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'{{Short description|City in Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine}} {{for|places with a similar name|Kamenets (disambiguation){{!}}Kamenets}} {{Expand language|topic=|langcode=uk|otherarticle=Кам'янець-Подільський|date=July 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Kamianets-Podilskyi | native_name = {{lang|uk|Кам'янець-Подільський}} | other_name = | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center | photo1a= Zamek w Kamieńcu Podolskim 2019.jpg | photo2a= Банк комерційний P1280393 вул. Зарванська, 3.jpg | photo2b= Kamieniec Podolski. Cerkiew św. Trojcy (oo. bazylianow).jpg | photo3a= Житловий будинок в Кам'янець-Подільському.jpg | photo3b= P1280252 вул. П'ятницька, 11.jpg | photo4a= -DJI 0351-Edit Panorama1.jpg | size = 270 | spacing= 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0}} | image_caption = | image_flag = Kamjantec-Podilsky flag.svg | image_shield = Kamjantec-Podilsky coat of arms.svg | shield_size = 80px | pushpin_map = Ukraine Khmelnytskyi Oblast#Ukraine | mapsize = 225px | map_caption = Location in Ukraine | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Oblasts of Ukraine|Oblast]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Khmelnytskyi Oblast}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Raions of Ukraine|Raion]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion]] | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Mykhailo Positko | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1062 <small>''(first mentioned)''</small> | established_title2 = City rights | established_date2 = 1432 | area_total_km2 = 27871 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_total = 96896 | population_metro = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_footnotes = <ref name="ua2022estimate"/> | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | coordinates = {{coord|48|41|00|N|26|35|00|E|region:UA|display=it}} | elevation_m = | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 32300—32318 | area_code = +380-3849 | blank_name = [[Town twinning|Sister cities]] | blank_info = <small>[[Targówek]], [[Kraków]], [[Głogów]], [[Przemyśl]], [[Kalisz]], [[Sanok]], [[Gniew]], [[Zawiercie]], [[Echmiadzin]], [[Suzhou]], [[Ukmergė]], [[Polatsk]], [[Edineţ]], [[Zalău]], [[Dolný Kubín]], [[Ponte Lambro]], [[Michurinsk]]</small> | footnotes = }} '''Kamianets-Podilskyi''' ({{lang-uk|Кам'яне́ць-Поді́льський}}, {{IPA-uk|kɐmjɐˈnɛtsʲ poˈd⁽ʲ⁾ilʲsʲkɪj|IPA}}; {{lang-pl|Kamieniec Podolski}}; {{lang-ro|Camenița}}; {{lang-yi|קאַמענעץ־פּאָדאָלסק / קאַמעניץ|Kamenetz-Podolsk / Kamenitz}}) is a [[city]] on the [[Smotrych River]] in [[Western Ukraine|western]] [[Ukraine]], to the north-east of [[Chernivtsi]]. Formerly the [[administrative center]] of [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]], the city is now the administrative center of [[Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion]] within the oblast. It hosts the administration of Kamianets-Podilskyi urban [[hromada]].<ref name="admreform_2020_stara_kamianets-podilskyi">{{cite web |title=Каменец-Подольская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/kam-podilska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> Current population has been estimated as {{Ua-pop-est2022|96,896|.}} During the [[Ukrainian–Soviet War]], the city officially served as the [[temporary capital]] of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] from 1919 to 1920.<ref>Pustynnikov, Iryna. ''[https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/ukrayina-incognita/ostannya-stolicya-unr The last capital of Ukrainian People's Republic (Остання столиця УНР)]''. Newspaper "Den". 14 October 2011</ref> ==Name== [[File:POL Kamieniec Podolski COA.svg|thumb|left|110px|Kamianets historical coat of arms]] The first part of the city's dual name originates from ''{{lang|orv|kamin{{'}}}}'' ({{lang-uk|камiнь}}) or ''{{lang|orv|kamen}}'', meaning 'stone' in [[Old East Slavic|Old Slavic]]. The second part of its name relates to the historic region of [[Podolia|Podilia]] ({{lang-uk|Подíлля}}), of which Kamianets-Podilskyi is considered to be the historic capital. Equivalents of the name in other languages are {{lang-pl|Kamieniec Podolski}}; {{lang-ro|Camenița Podoliei}}; {{lang-la|Camenecium}}; {{lang-hu|Kamenyeck-Podolszk}}; {{lang-yi|קאָמענעץ}} (''{{lang|yi-Latn|Komenets}}''), ''{{lang-ru|Kamenets-Podolskiy}}''. ==Geography== Kamianets-Podilskyi is located in the southern portion of the [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]], located in the western Ukrainian region of [[Podillia]]. The [[Smotrych (river)|Smotrych River]], a tributary of the [[Dniester]], flows through the city. The total area of the city comprises {{convert|27.84|km2|sqmi|1|sp=us}}.