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The origin of the [[Palestinians]], an [[Ethnic group|ethnonational group]] residing in the [[Southern Levant]], has been the focus of studies in history, linguistics and genetics, as well as nationalistic ideology and myths of shared ancestry. The Palestinian population, despite being predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]] and [[Muslims|Muslim]], is not a homogeneous entity, and there is diversity within the population in terms of [[Religion in the State of Palestine|religious]], [[Palestinian Arabic|linguistic]], and [[Culture of Palestine|cultural practices]].
The [[Demographic history of Palestine (region)|demographic history of Palestine]] is complex and has been shaped by various historical events and migrations. Throughout history, the region has been subject to the influence and control of various imperial powers, leading to political, social, and economic changes that have affected the demographic composition of the region. Wars, revolts and religious developments have also played a significant demographic role in encouraging immigration, emigration and conversion. With the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant]] in the 7th century, the region began to be [[Arabization|Arabized]] and [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]] as a result of local conversion and acculturation combined with Muslim settlement. This ultimately led to the creation of an [[Arab Muslims|Arab Muslim]] population, which, despite being considerably smaller than the area's population in [[late antiquity]], would go on to become the region's main religious group beginning in the Middle Ages and lasting until the 20th century.
Palestinian villagers and notable families alike generally trace the origins of their clan (''hamula'') to Arab nomad tribes from the [[Arabian peninsula]] who settled in the region before or after the Islamic conquest.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Swedenburg |first=Ted |url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=q7RTdcvtO2sC&pg=PA81&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past |publisher=University of Arkansas Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-55728-763-2 |pages=81}}</ref><ref name=":8">Muṣṭafá Murād Dabbāgh, 1965</ref> A small number of Palestinian families follow oral traditions that trace their roots to [[Jews|Jewish]] and [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] origins.
[[Palestinian identity|Palestinian national identity]] is relatively recent, and according to the prevailing theory, it emerged in the first decades of the 20th century.<ref name="Likhovski">{{cite book |last=Likhovski |first=Assaf |title=Law and identity in mandate Palestine |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8078-3017-8 |page=174}}</ref> The historical discourse regarding the origins of Palestinians has been significantly impacted by the an attempt of [[Palestinian nationalism]] to establish itself as the dominant framework of identity among Palestinians, and to use origin ideas to counter [[Zionism|Zionist]] arguments. As part of this effort, academic standards for the use of historical evidence are rarely adhered to, and evidence that is opposed to the cause of the country is either ignored or brushed aside as untrue or hostile;<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Litvak |first=M. |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230621633_5 |title=Palestinian Collective Memory and National Identity |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2009 |editor-last=Litvak |editor-first=M. |location=New York |chapter=Constructing a National Past: The Palestinian Case}}</ref> This has resulted in the portrayal of various ancient regional populations, including the [[Canaan|Canaanites]] and [[Jebusites]], as Arabs, and the denial of the connection between contemporary [[Jews]] and the ancient [[Hebrews]] and [[Israelites]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Litvak |first=Meir |date=1994 |title=A Palestinian Past: National Construction and Reconstruction |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25618669 |journal=History and Memory |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=24–56 |issn=0935-560X}}</ref>
== Historical analysis ==
The complex [[Demographic history of Palestine (region)|demographic history of Palestine]] has been influenced by several historical occurrences and migrations. The region has been home to diverse populations over centuries. During the [[Bronze Age]], it was inhabited by the [[Canaanites]], [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]-speaking peoples.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |title=Palestine |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/palestine/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> In the early [[Iron Age]], the [[Israelites]] emerged as a separate [[ethnoreligious group]] in the region, forming the two related kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] and [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]. The fall of those kingdoms to[[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] and [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylonian]] conquests was accompanied by forced exile. The region then came under [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]], [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]] and [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] rule. [[Jews]] eventually formed the majority of the population in Palestine during [[classical antiquity]], even enjoying a brief period of independence under the [[Hasmonean dynasty]], before the area was incorporated into [[Roman Empire|Roman]] rule. The [[Jewish–Roman wars|Jewish-Roman Wars]], however, resulted in the death, displacement or slavery of many Jews, and as a result, the Jewish population in [[Judea]] declined significantly.<ref>Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. ''Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society''. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2.</ref> In the centuries that followed, the region experienced [[Crisis of the Third Century|political and economic unrest]], conversions to the rising new religion of [[Christianity]], and the [[religious persecution]] of minorities.<ref name="Kessler2010">{{cite book |author=Edward Kessler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87Woe7kkPM4C&pg=PA72 |title=An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-70562-2 |page=72}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Denova |first=Rebecca |title=Christianity |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/christianity/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> A Christian majority eventually formed under [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule as a result of Christian immigration, Jewish departure, wars such as the [[Samaritan revolts]], and the conversion of locals.<ref name="CHJ2">{{cite book |author=David Goodblatt |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor=Steven Katz |volume=IV |pages=404–430 |chapter=The Political and Social History of the Jewish Community in the Land of Israel, c. 235–638 |quote=Few would disagree that, in the century and a half before our period begins, the Jewish population of Judah () suffered a serious blow from which it never recovered. The destruction of the Jewish metropolis of Jerusalem and its environs and the eventual refounding of the city... had lasting repercussions. [...] However, in other parts of Palestine the Jewish population remained strong [...] What does seem clear is a different kind of change. Immigration of Christians and the conversion of pagans, Samaritans and Jews eventually produced a Christian majority}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Ehrlich |first=Michael |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1302180905 |title=The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634-1800 |publisher=Arc Humanities Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-64189-222-3 |location=Leeds, UK |pages=3–4 |oclc=1302180905 |quote=Samaritan rebellions during the fifth and sixth centuries were crushed by the Byzantines and as a result, the main Samaritan communities began to decline. Similarly, the Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 ce). During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora, especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain. [...] Accordingly, most of the Muslims who participated in the conquest of the Holy Land did not settle there, but continued on to further destinations. For most of the Muslims who settled in the Holy Land were either Arabs who immigrated before the Muslim conquest and then converted to Islam, or Muslims who immigrated after the Holy Land’s conquest. [...] Consequently, many local Christians converted to Islam. Thus, almost twelve centuries later, when the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in the Holy Land, most of the local population was Muslim. [...] The Holy Land’s transformation from an area populated mainly by Christians into a region whose population was predominantly Muslim was the result of two processes: immigration and conversion}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bar |first=Doron |date=2003 |title=The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046903007309 |journal=The Journal of Ecclesiastical History |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=401–421 |doi=10.1017/s0022046903007309 |issn=0022-0469 |quote=The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time Palestine’s position and unique status as the Christian ‘Holy Land’ became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority.}}</ref>
The [[Arabs]], having adopted the religion of [[Islam]], [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|conquered the Levant]] in the 7th century, and in the following centuries, several Arabic-speaking Muslim dynasties such as the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]], [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]], and [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] came to rule the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gil |first=Moshe |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59601193 |title=A History of Palestine, 634-1099 |date=1997 |others=Ethel Briodo |isbn=0-521-59984-9 |location=Cambridge |oclc=59601193}}</ref> Palestine's population sharply declined throughout the subsequent centuries, falling from an estimated 1 million during the Roman and Byzantine periods to roughly 300,000 by the early [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period.<ref name=":Broshi1979">{{Cite journal |last=Broshi |first=Magen |date=1979 |title=The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1356664 |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=236 |issue=236 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.2307/1356664 |issn=0003-097X |jstor=1356664 |s2cid=24341643}}</ref><ref name=":4">Broshi, M., & Finkelstein, I. (1992). [https://www.academia.edu/40790691/M_Broshi_and_I_Finkelstein_The_Population_of_Palestine_in_Iron_Age_II_BASOR_287_1992_pp_47_60 "The Population of Palestine in Iron Age II"]. ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', ''287''(1), 47-60.</ref> As time passed, many of the existing population [[Conversion to Islam|converted to Islam]] and adopted [[Arab culture]] and [[Arabic|language]].<ref name=":5" /> Arab settlement both before and after the Muslim conquest is thought to had hastened the pace of Islamization.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Levy-Rubin |first=Milka |date=2000 |title=New Evidence Relating to the Process of Islamization in Palestine in the Early Muslim Period: The Case of Samaria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632444 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=257–276 |doi=10.1163/156852000511303 |issn=0022-4995 |jstor=3632444}}</ref><ref name=":Ellenblum2010">{{Cite book |last=Ellenblum |first=Ronnie |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/958547332 |title=Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-58534-0 |oclc=958547332 |quote=From the data given above it can be concluded that the Muslim population of Central Samaria, during the early Muslim period, was not an autochthonous population which had converted to Christianity. They arrived there either by way of migration or as a result of a process of sedentarization of the nomads who had filled the vacuum created by the departing Samaritans at the end of the Byzantine period [...] To sum up: in the only rural region in Palestine in which, according to all the written and archeological sources, the process of Islamization was completed already in the twelfth century, there occurred events consistent with the model propounded by Levtzion and Vryonis: the region was abandoned by its original sedentary population and the subsequent vacuum was apparently filled by nomads who, at a later stage, gradually became sedentarized}}</ref><ref>Chris Wickham, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFkTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 ''Framing the Early Middle Ages; Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–900,''] Oxford University press 2005. p. 130. "In Syria and Palestine, where there were already Arabs before the conquest, settlement was also permitted in the old urban centres and elsewhere, presumably privileging the political centres of the provinces."</ref><ref name=":3">Gideon Avni, ''The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach,'' Oxford University Press 2014 pp.312–324, 329 (theory of imported population unsubstantiated);.</ref> Much of the local Palestinian population in the area of Nablus is believed to be descended from Samaritans who converted to Islam.{{sfn|Ireton|2003}}
