Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name) | '202.45.119.43' |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => '*'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmywatchlist',
6 => 'editmywatchlist',
7 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
8 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
9 => 'editmyoptions',
10 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
11 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
12 => 'centralauth-merge',
13 => 'abusefilter-view',
14 => 'abusefilter-log',
15 => 'vipsscaler-test'
] |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 4482509 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Russia–United States relations' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Russia–United States relations' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => 'Teterev53',
1 => 'Edward Bednar',
2 => 'MarioProtIV',
3 => 'W9793',
4 => 'JoeNMLC',
5 => 'Drmies',
6 => '120.29.86.23',
7 => 'Prolog',
8 => '37.10.78.20',
9 => 'Anaxial'
] |
Page age in seconds (page_age) | 547254425 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | '' |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{for-multi|relations before 1917|Russian Empire–United States relations|relations from 1917 to 1991|Soviet Union–United States relations}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Russian–American|Russia|USA|map=Russia USA Locator (Crimea disputed).svg|mission1=[[Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.]]|mission2=[[Embassy of the United States, Moscow]]|envoytitle1=[[List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States|Ambassador]]|envoy1=[[Anatoly Antonov]]|envoytitle2=[[List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia|Ambassador]]|envoy2=[[Lynne M. Tracy]]}}
[[File:Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin at 2021 Geneva Summit.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] at the [[2021 Russia–United States summit]] in Geneva, Switzerland]]
[[Russia]] and the United States maintain one of the most important, critical and strategic foreign relations in the world. Both nations have shared interests in [[nuclear safety and security]], [[Nuclear proliferation|nonproliferation]], [[counterterrorism]], and [[space exploration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csis.org/programs/russia-and-eurasia-program/archives/us-russian-relations|title=U.S.-Russian Relations|work=Center for Strategic and International Studies|access-date=August 16, 2021}}</ref>
After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, the relationship was generally warm under the Russian President [[Boris Yeltsin]] (1991–99). In the early years of Yeltsin's presidency, the US and Russia established a cooperative relationship and worked closely together to address global issues such as arms control, counterterrorism, and the conflict in Bosnia. During Yeltsin's second term, US-Russia relations became more strained. The [[Yugoslav Wars|NATO intervention in Yugoslavia]], in particular the 1999 [[NATO intervention in Kosovo]] was [[Boris_Yeltsin#1996–1999%3A Second term|strongly opposed by Yeltsin]],<ref name=gnwarn>{{cite news |title=Yeltsin: Russia will not use force against Nato |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/mar/25/russia |work=The Guardian |date=25 March 1999}}</ref><ref name=reuwarn>{{cite news|title=Yeltsin Warns of European War Over Kosovo|agency=Reuters|date=9 April 1999}}</ref><ref name=cnnwarn>{{cite news|title=Yeltsin warns of possible world war over Kosovo|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9904/09/kosovo.diplomacy.02|publisher=CNN|date=9 April 1999|access-date=23 April 2007}}</ref><ref name=apnwarn>{{cite news |title=Russia Condemns NATO's Airstrikes |url=https://apnews.com/article/8d162f6100f23833c376f011a9298126 |work=Associated Press |date=8 June 1999}}</ref> who, although the Soviet Union had been strongly opposed by the [[Josip_Broz_Tito#Tito–Stalin_split|Titovian flavour of independence]], saw it as an infringement on Russia's latter-day sphere of influence.{{cn|date=May 2023}} [[Boris_Yeltsin#The_riddle_of_NATO|Yeltsin also criticized]] NATO's [[Enlargement of NATO|expansion into Eastern Europe]], which he saw as a threat to Russia's security.{{cn|date=May 2023}}
After [[Vladimir Putin]] became President of Russia in 2000, he initially sought to improve relations with the United States. The two countries cooperated on issues such as counterterrorism and arms control. Putin worked closely with US President [[George W. Bush]] on the [[war in Afghanistan]] following the [[9/11 attacks]]. Tensions began to rise as Putin became more authoritarian, and the US pursued policies that Russia viewed as threatening to its security. The US supported the pro-Western government in Georgia, which led to the [[Russo-Georgian War]].
Another source of tension was the US missile defense system. Following Putin [[Russia under Vladimir Putin|regaining control of the Russian government]] in 2012, relations between the two countries significantly strained due to Russia's [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]] and [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|Russian military intervention in Ukraine]]. Deterioration continued with the [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|Russian military intervention]] in the [[Syrian Civil War]], and over Russia's interference in the [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|2016]] and [[Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections|2020 U.S. elections]].
Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022, relations reached the lowest point since the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-02 |title=Russia says United States is directly involved in Ukraine war |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-united-states-is-directly-involved-ukraine-war-2022-08-02/ |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref> [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|Western sanctions]] imposed since 2014 were significantly expanded by the U.S. and its allies following the invasion, including several state-owned banks and oligarchs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=With Over 300 Sanctions, U.S. Targets Russia’s Circumvention and Evasion, Military-Industrial Supply Chains, and Future Energy Revenues |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1494 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en}}</ref>
==Background==
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Russian Empire–United States|Russian Empire|United States|map=US-RussiaEmpire.png|flagvariant1=1914|flagvariant2=1912}}
===United States and the Russian Empire===
{{main|Russian Empire–United States relations}}
[[File:View of Settlement Ross, 1841 (variation).jpg|thumb|250px|[[Fort Ross, California|Fort Ross]], Russian settlement in California, 1841, by [[Ilya Gavrilovich Voznesensky]].]]
