Edit filter log

'{{Short description|Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup}} {{About|the human mtDNA haplogroup|the human Y-DNA haplogroup|Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)}} {{Infobox haplogroup | name = H | origin-date = 20,000–25,000 YBP | origin-place = [[West Asia]], [[Lesser Caucasus]] | ancestor = [[Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)|HV]]<ref name="achilli2004" /> | descendants = H* lineages; subclades H1, H2, H3, H4, H5'36, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, H11, H12, H13, H14, H15, H16, H18, H19, H20, H22, H23, H24, H25, H26, H28, H29, H31, H32, H33, H34, H35, H37, H38, H39, 16129(H17+H27), 16129(H21+H30) (numbers to H135)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yfull.com/mtree/H135/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190512023944/https://www.yfull.com/mtree/H135/|archive-date = 2019-05-12|title = H135 MTree}}</ref> | mutations = G2706A, T7028C<ref name="pmid18853457">{{cite journal | vauthors = van Oven M, Kayser M | title = Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = E386–94 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 18853457 | doi = 10.1002/humu.20921 | s2cid = 27566749 | doi-access = free }}</ref> }} '''Haplogroup H''' is a [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|human mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA) [[haplogroup]]. The clade is believed to have originated in [[Southwest Asia]], near present day Syria,<ref name="achilli2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Achilli A, Rengo C, Magri C, Battaglia V, Olivieri A, Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Zeviani M, Briem E, Carelli V, Moral P, Dugoujon JM, Roostalu U, Loogväli EL, Kivisild T, Bandelt HJ, Richards M, Villems R, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Semino O, Torroni A | display-authors = 6 | title = The molecular dissection of mtDNA haplogroup H confirms that the Franco-Cantabrian glacial refuge was a major source for the European gene pool | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 75 | issue = 5 | pages = 910–8 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15382008 | pmc = 1182122 | doi = 10.1086/425590 }}</ref> around 20,000 to 25,000 years ago. Mitochondrial haplogroup H is today predominantly found in Europe, and is believed to have evolved before the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] (LGM). It first expanded in the northern [[Near East]] and [[Southern Caucasus]] soon, and later migrations from [[Iberia]] suggest that the clade reached Europe before the Last Glacial Maximum. The haplogroup has also spread to parts of Africa, [[Siberia]] and inner Asia. Today, around 40% of all maternal lineages in Europe belong to haplogroup H. ==Origin== Haplogroup H is a descendant of [[Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)|haplogroup HV]]. The [[Cambridge Reference Sequence]] (CRS), which until recently was the human mitochondrial sequence to which all others were compared, belongs to haplogroup H2a2a1 (human mitochondrial sequences should now be compared with the ancestral Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence (RSRS)).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Behar DM, van Oven M, Rosset S, Metspalu M, Loogväli EL, Silva NM, Kivisild T, Torroni A, Villems R | display-authors = 6 | title = A "Copernican" reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 90 | issue = 4 | pages = 675–84 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22482806 | pmc = 3322232 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002 }}</ref> Several independent studies conclude that haplogroup H probably evolved in [[Western Asia]] c. 25,000 years ago. In July 2008 ancient mtDNA from an individual called [[Paglicci 23]], whose remains were dated to 28,000 years ago and excavated from [[Paglicci Cave]] ([[Apulia]], [[Italy]]), were found to be identical to the Cambridge Reference Sequence in [[HVR1]].<ref name=pmid18628960>{{cite journal | vauthors = Caramelli D, Milani L, Vai S, Modi A, Pecchioli E, Girardi M, Pilli E, Lari M, Lippi B, Ronchitelli A, Mallegni F, Casoli A, Bertorelle G, Barbujani G | display-authors = 6 | title = A 28,000 years old Cro-Magnon mtDNA sequence differs from all potentially contaminating modern sequences | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = e2700 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18628960 | pmc = 2444030 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0002700 | bibcode = 2008PLoSO...3.2700C | doi-access = free }}</ref> This once was believed to indicate haplogroup H, but researchers now recognize that CRS HVR1 also appears in U or HV, because there are no HVR1 mutations that separate CRS from the haplogroup R founder. Haplogroup HV derives from the haplogroup R0 which in turn derives from haplogroup R is a descendant of macro-haplogroup N like its sibling M, is a descendant of haplogroup L3. MtDNA H had frequency of 19% among Neolithic Early European Farmers and virtually absent among Mesolithic European hunter gatherers.