Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Shoulder muscle}}
{{Redirect|Delts|the fraternity|Delta Tau Delta}}
{{Infobox muscle
| Name = Deltoid muscle
| Latin = Musculus deltoideus
| Image = Deltoideus.png
| Caption = Deltoid muscle
| Image2 = 1119 Muscles that Move the Humerus b.png
| Caption2 = Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column
| Origin = the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the [[clavicle]], [[acromion]], [[Spine of scapula|spine]] of the [[scapula]]
| Insertion = [[deltoid tuberosity]] of [[humerus]]
| Blood = [[thoracoacromial artery]], [[anterior humeral circumflex artery|anterior]] and [[posterior humeral circumflex artery]]
| Nerve = [[Axillary nerve]]
| Action = [[shoulder]] [[Abduction (kinesiology)|abduction]], [[flexion]] and [[Extension (kinesiology)|extension]]
| Antagonist = [[Latissimus dorsi]]
}}
The '''deltoid muscle''' is the [[muscle]] forming the rounded contour of the [[human]] [[shoulder]]. It is also known as the 'common shoulder muscle', particularly in other animals such as the domestic [[cat]]. Anatomically, the deltoid muscle appears to be made up of three distinct sets of [[muscle fibers]], namely the
# anterior or clavicular part (pars clavicularis)
# posterior or scapular part (pars scapularis)
# intermediate or acromial part (pars acromialis)
However, [[electromyography]] suggests that it consists of at least seven groups that can be independently coordinated by the [[nervous system]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = JM | last2 = Wickham | first2 = JB | last3 = McAndrew | first3 = DJ | last4 = Huang | first4 = XF | year = 2007 | title = Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks | journal = J Electromyogr Kinesiol | volume = 17 | issue = 1| pages = 57–73 | doi = 10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.007 | pmid = 16458022 }}</ref>
It was previously called the '''deltoideus''' (plural ''deltoidei'') and the name is still used by some anatomists. It is called so because it is in the shape of the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] capital letter [[Delta (letter)|delta]] (Δ). Deltoid is also further shortened in [[slang]] as "'''delt'''".
A study of 30 shoulders revealed an average mass of {{convert|191.9|g}} in humans, ranging from {{convert|84|g}} to {{convert|366|g}}.<ref name="Potau">{{cite journal | last1 = Potau | first1 = JM | last2 = Bardina | first2 = X | last3 = Ciurana | first3 = N | last4 = Camprubí | first4 = D. Pastor JF | last5 = de Paz | first5 = F. Barbosa M. | year = 2009 | title = Quantitative Analysis of the Deltoid and Rotator Cuff Muscles in Humans and Great Apes | journal = Int J Primatol | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 697–708 | doi = 10.1007/s10764-009-9368-8 | s2cid = 634575 }}</ref>
==Structure==
=== Origin ===
# The [[anterior]] or clavicular fibers arise from most of the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle.<ref name="Wheeless">{{Cite web
| title = Deltoid Muscle
| publisher = Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
| url = http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/deltoid_muscle
| date = December 2011
}} Retrieved January 2012.</ref> The anterior origin lies adjacent to the lateral fibers of the ''[[pectoralis major]]'' muscle as do the end tendons of both muscles. These muscle fibers are closely related and only a small chiasmatic space, through which the [[cephalic vein]] passes, prevents the two muscles from forming a continuous muscle mass.<ref name="Leijnse-etal">{{Cite journal
| title = Morphology of deltoid origin and end tendons – a generic model
| last1 = Leijnse | first1 = J N A L
| last2 = Han | first2 = S-H
| last3 = Kwon | first3 = Y H
| journal = J Anat |date=December 2008 | volume = 213 | issue = 6 | pages = 733–742
| doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01000.x | pmc= 2666142
| pmid=19094189
}}</ref>
# Intermediate or acromial fibers arise from the superior surface of the [[acromion]] process of the [[scapula]].<ref name="Wheeless" />
# Posterior or spinal fibers arise from the lower lip of the [[Posterior (anatomy)|posterior]] border of the [[spine of the scapula]].<ref name="Wheeless" />
{{multiple image
| footer = Deltoid muscle.{{Legend|red|Anterior part of deltoid (arises from most of the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the [[clavicle]].)}}{{Legend|LawnGreen |Intermediate part of deltoid (arises from the superior surface of the [[acromion]] process.)}}{{Legend|blue|Posterior part of deltoid (arises from the lower lip of the posterior border of the spine of the scapula.)}}
| align = left
| image1 = Deltoid muscle top10.png
| width1 = 200
| alt1 = Side
| caption1 = Side.
| image2 = Deltoid muscle top8.png
| width2 = 200
| alt2 = Front
| caption2 = Front.
| image3 = Deltoid muscle top9.png
| width3 = 200
| alt3 = Back
| caption3 = Back.
| image4 = Deltoid muscle animation4.gif
| width4 = 200
| alt4 = Animation
| caption4 = Animation.
}}{{Clear}}
===Insertion===
From this extensive origin the fibers converge toward their insertion on the [[deltoid tuberosity]] on the middle of the [[Human anatomical terms#Anatomical directions|lateral]] aspect of the shaft of the [[humerus]]; the intermediate fibers passing vertically, the anterior obliquely backward and laterally, and the posterior obliquely forward and laterally.
Though traditionally described as a single insertion, the deltoid insertion is divided into two or three discernible areas corresponding to the muscle's three areas of origin. The insertion is an arch-like structure with strong anterior and posterior fascial connections flanking an intervening tissue bridge. It additionally gives off extensions to the [[Brachial fascia|deep brachial fascia]]. Furthermore, the [[deltoid fascia]] contributes to the brachial fascia and is connected to the [[Medial intermuscular septum of arm|medial]] and [[Lateral intermuscular septum of arm|lateral intermuscular septa]].
<ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Rispoli
|first1=Damian M.
|last2=Athwal
|first2=George S.
|last3=Sperling
|first3=John W.
|last4=Cofield
|first4=Robert H.
|title=The anatomy of the deltoid insertion
|journal=J Shoulder Elbow Surg
|year=2009
|volume=18
|issue=3
|pages=386–390
|url=http://www.anatomytrains.com/uploads/rich_media/Rispoli2009_anatomyDeltoidInsertion.pdf
|doi=10.1016/j.jse.2008.10.012
|pmid=19186076
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904122301/http://www.anatomytrains.com/uploads/rich_media/Rispoli2009_anatomyDeltoidInsertion.pdf
|archive-date=2012-09-04
}}</ref>
===Blood supply===
The deltoid is supplied by the [[thoracoacromial artery]] (acromial and deltoid branches), the circumflex humeral arteries, and the profunda brachii artery (deltoid branch).<ref>Standring, 2005</ref>
===Nerve supply===
The deltoid is innervated by the [[axillary nerve]].<ref name="Sunny">{{SUNYAnatomyLabs|03|03|01|03}}</ref> The axillary nerve originates from the [[anterior ramus of spinal nerve|anterior rami]] of the [[spinal nerves|cervical nerves]] C5 and C6, via the superior trunk, posterior division of the superior trunk, and the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-deltoid-muscle|title=Deltoid muscle|website=Kenhub|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref>
Studies have shown that there are seven neuromuscular segments to the deltoid muscle. Three of these lie in the anatomical anterior head of the deltoid, one in the anatomical middle head, and three in the anatomical posterior head of the deltoid.<ref name="Muscles within muscles: Coordinatio">{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=J M M |last2=Wickham |first2=J B |last3=McAndrew |first3=D J |last4=Huang |first4=X F |title=Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks |journal=Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology |date=2007 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=57–73 |doi=10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.007 |pmid=16458022 }}</ref> These neuromuscular segments are supplied by smaller branches of the axillary nerve, and work in coordination with other muscles of the shoulder girdle include pectoralis major and supraspinatus.<ref name="Muscles within muscles: Coordinatio"/>
The axillary nerve is sometimes damaged during surgical procedures of the [[axilla]], such as for [[breast cancer]]. It may also be injured by anterior dislocation of the head of the humerus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Avis|first1=Duncan|last2=Power|first2=Dominic|date=2018-03-26|title=Axillary nerve injury associated with glenohumeral dislocation|journal=EFORT Open Reviews|volume=3|issue=3|pages=70–77|doi=10.1302/2058-5241.3.170003|issn=2058-5241|pmc=5890131|pmid=29657847}}</ref>
==Function==
[[File:Deltoid muscle.JPG|thumb|right|Deltoid muscle with superior limb in abduction]]
When all its fibers contract simultaneously, the deltoid is the prime mover of arm abduction along the frontal plane. The arm must be medially rotated for the deltoid to have maximum effect.<ref>Radiography of the Upper Extremities: 24 ARRT Category A. CE4RT, 2014. 201. Print.</ref> This makes the deltoid an antagonist muscle of the ''pectoralis major ''and ''[[latissimus dorsi]]'' during arm adduction. The anterior fibers assist the ''pectoralis major'' to flex the shoulder. The anterior deltoid also works in tandem with the [[subscapularis]], pecs and lats to internally (medially) rotate the humerus. The intermediate fibers perform basic shoulder abduction when the shoulder is internally rotated, and perform shoulder transverse abduction when the shoulder is externally rotated. They are not utilized significantly during strict transverse extension (shoulder internally rotated) such as in rowing movements, which use the posterior fibers. The posterior fibers assist the ''[[latissimus dorsi]]'' to extend the shoulder. Other transverse extensors, the ''[[infraspinatus]]'' and ''[[teres minor]]'', also work in tandem with the posterior deltoid as external (lateral) rotators, antagonists to strong internal rotators like the pecs and lats.
An important function of the deltoid in humans is preventing the [[dislocation (medicine)|dislocation]] of the [[humeral]] head when a person carries heavy loads. The function of abduction also means that it would help keep carried objects a safer distance away from the thighs to avoid hitting them, as during a [[farmer's walk]]. It also ensures a precise and rapid movement of the [[glenohumeral joint]] needed for hand and arm manipulation.<ref name="Potau"/> The intermediate fibers are in the most efficient position to perform this role, though like basic abduction movements (such as lateral raise) it is assisted by simultaneous co-contraction of anterior/posterior fibers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://muscleguide.co.uk/exercises/lateral-deltoid-raise.html |title=Lateral Deltoid Raise - Shoulder Exercise & Workout | MG |access-date=2013-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625202454/http://muscleguide.co.uk/exercises/lateral-deltoid-raise.html |archive-date=2012-06-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The deltoid is responsible for elevating the arm in the scapular plane and its contraction in doing this also elevates the humeral head. To stop this compressing against the undersurface of the [[acromion]] the humeral head and injuring the [[Supraspinatus muscle|supraspinatus tendon]], there is a simultaneous contraction of some of the muscles of the [[rotator cuff]]: the [[infraspinatus]] and subscapularis primarily perform this role. In spite of this there may be still a 1–3 mm upward movement of the head of the humerus during the first 30° to 60° of arm elevation.<ref name="Potau"/>
==Clinical significance==
The most common abnormalities affecting the deltoid are tears, fatty atrophy, and [[enthesopathy]]. Deltoid muscle tears are unusual and frequently related to traumatic shoulder dislocation or massive rotator cuff tears. Muscle atrophy may result from various causes, including aging, disuse, [[denervation]], [[muscular dystrophy]], [[cachexia]] and [[Iatrogenesis|iatrogenic injury]]. Deltoideal humeral enthesopathy is an exceedingly rare condition related to mechanical stress. Conversely, deltoideal acromial enthesopathy is likely a hallmark of seronegative spondylarthropathies and its detection should probably be followed by pertinent clinical and serological investigation.<ref>Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013. Chapter on deltoideal enthesopathy available at [http://www.shoulderus.com/ultrasound-of-the-shoulder/deltoid-ultrasound-entesopathy/ ShoulderUS.com]</ref>
==Other animals==
The deltoid is also found in members of the [[Hominidae|great ape]] family other than humans. The human deltoid is of similar proportionate size as the muscles of the rotator cuff in apes like the [[orangutan]], which engage in [[brachiation]] and possess the muscle mass needed to support the body weight by the shoulders. In other apes, like the [[common chimpanzee]], the deltoid is much larger than in humans, weighing an average of 383.3 gram compared to 191.9 gram in humans. This reflects the need to strengthen the shoulders, particularly the rotatory cuff, in [[knuckle walking]] apes for the purpose of supporting the entire body weight.<ref name="Potau"/>