Official contacts between the [[Russian Empire]] and the new United States of America began in 1776. Russia, while formally neutral during the [[American Revolution]] (1765–1783), favored the U.S.<ref>Hans Rogger, "The influence of the American Revolution in Russia." in Jack P. Greene and [[Jack Pole|J. R. Pole]], eds. ''A Companion to the American Revolution'' (2000): 554-555.</ref>
There was little trade or migration before the late 19th century. Formal diplomatic ties were established in 1809.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prlib.ru/history/619690|title=Россия установила дипломатические отношения с США}}</ref> During the [[American Civil War]], Russia supported [[Union (American Civil War)|the Union]], largely because it believed that the U.S. served as a counterbalance to its geopolitical rival, the United Kingdom. In 1863, the [[Imperial Russian Navy|Russian Navy]]'s Baltic and Pacific fleets wintered in the American ports of New York and San Francisco, respectively.<ref>Norman E. Saul, Richard D. McKinzie. ''Russian-American Dialogue on Cultural Relations, 1776–1914'' p 95. {{ISBN|0-8262-1097-X}}, 9780826210975.</ref>
Russia operated a small fur-trade operations in [[History of Alaska|Alaska]], coupled with missionaries to the natives. By 1861, the project had lost money, threatened to antagonize the Americans, and could not be defended from Britain. It proved practically impossible to entice Russians to permanently migrate to Alaska; only a few hundred were there in 1867. In the [[Alaska Purchase]] of 1867, the land was sold to the United States for $7.2 million.<ref>James R. Gibson, "Why the Russians Sold Alaska." ''Wilson Quarterly'' 3.3 (1979): 179-188 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40255691 online].</ref><ref>Thomas A. Bailey, "Why the United States Purchased Alaska." ''Pacific Historical Review'' 3.1 (1934): 39-49. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633456 online]</ref>
The Russian administrators and military left Alaska, but some missionaries stayed on to minister to the many natives who converted to the [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian Orthodox]] faith.<ref>Ronald Jensen, ''The Alaska Purchase and Russian-American Relations'' (1975)</ref>
The [[Treaty of Portsmouth]] (1905), brokered by American President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] ended the [[Russo-Japanese War]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Milestones: 1899–1913 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/portsmouth-treaty |website=history.state.gov |publisher=US State Department |access-date=August 27, 2020}}</ref> After 1880, repeated anti-Jewish [[pogroms]] in Russia alienated American elite and public opinion. In 1903, the [[Chișinău pogrom (1903)|Kishinev pogrom]] killed 47 Jews, injured 400, and left 10,000 homeless and dependent on relief. American Jews began large-scale organized financial help and assisted in emigration.<ref>Philip Ernest Schoenberg, "The American Reaction to the Kishinev Pogrom of 1903." ''American Jewish Historical Quarterly'' 63.3 (1974): 262-283.</ref>
During [[World War I]], the [[United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)]] came after [[Nicholas II]] had abdicated as a result of the [[February Revolution]]. When the tsar was still in power, many Americans deplored fighting a war with him as an ally. With him gone, the [[Wilson administration]] used the new provisional government to describe how the democratic nations were fighting against autocratic old empires of [[German Empire|Germany]] and [[Austria-Hungary]]. During the war, the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] were just starting to see battle when the [[October Revolution]] happened in which the [[Bolsheviks]] overthrew the provisional government and removed Russia from the war.
Before the armistice in November 1918, the Americans had helped the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]] with the [[Polar Bear Expedition]] and the [[American Expeditionary Force Siberia]]. The Americans' goal was not necessarily ideological but rather to prevent the German enemy from gaining access to war supplies controlled by the Bolsheviks, though the United States also tacitly supported the [[White movement]] against the Bolsheviks.<ref>John W. Long, "American Intervention in Russia: The North Russian Expedition, 1918–19." ''Diplomatic History'' 6.1 (1982): 45-68. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24911301 online]</ref>
From 1820 until 1917, about 3.3 million [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants arrived in the U.S.]] from the Russian Empire. Most were Jews, Poles or Lithuanians; only 100,000 were ethnic Russians.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Powell|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA259|year=2009|publisher=Infobase |pages=257–59|isbn=9781438110127}}</ref><ref>[http://ricolor.org/rz/amerika/ar/ist/1/ Русские трудовые эмигранты в США (конец XIX века – 1917 год)]</ref>
===United States and the Soviet Union===
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Soviet–American|Soviet Union|United States|flagvariant2=1960}}{{main|Soviet Union–United States relations}}
{{see also|Cold War}}
[[File:Teheran conference-1943.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|U.K. Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]], U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and Soviet General Secretary [[Joseph Stalin]] in [[Tehran Conference|Tehran]], [[Iran]] in November 1943.]]
[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush meet with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev on Governor's Island New York.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|U.S. Presidents [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George H. W. Bush]] with Soviet General Secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] in [[New York City|New York]], 1988.]]
[[File:Life expectancy in Russia and the US.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Comparison of [[life expectancy]] in the US and Russia since 1960]]
By 1921, after the [[Bolsheviks]] gained the upper hand in the [[Russian Civil War]], [[Execution of the Romanov family|executed]] the [[House of Romanov|Romanov imperial family]], repudiated the [[Repudiation of debt at the Russian Revolution|tsarist debt]], and called for a world revolution by the working class, it was regarded as a [[Rogue state|pariah nation]] by most of the world.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=MacMillan|first=Margaret, 1943-|title=Paris 1919 : six months that changed the world|publisher=Random House|others=Holbrooke, Richard|year=2003|isbn=0-375-50826-0|edition=First U.S.|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont00macm/page/63 63–82]|oclc=49260285|url=https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont00macm/page/63}}</ref> Beyond the Russian Civil War, relations were also dogged by claims of American companies for compensation for the [[Nationalization|nationalized industries]] they had invested in.<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald E. Davis and Eugene P. Trani|title=Distorted Mirrors: Americans and Their Relations with Russia and China in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dy6v1j8NfycC&pg=PA48|year=2009|publisher=University of Missouri Press|page=48|isbn=9780826271891}}</ref> The U.S., while starting to develop trade and economic ties, was the last major world power that continued to refuse to formally recognize the Soviet government.<ref>[https://www.svoboda.org/a/16799307.html Признание Америки] Radio Liberty, April 30, 2018.</ref> The United States and Soviet Russia established diplomatic relations in November 1933.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/nov-16-1933-us-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-the-soviet-union|title=Nov. 16, 1933 {{!}} U.S. Establishes Diplomatic Relations With the Soviet Union | website=The New York Times|date=November 16, 2011 }}</ref>
The United States and the Soviet Union, along with Britain, were the leaders of the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] against the [[Axis powers]] during [[World War II]]. Following the onset of the [[Cold War]] in 1947, the [[North Atlantic Treaty]] was signed by the U.S., Canada, and several Western European nations, on April 4, 1949, a treaty that established the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) designed to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/nato North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949] U.S. Department of State.</ref>
The first bilateral treaty between the U.S. and Soviet Russia/USSR was a [[consular]] convention signed in Moscow in June 1964.<ref>Luman H. Long. ''1968 Centennial Edition. The [[World Almanac|World Almanac and Book of Facts]]''. Newspaper Enterprise Association, Inc., N.Y., N.Y., p. 532.</ref><ref>[http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1900612 Консульская конвенция между Правительством Союза Советских Социалистических Республик и Правительством Соединенных Штатов Америки]</ref> In 1975, the [[Helsinki Accords|Helsinki Final Act]] was signed by a multitude of countries, including the USSR and the US, and, while not having a binding legal power of a treaty, it effectively signified the U.S.-led West's recognition of the Soviet Union's dominance in [[Eastern Europe]] and acceptance of the [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet annexation]] of [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]] that had been effected in 1940. The Act came to play a role in subsequently ending the Cold War.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/helsinki |title=Milestones: 1969–76 - Office of the Historian |website=history.state.gov |language=en|access-date=February 9, 2018}}</ref>
In the 1970s—1980s, the USSR and the U.S. signed a series of [[arms control]] treaties such as the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]] (1972), two [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks|Strategic Arms Limitation]] treaties (SALT), the [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty]] (1987); in July 1991 the [[START I|Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty]] was concluded.
