Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{infobox
| bodyclass = vcard
| above = Meesum ibn Yahyā <br> {{small|{{lang-ar|ميثم ابن يـحيى }}}}
| image = [[File:Maytham tammar shrine.jpg|300px]]
|caption = Maytham al-Tammar shrine in Kufa,Iraq
| header2 = Titles: al-Tammar {{small|{{lang-ar|التمار}}}} and al-Kufi
| header3 =
|label4= Birthplace
|data4= [[Nahrawan]], Persia
|label5= Occupation
|data5= Market store owner (sold [[Phoenix dactylifera|dates]] and other fruits)
|label6= Known For
|data6= Being a loyal companion of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
|label7= Influences
|data7= [[Allah]], [[Muhammad]], [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], and the [[Ahl al-Bayt]]
|label8= Died
|data8= 22 [[Dhul Hijjah]] 60 H (November 20, 680 AD).
|label9= Burial Place
|data9= [[Kufa]], [[Iraq]]
|label10= Coordinates
|data10= {{coord|32|00|25|N|44|20|19|E|region:IQ_source:kolossus-fawik}}
|label11= Cause of Death
|data11=
|label12= Father
|data12= Yahyā
|label13= Son
|data13= Muhammad, Ali, Hamza, Shuayb, Saleh, Imran
|label14= Religion
|data14= [[Islam]]
}}
'''Maytham ibn Yaḥyā al-Tammār''' or '''Meesum al Tammar''' ({{lang-ar|ميثم ابن يـحيى التمار}}) was an early Islamic scholar, a companion and disciple of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be5DeNM8d1EC&dq=Maytham+al-Tammar&pg=PA55 |title=Shiʻite Islam |first=Muhammad Husayn |last=Tabatabaei |authorlink=Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei |year=1977 |publisher=SUNY Press |edition=2nd |isbn=9780791494608 |page=55}}</ref>
==Birth and early life==
Maytham ibn Yaḥyā was born at Nahrawān, an area near Kūfā.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation">Kamāl, Sayyid. ''Maytham Al-Tammar''. Trans. Jasim Alyawy. Qum, Iran: Ansariyan Foundation, n.d. Print.</ref> He was the son of Yaḥyā, hence, ibn Yahyā (which means son of Yahyā).
=== Early life ===
A lady from [[Banu Asad]] bought Maytham (as a slave).<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> Accordingly, Maytham worked for this lady until the [[caliphate]] of [[Ali]].<ref name="Tahrike">Mufīd, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad. ''The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams'' = Kitāb Al-irshād. Trans. I. K. A. Howard. Elmhurst, NY: Tahrike Tarsile Qurʼan, 1981. Print. p. 243</ref><ref name="Institute for Research and Islamic Studies">Talikani, Sayyid Mahmud., Murtaza Mutahhari, Ali Shariati, Mehdi Abedi, and Gary Legenhausen. ''Jihad and Shahadat: Struggle and Martyrdom in Islam''. Houston, TX: Institute for Research and Islamic Studies, 1986. Print. {{ISBN|0932625002}} p. 281</ref>
==Maytham's titles==
As a slave of [[Nabataeans of Iraq|'Nabataean']] (native Iraqi, [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]-speaking) origin living in Kufa, Maytham originally was a {{transliteration|ar|[[mawla|mawlā]]}} (a non-Arab client of an Arab tribe).<ref name="Nakshawani">Nakshawani, Ammar. "Biography of Maytham al-Tammar". Lecture. Muharram. Canada, Toronto. Thaqlain, 29 Nov. 2009. Web. 05 July 2013.</ref> But after Maytham was freed from the shackles of slavery, he no longer was addressed as a {{transliteration|ar|mawlā}}. The second and most famous title given to Maytham was al-Tammār, stems from the Arabic word Tammār. In Arabic, Tammār means dates (a type of fruit).<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Therefore, al-Tammār means "the date seller".<ref name="Institute for Research and Islamic Studies" /><ref name="Tabataba'i, Hossein Modarressi 2003. p. 42">Tabataba'i, Hossein Modarressi, and Hossein Modarressi. Tradition and Survival: A Bibliographical Survey of Early Shī'ite Literature. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oneworld, 2003. Print. {{ISBN|1851683313}} p. 42</ref> In [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Tamar (name)|Tamar]] means palm tree, date palm, or dates.<ref>[http://www.behindthename.com/name/tamar "View Name: Tamar". Behind the Name. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 July 2013.]</ref> Meesum received the title al-Tammar because he owned a market store in [[Kufa]] where he would sell dates and other types of fruit.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> In addition, al-Kūfī was another title given to Maytham.<ref>Tabataba'i, Muhammad. ''The Return to Being''. Trans. Fazel Amjad and Mahdi Bozorgi. London, England: ICAS, 2009. Print. {{ISBN|1-904063-36-5}} Pg.17</ref> Al-Kūfī simply means a person from [[Kufa]].
==Freedom from slavery==
After the time of prophet Muhammad and the martyrdom of [[Uthman ibn Affan|Uthman]], Ali succeeded him as the fourth [[Rashidun|Sunni Rashidun]] Caliph, in the year 656 AD. As the new caliph, Ali moved the Islamic capital from [[Medina]] to [[Kufa]] for two reasons: to keep [[Mu'awiyah I]] in check,<ref name="Nakshawani" /> and because Kufa had an illustrious history (many prophets of [[Allah]] lived in Kufa).<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Moving to Kufa, Ali ibn Abi Talib use to go around the city of Kufa. It is documented that if he encountered a slave he would try to free him or her.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> One day, Ali saw a lady from the [[Banu Asad]] tribe, who had a male slave of [[Nabataeans of Iraq|'Nabataean']] origin.<ref name="Tahrike" /><ref name="Institute for Research and Islamic Studies" /><ref name="Tabataba'i, Hossein Modarressi 2003. p. 42"/> Ali ibn Abi Talib approached the woman and began to converse with her, in order to purchasing the slave, Salim. The two started to negotiate a price, and the lady's initial asking price was 50 [[dinar]].<ref name="Nakshawani" /> As Ali ibn Abi Talib gave her the 50 dinar she changed the price to 100 dinar.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> She kept raising the price, since she realized that Ali was willing to pay her a much higher price.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Seeing the price soar, a companion of Ali then asked, "O Amir al-Momineen (Ali ibn Abi Talib), who is this man? What is he? He's originally a Nabataean, he is a slave, what the point of paying this much?"<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Finally, she settled at 500 dinar.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Ali handed her the 500 dinar. She then called Salim and stated to him that Ali has purchased you. After buying Salim, Ali set him free from the shackles of slavery for the way of [[Allah]].<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Tahrike" /><ref name="Institute for Research and Islamic Studies" /> It demonstrated the Islamic view of slavery; Islam establishes that slavery is immoral and that all humans are equal in the perspective of [[Allah]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Vanessa| title=The Qajar Pact | publisher=I.B.Tauris | year=2005| isbn=1-85043-763-7 |pages=150, 151}}</ref> The only thing that differentiates a human is their [[Taqwa]]. Islam called for a gradual emancipation of slaves.<ref>Khattab, A. M. ''Islam's Position on Slavery''. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. p. 2</ref><ref>Ahmad, Mirza B. ''Islam and Slavery''. Qadian, India: Dawat-o-Tabligh, 1975. Print.</ref><ref>[http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=articles "How Islam Tackled the Problem of Slavery". Islamweb. N.p., 18 Mar. 2012. Web. 18 July 2013.]</ref><ref>[http://www.themuslimtimes.org/2011/12/law-and-religion/concubines-and-the-holy-quran Shah, Zia H. "Concubines and The Holy Quran". ''The Muslim Times''. N.p., 2010. Web. 19 July 2013.]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml "Slavery in Islam". BBC News. BBC, 07 Sept. 2009. Web. 18 July 2013]</ref> Meaning that masters/owners should not just set slaves free but they should help them build a foundation financially so that they (slaves) could support themselves.<ref>Nakshawani, Ammar. "How & Why Islam Reformed Slavery". N.p., 15 July 2007. Web. 19 July 2013.</ref> Thus, Imam Ali took Meesum under his wings after he freed Meesum. Moreover, a person who frees a slave is showered with blessing and would be protected from hell fire.<ref>Maudoodi, Syed Abul ʻAla. ''Human Rights in Islam''. Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 1976. Print. p. 20</ref>
=== Mesum's first encounter with Ali ===
After Ali set him free, he greeted Salim by the name Meesum.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> Meesum was the name that his mother gave to him after his birth; no one in Kufa knew that Meesum was Salim's real name.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Upon hearing a stranger calling him by Meesum, Salim was shocked, baffled, and astonished that a person other than his parents knew about his real name (Meesum).<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> He questioned Ali as to how did he knew that Meesum was his real name.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> Ali replied, "Come with me do not worry. Allah's Apostle ([[Prophet Muhammad]]) has told me that the Iranians call you Meesum.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> Still shocked, Meesum willing went with Ali who would later become his best friend and teacher.
Salim (a.k.a. Meesum) himself narrates this event:
:Ali: "[[As-salamu alaykum|Salamu alaykum]] Meesum."
:Salim: "What did you say?"
:Ali: "Salamu alaykum Meesum."
:Salim: "Nobody knows my name except my parents. How did you know my name?"
