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[[File:Treaty of Traverse des Sioux.jpg|thumb|300x300px|''Treaty of Traverse des Sioux''<br />by [[Francis Davis Millet]]]]
The '''Treaty of Traverse des Sioux''' ({{USStat|10|949}}) was signed on July 23, 1851, at [[Traverse des Sioux]] in [[Minnesota Territory]] between the [[United States]] government and the [[Dakota people|Upper Dakota Sioux]] bands. In this land cession treaty, the Sisseton and Wahpeton Dakota bands sold 21 million acres of land in present-day [[Iowa]], [[Minnesota]] and [[South Dakota]] to the U.S. for $1,665,000.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Folwell|first=William Watts|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofminneso01folwuoft/page/n323/mode/2up|title=A History of Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|year=1921|volume=1|location=St. Paul|pages=272,278,281}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=Summer 2001|title=Curator's Choice|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188266|journal=Minnesota History|volume=57|issue=6|pages=328–329|jstor=20188266}}</ref>
The treaty was instigated by [[Alexander Ramsey]], the first governor of Minnesota Territory, and [[Luke Lea (Commissioner of Indian Affairs)|Luke Lea]], Commissioner of Indian Affairs in [[Washington, D.C.]] They were assisted by territorial Congressional delegate [[Henry Hastings Sibley]] and the traders who sought compensation for business losses which appeared on their books as "Indian debts."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Wingerd|first=Mary Lethert|title=North Country: The Making of Minnesota|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8166-4868-9|location=Minneapolis|pages=186-189}}</ref>
Governor Ramsey and Commissioner Lea justified the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and the [[Treaty of Mendota]] to the [[United States Congress]] on the basis of an "overwhelming tide of migration...increasing and irresistible in its westward progress."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=1851 Dakota Land Cession Treaties|url=http://treatiesmatter.org/treaties/land/1851-Dakota|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Relations: Dakota & Ojibwe Treaties}}</ref> In reality, they were responding to pressures from [[Speculation|land speculators]] who sought to divert migration to Minnesota from the newly formed states of [[Iowa]] and [[Wisconsin]].<ref name=":0" />
== Background ==
[[File:Alexander Ramsey - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|Governor Alexander Ramsey ]]In the fall of 1849, Governor [[Alexander Ramsey]] had tried and failed to purchase land from the Dakota.<ref name=":1" /> Ramsey had initially offered less than three cents per acre – an offer that failed to gain much interest among Dakota leaders – and was largely ignored.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Gary Clayton|title=Gabriel Renville: From the Dakota War to the Creation of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Reservation, 1825–1892|publisher=South Dakota Historical Society Press|year=2018|isbn=978-1-941813-06-5|location=Pierre|pages=15}}</ref>
Past treaty payments to [[North American fur trade|fur traders]] had already become a national scandal. An act of the [[United States Congress]] passed on March 3, 1847 prohibited annuities, money and goods to be paid to anyone other than heads of families or individuals in all future treaties.<ref name=":3" /> Nevertheless, [[Henry Hastings Sibley]] was determined to collect compensation for the traders.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />
Sibley informed Governor Ramsey that he would withhold his support for future land cession treaties, if the Dakota were not "allowed" to pay off their "past debts."<ref name=":1" /> Ramsey came to appreciate that Sibley and other traders wielded significant influence among the Dakota, and that he was more likely to succeed with their help.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Gary Clayton|title=Kinsmen of Another Kind: Dakota–White Relations in the Upper Mississippi Valley, 1650–1862|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press|year=1984|isbn=0-87351-353-3|location=St. Paul|pages=178–180,184–185}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
By 1850, Ramsey and Sibley had arrived at an understanding. Governor Ramsey agreed to raise his offer from 2 1/2 cents to 10 cents per acre,<ref name=":1" /> and agreed to find a way of securing funds for the traders and their "mixed-blood" clerks and kin.<ref name=":4" /> Sibley also encouraged Ramsey to replace the previous treaty commissioner, former [[Iowa Territory]] Governor [[John Chambers (politician)|John Chambers]], with another commissioner less likely to oppose these measures.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Henry Hastings Sibley 1860.png|left|thumb|Congressional delegate Henry Hastings Sibley]]
Sibley proceeded to build support for a new treaty. To win over the [[Dakota people|Dakotas]], he directed his traders to go back to awarding credit and giving gifts liberally to reinforce their kinship ties, even if they resulted in short-term losses.<ref name=":4" /> To win over the [[mixed-blood]] community, he promised to lobby for the sale of the [[Half-Breed Tract|"half-breed tract"]] along [[Lake Pepin]], granted to them in the [[First Treaty of Prairie du Chien|1830 Treaty of Prairie du Chien]]. The land had remained largely unoccupied, but it was communally owned and they lacked the right to sell it.<ref name=":1" />