In the late 1980s, [[Eastern Europe]] nations took advantage of the relaxation of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] control under [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and began to [[Revolutions of 1989|break away from communist rule]]. The relationship greatly improved in the final years of the USSR.
On December 3, 1989, Soviet general secretary Gorbachev and the U.S. president [[George H. W. Bush]] declared the [[Cold War]] over at the [[Malta Summit]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_4119000/4119950.stm Malta summit ends Cold War], BBC News, December 3, 1989. Retrieved June 11, 2008.</ref>
Both countries agreed to cut their strategic nuclear weapons by 30 percent, and the Soviet Union promised to reduce its [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] force by 50 percent.<ref>Greene, p. 204</ref> In August 1991, hard-line Communists launched a [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|coup]] against Gorbachev; while the coup quickly fell apart, it broke the remaining power of Gorbachev and the central Soviet government.<ref>Naftali, ''George H. W. Bush'' (2007), pp 137-138</ref> Later that month, Gorbachev resigned as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|general secretary of the Communist party]], and Russian president [[Boris Yeltsin]] ordered the seizure of Soviet property. Gorbachev clung to power as the President of the Soviet Union until 25 December 1991, when the Soviet Union [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]].<ref>Greene, pp. 205–206</ref> [[Post-Soviet states|Fifteen states]] emerged from the Soviet Union, with the largest and most populous one, [[Russia]], taking full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. As such, Russia assumed the Soviet Union's [[Russia and the United Nations|UN membership and permanent membership on the Security Council]], nuclear stockpile and the control over the armed forces; Soviet embassies abroad became Russian embassies.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation]</ref> Bush and Yeltsin met in February 1992, declaring a new era of "friendship and partnership".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jussi Hanhimäki|author2=Georges-Henri Soutou|author3=Basil Germond|title=The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swfHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT501|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|page=501|isbn=9781136936074}}</ref> In January 1993, Bush and Yeltsin agreed to [[START II]], which provided for further nuclear arms reductions on top of the original START treaty.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ruud van Dijk |display-authors=etal |title=Encyclopedia of the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgX0bQ3Enj4C&pg=PA861|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|pages=860–51|isbn=978-1135923112 }}</ref>
==History==
===The dissolution of the Soviet Union through Yeltsin's terms (1991–99)===
With Communism defunct, on December 25, 1991, the Soviet Union [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)#Yeltsin and the dissolution of the USSR|dissolved]], and the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], a loose association was formed by 12 of the 15 former [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet constituent republics]], leaving out the three [[Baltic states]]. The [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] became Russia. It was now an independent state that inherited the USSR's [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] permanent membership and became the [[successor state#Soviet Union|successor state]] to the USSR.
[[Strobe Talbott]], who was Washington's chief expert on Russia, has argued that Clinton hit it off with Russian [[Boris Yeltsin]], the president of Russia 1991-1999:
:The personal diplomacy between Clinton and Yeltsin, augmented by the channel that Gore developed with Yeltsin's longest-serving prime minister, [[Victor Chernomyrdin]], yielded half a dozen major understandings that either resolved or alleviated disputes over Russia's role in the post–cold war world. The two presidents were the negotiators in chief of agreements to halt the sale of Russian rocket parts to India; remove Soviet-era nuclear missiles from Ukraine in exchange for Russian assurances of Ukraine's sovereignty and security; withdraw Russian troops from the Baltic states; institutionalize cooperation between Russia and an expanding NATO; lay the ground for the Baltic states to join the alliance; and ensure the participation of the Russian military in Balkan peacekeeping and of Russian diplomacy in the settlement of NATO's air war against Serbia.<ref>Strobe Talbott, ''The Russia Hand'' (2002) p. 9</ref>
As the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] appeared imminent, the [[United States]] and their [[NATO]] allies grew concerned of the risk of nuclear weapons held in the [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet republics]] falling into enemy hands. The [[Cooperative Threat Reduction]] (CTR) program was initiated by the [[Nunn–Lugar Act]] (really the [[Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991]]), which was authored and cosponsored by [[United States Senate|Sens]]. [[Sam Nunn]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[Georgia (U.S. state)|GA]]) and [[Richard Lugar]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Indiana|IN]]). According to the CTR website, the purpose of the CTR Program was originally "to secure and dismantle [[weapons of mass destruction]] and their associated infrastructure in former Soviet Union states."
Relations between Yeltsin and the administrations of [[Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration|George H. W. Bush]] (1989–1993) and [[Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration|Bill Clinton]] (1993–2001) started off well, but deteriorated after 1997. Yeltsin and his foreign minister [[Andrey Kozyrev]] made a high priority Russia's full membership into the family of democratic nations. They wanted to be a partner of the United States. At home they tried to create democratic institutions and a free-market capitalist system.
In 1993, both nations signed the [[START II]] arms control treaty that was designed to ban the use of [[multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle]]s (MIRVs) on [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s (ICBMs). The treaty was eventually ratified by both countries, yet it was never implemented and was formally abandoned in 2002, following the US's withdrawal from the 1972 [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]].
Clinton and Yeltsin were personally friendly. Washington encouraged the rapid transition to a liberal capitalist system in Russia.<ref>Strobe Talbott, ''The Russia hand: A memoir of presidential diplomacy'' (2007) pp 189–213.</ref> Clinton provided rich talking points but provided less than $3 billion, and much was paid to American contractors. The Russians—aware of the Marshall Plan in the 1940s—had counted on far larger sums.<ref>Svetlana Savranskaya, "Yeltsin and Clinton." ''Diplomatic History'' (2018) 42#4 pp 564–567.</ref> Real anger was ignited by the rapid expansion of NATO membership in Eastern Europe. With the Cold War over, Russians felt NATO's original role was no longer needed. It feared its [[Enlargement of NATO#Visegrád Group|dramatic move eastward]] meant an escalation of NATO's historic role in containment of Russian goals.<ref>Ronald D. Asmus, ''Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era'' (2002).</ref><ref>Talbott, ''The Russia Hand'' pp 218–250.</ref>
[[File:Boris Yeltsin with Bill Clinton-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|President [[Bill Clinton]] and President [[Boris Yeltsin]] in the White House, October 1995.]]