:Ali: "Do not worry, there are areas of knowledge that I may know, which you do not know. Come near me. I want you to come with me."
:Salim: "How did you know my name? There is no one in [[Kufa]] that knows me by Meesum. My mother named me Meesum. Only a person of great knowledge knows that thats my original name."
:Ali: "Come with me do not worry. Allah's Apostle (Prophet [[Muhammad]]) has told me that the Iranians call you Meesum."
:Salim: "Allah and His Apostle are truthful."<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" />
Other narrations state that Ali ibn Abi Talib tells Salim, "Your name is Meesum, you are Iranian, you are of Iranian origin. Be proud of your Iranian origin."<ref name="Ali Abbas">Razawi, Ali Abbas. "Maytham Al-Tammar". N.p., 25 Jan. 2013. Web. 05 July 2013.</ref>
==The Counterfeit Money Incident==
The caliph, Ali, would at times visit the market place of Kufa.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> In his visits he would stop by Meesum's store to converse with him. One day, Meesum was at his market store in Kufa selling dates. Ali approached Meesum and said to him to take a prayer break.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Other variants of this event state that Ali told Meesum to take a break and visit his family.<ref name="Ali Abbas" /> Another variant states that Meesum went to go buy something.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> Before leaving, Meesum requested Ali to sell some dates.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> While Meesum was gone, Ali looked over his shop.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> A shopper came looking to buy some dates. He looked around and them purchased four dates from Ali.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Some variants say he purchased four [[Dirhams]] worth of dates.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> But he purchased the dates using counterfeit money (fake money).<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> Eventually, Meesum returned to his stall and asked Ali if he managed to sell any dates.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Ali tells Meesum he sold some dates and handed Meesum the money. Meesum was shocked that Ali sold the dates and did not realize that the money was fake.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> However, Ali mentions to Meesum to remain patient because the shopper would come back for a reason.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> Meesum became confused, he had a feeling that the shopper would not come back because he essentially got free dates.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> A couple hours passed by, the man returned to Meesum's market shop upset at the taste of the dates that he recently purchased from the ruling caliph of the time, Ali.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> The man requested for a return. Ali then tells the man the dates were bitter because the money you gave was bitter (fake).<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> The man was surprised and astonished. He then took his counterfeit money and left.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" />
Meesum himself narrates this event:
:Ali: "Meesum go and have a break. Go and pray your [[Salat|Salah]]. I will look after your date stall."
:Meesum: "Very well. Try and sell a few dates if you could sell anything."
:Ali: "Do not worry, just go and pray."<ref name="Nakshawani" />
(Other variation of this event says that Meesum wanted to go and buy something. Another variation states that Ali said to Meesum to go and give your family some time.)<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Ali Abbas" />
Meesum comes back:
:Meesum: "O Amir al-Momineen (Ali), did you manage to sell?"
:Ali: "Yes, I managed to sell."
:Meesum: "How much?"
:Ali: "I managed, [[Alhamdulillah]] to sell four dates." (Other variations state that Ali sold four [[Dirhams]] (currency) worth of dates.)<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" />
:Meesum: "Where the money?"
:Ali: "Here is the money."
:Meesum: "Imam this person has given you bitter money (fake money). It's not real."
:Ali: "Meesum sit down, do not worry. Allah will provide Rizq (sustenance/livelihood). The owner of the dirhams (money) will come back."
:Meesum: "The man bought the dates by false dirhams! Why will he come back?"<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" />
The man returns:
:The Man: "These dates that you have given me taste bitter." (Some variants say "I don't want these dates! They are bitter! Why are they bitter?")
:Ali: "Because the money you gave was bitter" (Some variants say "Because your dirhams are false!")<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" />
==Meesum's Views of Ali==
Meesum viewed Ali in a very positive light. He saw him as a humble and down to earth [[Caliph]], who sought to teach his fellow citizens manners, religion, and a good lifestyle.<ref name="Nakshawani" /><ref name="Knowledge" /> Meesum himself says, "Only Allah knows what lessons I learned from Ali ibn Abi Talib. I didn't find a human on this earth like Amir al-Momineen (Ali). If you want to see the embodiment of humility, then see what I saw with Ali ibn Abi Talib.<ref name="Nakshawani" /><ref name="Knowledge">Yusufali, Shaneali. "Maytham al-Tammar". Knowledge 2011: 12-13. Print. p. 12</ref> He also says, "Ali ibn Abi Talib is the caliph of the state and I am a Tammar (date seller). Amir al-Momineen would come and sit by me. I would be there, I would sell dates. He would come and sit near me. Which king would sit next to a man selling dates. Whereas Ali ibn Abi Talib would come, sit near me. Look at the humility of the man (referring to Ali)."<ref name="Nakshawani" /><ref name="Knowledge" /> Furthermore, people who knew the [[caliph]], Ali, were astonished to find him at times sitting next to a Tammar (date seller) conversing.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" />
==Teachings of Ali==
As the cousin of [[Muhammad]], Ali would follow his footsteps and educate people about the teachings of [[Islam]]. He taught/trained many religious scholars both Muslims and non-Muslims.<ref name="Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 1989. p. 145">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, Hamid Dabashi, and Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr. Expectation of the Millennium: Shiʻism in History. Albany: State University of New York, 1989. Print. {{ISBN|1438414269}} p. 145</ref><ref name="Mohammadi, Seyed Ali Farid 2013. p. 7">Mohammadi, Seyed Ali Farid. ''Shi'i Hagiography: Highlights about the Lives of Five Illustrious and Eminent Shi'i Personalities''. N.p.: University of Michigan, 2013. Print. {{ISBN|1907905065}} p. 7</ref> Among these religious scholars was Meesum al-Tammar.<ref name="Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 1989. p. 145"/><ref name="Mohammadi, Seyed Ali Farid 2013. p. 7"/> Ali ibn Abi Talib took Meesum under his wings, he taught Meesum many secrets about faith, religion, and the world. In addition, he taught Meesum many branches of knowledge, including ''ilm-e-Manaya wal Balaya'' (esoteric knowledge of future events) and ''ilm-e-Taweel'' (interpretation and exegesis of the [[Quran]]).<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /><ref name="Takim, Liyakatali 2007. pp. 93, 122">Takim, Liyakatali. ''The Heirs of The Prophet: Charisma and Religious Authority in Shi'ite Islam''. Albany: State University of New York, 2007. Print. {{ISBN|0791467384}} pp. 93, 122, 129</ref> It is documented that Ali would take Meesum to a nearby desert in the middle of the night to teach him about future affairs/matters/events.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> At times with the permission of his master/teacher, Meesum used to acquaint the public about the deep secrets that he learned from Ali.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> On account of the frank speech of Meesum, people used to think that Meesum had lost his head/gone insane.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> They could hardly understand the depth and logic of his words.
Teachings narrated by Meesum:
: "Ali ibn Abi Talib taught us the first lesson in life that whatever job you have as a human being, if your earning wealth in [[Halal]] it's a worship of [[Allah]] (God)."<ref name="Nakshawani" /><ref name="Knowledge" />
=== Ilm-e-Manaya wal Balaya ===
As a student of Ali, Meesum was taught various categories of knowledge.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Takim, Liyakatali 2007. pp. 93, 122"/> One of these categories was ilm-e-Manaya wal Balaya (the knowledge of death and future calamities).<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /><ref name="Takim, Liyakatali 2007. pp. 93, 122"/> With ilm-e-Manaya wal Balaya, Meesum prophesied specific events that would occur in the future.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /><ref name="Takim, Liyakatali 2007. pp. 93, 122"/> According to [[Mohammad ibn Umar Kashshi|Kashshi]] and Liyakatali Takim, Meesum possessed supernatural knowledge unmatched by ordinary people.<ref name="Takim, Liyakatali 2007. pp. 93, 122"/> Kashshi also mentions that Meesum's ability to predict future events was a feat that was later matched by Muhammad ibn Sinan.<ref name="Takim, Liyakatali 2007. pp. 93, 122"/>
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==== The Prophecy of Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan's Death====
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==== The Neighbor Prophecy (Amr ibn Huraith)====
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==Mesum The Scholar==
Meesum became one of the top scholars of his time, in part of his desire to increase his understanding about various subjects and the teachings of Ali.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> People would come to Meesum for explanations of Quranic verses, since he possessed ilm-e-Taweel (interpretation and exegesis of the [[Quran]]).<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> [[Abdullah bin Abbas|Abdullah ibn Abbas]] is documented to be one of the people that would take lessons from Meesum.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" />
==Prophecy of death==
Once Ali ibn Abi Talib, told Meesum that he would be hanged on account of the love for the Imam of his time. He also gave the address and told him that he would be hanged in a farm next to the house of Amr lbn Huraith. The tree on which he would be hanged was the smallest of the ten trees existing in the farm at that time. Meesum was also informed that his tongue would be cut out because he would not stop praising his Imam of time (Ali ibn Abi Talib). After getting this information, it is recorded in history that, Meesum used to go to the tree pointed out by Ali ibn Abi Talib, clean the place and water the tree and offer prayers saying, "O tree! You are for me and I am for you. Months and years passed by, Ali was martyred then [[Hasan ibn Ali]] (the [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Second Shī`a Imām]]) was martyred and Meesum kept waiting for the time.