The deltoid muscle is a main component of both the [[bat]] and [[pterosaur]] wing musculature,<ref>Witton, Mark (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0691150611}}.</ref> but in crown-group birds it is strongly reduced, as they favour sternum attached muscles. Some Mesozoic flying theropods, however, had more developed deltoideus.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Voeten | first1 = Dennis F.A.E. | display-authors = etal | year = 2018| title = "(13 March 2018). "Wing bone geometry reveals active flight in Archaeopteryx | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | page = 923 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-018-03296-8 | doi-access = free | pmid = 29535376 | pmc = 5849612 }}</ref>
==See also==
{{Anatomy-terms}}
==References==
{{Commons category|Deltoid muscle}}
* Standring, S. (2005). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (39th ed.). Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
{{Reflist}}
{{Muscles of upper limb}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deltoid Muscle}}
[[Category:Muscles of the upper limb]]
[[Category:Shoulder abductors]]
[[Category:Shoulder flexors]]
[[Category:Shoulder medial rotators]]
[[Category:Shoulder extensors]]
[[Category:Shoulder lateral rotators]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Shoulder muscle}}
{{Redirect|Delts|the fraternity|Delta Tau Delta}}
{{Infobox muscle
| Name = Delt muscle
| Latin = Musculus deltoideus
| Image = Delt.png
| Caption = Delt muscle
| Image2 = 1119 Muscles that Move the Humerus b.png
| Caption2 = Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column
| Origin = the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the [[clavicle]], [[acromion]], [[Spine of scapula|spine]] of the [[scapula]]
| Insertion = [[deltoid tuberosity]] of [[humerus]]
| Blood = [[thoracoacromial artery]], [[anterior humeral circumflex artery|anterior]] and [[posterior humeral circumflex artery]]
| Nerve = [[Axillary nerve]]
| Action = [[shoulder]] [[Abduction (kinesiology)|abduction]], [[flexion]] and [[Extension (kinesiology)|extension]]
| Antagonist = [[Latissimus dorsi]]
}}
The '''deltoid muscle''' is the [[muscle]] forming the rounded contour of the [[human]] [[shoulder]]. It is also known as the 'common shoulder muscle', particularly in other animals such as the domestic [[cat]]. Anatomically, the deltoid muscle appears to be made up of three distinct sets of [[muscle fibers]], namely the
# anterior or clavicular part (pars clavicularis)
# posterior or scapular part (pars scapularis)
# intermediate or acromial part (pars acromialis)
However, [[electromyography]] suggests that it consists of at least seven groups that can be independently coordinated by the [[nervous system]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = JM | last2 = Wickham | first2 = JB | last3 = McAndrew | first3 = DJ | last4 = Huang | first4 = XF | year = 2007 | title = Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks | journal = J Electromyogr Kinesiol | volume = 17 | issue = 1| pages = 57–73 | doi = 10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.007 | pmid = 16458022 }}</ref>
It was previously called the '''deltoideus''' (plural ''deltoidei'') and the name is still used by some anatomists. It is called so because it is in the shape of the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] capital letter [[Delta (letter)|delta]] (Δ). Deltoid is also further shortened in [[slang]] as "'''delt'''".
A study of 30 shoulders revealed an average mass of {{convert|191.9|g}} in humans, ranging from {{convert|84|g}} to {{convert|366|g}}.<ref name="Potau">{{cite journal | last1 = Potau | first1 = JM | last2 = Bardina | first2 = X | last3 = Ciurana | first3 = N | last4 = Camprubí | first4 = D. Pastor JF | last5 = de Paz | first5 = F. Barbosa M. | year = 2009 | title = Quantitative Analysis of the Deltoid and Rotator Cuff Muscles in Humans and Great Apes | journal = Int J Primatol | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 697–708 | doi = 10.1007/s10764-009-9368-8 | s2cid = 634575 }}</ref>
==Structure==
=== Origin ===
# The [[anterior]] or clavicular fibers arise from most of the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle.<ref name="Wheeless">{{Cite web
| title = Deltoid Muscle
| publisher = Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
| url = http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/deltoid_muscle
| date = December 2011
}} Retrieved January 2012.</ref> The anterior origin lies adjacent to the lateral fibers of the ''[[pectoralis major]]'' muscle as do the end tendons of both muscles. These muscle fibers are closely related and only a small chiasmatic space, through which the [[cephalic vein]] passes, prevents the two muscles from forming a continuous muscle mass.<ref name="Leijnse-etal">{{Cite journal
| title = Morphology of deltoid origin and end tendons – a generic model
| last1 = Leijnse | first1 = J N A L
| last2 = Han | first2 = S-H
| last3 = Kwon | first3 = Y H
| journal = J Anat |date=December 2008 | volume = 213 | issue = 6 | pages = 733–742
| doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01000.x | pmc= 2666142
| pmid=19094189
}}</ref>
# Intermediate or acromial fibers arise from the superior surface of the [[acromion]] process of the [[scapula]].<ref name="Wheeless" />
# Posterior or spinal fibers arise from the lower lip of the [[Posterior (anatomy)|posterior]] border of the [[spine of the scapula]].<ref name="Wheeless" />
{{multiple image
| footer = Deltoid muscle.{{Legend|red|Anterior part of deltoid (arises from most of the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the [[clavicle]].)}}{{Legend|LawnGreen |Intermediate part of deltoid (arises from the superior surface of the [[acromion]] process.)}}{{Legend|blue|Posterior part of deltoid (arises from the lower lip of the posterior border of the spine of the scapula.)}}
| align = left
| image1 = Deltoid muscle top10.png
| width1 = 200
| alt1 = Side
| caption1 = Side.
| image2 = Deltoid muscle top8.png
| width2 = 200
| alt2 = Front
| caption2 = Front.
| image3 = Deltoid muscle top9.png
| width3 = 200
| alt3 = Back
| caption3 = Back.
| image4 = Deltoid muscle animation4.gif
| width4 = 200
| alt4 = Animation
| caption4 = Animation.
}}{{Clear}}
===Insertion===
From this extensive origin the fibers converge toward their insertion on the [[deltoid tuberosity]] on the middle of the [[Human anatomical terms#Anatomical directions|lateral]] aspect of the shaft of the [[humerus]]; the intermediate fibers passing vertically, the anterior obliquely backward and laterally, and the posterior obliquely forward and laterally.
Though traditionally described as a single insertion, the deltoid insertion is divided into two or three discernible areas corresponding to the muscle's three areas of origin. The insertion is an arch-like structure with strong anterior and posterior fascial connections flanking an intervening tissue bridge. It additionally gives off extensions to the [[Brachial fascia|deep brachial fascia]]. Furthermore, the [[deltoid fascia]] contributes to the brachial fascia and is connected to the [[Medial intermuscular septum of arm|medial]] and [[Lateral intermuscular septum of arm|lateral intermuscular septa]].
<ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Rispoli
|first1=Damian M.
|last2=Athwal
|first2=George S.
|last3=Sperling
|first3=John W.
|last4=Cofield
|first4=Robert H.
|title=The anatomy of the deltoid insertion
|journal=J Shoulder Elbow Surg
|year=2009
|volume=18
|issue=3
|pages=386–390
|url=http://www.anatomytrains.com/uploads/rich_media/Rispoli2009_anatomyDeltoidInsertion.pdf
|doi=10.1016/j.jse.2008.10.012
|pmid=19186076
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904122301/http://www.anatomytrains.com/uploads/rich_media/Rispoli2009_anatomyDeltoidInsertion.pdf
|archive-date=2012-09-04
}}</ref>
===Blood supply===
The deltoid is supplied by the [[thoracoacromial artery]] (acromial and deltoid branches), the circumflex humeral arteries, and the profunda brachii artery (deltoid branch).<ref>Standring, 2005</ref>
===Nerve supply===
The deltoid is innervated by the [[axillary nerve]].<ref name="Sunny">{{SUNYAnatomyLabs|03|03|01|03}}</ref> The axillary nerve originates from the [[anterior ramus of spinal nerve|anterior rami]] of the [[spinal nerves|cervical nerves]] C5 and C6, via the superior trunk, posterior division of the superior trunk, and the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-deltoid-muscle|title=Deltoid muscle|website=Kenhub|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref>
Studies have shown that there are seven neuromuscular segments to the deltoid muscle. Three of these lie in the anatomical anterior head of the deltoid, one in the anatomical middle head, and three in the anatomical posterior head of the deltoid.<ref name="Muscles within muscles: Coordinatio">{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=J M M |last2=Wickham |first2=J B |last3=McAndrew |first3=D J |last4=Huang |first4=X F |title=Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks |journal=Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology |date=2007 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=57–73 |doi=10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.007 |pmid=16458022 }}</ref> These neuromuscular segments are supplied by smaller branches of the axillary nerve, and work in coordination with other muscles of the shoulder girdle include pectoralis major and supraspinatus.<ref name="Muscles within muscles: Coordinatio"/>
The axillary nerve is sometimes damaged during surgical procedures of the [[axilla]], such as for [[breast cancer]]. It may also be injured by anterior dislocation of the head of the humerus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Avis|first1=Duncan|last2=Power|first2=Dominic|date=2018-03-26|title=Axillary nerve injury associated with glenohumeral dislocation|journal=EFORT Open Reviews|volume=3|issue=3|pages=70–77|doi=10.1302/2058-5241.3.170003|issn=2058-5241|pmc=5890131|pmid=29657847}}</ref>
==Function==
[[File:Deltoid muscle.JPG|thumb|right|Deltoid muscle with superior limb in abduction]]
When all its fibers contract simultaneously, the deltoid is the prime mover of arm abduction along the frontal plane. The arm must be medially rotated for the deltoid to have maximum effect.<ref>Radiography of the Upper Extremities: 24 ARRT Category A. CE4RT, 2014. 201. Print.</ref> This makes the deltoid an antagonist muscle of the ''pectoralis major ''and ''[[latissimus dorsi]]'' during arm adduction. The anterior fibers assist the ''pectoralis major'' to flex the shoulder. The anterior deltoid also works in tandem with the [[subscapularis]], pecs and lats to internally (medially) rotate the humerus. The intermediate fibers perform basic shoulder abduction when the shoulder is internally rotated, and perform shoulder transverse abduction when the shoulder is externally rotated. They are not utilized significantly during strict transverse extension (shoulder internally rotated) such as in rowing movements, which use the posterior fibers. The posterior fibers assist the ''[[latissimus dorsi]]'' to extend the shoulder. Other transverse extensors, the ''[[infraspinatus]]'' and ''[[teres minor]]'', also work in tandem with the posterior deltoid as external (lateral) rotators, antagonists to strong internal rotators like the pecs and lats.
An important function of the deltoid in humans is preventing the [[dislocation (medicine)|dislocation]] of the [[humeral]] head when a person carries heavy loads. The function of abduction also means that it would help keep carried objects a safer distance away from the thighs to avoid hitting them, as during a [[farmer's walk]]. It also ensures a precise and rapid movement of the [[glenohumeral joint]] needed for hand and arm manipulation.<ref name="Potau"/> The intermediate fibers are in the most efficient position to perform this role, though like basic abduction movements (such as lateral raise) it is assisted by simultaneous co-contraction of anterior/posterior fibers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://muscleguide.co.uk/exercises/lateral-deltoid-raise.html |title=Lateral Deltoid Raise - Shoulder Exercise & Workout | MG |access-date=2013-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625202454/http://muscleguide.co.uk/exercises/lateral-deltoid-raise.html |archive-date=2012-06-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The deltoid is responsible for elevating the arm in the scapular plane and its contraction in doing this also elevates the humeral head. To stop this compressing against the undersurface of the [[acromion]] the humeral head and injuring the [[Supraspinatus muscle|supraspinatus tendon]], there is a simultaneous contraction of some of the muscles of the [[rotator cuff]]: the [[infraspinatus]] and subscapularis primarily perform this role. In spite of this there may be still a 1–3 mm upward movement of the head of the humerus during the first 30° to 60° of arm elevation.<ref name="Potau"/>
==Clinical significance==
The most common abnormalities affecting the deltoid are tears, fatty atrophy, and [[enthesopathy]]. Deltoid muscle tears are unusual and frequently related to traumatic shoulder dislocation or massive rotator cuff tears. Muscle atrophy may result from various causes, including aging, disuse, [[denervation]], [[muscular dystrophy]], [[cachexia]] and [[Iatrogenesis|iatrogenic injury]]. Deltoideal humeral enthesopathy is an exceedingly rare condition related to mechanical stress. Conversely, deltoideal acromial enthesopathy is likely a hallmark of seronegative spondylarthropathies and its detection should probably be followed by pertinent clinical and serological investigation.<ref>Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013. Chapter on deltoideal enthesopathy available at [http://www.shoulderus.com/ultrasound-of-the-shoulder/deltoid-ultrasound-entesopathy/ ShoulderUS.com]</ref>
==Other animals==
The deltoid is also found in members of the [[Hominidae|great ape]] family other than humans. The human deltoid is of similar proportionate size as the muscles of the rotator cuff in apes like the [[orangutan]], which engage in [[brachiation]] and possess the muscle mass needed to support the body weight by the shoulders. In other apes, like the [[common chimpanzee]], the deltoid is much larger than in humans, weighing an average of 383.3 gram compared to 191.9 gram in humans. This reflects the need to strengthen the shoulders, particularly the rotatory cuff, in [[knuckle walking]] apes for the purpose of supporting the entire body weight.<ref name="Potau"/>
The deltoid muscle is a main component of both the [[bat]] and [[pterosaur]] wing musculature,<ref>Witton, Mark (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0691150611}}.</ref> but in crown-group birds it is strongly reduced, as they favour sternum attached muscles. Some Mesozoic flying theropods, however, had more developed deltoideus.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Voeten | first1 = Dennis F.A.E. | display-authors = etal | year = 2018| title = "(13 March 2018). "Wing bone geometry reveals active flight in Archaeopteryx | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | page = 923 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-018-03296-8 | doi-access = free | pmid = 29535376 | pmc = 5849612 }}</ref>
==See also==
{{Anatomy-terms}}
==References==
{{Commons category|Deltoid muscle}}
* Standring, S. (2005). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (39th ed.). Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
{{Reflist}}
{{Muscles of upper limb}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deltoid Muscle}}
[[Category:Muscles of the upper limb]]
[[Category:Shoulder abductors]]
[[Category:Shoulder flexors]]
[[Category:Shoulder medial rotators]]
[[Category:Shoulder extensors]]