<ref name="geography">{{cite web|url=http://kp.rel.com.ua/city/ua/index.htm |title=Geography |access-date=25 October 2007 |work=kp.rel.com.ua |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928200313/http://www.kp.rel.com.ua/city/ua/index.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city is located about {{convert|101|km|mi|1}} from the oblast's administrative center, [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]].<ref name="geography" /> ==History== ===Classical antiquity=== Several historians consider that a city on this spot was founded by the ancient [[Dacians]], who lived in what is now modern [[Romania]], [[Moldova]], and portions of Ukraine.<ref name="km.ua">{{cite web|url=http://tour.km.ua/kampod/etown.htm|title=The Museum City|access-date=26 October 2007|work=Kamianets-Podilskyi|publisher=Art/Ukrainian|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012215957/http://tour.km.ua/kampod/etown.htm|archive-date=12 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Historians write that the founders named the settlement ''Petridava'' or ''Klepidava'', which originate from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''petra'' or [[Latin language|Latin]] ''lapis'' '[[Rock (geology)|stone]]' and [[Dacian language|Dacian]] ''dava'' 'city'.<ref name="km.ua" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niedziela.pl/artykul_w_niedzieli.php?doc=nd200110&nr=22|title=Perła Podola|access-date=26 October 2007|work=niedziela.pl|language=pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522141322/http://www.niedziela.pl/artykul_w_niedzieli.php?doc=nd200110&nr=22|archive-date=22 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Kievan Rus and the Tatars (11th c.–1241)=== Modern Kamianets-Podilskyi was first mentioned in 1062 as a town of the [[Kievan Rus'|Kyivan Rus']] state. In 1241, it was destroyed by the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'|Mongolian invaders]].<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://kp.rel.com.ua/city/ua/index.htm |title=History |access-date=25 October 2007 |work=kp.rel.com.ua |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928200313/http://www.kp.rel.com.ua/city/ua/index.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Polish rule (1352–1672)=== In 1352, it was inherited by the [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Polish]] King [[Casimir III of Poland|Casimir III]]. In 1378 it became seat of a [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilskyi|Roman Catholic Diocese]]. In 1432 King [[Sigismund I the Old]] granted Kamieniec Podolski city rights. In 1434 it became the capital of the [[Podolian Voivodship]] and the seat of local civil and military administration.<ref name="history" /> The [[Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle|ancient castle]] was reconstructed and substantially expanded by the [[List of Polish monarchs|Polish kings]] to defend [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Poland]] from the southwest against [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Tatar]] invasions, thus it was called ''the gateway to Poland''. [[File:Stephen Báthory Gate.JPG|thumb|upright|left|The [[Stephen Báthory]] Gate is part of the city's old fortification complex.]] During the [[Royal elections in Poland|free election]] period in Poland, Kamianets-Podilskyi, as one of the most influential cities of the state, enjoyed voting rights (alongside [[Warsaw]], [[Kraków]], [[Poznań]], [[Gdańsk]], [[Lviv]], [[Vilnius]], [[Lublin]], [[Toruń]] and [[Elbląg]]). ===Ottoman rule (1672–1699)=== After the [[Treaty of Buchach]] of 1672, Kamianets-Podilskyi was briefly part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and capital of [[Podolya eyalet]]. It was also sanjak of pasha (central sanjak) of this eyalet with nahiyas of [[Khropotova|Kropotova]], [[Sataniv|Satanova]], [[Skala-Podilska|İskala]], [[Kitaygorod|Kitayhorad]], [[Kryvche|Kırıvçe]], [[Zhvan|İjvan]] and [[Mohyliv-Podilskyi|Mıhaylov]].<ref>[http://i.piccy.info/i9/50c7ec080439bb1790d77fec4b180a08/1437042927/139143/831035/The_Eyalet_of_Kamanice.jpg ''The Eyalet of Kamaniçe''], map. Accessed 7 Jan. 2021.