==Confrontation with ibn Ziyad==
In 60 [[Hijra (Islam)|A.H.]], when [[Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad]] was appointed as the Governor of [[Kufa]], things started to get complicated. Meesum then went to perform [[Hajj]] and thereafter returned to Kufa. One day, Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad, called him and asked him to come to his Court, and said, "O Meesum! Inform me where your Allah is?" Meesum immediately replied. "He is in quest of an opportunity to punish the transgressors." Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad then asked him about his connections with Ali ibn Abi Talib. Meesum replied that Ali ibn Abi Talib was his master and that he loved him. Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad then asked him, "Did your master tell you anything about your end?" Meesum replied, "Yes, he informed me that I would be hanged and that my tongue would be cut." Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad sent a roar of laughter and said, "I will see that your master did not tell you the truth. I will see that his prophecy is belied." Meesum said, "My master's words are true because he got that information from Allah. The Islamic Prophet Muhammad was informed by Jibril, and Jibril came with the message of Allah."
==Final days and death==
Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad ordered Meesum to be jailed and sent him to al-Tamura, a fearful prison underground, [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] was in the same prison with Meesum.<ref name="MaT-7">{{cite book|last=al-Syyed|first=Kamal|title=Mukhtar al-Thaqafi|publisher=Ansariyan Foundation|location=Qum, Iran|page=7|url=http://www.al-islam.org/gallery/kids/Books/companion12/7.htm|accessdate=22 November 2013|chapter=Maytham al-Tammar}}</ref> Meesum and Mukhtar would hold conversations in prison but later on the orders of Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad he was ordered to be hanged for creating mischief. Meesum was brought to the same tree to be hanged as pointed out by Ali ibn Abi Talib. Meesum began singing the praises of his master Ali, and about a thousand people gathered to see Meesum being hanged. Even after being hanged, the tongue of Meesum went on singing the praises of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad was informed about this and the tyrant ordered that the tongue of Meesum to be cut and thus the prophecy of Ali ibn Abi Talib came true and Meesum died after his tongue was cut out.
The book ''Nafasul Mahmoom'' states that "Meesum was martyred ten days before [[Husayn ibn Ali]] came to Iraq." Husayn entered Sharraf, on the border of Iraq and [[Hejaz]] on the 25th of Dhul Hijjah 60AH.<ref>Qummi, Abbas. ''Nafasul Mahmoom Relating to the Heart Rending Tragedy of Karbala''. Mumbai, India: Islamic Study Circle, 2001. Print. Ch.13 Section 9</ref>
==Violence at Meesum al-Tammar's Shrine==
In 2006, a suicide bomber detonated his vehicle implosive explosive device near the shrine of Meesum al-Tammar in [[Kufa]], [[Iraq]].<ref name="IntelCenter">Tempest Publishing, and IntelCenter. ''IntelCenter Terrorism Incident Reference (TIR)'': Iraq : 2006. Alexandra, VA: Tempest, 2008. Print. {{ISBN|1606760157}} p. 149</ref> He detonated his vehicle bomb in between two vans carrying [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] pilgrims.<ref name="IntelCenter" /> Twelve innocent civilians were killed and 37 more were injured as a result of the car bomb.<ref name="IntelCenter" /> Out of the 12 killed 8 were Iranians and out of the 37 that were injured 22 of them were Iranian.<ref name="IntelCenter" />
== See also ==<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
* [[Abbas ibn Ali]]
* [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
* [[Ali ibn Hussayn]]
* [[Hasan ibn Ali]]
* [[Husayn ibn Ali]]
* [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah]]
* [[Maitham Al Bahrani]]
* [[Sahaba]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
* [http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/lib/pro_ahl/imam03_husain/nafasul_mahmoom/17.htm Martyrdom of Meesum]
{{Ali's companions |state=expanded}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Meesam Tammar}}
[[Category:7th-century Arabs]]
[[Category:Iraqi Muslims]]
[[Category:Iraqi people of Iranian descent]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{infobox
| bodyclass = vcard
| above = Meesum ibn Yahyā (A.S)<br> {{small|{{lang-ar|ميثم ابن يـحيى }}}}
| image = [[File:Maytham tammar(A.S)shrine.jpg|300px]]
|caption = Maytham al-Tammar(A.S)shrine in Kufa,Iraq
| header2 = Titles: al-Tammar (A.S){{small|{{lang-ar|التمار}}}} and al-Kufi
| header3 =
|label4= Birthplace
|data4= [[Nahrawan]], Persia
|label5= Occupation
|data5= Market store owner (sold [[Phoenix dactylifera|dates]] and other fruits)
|label6= Known For
|data6= Being a loyal companion of [[Ali (A.S)ibn Abi Talib(A.S)]]
|label7= Influences
|data7= [[Allah]], [[Muhammad (S.A.W)]], [[Ali(A.S)ibn Abi Talib(A.S)]], and the [[Ahl al-Bayt(A.S)]]
|label8= Died
|data8= 22 [[Dhul Hijjah]] 60 H (November 20, 680 AD).
|label9= Burial Place
|data9= [[Kufa]], [[Iraq]]
|label10= Coordinates
|data10= {{coord|32|00|25|N|44|20|19|E|region:IQ_source:kolossus-fawik}}
|label11= Cause of Death
|data11=
|label12= Father
|data12= Yahyā
|label13= Son
|data13= Muhammad, Ali, Hamza, Shuayb, Saleh, Imran
|label14= Religion
|data14= [[Islam]]
}}
'''Maytham ibn Yaḥyā al-Tammār(A.S)''' or '''Meesum al Tammar(A.S)''' ({{lang-ar|ميثم ابن يـحيى التمار}}) was an early Islamic scholar, a companion and disciple of [[Ali(A.S)|Ali(A.S)
ibn Abi Talib(A.S)]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be5DeNM8d1EC&dq=Maytham+al-Tammar&pg=PA55 |title=Shiʻite Islam |first=Muhammad Husayn |last=Tabatabaei |authorlink=Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei |year=1977 |publisher=SUNY Press |edition=2nd |isbn=9780791494608 |page=55}}</ref>
==Birth and early life==
Maytham ibn Yaḥyā was born at Nahrawān, an area near Kūfā.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation">Kamāl, Sayyid. ''Maytham Al-Tammar''. Trans. Jasim Alyawy. Qum, Iran: Ansariyan Foundation, n.d. Print.</ref> He was the son of Yaḥyā, hence, ibn Yahyā (which means son of Yahyā).
=== Early life ===
A lady from [[Banu Asad]] bought Maytham (as a slave).<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> Accordingly, Maytham worked for this lady until the [[caliphate]] of [[Ali]].<ref name="Tahrike">Mufīd, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad. ''The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams'' = Kitāb Al-irshād. Trans. I. K. A. Howard. Elmhurst, NY: Tahrike Tarsile Qurʼan, 1981. Print. p. 243</ref><ref name="Institute for Research and Islamic Studies">Talikani, Sayyid Mahmud., Murtaza Mutahhari, Ali Shariati, Mehdi Abedi, and Gary Legenhausen. ''Jihad and Shahadat: Struggle and Martyrdom in Islam''. Houston, TX: Institute for Research and Islamic Studies, 1986. Print. {{ISBN|0932625002}} p. 281</ref>
==Maytham's titles==
As a slave of [[Nabataeans of Iraq|'Nabataean']] (native Iraqi, [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]-speaking) origin living in Kufa, Maytham originally was a {{transliteration|ar|[[mawla|mawlā]]}} (a non-Arab client of an Arab tribe).<ref name="Nakshawani">Nakshawani, Ammar. "Biography of Maytham al-Tammar". Lecture. Muharram. Canada, Toronto. Thaqlain, 29 Nov. 2009. Web. 05 July 2013.</ref> But after Maytham was freed from the shackles of slavery, he no longer was addressed as a {{transliteration|ar|mawlā}}. The second and most famous title given to Maytham was al-Tammār, stems from the Arabic word Tammār. In Arabic, Tammār means dates (a type of fruit).<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Therefore, al-Tammār means "the date seller".<ref name="Institute for Research and Islamic Studies" /><ref name="Tabataba'i, Hossein Modarressi 2003. p. 42">Tabataba'i, Hossein Modarressi, and Hossein Modarressi. Tradition and Survival: A Bibliographical Survey of Early Shī'ite Literature. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oneworld, 2003. Print. {{ISBN|1851683313}} p. 42</ref> In [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Tamar (name)|Tamar]] means palm tree, date palm, or dates.<ref>[http://www.behindthename.com/name/tamar "View Name: Tamar". Behind the Name. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 July 2013.]</ref> Meesum received the title al-Tammar because he owned a market store in [[Kufa]] where he would sell dates and other types of fruit.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> In addition, al-Kūfī was another title given to Maytham.<ref>Tabataba'i, Muhammad. ''The Return to Being''. Trans. Fazel Amjad and Mahdi Bozorgi. London, England: ICAS, 2009. Print. {{ISBN|1-904063-36-5}} Pg.17</ref> Al-Kūfī simply means a person from [[Kufa]].