<ref name=pmid23612305>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brotherton P, Haak W, Templeton J, Brandt G, Soubrier J, Jane Adler C, Richards SM, Der Sarkissian C, Ganslmeier R, Friederich S, Dresely V, van Oven M, Kenyon R, Van der Hoek MB, Korlach J, Luong K, Ho SY, Quintana-Murci L, Behar DM, Meller H, Alt KW, Cooper A | display-authors = 6 | title = Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic origins of Europeans | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 4 | pages = 1764 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23612305 | pmc = 3978205 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms2656 | bibcode = 2013NatCo...4.1764. }}</ref> MtDNA H was also present in the [[Cucuteni–Trypillia culture]].<ref name=pmid28235025>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nikitin AG, Potekhina I, Rohland N, Mallick S, Reich D, Lillie M | title = Mitochondrial DNA analysis of eneolithic trypillians from Ukraine reveals neolithic farming genetic roots | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = e0172952 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28235025 | pmc = 5325568 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0172952 | bibcode = 2017PLoSO..1272952N | doi-access = free }}</ref> The clade has been observed among [[ancient Egypt]]ian mummies excavated at the [[Abusir|Abusir el-Meleq]] archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the pre-[[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]]/late [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] and Ptolemaic periods.<ref name=pmid28556824>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schuenemann VJ, Peltzer A, Welte B, van Pelt WP, Molak M, Wang CC, Furtwängler A, Urban C, Reiter E, Nieselt K, Teßmann B, Francken M, Harvati K, Haak W, Schiffels S, Krause J | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | pages = 15694 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28556824 | pmc = 5459999 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms15694 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...815694S }}</ref> Additionally, haplogroup H has been found among specimens at the mainland cemetery in [[Kulubnarti]], [[Sudan]], which date from the [[Makuria|Early Christian]] period (AD 550–800).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sirak K, Frenandes D, Novak M, Van Gerven D, Pinhasi R | title = Abstract Book of the IUAES Inter-Congress 2016 – A community divided? Revealing the community genome(s) of Medieval Kulubnarti using next- generation sequencing| journal = Abstract Book of the Iuaes Inter-Congress 2016|date=2016| pages = 115|publisher=IUAES|url=https://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=824672}}</ref> ==Distribution== [[File:Spatial frequency distribution of different sub-lineages of mtDNA haplogroup H.png|thumb|Projected spatial frequency distributions for haplogroups H*, H1, H2a, H3, H4, H5a, H6a, H7, H8 and H11]] Haplogroup H is the most common mtDNA clade in [[Europe]].<ref name=pmid15827561>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghezzi D, Marelli C, Achilli A, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Barone P, Pellecchia MT, Stanzione P, Brusa L, Bentivoglio AR, Bonuccelli U, Petrozzi L, Abbruzzese G, Marchese R, Cortelli P, Grimaldi D, Martinelli P, Ferrarese C, Garavaglia B, Sangiorgi S, Carelli V, Torroni A, Albanese A, Zeviani M | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease in Italians | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 748–52 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15827561 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201425 | doi-access = free }}</ref> It is found in approximately 41% of native Europeans.<ref>{{cite book|author-link = Bryan Sykes | first = Bryan | last = Sykes | name-list-style = vanc |title=The Seven Daughters of Eve|year=2001|publisher=Bantam Press|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0393020182| title-link = The Seven Daughters of Eve }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Maternal Ancestry|url=http://www.oxfordancestors.com/content/view/35/55/|publisher=Oxford Ancestors|access-date=7 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715205636/http://www.oxfordancestors.com/content/view/35/55/|archive-date=15 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The lineage is also common in [[North Africa]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm024 |title=Haplogroup H |work=Atlas of the Human Journey – The Genographic Project |publisher=National Geographic}}</ref> The majority of the European populations have an overall haplogroup H frequency of 40–50%, with frequencies decreasing in the southeast. The clade reaches 20% in the Near East and Caucasus, 17% in Iran, and <10% in the Arabian Peninsula, Northern India and [[Central Asia]].<ref name="achilli2004"/><ref name="Metspalu">{{cite journal | vauthors = Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Parik J, Hudjashov G, Kaldma K, Serk P, Karmin M, Behar DM, Gilbert MT, Endicott P, Mastana S, Papiha SS, Skorecki K, Torroni A, Villems R | display-authors = 6 | title = Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans | journal = BMC Genetics | volume = 5 | pages = 26 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15339343 | pmc = 516768 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2156-5-26 }}</ref> Undifferentiated haplogroup H has been found among [[Palestinians]] (14%),<ref name="Non2010">{{cite web|last1=Non|first1=Amy | name-list-style = vanc |title=Analyses if Genetic Data Within A=an Interdisciplinary Framework to Investigate Recent Human Evolutionary History and Complex Disease|url=http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041981/non_a.pdf|publisher=University