It is unknown whether Palestine's population shifted toward Islam before or after the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Crusader period]]. Some academics suggest that Palestine was already predominately Muslim at the time the [[Crusades|Crusaders]] arrived.<ref>Ira M. Lapidus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkJpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 ''A History of Islamic Societies,''] (1988) Cambridge University Press 3rd.ed.2014 p.156</ref><ref name="Tessler">Mark A. Tessler, ''A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict'', Indiana University Press, 1994, {{ISBN|0-253-20873-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQC&q=iSLAM+pALESTINE%2C&pg=PA70 M1 Google Print, p. 70].</ref> Alternatively, it has been argued that the process of mass Islamization occurred much later, perhaps during the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] period.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Ira M. Lapidus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA201 ''Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History''], Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 201.</ref>
Palestine's demographic composition was again impacted by the waves of [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] migration during the reigns of [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Muhammad Ali]] and [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]], as well as [[Demographics of Algeria|Algerians]] who immigrated following [[Emir Abdelkader|Abdelkader El Djezaïri]]'s revolt in the first half of the 19th century, and the subsequent immigration of Algerians, [[Bosniaks|Bosnians]], and [[Circassians]] during the second half of the 19th century.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Grossman |first=David |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315128825/rural-arab-demography-early-jewish-settlement-palestine-david-grossman |title=Distribution and Population Density During the Late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2017 |isbn=9781315128825 |edition=9781315128825 |location=New York |pages=44–52 |doi=10.4324/9781315128825 |quote=They came from Circassia and Chechnya, and were refugees from territories annexed by Russia in 1864, and the Bosnian Muslims, whose province was lost to Serbia in 1878. Belonging to this category were the Algerians (Mughrabis), who arrived in Syria and Palestine in several waves after 1850 in the wake of France’s conquest of their country and the waves of Egyptian migration to Palestine and Syria during the rule of Muhammad Ali and his son, Ibrahim Pasha. [...] In most cases the Egyptian army dropouts and the other Egyptian settlers preferred to settle in existing localities, rather than to establish new villages. In the southern coastal plain and Ramla zones there were at least nineteen villages which had families of Egyptian origin, and in the northern part of Samaria, including the ‘Ara Valley, there are a number of villages with substantial population of Egyptian stock.}}</ref><ref name=":FrantzmanKark2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Frantzman |first1=Seth J. |last2=Kark |first2=Ruth |date=2013-04-16 |title=The Muslim Settlement of Late Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine: Comparison with Jewish Settlement Patterns |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x |journal=Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=77 |doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x |issn=1060-4367 |quote=Some of these Muslims were Egyptian and Algerian immigrants who came to Palestine in the first half of the nineteenth century from foreign lands. There were also Algerians, Bosnians, and Circassians, who came in the second half of the nineteenth century, but most were from within the borders of Palestine.}}</ref><ref name="Davis200">{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Rochelle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC&q=Albanians+Palestinians&pg=PA317 |title=Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780804773133 |pages=200}}</ref> Palestine's population dropped and hovered between 150,000 and 250,000 people for several decades under the Ottoman Empire; it wasn't until the 19th century that the country's population started to expand rapidly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kacowicz |first1=Arie Marcelo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&q=Population+Resettlement+in+International+Conflicts:+By+Arie+Marcelo+Kacowicz,+Pawel+Lutomski&pg=PR11 |title=Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study |last2=Lutomski |first2=Pawel |date=2007 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739116074 |page=194}}</ref>
== In oral traditions ==
Palestinian villagers generally trace the origins of their clan (''hamula'') to the [[Arabian peninsula]]. Many avow oral traditions of descent from nomadic Arab tribes that migrated to Palestine during or shortly after the Islamic conquest.<ref name=":7" /> Those traditions are also noted among [[Palestinian families]] of the [[Elite|notable class]] (a'yan),<ref name=":8" /> including the [[Nusaybah family]] of Jerusalem,<ref>[[Sari Nusseibeh]], ''Once Upon A Country,'' Halban Books 2007 pp.18ff.</ref> the [[Tamimi]] family of [[Nabi Salih]], and the [[Barghouti family]] of [[Bani Zeid]].<ref name="Bussow114">Bussow, 2011, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA114 114]</ref><ref name="Sharon41">Sharon, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=01ogNhTNz54C&pg=PA41 p.41]</ref> The [[Shawish clan|Shawish]], [[Al-Husayni family|al-Husayni]], and [[Al-Zayadina]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Joudah |first=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQAdAAAAMAAJ&q=dayr+hanna |title=Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al-ʻUmar |publisher=Kingston Press |year=1987 |isbn=9780940670112}}</ref><ref name="Joudah20">Joudah, 1987, p. 20.</ref> clans trace their heritage to Muhammad through his grandsons, [[Husayn ibn Ali]] and [[Hassan ibn Ali]].<ref name="Shawish">{{cite web |date=14 November 2003 |title=Sheikh Zuhayr Al-Shawish and His Conservation of Islamic Authentic Heritage |url=http://www.alriyadh.com/Contents/14-11-2003/Mainpage/Thkafa_8840.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050214143530/http://www.alriyadh.com/Contents/14-11-2003/Mainpage/Thkafa_8840.php |archive-date=14 February 2005 |access-date=18 June 2016 |work=[[Al Riyadh (newspaper)|Al Riyadh]]}}</ref> Other Palestinians have specifically linked their ancestors' entry into Palestine to their participation in [[Saladin]]'s army, which is revered not only as a hero of Islam but also as a national hero, downplaying his [[Kurdish population|Kurdish]] roots.<ref name=":7" />
A small number of Palestinian families follow oral traditions that trace their roots to [[Jews|Jewish]] and [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] origins. Traditions of Jewish ancestry are especially prevalent in the southern [[Hebron Hills]], a region with documented Jewish presence until the Islamic conquest. One notable example is of the [[Makhamra family]] of [[Yatta, Hebron|Yatta]], who according to several reports, traces its own ancestry to a Jewish tribe in Khaybar.<ref name="LS20102">{{Citation |last=Lowin |first=Shari |title=Khaybar |date=2010-10-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/*-COM_0012910 |work=Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World |pages=148-150 |access-date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012910 |quote=Khaybar’s Jews appear in Arab folklore as well. [...] The Muḥamara family of the Arab village of Yutta, near Hebron, trace their descent to the Jews of Khaybar. Families in other nearby villages tell of similar lineages.}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=The killers of Yatta |url=https://www.jpost.com/magazine/the-killers-of-yatta-456910 |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Traditions of Samaritan origins were recorded in [[Nablus]] and villages in its vicinity, including [[Hajjah, Qalqilya|Hajjah]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Erlich (Zhabo) |first=Ze’ev H. |last2=Rotter |first2=Meir |date=2021 |title=ארבע מנורות שומרוניות בכפר חג'ה שבשומרון |trans-title=Four Samaritan Menorahs from the village of Hajjeh, Samaria |url=https://www.ariel.ac.il/wp/ihd/2021/11/24/%d7%99%d7%a7%d7%91-%d7%aa%d7%aa%d6%be%d7%a7%d7%a8%d7%a7%d7%a2%d7%99-%d7%9e%d7%aa%d7%a7%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%96%d7%9c-2-%d7%91%d7%97%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%91%d7%aa-%d7%90%d7%9c%d6%be-2/ |journal=במעבה ההר |publisher=Ariel University Publishing |pages=188-204 |doi=10.26351/IHD/11-2/3}}</ref> Several Palestinian Muslim families, including the Al-Amad, Al-Samri, Buwarda, and Kasem families, who defended Samaritans from Muslim persecution in the 1850s, were named by [[Yitzhak Ben Zvi]] as having Samaritan ancestry.{{sfn|Ben Zvi|1985|p=8}} He further asserted that these families elders and priests had kept written records attesting to their Samaritan lineage.{{sfn|Ben Zvi|1985|p=8}}
== In Palestinian nationalistic discourse ==
The ongoing effort of [[nation-building]] and the effort to solidify [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian national consciousness]] as the primary framework of identity, as opposed to other identities dominant among Palestinians, including primordial [[Clan|clannish]], [[Tribe|tribal]], local, and [[Islamism|Islamist]] identities, have an impact on internal Palestinian historical discourse regarding the origins of Palestinians. In order to strengthen Palestinian historical claims to the territory and counter [[Israel|Israeli]]-[[Zionism|Zionist]] arguments, the Palestinian discourse attempts to employ origin ideas as a weapon in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|ongoing conflict with Israel]]. Academic standards for the use of historical evidence are rarely followed in the Palestinian historical discourse, and evidence that is antagonistic to the national cause is either disregarded or dismissed as false or hostile.<ref name=":0" />
=== Canaanism ===
During the 20th century, claims that Palestinians have direct genealogical connections to the ancient [[Canaan|Canaanites]], without an intermediary Israelite relationship, began to emerge from certain sections within Palestinian society and their followers. The ancient [[Canaan|Canaanites]] are often portrayed as Arabs, allowing the Palestinians to assert that they had lived in the region for a very long period, predating [[Israelites|Israelite]] settlement.<ref name=":1" /> The claim of kinship with the Israelites, according to Bernard Lewis, allows to "assert a historical claim antedating the biblical promise and possession put forward by the Jews."<ref name="Lewis49">Lewis, 1999, p. 49.</ref><ref>Bernard Lewis, ''Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice'', W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, {{ISBN|0-393-31839-7}}, p. 49.</ref>
Following the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], Palestinian writer [[Mustafa Dabbagh]] published his book "''Our Country Palestine''" in which he attributed the first settled civilization in Palestine to the Banu-Can'an tribe, which was closely linked to the [[Amorites]] and [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]], and asserted that all of them emigrated to the region from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] around 2500 BCE. In his book he claimed that the blend of the Canaanites and the [[Philistines]], who migrated from the Greek islands around 1500 BCE, eventually formed the nucleus of the current Palestinian Arab population.<ref name=":1" />
=== Denial of Jewish history ===
While non-Palestinian Arab writes categorized the Israelites as one of the [[Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples|ancient Semitic peoples]], some Palestinian writers rejected this idea, and denied that there is any historical connection between the ancient Hebrews and the modern Jews, claiming that the latter are either the [[Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry|offspring of the Khazars]], who converted to Judaism in the eighth century, or a composite of people from various ethnic groups who converted to [[Judaism]] over the course of the previous two thousand years.<ref name=":1" />
[[Aref al-Aref]], in order to undermine [[Jerusalem]]'s Jewish history and emphasize its Arab identity, linked the founding of the city to the "Arab" [[Jebusites]].<ref name=":1" /> In actuality, the Hebrew Bible is the only extant ancient document that uses the name "Jebusite" to describe the pre-Israelite residents of Jerusalem, and the identification of Jerusalem with Jebus has been disputed.{{sfn|Lemche|2010|p=161}}
== Citations ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Origin Of The Palestinians}}
[[Category:Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups|Palestinians]]
<references />{{Palestine topics}}
{{human genetics}}' |
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The origin of the [[Palestinians]], an [[Ethnic group|ethnonational group]] residing in the [[Southern Levant]], has been the focus of studies in history, linguistics and genetics, as well as nationalistic ideology and myths of shared ancestry. The Palestinian population, despite being predominantly [[Arabs|Arab]] and [[Muslims|Muslim]], is not a homogeneous entity, and there is diversity within the population in terms of [[Religion in the State of Palestine|religious]], [[Palestinian Arabic|linguistic]], and [[Culture of Palestine|cultural practices]].