To win over the missionaries, Sibley emphasized how a massive sale of land would make it impossible for the Dakota to hunt and force them into farming. By replacing their communal lands with individually owned farm plots, the Dakota would become more "civilized" and more open to embracing [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]].<ref name=":1" />
On the advice of trader [[Martin McLeod]], Sibley decided to treat with the Upper Dakota bands – the Sisseton and Wahpetons – first. McLeod reported that after a succession of bad winters, the western bands had suffered from hunger, often bordering on starvation, and were desperate for relief. In fact, he was confident that "they would sign almost anything."<ref name=":1" /> Once the Upper Dakota had signed a treaty, they reasoned, the Mdewakantons and Wahpekutes would surely follow.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gilman|first=Rhoda R.|title=Henry Hastings Sibley: Divided Heart|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press|year=2004|isbn=0-87351-484-X|location=St. Paul|pages=122}}</ref>
Former fur trader [[Joseph R. Brown]] recruited his mixed-blood brother-in-law, [[Gabriel Renville]] (Tiwakan), to help build support for the treaty among Sisseton and Wahpeton leaders. Historian Gary Clayton Anderson writes, "Given the circumstances, Renville, in working with Brown, obviously assumed that he was helping his people out of what had become an increasingly unsustainable lifestyle."<ref name=":4" />
== Negotiations ==
At 5:30 am on June 29, 1851, the treaty commissioners left [[Fort Snelling]] on board the steamboat ''Excelsior'', traveling with a large group including newspaper reporters, as well as traders and "mixed-blood" assistants associated with [[Henry Hastings Sibley]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> They arrived at [[Traverse des Sioux]] before noon the following day.<ref name=":3" />
The [[Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate|Wahpeton]] and [[Sisseton]] bands of the Upper Dakota (sometimes spelled Dahkotah on treaties) were hesitant to sign away so much land, but older members of the tribes believed that the results of the 1825 [[First Treaty of Prairie du Chien]] and the [[Black Hawk War]] limited their choices.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}
== Treaty ==
[[File:Treaty of Traverse des Sioux 1851.jpg|thumb|300px|Treaty of Traverse des Sioux land cession area shown in green across northern Iowa, southern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota.]]
The Wahpeton and Sisseton bands ceded their lands in southern and western Minnesota Territory, along with some lands in [[Iowa]] and [[Dakota Territory]]. In exchange, the United States promised payment of $1,665,000 in cash and annuities.
Through the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and the [[Treaty of Mendota]], the [[Mdewakanton]] and [[Wahpekute]] bands of the Lower Sioux ceded territory of nearly {{convert|24000000|acre|km2}} of land. The US paid the Dakota an annuity the equivalent of 7.5 cents an acre and charged settlers $1.25 an acre.
The US set aside two reservations for the Sioux along the [[Minnesota River]], each about {{convert|20|mi|km|-1}} wide and {{convert|70|mi|km|-1}} long. Later the government declared these were intended to be temporary, in an effort to force the Sioux out of Minnesota.
The [[Upper Sioux Agency]] was established near [[Granite Falls, Minnesota]], while the [[Lower Sioux Agency]] was established about {{convert|30|mi|km|round=5}} downstream near what developed as [[Redwood Falls, Minnesota]]. The Upper Sioux were not satisfied with their reservation because of low food supplies, but as it included several of their old villages, they agreed to stay. The Lower Sioux were displaced from their traditional woodlands, and were dissatisfied with their new territory of mostly prairie.
The Sioux also resented the separate "trader's paper" that was included in the treaty, as it paid $400,000 of the promised treaty annuity total to [[fur traders]] and mixed-bloods who had financial claims against the tribes. Traders' papers were documents that contained the names of traders, included in the aforesaid claims, who were due fees from previous trades. It said that they were allowed to take in land currency what may have been owed them out of the Dakotas' treaty payments. The Dakota agreed to sign the treaty but also requested a copy. Upon signing the copy, they were asked to sign a third paper which they believed to be a third copy. The Dakota were tricked into signing these "trader's papers", as the interpreters had not accurately told them what the document meant.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}
== Aftermath ==
Despite these issues, the crush of settlers moving into the area meant more Anglo European people encroaching on Sioux land. As the US had promised increased [[annuity]] payments in exchange for more land cessions, Sioux leaders went to Washington, D.C. in 1858 to sign another pair of treaties; these ceded the reservation north of the [[Minnesota River]].
The US intended the treaties to encourage the Sioux to convert from being nomadic hunters gathers to Anglo European farming, offering them compensation in the transition. The forced change in lifestyle and the much lower than expected payments from the federal government caused economic suffering and increased social tensions within the tribes. Tensions erupted in the [[Dakota War of 1862]].