of Florida|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> [[Syrian people|Syrians]] (13.6%),<ref name="Non2010"/> [[Druze]] (10.6%),<ref name="Non2010"/> [[Iraqis]] (9.5%),<ref name="Non2010"/> [[Somalis]] (6.7%),<ref name="Non2010"/> [[Egyptians]] (5.7% in El-Hayez;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kujanová M, Pereira L, Fernandes V, Pereira JB, Cerný V | title = Near eastern neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 140 | issue = 2 | pages = 336–46 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19425100 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.21078 }}</ref> 14.7% in [[Kurna|Gurna]]<ref name=pmid14748828>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stevanovitch A, Gilles A, Bouzaid E, Kefi R, Paris F, Gayraud RP, Spadoni JL, El-Chenawi F, Béraud-Colomb E | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity in a sedentary population from Egypt | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 68 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 23–39 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14748828 | doi = 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x | s2cid = 44901197 }}</ref>), [[Saudis]] (5.3–10%),<ref name="Non2010"/> [[Soqotri people|Soqotri]] (3.1%),<ref name="Cerny2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cerný V, Pereira L, Kujanová M, Vasíková A, Hájek M, Morris M, Mulligan CJ | title = Out of Arabia-the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 138 | issue = 4 | pages = 439–47 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19012329 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.20960 }}</ref> [[Nubians]] (1.3%),<ref name="Non2010"/> and [[Yemen]]is (0–13.9%).<ref name="Non2010"/> ==Subclades== Among all these clades, the subhaplogroups H1 and H3 have been subject to a more detailed study and would be associated to the [[Magdalenian]] expansion from SW Europe c. 13,000 years ago:<ref name="Pereira">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pereira L, Richards M, Goios A, Alonso A, Albarrán C, Garcia O, Behar DM, Gölge M, Hatina J, Al-Gazali L, Bradley DG, Macaulay V, Amorim A | display-authors = 6 | title = High-resolution mtDNA evidence for the late-glacial resettlement of Europe from an Iberian refugium | journal = Genome Research | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 19–24 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15632086 | pmc = 540273 | doi = 10.1101/gr.3182305 }}</ref> ===H1=== [[File:Spatial frequency distribution (%) of haplogroup H1 in western Eurasia and North Africa..png|thumb|Projected spatial frequency distribution of haplogroup H1]] H1 encompasses an important fraction of Western European mtDNA lineages, reaching its local peak among contemporary [[Basque people|Basques]] (27.8%). The clade also occurs at high frequencies elsewhere in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], as well as in the [[Maghreb]] ([[Tamazgha]]). The haplogroup frequency is above 10% in many other parts of Europe (France, Sardinia, parts of the British Isles, Alps, large portions of Eastern Europe), and surpasses 5% in nearly all of the continent.<ref name="achilli2004"/> Its '''H1b''' subclade is most common in eastern Europe and NW Siberia.<ref name="Loogväli">{{cite journal | vauthors = Loogväli EL, Roostalu U, Malyarchuk BA, Derenko MV, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Tambets K, Reidla M, Tolk HV, Parik J, Pennarun E, Laos S, Lunkina A, Golubenko M, Barac L, Pericic M, Balanovsky OP, Gusar V, Khusnutdinova EK, Stepanov V, Puzyrev V, Rudan P, Balanovska EV, Grechanina E, Richard C, Moisan JP, Chaventré A, Anagnou NP, Pappa KI, Michalodimitrakis EN, Claustres M, Gölge M, Mikerezi I, Usanga E, Villems R | display-authors = 6 | title = Disuniting uniformity: a pied cladistic canvas of mtDNA haplogroup H in Eurasia | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = 2012–21 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15254257 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msh209 | doi-access = free }}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, the highest frequency of the H1 subclade has been found among the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] inhabiting the [[Fezzan]] region in [[Libya]] (61%).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ottoni C, Primativo G, Hooshiar Kashani B, Achilli A, Martínez-Labarga C, Biondi G, Torroni A, Rickards O | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial haplogroup H1 in north Africa: an early holocene arrival from Iberia | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 10 | pages = e13378 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20975840 | pmc = 2958834 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0013378 | bibcode = 2010PLoSO...513378O | doi-access = free }}</ref> The basal H1* haplogroup is found among the Tuareg inhabiting the [[Gossi]] area in [[Mali]] (4.76%).<ref name="Pereira2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pereira L, Cerný V, Cerezo M, Silva NM, Hájek M, Vasíková A, Kujanová M, Brdicka R, Salas A | display-authors = 6 | title = Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 915–23 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20234393 | pmc = 2987384 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2010.21 }}</ref> The rare H1cb subclade is concentrated among [[Fula people|Fulani]] groups inhabiting the Sahel.