The [[Demographic history of Palestine (region)|demographic history of Palestine]] is complex and has been shaped by various historical events and migrations. Throughout history, the region has been subject to the influence and control of various imperial powers, leading to political, social, and economic changes that have affected the demographic composition of the region. Wars, revolts and religious developments have also played a significant demographic role in encouraging immigration, emigration and conversion. With the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant]] in the 7th century, the region began to be [[Arabization|Arabized]] and [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]] as a result of local conversion and acculturation combined with Muslim settlement. This ultimately led to the creation of an [[Arab Muslims|Arab Muslim]] population, which, despite being considerably smaller than the area's population in [[late antiquity]], would go on to become the region's main religious group beginning in the Middle Ages and lasting until the 20th century.
Palestinian villagers and notable families alike generally trace the origins of their clan (''hamula'') to Arab nomad tribes from the [[Arabian peninsula]] who settled in the region before or after the Islamic conquest.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Swedenburg |first=Ted |url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=q7RTdcvtO2sC&pg=PA81&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past |publisher=University of Arkansas Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-55728-763-2 |pages=81}}</ref><ref name=":8">Muṣṭafá Murād Dabbāgh, 1965</ref> A small number of Palestinian families follow oral traditions that trace their roots to [[Jews|Jewish]] and [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] origins.
[[Palestinian identity|Palestinian national identity]] is relatively recent, and according to the prevailing theory, it emerged in the first decades of the 20th century.<ref name="Likhovski">{{cite book |last=Likhovski |first=Assaf |title=Law and identity in mandate Palestine |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8078-3017-8 |page=174}}</ref> The historical discourse regarding the origins of Palestinians has been significantly impacted by the an attempt of [[Palestinian nationalism]] to establish itself as the dominant framework of identity among Palestinians, and to use origin ideas to counter [[Zionism|Zionist]] arguments. As part of this effort, academic standards for the use of historical evidence are rarely adhered to, and evidence that is opposed to the cause of the country is either ignored or brushed aside as untrue or hostile;<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Litvak |first=M. |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230621633_5 |title=Palestinian Collective Memory and National Identity |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2009 |editor-last=Litvak |editor-first=M. |location=New York |chapter=Constructing a National Past: The Palestinian Case}}</ref> This has resulted in the portrayal of various ancient regional populations, including the [[Canaan|Canaanites]] and [[Jebusites]], as Arabs, and the denial of the connection between contemporary [[Jews]] and the ancient [[Hebrews]] and [[Israelites]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Litvak |first=Meir |date=1994 |title=A Palestinian Past: National Construction and Reconstruction |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25618669 |journal=History and Memory |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=24–56 |issn=0935-560X}}</ref>
== Historical analysis ==
The complex [[Demographic history of Palestine (region)|demographic history of Palestine]] has been influenced by several historical occurrences and migrations. The region has been home to diverse populations over centuries. During the [[Bronze Age]], it was inhabited by the [[Canaanites]], [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]-speaking peoples.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |title=Palestine |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/palestine/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> In the early [[Iron Age]], the [[Israelites]] emerged as a separate [[ethnoreligious group]] in the region, forming the two related kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] and [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]. The fall of those kingdoms to[[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] and [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylonian]] conquests was accompanied by forced exile. The region then came under [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]], [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]] and [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] rule. [[Jews]] eventually formed the majority of the population in Palestine during [[classical antiquity]], even enjoying a brief period of independence under the [[Hasmonean dynasty]], before the area was incorporated into [[Roman Empire|Roman]] rule. The [[Jewish–Roman wars|Jewish-Roman Wars]], however, resulted in the death, displacement or slavery of many Jews, and as a result, the Jewish population in [[Judea]] declined significantly.<ref>Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. ''Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society''. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2.</ref> In the centuries that followed, the region experienced [[Crisis of the Third Century|political and economic unrest]], conversions to the rising new religion of [[Christianity]], and the [[religious persecution]] of minorities.<ref name="Kessler2010">{{cite book |author=Edward Kessler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87Woe7kkPM4C&pg=PA72 |title=An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-70562-2 |page=72}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Denova |first=Rebecca |title=Christianity |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/christianity/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> A Christian majority eventually formed under [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule as a result of Christian immigration, Jewish departure, wars such as the [[Samaritan revolts]], and the conversion of locals.<ref name="CHJ2">{{cite book |author=David Goodblatt |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor=Steven Katz |volume=IV |pages=404–430 |chapter=The Political and Social History of the Jewish Community in the Land of Israel, c. 235–638 |quote=Few would disagree that, in the century and a half before our period begins, the Jewish population of Judah () suffered a serious blow from which it never recovered. The destruction of the Jewish metropolis of Jerusalem and its environs and the eventual refounding of the city... had lasting repercussions. [...] However, in other parts of Palestine the Jewish population remained strong [...] What does seem clear is a different kind of change. Immigration of Christians and the conversion of pagans, Samaritans and Jews eventually produced a Christian majority}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Ehrlich |first=Michael |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1302180905 |title=The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634-1800 |publisher=Arc Humanities Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-64189-222-3 |location=Leeds, UK |pages=3–4 |oclc=1302180905 |quote=Samaritan rebellions during the fifth and sixth centuries were crushed by the Byzantines and as a result, the main Samaritan communities began to decline. Similarly, the Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 ce). During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora, especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain. [...] Accordingly, most of the Muslims who participated in the conquest of the Holy Land did not settle there, but continued on to further destinations. For most of the Muslims who settled in the Holy Land were either Arabs who immigrated before the Muslim conquest and then converted to Islam, or Muslims who immigrated after the Holy Land’s conquest. [...] Consequently, many local Christians converted to Islam. Thus, almost twelve centuries later, when the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in the Holy Land, most of the local population was Muslim. [...] The Holy Land’s transformation from an area populated mainly by Christians into a region whose population was predominantly Muslim was the result of two processes: immigration and conversion}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bar |first=Doron |date=2003 |title=The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046903007309 |journal=The Journal of Ecclesiastical History |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=401–421 |doi=10.1017/s0022046903007309 |issn=0022-0469 |quote=The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time Palestine’s position and unique status as the Christian ‘Holy Land’ became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority.}}</ref>
The [[Arabs]], having adopted the religion of [[Islam]], [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|conquered the Levant]] in the 7th century, and in the following centuries, several Arabic-speaking Muslim dynasties such as the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]], [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]], and [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] came to rule the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gil |first=Moshe |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59601193 |title=A History of Palestine, 634-1099 |date=1997 |others=Ethel Briodo |isbn=0-521-59984-9 |location=Cambridge |oclc=59601193}}</ref> Palestine's population sharply declined throughout the subsequent centuries, falling from an estimated 1 million during the Roman and Byzantine periods to roughly 300,000 by the early [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period.<ref name=":Broshi1979">{{Cite journal |last=Broshi |first=Magen |date=1979 |title=The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1356664 |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=236 |issue=236 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.2307/1356664 |issn=0003-097X |jstor=1356664 |s2cid=24341643}}</ref><ref name=":4">Broshi, M., & Finkelstein, I. (1992). [https://www.academia.edu/40790691/M_Broshi_and_I_Finkelstein_The_Population_of_Palestine_in_Iron_Age_II_BASOR_287_1992_pp_47_60 "The Population of Palestine in Iron Age II"]. ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', ''287''(1), 47-60.</ref> As time passed, many of the existing population [[Conversion to Islam|converted to Islam]] and adopted [[Arab culture]] and [[Arabic|language]].<ref name=":5" /> Arab settlement both before and after the Muslim conquest is thought to had hastened the pace of Islamization.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Levy-Rubin |first=Milka |date=2000 |title=New Evidence Relating to the Process of Islamization in Palestine in the Early Muslim Period: The Case of Samaria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632444 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=257–276 |doi=10.1163/156852000511303 |issn=0022-4995 |jstor=3632444}}</ref><ref name=":Ellenblum2010">{{Cite book |last=Ellenblum |first=Ronnie |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/958547332 |title=Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-58534-0 |oclc=958547332 |quote=From the data given above it can be concluded that the Muslim population of Central Samaria, during the early Muslim period, was not an autochthonous population which had converted to Christianity. They arrived there either by way of migration or as a result of a process of sedentarization of the nomads who had filled the vacuum created by the departing Samaritans at the end of the Byzantine period [...] To sum up: in the only rural region in Palestine in which, according to all the written and archeological sources, the process of Islamization was completed already in the twelfth century, there occurred events consistent with the model propounded by Levtzion and Vryonis: the region was abandoned by its original sedentary population and the subsequent vacuum was apparently filled by nomads who, at a later stage, gradually became sedentarized}}</ref><ref>Chris Wickham, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFkTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 ''Framing the Early Middle Ages; Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–900,''] Oxford University press 2005. p. 130. "In Syria and Palestine, where there were already Arabs before the conquest, settlement was also permitted in the old urban centres and elsewhere, presumably privileging the political centres of the provinces."</ref><ref name=":3">Gideon Avni, ''The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach,'' Oxford University Press 2014 pp.312–324, 329 (theory of imported population unsubstantiated);.</ref> Much of the local Palestinian population in the area of Nablus is believed to be descended from Samaritans who converted to Islam.{{sfn|Ireton|2003}}
It is unknown whether Palestine's population shifted toward Islam before or after the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Crusader period]]. Some academics suggest that Palestine was already predominately Muslim at the time the [[Crusades|Crusaders]] arrived.<ref>Ira M. Lapidus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkJpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 ''A History of Islamic Societies,''] (1988) Cambridge University Press 3rd.ed.2014 p.156</ref><ref name="Tessler">Mark A. Tessler, ''A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict'', Indiana University Press, 1994, {{ISBN|0-253-20873-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQC&q=iSLAM+pALESTINE%2C&pg=PA70 M1 Google Print, p. 70].</ref> Alternatively, it has been argued that the process of mass Islamization occurred much later, perhaps during the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] period.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Ira M. Lapidus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA201 ''Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History''], Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 201.</ref>