[[Category:Shoulder lateral rotators]]' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Shoulder muscle</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Delts" redirects here. For the fraternity, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delta_Tau_Delta" title="Delta Tau Delta">Delta Tau Delta</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:antiquewhite">Delt muscle</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Delt.png" class="new" title="File:Delt.png">File:Delt.png</a><div class="infobox-caption">Delt muscle</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_b.png" class="image"><img alt="1119 Muscles that Move the Humerus b.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_b.png/250px-1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_b.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_b.png/375px-1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_b.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_b.png/500px-1119_Muscles_that_Move_the_Humerus_b.png 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="960" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle#Insertion_and_origin" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Origin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spine_of_scapula" title="Spine of scapula">spine</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle#Insertion_and_origin" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Insertion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deltoid_tuberosity" title="Deltoid tuberosity">deltoid tuberosity</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thoracoacromial_artery" title="Thoracoacromial artery">thoracoacromial artery</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anterior_humeral_circumflex_artery" title="Anterior humeral circumflex artery">anterior</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Posterior_humeral_circumflex_artery" title="Posterior humeral circumflex artery">posterior humeral circumflex artery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Axillary_nerve" title="Axillary nerve">Axillary nerve</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">Actions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abduction_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abduction (kinesiology)">abduction</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexion</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">extension</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antagonist_(muscle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antagonist (muscle)">Antagonist</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Latissimus dorsi">Latissimus dorsi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Musculus deltoideus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D057645">D057645</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/04.6.02.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A04.6.02.002</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2452">2452</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma32521">32521</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Anatomical terms of muscle</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130243" class="extiw" title="d:Q130243">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>deltoid muscle</b> is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle">muscle</a> forming the rounded contour of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a>. It is also known as the 'common shoulder muscle', particularly in other animals such as the domestic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cat</a>. Anatomically, the deltoid muscle appears to be made up of three distinct sets of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscle_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle fibers">muscle fibers</a>, namely the
</p>
<ol><li>anterior or clavicular part (pars clavicularis)</li>
<li>posterior or scapular part (pars scapularis)</li>
<li>intermediate or acromial part (pars acromialis)</li></ol>
<p>However, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electromyography" title="Electromyography">electromyography</a> suggests that it consists of at least seven groups that can be independently coordinated by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>It was previously called the <b>deltoideus</b> (plural <i>deltoidei</i>) and the name is still used by some anatomists. It is called so because it is in the shape of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> capital letter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">delta</a> (Δ). Deltoid is also further shortened in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> as "<b>delt</b>".
</p><p>A study of 30 shoulders revealed an average mass of 191.9 grams (6.77 oz) in humans, ranging from 84 grams (3.0 oz) to 366 grams (12.9 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-Potau_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potau-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Structure"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Structure</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origin"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Insertion"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Insertion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Blood_supply"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Blood supply</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Nerve_supply"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Nerve supply</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Function"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Function</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Clinical_significance"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Clinical significance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Other_animals"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Other animals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Structure">Structure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deltoid_muscle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deltoid_muscle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ol><li>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> or clavicular fibers arise from most of the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeless_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeless-3">[3]</a></sup> The anterior origin lies adjacent to the lateral fibers of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pectoralis_major" title="Pectoralis major">pectoralis major</a></i> muscle as do the end tendons of both muscles. These muscle fibers are closely related and only a small chiasmatic space, through which the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cephalic_vein" title="Cephalic vein">cephalic vein</a> passes, prevents the two muscles from forming a continuous muscle mass.<sup id="cite_ref-Leijnse-etal_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leijnse-etal-4">[4]</a></sup></li>
<li>Intermediate or acromial fibers arise from the superior surface of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a> process of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeless_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeless-3">[3]</a></sup></li>
<li>Posterior or spinal fibers arise from the lower lip of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior (anatomy)">posterior</a> border of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spine_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Spine of the scapula">spine of the scapula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeless_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeless-3">[3]</a></sup></li></ol>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:816px;max-width:816px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Deltoid_muscle_top10.png" class="image"><img alt="Side" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Deltoid_muscle_top10.png/200px-Deltoid_muscle_top10.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Deltoid_muscle_top10.png/300px-Deltoid_muscle_top10.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Deltoid_muscle_top10.png/400px-Deltoid_muscle_top10.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Side.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Deltoid_muscle_top8.png" class="image"><img alt="Front" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Deltoid_muscle_top8.png/200px-Deltoid_muscle_top8.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Deltoid_muscle_top8.png/300px-Deltoid_muscle_top8.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Deltoid_muscle_top8.png/400px-Deltoid_muscle_top8.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Front.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Deltoid_muscle_top9.png" class="image"><img alt="Back" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Deltoid_muscle_top9.png/200px-Deltoid_muscle_top9.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Deltoid_muscle_top9.png/300px-Deltoid_muscle_top9.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Deltoid_muscle_top9.png/400px-Deltoid_muscle_top9.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Back.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Deltoid_muscle_animation4.gif" class="image"><img alt="Animation" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Deltoid_muscle_animation4.gif/200px-Deltoid_muscle_animation4.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Deltoid_muscle_animation4.gif/300px-Deltoid_muscle_animation4.gif 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Deltoid_muscle_animation4.gif/400px-Deltoid_muscle_animation4.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Animation.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Deltoid muscle.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> Anterior part of deltoid (arises from most of the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a>.)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LawnGreen ; color:black;"> </span> Intermediate part of deltoid (arises from the superior surface of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a> process.)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> Posterior part of deltoid (arises from the lower lip of the posterior border of the spine of the scapula.)</div></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Insertion">Insertion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deltoid_muscle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Insertion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>From this extensive origin the fibers converge toward their insertion on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deltoid_tuberosity" title="Deltoid tuberosity">deltoid tuberosity</a> on the middle of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_anatomical_terms#Anatomical_directions" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomical terms">lateral</a> aspect of the shaft of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>; the intermediate fibers passing vertically, the anterior obliquely backward and laterally, and the posterior obliquely forward and laterally.