Russia stridently opposed the U.S.-led [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|NATO military operation]] against [[Serbia and Montenegro]] over [[Kosovo]] that began in March 1999.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/303127.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Russia condemns Nato at UN |date=March 25, 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/348340.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Fighting for a foreign land |date=May 20, 1999}}</ref><ref>Talbott, ''The Russia Hand'' pp 298–349.</ref> In December 1999, while on a visit to China, president Yeltsin verbally assailed Clinton for criticizing Russia's tactics in [[Chechnya]] (at the start of the [[Second Chechen War]]) emphatically stating that Russia remained a nuclear power.<ref name="wpyelinchina">{{cite news |author=Michael Laris |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1999-12/10/123r-121099-idx.html |title=In China, Yeltsin Lashes Out at Clinton: Criticisms of Chechen War Are Met With Blunt Reminder of Russian Nuclear Power |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A35 |date=December 10, 1999}}</ref>
===Putin and George W. Bush: 2001–2009===
In 2001, in response to the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks on September 11]], the new Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] quickly announced strong support. Terrorism against Russia was already high on Putin's agenda and he found common ground by supporting the American/NATO invasion of Afghanistan to destroy the [[Taliban]] that had harbored the [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists.<ref>Ian Bremmer, and Alexander Zaslavsky, "Bush and Putin's tentative embrace." ''World Policy Journal'' 18.4 (2001): 11-17 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209773 online].</ref> By 2002, however, the two countries were escalating their disagreements. Russia became more assertive in international affairs; [[George W. Bush]] took an increasingly unilateral course in [[Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration|foreign policy]].<ref>Angela E. Stent, ''The Limits of Partnership: US-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century'' (2014) pp 62–81.</ref>
In 2002, the United States withdrew from the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]] in order to move forward with plans for a [[missile defense]] system. Putin called the decision a mistake. Russia strongly opposed the 2003 [[invasion of Iraq]], though without exercising its veto in the [[United Nations Security Council]]. Russia has regarded the expansion of [[NATO]] into the old [[Warsaw Pact|Eastern Bloc]], and U.S. efforts to gain access to [[Central Asia]]n oil and natural gas as a potentially hostile encroachment on Russia's [[sphere of influence]]. The Russian leadership blamed U.S. officials for encouraging anti-Russian revolts during the [[Rose Revolution]] in Georgia in 2003 and the [[Orange Revolution]] in [[Ukraine]] in 2004. Putin saw intrusions into Russia's historic sphere of interest.<ref>Stent, ''The Limits of Partnership'' (2014) pp 82–134.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/11/us/politics/cia-judgment-intelligence-russia-hacking-evidence.html |title=C.I.A. Judgment on Russia Built on Swell of Evidence |last1=Mazzetti |first1=Mark |author2=Eric Lichtblau |work=The New York Times |date=December 11, 2016 |access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Vladimir Putin in Saint Petersburg-56.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Russia strongly opposed the U.S.-led [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].]]
[[File:32nd G8 Summit-3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Vladimir Putin with [[George W. Bush]] and other Western leaders at [[32nd G8 summit]] in [[Moscow]], July 2006.]]
Russia condemned the unilateral [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declaration of independence of Kosovo]] from [[Serbia]] in February 2008,<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia warns of resorting to 'force' over Kosovo |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20080222-russia-warns-resorting-force-over-kosovo-NATO |work=France 24 |date=22 February 2008}}</ref> stating they "expect the UN mission and NATO-led forces in Kosovo to take immediate action to carry out their mandate [...] including the annulling of the decisions of Pristina's self-governing organs and the taking of tough administrative measures against them."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7249586.stm In quotes: Kosovo reaction], BBC News Online, 17 February 2008.</ref> Russian President Putin described the recognition of Kosovo's independence by the United States and other Western countries as "a terrible precedent, which will de facto blow apart the whole system of international relations, developed not over decades, but over centuries", and that "they have not thought through the results of what they are doing. At the end of the day it is a two-ended stick and the second end will come back and hit them in the face".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/putin-calls-kosovo-independence-terrible-precedent/2008/02/23/1203467431503.html|title=Putin calls Kosovo independence 'terrible precedent'|date=2008-02-23|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> In March 2014, Russia used Kosovo's declaration of independence as a justification for recognizing [[Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea|the independence of Crimea]], citing the so-called "[[Kosovo independence precedent]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603|title=Address by President of the Russian Federation|date=March 18, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/03/24/crimea-kosovo-and-false-moral-equivalency/|title=Why the Kosovo "precedent" does not justify Russia's annexation of Crimea|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>
In early 2008, President [[George W. Bush]] vowed full support for admitting [[Ukraine]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] into NATO,<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine: NATO's original sin |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-nato-georgia-europe-european-union-united-states/ |work=Politico |date=November 23, 2021}}</ref> despite Russia's opposition to the further [[Enlargement of NATO|eastward expansion]] of NATO.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bush-Putin row grows as pact pushes east |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/02/nato.georgia |work=The Guardian |date=2 April 2008}}</ref> Russia's Deputy Foreign Minister [[Grigory Karasin]] warned that any incorporation of Ukraine into NATO would cause a "deep crisis" in [[Russia–Ukraine relations]] and also negatively affect Russia's relations with the West.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bush stirs controversy over NATO membership |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/01/ukraine.analysis/ |work=CNN |date=April 1, 2008}}</ref>
====Controversy over U.S. plan to station missiles in Poland (2007–2008)====
In March 2007, the U.S. announced plans to build an [[anti-ballistic missile|anti-ballistic]] [[missile defense]] installation in Poland along with a radar station in the [[Czech Republic]]. Both nations were former [[Warsaw Pact]] members and both had repudiated Communism and Russian interference. U.S. officials said that the system was intended to protect the United States and Europe from possible nuclear missile attacks by Iran or North Korea. Russia, however, viewed the new system as a potential threat and, in response, tested a long-range [[intercontinental ballistic missile]], the [[RS-24]], which it claimed could defeat any defense system. Putin warned the U.S. that these new tensions could turn Europe into a powder keg. On June 3, 2007, Putin warned that if the United States built the missile defense system, Russia would consider targeting missiles at Poland and the Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Gottemoeller |first=Rose |subject-link=Rose Gottemoeller |interviewer=[[Robert Siegel]] |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10741255 |title=Strained Russian Relations Greet Bush in Europe |work=[[NPR]] |date=June 5, 2007 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref>