Palestine's demographic composition was again impacted by the waves of [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] migration during the reigns of [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Muhammad Ali]] and [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]], as well as [[Demographics of Algeria|Algerians]] who immigrated following [[Emir Abdelkader|Abdelkader El Djezaïri]]'s revolt in the first half of the 19th century, and the subsequent immigration of Algerians, [[Bosniaks|Bosnians]], and [[Circassians]] during the second half of the 19th century.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Grossman |first=David |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315128825/rural-arab-demography-early-jewish-settlement-palestine-david-grossman |title=Distribution and Population Density During the Late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2017 |isbn=9781315128825 |edition=9781315128825 |location=New York |pages=44–52 |doi=10.4324/9781315128825 |quote=They came from Circassia and Chechnya, and were refugees from territories annexed by Russia in 1864, and the Bosnian Muslims, whose province was lost to Serbia in 1878. Belonging to this category were the Algerians (Mughrabis), who arrived in Syria and Palestine in several waves after 1850 in the wake of France’s conquest of their country and the waves of Egyptian migration to Palestine and Syria during the rule of Muhammad Ali and his son, Ibrahim Pasha. [...] In most cases the Egyptian army dropouts and the other Egyptian settlers preferred to settle in existing localities, rather than to establish new villages. In the southern coastal plain and Ramla zones there were at least nineteen villages which had families of Egyptian origin, and in the northern part of Samaria, including the ‘Ara Valley, there are a number of villages with substantial population of Egyptian stock.}}</ref><ref name=":FrantzmanKark2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Frantzman |first1=Seth J. |last2=Kark |first2=Ruth |date=2013-04-16 |title=The Muslim Settlement of Late Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine: Comparison with Jewish Settlement Patterns |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x |journal=Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=77 |doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x |issn=1060-4367 |quote=Some of these Muslims were Egyptian and Algerian immigrants who came to Palestine in the first half of the nineteenth century from foreign lands. There were also Algerians, Bosnians, and Circassians, who came in the second half of the nineteenth century, but most were from within the borders of Palestine.}}</ref><ref name="Davis200">{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Rochelle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC&q=Albanians+Palestinians&pg=PA317 |title=Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780804773133 |pages=200}}</ref> Palestine's population dropped and hovered between 150,000 and 250,000 people for several decades under the Ottoman Empire; it wasn't until the 19th century that the country's population started to expand rapidly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kacowicz |first1=Arie Marcelo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&q=Population+Resettlement+in+International+Conflicts:+By+Arie+Marcelo+Kacowicz,+Pawel+Lutomski&pg=PR11 |title=Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study |last2=Lutomski |first2=Pawel |date=2007 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739116074 |page=194}}</ref>
== In oral traditions ==
Palestinian villagers generally trace the origins of their clan (''hamula'') to the [[Arabian peninsula]]. Many avow oral traditions of descent from nomadic Arab tribes that migrated to Palestine during or shortly after the Islamic conquest.<ref name=":7" /> Those traditions are also noted among [[Palestinian families]] of the [[Elite|notable class]] (a'yan),<ref name=":8" /> including the [[Nusaybah family]] of Jerusalem,<ref>[[Sari Nusseibeh]], ''Once Upon A Country,'' Halban Books 2007 pp.18ff.</ref> the [[Tamimi]] family of [[Nabi Salih]], and the [[Barghouti family]] of [[Bani Zeid]].<ref name="Bussow114">Bussow, 2011, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA114 114]</ref><ref name="Sharon41">Sharon, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=01ogNhTNz54C&pg=PA41 p.41]</ref> The [[Shawish clan|Shawish]], [[Al-Husayni family|al-Husayni]], and [[Al-Zayadina]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Joudah |first=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQAdAAAAMAAJ&q=dayr+hanna |title=Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al-ʻUmar |publisher=Kingston Press |year=1987 |isbn=9780940670112}}</ref><ref name="Joudah20">Joudah, 1987, p. 20.</ref> clans trace their heritage to Muhammad through his grandsons, [[Husayn ibn Ali]] and [[Hassan ibn Ali]].<ref name="Shawish">{{cite web |date=14 November 2003 |title=Sheikh Zuhayr Al-Shawish and His Conservation of Islamic Authentic Heritage |url=http://www.alriyadh.com/Contents/14-11-2003/Mainpage/Thkafa_8840.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050214143530/http://www.alriyadh.com/Contents/14-11-2003/Mainpage/Thkafa_8840.php |archive-date=14 February 2005 |access-date=18 June 2016 |work=[[Al Riyadh (newspaper)|Al Riyadh]]}}</ref> Other Palestinians have specifically linked their ancestors' entry into Palestine to their participation in [[Saladin]]'s army, which is revered not only as a hero of Islam but also as a national hero, downplaying his [[Kurdish population|Kurdish]] roots.<ref name=":7" />
A small number of Palestinian families follow oral traditions that trace their roots to [[Jews|Jewish]] and [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] origins. Traditions of Jewish ancestry are especially prevalent in the southern [[Hebron Hills]], a region with documented Jewish presence until the Islamic conquest. One notable example is of the [[Makhamra family]] of [[Yatta, Hebron|Yatta]], who according to several reports, traces its own ancestry to a Jewish tribe in Khaybar.<ref name="LS20102">{{Citation |last=Lowin |first=Shari |title=Khaybar |date=2010-10-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/*-COM_0012910 |work=Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World |pages=148-150 |access-date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012910 |quote=Khaybar’s Jews appear in Arab folklore as well. [...] The Muḥamara family of the Arab village of Yutta, near Hebron, trace their descent to the Jews of Khaybar. Families in other nearby villages tell of similar lineages.}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=The killers of Yatta |url=https://www.jpost.com/magazine/the-killers-of-yatta-456910 |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Traditions of Samaritan origins were recorded in [[Nablus]] and villages in its vicinity, including [[Hajjah, Qalqilya|Hajjah]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Erlich (Zhabo) |first=Ze’ev H. |last2=Rotter |first2=Meir |date=2021 |title=ארבע מנורות שומרוניות בכפר חג'ה שבשומרון |trans-title=Four Samaritan Menorahs from the village of Hajjeh, Samaria |url=https://www.ariel.ac.il/wp/ihd/2021/11/24/%d7%99%d7%a7%d7%91-%d7%aa%d7%aa%d6%be%d7%a7%d7%a8%d7%a7%d7%a2%d7%99-%d7%9e%d7%aa%d7%a7%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%96%d7%9c-2-%d7%91%d7%97%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%91%d7%aa-%d7%90%d7%9c%d6%be-2/ |journal=במעבה ההר |publisher=Ariel University Publishing |pages=188-204 |doi=10.26351/IHD/11-2/3}}</ref>{{sfn|Ben Zvi|1985|p=8}}{{sfn|Ireton|2003}}{{sfn|Yousef|Barghouti|2005}} Several Palestinian Muslim families, including the Al-Amad, Al-Samri, Buwarda, and Kasem families, who defended Samaritans from Muslim persecution in the 1850s, were named by [[Yitzhak Ben Zvi]] as having Samaritan ancestry.{{sfn|Ben Zvi|1985|p=8}} He further asserted that these families elders and priests had kept written records attesting to their Samaritan lineage.{{sfn|Ben Zvi|1985|p=8}}
== In Palestinian nationalistic discourse ==
The ongoing effort of [[nation-building]] and the effort to solidify [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian national consciousness]] as the primary framework of identity, as opposed to other identities dominant among Palestinians, including primordial [[Clan|clannish]], [[Tribe|tribal]], local, and [[Islamism|Islamist]] identities, have an impact on internal Palestinian historical discourse regarding the origins of Palestinians. In order to strengthen Palestinian historical claims to the territory and counter [[Israel|Israeli]]-[[Zionism|Zionist]] arguments, the Palestinian discourse attempts to employ origin ideas as a weapon in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|ongoing conflict with Israel]]. Academic standards for the use of historical evidence are rarely followed in the Palestinian historical discourse, and evidence that is antagonistic to the national cause is either disregarded or dismissed as false or hostile.<ref name=":0" />
=== Canaanism ===
During the 20th century, claims that Palestinians have direct genealogical connections to the ancient [[Canaan|Canaanites]], without an intermediary Israelite relationship, began to emerge from certain sections within Palestinian society and their followers. The ancient [[Canaan|Canaanites]] are often portrayed as Arabs, allowing the Palestinians to assert that they had lived in the region for a very long period, predating [[Israelites|Israelite]] settlement.<ref name=":1" /> The claim of kinship with the Israelites, according to Bernard Lewis, allows to "assert a historical claim antedating the biblical promise and possession put forward by the Jews."<ref name="Lewis49">Lewis, 1999, p. 49.</ref><ref>Bernard Lewis, ''Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice'', W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, {{ISBN|0-393-31839-7}}, p. 49.</ref>
Following the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], Palestinian writer [[Mustafa Dabbagh]] published his book "''Our Country Palestine''" in which he attributed the first settled civilization in Palestine to the Banu-Can'an tribe, which was closely linked to the [[Amorites]] and [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]], and asserted that all of them emigrated to the region from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] around 2500 BCE. In his book he claimed that the blend of the Canaanites and the [[Philistines]], who migrated from the Greek islands around 1500 BCE, eventually formed the nucleus of the current Palestinian Arab population.<ref name=":1" />
=== Denial of Jewish history ===
While non-Palestinian Arab writes categorized the Israelites as one of the [[Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples|ancient Semitic peoples]], some Palestinian writers rejected this idea, and denied that there is any historical connection between the ancient Hebrews and the modern Jews, claiming that the latter are either the [[Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry|offspring of the Khazars]], who converted to Judaism in the eighth century, or a composite of people from various ethnic groups who converted to [[Judaism]] over the course of the previous two thousand years.<ref name=":1" />
[[Aref al-Aref]], in order to undermine [[Jerusalem]]'s Jewish history and emphasize its Arab identity, linked the founding of the city to the "Arab" [[Jebusites]].<ref name=":1" /> In actuality, the Hebrew Bible is the only extant ancient document that uses the name "Jebusite" to describe the pre-Israelite residents of Jerusalem, and the identification of Jerusalem with Jebus has been disputed.{{sfn|Lemche|2010|p=161}}
== Citations ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Origin Of The Palestinians}}
[[Category:Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups|Palestinians]]
<references />{{Palestine topics}}
{{human genetics}}' |
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<p>The origin of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnonational group</a> residing in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a>, has been the focus of studies in history, linguistics and genetics, as well as nationalistic ideology and myths of shared ancestry. The Palestinian population, despite being predominantly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>, is not a homogeneous entity, and there is diversity within the population in terms of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">religious</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">linguistic</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Palestine" title="Culture of Palestine">cultural practices</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">demographic history of Palestine</a> is complex and has been shaped by various historical events and migrations. Throughout history, the region has been subject to the influence and control of various imperial powers, leading to political, social, and economic changes that have affected the demographic composition of the region. Wars, revolts and religious developments have also played a significant demographic role in encouraging immigration, emigration and conversion. With the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> in the 7th century, the region began to be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabized</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Islamized</a> as a result of local conversion and acculturation combined with Muslim settlement. This ultimately led to the creation of an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arab Muslim</a> population, which, despite being considerably smaller than the area's population in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, would go on to become the region's main religious group beginning in the Middle Ages and lasting until the 20th century.
</p><p>Palestinian villagers and notable families alike generally trace the origins of their clan (<i>hamula</i>) to Arab nomad tribes from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a> who settled in the region before or after the Islamic conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-2">[2]</a></sup> A small number of Palestinian families follow oral traditions that trace their roots to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a> origins.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_identity" title="Palestinian identity">Palestinian national identity</a> is relatively recent, and according to the prevailing theory, it emerged in the first decades of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Likhovski_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Likhovski-3">[3]</a></sup> The historical discourse regarding the origins of Palestinians has been significantly impacted by the an attempt of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a> to establish itself as the dominant framework of identity among Palestinians, and to use origin ideas to counter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> arguments. As part of this effort, academic standards for the use of historical evidence are rarely adhered to, and evidence that is opposed to the cause of the country is either ignored or brushed aside as untrue or hostile;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a></sup> This has resulted in the portrayal of various ancient regional populations, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jebusites" title="Jebusites">Jebusites</a>, as Arabs, and the denial of the connection between contemporary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and the ancient <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historical_analysis"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical analysis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#In_oral_traditions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In oral traditions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#In_Palestinian_nationalistic_discourse"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In Palestinian nationalistic discourse</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Canaanism"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Canaanism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Denial_of_Jewish_history"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Denial of Jewish history</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_analysis">Historical analysis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Palestinians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical analysis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The complex <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">demographic history of Palestine</a> has been influenced by several historical occurrences and migrations. The region has been home to diverse populations over centuries. During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, it was inhabited by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>-speaking peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> In the early <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> emerged as a separate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a> in the region, forming the two related kingdoms of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>. The fall of those kingdoms to<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonian</a> conquests was accompanied by forced exile. The region then came under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> rule. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> eventually formed the majority of the population in Palestine during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, even enjoying a brief period of independence under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a>, before the area was incorporated into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> rule. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a>, however, resulted in the death, displacement or slavery of many Jews, and as a result, the Jewish population in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> declined significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> In the centuries that followed, the region experienced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">political and economic unrest</a>, conversions to the rising new religion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a> of minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kessler2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kessler2010-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> A Christian majority eventually formed under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> rule as a result of Christian immigration, Jewish departure, wars such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samaritan_revolts" title="Samaritan revolts">Samaritan revolts</a>, and the conversion of locals.<sup id="cite_ref-CHJ2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHJ2-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, having adopted the religion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">conquered the Levant</a> in the 7th century, and in the following centuries, several Arabic-speaking Muslim dynasties such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> came to rule the region.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Palestine's population sharply declined throughout the subsequent centuries, falling from an estimated 1 million during the Roman and Byzantine periods to roughly 300,000 by the early <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-:Broshi1979_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Broshi1979-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a></sup> As time passed, many of the existing population <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam" title="Conversion to Islam">converted to Islam</a> and adopted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab culture</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a></sup> Arab settlement both before and after the Muslim conquest is thought to had hastened the pace of Islamization.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:Ellenblum2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Ellenblum2010-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19">[19]</a></sup> Much of the local Palestinian population in the area of Nablus is believed to be descended from Samaritans who converted to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIreton2003_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIreton2003-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>It is unknown whether Palestine's population shifted toward Islam before or after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader period</a>. Some academics suggest that Palestine was already predominately Muslim at the time the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tessler_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tessler-22">[22]</a></sup> Alternatively, it has been argued that the process of mass Islamization occurred much later, perhaps during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>Palestine's demographic composition was again impacted by the waves of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> migration during the reigns of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Pasha" title="Muhammad Ali Pasha">Muhammad Ali</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a>, as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Algeria" title="Demographics of Algeria">Algerians</a> who immigrated following <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Abdelkader El Djezaïri</a>'s revolt in the first half of the 19th century, and the subsequent immigration of Algerians, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosnians</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> during the second half of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:FrantzmanKark2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:FrantzmanKark2013-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davis200_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis200-26">[26]</a></sup> Palestine's population dropped and hovered between 150,000 and 250,000 people for several decades under the Ottoman Empire; it wasn't until the 19th century that the country's population started to expand rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_oral_traditions">In oral traditions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Palestinians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In oral traditions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Palestinian villagers generally trace the origins of their clan (<i>hamula</i>) to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a>. Many avow oral traditions of descent from nomadic Arab tribes that migrated to Palestine during or shortly after the Islamic conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1">[1]</a></sup> Those traditions are also noted among <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_families" title="Palestinian families">Palestinian families</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">notable class</a> (a'yan),<sup id="cite_ref-:8_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-2">[2]</a></sup> including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nusaybah_family" title="Nusaybah family">Nusaybah family</a> of Jerusalem,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamimi">Tamimi</a> family of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nabi_Salih" title="Nabi Salih">Nabi Salih</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barghouti_family" title="Barghouti family">Barghouti family</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bani_Zeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Zeid">Bani Zeid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bussow114_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bussow114-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharon41_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharon41-30">[30]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shawish_clan" title="Shawish clan">Shawish</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Husayni_family" title="Al-Husayni family">al-Husayni</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Zayadina" title="Al-Zayadina">Al-Zayadina</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joudah20_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joudah20-32">[32]</a></sup> clans trace their heritage to Muhammad through his grandsons, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hassan_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan ibn Ali">Hassan ibn Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shawish_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shawish-33">[33]</a></sup> Other Palestinians have specifically linked their ancestors' entry into Palestine to their participation in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>'s army, which is revered not only as a hero of Islam but also as a national hero, downplaying his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdish_population" title="Kurdish population">Kurdish</a> roots.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>A small number of Palestinian families follow oral traditions that trace their roots to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a> origins. Traditions of Jewish ancestry are especially prevalent in the southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebron_Hills" title="Hebron Hills">Hebron Hills</a>, a region with documented Jewish presence until the Islamic conquest. One notable example is of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makhamra_family" title="Makhamra family">Makhamra family</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yatta,_Hebron" title="Yatta, Hebron">Yatta</a>, who according to several reports, traces its own ancestry to a Jewish tribe in Khaybar.<sup id="cite_ref-LS20102_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS20102-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-35">[35]</a></sup> Traditions of Samaritan origins were recorded in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> and villages in its vicinity, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hajjah,_Qalqilya" title="Hajjah, Qalqilya">Hajjah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi19858_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi19858-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIreton2003_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIreton2003-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYousefBarghouti2005_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYousefBarghouti2005-38">[38]</a></sup> Several Palestinian Muslim families, including the Al-Amad, Al-Samri, Buwarda, and Kasem families, who defended Samaritans from Muslim persecution in the 1850s, were named by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben_Zvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzhak Ben Zvi">Yitzhak Ben Zvi</a> as having Samaritan ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi19858_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi19858-37">[37]</a></sup> He further asserted that these families elders and priests had kept written records attesting to their Samaritan lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi19858_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi19858-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Palestinian_nationalistic_discourse">In Palestinian nationalistic discourse</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Palestinians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Palestinian nationalistic discourse">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The ongoing effort of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">nation-building</a> and the effort to solidify <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian national consciousness</a> as the primary framework of identity, as opposed to other identities dominant among Palestinians, including primordial <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clannish</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribal</a>, local, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> identities, have an impact on internal Palestinian historical discourse regarding the origins of Palestinians. In order to strengthen Palestinian historical claims to the territory and counter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a>-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> arguments, the Palestinian discourse attempts to employ origin ideas as a weapon in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">ongoing conflict with Israel</a>. Academic standards for the use of historical evidence are rarely followed in the Palestinian historical discourse, and evidence that is antagonistic to the national cause is either disregarded or dismissed as false or hostile.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Canaanism">Canaanism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Palestinians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canaanism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>During the 20th century, claims that Palestinians have direct genealogical connections to the ancient <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a>, without an intermediary Israelite relationship, began to emerge from certain sections within Palestinian society and their followers. The ancient <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> are often portrayed as Arabs, allowing the Palestinians to assert that they had lived in the region for a very long period, predating <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a> settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a></sup> The claim of kinship with the Israelites, according to Bernard Lewis, allows to "assert a historical claim antedating the biblical promise and possession put forward by the Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis49_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis49-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, Palestinian writer <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Dabbagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa Dabbagh (page does not exist)">Mustafa Dabbagh</a> published his book "<i>Our Country Palestine</i>" in which he attributed the first settled civilization in Palestine to the Banu-Can'an tribe, which was closely linked to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, and asserted that all of them emigrated to the region from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> around 2500 BCE. In his book he claimed that the blend of the Canaanites and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>, who migrated from the Greek islands around 1500 BCE, eventually formed the nucleus of the current Palestinian Arab population.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Denial_of_Jewish_history">Denial of Jewish history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Palestinians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Denial of Jewish history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>While non-Palestinian Arab writes categorized the Israelites as one of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples">ancient Semitic peoples</a>, some Palestinian writers rejected this idea, and denied that there is any historical connection between the ancient Hebrews and the modern Jews, claiming that the latter are either the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">offspring of the Khazars</a>, who converted to Judaism in the eighth century, or a composite of people from various ethnic groups who converted to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> over the course of the previous two thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aref_al-Aref" title="Aref al-Aref">Aref al-Aref</a>, in order to undermine <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>'s Jewish history and emphasize its Arab identity, linked the founding of the city to the "Arab" <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jebusites" title="Jebusites">Jebusites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a></sup> In actuality, the Hebrew Bible is the only extant ancient document that uses the name "Jebusite" to describe the pre-Israelite residents of Jerusalem, and the identification of Jerusalem with Jebus has been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemche2010161_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemche2010161-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Palestinians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwedenburg2003" class="citation book cs1">Swedenburg, Ted (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.il/books?id=q7RTdcvtO2sC&pg=PA81&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past</i></a>. University of Arkansas Press. p. 81. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-763-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-763-2"><bdi>978-1-55728-763-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories+of+Revolt%3A+The+1936%E2%80%931939+Rebellion+and+the+Palestinian+National+Past&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55728-763-2&rft.aulast=Swedenburg&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.il%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7RTdcvtO2sC%26pg%3DPA81%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:8-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Muṣṭafá Murād Dabbāgh, 1965</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Likhovski-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Likhovski_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLikhovski2006" class="citation book cs1">Likhovski, Assaf (2006). <i>Law and identity in mandate Palestine</i>. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 174. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3017-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3017-8"><bdi>978-0-8078-3017-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+identity+in+mandate+Palestine&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3017-8&rft.aulast=Likhovski&rft.aufirst=Assaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLitvak2009" class="citation book cs1">Litvak, M. (2009). "Constructing a National Past: The Palestinian Case". In Litvak, M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230621633_5"><i>Palestinian Collective Memory and National Identity</i></a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constructing+a+National+Past%3A+The+Palestinian+Case&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Collective+Memory+and+National+Identity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Litvak&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%2F9780230621633_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLitvak1994" class="citation journal cs1">Litvak, Meir (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25618669">"A Palestinian Past: National Construction and Reconstruction"</a>. <i>History and Memory</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 24–56. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0935-560X">0935-560X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Memory&rft.atitle=A+Palestinian+Past%3A+National+Construction+and+Reconstruction&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=24-56&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0935-560X&rft.aulast=Litvak&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25618669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/palestine/">"Palestine"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Palestine&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fpalestine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. <i>Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society</i>. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kessler2010-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kessler2010_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Kessler2010" class="citation book cs1">Edward Kessler (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=87Woe7kkPM4C&pg=PA72"><i>An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70562-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70562-2"><bdi>978-0-521-70562-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Jewish-Christian+Relations&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-70562-2&rft.au=Edward+Kessler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D87Woe7kkPM4C%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDenova" class="citation web cs1">Denova, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/christianity/">"Christianity"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Christianity&rft.aulast=Denova&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fchristianity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CHJ2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CHJ2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Goodblatt2006" class="citation book cs1">David Goodblatt (2006). "The Political and Social History of the Jewish Community in the Land of Israel, c. 235–638". In Steven Katz (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism</i>. Vol. IV. pp. 404–430. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77248-8</bdi></a>. <q>Few would disagree that, in the century and a half before our period begins, the Jewish population of Judah () suffered a serious blow from which it never recovered. The destruction of the Jewish metropolis of Jerusalem and its environs and the eventual refounding of the city... had lasting repercussions. [...] However, in other parts of Palestine the Jewish population remained strong [...] What does seem clear is a different kind of change. Immigration of Christians and the conversion of pagans, Samaritans and Jews eventually produced a Christian majority</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+and+Social+History+of+the+Jewish+Community+in+the+Land+of+Israel%2C+c.+235%E2%80%93638&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism&rft.pages=404-430&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77248-8&rft.au=David+Goodblatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich2022" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, Michael (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1302180905"><i>The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634-1800</i></a>. Leeds, UK: Arc Humanities Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64189-222-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64189-222-3"><bdi>978-1-64189-222-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1302180905">1302180905</a>. <q>Samaritan rebellions during the fifth and sixth centuries were crushed by the Byzantines and as a result, the main Samaritan communities began to decline. Similarly, the Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 ce). During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora, especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain. [...] Accordingly, most of the Muslims who participated in the conquest of the Holy Land did not settle there, but continued on to further destinations. For most of the Muslims who settled in the Holy Land were either Arabs who immigrated before the Muslim conquest and then converted to Islam, or Muslims who immigrated after the Holy Land's conquest. [...] Consequently, many local Christians converted to Islam. Thus, almost twelve centuries later, when the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in the Holy Land, most of the local population was Muslim. [...] The Holy Land's transformation from an area populated mainly by Christians into a region whose population was predominantly Muslim was the result of two processes: immigration and conversion</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamization+of+the+Holy+Land%2C+634-1800&rft.place=Leeds%2C+UK&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Arc+Humanities+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1302180905&rft.isbn=978-1-64189-222-3&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1302180905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBar2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bar, Doron (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046903007309">"The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity"</a>. <i>The Journal of Ecclesiastical History</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 401–421. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022046903007309">10.1017/s0022046903007309</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0469">0022-0469</a>. <q>The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time Palestine's position and unique status as the Christian 'Holy Land' became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.atitle=The+Christianisation+of+Rural+Palestine+during+Late+Antiquity&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=401-421&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022046903007309&rft.issn=0022-0469&rft.aulast=Bar&rft.aufirst=Doron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0022046903007309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGil1997" class="citation book cs1">Gil, Moshe (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59601193"><i>A History of Palestine, 634-1099</i></a>. Ethel Briodo. Cambridge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59984-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-59984-9"><bdi>0-521-59984-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59601193">59601193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine%2C+634-1099&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59601193&rft.isbn=0-521-59984-9&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F59601193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:Broshi1979-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Broshi1979_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBroshi1979" class="citation journal cs1">Broshi, Magen (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1356664">"The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>236</b> (236): 1–10. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356664">10.2307/1356664</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-097X">0003-097X</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356664">1356664</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24341643">24341643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Population+of+Western+Palestine+in+the+Roman-Byzantine+Period&rft.volume=236&rft.issue=236&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0003-097X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24341643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356664%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1356664&rft.aulast=Broshi&rft.aufirst=Magen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F1356664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broshi, M., & Finkelstein, I. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40790691/M_Broshi_and_I_Finkelstein_The_Population_of_Palestine_in_Iron_Age_II_BASOR_287_1992_pp_47_60">"The Population of Palestine in Iron Age II"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>, <i>287</i>(1), 47-60.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLevy-Rubin2000" class="citation journal cs1">Levy-Rubin, Milka (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632444">"New Evidence Relating to the Process of Islamization in Palestine in the Early Muslim Period: The Case of Samaria"</a>. <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 257–276. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852000511303">10.1163/156852000511303</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4995">0022-4995</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632444">3632444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=New+Evidence+Relating+to+the+Process+of+Islamization+in+Palestine+in+the+Early+Muslim+Period%3A+The+Case+of+Samaria&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-276&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0022-4995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3632444%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852000511303&rft.aulast=Levy-Rubin&rft.aufirst=Milka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3632444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:Ellenblum2010-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Ellenblum2010_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEllenblum2010" class="citation book cs1">Ellenblum, Ronnie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/958547332"><i>Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-58534-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-58534-0"><bdi>978-0-511-58534-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958547332">958547332</a>. <q>From the data given above it can be concluded that the Muslim population of Central Samaria, during the early Muslim period, was not an autochthonous population which had converted to Christianity. They arrived there either by way of migration or as a result of a process of sedentarization of the nomads who had filled the vacuum created by the departing Samaritans at the end of the Byzantine period [...] To sum up: in the only rural region in Palestine in which, according to all the written and archeological sources, the process of Islamization was completed already in the twelfth century, there occurred events consistent with the model propounded by Levtzion and Vryonis: the region was abandoned by its original sedentary population and the subsequent vacuum was apparently filled by nomads who, at a later stage, gradually became sedentarized</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankish+Rural+Settlement+in+the+Latin+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958547332&rft.isbn=978-0-511-58534-0&rft.aulast=Ellenblum&rft.aufirst=Ronnie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F958547332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Wickham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFkTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130"><i>Framing the Early Middle Ages; Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–900,</i></a> Oxford University press 2005. p. 130. "In Syria and Palestine, where there were already Arabs before the conquest, settlement was also permitted in the old urban centres and elsewhere, presumably privileging the political centres of the provinces."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gideon Avni, <i>The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach,</i> Oxford University Press 2014 pp.312–324, 329 (theory of imported population unsubstantiated);.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIreton2003-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIreton2003_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIreton2003_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIreton2003">Ireton 2003</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFIreton2003 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ira M. Lapidus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkJpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156"><i>A History of Islamic Societies,</i></a> (1988) Cambridge University Press 3rd.ed.2014 p.156</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tessler-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tessler_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark A. Tessler, <i>A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict</i>, Indiana University Press, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20873-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20873-4">0-253-20873-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQC&q=iSLAM+pALESTINE%2C&pg=PA70">M1 Google Print, p. 70</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ira M. Lapidus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA201"><i>Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 201.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:6-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2017" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315128825/rural-arab-demography-early-jewish-settlement-palestine-david-grossman"><i>Distribution and Population Density During the Late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods</i></a> (9781315128825 ed.). New York: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 44–52. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315128825">10.4324/9781315128825</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315128825" title="Special:BookSources/9781315128825"><bdi>9781315128825</bdi></a>. <q>They came from Circassia and Chechnya, and were refugees from territories annexed by Russia in 1864, and the Bosnian Muslims, whose province was lost to Serbia in 1878. Belonging to this category were the Algerians (Mughrabis), who arrived in Syria and Palestine in several waves after 1850 in the wake of France's conquest of their country and the waves of Egyptian migration to Palestine and Syria during the rule of Muhammad Ali and his son, Ibrahim Pasha. [...] In most cases the Egyptian army dropouts and the other Egyptian settlers preferred to settle in existing localities, rather than to establish new villages. In the southern coastal plain and Ramla zones there were at least nineteen villages which had families of Egyptian origin, and in the northern part of Samaria, including the 'Ara Valley, there are a number of villages with substantial population of Egyptian stock.