Edit filter log

'{{Short description|Second wife of Muhammad}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}} {{Infobox person | name = Sawdah bint Zam'ah<br/>{{small|[[Muhammad's wives|Mother of the Believers]]}} | native_name = {{lang|ar|سَوْدَةُ بنت زَمَعَةَ}} | birth_name = Sawdah bint Zamʿah | birth_date = {{Circa|566–580 [[common era|CE]]}} | birth_place = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabia]] <br/>{{small|(present-day [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|KSA]])}} | death_date = [[Shawwal]] 22 [[Islamic year|AH]] ; {{circa}} September/October 644 or 674 CE. | death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], Hejaz, Arabia <br/> {{small|(present-day KSA)}}}} | resting_place = [[Jannat al-Baqi]], Medina | title = ʾumm ul-mumineen | known_for = [[Wives of Muhammad|Second wife]] of [[Muhammad]] | spouse = {{bulleted list|As-Sakran ibn Amr {{small|(died 619 in Mecca)}} <br> |[[Muhammad]] ({{abbr|m.|married}} 619/620; died 632 in Medina)}} | children = Abdur Rahman ibn Sakran | parents = {{ubl|Zam'ah ibn Qays (father) <br> Al-Shamus bint Qays (mother) <small>(from [[Banu Najjar]])</small>}} | family = Banu Amir {{small|(by birth)}} <br> [[Ahl al-Bayt]] {{small|(by marriage)}} }} '''Sawdah bint Zamʿah''' ({{lang-ar|سودة بنت زمعة}}) was the [[Wives of Muhammad|second wife]] of [[Muhammad]] and therefore regarded as "Umm-ul-Mu'mineen" (Arabic: أمّ المؤمنين, <small>romanized:</small> ''ʾumm al-[[Mumin|muʾminīn]]''), "Mother of the Believers". ==Early life== Sawdah was born and raised in Mecca in [[Pre-Islamic Arabia]]. There is a disagreement as to when she was born.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Understanding the Islamic Law, Raj Bhala, Section: Sawda bint Zama}}</ref> According to one source, when she was married to Muhammad, her age was around 50, other sources claim her age during the marriage to be around 40 to 55 years old, which would only narrow her birthday to around 566-580 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ibid. Understanding Islamic Law, Raj Bhala|pages=Quote|quote=Mohammad next married this older widow, Sawda bint Zama. [...] Sawda was an older woman when she married Mohammad, yet her precise birthdate is unknown. Many sources claim she was older than Mohammad, who was about 50-52 years at that time.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le livret de famille du prophète Mouhammad, Damas-Syrie, MR Antique Groupe, page 9}}</ref> Her father, Zam'ah ibn Qays, was from the [[Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy]] clan of the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] tribe in [[Mecca]]. Her mother, Al-Shamus bint Qays, was from the [[Banu Najjar|Najjar]] clan of the [[Banu Khazraj|Khazraj]] tribe in [[Madina]].<ref name="Tabari2">Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa’l Muluk''. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). ''Biographies of the Prophet’s Companions and Their Successors'' vol. 39 p. 169. New York: SUNY Press.</ref> Not much is known about her early life before [[Islam]]. ==First Husband and First Hijra== She married [[As-Sakran ibn Amr]], who was one of the early converts to Islam.<ref name="Tabari2"/> They had at least one son, Abdur Rahman ibn as-Sakran, who much later died in the [[Battle of Jalula]] in 637 against the [[Sassanids]].<ref>Vacca, V. "Sawda Bint Zamʿa." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936)''. Brill Online, 2012. Reference. 2 October 2012.</ref> ===Migration to Abyssinia=== Sawdah and Sakran [[Second migration to Abyssinia|emigrated]] to [[Kingdom of Aksum|Abyssinia]]<ref name="Tabari2"/> when Muhammad ordered many of the Muslims to perform [[Hijrah]] in order to avoid persecution by the [[Quraysh]]. Sakran left for Abyssinia by sea with Waqqas.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} Sawdah was one of the first women to immigrate to Abyssinia in the way of Allah.<ref name="Kathir">{{cite web|url=http://www.islamawareness.net/Muhammed/ibn_kathir_wives.html/|author= Ibn Kathir|title=Wives of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802065553/http://www.islamawareness.net/Muhammed/ibn_kathir_wives.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=2 August 2013|access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref> Few years later they returned to Mecca, where As-Sakran died, and she became a widow for the first time in her life.<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa’l Muluk''. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). ''Biographies of the Prophet’s Companions and Their Successors'' vol. 39 pp. 169-170. New York: SUNY Press.