In October 2007, Vladimir Putin visited Iran to discuss Russia's aid to Iran's nuclear power program and "insisted that the use of force was unacceptable."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2673546.ece |title=Vladimir Putin pledges to complete Iranian nuclear reactor |last=Halpin |first=Tony |date=October 17, 2007 |work=The Times |access-date=April 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706163319/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2673546.ece|archive-date=July 6, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On October 17, Bush stated "if you're interested in avoiding World War III, it seems like you ought to be interested in preventing them from having the knowledge necessary to make a nuclear weapon," understood as a message to Putin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071017.html |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |title=White House Transcript of 17 October 2007 Press Conference |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |date=October 17, 2007}}</ref> A week later, Putin compared U.S. plans to put up a missile defense system near Russia's border as analogous to when the Soviet Union deployed missiles in Cuba, prompting the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7064428.stm |title=Putin compares US shield to Cuba |date=October 26, 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref>
In July 2008, Russia announced that if a U.S. anti-missile shield was deployed near the Russian border, it would have to react militarily. The statement from the Russian foreign ministry said, "If an American strategic anti-missile shield starts to be deployed near our borders, we will be forced to react not in a diplomatic fashion but with military-technical means." Later, Russia's ambassador to the United Nations [[Vitaly Churkin]] said that "military-technical means" did not mean military action, but more likely a change in Russia's strategic posture, perhaps by redeploying its own missiles.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7496399.stm |title=Russia warns over US-Czech shield |date=July 8, 2008 |work=BBC News |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref>
On August 14, 2008, the U.S. and Poland agreed to have 10 two-stage missile interceptors – made by [[Orbital Sciences Corporation]] – placed in Poland, as part of a missile shield to defend Europe and the U.S. from a possible missile attack by Iran. In return, the U.S. agreed to move a battery of [[MIM-104 Patriot]] missiles to Poland. The missile battery was to be staffed – at least temporarily – by U.S. Military personnel. The U.S. also pledged to defend Poland, a [[NATO]] member, quicker than NATO would in the event of an attack. Additionally, the Czech Republic recently agreed to allow the placement of a radar-tracking station in their country, despite public opinion polls showing that the majority of Czechs were against the plans and only 18% supported it.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/No_permanent_foreign_inspectors_in_US-Czech_radar_talks_minister_999.html |title=No permanent foreign inspectors in US-Czech radar talks: minister |date=May 11, 2008 |publisher=spacedaily.com |access-date=August 8, 2008}}</ref> The radar-tracking station in the Czech Republic would also be part of the missile defense shield. After the agreement was announced, Russian officials said defences on Russia's borders would be increased and that they foresaw harm in bilateral relations with the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6kOsE60Adag&refer=home |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022121349/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6kOsE60Adag&refer=home |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |title=Poland Gets U.S. Military Aid in Missile-Shield Deal |last=Andrusz |first=Katya |date=August 15, 2008 |publisher=Bloomberg.com |access-date=April 3, 2010}}</ref>
====Russian-Georgian clash (August 2008)====
{{main|Russia–Georgia war}}
In August 2008, United States-Russia bilateral relations became further strained, when Russia and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] fought a [[Russo-Georgian War|five-day war]] over the Russian-backed self-proclaimed republics of [[South Ossetia]] and [[Abkhazia]]. President Bush said to Russia, "Bullying and intimidation are not acceptable ways to conduct foreign policy in the 21st century."<ref>{{cite news |date=August 15, 2008 |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-15-bush-georgia_N.htm |title=Bush hits Russia on 'bullying and intimidation' |newspaper=USA Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022031242/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-15-bush-georgia_N.htm |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Obama administration (2009–2017)===
{{see also|Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration#Russia|Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin}}
===="Reset" under Obama and Medvedev (2009–11)====
{{see also|Russian reset|Obama–Medvedev Commission}}
[[File:Obama and Medvedev sign Prague Treaty 2010.jpeg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|U.S. president [[Barack Obama]] and Russian president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] after signing the [[New START]] treaty]]
Despite U.S.–Russia relations becoming strained during the [[George W. Bush administration|Bush administration]], Russian president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] (president from May 2008 until May 2012, with Vladimir Putin as head of government) and U.S. president [[Barack Obama]] struck a warm tone at the [[2009 G-20 London Summit|2009 G20 summit in London]] and released a joint statement that promised a "fresh start" in Russia–United States relations. The statement also called on [[Iran]] to abandon its nuclear program and to permit foreign inspectors into the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/world/europe/02arms.html?_r=1&hp |title=Promises of 'Fresh Start' for U.S.-Russia Relations |last=Cooper |first=Helene |work=The New York Times |date=April 1, 2009 |access-date=July 28, 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
In March 2009, U.S. secretary of state Hillary Clinton and her Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov symbolically pressed a "reset" button. The gag fell short as the Russian translation on the button was misspelt by the State Department and actually meant "overload" instead of "reset". After making a few jokes, they decided to press the button anyway.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1971651,00.html |title=U.S.-Russia Relations: In Need of a New Reset |date=March 16, 2010 |magazine=Time |access-date=May 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321182018/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1971651,00.html |archive-date=March 21, 2014}}</ref>
In early July 2009, Obama visited Moscow where he had meetings with president Medvedev and prime minister Putin. Speaking at the [[New Economic School]] Obama told a large gathering, "America wants a strong, peaceful and prosperous Russia. This belief is rooted in our respect for the Russian people, and a shared history between our nations that goes beyond competition."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/07/07/obama.moscow/ |title=Obama: U.S. wants strong, peaceful Russia |date=July 7, 2009 |agency=CNN |access-date=October 28, 2016}}</ref> Days after president Obama's visit to Moscow, U.S. vice president [[Joe Biden]], noting that the U.S. was "vastly underestimat[ing] the hand that [it] h[e]ld", told a U.S. newspaper that Russia, with its population base shrinking and the economy "withering", would have to make accommodations to the West on a wide range of national-security issues.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124848246032580581 |title=Biden Says Weakened Russia Will Bend to U.S. |last=Spiegel |first=Peter |date=July 25, 2009 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=October 28, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Lavrov and Clinton in NYC-1.jpg|thumb|250px|left|U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] with Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] at the [[Waldorf Astoria New York]] in September 2010]]