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kulichová I, Fernandes V, Deme A, Nováčková J, Stenzl V, Novelletto A, Pereira L, Černý V | display-authors = 6 | title = Internal diversification of non-Sub-Saharan haplogroups in Sahelian populations and the spread of pastoralism beyond the Sahara | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 164 | issue = 2 | pages = 424–434 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28736914 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.23285 }}</ref> Haplogroup H has been found in various fossils that were analysed for ancient DNA, including specimens associated with the [[Linearbandkeramik]] culture (H1e, Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, 1/22 or ~5%; H1 or H1au1b, [[Karsdorf]], 1/2 or 50%), Germany Middle Neolithic (H1e1a, Esperstedt, 1/1 or 100%), Iberia Early Neolithic (H1, El Prado de Pancorbo, 1/2 or 50%), Iberia Middle Neolithic (H1, La Mina, 1/4 or 25%), and Iberia Chalcolithic (H1t, El Mirador Cave, 1/12 or ~8%).<ref name=pmid29144465>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S, Pósa A, Stégmár B, Keerl V, Rohland N, Stewardson K, Ferry M, Michel M, Oppenheimer J, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Harney E, Nordenfelt S, Llamas B, Gusztáv Mende B, Köhler K, Oross K, Bondár M, Marton T, Osztás A, Jakucs J, Paluch T, Horváth F, Csengeri P, Koós J, Sebők K, Anders A, Raczky P, Regenye J, Barna JP, Fábián S, Serlegi G, Toldi Z, Gyöngyvér Nagy E, Dani J, Molnár E, Pálfi G, Márk L, Melegh B, Bánfai Z, Domboróczki L, Fernández-Eraso J, Antonio Mujika-Alustiza J, Alonso Fernández C, Jiménez Echevarría J, Bollongino R, Orschiedt J, Schierhold K, Meller H, Cooper A, Burger J, Bánffy E, Alt KW, Lalueza-Fox C, Haak W, Reich D | display-authors = 6 | title = Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers | journal = Nature | volume = 551 | issue = 7680 | pages = 368–372 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29144465 | pmc = 5973800 | doi = 10.1038/nature24476 | bibcode = 2017Natur.551..368L }}</ref> Haplogroup H has been observed in ancient [[Guanches|Guanche]] fossils excavated in [[Gran Canaria]] and [[Tenerife]] on the [[Canary Islands]], which have been [[radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon-dated]] to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. At the Tenerife site, these clade-bearing individuals were found to belong to the H1cf subclade (1/7; ~14%); at the Gran Canaria site, the specimens carried the H2a subhaplogroup (1/4; 25%).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodríguez-Varela R, Günther T, Krzewińska M, Storå J, Gillingwater TH, MacCallum M, Arsuaga JL, Dobney K, Valdiosera C, Jakobsson M, Götherström A, Girdland-Flink L | display-authors = 6 | title = Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans | journal = Current Biology | volume = 27 | issue = 21 | pages = 3396–3402.e5 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29107554 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Additionally, ancient Guanche (Bimbaches) individuals excavated in Punta Azul, [[El Hierro]], Canary Islands were all found to belong to the H1 maternal subclade. These locally born individuals were dated to the 10th century and carried the H1-16260 haplotype, which is exclusive to the Canary Islands and [[Algeria]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004 |title=Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands) |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=78 |pages=20–28 |year=2017 | vauthors = Alejandra C, Fregel R, Trujillo-Mederos A, Hervella M, De-La-Rúa C, Arnay-De-La-Rosa M }}</ref> ; Frequencies of haplogroup H1 in the world (Ottoni et al. 2010) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Region or Population ! H1% ! No. of subjects |- | '''Africa'''|| || |- | Libyan Tuareg||61||129 |- | Tuareg (West Sahel)||23.3||90 |- | Berbers (Morocco)||20.2||217 |- | Morocco||12.2||180 |- | Berbers (Tunisia)||13.4||276 |- | Tunisia ||10.6||269 |- | Mozabite||9.8||80 |- | Siwas (Egypt) ||1.1||184 |- | Western Sahara||14.8||128 |- | Mauritania||6.9||102 |- | Senegal ||0||100 |- | Fulani (Chad–Cameroon)||0||186 |- | Cameroon||0||142 |- | Chad ||0||77 |- | Buduma (Niger)||0||30 |- | Nigeria||0||69 |- | Ethiopia||0||82 |- | Amhara (Ethiopia)||0||90 |- | Oromo (Ethiopia)||0||117 |- | Sierra Leone||0||155 |- | Guineans (Guiné Bissau)||0||372 |- | Mali||0||83 |- | Kikuyu (Kenya)||0||24 |- | Benin||0||192 |- | '''Asia'''|| || |- | Central Asia||0.7||445 |- | Pakistan||0||100 |- | Yakuts ||1.7||58 |- | '''Caucasus''' || || |- | Caucasus (north) ||8.8||68 |- | Caucasus (south)||2.3||132 |- | Northwestern Caucasus||4.7||234 |- | Armenians||2.3||175 |- | Daghestan||2.5||269 |- | Georgians||1||193 |- | Karachay-Balkars||4.4||203 |- | Ossetians||2.4||296 |- | '''Europe''' || || |- | Andalusia ||24.3||103 |- | Basques (Spain) ||27.8||108 |- | Catalonia||13.9||101 |- | Galicia||17.7||266 |- | Pasiegos (Cantabria) ||23.5||51 |- | Portugal||25.5||499 |- | Spain (miscellaneous) ||18.9||132 |- | Italy (north) ||11.5||322 |- | Italy (center) ||6.3||208 |- | Italy (south)||8.7||206 |- | Sardinia ||17.9||106 |- | Sicily ||10||90 |- | Finland ||18||78 |- | Volga-Ural Finnic speakers||13.6||125 |- | Basques (France) ||17.5||40 |- | Béarnaise ||14.8||27 |- | France||12.3||106 |- | Estonia||16.7||114 |- | Saami||0||57 |- | Lithuania||1.7||180 |- | Hungary ||11.3||303 |- | Czech Republic ||10.8||102 |- | Ukraine||9.9||191 |- | Poland||9.3||86 |- | Russia||13.5||312 |- | Austria||10.6||2487 |- | Germany||6||100 |- | Romania||9.4||360 |- | Netherlands ||8.8||34 |- | Greece (Aegean islands) ||1.6||247 |- | Greece (mainland) ||6.3||79 |- | Macedonia ||7.1||252 |- | Albania||2.9||105 |- | Turks||3.3||360 |- | Balkans||5.4||111 |- | Croatia ||8.3||84 |- | Slovaks||7.6||119 |- | Slovak (East)||16.8||137 |- | Slovak (West)||14.2||70 |- | '''Middle East''' || || |- | Arabian Peninsula||0||94 |- | Arabian Peninsula (incl. Yemen, Oman) ||0.8||493 |- | Druze ||3.4||58 |- | Dubai (United Arab Emirates)||0.4||249 |- | Iraq||1.9||206 |- | Jordanians||1.7||173 |- | Lebanese||4.2||167 |- | Syrians||0||159 |- |} ===H3=== H3 is found throughout the whole of Europe and in the Maghreb but does not exist in the Far East {{vague|date=March 2017}},<ref name="achilli2004"/> and is believed to have originated among Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in south-western Europe between 9&nbsp;000 and 11&nbsp;000 years ago. H3 represents the second largest fraction of the H genome after H1 and has a somewhat similar distribution, with peaks in Portugal, Spain, Scandinavia and Finland. It is common in Portugal (12%), Sardinia (11%), Galicia (10%), the Basque country (10%), Ireland (6%), Norway (6%), Hungary (6%) and southwestern France (5%).<ref name="achilli2004"/><ref>{{cite web | title = Origins, spread and ethnic association of European haplogroups and subclades | url = http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_europe.shtml#H| work = Euopedia }}</ref><ref name="eupedia.com">{{cite web | first = Maciamo | last = Hay | name-list-style = vanc | title = Haplogroup H (mtDNA)| url = http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_H_mtDNA.shtml }} Access date 2015/10/02</ref> Studies have suggested haplogroup H3 is highly protective against AIDS progression.<ref name=pmid19005266>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hendrickson SL, Hutcheson HB, Ruiz-Pesini E, Poole JC, Lautenberger J, Sezgin E, Kingsley L, Goedert JJ, Vlahov D, Donfield S, Wallace DC, O'Brien SJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups influence AIDS progression | journal = AIDS | volume = 22 | issue = 18 | pages = 2429–39 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 19005266 | pmc = 2699618 | doi = 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831940bb }}</ref> Example of H3 sub-groups are:<ref name="eupedia.com"/> *H3a and H3g, found in north-west Europe; *H3b and H3k, found in the British Isles and Catalonia; *H3c, found in Western Europe, including among the Basques; *H3h, found throughout northern Europe, including the remains of [[Cerdic of Wessex|Cerdic]] (519 to 534), King of Wessex;<ref>{{cite web | title = The Haplogroup H&HV mtGenome Project: H3 | work = mtDNA Test Results for Members | url = https://www.familytreedna.com/public/mtdna_h3/default.aspx?section=mtresults | access-date = 2 October 2015 }}</ref> *H3i found in Ireland and Scotland; *H3j found in Italy; *H3v found especially in Germanic countries and; *H3z found in Atlantic Europe. The basal H3* haplogroup is found among the Tuareg inhabiting the Gossi area in Mali (4.76%).<ref name="Pereira2010"/> ===H5=== {{Main|Haplogroup H5 (mtDNA)}} H5 may have evolved in West Asia, where it is most frequent and diverse in the Western Caucasus. However, its '''H5a''' subclade has a stronger representation in Europe, though at low levels.<ref name="U. Roostalu 2007 pp. 436–448">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roostalu U, Kutuev I, Loogväli EL, Metspalu E, Tambets K, Reidla M, Khusnutdinova EK, Usanga E, Kivisild T, Villems R | display-authors = 6 | title = Origin and expansion of haplogroup H, the dominant human mitochondrial DNA lineage in West Eurasia: the Near Eastern and Caucasian perspective | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 436–48 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17099056 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msl173 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ===H2, H6 and H8=== The H2, H6 and H8 haplogroups are somewhat common in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.<ref name="Pereira" /> They may be the most common H subclades among Central Asians and have also been found in West Asia.<ref name="Loogväli" /> '''H2a5''' has been found in the Basque Country, <ref name=pmid19340307>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alvarez-Iglesias V, Mosquera-Miguel A, Cerezo M, Quintáns B, Zarrabeitia MT, Cuscó I, Lareu MV, García O, Pérez-Jurado L, Carracedo A, Salas A | display-authors = 6 | title = New population and phylogenetic features of the internal variation within mitochondrial DNA macro-haplogroup R0 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = e5112 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19340307 | pmc = 2660437 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0005112 | bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.5112A | doi-access = free }}</ref> and in [[Norway]], [[Ireland]] and [[Slovakia]].<ref name=pmid18853457>{{cite journal | vauthors = van Oven M, Kayser M | title = Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = E386–94 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 18853457 | doi = 10.1002/humu.20921 | s2cid = 27566749 | doi-access = free }}</ref> '''H6a1a1a''' is common among Ashkenazi Jews.