== Terms ==
The preamble begins with,
{{quote|Articles of a treaty made and concluded at Traverse des Sioux, upon the Minnesota River, in the Territory of Minnesota, on the twenty-third day of July, eighteen hundred and fifty-one, between the United States of America, by Luke Lea, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Alexander Ramsey, governor and ''ex officio'' superintendent of Indian affairs in said Territory, commissioners duly appointed for that purpose, and See-see-toan and Wah-pay-toan bands of Dakota or Sioux Indians ... |Treaty with the Sioux-Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands, 1851}}
The abbreviated terms of the treaty were:
1. Peace and friendship shall be perpetual<br />
2. Land to cede<br />
3. Stricken out by U.S. Senate.<br />
4. Payments and other payments held in trust.<br />
5. Laws against liquors in Indian country.<br />
6. Rules and regulations to protect the rights of persons and property among the Indians.
Signers included [[Ishtakhaba|Sleepy Eye]], of the [[Sisseton Sioux]].<ref name="mankato">{{Cite web|title=Ish Tak Ha Be (Sleepy Eye) |work=Minnesota State University Mankato |access-date=2013-03-06 |date=2010-05-31 |url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/mncultures/sleepyeye.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531190751/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/mncultures/sleepyeye.html |archive-date=May 31, 2010 }}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of treaties]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Carley|first=Kenneth|title=The Sioux Uprising of 1862|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|year=1976|edition=Second|isbn=0-87351-103-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Lass|first=William E.|title=Minnesota: A History|edition=2nd|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|location=New York, NY|year=1998|orig-year=1977|isbn=0-393-04628-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/minnesotahistory0000lass_v7g8}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100714135332/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0588.htm ''Treaty with the Sioux—Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands, 1851'']. Treaty as ratified (i.e., with Section 3 stricken). Archived copy of University of Oklahoma reproduction of relevant pages of [https://books.google.com/books?id=G4ILAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Indian+Affairs:+Laws+and+Treaties,+Volume+2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZ_N-PpeDmAhUYV80KHR9UCf4Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Indian%20Affairs%3A%20Laws%20and%20Treaties%2C%20Volume%202&f=false ''Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties'', Volume II], Charles J. Kappler (ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904.
* [https://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbum.0866e_0125_0154/?st=gallery ''The treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851 : under Governor Alexander Ramsey, with notes of the former treaty there, in 1841, under Governor James D. Doty, of Wisconsin'']. Library of Congress. Contemporary description of background and signing of treaty.
[[Category:Dakota War of 1862]]
[[Category:United States and Native American treaties]]
[[Category:1851 treaties]]
[[Category:Native American history of Minnesota]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Minnesota]]
[[Category:1851 in the United States]]
[[Category:Minnesota Territory]]
[[Category:Sioux]]
[[Category:July 1851 events]]
[[Category:1851 in Minnesota Territory]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Upper Dakota land cession treaty of 1851 with United States}}
[[File:Treaty of Traverse des Sioux.jpg|thumb|300x300px|''Treaty of Traverse des Sioux''<br />by [[Francis Davis Millet]]]]
The '''Treaty of Traverse des Sioux''' ({{USStat|10|949}}) was signed on July 23, 1851, at [[Traverse des Sioux]] in [[Minnesota Territory]] between the [[United States]] government and the [[Dakota people|Upper Dakota Sioux]] bands. In this land cession treaty, the Sisseton and Wahpeton Dakota bands sold 21 million acres of land in present-day [[Iowa]], [[Minnesota]] and [[South Dakota]] to the U.S. for $1,665,000.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Folwell|first=William Watts|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofminneso01folwuoft/page/n323/mode/2up|title=A History of Minnesota|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|year=1921|volume=1|location=St. Paul|pages=272,278,281}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=Summer 2001|title=Curator's Choice|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188266|journal=Minnesota History|volume=57|issue=6|pages=328–329|jstor=20188266}}</ref>
The treaty was instigated by [[Alexander Ramsey]], the first governor of Minnesota Territory, and [[Luke Lea (Commissioner of Indian Affairs)|Luke Lea]], Commissioner of Indian Affairs in [[Washington, D.C.]] They were assisted by territorial Congressional delegate [[Henry Hastings Sibley]] and the traders who sought compensation for business losses which appeared on their books as "Indian debts."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Wingerd|first=Mary Lethert|title=North Country: The Making of Minnesota|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8166-4868-9|location=Minneapolis|pages=186-189}}</ref>
Governor Ramsey and Commissioner Lea justified the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and the [[Treaty of Mendota]] to the [[United States Congress]] on the basis of an "overwhelming tide of migration...increasing and irresistible in its westward progress."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=1851 Dakota Land Cession Treaties|url=http://treatiesmatter.org/treaties/land/1851-Dakota|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Relations: Dakota & Ojibwe Treaties}}</ref> In reality, they were responding to pressures from [[Speculation|land speculators]] who sought to divert migration to Minnesota from the newly formed states of [[Iowa]] and [[Wisconsin]].<ref name=":0" />
== Background ==