==Freedom from slavery==
After the time of prophet Muhammad and the martyrdom of [[Uthman ibn Affan|Uthman]], Ali succeeded him as the fourth [[Rashidun|Sunni Rashidun]] Caliph, in the year 656 AD. As the new caliph, Ali moved the Islamic capital from [[Medina]] to [[Kufa]] for two reasons: to keep [[Mu'awiyah I]] in check,<ref name="Nakshawani" /> and because Kufa had an illustrious history (many prophets of [[Allah]] lived in Kufa).<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Moving to Kufa, Ali ibn Abi Talib use to go around the city of Kufa. It is documented that if he encountered a slave he would try to free him or her.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> One day, Ali saw a lady from the [[Banu Asad]] tribe, who had a male slave of [[Nabataeans of Iraq|'Nabataean']] origin.<ref name="Tahrike" /><ref name="Institute for Research and Islamic Studies" /><ref name="Tabataba'i, Hossein Modarressi 2003. p. 42"/> Ali ibn Abi Talib approached the woman and began to converse with her, in order to purchasing the slave, Salim. The two started to negotiate a price, and the lady's initial asking price was 50 [[dinar]].<ref name="Nakshawani" /> As Ali ibn Abi Talib gave her the 50 dinar she changed the price to 100 dinar.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> She kept raising the price, since she realized that Ali was willing to pay her a much higher price.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Seeing the price soar, a companion of Ali then asked, "O Amir al-Momineen (Ali ibn Abi Talib), who is this man? What is he? He's originally a Nabataean, he is a slave, what the point of paying this much?"<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Finally, she settled at 500 dinar.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Ali handed her the 500 dinar. She then called Salim and stated to him that Ali has purchased you. After buying Salim, Ali set him free from the shackles of slavery for the way of [[Allah]].<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Tahrike" /><ref name="Institute for Research and Islamic Studies" /> It demonstrated the Islamic view of slavery; Islam establishes that slavery is immoral and that all humans are equal in the perspective of [[Allah]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Vanessa| title=The Qajar Pact | publisher=I.B.Tauris | year=2005| isbn=1-85043-763-7 |pages=150, 151}}</ref> The only thing that differentiates a human is their [[Taqwa]]. Islam called for a gradual emancipation of slaves.<ref>Khattab, A. M. ''Islam's Position on Slavery''. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. p. 2</ref><ref>Ahmad, Mirza B. ''Islam and Slavery''. Qadian, India: Dawat-o-Tabligh, 1975. Print.</ref><ref>[http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=articles "How Islam Tackled the Problem of Slavery". Islamweb. N.p., 18 Mar. 2012. Web. 18 July 2013.]</ref><ref>[http://www.themuslimtimes.org/2011/12/law-and-religion/concubines-and-the-holy-quran Shah, Zia H. "Concubines and The Holy Quran". ''The Muslim Times''. N.p., 2010. Web. 19 July 2013.]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml "Slavery in Islam". BBC News. BBC, 07 Sept. 2009. Web. 18 July 2013]</ref> Meaning that masters/owners should not just set slaves free but they should help them build a foundation financially so that they (slaves) could support themselves.<ref>Nakshawani, Ammar. "How & Why Islam Reformed Slavery". N.p., 15 July 2007. Web. 19 July 2013.</ref> Thus, Imam Ali took Meesum under his wings after he freed Meesum. Moreover, a person who frees a slave is showered with blessing and would be protected from hell fire.<ref>Maudoodi, Syed Abul ʻAla. ''Human Rights in Islam''. Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 1976. Print. p. 20</ref>
=== Mesum's first encounter with Ali ===
After Ali set him free, he greeted Salim by the name Meesum.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> Meesum was the name that his mother gave to him after his birth; no one in Kufa knew that Meesum was Salim's real name.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Upon hearing a stranger calling him by Meesum, Salim was shocked, baffled, and astonished that a person other than his parents knew about his real name (Meesum).<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> He questioned Ali as to how did he knew that Meesum was his real name.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> Ali replied, "Come with me do not worry. Allah's Apostle ([[Prophet Muhammad]]) has told me that the Iranians call you Meesum.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> Still shocked, Meesum willing went with Ali who would later become his best friend and teacher.
Salim (a.k.a. Meesum) himself narrates this event:
:Ali: "[[As-salamu alaykum|Salamu alaykum]] Meesum."
:Salim: "What did you say?"
:Ali: "Salamu alaykum Meesum."
:Salim: "Nobody knows my name except my parents. How did you know my name?"
:Ali: "Do not worry, there are areas of knowledge that I may know, which you do not know. Come near me. I want you to come with me."
:Salim: "How did you know my name? There is no one in [[Kufa]] that knows me by Meesum. My mother named me Meesum. Only a person of great knowledge knows that thats my original name."
:Ali: "Come with me do not worry. Allah's Apostle (Prophet [[Muhammad]]) has told me that the Iranians call you Meesum."
:Salim: "Allah and His Apostle are truthful."<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" />
Other narrations state that Ali ibn Abi Talib tells Salim, "Your name is Meesum, you are Iranian, you are of Iranian origin. Be proud of your Iranian origin."<ref name="Ali Abbas">Razawi, Ali Abbas. "Maytham Al-Tammar". N.p., 25 Jan. 2013. Web. 05 July 2013.</ref>
==The Counterfeit Money Incident==
The caliph, Ali, would at times visit the market place of Kufa.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> In his visits he would stop by Meesum's store to converse with him. One day, Meesum was at his market store in Kufa selling dates. Ali approached Meesum and said to him to take a prayer break.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Other variants of this event state that Ali told Meesum to take a break and visit his family.<ref name="Ali Abbas" /> Another variant states that Meesum went to go buy something.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> Before leaving, Meesum requested Ali to sell some dates.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> While Meesum was gone, Ali looked over his shop.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> A shopper came looking to buy some dates. He looked around and them purchased four dates from Ali.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Some variants say he purchased four [[Dirhams]] worth of dates.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> But he purchased the dates using counterfeit money (fake money).<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> Eventually, Meesum returned to his stall and asked Ali if he managed to sell any dates.<ref name="Nakshawani" /> Ali tells Meesum he sold some dates and handed Meesum the money. Meesum was shocked that Ali sold the dates and did not realize that the money was fake.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> However, Ali mentions to Meesum to remain patient because the shopper would come back for a reason.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> Meesum became confused, he had a feeling that the shopper would not come back because he essentially got free dates.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> A couple hours passed by, the man returned to Meesum's market shop upset at the taste of the dates that he recently purchased from the ruling caliph of the time, Ali.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> The man requested for a return. Ali then tells the man the dates were bitter because the money you gave was bitter (fake).<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /> The man was surprised and astonished. He then took his counterfeit money and left.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" />
Meesum himself narrates this event:
:Ali: "Meesum go and have a break. Go and pray your [[Salat|Salah]]. I will look after your date stall."
:Meesum: "Very well. Try and sell a few dates if you could sell anything."
:Ali: "Do not worry, just go and pray."<ref name="Nakshawani" />
(Other variation of this event says that Meesum wanted to go and buy something. Another variation states that Ali said to Meesum to go and give your family some time.)<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Ali Abbas" />
Meesum comes back:
:Meesum: "O Amir al-Momineen (Ali), did you manage to sell?"
:Ali: "Yes, I managed to sell."
:Meesum: "How much?"
:Ali: "I managed, [[Alhamdulillah]] to sell four dates." (Other variations state that Ali sold four [[Dirhams]] (currency) worth of dates.)<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" />
:Meesum: "Where the money?"
:Ali: "Here is the money."
:Meesum: "Imam this person has given you bitter money (fake money). It's not real."
:Ali: "Meesum sit down, do not worry. Allah will provide Rizq (sustenance/livelihood). The owner of the dirhams (money) will come back."
:Meesum: "The man bought the dates by false dirhams! Why will he come back?"<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" />
The man returns:
:The Man: "These dates that you have given me taste bitter." (Some variants say "I don't want these dates! They are bitter! Why are they bitter?")
:Ali: "Because the money you gave was bitter" (Some variants say "Because your dirhams are false!")<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" />
==Meesum's Views of Ali==
Meesum viewed Ali in a very positive light. He saw him as a humble and down to earth [[Caliph]], who sought to teach his fellow citizens manners, religion, and a good lifestyle.<ref name="Nakshawani" /><ref name="Knowledge" /> Meesum himself says, "Only Allah knows what lessons I learned from Ali ibn Abi Talib. I didn't find a human on this earth like Amir al-Momineen (Ali). If you want to see the embodiment of humility, then see what I saw with Ali ibn Abi Talib.<ref name="Nakshawani" /><ref name="Knowledge">Yusufali, Shaneali. "Maytham al-Tammar". Knowledge 2011: 12-13. Print. p. 12</ref> He also says, "Ali ibn Abi Talib is the caliph of the state and I am a Tammar (date seller). Amir al-Momineen would come and sit by me. I would be there, I would sell dates. He would come and sit near me. Which king would sit next to a man selling dates. Whereas Ali ibn Abi Talib would come, sit near me. Look at the humility of the man (referring to Ali)."<ref name="Nakshawani" /><ref name="Knowledge" /> Furthermore, people who knew the [[caliph]], Ali, were astonished to find him at times sitting next to a Tammar (date seller) conversing.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" />
==Teachings of Ali==
As the cousin of [[Muhammad]], Ali would follow his footsteps and educate people about the teachings of [[Islam]]. He taught/trained many religious scholars both Muslims and non-Muslims.<ref name="Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 1989. p. 145">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, Hamid Dabashi, and Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr. Expectation of the Millennium: Shiʻism in History. Albany: State University of New York, 1989. Print. {{ISBN|1438414269}} p. 145</ref><ref name="Mohammadi, Seyed Ali Farid 2013. p. 7">Mohammadi, Seyed Ali Farid. ''Shi'i Hagiography: Highlights about the Lives of Five Illustrious and Eminent Shi'i Personalities''. N.p.: University of Michigan, 2013. Print. {{ISBN|1907905065}} p. 7</ref> Among these religious scholars was Meesum al-Tammar.<ref name="Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 1989. p. 145"/><ref name="Mohammadi, Seyed Ali Farid 2013. p. 7"/> Ali ibn Abi Talib took Meesum under his wings, he taught Meesum many secrets about faith, religion, and the world. In addition, he taught Meesum many branches of knowledge, including ''ilm-e-Manaya wal Balaya'' (esoteric knowledge of future events) and ''ilm-e-Taweel'' (interpretation and exegesis of the [[Quran]]).<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /><ref name="Takim, Liyakatali 2007. pp. 93, 122">Takim, Liyakatali. ''The Heirs of The Prophet: Charisma and Religious Authority in Shi'ite Islam''. Albany: State University of New York, 2007. Print. {{ISBN|0791467384}} pp. 93, 122, 129</ref> It is documented that Ali would take Meesum to a nearby desert in the middle of the night to teach him about future affairs/matters/events.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> At times with the permission of his master/teacher, Meesum used to acquaint the public about the deep secrets that he learned from Ali.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> On account of the frank speech of Meesum, people used to think that Meesum had lost his head/gone insane.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> They could hardly understand the depth and logic of his words.
