.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007GL029326.shtml |title=Traffic restrictions associated with the Sino-African summit: Reductions of NOx detected from space |author1=Yuxuan Wang |author2=Michael B. McElroy | year=2007 | publisher= Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34 | access-date=2008-04-08 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
====Post-Olympics permanent rule====
{{Main|Road space rationing in Beijing}}
The driving restriction during the Olympics was so successful in cleaning the air and relieving [[traffic congestion]], that a modified version of the scheme was made permanent afterward in October 2008, now banning 20% of the vehicles on a given weekday instead of half the vehicles as implemented during the Olympics.<ref name=NYT1009/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/28/content_10126448.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001084051/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/28/content_10126448.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 1, 2008|title=Post-Olympics Beijing car restrictions to take effect next month|publisher=China View news|date=2008-09-28|access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref> Also a ban on heavy trucks from entering the city during the day was implemented, and the oldest most polluting automobiles, called "yellow-label" cars, after the sticker fixed to their windshields, are banned from entering the city center. In July 2009 a nationwide car [[scrappage program]] was implemented offering rebates for trade in old heavy polluting cars and trucks for new ones.<ref name=NYT1009>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/17/world/asia/17beijing.html?_r=1&hpw|title=Beijing's Air Is Cleaner, but Far From Clean|work=[[New York Times]]|author=Michael Wines|date=2009-10-16|access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref> {{As of|2016|06}}, in addition to Beijing, another 11 Chinese cities have similar restriction schemes in place.<ref name=China2016>{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/news/china/21700676-chinese-love-their-cars-do-not-want-pay-more-driving-them-great-crawl?frsc=dg%7Ca | title=The great crawl | newspaper=[[The Economist]] | date=2016-06-18 | access-date=2016-06-22}} From the print edition.</ref>
=== London 2012===
{{update|section|date=March 2014}}
The [[2012 Summer Olympics]] organization, with support from the [[Mayor of London]] office,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/olympics/benefits-environment.jsp |title=The 2012 Olympic Games and the environment |publisher=Mayor of London official website |access-date=2008-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117115741/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/olympics/benefits-environment.jsp |archive-date=2008-01-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> announced in 2007 that they are planning auto exclusion zones around all venues, including London, [[Birmingham]], [[Manchester]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Glasgow]] and [[Cardiff]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,513092,00.html |title=Car-Free Travel: London Olympic Organizers Hope to Reform Britain |newspaper= Spiegel ONLINE|date=2007-10-23|access-date=2008-04-10}}</ref> London authorities hope this measure will work as an experiment to change the public's travel behavior, allowing thereafter a shift from automobile to [[mass transit]] or bicycling. This severe policy has been publicized as the "First Car-free Olympics". During the peak events, the Olympics expect a crowd of 800,000 people. Those attending will have to travel by [[public transport]], mainly through the [[London Underground|Underground]], or by bicycle or on foot.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2007/10/31/london-2012-olympics-the-first-to-be-car-free/ |title=London 2012 Olympics the first to be "car-free" |publisher= AutoBlogGreen|date=2007-10-31|access-date=2008-04-10}}</ref> This strategy was deemed effective and successful by [[Transport for London]]. Over 60 million passengers used the tube, which was 30% more than usual usage. Road Traffic was reduced by 15% and only 30% of designated game lanes were in operation each day of the Olympics. Regular transport users altered their travel methods and times to avoid hotspots during the games. The success of the strategy was largely due to the cooperation of the residents of London and visitors attending the games.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-19240713|title=Tube carried 60m during Olympics|date=2012-08-13|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-03-18|language=en-GB}}</ref>
== Similar management and rationing policies ==
===Congestion pricing===
{{Further|Congestion pricing}}