</ref> To counter the Turkish threat to the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], King [[Jan III Sobieski]] built a fortress nearby, Okopy Świętej Trójcy (now [[Okopy, Ternopil Oblast]]; meaning "the Entrenchments of the Holy Trinity"). In 1687, Poland attempted to regain control over Kamianets-Podilskyi and Podolia, when the fortress was unsuccessfully besieged by the Poles led by Prince [[James Louis Sobieski]]. [[File:Стара фортеця.jpg|thumb|right|Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle, 2012]] [[File:Kamianets-Podilskyi map 1691.jpg|thumb|right|A 1691 [[French language|French]] map depicting the city's [[old town]] neighbourhood and castle, surrounded by the winding [[Smotrych River]]]] ===Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1699–1793)=== In 1699, the city was given back to Poland under King [[Augustus II the Strong]] according to the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]]. The fortress was continually enlarged and was regarded as the strongest in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. The preserved ruins of the fortress still contain the iron [[Round shot|cannonballs]] stuck in them from various sieges. During this period, [[Mikołaj Dembowski|Bishop Dembowski]], at the instigation of the [[Frankists]], convened a public disputation at Kamieniec Podolski, in November 1757, and ordered all copies of the [[Talmud]] found in his bishopric to be confiscated and burned.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Michael Levi Rodkinson |last=Rodkinson |first=Michael Levi |title=The history of the Talmud from the time of its formation, about 200 B.C., up to the present time |publisher=The Talmud Society |year=1918 |pages=100–103}}</ref> Accounts of the Talmud burning differ—contemporary sources say that up to a thousand copies of the Talmud were destroyed, though other reports say only one copy was burned. Dembowski himself died days after the events, that a plague broke out, and that the local priests exhumed his body and cut the head off to prevent any further disaster.<ref name=heller>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKSODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |title=Printing the Talmud: Complete Editions, Tractates, and Other Works and the Associated Presses from the Mid-17th Century through the 18th Century |series=Brill's Series in Jewish Studies |first=Marvin J. |last=Heller |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |isbn=9789004376731 |pages=153–157}}</ref> ===Russian rule (1793–1915)=== After the [[Partitions of Poland|Second Partition of Poland]] in 1793, the city belonged to the [[Russian Empire]], where it was the capital of the [[Podolia Governorate]]. The [[Tsar|Russian Tsar]] [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]], who visited the fortress twice, was impressed by its fortifications. One of the towers was used as a [[prison cell]] for [[Ustym Karmeliuk]], a prominent peasant rebel leader of the early 19th century), who managed to escape from it three times. In 1798, [[Szlachta|Polish nobleman]] Antoni Żmijewski founded a Polish [[theater]] in the city. It was one of the oldest Polish theaters. In 1867 the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilskyi]] was abolished by the Russians authorities. It was re-established in 1918 by [[Pope Benedict XV]]. According to the [[Russian Empire Census|Russian census of 1897]], Kamianets-Podilskyi remained the largest city of Podolia with a population of 35,934. In 1914, a direct railway line linked the city to [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Proskurov]]. ===World War I and post-WWI tribulations=== During [[World War I]], the city was occupied by [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1915. With the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|collapse of the Russian Empire]] in 1917, the city was briefly incorporated into several short-lived Ukrainian states: the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]], the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]], and the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directoriya]],<ref name="155757KamianetsPodilskyi"/> before ending up as part of the [[Ukrainian SSR]] when Ukraine fell under [[Bolshevik]] power. During the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] period, the city was chosen as [[de facto]] capital of [[Ukraine]] after the Russian Communist forces occupied [[Kiev]].<ref name="156149KamianetsPodilskyi"/><ref name="155757KamianetsPodilskyi">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2019/06/3/155757/ Kamianets-Podilskyi. How the Petliurists did what Sultan Osman II could not do], [[Ukrayinska Pravda|Historisna Pravda]] (3 June 2019)</ref> During the [[Polish-Soviet War]], the city was captured by the [[Polish Army]] on the night of 16–17 November 1919<ref name="156149KamianetsPodilskyi">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2019/08/27/156149/ "The Last Capital", or as Kamyanets returned to the past for three days], [[Ukrayinska Pravda|Historisna Pravda]] (27 August 2019)</ref> and was under [[Second Polish Republic|Polish]] administration from 16 November 1919, to 12 July 1920. In July 1920 battles between units of the [[Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic]] (UPR) and the [[Red Army]] took place in the village Veliki Zozulintsi and surrounding villages nearby Kamianets-Podilskyi.