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distribution+and+Population+Density+During+the+Late+Ottoman+and+Early+Mandate+Periods&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=44-52&rft.edition=9781315128825&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315128825&rft.isbn=9781315128825&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9781315128825%2Frural-arab-demography-early-jewish-settlement-palestine-david-grossman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:FrantzmanKark2013-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:FrantzmanKark2013_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFrantzmanKark2013" class="citation journal cs1">Frantzman, Seth J.; Kark, Ruth (2013-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x">"The Muslim Settlement of Late Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine: Comparison with Jewish Settlement Patterns"</a>. <i>Digest of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 77. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1949-3606.2012.00172.x">10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1060-4367">1060-4367</a>. <q>Some of these Muslims were Egyptian and Algerian immigrants who came to Palestine in the first half of the nineteenth century from foreign lands. There were also Algerians, Bosnians, and Circassians, who came in the second half of the nineteenth century, but most were from within the borders of Palestine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digest+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Muslim+Settlement+of+Late+Ottoman+and+Mandatory+Palestine%3A+Comparison+with+Jewish+Settlement+Patterns&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1949-3606.2012.00172.x&rft.issn=1060-4367&rft.aulast=Frantzman&rft.aufirst=Seth+J.&rft.au=Kark%2C+Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1949-3606.2012.00172.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Davis200-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis200_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2011" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Rochelle (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC&q=Albanians+Palestinians&pg=PA317"><i>Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 200. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804773133" title="Special:BookSources/9780804773133"><bdi>9780804773133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Village+Histories%3A+Geographies+of+the+Displaced&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780804773133&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Rochelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwlKjZwMwz0wC%26q%3DAlbanians%2BPalestinians%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKacowiczLutomski2007" class="citation book cs1">Kacowicz, Arie Marcelo; Lutomski, Pawel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&q=Population+Resettlement+in+International+Conflicts:+By+Arie+Marcelo+Kacowicz,+Pawel+Lutomski&pg=PR11"><i>Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 194. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739116074" title="Special:BookSources/9780739116074"><bdi>9780739116074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Resettlement+in+International+Conflicts%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780739116074&rft.aulast=Kacowicz&rft.aufirst=Arie+Marcelo&rft.au=Lutomski%2C+Pawel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dovck_g0xwX0C%26q%3DPopulation%2BResettlement%2Bin%2BInternational%2BConflicts%3A%2BBy%2BArie%2BMarcelo%2BKacowicz%2C%2BPawel%2BLutomski%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sari_Nusseibeh" title="Sari Nusseibeh">Sari Nusseibeh</a>, <i>Once Upon A Country,</i> Halban Books 2007 pp.18ff.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Bussow114-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bussow114_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bussow, 2011, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA114">114</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sharon41-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharon41_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharon, 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01ogNhTNz54C&pg=PA41">p.41</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJoudah1987" class="citation book cs1">Joudah, Ahmad Hasan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQAdAAAAMAAJ&q=dayr+hanna"><i>Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al-ʻUmar</i></a>. Kingston Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780940670112" title="Special:BookSources/9780940670112"><bdi>9780940670112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolt+in+Palestine+in+the+Eighteenth+Century%3A+The+Era+of+Shaykh+Zahir+Al-%CA%BBUmar&rft.pub=Kingston+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780940670112&rft.aulast=Joudah&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQAdAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddayr%2Bhanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Joudah20-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joudah20_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joudah, 1987, p. 20.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Shawish-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shawish_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050214143530/http://www.alriyadh.com/Contents/14-11-2003/Mainpage/Thkafa_8840.php">"Sheikh Zuhayr Al-Shawish and His Conservation of Islamic Authentic Heritage"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Riyadh_(newspaper)" title="Al Riyadh (newspaper)">Al Riyadh</a></i>. 14 November 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alriyadh.com/Contents/14-11-2003/Mainpage/Thkafa_8840.php">the original</a> on 14 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Riyadh&rft.atitle=Sheikh+Zuhayr+Al-Shawish+and+His+Conservation+of+Islamic+Authentic+Heritage&rft.date=2003-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.com%2FContents%2F14-11-2003%2FMainpage%2FThkafa_8840.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-LS20102-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LS20102_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLowin2010" class="citation cs2">Lowin, Shari (2010-10-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/*-COM_0012910">"Khaybar"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World</i>, Brill, pp. 148–150, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012910">10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012910</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-22</span></span>, <q>Khaybar's Jews appear in Arab folklore as well. [...] The Muḥamara family of the Arab village of Yutta, near Hebron, trace their descent to the Jews of Khaybar. Families in other nearby villages tell of similar lineages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.atitle=Khaybar&rft.pages=148-150&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012910&rft.aulast=Lowin&rft.aufirst=Shari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%2F%2A-COM_0012910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:02-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/magazine/the-killers-of-yatta-456910">"The killers of Yatta"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=The+killers+of+Yatta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-killers-of-yatta-456910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:03-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFErlich_(Zhabo)Rotter2021" class="citation journal cs1">Erlich (Zhabo), Ze’ev H.; Rotter, Meir (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ariel.ac.il/wp/ihd/2021/11/24/%d7%99%d7%a7%d7%91-%d7%aa%d7%aa%d6%be%d7%a7%d7%a8%d7%a7%d7%a2%d7%99-%d7%9e%d7%aa%d7%a7%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%96%d7%9c-2-%d7%91%d7%97%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%91%d7%aa-%d7%90%d7%9c%d6%be-2/">"ארבע מנורות שומרוניות בכפר חג'ה שבשומרון"</a> [Four Samaritan Menorahs from the village of Hajjeh, Samaria]. <i>במעבה ההר</i>. Ariel University Publishing: 188–204. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26351%2FIHD%2F11-2%2F3">10.26351/IHD/11-2/3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A8&rft.atitle=%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2+%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%97%D7%92%27%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F&rft.pages=188-204&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26351%2FIHD%2F11-2%2F3&rft.aulast=Erlich+%28Zhabo%29&rft.aufirst=Ze%E2%80%99ev+H.&rft.au=Rotter%2C+Meir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ariel.ac.il%2Fwp%2Fihd%2F2021%2F11%2F24%2F%25d7%2599%25d7%25a7%25d7%2591-%25d7%25aa%25d7%25aa%25d6%25be%25d7%25a7%25d7%25a8%25d7%25a7%25d7%25a2%25d7%2599-%25d7%259e%25d7%25aa%25d7%25a7%25d7%2595%25d7%25a4%25d7%25aa-%25d7%2594%25d7%2591%25d7%25a8%25d7%2596%25d7%259c-2-%25d7%2591%25d7%2597%25d7%2595%25d7%25a8%25d7%2591%25d7%25aa-%25d7%2590%25d7%259c%25d6%25be-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrigin+of+the+Palestinians" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi19858-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi19858_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi19858_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi19858_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen_Zvi1985">Ben Zvi 1985</a>, p. 8.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBen_Zvi1985 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYousefBarghouti2005-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYousefBarghouti2005_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYousefBarghouti2005">Yousef & Barghouti 2005</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFYousefBarghouti2005 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Lewis49-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis49_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, 1999, p. 49.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Lewis, <i>Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice</i>, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31839-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31839-7">0-393-31839-7</a>, p. 49.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemche2010161-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemche2010161_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemche2010">Lemche 2010</a>, p. 161.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFLemche2010 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Palestine_topics" title="Template:Palestine topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Palestine_topics" title="Template talk:Palestine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Palestine_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Palestine_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of Palestine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">History of the State of Palestine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Palestinians" title="History of the Palestinians">History of the Palestinians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Palestinian Declaration of Independence">Palestinian Declaration of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_Palestinian_territories" title="List of years in the Palestinian territories">Years in the Palestinian territories</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">1948 Palestinian exodus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">First Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dawson%27s_Field_hijackings" title="Dawson's Field hijackings">Dawson's Field hijackings</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">Battle of Gaza</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2009_Hamas_political_violence_in_Gaza" title="2009 Hamas political violence in Gaza">2009 Hamas political violence in Gaza</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Hamas-Salafist conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2009_Battle_of_Rafah" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Battle of Rafah">Hamas-Jund Ansar Allah clash</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_government" title="Palestinian government">West Bank <span style="font-size:85%;">(SOP-controlled)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Prime Minister of the State of Palestine">Prime Minister</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="President of the State of Palestine">President</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_National_Council" title="Palestinian National Council">Palestinian National Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Council" title="Palestinian Legislative Council">Palestinian Legislative Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_law" title="Palestinian law">Judicial system</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governance_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Governance of the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hamas-controlled)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Prime Minister</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aziz_Dweik" title="Aziz Dweik">President</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Committee_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Gaza_Strip)" title="Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Gaza Strip)">Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces" title="Palestinian National Security Forces">Palestinian National Security Forces</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Preventive_Security" title="Palestinian Preventive Security">Palestinian Preventive Security</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_security_assistance_to_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority">United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Palestine" title="Template:Politics of Palestine">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">International recognition</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="List of political parties in the State of Palestine">Political parties</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">DFLP</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Democratic_Union" title="Palestinian Democratic Union">FIDA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_National_Initiative" title="Palestinian National Initiative">Palestinian National Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_People%27s_Party" title="Palestinian People's Party">PPP</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Way_(Palestinian_political_party)" title="Third Way (Palestinian political party)">Third Way</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Popular_Struggle_Front" title="Palestinian Popular Struggle Front">PPSF</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian right of return</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian political violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Palestine" title="Elections in Palestine">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Legal status of the State of Palestine">Legal status of the State of Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Anti-Palestinianism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Geography of the State of