</p><p>Though traditionally described as a single insertion, the deltoid insertion is divided into two or three discernible areas corresponding to the muscle's three areas of origin. The insertion is an arch-like structure with strong anterior and posterior fascial connections flanking an intervening tissue bridge. It additionally gives off extensions to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brachial_fascia" title="Brachial fascia">deep brachial fascia</a>. Furthermore, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deltoid_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltoid fascia">deltoid fascia</a> contributes to the brachial fascia and is connected to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medial_intermuscular_septum_of_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial intermuscular septum of arm">medial</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lateral_intermuscular_septum_of_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral intermuscular septum of arm">lateral intermuscular septa</a>.
<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Blood_supply">Blood supply</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deltoid_muscle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Blood supply">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The deltoid is supplied by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thoracoacromial_artery" title="Thoracoacromial artery">thoracoacromial artery</a> (acromial and deltoid branches), the circumflex humeral arteries, and the profunda brachii artery (deltoid branch).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nerve_supply">Nerve supply</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deltoid_muscle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nerve supply">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The deltoid is innervated by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Axillary_nerve" title="Axillary nerve">axillary nerve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunny_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunny-7">[7]</a></sup> The axillary nerve originates from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior ramus of spinal nerve">anterior rami</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spinal_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal nerves">cervical nerves</a> C5 and C6, via the superior trunk, posterior division of the superior trunk, and the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Studies have shown that there are seven neuromuscular segments to the deltoid muscle. Three of these lie in the anatomical anterior head of the deltoid, one in the anatomical middle head, and three in the anatomical posterior head of the deltoid.<sup id="cite_ref-Muscles_within_muscles:_Coordinatio_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muscles_within_muscles:_Coordinatio-9">[9]</a></sup> These neuromuscular segments are supplied by smaller branches of the axillary nerve, and work in coordination with other muscles of the shoulder girdle include pectoralis major and supraspinatus.<sup id="cite_ref-Muscles_within_muscles:_Coordinatio_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muscles_within_muscles:_Coordinatio-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>The axillary nerve is sometimes damaged during surgical procedures of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">axilla</a>, such as for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>. It may also be injured by anterior dislocation of the head of the humerus.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Function">Function</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deltoid_muscle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Function">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Deltoid_muscle.JPG" class="image"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Deltoid_muscle.JPG/220px-Deltoid_muscle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Deltoid_muscle.JPG/330px-Deltoid_muscle.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Deltoid_muscle.JPG/440px-Deltoid_muscle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Deltoid_muscle.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Deltoid muscle with superior limb in abduction</div></div></div>
<p>When all its fibers contract simultaneously, the deltoid is the prime mover of arm abduction along the frontal plane. The arm must be medially rotated for the deltoid to have maximum effect.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> This makes the deltoid an antagonist muscle of the <i>pectoralis major </i>and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Latissimus dorsi">latissimus dorsi</a></i> during arm adduction. The anterior fibers assist the <i>pectoralis major</i> to flex the shoulder. The anterior deltoid also works in tandem with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subscapularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscapularis">subscapularis</a>, pecs and lats to internally (medially) rotate the humerus. The intermediate fibers perform basic shoulder abduction when the shoulder is internally rotated, and perform shoulder transverse abduction when the shoulder is externally rotated. They are not utilized significantly during strict transverse extension (shoulder internally rotated) such as in rowing movements, which use the posterior fibers. The posterior fibers assist the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Latissimus dorsi">latissimus dorsi</a></i> to extend the shoulder. Other transverse extensors, the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infraspinatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraspinatus">infraspinatus</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teres_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Teres minor">teres minor</a></i>, also work in tandem with the posterior deltoid as external (lateral) rotators, antagonists to strong internal rotators like the pecs and lats.
</p><p>An important function of the deltoid in humans is preventing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dislocation_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dislocation (medicine)">dislocation</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Humeral">humeral</a> head when a person carries heavy loads. The function of abduction also means that it would help keep carried objects a safer distance away from the thighs to avoid hitting them, as during a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farmer%27s_walk" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer's walk">farmer's walk</a>. It also ensures a precise and rapid movement of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glenohumeral_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenohumeral joint">glenohumeral joint</a> needed for hand and arm manipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Potau_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potau-2">[2]</a></sup> The intermediate fibers are in the most efficient position to perform this role, though like basic abduction movements (such as lateral raise) it is assisted by simultaneous co-contraction of anterior/posterior fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The deltoid is responsible for elevating the arm in the scapular plane and its contraction in doing this also elevates the humeral head. To stop this compressing against the undersurface of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a> the humeral head and injuring the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supraspinatus_muscle" title="Supraspinatus muscle">supraspinatus tendon</a>, there is a simultaneous contraction of some of the muscles of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rotator_cuff" title="Rotator cuff">rotator cuff</a>: the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infraspinatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraspinatus">infraspinatus</a> and subscapularis primarily perform this role. In spite of this there may be still a 1–3 mm upward movement of the head of the humerus during the first 30° to 60° of arm elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-Potau_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potau-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deltoid_muscle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clinical significance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The most common abnormalities affecting the deltoid are tears, fatty atrophy, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enthesopathy" title="Enthesopathy">enthesopathy</a>. Deltoid muscle tears are unusual and frequently related to traumatic shoulder dislocation or massive rotator cuff tears. Muscle atrophy may result from various causes, including aging, disuse, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denervation" title="Denervation">denervation</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy" title="Muscular dystrophy">muscular dystrophy</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">cachexia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">iatrogenic injury</a>. Deltoideal humeral enthesopathy is an exceedingly rare condition related to mechanical stress. Conversely, deltoideal acromial enthesopathy is likely a hallmark of seronegative spondylarthropathies and its detection should probably be followed by pertinent clinical and serological investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_animals">Other animals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deltoid_muscle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other animals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The deltoid is also found in members of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">great ape</a> family other than humans. The human deltoid is of similar proportionate size as the muscles of the rotator cuff in apes like the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a>, which engage in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brachiation" title="Brachiation">brachiation</a> and possess the muscle mass needed to support the body weight by the shoulders. In other apes, like the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">common chimpanzee</a>, the deltoid is much larger than in humans, weighing an average of 383.3 gram compared to 191.9 gram in humans. This reflects the need to strengthen the shoulders, particularly the rotatory cuff, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Knuckle_walking" class="mw-redirect" title="Knuckle walking">knuckle walking</a> apes for the purpose of supporting the entire body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Potau_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potau-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>The deltoid muscle is a main component of both the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaur</a> wing musculature,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> but in crown-group birds it is strongly reduced, as they favour sternum attached muscles. Some Mesozoic flying theropods, however, had more developed deltoideus.