</ref> ==Marriage to Muhammad== Soon after [[Khadija]]'s death, Muhammad married Sawdah in the same month of [[Ramadan]] of the 10th year after the start of his prophethood.<ref name="Tabari12">{{Cite book |last=Al-Tabari |url=https://archive.org/details/tabarivolume39/page/n191/mode/2up |title=History of Al-Tabari, Vol. 39 |pages=161 & 170 |archive-url=https://i.ibb.co/JpZ5Mn4/page-161-and-170.jpg |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sawdah was hesitant to accept at first, as she already had six children and feared that they would disturb Muhammad. But Muhammad convinced her by saying, “The best women ever to have ridden the backs of camels are the virtuous women of the [[Quraysh]], who are the most affectionate toward small children and the most excellent in doing good to their husbands when they [the women] are wealthy.”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Tabari |url=http://archive.org/details/tabarivolume39 |title=History of Tabari - Volume 39 |date=1998-01-01 |pages=171}}</ref> When Sawdah became old, some time after Muhammad's marriage to [[Umm Salama]],<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Gorgias Press LLC| isbn = 978-1-59333-398-0| last = Al-Shati| first = Bint| author-link=Bint al-Shati| others = Matti Moosa (trans.), D. Nicholas Ranson| title = The wives of the Prophet| date = December 2006 |page=52}}</ref> it was reported that he neglected her and decided to [[Divorce (Islamic)|divorce]] her. But Sawdah stopped him in the street and begged him to take her back by offering to give up her turn for his conjugal visits at night to [[Aisha]], of whom he was very fond.<ref name="EI2-Sawda">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1995 |title=Sawda BT. Zamʿa B. Ḳayyis B. ʿAbd Shams |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |last=Vacca |first=V. |edition=2nd |volume=9 |pages=89–90 |isbn=90-04-10422-4}}</ref> Sawdah pleaded that she was old anyway and did not care for men; her only wish was to be resurrected as the prophet’s wife on the day of judgment. Muhammad agreed, and Qur’an 4:128–9 was revealed. Other traditions, on the other hand, hold that Muhammad did not truly repudiate her but that she was afraid he would, and it was not repudiation that was being considered in the verse revelation but rather some kind of compromise on the divorce so long as she could remain his wife in name.<ref name="Wessels">{{Cite book| publisher = Brill Archive |isbn = 978-90-04-03415-0| last = Wessels| first = Antonie| title = A modern Arabic biography of Muḥammad: a critical study of Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal's Ḥayāt Muḥammad| year = 1972 |pages=105–6}}</ref> ==Later life and death== After the death of prophet Muhammad, Sawdah along with other wives received a gift of money annually from the [[Rashidun caliphate|Caliphate]], which she spent on charity.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} She, [[Aisha]], [[Hafsa bint Umar|Hafsa]], and [[Safiyya bint Huyayy|Safiyya]] always remained very close.<ref name="Kathir"/> She lived a long life and died in 54 AH in Medina, where she was buried in Jannat-al-Baqi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat Vol.8 page 56. Persian translation by Dr. Mohammad Mahdavi Damghani. (1982). Tehran Iran Farhang va Andiheh Publications.}}</ref> [[Ibn Sa'd]] puts her date of death to the year 674.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat Vol.8 page 56. Persian translation by Dr. Mohammad Mahdavi Damghani. (1982). Tehran Iran Farhang va Andiheh Publications.}}</ref> After her death, [[Muawiyah I]], the reigning first caliph of the [[Umayyad]] dynasty, bought her house in Medina for 180,000 ''dirhams''.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} According to other sources, she died in Medina towards the end of [[Umar|caliph 'Umar]]'s reign in 22 AH, 644 CE.<ref name="Tabari1">{{Cite book |last=Al-Tabari |url=https://archive.org/details/tabarivolume39/page/n191/mode/2up |title=History of Al-Tabari, Vol. 39 |pages=161 & 170 |archive-url=https://i.ibb.co/JpZ5Mn4/page-161-and-170.jpg |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Adil Salih, Mohammad: Man & Prophet/Muhammad sceau des prophètes, Tawhid, pp. 585-586}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://2muslims.com/directory/Detailed/218759.shtml 2 Muslims.com] *[http://www.angelfire.com/on/ummiby1/wives1.html#sawda SAWDA bint Zam'a] {{Wives of Muhammad}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sawda Bint Zama}} [[Category:674 deaths]] [[Category:Wives of Muhammad]] [[Category:Year of birth unknown]] [[Category:6th-century Arabs]] [[Category:7th-century Arabs]] [[Category:Muslim female saints]] [[Category:570 births]] [[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī]]'