Teachings narrated by Meesum:
: "Ali ibn Abi Talib taught us the first lesson in life that whatever job you have as a human being, if your earning wealth in [[Halal]] it's a worship of [[Allah]] (God)."<ref name="Nakshawani" /><ref name="Knowledge" />
=== Ilm-e-Manaya wal Balaya ===
As a student of Ali, Meesum was taught various categories of knowledge.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Takim, Liyakatali 2007. pp. 93, 122"/> One of these categories was ilm-e-Manaya wal Balaya (the knowledge of death and future calamities).<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /><ref name="Takim, Liyakatali 2007. pp. 93, 122"/> With ilm-e-Manaya wal Balaya, Meesum prophesied specific events that would occur in the future.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /><ref name="Nakshawani" /><ref name="Takim, Liyakatali 2007. pp. 93, 122"/> According to [[Mohammad ibn Umar Kashshi|Kashshi]] and Liyakatali Takim, Meesum possessed supernatural knowledge unmatched by ordinary people.<ref name="Takim, Liyakatali 2007. pp. 93, 122"/> Kashshi also mentions that Meesum's ability to predict future events was a feat that was later matched by Muhammad ibn Sinan.<ref name="Takim, Liyakatali 2007. pp. 93, 122"/>
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==Mesum The Scholar==
Meesum became one of the top scholars of his time, in part of his desire to increase his understanding about various subjects and the teachings of Ali.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> People would come to Meesum for explanations of Quranic verses, since he possessed ilm-e-Taweel (interpretation and exegesis of the [[Quran]]).<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" /> [[Abdullah bin Abbas|Abdullah ibn Abbas]] is documented to be one of the people that would take lessons from Meesum.<ref name="Ansariyan Foundation" />
==Prophecy of death==
Once Ali ibn Abi Talib, told Meesum that he would be hanged on account of the love for the Imam of his time. He also gave the address and told him that he would be hanged in a farm next to the house of Amr lbn Huraith. The tree on which he would be hanged was the smallest of the ten trees existing in the farm at that time. Meesum was also informed that his tongue would be cut out because he would not stop praising his Imam of time (Ali ibn Abi Talib). After getting this information, it is recorded in history that, Meesum used to go to the tree pointed out by Ali ibn Abi Talib, clean the place and water the tree and offer prayers saying, "O tree! You are for me and I am for you. Months and years passed by, Ali was martyred then [[Hasan ibn Ali]] (the [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Second Shī`a Imām]]) was martyred and Meesum kept waiting for the time.
==Confrontation with ibn Ziyad==
In 60 [[Hijra (Islam)|A.H.]], when [[Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad]] was appointed as the Governor of [[Kufa]], things started to get complicated. Meesum then went to perform [[Hajj]] and thereafter returned to Kufa. One day, Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad, called him and asked him to come to his Court, and said, "O Meesum! Inform me where your Allah is?" Meesum immediately replied. "He is in quest of an opportunity to punish the transgressors." Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad then asked him about his connections with Ali ibn Abi Talib. Meesum replied that Ali ibn Abi Talib was his master and that he loved him. Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad then asked him, "Did your master tell you anything about your end?" Meesum replied, "Yes, he informed me that I would be hanged and that my tongue would be cut." Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad sent a roar of laughter and said, "I will see that your master did not tell you the truth. I will see that his prophecy is belied." Meesum said, "My master's words are true because he got that information from Allah. The Islamic Prophet Muhammad was informed by Jibril, and Jibril came with the message of Allah."
==Final days and death==
Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad ordered Meesum to be jailed and sent him to al-Tamura, a fearful prison underground, [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] was in the same prison with Meesum.<ref name="MaT-7">{{cite book|last=al-Syyed|first=Kamal|title=Mukhtar al-Thaqafi|publisher=Ansariyan Foundation|location=Qum, Iran|page=7|url=http://www.al-islam.org/gallery/kids/Books/companion12/7.htm|accessdate=22 November 2013|chapter=Maytham al-Tammar}}</ref> Meesum and Mukhtar would hold conversations in prison but later on the orders of Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad he was ordered to be hanged for creating mischief. Meesum was brought to the same tree to be hanged as pointed out by Ali ibn Abi Talib. Meesum began singing the praises of his master Ali, and about a thousand people gathered to see Meesum being hanged. Even after being hanged, the tongue of Meesum went on singing the praises of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad was informed about this and the tyrant ordered that the tongue of Meesum to be cut and thus the prophecy of Ali ibn Abi Talib came true and Meesum died after his tongue was cut out.
The book ''Nafasul Mahmoom'' states that "Meesum was martyred ten days before [[Husayn ibn Ali]] came to Iraq." Husayn entered Sharraf, on the border of Iraq and [[Hejaz]] on the 25th of Dhul Hijjah 60AH.<ref>Qummi, Abbas. ''Nafasul Mahmoom Relating to the Heart Rending Tragedy of Karbala''. Mumbai, India: Islamic Study Circle, 2001. Print. Ch.13 Section 9</ref>
==Violence at Meesum al-Tammar's Shrine==
In 2006, a suicide bomber detonated his vehicle implosive explosive device near the shrine of Meesum al-Tammar in [[Kufa]], [[Iraq]].<ref name="IntelCenter">Tempest Publishing, and IntelCenter. ''IntelCenter Terrorism Incident Reference (TIR)'': Iraq : 2006. Alexandra, VA: Tempest, 2008. Print. {{ISBN|1606760157}} p. 149</ref> He detonated his vehicle bomb in between two vans carrying [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] pilgrims.<ref name="IntelCenter" /> Twelve innocent civilians were killed and 37 more were injured as a result of the car bomb.<ref name="IntelCenter" /> Out of the 12 killed 8 were Iranians and out of the 37 that were injured 22 of them were Iranian.<ref name="IntelCenter" />
== See also ==<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
* [[Abbas ibn Ali]]
* [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
* [[Ali ibn Hussayn]]
* [[Hasan ibn Ali]]
* [[Husayn ibn Ali]]
* [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah]]
* [[Maitham Al Bahrani]]
* [[Sahaba]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
* [http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/lib/pro_ahl/imam03_husain/nafasul_mahmoom/17.htm Martyrdom of Meesum]
{{Ali's companions |state=expanded}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Meesam Tammar}}
[[Category:7th-century Arabs]]
[[Category:Iraqi Muslims]]
[[Category:Iraqi people of Iranian descent]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Meesum ibn Yahyā (A.S)<br /> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ميثم ابن يـحيى</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Maytham_tammar(A.S)shrine.jpg" class="new" title="File:Maytham tammar(A.S)shrine.jpg">File:Maytham tammar(A.S)shrine.jpg</a><div class="infobox-caption">Maytham al-Tammar(A.S)shrine in Kufa,Iraq</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Titles: al-Tammar (A.S)<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">التمار</span></span> and al-Kufi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Birthplace</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nahrawan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahrawan">Nahrawan</a>, Persia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Market store owner (sold <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">dates</a> and other fruits)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known For</th><td class="infobox-data">Being a loyal companion of <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ali_(A.S)ibn_Abi_Talib(A.S)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali (A.S)ibn Abi Talib(A.S) (page does not exist)">Ali (A.S)ibn Abi Talib(A.S)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_(S.A.W)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad (S.A.W)">Muhammad (S.A.W)</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ali(A.S)ibn_Abi_Talib(A.S)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali(A.S)ibn Abi Talib(A.S) (page does not exist)">Ali(A.S)ibn Abi Talib(A.S)</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ahl_al-Bayt(A.S)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahl al-Bayt(A.S) (page does not exist)">Ahl al-Bayt(A.S)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhul_Hijjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul Hijjah">Dhul Hijjah</a> 60 H (November 20, 680 AD).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial Place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1073938472">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maytham_al-Tammar&params=32_00_25_N_44_20_19_E_region:IQ_source:kolossus-fawik"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°00′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°20′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.00694°N 44.33861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.00694; 44.33861</span></span></span></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Yahyā</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Son</th><td class="infobox-data">Muhammad, Ali, Hamza, Shuayb, Saleh, Imran</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Maytham ibn Yaḥyā al-Tammār(A.S)</b> or <b>Meesum al Tammar(A.S)</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ميثم ابن يـحيى التمار</span>) was an early Islamic scholar, a companion and disciple of <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ali(A.S)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali(A.S) (page does not exist)">Ali(A.S)
ibn Abi Talib(A.S)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Birth_and_early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Birth and early life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Maytham's_titles"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Maytham's titles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Freedom_from_slavery"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Freedom from slavery</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Mesum's_first_encounter_with_Ali"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mesum's first encounter with Ali</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#The_Counterfeit_Money_Incident"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">The Counterfeit Money Incident</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Meesum's_Views_of_Ali"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Meesum's Views of Ali</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Teachings_of_Ali"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Teachings of Ali</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ilm-e-Manaya_wal_Balaya"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ilm-e-Manaya wal Balaya</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Mesum_The_Scholar"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Mesum The Scholar</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Prophecy_of_death"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Prophecy of death</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Confrontation_with_ibn_Ziyad"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Confrontation with ibn Ziyad</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Final_days_and_death"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Final days and death</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Violence_at_Meesum_al-Tammar's_Shrine"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Violence at Meesum al-Tammar's Shrine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Birth_and_early_life">Birth and early life</span></h2>