Palestine">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Enclaves</a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Northern WB</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Southern WB</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Borders_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Borders of the State of Palestine">Borders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_administered_by_the_Palestinian_Authority" title="List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorates_of_Palestine" title="Governorates of Palestine">Governorates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Landforms of the State of Palestine">Landforms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" title="List of towns and villages depopulated during the 1947–1949 Palestine war">Depopulated villages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the State of Palestine">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Economy of the State of Palestine">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Companies based in the State of Palestine">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestine_Exchange" title="Palestine Exchange">Palestine Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestine_Monetary_Authority" title="Palestine Monetary Authority">Palestine Monetary Authority</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxation_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Taxation in the State of Palestine">Taxes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Transport in the State of Palestine">Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Agriculture_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Agriculture in the State of Palestine">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Tourism in the State of Palestine">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Palestine" title="Culture of Palestine">Culture</a> and<br />society</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_diaspora" title="Palestinian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps" title="Palestinian refugee camps">Refugee camps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levantine_archaeology#Archaeology_in_the_West_Bank" title="Levantine archaeology">Archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Palestine" title="Architecture of Palestine">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_art" title="Palestinian art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Palestine" title="Cinema of Palestine">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_costumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian costumes">Costume and embroidery</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_keffiyeh" title="Palestinian keffiyeh">keffiyeh</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dabke" title="Dabke">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Palestinian territories">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Education in the State of Palestine">Education</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="List of universities and colleges in the State of Palestine">universities and colleges</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Palestine" title="Flag of Palestine">Flag of Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_handicrafts" title="Palestinian handicrafts">Handicrafts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Healthcare in the State of Palestine">Health care</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Human rights in the State of Palestine">Human rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="LGBT rights in the State of Palestine">LGBT rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Palestinians" title="List of Palestinians">Personalities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Palestinian National Authority">Postage stamps and history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Religion in the State of Palestine">Religion</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Religious_buildings_and_structures_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Religious buildings and structures in the State of Palestine">Religious buildings</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_sport_in_Palestine" title="History of sport in Palestine">Sport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_the_State_of_Palestine_by_city" title="Category:Mass media in the State of Palestine by city">By city</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Books_about_Palestinians" title="Category:Books about Palestinians">Books</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Palestinian_journalists" title="Category:Palestinian journalists">Journalists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Newspapers_published_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Newspapers published in the State of Palestine">Newspapers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Photography_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Photography in the State of Palestine">Photography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Radio_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Radio in the State of Palestine">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Television in the State of Palestine">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ma%27an_News_Agency" title="Ma'an News Agency">Ma'an News Agency</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Palestine_Telegraph" title="The Palestine Telegraph">The Palestine Telegraph</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Israel_Journal" title="Palestine–Israel Journal">Palestine–Israel Journal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation">Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Media_Watch" title="Palestinian Media Watch">Palestinian Media Watch</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wafa" title="Wafa">Wafa</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">Foreign affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestine_and_the_United_Nations" title="Palestine and the United Nations">Palestine and the United Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Expatriates_(State_of_Palestine)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (State of Palestine)">Foreign Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="List of diplomatic missions of the State of Palestine">Diplomatic missions of Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Palestine" title="List of diplomatic missions in Palestine">Diplomatic missions in Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_aid_to_Palestinians" title="International aid to Palestinians">International aid to Palestinians</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_diaspora" title="Palestinian diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Australians" title="Palestinian Australians">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Brazilian" title="Palestinian Brazilian">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Canadians" title="Palestinian Canadians">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinians_in_Chile" title="Palestinians in Chile">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinians_in_Egypt" title="Palestinians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Salvadoran" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Salvadoran">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Haitians" title="Palestinian Haitians">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinians_in_Iraq" title="Palestinians in Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinians_in_Jordan" title="Palestinians in Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Aftermath of the Gulf War">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinians_in_Lebanon" title="Palestinians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Mexicans" title="Palestinian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Nicaraguan" title="Palestinian Nicaraguan">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinians_in_Pakistan" title="Palestinians in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinians_in_Syria" title="Palestinians in Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">United States</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Palestinians_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Palestinians in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Uruguayans" title="Palestinian Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine" title="Islam in Palestine">Muslim Arabs</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afro-Palestinians" title="Afro-Palestinians">Afro-Palestinians</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Christian Arabs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Palestinian Baháʼís">Baháʼís</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Druze_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Druze in Mandatory Palestine">Druzers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Metawalis" title="Palestinian Metawalis">Metawalis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Jews</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurds_in_Palestine" title="Kurds in Palestine">Kurds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nawar_people" title="Nawar people">Gypsies (Dom/Nawar)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bushnak" title="Bushnak">Bushnaq</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="image" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Portal</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_genetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Human_genetics" title="Template:Human genetics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Human_genetics" title="Template talk:Human genetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Human_genetics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_genetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_genetics" title="Human genetics">Human genetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Sub-topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human genome</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_evolutionary_genetics" title="Human evolutionary genetics">Evolutionary genetics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Human-chimp MRCA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neanderthal_genetics" title="Neanderthal genetics">Neanderthal genetics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neanderthal_genome_project" title="Neanderthal genome project">Neanderthal genome project</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Timeline</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_genetic_variation" title="Human genetic variation">Genetic variation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blood_type_distribution_by_country" title="Blood type distribution by country">Blood type distribution by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test" title="Genealogical DNA test">Genealogical DNA test</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic genealogy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Race_and_genetics" title="Race and genetics">Race and genetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surname_DNA_project" title="Surname DNA project">Surname DNA project</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Genetic enhancement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">Genetic history</a> <br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Africa" title="Genetic history of Africa">Africa</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Genetic history of the African diaspora">diaspora</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">South Asia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peopling_of_India" title="Peopling of India">India</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_North_Africa" title="Genetic history of North Africa">North Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Middle East</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_Anatolian_Farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Anatolian Farmers">Early Anatolian Farmers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasus hunter-gatherer</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Europe</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer" title="Western Hunter-Gatherer">Western Hunter-Gatherer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">British Isles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern Hunter-Gatherer</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Central Asia">Central Asia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_East_Asians" title="Genetic history of East Asians">East Asia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Paleo-Siberian" title="Ancient Paleo-Siberian">Ancient Paleo-Siberian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peopling_of_China" title="Peopling of China">China</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peopling_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Peopling of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peopling_of_Thailand" title="Peopling of Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">America</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a> <br />by group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Europe
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Origin_of_the_Basques" title="Origin of the Basques">Basques</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Bosniaks" title="Genetic studies on Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Bulgarians" title="Genetic studies on Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Croats" title="Genetic studies on Croats">Croats</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Romanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Romanians">Romanians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Russians" title="Genetic studies on Russians">Russians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sami" title="Genetic studies on Sami">Sami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Serbs" title="Genetic studies on Serbs">Serbs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Origin_of_the_Azerbaijanis" title="Origin of the Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Jews</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Turkish_people" title="Genetic studies on Turkish people">Turks</a></li>
<li>MENA
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Arabs">Arabs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Egypt" title="Genetic history of Egypt">Egyptians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Moroccans" title="Genetic studies on Moroccans">Moroccans</a></li></ul></li>
<li>South Asia
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Gujarati_people" title="Genetic studies on Gujarati people">Gujaratis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sinhalese" title="Genetic studies on Sinhalese">Sinhalese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils">Tamils (Sri Lankan)</a></li></ul></li>
<li>East Asia
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Han_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_and_anthropometric_studies_on_Japanese_people" title="Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people">Japanese</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Southeast Asia
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Filipinos</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Sub-Saharan Africa
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Hutu_and_Tutsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Hutu and Tutsi">Hutu/Tutsi</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Human_genetics" title="Category:Human genetics">Category</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