<ref name="pmid24104924">{{cite journal | vauthors = Costa MD, Pereira JB, Pala M, Fernandes V, Olivieri A, Achilli A, Perego UA, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Hatina J, Woodward SR, Eng KK, Macaulay V, Carr M, Soares P, Pereira L, Richards MB | title = A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 4 | pages = 2543 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24104924 | pmc = 3806353 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms3543 | bibcode = 2013NatCo...4.2543C }}</ref> === H4 === H4 is often found in the [[Iberian peninsula]],<ref name="pmid19340307" /> [[Great Britain|Britain]] and [[Ireland]] at levels between 1-5% of the population. It is associated with Neolithic migrations. H4 and H13, along with H2 account for 42% of the hg H lineages in Egypt.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bekada A, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, Pestano J, Benhamamouch S, González AM | title = Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = e56775 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23431392 | pmc = 3576335 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0056775 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...856775B | doi-access = free }}</ref> ===H7=== The H7 subhaplogroup is present in both Europe and West Asia. Its subclade '''H7c1''' is present in [[Druze]] people and in [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|page=41|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843}}</ref> '''H7c2''' is present in such peoples as [[Ashkenazi Jews]], [[Sardinians]], and [[Dutch people]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|page=41|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843}}</ref> '''H7e''' is present in [[Ashkenazi Jews]], [[Germans]], [[Sardinians]], and others.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|page=42-43|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843}}</ref> '''H7a1b''' is found today in [[Scotland]], [[England]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]] and [[Sardinia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dulias |first1=Katharina |last2=Birch |first2=Steven |last3=Wilson |first3=James F. |last4=Justeau |first4=Pierre |last5=Gandini |first5=Francesca |last6=Flaquer |first6=Antònia |last7=Soares |first7=Pedro |last8=Richards |first8=Martin B. |last9=Pala |first9=Maria |last10=Edwards |first10=Ceiridwen J. |date=July 2019 |title=Maternal relationships within an Iron Age burial at the High Pasture Cave, Isle of Skye, Scotland |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440319300664 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |language=en |volume=110 |pages=104978 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2019.104978|s2cid=203083206 }}</ref> ===H9=== H9 is present in [[Yemenis]].<ref>{{GenBank|KM986583.1}}</ref> The subclade '''H9a''' exists in [[Welsh people]],<ref>{{GenBank|MH782168.1}}</ref> [[Calabria|Calabrians]]<ref>{{GenBank|JX153272.1}}</ref> and [[Crimean Karaites]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brook |first1=Kevin Alan |date=Summer 2014 |title=The Genetics of Crimean Karaites |url=http://www.karamdergisi.com/Makaleler/909058854_5-%20Brook.pdf |journal=Karadeniz Araştırmaları (Journal of Black Sea Studies) |volume=11 |issue=42 |pages=78–79 |doi=10.12787/KARAM859 |access-date=}}</ref> H9a samples were recovered from two ancient people in [[Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ancient mitogenomes of Phoenicians from Sardinia and Lebanon: A story of settlement, integration, and female mobility|journal = PLOS ONE|volume = 13|issue = 1|pages = e0190169 in S1 Table|publisher=PubMed Central|pmc = 5761892|year = 2018|last1 = Matisoo-Smith|first1 = E.|last2 = Gosling|first2 = A. L.|last3 = Platt|first3 = D.|last4 = Kardailsky|first4 = O.|last5 = Prost|first5 = S.|last6 = Cameron-Christie|first6 = S.|last7 = Collins|first7 = C. J.|last8 = Boocock|first8 = J.|last9 = Kurumilian|first9 = Y.|last10 = Guirguis|first10 = M.|last11 = Pla Orquín|first11 = R.|last12 = Khalil|first12 = W.|last13 = Genz|first13 = H.|last14 = Abou Diwan|first14 = G.|last15 = Nassar|first15 = J.|last16 = Zalloua|first16 = P.|pmid = 29320542|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0190169|bibcode = 2018PLoSO..1390169M|doi-access = free}}</ref> ===H10=== Haplogroup H10 is subclade which came into existence between 6,300 and 10,900 years ago. Its descendant branches are H10a, H10b, H10c, H10d, H10e, H10f, H10g, and H10h.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Behar DM, van Oven M, Rosset S, Metspalu M, Loogväli EL, Silva NM, Kivisild T, Torroni A, Villems R | title = A "Copernican" reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 90 | issue = 4 | pages = 675–84 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22482806 | pmc = 3322232 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002 }}</ref> Haplogroup '''[[Haplogroup H10e (mtDNA)|H10e]]''' has been found at a neolithic site, namely the Bom Santo cave near Lisbon. This is the oldest sample of H10 which has ever been found and it has been dated to 3735 BCE (+- 45 years).<ref>{{Cite book | first = António | last = Faustino de Carvalho | name-list-style = vanc |title=Bom Santo cave (Lisbon) and the middle neolithic societies of southern Portugal|date=2014|publisher=Universidade do Algarvede |isbn=9789899766631|location=Faro|oclc=946308166}}</ref> === H11=== H11 is commonly found in Central Europe.