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'{{Other uses}} {{Infobox Ethnic group |group = Pardo-Brazilian |image = |popplace = Entire country; highest percents found in the [[North Region, Brazil|North]] and [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] regions of Brazil. |poptime= 79,000,000<br><small>42.6% of [[Brazil]]'s population<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2006/indic_sociais2006.pdf ] Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística</ref></small> |langs = Predominantly [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |rels = 74% [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]], 18.2% [[Protestant]], 5.6% [[non-religious]], 2% other denominations ([[Spiritist|Kardecist]], [[Umbanda]], [[Candomblé]])<ref name="FGV">{{pt}} [http://www.fgv.br/cps/simulador/REL/POF_2_LGA/tabelas.asp Study ''Panorama of religions'']. [[Fundação Getúlio Vargas]], 2003.</ref> |related = [[White Brazilian]], [[Native Brazilian]], [[Black Brazilian]] }} In [[Brazil]], '''Pardo''' is a race/colour category used by the [[IBGE|Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] (IBGE) in Brazilian censuses. The word is [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for "brown" or "grey-brown". The other categories are ''branco'' ("[[white people|White]]"), ''negro'' ("[[black people|Black]]"), ''amarelo'' ("yellow", meaning [[Asian people|East Asians]]), and ''indígena'' ("indigenous", meaning [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindians]]). Pardo was also a ''[[casta]]'' classification used in Colonial [[Hispanic America|Spanish America]] from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, and was used to classify a racially mixed individual who did not fall within the racially mixed categories (castes) of [[Mulatto]], [[Zambo]], or [[Mestizo]] due to the fact that a Pardo is a mixture of all 3 colonial races - White, Black, and Amerindian - and not a mix of just 2 races. The term Pardo was used primarily in small areas of Spanish America whose economy was based on African Slavery during Spain's colonial period. ==Definitions of Pardo== According to [[IBGE]] (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), ''Pardo'' is a broad classification that encompasses Brazilians of mixed race ancestry, [[mulatto]]s, and assimilated indigenous people ("'''[[caboclo]]s'''"). The term "pardo" was first used in a Brazilian census in 1872. The following census, in 1890, replaced the word "pardo" by ''mestiço'' (mixed). The censuses of 1900 and 1920 did not ask about race, arguing that "''the answers largely hid the truth''".<ref name=magnoli>MAGNOLI, Demétrio. Uma Gota de Sangue, Editora Contexto 2008 (2008)</ref> The question about race reappeared in the 1940 census. In this census, "pardo" was not given as an option, but if the answer was different from the options "white", "black", and "yellow", a horizontal line was drawn into the "colour" box. When the census data came to be tabulated, all responses with horizontal lines were collected into the single category of "pardo". The term "pardo" was not used as an option as an assurance to the public that census data would not be used for discriminatory purposes, as a result of rising European racism at the time.<ref name=KertzerArel>{{cite book|title=Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses|author=David I. Kertzer and Dominique Arel|pages=63&ndash;64|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521004276}}</ref> In the 1950 census, "pardo" was actually added as a choice of answer.<ref name=KertzerArel /> This trend remains, with the exception of the 1970 census, which also did not ask about race.<ref name=magnoli/> The 20th century saw a large growth of the "pardo" population.<ref name=magnoli/> In 1940, 21.2% of Brazilians were classified as "pardos". In 2000, they had increased to 38.5% of the population. This is only partially due to the continuous process of miscegenation in the Brazilian population{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}. Races are molded in accordance with perceptions and ideologies prevalent in each historical moment. In the 20th century, a significant part of Brazilians who used to self-report to be Black in earlier censuses chose to move to the Pardo category{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}. Also a significant part of the population that used to self-report to be White also moved to the Pardo category{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}. Magnoli describes this phenomenon as the "pardização" (''pardization'') of Brazil.