Transport economists consider road space rationing a variation of [[road pricing]], and an alternative to [[congestion pricing]], but road space rationing is considered more equitable by some, as the restrictions force all drivers to reduce auto travel, while congestion pricing restrains less those who can afford paying the congestion charge. Nevertheless, high-income users can often avoid the restrictions by owning a second car.<ref>{{cite web| author= Victoria Transport Policy Institute| url=http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm33.htm |title=Vehicle Restrictions. Limiting Automobile Travel At Certain Times and Places |publisher= TDM Encyclopedia|access-date=2008-04-09}} See Equity Impacts section</ref> Moreover, congestion pricing (unlike rationing) acts "to allocate a scarce resource to its most valuable use, as evinced by users' willingness to pay for the resource". While some "opponents of congestion pricing fear that tolled roads will be used only by people with high income. But preliminary evidence suggests that the new toll lanes in California are used by people of all income groups. The ability to get somewhere fast and reliably is valued in a variety of circumstances. Not everyone will need or want to incur a toll on a daily basis, but on occasions when getting somewhere quickly is necessary, the option of paying to save time is valuable to people at all income levels."<ref>{{cite web|author=Holtz-Eakin, Douglas |date=2003-05-06 |url=http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdoc.cfm?index=4197 |title=Congestion Pricing for Highways (Testimony before the Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress) |access-date=2008-02-26 |publisher=Congressional Budget Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214064914/http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdoc.cfm?index=4197 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Mobility rights or congestion credits===
A more recent idea for automobile travel restrictions, proposed by some transport economists<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Verhoef E, Nijkamp P, Rietveld P | year = 1997 | title = Tradeable permits: their potential in the regulation of road transport externalities |journal=Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 527–548 | doi = 10.1068/b240527 | hdl = 1871/16225 | s2cid = 153913288 | url = https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/f8594832-1192-484a-8ab7-9aba4dd71f2e }}</ref> to avoid inequality and revenue allocation issues, is to implement a [[rationing]] of peak period travel but through revenue-neutral credit-based [[congestion pricing]]. This concept is similar to the existing system of [[emissions trading]] of [[carbon credit]]s, proposed by the [[Kyoto Protocol]] to curb [[greenhouse emissions]]. Metropolitan area or city residents, or the taxpayers, will have the option to use the local government-issued mobility rights or congestion credits for themselves, or to trade or sell them to anyone willing to continue traveling by automobile beyond the personal quota. This trading system will allow direct benefits to be accrued by those users shifting to public transportation or by those reducing their peak-hour travel rather than the government.<ref name=Viegas2001>{{Cite journal | author = José M. Viegas | title = Making urban road pricing acceptable and effective: searching for quality and equity in urban mobility | journal = Transport Policy | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 289–294 |date=October 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00024-5 }} ''pp. 289-294.''</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Kara M. Kockelman |author2=Sukumar Kalmanje |name-list-style=amp | year = 2005 | title = Credit-based congestion pricing: a policy proposal and the public's response|journal=Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice |volume=39 |issue=7–9 |pages=671–690 |doi=10.1016/j.tra.2005.02.014 }}</ref>
== See also ==
*[[Car-Free Days]]
* [[Common good (economics)]]
* [[Commons dilemma]]
* [[Congestion pricing]]
* [[Externalities]]
* [[Low-emission zone]]
* [[Odd-even rationing]]
* [[Public good (economics)|Public good]]
* [[Rationing]]
* [[Road pricing]]
* [[Traffic calming]]
* [[Tragedy of the Commons]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== External links ==
*[http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm33.htm Online TDM Encyclopedia - Vehicle restrictions]
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272713001667 The effect of transport policies on car use: Evidence from Latin American cities], Journal of Public Economics, November 2013
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140401164828/http://www.rff.org/RFF/Documents/EfD-DP-13-11.pdf Will a Driving Restriction Policy Reduce Car Trips? - A Case Study of Beijing, China], Environment for Development, September 2013.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Road Space Rationing}}
[[Category:Sustainable transport]]
[[Category:Rationing]]
[[Category:Vehicle registration plates]]' |
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