<ref name=pmid19340307/> ===H12=== [[Italians]] are notable carriers of H12 and its two branches. '''H12a''' has been detected in such regions as [[Sicily]]<ref>{{GenBank|MW528315.1}}</ref> and [[Calabria]].<ref>{{GenBank|JX153458.1}}</ref> ===H13=== The H13 subhaplogroup is present in both Europe and West Asia. H13 is also found in the Caucasus; '''H13c''' was found in a 9,700 year old sample in Mesolithic Georgia<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Eppie R. |last2=Gonzalez-Fortes |first2=Gloria |last3=Connell |first3=Sarah |last4=Siska |first4=Veronika |last5=Eriksson |first5=Anders |last6=Martiniano |first6=Rui |last7=McLaughlin |first7=Russell L. |last8=Gallego Llorente |first8=Marcos |last9=Cassidy |first9=Lara M. |last10=Gamba |first10=Cristina |last11=Meshveliani |first11=Tengiz |last12=Bar-Yosef |first12=Ofer |last13=Müller |first13=Werner |last14=Belfer-Cohen |first14=Anna |last15=Matskevich |first15=Zinovi |last16=Jakeli |first16=Nino |last17=Higham |first17=Thomas F. G. |last18=Currat |first18=Mathias |last19=Lordkipanidze |first19=David |last20=Hofreiter |first20=Michael |last21=Manica |first21=Andrea |last22=Pinhasi |first22=Ron |last23=Bradley |first23=Daniel G. |title=Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians |journal=Nature Communications |date=16 November 2015 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=8912 |doi=10.1038/ncomms9912 |pmid=26567969 |pmc=4660371 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.8912J }}</ref> and '''H13a2a''' and '''H13a2b''' are found in [[Armenians]] in Armenia.<ref>{{GenBank|MF362786.1}}</ref><ref>{{GenBank|KX230571.1}}</ref> ===H15=== H15 includes the base level and the branches H15a and H15b. '''H15a1b''' is present in [[Greeks]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|page=135|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843}}</ref> '''H15b''' is present in [[Armenians]], [[Druze]], [[Ashkenazi Jews]], [[Danes]], and other peoples of Europe and the Near East.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|page=50|date=2022|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=978-1644699843}}</ref> ===H18=== H18 occurs on the Arabian Peninsula. <ref name="ennafaa">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ennafaa H, Cabrera VM, Abu-Amero KK, González AM, Amor MB, Bouhaha R, Dzimiri N, Elgaaïed AB, Larruga JM | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup H structure in North Africa | journal = BMC Genetics | volume = 10 | pages = 8 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19243582 | pmc = 2657161 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2156-10-8 }}</ref> ===H20 and H21=== These haplogroups are both found in the Caucasus region.<ref name="U. Roostalu 2007 pp. 436–448"/> H20 also appears at low levels in the Iberian Peninsula (less than 1%), Arabian Peninsula (1%) and Near East (2%).<ref name="ennafaa" /> ===H22 through H95a === These subclades are found mostly in Europe, South-West Asia and Central Asia. '''H53''' is encountered in such countries as [[Spain]] (including among [[Basques]])<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-05-27|title=Homo sapiens isolate ESP_19_00000014 mitochondrion, complete genome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN046424.1|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Poland]]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-02-14|title=Homo sapiens isolate J189 mitochondrion, complete genome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG646120.1|language=en-US}}</ref> and as far east as [[Xinjiang]] in western China (among [[Uyghurs]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-02-28|title=Homo sapiens isolate We1474 mitochondrion, complete genome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KU683584.1|language=en-US}}</ref> '''H91a''' is associated with the Uyghur ethnic minority of western China.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-02-28|title=Homo sapiens isolate We0454 mitochondrion, complete genome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KU683042.1|language=en-US}}</ref> ===H96 through H108 === These were the most recently discovered and named major branches of H. '''H105''' is found in [[Italy]] and [[Hungary]].<ref name="FTDNA">[https://www.familytreedna.com/public/mt-dna-haplotree/H MtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA]</ref> '''H106''' is found in [[Italy]], [[France]], [[Austria]], [[England]], and [[Germany]].<ref name="FTDNA">[https://www.familytreedna.com/public/mt-dna-haplotree/H MtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA]</ref> '''H107''' is encountered in [[Russia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-04-02|title=Homo sapiens isolate 23_Ps haplogroup H107 mitochondrion, complete genome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KY670896.1|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Tree== [[File:Phylogeny of haplogroup H.png|thumb|Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup H]] This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup H subclades is based on Build 17 (February 2016) of the Phylotree, an internationally accepted standard.