[[File:Alexander Ramsey - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|Governor Alexander Ramsey ]]In the fall of 1849, Governor [[Alexander Ramsey]] had tried and failed to purchase land from the Dakota.<ref name=":1" /> Ramsey had initially offered less than three cents per acre – an offer that failed to gain much interest among Dakota leaders – and was largely ignored.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Gary Clayton|title=Gabriel Renville: From the Dakota War to the Creation of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Reservation, 1825–1892|publisher=South Dakota Historical Society Press|year=2018|isbn=978-1-941813-06-5|location=Pierre|pages=15}}</ref>
Past treaty payments to [[North American fur trade|fur traders]] had already become a national scandal. An act of the [[United States Congress]] passed on March 3, 1847 prohibited annuities, money and goods to be paid to anyone other than heads of families or individuals in all future treaties.<ref name=":3" /> Nevertheless, [[Henry Hastings Sibley]] was determined to collect compensation for the traders.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />
Sibley informed Governor Ramsey that he would withhold his support for future land cession treaties, if the Dakota were not "allowed" to pay off their "past debts."<ref name=":1" /> Ramsey came to appreciate that Sibley and other traders wielded significant influence among the Dakota, and that he was more likely to succeed with their help.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Gary Clayton|title=Kinsmen of Another Kind: Dakota–White Relations in the Upper Mississippi Valley, 1650–1862|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press|year=1984|isbn=0-87351-353-3|location=St. Paul|pages=178–180,184–185}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
By 1850, Ramsey and Sibley had arrived at an understanding. Governor Ramsey agreed to raise his offer from 2 1/2 cents to 10 cents per acre,<ref name=":1" /> and agreed to find a way of securing funds for the traders and their "mixed-blood" clerks and kin.<ref name=":4" /> Sibley also encouraged Ramsey to replace the previous treaty commissioner, former [[Iowa Territory]] Governor [[John Chambers (politician)|John Chambers]], with another commissioner less likely to oppose these measures.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Henry Hastings Sibley 1860.png|left|thumb|Congressional delegate Henry Hastings Sibley]]
Sibley proceeded to build support for a new treaty. To win over the [[Dakota people|Dakotas]], he directed his traders to go back to awarding credit and giving gifts liberally to reinforce their kinship ties, even if they resulted in short-term losses.<ref name=":4" /> To win over the [[mixed-blood]] community, he promised to lobby for the sale of the [[Half-Breed Tract|"half-breed tract"]] along [[Lake Pepin]], granted to them in the [[First Treaty of Prairie du Chien|1830 Treaty of Prairie du Chien]]. The land had remained largely unoccupied, but it was communally owned and they lacked the right to sell it.<ref name=":1" />
To win over the missionaries, Sibley emphasized how a massive sale of land would make it impossible for the Dakota to hunt and force them into farming. By replacing their communal lands with individually owned farm plots, the Dakota would become more "civilized" and more open to embracing [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]].<ref name=":1" />
On the advice of trader [[Martin McLeod]], Sibley decided to treat with the Upper Dakota bands – the Sisseton and Wahpetons – first. McLeod reported that after a succession of bad winters, the western bands had suffered from hunger, often bordering on starvation, and were desperate for relief. In fact, he was confident that "they would sign almost anything."<ref name=":1" /> Once the Upper Dakota had signed a treaty, they reasoned, the Mdewakantons and Wahpekutes would surely follow.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gilman|first=Rhoda R.|title=Henry Hastings Sibley: Divided Heart|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press|year=2004|isbn=0-87351-484-X|location=St. Paul|pages=122}}</ref>
Former fur trader [[Joseph R. Brown]] recruited his mixed-blood brother-in-law, [[Gabriel Renville]] (Tiwakan), to help build support for the treaty among Sisseton and Wahpeton leaders. Historian Gary Clayton Anderson writes, "Given the circumstances, Renville, in working with Brown, obviously assumed that he was helping his people out of what had become an increasingly unsustainable lifestyle."<ref name=":4" />
== Negotiations ==
At 5:30 am on June 29, 1851, the treaty commissioners left [[Fort Snelling]] on board the steamboat ''Excelsior'', traveling with a large group including newspaper reporters, as well as traders and "mixed-blood" assistants associated with [[Henry Hastings Sibley]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> They arrived at [[Traverse des Sioux]] before noon the following day.<ref name=":3" />
The [[Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate|Wahpeton]] and [[Sisseton]] bands of the Upper Dakota (sometimes spelled Dahkotah on treaties) were hesitant to sign away so much land, but older members of the tribes believed that the results of the 1825 [[First Treaty of Prairie du Chien]] and the [[Black Hawk War]] limited their choices.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}
== Aftermath ==
Despite these issues, the crush of settlers moving into the area meant more Anglo European people encroaching on Sioux land. As the US had promised increased [[annuity]] payments in exchange for more land cessions, Sioux leaders went to Washington, D.C. in 1858 to sign another pair of treaties; these ceded the reservation north of the [[Minnesota River]].
The US intended the treaties to encourage the Sioux to convert from being nomadic hunters gathers to Anglo European farming, offering them compensation in the transition. The forced change in lifestyle and the much lower than expected payments from the federal government caused economic suffering and increased social tensions within the tribes. Tensions erupted in the [[Dakota War of 1862]].