<ref name="160051KamianetsPodilskyi"/> On 7 July 1920 soldiers of the 6th Reserve Rifle Brigade of the UPR Army were taken prisoner by the [[Bolsheviks]].<ref name="160051KamianetsPodilskyi"/> After refusing to join the Red Army, captured UPR soldiers were executed.<ref name="160051KamianetsPodilskyi"/> In Veliki Zozulintsi a mass grave of 26 UPR soldiers are located.<ref name="160051KamianetsPodilskyi">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2021/08/23/160051/ A memorial to UPR soldiers was opened in Khmelnytsky region], [[Ukrayinska Pravda|Historisna Pravda]] (23 August 2021)</ref> ===Soviet times (1921-1991)=== [[File:Kamjaneć-Podilśkyj 7 SMierzwa.jpg|thumb|upright|Kamianets-Podilskyi City Hall]] The area including Kamianets-Podilskyi was ceded to [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] in the 1921 [[Treaty of Riga]], which determined its future for the next seven decades as part of the Ukrainian SSR. [[Polish people|Poles]] and [[Ukrainians]] have always dominated the city's population. However, as a commercial center, Kamianets-Podilskyi has been a [[multiethnic]] and multi-religious city with substantial [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jewish]] and [[Armenians in Ukraine|Armenian]] minorities. Under Soviet rule it became subject to severe persecutions, and many Poles were [[Polish minority in the Soviet Union|forcibly deported to Central Asia]]. Massacres such as the [[Vinnytsia massacre]] have taken place throughout Podillya, the last resort of independent [[Ukraine]]. Early on, Kamianets-Podilskyi was the administrative center of the Ukrainian SSR's ''Kamianets-Podilskyi Oblast'', but the administrative center was later moved to Proskuriv (now [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]). In December 1927, [[TIME]] Magazine reported that there were massive uprisings of peasants and factory workers in southern Ukraine, around the cities of [[Mohyliv-Podilskyi]], Kamianets-Podilskyi, [[Tiraspol]] and others, against [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] authorities. The magazine was intrigued when it found numerous reports from the neighboring [[Romania]] that troops from Moscow were sent to the region and suppressed the unrest, causing no less than 4,000 deaths. The magazine sent several of its reporters to confirm those occurrences which were completely denied by the official press naming them as ''barefaced lies''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081029063746/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,737074,00.html Disorder in the Ukraine?], ''[[TIME Magazine]]'', 12 December 1927</ref> The revolt was caused by the [[collectivization]] campaign and the lawless environment in the cities caused by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government. Following the [[Soviet invasion of Poland]], the administrative center of the oblast was moved from the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi to the city of [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]. Kamianets-Podilskyi was occupied by the German troops on 11 July 1941 in the course of [[Operation Barbarossa]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Davis |editor-first=Martin |year=2010 |title=The Nazi Invasion of Kamenets |publisher=JewishGen |url=http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Kamyanets-Podilskyy/Kamianets-Podilskyi%20%201939-1945.htm }}</ref> German, Ukrainian, and Hungarian police [[Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre|massacred]] 23,000 Jews 27–28 August 1941. On 26 March 1944 the town was freed from German occupation by the [[Red Army]] in the [[battle]] of the [[Kamenets-Podolsky pocket]]. Kamianets remained in [[Soviet Ukraine]] until the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. ===Post-Soviet times=== On 16 July 1990, the new Ukrainian parliament adopted a [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|declaration of sovereignty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine |access-date=12 September 2007 |date=16 July 1990 |website=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}</ref> On 16 January 1991, [[Pope John Paul II]] re-established the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilskyi, which was dissolved under Soviet rule. {{As of|2015}}, Kamianets-Podilskyi was the third-largest city of Podolia after [[Vinnytsia]] and [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]. Until 18 July 2020, Kamianets-Podilskyi was incorporated as a [[city of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]] and served as the administrative center of Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast to three, the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi was merged into Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> ===Jewish history=== [[File:Kamianets-Podilskyi-Park-Fountain.jpg|thumb|225px|A nice park with a fountain near the Kamianets-Podilskyi's old town quarter]] During the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] (1648–58), the [[Qahal|Jewish community]] of Kamianets-Podilskyi suffered much from Khmelnytsky's Cossacks on the one hand, and from the attacks of the [[Crimean Tatars]] (their main object being the extortion of ransoms) on the other.