<p>Maytham ibn Yaḥyā was born at Nahrawān, an area near Kūfā.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup> He was the son of Yaḥyā, hence, ibn Yahyā (which means son of Yahyā).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h3>
<p>A lady from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banu_Asad" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Asad">Banu Asad</a> bought Maytham (as a slave).<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup> Accordingly, Maytham worked for this lady until the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tahrike_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tahrike-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Research_and_Islamic_Studies_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Research_and_Islamic_Studies-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="Maytham.27s_titles"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Maytham's_titles">Maytham's titles</span></h2>
<p>As a slave of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nabataeans_of_Iraq" title="Nabataeans of Iraq">'Nabataean'</a> (native Iraqi, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>-speaking) origin living in Kufa, Maytham originally was a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">mawlā</a></i></span> (a non-Arab client of an Arab tribe).<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> But after Maytham was freed from the shackles of slavery, he no longer was addressed as a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mawlā</i></span>. The second and most famous title given to Maytham was al-Tammār, stems from the Arabic word Tammār. In Arabic, Tammār means dates (a type of fruit).<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> Therefore, al-Tammār means "the date seller".<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Research_and_Islamic_Studies_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Research_and_Islamic_Studies-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tabataba'i,_Hossein_Modarressi_2003._p._42_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabataba'i,_Hossein_Modarressi_2003._p._42-6">[6]</a></sup> In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamar_(name)" title="Tamar (name)">Tamar</a> means palm tree, date palm, or dates.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Meesum received the title al-Tammar because he owned a market store in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> where he would sell dates and other types of fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> In addition, al-Kūfī was another title given to Maytham.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Al-Kūfī simply means a person from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Freedom_from_slavery">Freedom from slavery</span></h2>
<p>After the time of prophet Muhammad and the martyrdom of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman</a>, Ali succeeded him as the fourth <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Sunni Rashidun</a> Caliph, in the year 656 AD. As the new caliph, Ali moved the Islamic capital from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> for two reasons: to keep <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mu%27awiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'awiyah I">Mu'awiyah I</a> in check,<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> and because Kufa had an illustrious history (many prophets of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> lived in Kufa).<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> Moving to Kufa, Ali ibn Abi Talib use to go around the city of Kufa. It is documented that if he encountered a slave he would try to free him or her.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> One day, Ali saw a lady from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banu_Asad" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Asad">Banu Asad</a> tribe, who had a male slave of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nabataeans_of_Iraq" title="Nabataeans of Iraq">'Nabataean'</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Tahrike_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tahrike-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Research_and_Islamic_Studies_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Research_and_Islamic_Studies-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tabataba'i,_Hossein_Modarressi_2003._p._42_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabataba'i,_Hossein_Modarressi_2003._p._42-6">[6]</a></sup> Ali ibn Abi Talib approached the woman and began to converse with her, in order to purchasing the slave, Salim. The two started to negotiate a price, and the lady's initial asking price was 50 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> As Ali ibn Abi Talib gave her the 50 dinar she changed the price to 100 dinar.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> She kept raising the price, since she realized that Ali was willing to pay her a much higher price.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> Seeing the price soar, a companion of Ali then asked, "O Amir al-Momineen (Ali ibn Abi Talib), who is this man? What is he? He's originally a Nabataean, he is a slave, what the point of paying this much?"<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> Finally, she settled at 500 dinar.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> Ali handed her the 500 dinar. She then called Salim and stated to him that Ali has purchased you. After buying Salim, Ali set him free from the shackles of slavery for the way of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tahrike_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tahrike-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Research_and_Islamic_Studies_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Research_and_Islamic_Studies-4">[4]</a></sup> It demonstrated the Islamic view of slavery; Islam establishes that slavery is immoral and that all humans are equal in the perspective of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The only thing that differentiates a human is their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a>. Islam called for a gradual emancipation of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Meaning that masters/owners should not just set slaves free but they should help them build a foundation financially so that they (slaves) could support themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Thus, Imam Ali took Meesum under his wings after he freed Meesum. Moreover, a person who frees a slave is showered with blessing and would be protected from hell fire.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Mesum.27s_first_encounter_with_Ali"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Mesum's_first_encounter_with_Ali">Mesum's first encounter with Ali</span></h3>
<p>After Ali set him free, he greeted Salim by the name Meesum.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> Meesum was the name that his mother gave to him after his birth; no one in Kufa knew that Meesum was Salim's real name.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> Upon hearing a stranger calling him by Meesum, Salim was shocked, baffled, and astonished that a person other than his parents knew about his real name (Meesum).<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> He questioned Ali as to how did he knew that Meesum was his real name.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> Ali replied, "Come with me do not worry. Allah's Apostle (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prophet_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet Muhammad">Prophet Muhammad</a>) has told me that the Iranians call you Meesum.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> Still shocked, Meesum willing went with Ali who would later become his best friend and teacher.
</p><p>Salim (a.k.a. Meesum) himself narrates this event:
</p>
<dl><dd>Ali: "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/As-salamu_alaykum" title="As-salamu alaykum">Salamu alaykum</a> Meesum."</dd>
<dd>Salim: "What did you say?"</dd>
<dd>Ali: "Salamu alaykum Meesum."</dd>
<dd>Salim: "Nobody knows my name except my parents. How did you know my name?"</dd>
<dd>Ali: "Do not worry, there are areas of knowledge that I may know, which you do not know. Come near me. I want you to come with me."</dd>
<dd>Salim: "How did you know my name? There is no one in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> that knows me by Meesum. My mother named me Meesum. Only a person of great knowledge knows that thats my original name."</dd>
<dd>Ali: "Come with me do not worry. Allah's Apostle (Prophet <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>) has told me that the Iranians call you Meesum."</dd>
<dd>Salim: "Allah and His Apostle are truthful."<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<p>Other narrations state that Ali ibn Abi Talib tells Salim, "Your name is Meesum, you are Iranian, you are of Iranian origin. Be proud of your Iranian origin."<sup id="cite_ref-Ali_Abbas_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali_Abbas-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Counterfeit_Money_Incident">The Counterfeit Money Incident</span></h2>
<p>The caliph, Ali, would at times visit the market place of Kufa.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup> In his visits he would stop by Meesum's store to converse with him. One day, Meesum was at his market store in Kufa selling dates. Ali approached Meesum and said to him to take a prayer break.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> Other variants of this event state that Ali told Meesum to take a break and visit his family.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali_Abbas_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali_Abbas-17">[17]</a></sup> Another variant states that Meesum went to go buy something.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup> Before leaving, Meesum requested Ali to sell some dates.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> While Meesum was gone, Ali looked over his shop.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> A shopper came looking to buy some dates. He looked around and them purchased four dates from Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> Some variants say he purchased four <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dirhams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirhams">Dirhams</a> worth of dates.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup> But he purchased the dates using counterfeit money (fake money).<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> Eventually, Meesum returned to his stall and asked Ali if he managed to sell any dates.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> Ali tells Meesum he sold some dates and handed Meesum the money. Meesum was shocked that Ali sold the dates and did not realize that the money was fake.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> However, Ali mentions to Meesum to remain patient because the shopper would come back for a reason.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> Meesum became confused, he had a feeling that the shopper would not come back because he essentially got free dates.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup> A couple hours passed by, the man returned to Meesum's market shop upset at the taste of the dates that he recently purchased from the ruling caliph of the time, Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup> The man requested for a return. Ali then tells the man the dates were bitter because the money you gave was bitter (fake).<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup> The man was surprised and astonished. He then took his counterfeit money and left.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Meesum himself narrates this event:
</p>
<dl><dd>Ali: "Meesum go and have a break. Go and pray your <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">Salah</a>. I will look after your date stall."</dd>
<dd>Meesum: "Very well. Try and sell a few dates if you could sell anything."</dd>
<dd>Ali: "Do not worry, just go and pray."<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<p>(Other variation of this event says that Meesum wanted to go and buy something. Another variation states that Ali said to Meesum to go and give your family some time.)<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ali_Abbas_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali_Abbas-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Meesum comes back:
</p>
<dl><dd>Meesum: "O Amir al-Momineen (Ali), did you manage to sell?"</dd>
<dd>Ali: "Yes, I managed to sell."</dd>
<dd>Meesum: "How much?"</dd>
<dd>Ali: "I managed, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Alhamdulillah</a> to sell four dates." (Other variations state that Ali sold four <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dirhams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirhams">Dirhams</a> (currency) worth of dates.)<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup></dd>
<dd>Meesum: "Where the money?"</dd>
<dd>Ali: "Here is the money."</dd>
<dd>Meesum: "Imam this person has given you bitter money (fake money). It's not real."</dd>
<dd>Ali: "Meesum sit down, do not worry. Allah will provide Rizq (sustenance/livelihood). The owner of the dirhams (money) will come back."</dd>
<dd>Meesum: "The man bought the dates by false dirhams! Why will he come back?"<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<p>The man returns:
</p>
<dl><dd>The Man: "These dates that you have given me taste bitter." (Some variants say "I don't want these dates! They are bitter! Why are they bitter?")</dd>
<dd>Ali: "Because the money you gave was bitter" (Some variants say "Because your dirhams are false!")<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<h2><span id="Meesum.27s_Views_of_Ali"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Meesum's_Views_of_Ali">Meesum's Views of Ali</span></h2>
<p>Meesum viewed Ali in a very positive light. He saw him as a humble and down to earth <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a>, who sought to teach his fellow citizens manners, religion, and a good lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knowledge_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knowledge-18">[18]</a></sup> Meesum himself says, "Only Allah knows what lessons I learned from Ali ibn Abi Talib. I didn't find a human on this earth like Amir al-Momineen (Ali). If you want to see the embodiment of humility, then see what I saw with Ali ibn Abi Talib.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knowledge_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knowledge-18">[18]</a></sup> He also says, "Ali ibn Abi Talib is the caliph of the state and I am a Tammar (date seller). Amir al-Momineen would come and sit by me. I would be there, I would sell dates. He would come and sit near me. Which king would sit next to a man selling dates. Whereas Ali ibn Abi Talib would come, sit near me. Look at the humility of the man (referring to Ali)."<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knowledge_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knowledge-18">[18]</a></sup> Furthermore, people who knew the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, Ali, were astonished to find him at times sitting next to a Tammar (date seller) conversing.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Teachings_of_Ali">Teachings of Ali</span></h2>
<p>As the cousin of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, Ali would follow his footsteps and educate people about the teachings of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. He taught/trained many religious scholars both Muslims and non-Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr,_Seyyed_Hossein_1989._p._145_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr,_Seyyed_Hossein_1989._p._145-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mohammadi,_Seyed_Ali_Farid_2013._p._7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohammadi,_Seyed_Ali_Farid_2013._p._7-20">[20]</a></sup> Among these religious scholars was Meesum al-Tammar.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr,_Seyyed_Hossein_1989._p._145_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr,_Seyyed_Hossein_1989._p._145-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mohammadi,_Seyed_Ali_Farid_2013._p._7_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohammadi,_Seyed_Ali_Farid_2013._p._7-20">[20]</a></sup> Ali ibn Abi Talib took Meesum under his wings, he taught Meesum many secrets about faith, religion, and the world. In addition, he taught Meesum many branches of knowledge, including <i>ilm-e-Manaya wal Balaya</i> (esoteric knowledge of future events) and <i>ilm-e-Taweel</i> (interpretation and exegesis of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122-21">[21]</a></sup> It is documented that Ali would take Meesum to a nearby desert in the middle of the night to teach him about future affairs/matters/events.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup> At times with the permission of his master/teacher, Meesum used to acquaint the public about the deep secrets that he learned from Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup> On account of the frank speech of Meesum, people used to think that Meesum had lost his head/gone insane.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup> They could hardly understand the depth and logic of his words.
</p><p>Teachings narrated by Meesum:
</p>
<dl><dd>"Ali ibn Abi Talib taught us the first lesson in life that whatever job you have as a human being, if your earning wealth in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a> it's a worship of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> (God)."<sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knowledge_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knowledge-18">[18]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ilm-e-Manaya_wal_Balaya">Ilm-e-Manaya wal Balaya</span></h3>
<p>As a student of Ali, Meesum was taught various categories of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122-21">[21]</a></sup> One of these categories was ilm-e-Manaya wal Balaya (the knowledge of death and future calamities).<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122-21">[21]</a></sup> With ilm-e-Manaya wal Balaya, Meesum prophesied specific events that would occur in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakshawani-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122-21">[21]</a></sup> According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohammad_ibn_Umar_Kashshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad ibn Umar Kashshi">Kashshi</a> and Liyakatali Takim, Meesum possessed supernatural knowledge unmatched by ordinary people.<sup id="cite_ref-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122-21">[21]</a></sup> Kashshi also mentions that Meesum's ability to predict future events was a feat that was later matched by Muhammad ibn Sinan.<sup id="cite_ref-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mesum_The_Scholar">Mesum The Scholar</span></h2>
<p>Meesum became one of the top scholars of his time, in part of his desire to increase his understanding about various subjects and the teachings of Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup> People would come to Meesum for explanations of Quranic verses, since he possessed ilm-e-Taweel (interpretation and exegesis of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah bin Abbas">Abdullah ibn Abbas</a> is documented to be one of the people that would take lessons from Meesum.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Prophecy_of_death">Prophecy of death</span></h2>
<p>Once Ali ibn Abi Talib, told Meesum that he would be hanged on account of the love for the Imam of his time. He also gave the address and told him that he would be hanged in a farm next to the house of Amr lbn Huraith. The tree on which he would be hanged was the smallest of the ten trees existing in the farm at that time. Meesum was also informed that his tongue would be cut out because he would not stop praising his Imam of time (Ali ibn Abi Talib). After getting this information, it is recorded in history that, Meesum used to go to the tree pointed out by Ali ibn Abi Talib, clean the place and water the tree and offer prayers saying, "O tree! You are for me and I am for you. Months and years passed by, Ali was martyred then <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a> (the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Second Shī`a Imām</a>) was martyred and Meesum kept waiting for the time.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Confrontation_with_ibn_Ziyad">Confrontation with ibn Ziyad</span></h2>
<p>In 60 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">A.H.</a>, when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ubayd-Allah_ibn_Ziyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad">Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad</a> was appointed as the Governor of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, things started to get complicated. Meesum then went to perform <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> and thereafter returned to Kufa. One day, Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad, called him and asked him to come to his Court, and said, "O Meesum! Inform me where your Allah is?" Meesum immediately replied. "He is in quest of an opportunity to punish the transgressors." Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad then asked him about his connections with Ali ibn Abi Talib. Meesum replied that Ali ibn Abi Talib was his master and that he loved him. Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad then asked him, "Did your master tell you anything about your end?" Meesum replied, "Yes, he informed me that I would be hanged and that my tongue would be cut." Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad sent a roar of laughter and said, "I will see that your master did not tell you the truth. I will see that his prophecy is belied." Meesum said, "My master's words are true because he got that information from Allah. The Islamic Prophet Muhammad was informed by Jibril, and Jibril came with the message of Allah."
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Final_days_and_death">Final days and death</span></h2>
<p>Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad ordered Meesum to be jailed and sent him to al-Tamura, a fearful prison underground, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtar al-Thaqafi</a> was in the same prison with Meesum.<sup id="cite_ref-MaT-7_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaT-7-22">[22]</a></sup> Meesum and Mukhtar would hold conversations in prison but later on the orders of Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad he was ordered to be hanged for creating mischief. Meesum was brought to the same tree to be hanged as pointed out by Ali ibn Abi Talib. Meesum began singing the praises of his master Ali, and about a thousand people gathered to see Meesum being hanged. Even after being hanged, the tongue of Meesum went on singing the praises of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad was informed about this and the tyrant ordered that the tongue of Meesum to be cut and thus the prophecy of Ali ibn Abi Talib came true and Meesum died after his tongue was cut out.