== Terms ==
The preamble begins with,
{{quote|Articles of a treaty made and concluded at Traverse des Sioux, upon the Minnesota River, in the Territory of Minnesota, on the twenty-third day of July, eighteen hundred and fifty-one, between the United States of America, by Luke Lea, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Alexander Ramsey, governor and ''ex officio'' superintendent of Indian affairs in said Territory, commissioners duly appointed for that purpose, and See-see-toan and Wah-pay-toan bands of Dakota or Sioux Indians ... |Treaty with the Sioux-Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands, 1851}}
The abbreviated terms of the treaty were:
1. Peace and friendship shall be perpetual<br />
2. Land to cede<br />
3. Stricken out by U.S. Senate.<br />
4. Payments and other payments held in trust.<br />
5. Laws against liquors in Indian country.<br />
6. Rules and regulations to protect the rights of persons and property among the Indians.
Signers included [[Ishtakhaba|Sleepy Eye]], of the [[Sisseton Sioux]].<ref name="mankato">{{Cite web|title=Ish Tak Ha Be (Sleepy Eye) |work=Minnesota State University Mankato |access-date=2013-03-06 |date=2010-05-31 |url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/mncultures/sleepyeye.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531190751/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/mncultures/sleepyeye.html |archive-date=May 31, 2010 }}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of treaties]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Carley|first=Kenneth|title=The Sioux Uprising of 1862|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|year=1976|edition=Second|isbn=0-87351-103-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Lass|first=William E.|title=Minnesota: A History|edition=2nd|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|location=New York, NY|year=1998|orig-year=1977|isbn=0-393-04628-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/minnesotahistory0000lass_v7g8}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100714135332/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0588.htm ''Treaty with the Sioux—Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands, 1851'']. Treaty as ratified (i.e., with Section 3 stricken). Archived copy of University of Oklahoma reproduction of relevant pages of [https://books.google.com/books?id=G4ILAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Indian+Affairs:+Laws+and+Treaties,+Volume+2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZ_N-PpeDmAhUYV80KHR9UCf4Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Indian%20Affairs%3A%20Laws%20and%20Treaties%2C%20Volume%202&f=false ''Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties'', Volume II], Charles J. Kappler (ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904.
* [https://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbum.0866e_0125_0154/?st=gallery ''The treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851 : under Governor Alexander Ramsey, with notes of the former treaty there, in 1841, under Governor James D. Doty, of Wisconsin'']. Library of Congress. Contemporary description of background and signing of treaty.
[[Category:Dakota War of 1862]]
[[Category:United States and Native American treaties]]
[[Category:1851 treaties]]
[[Category:Native American history of Minnesota]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Minnesota]]
[[Category:1851 in the United States]]
[[Category:Minnesota Territory]]
[[Category:Sioux]]
[[Category:July 1851 events]]
[[Category:1851 in Minnesota Territory]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -28,16 +28,4 @@
The [[Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate|Wahpeton]] and [[Sisseton]] bands of the Upper Dakota (sometimes spelled Dahkotah on treaties) were hesitant to sign away so much land, but older members of the tribes believed that the results of the 1825 [[First Treaty of Prairie du Chien]] and the [[Black Hawk War]] limited their choices.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}
-
-== Treaty ==
-[[File:Treaty of Traverse des Sioux 1851.jpg|thumb|300px|Treaty of Traverse des Sioux land cession area shown in green across northern Iowa, southern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota.]]
-The Wahpeton and Sisseton bands ceded their lands in southern and western Minnesota Territory, along with some lands in [[Iowa]] and [[Dakota Territory]]. In exchange, the United States promised payment of $1,665,000 in cash and annuities.
-
-Through the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and the [[Treaty of Mendota]], the [[Mdewakanton]] and [[Wahpekute]] bands of the Lower Sioux ceded territory of nearly {{convert|24000000|acre|km2}} of land. The US paid the Dakota an annuity the equivalent of 7.5 cents an acre and charged settlers $1.25 an acre.
-
-The US set aside two reservations for the Sioux along the [[Minnesota River]], each about {{convert|20|mi|km|-1}} wide and {{convert|70|mi|km|-1}} long. Later the government declared these were intended to be temporary, in an effort to force the Sioux out of Minnesota.
-
-The [[Upper Sioux Agency]] was established near [[Granite Falls, Minnesota]], while the [[Lower Sioux Agency]] was established about {{convert|30|mi|km|round=5}} downstream near what developed as [[Redwood Falls, Minnesota]]. The Upper Sioux were not satisfied with their reservation because of low food supplies, but as it included several of their old villages, they agreed to stay. The Lower Sioux were displaced from their traditional woodlands, and were dissatisfied with their new territory of mostly prairie.