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deltoid_muscle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deltoid_muscle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li>Standring, S. (2005). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (39th ed.). Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.</li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrownWickhamMcAndrewHuang2007" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, JM; Wickham, JB; McAndrew, DJ; Huang, XF (2007). "Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks". <i>J Electromyogr Kinesiol</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 57–73. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jelekin.2005.10.007">10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.007</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16458022">16458022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Electromyogr+Kinesiol&rft.atitle=Muscles+within+muscles%3A+Coordination+of+19+muscle+segments+within+three+shoulder+muscles+during+isometric+motor+tasks&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-73&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jelekin.2005.10.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16458022&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Wickham%2C+JB&rft.au=McAndrew%2C+DJ&rft.au=Huang%2C+XF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeltoid+muscle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Potau-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potau_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potau_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potau_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potau_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFPotauBardinaCiuranaCamprubí2009" class="citation journal cs1">Potau, JM; Bardina, X; Ciurana, N; Camprubí, D. Pastor JF; de Paz, F. Barbosa M. (2009). "Quantitative Analysis of the Deltoid and Rotator Cuff Muscles in Humans and Great Apes". <i>Int J Primatol</i>. <b>30</b> (5): 697–708. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10764-009-9368-8">10.1007/s10764-009-9368-8</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:634575">634575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Primatol&rft.atitle=Quantitative+Analysis+of+the+Deltoid+and+Rotator+Cuff+Muscles+in+Humans+and+Great+Apes&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=697-708&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10764-009-9368-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A634575%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Potau&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Bardina%2C+X&rft.au=Ciurana%2C+N&rft.au=Camprub%C3%AD%2C+D.+Pastor+JF&rft.au=de+Paz%2C+F.+Barbosa+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeltoid+muscle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Wheeless-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeless_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeless_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeless_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/deltoid_muscle">"Deltoid Muscle"</a>. Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics. December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deltoid+Muscle&rft.pub=Wheeless%27+Textbook+of+Orthopaedics&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wheelessonline.com%2Fortho%2Fdeltoid_muscle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeltoid+muscle" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved January 2012.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Leijnse-etal-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leijnse-etal_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLeijnseHanKwon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Leijnse, J N A L; Han, S-H; Kwon, Y H (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666142">"Morphology of deltoid origin and end tendons – a generic model"</a>. <i>J Anat</i>. <b>213</b> (6): 733–742. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2008.01000.x">10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01000.x</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666142">2666142</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19094189">19094189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Anat&rft.atitle=Morphology+of+deltoid+origin+and+end+tendons+%E2%80%93+a+generic+model&rft.volume=213&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=733-742&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2666142%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19094189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2008.01000.x&rft.aulast=Leijnse&rft.aufirst=J+N+A+L&rft.au=Han%2C+S-H&rft.au=Kwon%2C+Y+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2666142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeltoid+muscle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFRispoliAthwalSperlingCofield2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rispoli, Damian M.; Athwal, George S.; Sperling, John W.; Cofield, Robert H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904122301/http://www.anatomytrains.com/uploads/rich_media/Rispoli2009_anatomyDeltoidInsertion.pdf">"The anatomy of the deltoid insertion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>J Shoulder Elbow Surg</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 386–390. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jse.2008.10.012">10.1016/j.jse.2008.10.012</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19186076">19186076</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anatomytrains.com/uploads/rich_media/Rispoli2009_anatomyDeltoidInsertion.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Shoulder+Elbow+Surg&rft.atitle=The+anatomy+of+the+deltoid+insertion&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=386-390&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jse.2008.10.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19186076&rft.aulast=Rispoli&rft.aufirst=Damian+M.&rft.au=Athwal%2C+George+S.&rft.au=Sperling%2C+John+W.&rft.au=Cofield%2C+Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anatomytrains.com%2Fuploads%2Frich_media%2FRispoli2009_anatomyDeltoidInsertion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeltoid+muscle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standring, 2005</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sunny-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sunny_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l03/030103.htm">Anatomy photo:03:03-0103</a> at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center</span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-deltoid-muscle">"Deltoid muscle"</a>. <i>Kenhub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kenhub&rft.atitle=Deltoid+muscle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenhub.com%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fanatomy%2Fthe-deltoid-muscle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeltoid+muscle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Muscles_within_muscles:_Coordinatio-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muscles_within_muscles:_Coordinatio_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muscles_within_muscles:_Coordinatio_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBrownWickhamMcAndrewHuang2007" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, J M M; Wickham, J B; McAndrew, D J; Huang, X F (2007). "Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks". <i>Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 57–73. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jelekin.2005.10.007">10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.007</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16458022">16458022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Electromyography+and+Kinesiology&rft.atitle=Muscles+within+muscles%3A+Coordination+of+19+muscle+segments+within+three+shoulder+muscles+during+isometric+motor+tasks&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-73&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jelekin.2005.10.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16458022&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=J+M+M&rft.au=Wickham%2C+J+B&rft.au=McAndrew%2C+D+J&rft.au=Huang%2C+X+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeltoid+muscle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFAvisPower2018" class="citation journal cs1">Avis, Duncan; Power, Dominic (2018-03-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5890131">"Axillary nerve injury associated with glenohumeral dislocation"</a>. <i>EFORT Open Reviews</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 70–77. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1302%2F2058-5241.3.170003">10.1302/2058-5241.3.170003</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2058-5241">2058-5241</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5890131">5890131</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29657847">29657847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EFORT+Open+Reviews&rft.atitle=Axillary+nerve+injury+associated+with+glenohumeral+dislocation&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=70-77&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5890131%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2058-5241&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29657847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1302%2F2058-5241.3.170003&rft.aulast=Avis&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft.au=Power%2C+Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5890131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeltoid+muscle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radiography of the Upper Extremities: 24 ARRT Category A. CE4RT, 2014. 201. Print.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625202454/http://muscleguide.co.uk/exercises/lateral-deltoid-raise.html">"Lateral Deltoid Raise - Shoulder Exercise & Workout | MG"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muscleguide.co.uk/exercises/lateral-deltoid-raise.html">the original</a> on 2012-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lateral+Deltoid+Raise+-+Shoulder+Exercise+%26+Workout+%26%23124%3B+MG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuscleguide.co.uk%2Fexercises%2Flateral-deltoid-raise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeltoid+muscle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013. Chapter on deltoideal enthesopathy available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shoulderus.com/ultrasound-of-the-shoulder/deltoid-ultrasound-entesopathy/">ShoulderUS.com</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Witton, Mark (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691150611" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691150611">978-0691150611</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFVoeten2018" class="citation journal cs1">Voeten, Dennis F.A.E.; et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5849612">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"(13 March 2018). "Wing bone geometry reveals active flight in Archaeopteryx"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 923. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-03296-8">10.1038/s41467-018-03296-8</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5849612">5849612</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29535376">29535376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=%22%2813+March+2018%29.+%22Wing+bone+geometry+reveals+active+flight+in+Archaeopteryx&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=923&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5849612%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29535376&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-018-03296-8&rft.aulast=Voeten&rft.aufirst=Dennis+F.A.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5849612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeltoid+muscle" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muscles_of_the_arm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Muscles_of_the_upper_limb" title="Template:Muscles of the upper limb"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Muscles_of_the_upper_limb" title="Template talk:Muscles of the upper limb"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Muscles_of_the_upper_limb&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscles_of_the_arm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle">Muscles</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">deltoid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rotator_cuff" title="Rotator cuff">rotator cuff</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supraspinatus_muscle" title="Supraspinatus muscle">supraspinatus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infraspinatus_muscle" title="Infraspinatus muscle">infraspinatus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teres_minor_muscle" title="Teres minor muscle">teres minor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subscapularis_muscle" title="Subscapularis muscle">subscapularis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teres_major_muscle" title="Teres major muscle">teres major</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deltoid_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltoid fascia">deltoid fascia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supraspinous_fascia" title="Supraspinous fascia">supraspinous fascia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infraspinous_fascia" title="Infraspinous fascia">infraspinous fascia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a><br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_arm" title="Fascial compartments of arm">compartments</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anterior_compartment_of_the_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior compartment of the arm">anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coracobrachialis_muscle" title="Coracobrachialis muscle">coracobrachialis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biceps" title="Biceps">biceps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brachialis_muscle" title="Brachialis muscle">brachialis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_the_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior compartment of the arm">posterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps brachii muscle">triceps brachii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anconeus_muscle" title="Anconeus muscle">anconeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Articularis_cubiti_muscle" title="Articularis cubiti muscle">articularis cubiti</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Axillary_sheath" title="Axillary sheath">axillary sheath</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Axillary_fascia" title="Axillary fascia">axillary fascia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brachial_fascia" title="Brachial fascia">brachial fascia</a></li>
<li><i>intermuscular septa</i>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lateral_intermuscular_septum_of_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral intermuscular septum of arm">lateral</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medial_intermuscular_septum_of_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial intermuscular septum of arm">medial</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>spaces</i>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quadrangular_space" title="Quadrangular space">quadrangular space</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triangular_space" title="Triangular space">triangular space</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triangular_interval" title="Triangular interval">triangular interval</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a><br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_forearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascial compartments of forearm">compartments</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anterior_compartment_of_the_forearm" title="Anterior compartment of the forearm">anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>superficial:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pronator_teres_muscle" title="Pronator teres muscle">pronator teres</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palmaris_longus_muscle" title="Palmaris longus muscle">palmaris longus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flexor_carpi_radialis_muscle" title="Flexor carpi radialis muscle">flexor carpi radialis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flexor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle" title="Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle">flexor carpi ulnaris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle">flexor digitorum superficialis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>deep:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pronator_quadratus_muscle" title="Pronator quadratus muscle">pronator quadratus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_profundus_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum profundus muscle">flexor digitorum profundus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis longus muscle">flexor pollicis longus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_the_forearm" title="Posterior compartment of the forearm">posterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i> superficial:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mobile_wad" title="Mobile wad">mobile wad</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brachioradialis" title="Brachioradialis">brachioradialis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle">extensor carpi radialis longus</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle">brevis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_muscle" title="Extensor digitorum muscle">extensor digitorum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extensor_digiti_minimi_muscle" title="Extensor digiti minimi muscle">extensor digiti minimi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extensor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle" title="Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle">extensor carpi ulnaris</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>deep:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supinator_muscle" title="Supinator muscle">supinator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anatomical_snuffbox" title="Anatomical snuffbox">anatomical snuffbox</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis longus muscle">abductor pollicis longus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis brevis muscle">extensor pollicis brevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis longus muscle">extensor pollicis longus</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extensor_indicis_muscle" title="Extensor indicis muscle">extensor indicis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bicipital_aponeurosis" title="Bicipital aponeurosis">bicipital aponeurosis</a></li>
<li><i>common tendons</i>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_extensor_tendon" title="Common extensor tendon">extensor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_flexor_tendon" title="Common flexor tendon">flexor</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antebrachial_fascia" title="Antebrachial fascia">antebrachial fascia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cubital_tunnel" title="Cubital tunnel">cubital tunnel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osborne%27s_ligament" title="Osborne's ligament">osborne's ligament</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">lateral volar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thenar_eminence" title="Thenar eminence">thenar</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opponens_pollicis_muscle" title="Opponens pollicis muscle">opponens pollicis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis brevis muscle">flexor pollicis brevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis brevis muscle">abductor pollicis brevis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adductor_pollicis_muscle" title="Adductor pollicis muscle">adductor pollicis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">medial volar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypothenar_eminence" title="Hypothenar eminence">hypothenar</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opponens_digiti_minimi_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Opponens digiti minimi muscle">opponens digiti minimi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flexor_digiti_minimi_brevis_muscle_(hand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle (hand)">flexor digiti minimi brevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abductor_digiti_minimi_muscle_of_hand" title="Abductor digiti minimi muscle of hand">abductor digiti minimi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palmaris_brevis_muscle" title="Palmaris brevis muscle">palmaris brevis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">intermediate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lumbricals_of_the_hand" title="Lumbricals of the hand">lumbrical</a></li>
<li><i>interossei</i>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dorsal_interossei_of_the_hand" title="Dorsal interossei of the hand">dorsal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palmar_interossei_muscles" title="Palmar interossei muscles">palmar</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>posterior:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extensor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Extensor retinaculum of the hand">extensor retinaculum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extensor_expansion" title="Extensor expansion">extensor expansion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>anterior:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Flexor retinaculum of the hand">flexor retinaculum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palmar_aponeurosis" title="Palmar aponeurosis">palmar aponeurosis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130243#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A04.6.02.002">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul>
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