<ref name="jewish">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=K&artid=78 |title=Kamenetz-Podolsk |publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> About the middle of the 18th century, Kamianets-Podilskyi became celebrated as the center of the furious conflict then raging between the Talmudic Jews and the [[Jacob Frank|Frankists]]. The city was the residence of Bishop Dembowski, who sided with the Frankists and ordered the public [[Burn of the Talmud|burning of the Talmud]], a sentence which was carried into effect in the public streets in 1757.<ref name="jewish" /> Kamianets-Podilskyi was also the residence of the wealthy [[Joseph Günzburg|Joseph Yozel Günzburg]]. During the latter half of the 19th century, many Jews from Kamianets-Podilskyi emigrated to the [[United States]], especially to [[New York City]], where they organized a number of societies.<ref name="jewish" /> {{main article|Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre}} One of the first and largest [[Holocaust]] [[Mass murder|massacres]] carried out in the opening stages of war between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, took place in Kamianets-Podilskyi on 27–28 August 1941. The killings were conducted by the [[Police Battalion 320]] of the [[Order Police]] along with [[Friedrich Jeckeln]]'s ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]'', the Hungarian soldiers, and the [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police]].<ref name=TSn>{{cite book |title=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin |author=Timothy Snyder |author-link=Timothy Snyder |publisher=Basic Books |year=2010 |pages=200–204 |isbn=978-0465002399 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ks0WBQAAQBAJ&q=Kamianets}}</ref><ref name=MDav>{{cite journal |title=Kamyanets-Podilskyy |author=Martin Davis |url=http://www.blankgenealogy.com/histories/Location%20histories/Ukraine/Kamenets%20.pdf |at=pp. 11-14 / 24 in PDF |via=direct download}} ''Also in:'' {{cite web |author=Martin Davis |year=2010 |title=The Nazi Invasion of Kamenets |publisher=JewishGen |url=http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Kamyanets-Podilskyy/Kamianets-Podilskyi%20%201939-1945.htm }}</ref> According to Nazi German reports, in two days a&nbsp;total of 23,600 Jews from the Kamianets-Podilskyi Ghetto were murdered, including 16,000 [[History of the Jews in Hungary|expellees from Hungary]].<ref name=RLB>{{cite book |title=The Politics of Genocide |author=Randolph L. Braham |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATpHs6fgr_YC&q=Kamenets+Report |isbn=0814326919 |page=34}}</ref> As the historians of the Holocaust point out, the massacre constituted a prelude to the [[Final Solution]] conceived by the Nazis at [[Wannsee Conference|Wannsee]] several months later. Eyewitnesses reported that the perpetrators made no effort to hide their deeds from the local population.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Gross |editor-first1=S.Y. |editor-last2=Cohen |editor-first2=Yosef |year=1983 |chapter=Chapter 7 - The Holocaust of Jewish Marmaros |title=The Marmaros Book - In Memory of 160 Jewish Communities |location=Tel Aviv |publisher=Beit Marmaros |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/maramures/mar093.html }}</ref> ==Climate== {{Weather box |location = Kamianets-Podilskyi (1981–2010) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan high C = -0.3 |Feb high C = 1.4 |Mar high C = 7.0 |Apr high C = 14.9 |May high C = 21.2 |Jun high C = 23.7 |Jul high C = 25.7 |Aug high C = 25.2 |Sep high C = 19.9 |Oct high C = 13.7 |Nov high C = 6.0 |Dec high C = 0.6 |year high C = 13.3 |Jan mean C = -3.3 |Feb mean C = -2.2 |Mar mean C = 2.4 |Apr mean C = 9.2 |May mean C = 15.1 |Jun mean C = 17.9 |Jul mean C = 19.8 |Aug mean C = 19.0 |Sep mean C = 14.1 |Oct mean C = 8.6 |Nov mean C = 2.7 |Dec mean C = -2.1 |year mean C = 8.4 |Jan low C = -6.4 |Feb low C = -5.5 |Mar low C = -1.7 |Apr low C = 3.9 |May low C = 9.3 |Jun low C = 12.4 |Jul low C = 14.2 |Aug low C = 13.4 |Sep low C = 9.1 |Oct low C = 4.3 |Nov low C = -0.3 |Dec low C = -5.0 |year low C = 4.