-
-The Sioux also resented the separate "trader's paper" that was included in the treaty, as it paid $400,000 of the promised treaty annuity total to [[fur traders]] and mixed-bloods who had financial claims against the tribes. Traders' papers were documents that contained the names of traders, included in the aforesaid claims, who were due fees from previous trades. It said that they were allowed to take in land currency what may have been owed them out of the Dakotas' treaty payments. The Dakota agreed to sign the treaty but also requested a copy. Upon signing the copy, they were asked to sign a third paper which they believed to be a third copy. The Dakota were tricked into signing these "trader's papers", as the interpreters had not accurately told them what the document meant.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}
== Aftermath ==
' |
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0 => '',
1 => '== Treaty ==',
2 => '[[File:Treaty of Traverse des Sioux 1851.jpg|thumb|300px|Treaty of Traverse des Sioux land cession area shown in green across northern Iowa, southern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota.]]',
3 => 'The Wahpeton and Sisseton bands ceded their lands in southern and western Minnesota Territory, along with some lands in [[Iowa]] and [[Dakota Territory]]. In exchange, the United States promised payment of $1,665,000 in cash and annuities.',
4 => '',
5 => 'Through the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and the [[Treaty of Mendota]], the [[Mdewakanton]] and [[Wahpekute]] bands of the Lower Sioux ceded territory of nearly {{convert|24000000|acre|km2}} of land. The US paid the Dakota an annuity the equivalent of 7.5 cents an acre and charged settlers $1.25 an acre.',
6 => '',
7 => 'The US set aside two reservations for the Sioux along the [[Minnesota River]], each about {{convert|20|mi|km|-1}} wide and {{convert|70|mi|km|-1}} long. Later the government declared these were intended to be temporary, in an effort to force the Sioux out of Minnesota.',
8 => '',
9 => 'The [[Upper Sioux Agency]] was established near [[Granite Falls, Minnesota]], while the [[Lower Sioux Agency]] was established about {{convert|30|mi|km|round=5}} downstream near what developed as [[Redwood Falls, Minnesota]]. The Upper Sioux were not satisfied with their reservation because of low food supplies, but as it included several of their old villages, they agreed to stay. The Lower Sioux were displaced from their traditional woodlands, and were dissatisfied with their new territory of mostly prairie.',
10 => '',
11 => 'The Sioux also resented the separate "trader's paper" that was included in the treaty, as it paid $400,000 of the promised treaty annuity total to [[fur traders]] and mixed-bloods who had financial claims against the tribes. Traders' papers were documents that contained the names of traders, included in the aforesaid claims, who were due fees from previous trades. It said that they were allowed to take in land currency what may have been owed them out of the Dakotas' treaty payments. The Dakota agreed to sign the treaty but also requested a copy. Upon signing the copy, they were asked to sign a third paper which they believed to be a third copy. The Dakota were tricked into signing these "trader's papers", as the interpreters had not accurately told them what the document meant.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Upper Dakota land cession treaty of 1851 with United States</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux.jpg/300px-Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="185" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux.jpg/450px-Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux.jpg/600px-Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3438" data-file-height="2124" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Treaty of Traverse des Sioux</i><br />by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Davis_Millet" title="Francis Davis Millet">Francis Davis Millet</a></div></div></div>
<p>The <b>Treaty of Traverse des Sioux</b> (10 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislink.org/us/stat-10-949">949</a>) was signed on July 23, 1851, at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traverse_des_Sioux" title="Traverse des Sioux">Traverse des Sioux</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota Territory</a> between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> government and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Upper Dakota Sioux</a> bands. In this land cession treaty, the Sisseton and Wahpeton Dakota bands sold 21 million acres of land in present-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> to the U.S. for $1,665,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>The treaty was instigated by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Alexander Ramsey</a>, the first governor of Minnesota Territory, and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luke_Lea_(Commissioner_of_Indian_Affairs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luke Lea (Commissioner of Indian Affairs) (page does not exist)">Luke Lea</a>, Commissioner of Indian Affairs in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> They were assisted by territorial Congressional delegate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Hastings_Sibley" title="Henry Hastings Sibley">Henry Hastings Sibley</a> and the traders who sought compensation for business losses which appeared on their books as "Indian debts."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Governor Ramsey and Commissioner Lea justified the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Mendota" title="Treaty of Mendota">Treaty of Mendota</a> to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> on the basis of an "overwhelming tide of migration...increasing and irresistible in its westward progress."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a></sup> In reality, they were responding to pressures from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">land speculators</a> who sought to divert migration to Minnesota from the newly formed states of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Negotiations"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Negotiations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Terms"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Terms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alexander_Ramsey_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alexander_Ramsey_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-Alexander_Ramsey_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alexander_Ramsey_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-Alexander_Ramsey_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alexander_Ramsey_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-Alexander_Ramsey_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3112" data-file-height="4160" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alexander_Ramsey_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Governor Alexander Ramsey</div></div></div><p>In the fall of 1849, Governor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Alexander Ramsey</a> had tried and failed to purchase land from the Dakota.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup> Ramsey had initially offered less than three cents per acre – an offer that failed to gain much interest among Dakota leaders – and was largely ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Past treaty payments to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur traders</a> had already become a national scandal. An act of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed on March 3, 1847 prohibited annuities, money and goods to be paid to anyone other than heads of families or individuals in all future treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a></sup> Nevertheless, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Hastings_Sibley" title="Henry Hastings Sibley">Henry Hastings Sibley</a> was determined to collect compensation for the traders.