<ref name=magnoli/> == Ancestry == According to an autosomal DNA study (the autosomal study is about the sum of the ancestors of a person, unlike mtDNA or yDNA haplogroup studies, who cover only one single line), the "pardos" in Rio de Janeiro were found to be predominantly European, at roughly 70% (see table). The geneticist Sérgio Pena criticised foreign scholar Edward Telles for lumping "blacks" and "pardos" in the same category, given the predominant European ancestry of the "pardos" throughout Brazil. According to him, "the autosomal genetic analysis that we have performed in non related individuals from Rio de Janeiros shows that it does not make any sense to put "blacks" and "pardos" in the same category".<ref>[http://www.laboratoriogene.com.br/geneImprensa/2009/pensamento.pdf]</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" table style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em;" |- ! style="background:#f99;" colspan="5"|Genomic ancestry of non-related individuals in Rio de Janeiro |- |Cor||Number of individuals||Amerindian||African||European |- |White||107||6.7%||6.9%||86.4% |- |"parda"||119||8.3%||23.6%||68.1% |- |Black||109||7.3%||50.9%||41.8% |- |} Another autosomal DNA study has confirmed that the European ancestry is dominant throughout in the Brazilian population, regardless of complexion, "pardos" included. "A new portrayal of each ethnicity contribution to the DNA of Brazilians, obtained with samples from the five regions of the country, has indicated that, on average, European ancestors are responsible for nearly 80% of the genetic heritage of the population. The variation between the regions is small, with the possible exception of the South, where the European contribution reaches nearly 90%. The results, published by the scientific magazine 'American Journal of Human Biology' by a team of the Catholic University of Brasília, show that, in Brazil, physical indicators such as skin colour, colour of the eyes and colour of the hair have little to do with the genetic ancestry of each person, which has been shown in previous studies".<ref>http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u633465.shtml</ref> According to another autosomal DNA study conducted on a school in the poor periphery of Rio de Janeiro the "pardos" there were found to be on average over 80% European, and the "whites" (who thought of themselves as "very mixed") were found out to carry very little Amerindian and/or African admixtures. "The results of the tests of genomic ancestry are quite different from the self made estimates of European ancestry", say the researchers. In general, the test results showed that European ancestry is far more important than the students thought it would be. The "pardos" for example thought of themselves as 1/3 European, 1/3 African and 1/3 Amerindian before the tests, and yet their ancestry was determined to be at over 80% European. <ref>http://www.meionews.com.br/index.php/noticias/21-estado-do-rio/4607-negros-e-pardos-do-rio-tem-mais-genes-europeus-do-que-imaginam-segundo-estudo.html</ref> <ref>http://www4.ensp.fiocruz.br/informe/anexos/ric.pdf</ref> ==History== The formation of the Brazilian people is marked by a mixture of whites, blacks and Indians.<ref name=Freyre>Freyre, Gilberto. Casa-Grande e Senzala, Edition. 51, 2006 (2006).</ref> According to geneticist Sérgio Pena "''with the exception of immigrants of first or second generation, there is no Brazilian who does not carry a bit of African and Amerindian genetic''".<ref>[http://www.ufcg.edu.br/prt_ufcg/assessoria_imprensa/mostra_noticia.php?codigo=5289 Metade de negros em pesquisa tem ancestral europeu]</ref> The colonization of Brazil was characterised by a small proportion of women among the settlers.<ref name=Ribeiro>RIBEIRO, Darcy. O Povo Brasileiro, Companhia de Bolso, fourth reprint, 2008 (2008).</ref> As there was a male predominance in the European contingent present in Brazil, most [[sexual partner]]s of those settlers were, initially, Amerindian or African women, and, later, mixed-race women.<ref name=Ribeiro/> This sexual asymmetry is marked on the genetics of the Brazilian people, regardless of skin color: there is a predominance of European Y chromosomes, and of Amerindian and African MtDNA.<ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1234928 The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages]</ref> In the first century of colonization, there was generalised interbreeding between Portuguese males and Amerindian females in Brazil. However, the Amerindian population was decimated by epidemics, wars and slavery.<ref name=Ribeiro/> Since 1550, African slaves began to be brought to Brazil in large numbers. Miscegenation between Portuguese males and African females was common. European and Asiatic immigrants who came to Brazil in the 19th and 20th centuries (Portuguese, Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Arab, Japanese, etc.) also participated in the process. Among many of the immigrant groups in Brazil, there was a large predominance of men. A genetic study conducted on White Brazilians suggests that the European and African mixture prevailed in Southeastern and Northeastern Brazil, both the most populous regions of Brazil. European and Amerindian mixture prevailed in Northern and Southern Brazil. Central-Western Brazil was not included at this study.<ref name="pubmedcentral.nih.gov">[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1287189&rendertype=table&id=TB4 Frequency of Continent-Specific mtDNA Haplotypes in the Brazilian mtDNA Pool]</ref> Miscegenation between Whites and Blacks predominated in Brazil in general; however, there are regional exceptions where the indigenous element was more remarkable. Northern Brazil in general, [[Sertão]] (interior of Northeast) and the [[Pampa]] region in the South (Southwest Rio Grande do Sul)<ref>[http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/?art=3194&bd=1&pg=1&lg= O DNA dos Pampas]</ref> are some of the Brazilian areas where the Amerindian element was more important than the African one. However, in all Brazilian regions European, African and Amerindian genetic markers are found on the local populations, even though the proportion of each varies from region to region.<ref name="pubmedcentral.nih.gov"/> Not all descendants of this mixture of peoples are included in the "parda" category. Since racial classifications in Brazil are based on phenotype, rather than ancestry, a large part of the self-reported White population has African and Amerindian ancestors<ref name=Telles>{{cite book|pages=81&ndash;84|title=Race in Another America: the significance of skin color in Brazil|author=Edward Eric Telles|chapter=Racial Classification|year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691118663}}</ref>. Besides skin color, there are social factors that influence the racial classifications in Brazil, such as [[social class]], [[wealth]], racial prejudice and stigma of being Black, Mulatto or Amerindian.<ref name=Ribeiro/> ==Moreno== In daily usage, Brazilians use the ambiguous<ref>Edward Telles. [http://books.google.com.br/books?id=YwJoyyXm7ZkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=race+in+another+america&ei=V7OKS7P5JobIywSh-ISXDg&client=firefox-a&cd=1#v=onepage&q=moreno&f=false Race in another America: the significance of skin color in Brazil]. p. 82: "'Ethnographers have found the term ambiguous enough to substitute for almost any other color category''."</ref> term "'''[[moreno]]'''", a word that means "dark-skinned", "dark-haired", "tawny", "Brown" (when referring to people), "suntanned".<ref>[http://en.bab.la/dictionary/portuguese-english/moreno.html Portuguese-English translation for moreno]</ref> "Moreno" is often used as an intermediate colour category, similar to "pardo", but its meaning is significantly broader, including people who self identify as Black, White, Yellow and Indigenous in the IBGE classification system<ref>Edward Telles. [http://books.google.com.br/books?id=YwJoyyXm7ZkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=race+in+another+america&ei=V7OKS7P5JobIywSh-ISXDg&client=firefox-a&cd=1#v=onepage&q=moreno&f=false Race in another America: the significance of skin color in Brazil]. p. 87.</ref>. In a 1995 survey, 32% of the population self-identified as "moreno", with a further 6% self-identifying as "moreno claro" ("light brown"), and 7% self-identified as "pardo". Telles describes both classifications as "biologically invalid", but sociologically significant.<ref name=Telles/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Demographics of Brazil}} {{Brazil topics}} [[Category:Brazilian society]] [[Category:Ethnonyms]] [[Category:Social issues]] [[Category:Social groups]] [[Category:Race]] [[pt:Pardos]] [[ru:Парду]] [[uk:Пардо]]'