</p><p>The book <i>Nafasul Mahmoom</i> states that "Meesum was martyred ten days before <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> came to Iraq." Husayn entered Sharraf, on the border of Iraq and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> on the 25th of Dhul Hijjah 60AH.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="Violence_at_Meesum_al-Tammar.27s_Shrine"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Violence_at_Meesum_al-Tammar's_Shrine">Violence at Meesum al-Tammar's Shrine</span></h2>
<p>In 2006, a suicide bomber detonated his vehicle implosive explosive device near the shrine of Meesum al-Tammar in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IntelCenter_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntelCenter-24">[24]</a></sup> He detonated his vehicle bomb in between two vans carrying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-IntelCenter_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntelCenter-24">[24]</a></sup> Twelve innocent civilians were killed and 37 more were injured as a result of the car bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-IntelCenter_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntelCenter-24">[24]</a></sup> Out of the 12 killed 8 were Iranians and out of the 37 that were injured 22 of them were Iranian.<sup id="cite_ref-IntelCenter_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntelCenter-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Ali" title="Abbas ibn Ali">Abbas ibn Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_ibn_Hussayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Hussayn">Ali ibn Hussayn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maitham_Al_Bahrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitham Al Bahrani">Maitham Al Bahrani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">Sahaba</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFTabatabaei1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei">Tabatabaei, Muhammad Husayn</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Be5DeNM8d1EC&dq=Maytham+al-Tammar&pg=PA55"><i>Shiʻite Islam</i></a> (2nd ed.). SUNY Press. p. 55. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791494608" title="Special:BookSources/9780791494608"><bdi>9780791494608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBite+Islam&rft.pages=55&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780791494608&rft.aulast=Tabatabaei&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Husayn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBe5DeNM8d1EC%26dq%3DMaytham%2Bal-Tammar%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaytham+al-Tammar" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ansariyan_Foundation-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ansariyan_Foundation_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamāl, Sayyid. <i>Maytham Al-Tammar</i>. Trans. Jasim Alyawy. Qum, Iran: Ansariyan Foundation, n.d. Print.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tahrike-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tahrike_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tahrike_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tahrike_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mufīd, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad. <i>The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams</i> = Kitāb Al-irshād. Trans. I. K. A. Howard. Elmhurst, NY: Tahrike Tarsile Qurʼan, 1981. Print. p. 243</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Institute_for_Research_and_Islamic_Studies-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_for_Research_and_Islamic_Studies_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_for_Research_and_Islamic_Studies_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_for_Research_and_Islamic_Studies_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_for_Research_and_Islamic_Studies_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Talikani, Sayyid Mahmud., Murtaza Mutahhari, Ali Shariati, Mehdi Abedi, and Gary Legenhausen. <i>Jihad and Shahadat: Struggle and Martyrdom in Islam</i>. Houston, TX: Institute for Research and Islamic Studies, 1986. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0932625002" title="Special:BookSources/0932625002">0932625002</a> p. 281</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Nakshawani-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakshawani_5-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nakshawani, Ammar. "Biography of Maytham al-Tammar". Lecture. Muharram. Canada, Toronto. Thaqlain, 29 Nov. 2009. Web. 05 July 2013.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tabataba'i,_Hossein_Modarressi_2003._p._42-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabataba'i,_Hossein_Modarressi_2003._p._42_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabataba'i,_Hossein_Modarressi_2003._p._42_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabataba'i, Hossein Modarressi, and Hossein Modarressi. Tradition and Survival: A Bibliographical Survey of Early Shī'ite Literature. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oneworld, 2003. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851683313" title="Special:BookSources/1851683313">1851683313</a> p. 42</span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behindthename.com/name/tamar">"View Name: Tamar". Behind the Name. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 July 2013.</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabataba'i, Muhammad. <i>The Return to Being</i>. Trans. Fazel Amjad and Mahdi Bozorgi. London, England: ICAS, 2009. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904063-36-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-904063-36-5">1-904063-36-5</a> Pg.17</span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFMartin2005" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Vanessa (2005). <i>The Qajar Pact</i>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 150, 151. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-763-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-763-7"><bdi>1-85043-763-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qajar+Pact&rft.pages=150%2C+151&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85043-763-7&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaytham+al-Tammar" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khattab, A. M. <i>Islam's Position on Slavery</i>. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. p. 2</span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad, Mirza B. <i>Islam and Slavery</i>. Qadian, India: Dawat-o-Tabligh, 1975. Print.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=articles">"How Islam Tackled the Problem of Slavery". Islamweb. N.p., 18 Mar. 2012. Web. 18 July 2013.</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themuslimtimes.org/2011/12/law-and-religion/concubines-and-the-holy-quran">Shah, Zia H. "Concubines and The Holy Quran". <i>The Muslim Times</i>. N.p., 2010. Web. 19 July 2013.</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml">"Slavery in Islam". BBC News. BBC, 07 Sept. 2009. Web. 18 July 2013</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nakshawani, Ammar. "How & Why Islam Reformed Slavery". N.p., 15 July 2007. Web. 19 July 2013.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maudoodi, Syed Abul ʻAla. <i>Human Rights in Islam</i>. Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 1976. Print. p. 20</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ali_Abbas-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ali_Abbas_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali_Abbas_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali_Abbas_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Razawi, Ali Abbas. "Maytham Al-Tammar". N.p., 25 Jan. 2013. Web. 05 July 2013.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Knowledge-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knowledge_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knowledge_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knowledge_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knowledge_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yusufali, Shaneali. "Maytham al-Tammar". Knowledge 2011: 12-13. Print. p. 12</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Nasr,_Seyyed_Hossein_1989._p._145-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr,_Seyyed_Hossein_1989._p._145_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr,_Seyyed_Hossein_1989._p._145_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, Hamid Dabashi, and Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr. Expectation of the Millennium: Shiʻism in History. Albany: State University of New York, 1989. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1438414269" title="Special:BookSources/1438414269">1438414269</a> p. 145</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mohammadi,_Seyed_Ali_Farid_2013._p._7-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammadi,_Seyed_Ali_Farid_2013._p._7_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammadi,_Seyed_Ali_Farid_2013._p._7_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammadi, Seyed Ali Farid. <i>Shi'i Hagiography: Highlights about the Lives of Five Illustrious and Eminent Shi'i Personalities</i>. N.p.: University of Michigan, 2013. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1907905065" title="Special:BookSources/1907905065">1907905065</a> p. 7</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Takim,_Liyakatali_2007._pp._93,_122_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Takim, Liyakatali. <i>The Heirs of The Prophet: Charisma and Religious Authority in Shi'ite Islam</i>. Albany: State University of New York, 2007. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791467384" title="Special:BookSources/0791467384">0791467384</a> pp. 93, 122, 129</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MaT-7-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MaT-7_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFal-Syyed" class="citation book cs1">al-Syyed, Kamal. "Maytham al-Tammar". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/gallery/kids/Books/companion12/7.htm"><i>Mukhtar al-Thaqafi</i></a>. Qum, Iran: Ansariyan Foundation. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maytham+al-Tammar&rft.btitle=Mukhtar+al-Thaqafi&rft.place=Qum%2C+Iran&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Ansariyan+Foundation&rft.aulast=al-Syyed&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fgallery%2Fkids%2FBooks%2Fcompanion12%2F7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaytham+al-Tammar" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qummi, Abbas. <i>Nafasul Mahmoom Relating to the Heart Rending Tragedy of Karbala</i>. Mumbai, India: Islamic Study Circle, 2001. Print. Ch.13 Section 9</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IntelCenter-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IntelCenter_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IntelCenter_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IntelCenter_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IntelCenter_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tempest Publishing, and IntelCenter. <i>IntelCenter Terrorism Incident Reference (TIR)</i>: Iraq : 2006. Alexandra, VA: Tempest, 2008. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1606760157" title="Special:BookSources/1606760157">1606760157</a> p. 149</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/lib/pro_ahl/imam03_husain/nafasul_mahmoom/17.htm">Martyrdom of Meesum</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Abd Allah ibn Abbas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu_al-Aswad_al-Du%27ali" title="Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali">Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu_Ayyub_al-Ansari" title="Abu Ayyub al-Ansari">Abu Ayyub al-Ansari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu_Dharr_al-Ghifari" title="Abu Dharr al-Ghifari">Abu Dharr al-Ghifari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adi_ibn_Hatim" title="Adi ibn Hatim">Adi ibn Hatim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ammar_ibn_Yasir" title="Ammar ibn Yasir">Ammar ibn Yasir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bilal_ibn_Rabah" title="Bilal ibn Rabah">Bilal ibn Rabah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habib_ibn_Madhahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Habib ibn Madhahir">Habib ibn Madhahir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harith_al-Hamdani" title="Harith al-Hamdani">Harith al-Hamdani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hashim_ibn_Utbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashim ibn Utbah">Hashim ibn Utbah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hujr_ibn_%27Adi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujr ibn 'Adi">Hujr ibn 'Adi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hudhayfah_ibn_al-Yaman" title="Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman">Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ja'far ibn Abi Talib">Ja'far ibn Abi Talib</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Abd_Allah" title="Jabir ibn Abd Allah">Jabir ibn Abd Allah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawn_bin_Huwai" title="Jawn bin Huwai">Jawn bin Huwai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khuzaima_ibn_Thabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzaima ibn Thabit">Khuzaima ibn Thabit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kumayl_ibn_Ziyad" title="Kumayl ibn Ziyad">Kumayl ibn Ziyad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik_al-Ashtar" title="Malik al-Ashtar">Malik al-Ashtar</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maytham al-Tammar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miqdad_ibn_Aswad" title="Miqdad ibn Aswad">Miqdad ibn Aswad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abu_Bakr" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr">Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qays_ibn_Sa%27d" title="Qays ibn Sa'd">Qays ibn Sa'd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qambar_(person)" title="Qambar (person)">Qambar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sa%27sa%27a_bin_Sohan" title="Sa'sa'a bin Sohan">Sa'sa'a bin Sohan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulaym_ibn_Qays" title="Sulaym ibn Qays">Sulaym ibn Qays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Surad" title="Sulayman ibn Surad">Sulayman ibn Surad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umm_Salama" title="Umm Salama">Umm Salama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Hunaif" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Hunaif">Uthman ibn Hunaif</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uwais_al-Qarani" class="mw-redirect" title="Uwais al-Qarani">Uwais al-Qarani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Suhan" title="Zayd ibn Suhan">Zayd ibn Suhan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