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sibley informed Governor Ramsey that he would withhold his support for future land cession treaties, if the Dakota were not "allowed" to pay off their "past debts."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup> Ramsey came to appreciate that Sibley and other traders wielded significant influence among the Dakota, and that he was more likely to succeed with their help.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>By 1850, Ramsey and Sibley had arrived at an understanding. Governor Ramsey agreed to raise his offer from 2 1/2 cents to 10 cents per acre,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup> and agreed to find a way of securing funds for the traders and their "mixed-blood" clerks and kin.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[5]</a></sup> Sibley also encouraged Ramsey to replace the previous treaty commissioner, former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iowa_Territory" title="Iowa Territory">Iowa Territory</a> Governor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Chambers_(politician)" title="John Chambers (politician)">John Chambers</a>, with another commissioner less likely to oppose these measures.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Henry_Hastings_Sibley_1860.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Henry_Hastings_Sibley_1860.png/220px-Henry_Hastings_Sibley_1860.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Henry_Hastings_Sibley_1860.png 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="284" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Henry_Hastings_Sibley_1860.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Congressional delegate Henry Hastings Sibley</div></div></div>
<p>Sibley proceeded to build support for a new treaty. To win over the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakotas</a>, he directed his traders to go back to awarding credit and giving gifts liberally to reinforce their kinship ties, even if they resulted in short-term losses.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[5]</a></sup> To win over the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">mixed-blood</a> community, he promised to lobby for the sale of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Half-Breed_Tract" title="Half-Breed Tract">"half-breed tract"</a> along <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake_Pepin" title="Lake Pepin">Lake Pepin</a>, granted to them in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">1830 Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a>. The land had remained largely unoccupied, but it was communally owned and they lacked the right to sell it.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>To win over the missionaries, Sibley emphasized how a massive sale of land would make it impossible for the Dakota to hunt and force them into farming. By replacing their communal lands with individually owned farm plots, the Dakota would become more "civilized" and more open to embracing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>On the advice of trader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_McLeod" title="Martin McLeod">Martin McLeod</a>, Sibley decided to treat with the Upper Dakota bands – the Sisseton and Wahpetons – first. McLeod reported that after a succession of bad winters, the western bands had suffered from hunger, often bordering on starvation, and were desperate for relief. In fact, he was confident that "they would sign almost anything."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup> Once the Upper Dakota had signed a treaty, they reasoned, the Mdewakantons and Wahpekutes would surely follow.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Former fur trader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_R._Brown" title="Joseph R. Brown">Joseph R. Brown</a> recruited his mixed-blood brother-in-law, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel_Renville" title="Gabriel Renville">Gabriel Renville</a> (Tiwakan), to help build support for the treaty among Sisseton and Wahpeton leaders. Historian Gary Clayton Anderson writes, "Given the circumstances, Renville, in working with Brown, obviously assumed that he was helping his people out of what had become an increasingly unsustainable lifestyle."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Negotiations">Negotiations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Negotiations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>At 5:30 am on June 29, 1851, the treaty commissioners left <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a> on board the steamboat <i>Excelsior</i>, traveling with a large group including newspaper reporters, as well as traders and "mixed-blood" assistants associated with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Hastings_Sibley" title="Henry Hastings Sibley">Henry Hastings Sibley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a></sup> They arrived at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traverse_des_Sioux" title="Traverse des Sioux">Traverse des Sioux</a> before noon the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sisseton_Wahpeton_Oyate" title="Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate">Wahpeton</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sisseton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisseton">Sisseton</a> bands of the Upper Dakota (sometimes spelled Dahkotah on treaties) were hesitant to sign away so much land, but older members of the tribes believed that the results of the 1825 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a> limited their choices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Aftermath">Aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Despite these issues, the crush of settlers moving into the area meant more Anglo European people encroaching on Sioux land. As the US had promised increased <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annuity" title="Annuity">annuity</a> payments in exchange for more land cessions, Sioux leaders went to Washington, D.C. in 1858 to sign another pair of treaties; these ceded the reservation north of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a>.
</p><p>The US intended the treaties to encourage the Sioux to convert from being nomadic hunters gathers to Anglo European farming, offering them compensation in the transition. The forced change in lifestyle and the much lower than expected payments from the federal government caused economic suffering and increased social tensions within the tribes. Tensions erupted in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Terms">Terms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The preamble begins with,
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Articles of a treaty made and concluded at Traverse des Sioux, upon the Minnesota River, in the Territory of Minnesota, on the twenty-third day of July, eighteen hundred and fifty-one, between the United States of America, by Luke Lea, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Alexander Ramsey, governor and <i>ex officio</i> superintendent of Indian affairs in said Territory, commissioners duly appointed for that purpose, and See-see-toan and Wah-pay-toan bands of Dakota or Sioux Indians ... </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Treaty with the Sioux-Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands, 1851</cite></div></blockquote>
<p>The abbreviated terms of the treaty were:
</p><p>1. Peace and friendship shall be perpetual<br />
2. Land to cede<br />
3. Stricken out by U.S. Senate.<br />
4. Payments and other payments held in trust.<br />
5. Laws against liquors in Indian country.<br />
6. Rules and regulations to protect the rights of persons and property among the Indians.
</p><p>Signers included <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ishtakhaba" title="Ishtakhaba">Sleepy Eye</a>, of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sisseton_Sioux" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisseton Sioux">Sisseton Sioux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mankato_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mankato-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_treaties" title="List of treaties">List of treaties</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFFolwell1921" class="citation book cs1">Folwell, William Watts (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofminneso01folwuoft/page/n323/mode/2up"><i>A History of Minnesota</i></a>. Vol. 1. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. pp. 272, 278, 281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Minnesota&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pages=272%2C+278%2C+281&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Folwell&rft.aufirst=William+Watts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofminneso01folwuoft%2Fpage%2Fn323%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Traverse+des+Sioux" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188266">"Curator's Choice"</a>. <i>Minnesota History</i>. <b>57</b> (6): 328–329. Summer 2001. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/20188266">20188266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+History&rft.atitle=Curator%27s+Choice&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=328-329&rft.date=2001&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20188266%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20188266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Traverse+des+Sioux" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFWingerd2010" class="citation book cs1">Wingerd, Mary Lethert (2010). <i>North Country: The Making of Minnesota</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 186–189. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4868-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4868-9"><bdi>978-0-8166-4868-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Country%3A+The+Making+of+Minnesota&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=186-189&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4868-9&rft.aulast=Wingerd&rft.aufirst=Mary+Lethert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Traverse+des+Sioux" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treatiesmatter.org/treaties/land/1851-Dakota">"1851 Dakota Land Cession Treaties"</a>. <i>Relations: Dakota & Ojibwe Treaties</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Relations%3A+Dakota+%26+Ojibwe+Treaties&rft.atitle=1851+Dakota+Land+Cession+Treaties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreatiesmatter.org%2Ftreaties%2Fland%2F1851-Dakota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Traverse+des+Sioux" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2018" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Gary Clayton (2018). <i>Gabriel Renville: From the Dakota War to the Creation of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Reservation, 1825–1892</i>. Pierre: South Dakota Historical Society Press. p. 15. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-941813-06-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-941813-06-5"><bdi>978-1-941813-06-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel+Renville%3A+From+the+Dakota+War+to+the+Creation+of+the+Sisseton-Wahpeton+Reservation%2C+1825%E2%80%931892&rft.place=Pierre&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=South+Dakota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-941813-06-5&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gary+Clayton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Traverse+des+Sioux" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1984" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Gary Clayton (1984). <i>Kinsmen of Another Kind: Dakota–White Relations in the Upper Mississippi Valley, 1650–1862</i>. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 178–180, 184–185. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87351-353-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87351-353-3"><bdi>0-87351-353-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinsmen+of+Another+Kind%3A+Dakota%E2%80%93White+Relations+in+the+Upper+Mississippi+Valley%2C+1650%E2%80%931862&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pages=178-180%2C+184-185&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-87351-353-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gary+Clayton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Traverse+des+Sioux" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGilman2004" class="citation book cs1">Gilman, Rhoda R. (2004). <i>Henry Hastings Sibley: Divided Heart</i>. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 122. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87351-484-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87351-484-X"><bdi>0-87351-484-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Hastings+Sibley%3A+Divided+Heart&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-87351-484-X&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Rhoda+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Traverse+des+Sioux" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-mankato-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mankato_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100531190751/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/mncultures/sleepyeye.html">"Ish Tak Ha Be (Sleepy Eye)"</a>. <i>Minnesota State University Mankato</i>. 2010-05-31. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+State+University+Mankato&rft.atitle=Ish+Tak+Ha+Be+%28Sleepy+Eye%29&rft.date=2010-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnsu.edu%2Femuseum%2Fhistory%2Fmncultures%2Fsleepyeye.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Traverse+des+Sioux" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFCarley1976" class="citation book cs1">Carley, Kenneth (1976). <i>The Sioux Uprising of 1862</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87351-103-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87351-103-4"><bdi>0-87351-103-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sioux+Uprising+of+1862&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87351-103-4&rft.aulast=Carley&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Traverse+des+Sioux" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLass1998" class="citation book cs1">Lass, William E. (1998) [1977]. <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minnesotahistory0000lass_v7g8"><i>Minnesota: A History</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). New York, NY: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04628-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04628-1"><bdi>0-393-04628-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-393-04628-1&rft.aulast=Lass&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminnesotahistory0000lass_v7g8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Traverse+des+Sioux" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Traverse_des_Sioux&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714135332/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0588.htm"><i>Treaty with the Sioux—Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands, 1851</i></a>. Treaty as ratified (i.e., with Section 3 stricken). Archived copy of University of Oklahoma reproduction of relevant pages of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4ILAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Indian+Affairs:+Laws+and+Treaties,+Volume+2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZ_N-PpeDmAhUYV80KHR9UCf4Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Indian%20Affairs%3A%20Laws%20and%20Treaties%2C%20Volume%202&f=false"><i>Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties</i>, Volume II</a>, Charles J. Kappler (ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbum.0866e_0125_0154/?st=gallery"><i>The treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851 : under Governor Alexander Ramsey, with notes of the former treaty there, in 1841, under Governor James D. Doty, of Wisconsin</i></a>. Library of Congress. Contemporary description of background and signing of treaty.</li></ul></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1674663940' |