In March 2010, the United States and Russia reached an agreement to reduce their stockpiles of [[nuclear weapon]]s. The new nuclear arms reduction treaty (called [[New START]]) was signed by President Obama and President Medvedev on April 8, 2010. The agreement cut the number of long-range nuclear weapons held by each side to about 1,500, down from the current 1,700 to 2,200 set by the [[SORT|Moscow Treaty]] of 2002. The New START replaced the [[START I|1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty]], which expired in December 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/europe/25start.html |title=Russia and U.S. Report Breakthrough on Arms |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |author2=Ellen Barry |work=The New York Times |date=March 24, 2010 |access-date=July 28, 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Vice President Joe Biden greets Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.jpg|thumb|250px|U.S. Vice President [[Joe Biden]] and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in [[Moscow]], Russia in March 2011]]
On a visit to Moscow in March 2011, U.S. vice president Joe Biden reiterated Washington's support for Russia's accession to the [[World Trade Organization]];<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/a/biden_trip_to_moscow_putin_medvedev_human_rights/2333813.html U.S. Vice President Meets Putin, Russian Opposition] March 10, 2011.</ref> he also had a meeting with Russia's leading [[human rights]] and opposition leaders where he reportedly told the gathering at the U.S. ambassador's [[Spaso House]] residence that it would be better for Russia if Putin did not run for re-election in 2012.<ref>[https://themoscowtimes.com/news/biden-opposes-3rd-putin-term-5538 Biden 'Opposes' 3rd Putin Term] [[The Moscow Times]], March 11, 2011.</ref>
Through 2020, this was the only time Biden and Putin had met. After an official group meeting Biden characterized in his memoir as "argumentative," he and Putin met privately, with Biden saying "Mr. Prime Minister, I'm looking into your eyes," (a reference to a 2001 meeting between Putin and President Bush, who later said "I looked the man in the eye...I was able to get a sense of his soul"). Biden continued, "I don't think you have a soul." Putin replied, "We understand each other." Biden was elected president in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Steinhauer |first1=Jennifer |title=Biden to Face a Confrontational Russia in a World Changed From His Time in Office |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/15/us/politics/biden-russia-trump-putin.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 15, 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Biden, berlusconi and medvedev.jpeg|thumb|250px|Joe Biden, Russia's President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] and Italy's Prime Minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]] meeting in Italy in June 2011]]
The [[2011 military intervention in Libya]] prompted a widespread wave of criticism from several world leaders, including Russian President Medvedev<ref>{{cite news |title=Nato rejects Russian claims of Libya mission creep |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/15/nato-libya-rasmussen-medvedev-criticism |work=The Guardian |date=15 April 2011}}</ref> and Russian Prime Minister Putin, who said that "<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|UNSC Resolution 1973]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> is defective and flawed...It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades."<ref>"[http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin West in "medieval crusade" on Gaddafi: Putin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323111540/http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin |date=23 March 2011 }}." ''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'' ([[Reuters]]). 21 March 2011.</ref>
At the start of the [[2011–2013 Russian protests|mass protests]] that began in Russia after the [[2011 Russian legislative election|legislative election]] in early December 2011, prime minister Vladimir Putin accused the United States of interference and inciting unrest, specifically saying that secretary of state Hillary Clinton had sent "a signal" to "some actors in our country"; his comments were seen as indication of a breakdown in the Obama administration's effort to "reset" the relationship.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/09/world/europe/putin-accuses-clinton-of-instigating-russian-protests.html |title=Putin Contends Clinton Incited Unrest Over Vote |last1=Herszenhorn |first1=David M. |author2=Ellen Barry |work=The New York Times |date=December 8, 2011 |access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref>
By 2012, it was clear that a genuine reset never happened and relations remained sour. Factors in the West included traditional mistrust and fear, an increasing drift away from democracy by Russia, and a demand in Eastern Europe for closer political, economic and military integration with the West. From Russia factors included a move away from democracy by Putin, expectations of regaining superpower status and the tactic of manipulating trade policies and encouraging divisions within NATO.<ref name="Braun2012">{{cite journal |last=Braun |first=Aurel |title=Resetting Russian–Eastern European relations for the 21st century |journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies |volume=45 |issue=3–4 |year=2012 |pages=389–400 |issn=0967-067X |doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.07.009}}</ref><ref name="Ratti2013">{{cite journal |last1=Ratti |first1=Luca |title='Resetting' NATO–Russia Relations: A Realist Appraisal Two Decades after the USSR |journal=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies |volume=26 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=141–161 |issn=1351-8046 |doi=10.1080/13518046.2013.779845|s2cid=145351757 }}</ref>
====Increasing Tensions during Putin's Third Term (2012–2015)====
{{see also|Cold War II}}
In mid-September 2013, the United States and Russia made a [[Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons|deal]] whereby Syria's [[chemical weapons]] would be placed under international control and eventually destroyed; President Obama welcomed the agreement<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/14/barack-obama-syria-chemical-weapons-deal Obama welcomes Syria chemical weapons deal but retains strikes option] The Guardian, September 14, 2013.</ref> that was shortly after enshrined in the [[United Nations Security Council|UNSC]] [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118|Resolution 2118]]. The Obama administration was criticised for having used the chemical weapons deal as an ineffectual substitute for military action that Obama had promised in the event of [[U.S. Government Assessment of the Syrian Government's Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013|use of chemical weapons]] by the Syrian government.<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/syria-chemical-weapons-attacks-2016-8 Obama's biggest achievement in Syria fell short — and Assad is rubbing it in his face] Business Insider, August 28, 2016.</ref> In [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|George Robertson]]'s view, as well as many others', the failure of Obama to follow through on his 2013 "red line" and take promised military action badly hurt his credibility and that of the United States with Putin and other world leaders.<ref name="obexit">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/07/world/europe/europeans-view-obamas-exit-with-a-mix-of-admiration-and-regret.html |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Europeans View Obama's Exit With a Mix of Admiration and Regret |date=November 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="kerrystarter" />