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 31.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 34.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 30.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 46.3 |May precipitation mm = 64.3 |Jun precipitation mm = 92.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 96.8 |Aug precipitation mm = 61.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 54.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 38.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 37.9 |Dec precipitation mm = 37.5 |year precipitation mm = 625.9 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 7.7 |Feb precipitation days = 7.6 |Mar precipitation days = 7.2 |Apr precipitation days = 7.6 |May precipitation days = 9.2 |Jun precipitation days = 9.8 |Jul precipitation days = 10.3 |Aug precipitation days = 7.5 |Sep precipitation days = 7.5 |Oct precipitation days = 6.6 |Nov precipitation days = 7.0 |Dec precipitation days = 8.1 |year precipitation days = 96.1 |Jan humidity = 85.3 |Feb humidity = 82.9 |Mar humidity = 76.6 |Apr humidity = 68.0 |May humidity = 67.5 |Jun humidity = 72.7 |Jul humidity = 73.5 |Aug humidity = 73.6 |Sep humidity = 77.3 |Oct humidity = 80.7 |Nov humidity = 85.3 |Dec humidity = 86.4 |year humidity = 77.5 |Jan sun = 39.2 |Feb sun = 64.3 |Mar sun = 121.2 |Apr sun = 168.1 |May sun = 241.9 |Jun sun = 237.5 |Jul sun = 241.4 |Aug sun = 234.6 |Sep sun = 162.7 |Oct sun = 103.8 |Nov sun = 48.9 |Dec sun = 62.7 |year sun = 1696.3 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls | archive-date = 17 July 2021 | url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010 | publisher = World Meteorological Organization | access-date = 17 July 2021}}</ref> }} ==Culture== [[File:Kamianets Podilskyi Canyon.jpg|thumb|225px|The canyon at river Smotrych.]] [[File:Kamianets-Podilskyi Old Town street.JPG|thumb|225px|An old street in Kamianets-Podilskyi's old town quarter. Recently restoration works have been conducted in the city.]] ===Main sights=== The different peoples and cultures that have lived in the city have each brought their own culture and architecture. Examples include the [[Polish people|Polish]], [[Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] and [[Armenians|Armenian]] markets.<ref name="history" /> Famous [[tourist attraction]]s include the ancient castle, and the numerous architectural attractions in the city's center, including the [[Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Kamianets-Podilskyi|cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul]], [[Holy Trinity Church, Kamianets-Podilskyi|Holy Trinity Church]], the city hall building, and the numerous fortifications. [[Balloon (aircraft)|Ballooning]] activities in the [[canyon]] of the [[Smotrych River]] have also brought tourists. In May and October, the city hosts Ballooning festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Фестиваль повітряних куль 2020 у Камянці-Подільському!. Афіша Хмельницького - moemisto.ua.|url=https://moemisto.ua/km/festival-povitryanih-kul-82329.html|access-date=2020-12-29|website=moemisto.ua|language=uk}}</ref> In addition, everyone can book a balloon flight even not during the time of the festival. Since the late 1990s, the city has grown into one of the chief [[tourism|tourist]] centers of [[Ukraine|western Ukraine]]. Annual [[Cossacks|Cossack]] Games (''Kozatski zabavy'') and [[festival]]s, which include the open [[Hot air ballooning|ballooning]] championship of Ukraine, [[car racing]] and various music, art and drama activities, attract an estimated 140,000 tourists and stimulate the local economy. More than a dozen privately owned hotels have recently opened, a large number for a provincial Ukrainian city. [[:uk:Respublica|"Respublica" Festival]] is a music and art festival for youth featuring modern music, literature, and street art. This festival is held annually, gathering hundreds of young art lovers, musicians, and art enthusiasts. Many of the city's buildings are decorated with murals, created during these festivals. The murals depict historical events, as well as modern concepts. ==International relations== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine}} ===Twin towns – Sister cities=== Kamianets-Podilskyi is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with: *{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Dolný Kubín]], [[Slovakia]] *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Kalisz]], [[Poland]]<ref name="KaliszTwinning">{{cite web|title=Kalisz Official Website – Twin Towns |language=pl |url=http://www.kalisz.pl/_portal/118951340446e688bcd9fee/Miasta_partnerskie.html |access-date=29 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925020649/http://www.kalisz.pl/_portal/118951340446e688bcd9fee/Miasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date=25 September 2011 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|ROM}} [[Zalau]], [[Romania]] *{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Brantford]], [[Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Brantford signs twinning agreement with Ukrainian city |url=https://kitchener.ctvnews.ca/brantford-signs-twinning-agreement-with-ukrainian-city-1.5847717 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Kitchener |language=en}}</ref> ==Notable residents== [[File:Mikhail Alperin Sentralen Oslo Jazzfestival 2017 (214856).jpg|thumb|180px|[[Mikhail Alperin]]]] [[File:Portrait of Murray Korman.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Murray Korman]]]] [[File:Leonid Stein 1969.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Leonid Stein]]]] [[File:Mikhail Veller 2005 09 07.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Mikhail Veller]]]] *[[Mikhail Alperin]] (born 1956), Ukrainian jazz pianist *[[Andrei Bondarenko]] (born 1987), Ukrainian operatic baritone, born here * [[Nikolai Chebotaryov]] (1894–1947), Russian and Soviet mathematician, best known for the [[Chebotaryov density theorem]]. * [[Moisey Gamarnik]] (born 1936), Soviet and Ukrainian physicist and inventor, born here * [[Sergey Gorshkov]] (1910-1988), Russian and Soviet Admiral of the fleet of the Soviet Union, born here * [[David Günzburg]] (Baron de Günzburg; 1857–1910) Russian orientalist and Jewish communal leader, born here * [[Israel J. Hochman]] (1872–1940), American klezmer violinist and recording artist, born here *[[Sergius Ingerman]] (1868–1943), American physician and socialist, born here * [[Józef Kallenbach]] (1861–1929), Polish historian of literature, born here * [[Yuriy Khimich]] (1928–2003), a Ukrainian painter, born here * [[Andrii Klantsa]] (born 1980), cardiac surgeon, scientist, Merited Doctor of Ukraine, Doctor of Science in Public Administration. * [[Stanisław Koniecpolski]] (1590 or 1594–1646), Polish military commander, fought here * [[Mark Kopytman]] (1929–2011), Soviet-Israeli composer, musicologist, and pedagogue, born here * [[Murray Korman]] (1902–1961), American publicity photographer * [[Leib Kvitko]] (1890–1952), Yiddish poet, author of children's poems, and member of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee * [[Mykola Leontovych]] (1877–1921), [[List of Ukrainian composers|Ukrainian composer]], studied and graduated from the city's Theological Seminary * [[Iryna Merleni]] (born 1982), female wrestler * [[Aleksander Michałowski]] (1851–1938), Polish pianist, born here * [[Mieczysław Mickiewicz]] (1879–before 1939), Polish politician, born here * [[Szymon Okolski]] (1580–1653), Polish historian, lived here * [[Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski]] (1876—1945), Polish writer, explorer, professor, anti-communist and political activist; lived here. * [[José Antonio Saravia]] (1785–1871), Spanish-born Russian general during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]; married and lived here. * [[Joseph Saunders (engraver)]] (1773-1854), English printmaker, lived and died here * [[Morris Schappes]] (1907–2004), American educator, writer, radical political activist, historian, and magazine editor * [[Zvee Scooler]] (1899–1985), actor and radio commentator, best known as the Rabbi in [[Fiddler on the Roof]]; born here. * [[Mendele Mocher Sforim]] (1836–1917), Jewish author; lived here * [[Leo Sirota]] (1885-1965), Jewish pianist * [[Arnold Spielberg|Samuel Spielberg]], [[Steven Spielberg]]'s paternal grandfather * [[Mihail Starenki]] (1879–?), Bessarabian politician born here * [[Leonid Stein]] (1934–1973), Soviet chess [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]], born here * [[Moshe Stekelis]] (1898–1967), Russian-Israeli archaeologist * [[Arthur Tracy]] (1899–1997), American singer, born here * [[Anton Vasyutinsky]] (1858–1935), painter, coin and medal designer, born here * [[Mikhail Veller]] (born 1948), Russian-Estonian writer, born here * [[Ion Vinokur]] (1930–2006), Ukrainian archaeologist, historian, lived and worked here * [[Jan de Witte]] (1709–1785), Polish architect and commander of the local fortress * [[Jerzy Wołodyjowski]], Polish colonel, prototype for one of [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]]'s characters, [[Michał Wołodyjowski]]; killed here. * [[Józef Zajączek]] (1752–1826), Polish general, born here * [[Maurice Zbriger]] (1896–1981), Canadian violinist, composer, and conductor, born here * [[Isidor Zuckermann]] (1866–1946), Austrian businessman ===Gallery=== <gallery