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phylotree.org/tree/R0.htm |title=PhyloTree.org mtDNA subtree R0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201124007/https://phylotree.org/tree/R0.htm |archive-date=2023-02-01 }}</ref> The full tree can be viewed at Phylotree. {|class="talk collapsed collapsible" |- ! mtDNA HG "H" p-tree |- style="text-align: left;" ! *HV **H ***H1 ***H2 ***H3 ***H4 ***H5'36 ***H6 ***H7 *** (T195C!) ****(T146C!) *****H8 *****H31 ****H11 ****H12 ****H91 ****H108 ***(T152C!) ****H9 ****H32 ****H46 ****H52 ****H69 ****H103 ****H107 ***H10 ***H13 ***H14 ***H15 ***H16 ***H18 ***H20 ***H21 ***H22 ***H23 ***H24 ***H25 ***H26 ***H28 ***H29 ***H30 ***H33 ***(C16291T) ****H34 ****H64 ****H85 ***H35 ***H39 ***H40 ***H41 ***H42 ***H43 ***H44 ***H45 ***H47 ***H48 ***H49 ***H50 ***H51 ***H53 ***H54 ***H55 ***H56 ***H57 ***H58 ***H59 ***H60 ***H61 ***H62 ***H63 ***H65 ***H66 ***H67 ***H70 ***H71 ***H72 ***H73 ***H74 ***H75 ***H76 ***H77 ***H78 ***H79 ***H80 ***H81 ***H82 ***H83 ***H84 ***H86 ***H87 ***H88 ***H89 ***H90 ***H92 ***H93 ***H94 ***H95 ***H96 ***H100 ***H101 ***H102 ***H104 ***H105 ***H106 |} ==Genetic traits== Haplogroup H was found as a possible increased risk factor for [[ischemic cardiomyopathy]] development.<ref name="Fernandez-Caggiano">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fernández-Caggiano M, Barallobre-Barreiro J, Rego-Pérez I, Crespo-Leiro MG, Paniagua MJ, Grillé Z, Blanco FJ, Doménech N | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial haplogroups H and J: risk and protective factors for ischemic cardiomyopathy | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | pages = e44128 | date = 2012 | pmid = 22937160 | pmc = 3429437 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0044128 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...744128F | doi-access = free }}</ref> ==Popular culture== In his popular book ''[[The Seven Daughters of Eve]]'', [[Bryan Sykes]] named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup ''Helena''. [[Stephen Oppenheimer]] uses the very similar name ''Helina'' in his book ''The Origins of the British''. == See also == {{Commons category|Haplogroup H (mtDNA)}} *[[Genealogical DNA test]] *[[Genetic genealogy]] *[[Human mitochondrial genetics]] *[[Population genetics]] *[[SNPedia]] {{mtDNA}} == References == {{Reflist|2}} == External links == *General **Ian Logan's [https://web.archive.org/web/20111209150338/http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/mtDNA.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site] **Mannis van Oven's [http://www.phylotree.org Phylotree] *Haplogroup H **[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/h%20mtdna%20haplogroup/default.aspx mtDNA Haplogroup H Project] at [[familytreedna|Family Tree DNA]] **National Geographic's [https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm024 Spread of Haplogroup H], from ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' **mtDNA [https://archive.today/20130415201610/http://www.snpedia.org/index.php/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA) Haplogroup H] article at [[SNPedia]] **Amelia's [http://www.olypen.com/amelia/helena/ Helena] ** {{cite journal | vauthors = Loogväli EL, Roostalu U, Malyarchuk BA, Derenko MV, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Tambets K, Reidla M, Tolk HV, Parik J, Pennarun E, Laos S, Lunkina A, Golubenko M, Barac L, Pericic M, Balanovsky OP, Gusar V, Khusnutdinova EK, Stepanov V, Puzyrev V, Rudan P, Balanovska EV, Grechanina E, Richard C, Moisan JP, Chaventré A, Anagnou NP, Pappa KI, Michalodimitrakis EN, Claustres M, Gölge M, Mikerezi I, Usanga E, Villems R | display-authors = 6 | title = Disuniting uniformity: a pied cladistic canvas of mtDNA haplogroup H in Eurasia | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = 2012–21 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15254257 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msh209 | doi-access = free }} **Genebase's [https://web.archive.org/web/20110503182303/http://www.genebase.com/learning/article/20 Tutorials on mtDNA Haplogroup H] **Genebase's [https://web.archive.org/web/20080626010657/http://www.genebase.com/doc/mtdnaHaplogroup_H_Tree.pdf Phylogenetic tree of mtDNA Haplogroup H] **Genebase's [https://web.archive.org/web/20080626010659/http://www.genebase.com/doc/mtdnaHaplogroup_H_Subclade_Distribution_Map.pdf Geographical distribution of mtDNA Haplogroup H] **Haplogroup and Subcluster Frequencies for European Populations: {{cite journal | vauthors = Helgason A, Hickey E, Goodacre S, Bosnes V, Stefánsson K, Ward R, Sykes B | display-authors = 6 | title = mtDna and the islands of the North Atlantic: estimating the proportions of Norse and Gaelic ancestry | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 68 | issue = 3 | pages = 723–37 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11179019 | pmc = 1274484 | doi = 10.1086/318785 }} **[http://dgmweb.net/genealogy/DNA/DK/DanishDemes-mtDNA-results-HgH.shtml Danish Demes Regional DNA Project: mtDNA Haplogroup H]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} **[http://www.surveybuilder.com/s/LQrSshoWwAA?source_id=3&source_type=web Survey/study open to men who are in any branch of Haplogroup H] **[http://www.surveybuilder.com/s/LQrSshUtwAA?source_id=3&source_type=web Survey/study open to women who are in any branch of Haplogroup H] *Haplogroup H1 **[https://web.archive.org/web/20060517085505/http://home.comcast.net/~libpjr1/H1.htm Hope] The H1 mtDNA Haplogroup Project {{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup H (Mtdna)}} [[Category:Human mtDNA haplogroups]]'