Obama acknowledged Russia's role in securing the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|deal]] to limit [[Iran]]'s [[Nuclear program of Iran|nuclear program]] that was reached in July 2015, and personally thanked Putin for Russia's role in the [[Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|relevant negotiations]].<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/a/russias-stake-in-iran-nuclear-deal/2867710.html Russia's Stake in Iran Nuclear Deal] VOA, July 18, 2015.</ref>[[File:US and Russian bases and facilities.jpg|thumb|American (red) and Russian (blue) military bases as of 2014]]
In May 2012, Russian general [[Nikolay Yegorovich Makarov]] said that there was a possibility of a preemptive strike on [[NATO missile defence system|missile defense]] sites in [[Eastern Europe]], to apply pressure to the United States regarding Russia's demands.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/03/russian-military-ups-ante-on-missile-defense/ |title=Russia's military threatens pre-emptive strike if NATO goes ahead with missile plan |publisher=Fox News |agency=Associated Press |first1=Jim |last1=Heintz |author2=Liudas Dapkus |date=May 3, 2012 |access-date=August 27, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504030958/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/03/russian-military-ups-ante-on-missile-defense/ |archive-date=May 4, 2012}}</ref> In July 2012, two [[Tu-95 Bear]]s were intercepted by [[NORAD]] fighters in the [[Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)|air defense zone]] off the U.S. coast of Alaska, where they may have been practicing the targeting of [[Fort Greely]] and [[Vandenberg Air Force Base]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gertz |first=Bill|author-link=Bill Gertz |url=http://freebeacon.com/putins-july-4th-message/ |title=Putin's July 4th Message:Russian nuclear-capable bombers intercepted near West Coast in second U.S. air defense zone intrusion in two weeks |publisher=The Washington Free Beacon |date=August 6, 2012 |access-date=August 27, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710172010/http://freebeacon.com/national-security/putins-july-4th-message/ |archive-date=July 10, 2015}}</ref> Later in August 2012, it was revealed that an {{sclass|Akula|submarine|2}} had conducted a patrol within the [[Gulf of Mexico]] without being detected, raising alarms of the U.S. Navy's [[anti-submarine warfare]] capabilities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://freebeacon.com/national-security/silent-running/ |title=Silent Running |publisher=Free Beacon |first=Bill |last=Gertz|author-link=Bill Gertz |date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=July 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/2012/08/red-october-redux-john-cornyn-demands-answers-from-pentagon-on-russian-sub-in-gulf/ |title=Red October redux? John Cornyn demands answers from Pentagon on Russian sub in Gulf of Mexico (UPDATED) |date=August 16, 2012 |publisher=Hearst Communications Inc. |newspaper=Houston Chronicle |author=Richard Dunham |access-date=August 27, 2012}}</ref>
On December 14, 2012, U.S. President Barack Obama signed the [[Magnitsky Act]], which "[imposed] U.S. travel and financial restrictions on human rights abusers in Russia". On December 28, 2012, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a [[Dima Yakovlev Law|bill]], widely seen as retaliatory, that banned any United States citizen from adopting children from Russia.<ref name="CNN News Network">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/28/world/europe/russia-us-adoptions/index.html?iref=allsearch |title=Russia's Putin signs anti-U.S. adoption bill |publisher=CNN News Network}}</ref>
On February 12, 2013, hours before the [[2013 State of the Union Address]] by U.S. president Obama, two Russian [[Tupolev Tu-95|Tu-95 Bear strategic bombers]], reportedly equipped with nuclear-tipped cruise missiles, circled the [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|U.S. territory]] of [[Guam]].<ref name="freebeacon">{{cite web |url=http://freebeacon.com/bear-bombers-over-guam/ |title=Bear Bombers Over Guam |last=Gertz |first=Bill |author-link=Bill Gertz |date=February 15, 2013 |publisher=Washington Free Beacon |access-date=February 20, 2013}}</ref><ref name="foxairforceconfirms">{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/02/16/nuclear-armed-russian-jets-reportedly-circled-us-territory-guam/ |title=Air Force confirms Russian jets circled US territory of Guam |date=February 16, 2013 |publisher=Fox News |access-date=February 20, 2013}}</ref> Air Force [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15 jets]] based on [[Andersen Air Force Base]] were scrambled to intercept the aircraft.<ref name="freebeacon" /><ref name="foxairforceconfirms" /> The Russian aircraft reportedly "were intercepted and left the area in a northbound direction."<ref name="freebeacon" /><ref name="foxairforceconfirms" />
At the end of 2013, Russia announced that a rearmament of the [[28th Guards Rocket Division|Kozelsk]], Novosibirsk, [[42nd Rocket Division|Tagil Rocket divisions]] with advanced [[RS-24 Yars]] intercontinental ballistic missiles was going ahead.<ref>Bayanihan. Science and Technology. December 27, 2013. [http://bayanihan.org/2013/12/27/putin-russia-begins-deployment-of-new-silo-based-missile-system/ Putin: Russia begins deployment of new silo-based missile system] December 27, 2013.</ref>
In July 2014, the U.S. government formally accused Russia of having violated the 1987 [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty]] by testing a prohibited medium-range ground-launched [[cruise missile]] (presumably R-500,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://csis.org/publication/russian-inf-treaty-violations-assessment-and-response |title=Russian INF Treaty Violations: Assessment and Response |date=October 16, 2014 |access-date=April 22, 2016|last1=Schwartz |first1=Paul N. }}</ref> a modification of [[9K720 Iskander|Iskander]])<ref name="nytcruise">{{cite news |title=U.S. Says Russia Tested Cruise Missile, Violating Treaty |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/29/world/europe/us-says-russia-tested-cruise-missile-in-violation-of-treaty.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=USA |date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=January 4, 2015 |first=Michael R. |last=Gordon}}</ref> and threatened to retaliate accordingly.<ref name="nytcruise" /><ref name="guardcr">{{cite news |title=US and Russia in danger of returning to era of nuclear rivalry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/04/us-russia-era-nuclear-rivalry |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |date=January 4, 2015 |access-date=January 4, 2015}}</ref> Concern in the U.S. was also caused by the test-firing in 2014 of the Russian [[RS-26 Rubezh]] [[Intercontinental Ballistic Missile]] capable of evading the existing [[anti-ballistic missile|anti-ballistic]] [[missile defense]]s.<ref>[https://rg.ru/2014/11/27/mbr-site-anons.html Испытания новой МБР завершатся в декабре] Rossiyskaya Gazeta, December 27, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201503290853-78tu.htm Убийца ПРО «Рубеж» выходит на позиции: последнее предупреждение США] TV Zvezda, April 27, 2015.</ref>
In early June 2015, the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] reported that Russia had failed to correct the violation of the I.N.F. Treaty; the U.S. government was said to have made no discernible headway in making Russia so much as acknowledge the compliance problem.<ref name="inffailure">{{cite news |title=U.S. Says Russia Failed to Correct Violation of Landmark 1987 Arms Control Deal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/06/world/europe/us-says-russia-fails-to-correct-violation-of-landmark-1987-arms-control-deal.html?_r=0 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=US |date=June 5, 2015 |access-date=June 7, 2015 |first=Michael R. |last=Gordon}}</ref>
====Edward Snowden affair (2013)====
{{see also|Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)}}
[[File:Edward Snowden 2013-10-9 (2).jpg|thumb|Snowden in Moscow in October 2013.]]