mode="packed" class="center"> File:Kamyanets-Podilskiy - City of a Dream (2013).webm|Video File:Тріумфальна арка.jpg|Arch of triumph File:Kamianets-Podilskyi-church-before-castle.jpg|Church backyard near the castle File:Armenian Bell Tower.jpg|Armenian Bell Tower File:P1280268 Трапезна монастиря домініканців.jpg|Dominican monastery File:Олександро-Невський собор (Кам'янець-Подільський).jpg|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral File:KamPod Virmensky rynok 5 7 IMG 1988 68-104-0095.JPG|Virmensky rynok File:Кам'янець-Подільська РДА.JPG|Kamianets-Podilskyi district administration File:Банк комерційний.jpg|College of arts File:Будинок духовної консисторії DSC 7607.JPG|Consistorium building File:Будинок житловий (мур.), Кам'янець-Подільський, вул.Зарванська, 16.JPG|Zarvanska Street File:Будинок польського магістрату.jpg|Polish magistrate building File:Вул.Старобульварна, 2 DSC 7370.JPG|Starobul'varna Street File:Духовна семенарiя 1789-XIX ст., вул.П'ятницька,11, м..JPG|Former seminary building File:Кафедральний костел Петра й Павла.jpg|[[Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Kamianets-Podilskyi|St. Peter and Paul Cathedral]] File:Пушкiнський народний дiм1.jpg|Pushkin People's House File:Суд окружний (дворянське зiбрання) DSC 7610.JPG|Court building File:Шевченка 24.jpg|Gymnasium on Shevchenko Street </gallery> == See also == * [[Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle]] * [[Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre]] * [[Kamenets-Podolsky pocket]] == References == ;Notes {{Reflist}} ;Bibliography {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |editor=Olha Plamenytska |title=Tourist guide Kamianets-Podilskyi |url=http://www.tovtry.km.ua/ua/history/book/kamjanets-podilskij.html |year=2003 |publisher=Tsentr Yevropy |location=[[Lviv]] |language=uk |isbn=966-7022-46-3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116200940/http://www.tovtry.km.ua/ua/history/book/kamjanets-podilskij.html |archive-date=16 November 2007 |df=dmy-all }} {{refend}} == External links == *{{cite web|url=http://karta3d.com/index.php/kampod.html|title=Virtual travel 3D in Kamianets-Podilskyi|access-date=26 October 2013|work=www.karta3d.com|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604154603/http://karta3d.com/index.php/kampod.html|archive-date=4 June 2012|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://kam-pod.info/|title=Kamianets-Podilskyi information site|access-date=26 October 2013|work=kam-pod.info|archive-date=22 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722033017/http://kam-pod.info/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.kam-pod.gov.ua|title=City's official website|access-date=12 March 2012|work=kam-pod.gov.ua|language=uk}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.kp-tour.com.ua/|title=Informational portal|access-date=25 October 2007|work=www.kp-tour.com.ua|language=ru|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024081714/http://www.kp-tour.com.ua/|archive-date=24 October 2007|df=dmy-all}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.castles.com.ua/121.html|title=Kamianets|access-date=18 October 2007|work=castles.com.ua|language=uk}} * "The old fortress on the Smotrich River," in ''[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]]'' (Mirror Weekly), 28 June – 5 July 2002, [https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/stara_fortetsya_na_smotrichi.html available online] *{{cite journal|title=Kamenets-Podolskiy Flower on the Rock|journal=[[Vokrug Sveta]]|url=http://www.vokrugsveta.com/S4/nasledie/kamenez.htm|access-date= 25 October 2007|language=ru}} * [http://jewua.org/kamenets_podolski/ History of Jewish Community in Kamenets-Podolski] * [http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=278 The murder of the Jews of Kamianets-Podilskyi] during [[World War II]], at [[Yad Vashem]] website. * [http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Kamyanets-Podilskyy/ The Lost Jewish Community of Kamenets-Podolsk] * [https://yahadmap.org/#village/kamyanets-podilskyi-khmelnytskyi-ukraine.107 Execution of Jews in Kamyanets-Podilskyi] {{Subject bar |portal1=Europe |portal2=Ukraine }} {{Subject bar |commons=y |voy=y }} {{Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion}} {{Khmelnytskyi Oblast}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kamianets-Podilskyi| ]] [[Category:Cities in Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] [[Category:Cities of regional significance in Ukraine]] [[Category:Podolia Voivodeship]] [[Category:Kamenets-Podolsky Uyezd]] [[Category:Shtetls]] [[Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine]] [[Category:Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion]] [[Category:Rus' settlements]]'