[[Edward Snowden]], a contractor for the United States government, copied and released hundreds of thousands of pages of secret U.S. government documents. He fled to Hong Kong, and then to Russia where in July 2013 he was granted [[Edward Snowden#Asylum in Russia|political asylum]]. He was wanted on a criminal warrant by U.S. prosecutors for theft of government property and espionage.<ref>Suné von Solms and Renier van Heerden. "The Consequences of Edward Snowden NSA Related Information Disclosures." ''Iccws 2015–The Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security'' (2015) [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Renier_Van_Heerden/publication/275019554_The_Consequences_of_Edward_Snowden_NSA_Related_Information_Disclosures/links/552e6e1c0cf22d43716e4e19.pdf online].</ref>
The granting of asylum further aggravated relations between the two countries and led to the cancellation of a meeting between Obama and Putin that was scheduled for early September 2013 in Moscow.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/10228529/Barack-Obama-cancels-meeting-with-Vladimir-Putin-over-Edward-Snowden.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/10228529/Barack-Obama-cancels-meeting-with-Vladimir-Putin-over-Edward-Snowden.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Barack Obama cancels meeting with Vladimir Putin over Edward Snowden |last=Sanchez |first=Raf |date=August 7, 2013 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Snowden remains in Russia as of April 2023.
====Russian Annexation of Crimea (2014)====
{{main|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War}}
Following the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|collapse]] of the [[Viktor Yanukovych]] government in [[Ukraine]] in February 2014, Russia annexed [[Crimea]] on the basis of a controversial [[2014 Crimean status referendum|referendum]] held on March 16, 2014. The U.S. had submitted a UN Security Council resolution declaring the referendum illegal; it was vetoed by Russia on March 15 with China abstaining and the other 13 Security Council members voting for the resolution.<ref>[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47362#.WBN3i7MprtU UN Security Council action on Crimea referendum blocked] UN web site.</ref> In 2016, in a court in Moscow, former top Ukrainian officials of the Yanukovich administration testified that the collapse of the government was, in their opinion, a [[coup d'état]] organized and sponsored by the U.S. government.<ref>[https://ria.ru/world/20161216/1483787225.html Экс-премьер Украины Азаров назвал "кураторов" переворота на Украине] RIA Novosti, December 16, 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nbnews.com.ua/ru/news/193223/ |title=Независимое бюро новостей - Суд в РФ по "перевороту" в Украине допросил Азарова, Клюева, Захарченко и Якименко |first=Независимое бюро |last=новостей |access-date=March 5, 2022 |archive-date=December 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217115119/http://nbnews.com.ua/ru/news/193223/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Russian newspaper [[Kommersant]] alleges [[George Friedman]] (chairman of [[Stratfor]]) had agreed this was the "most blatant coup in history', which George Friedman says was taken out of context.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/2636177 |title="Интересы РФ и США в отношении Украины несовместимы друг с другом": Глава Stratfor Джордж Фридман о первопричинах украинского кризиса |newspaper=[[Kommersant]] |date=December 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/george-friedman-russia-is-winning-the-internet-2016-4 |title=George Friedman: Russia is winning the internet |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=April 21, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:2014-05-09. День Победы в Донецке 237.jpg|thumb|Anti-American slogans during the [[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]] celebrations in [[Donetsk]], May 9, 2014.]]
U.S. secretary of state John Kerry in early March 2014 answering the press questions about Russia's moves in Crimea said, "This is an act of aggression that is completely trumped up in terms of its pretext. It's really 19th century behavior in the 21st century, and there is no way, to start with, that if Russia persists in this, that the G8 countries are going to assemble in Sochi. That's a starter."<ref name="kerrystarter">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/03/222721.htm Interview With David Gregory of NBC's Meet the Press] March 2, 2014.</ref> On March 24, 2014, the U.S. and its allies in the [[G8]] political forum suspended Russia's membership thereof.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/world/europe/obama-russia-crimea.html |title=Russia Is Ousted From Group of 8 by U.S. and Allies |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 24, 2014 |access-date=March 25, 2014|last1=Smale |first1=Alison |last2=Shear |first2=Michael D. }}</ref> The decision was dismissed by Russia as inconsequential.<ref name="CNN.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/24/politics/obama-europe-trip/index.html |title=U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8 |publisher=CNN.com |date=March 24, 2014 |access-date=March 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/russia-temporarily-kicked-out-of-g8-club-of-rich-countries-2014-3 |title=Russia Suspended From G8 Club Of Rich Countries |publisher=Business Insider |date=March 24, 2014}}</ref>
At the end of March 2014, U.S. president Obama ruled out any Western military intervention in Ukraine<ref name="CNN.com" /> and admitted that Russia's annexation of Crimea would be hard to reverse; however, he dismissed Russia as a "regional power" that did not pose a major security threat to the U.S.<ref name="nothreat">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/25/barack-obama-russia-regional-power-ukraine-weakness |title=Barack Obama: Russia is a regional power showing weakness over Ukraine |date=March 25, 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=November 1, 2014}}</ref> In January 2016, when asked for his opinion of Obama's statement, Putin said, "I think that speculations about other countries, an attempt to speak disrespectfully about other countries is an attempt to prove one's [[American exceptionalism|exceptionalism]] by contrast. In my view, that is a misguided position."<ref>[http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/51155 Интервью немецкому изданию Bild. Часть 2] Kremlin.Ru, January 12, 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://rbth.com/news/2016/01/12/putin-disagrees-with-obama-over-russias-regional-status-us-exceptionalism_558563 |title=Putin disagrees with Obama over Russia's regional status, US exceptionalism |last=Interfax |date=January 12, 2016 }}</ref>
In November 2016, the president of the [[European Commission]] [[Jean-Claude Juncker]] said this of the statement of Obama: "We have a lot to learn about the depths of Russia, we are very ignorant about it at the moment. I would like to have discussions on a level footing with Russia. Russia is not, as President Obama said, 'a regional power'. This was a big error in assessment."<ref name="obamaignorant">{{cite news |url=http://www.euronews.com/2016/11/26/global-conversation-exclusive-interview-with-european-commission-president-jean |title=Exclusive Interview with European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker |publisher=Euronews |access-date=November 26, 2016}}</ref>
As unrest spread into eastern Ukraine in the spring of 2014, relations between the U.S. and Russia further worsened. The U.S. government imposed punitive [[International sanctions during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|sanctions]] for Russia's activity in Ukraine. After one bout of sanctions announced by President Obama in July 2014 targeting Russia's major energy, financial and defence companies, Russia said the sanctions would seriously harm the bilateral ties relegating them to the 1980s [[Cold War]] era.<ref name="RussiaSanctions">{{cite news |url=http://www.russianews.net/index.php/sid/223870415/scat/723971d98160d438/ht/Russia-warns-new-US-sanctions-will-return-ties-to-Cold-War-era |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729213119/http://www.russianews.net/index.php/sid/223870415/scat/723971d98160d438/ht/Russia-warns-new-US-sanctions-will-return-ties-to-Cold-War-era |archive-date=July 29, 2014 |title=Russia warns new US sanctions will return ties to Cold War era |publisher=Russia News.Net |access-date=July 18, 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Vladimir Putin and John Kerry (2015-12-15) 02.jpg|thumb|240px|Putin meets with Secretary of State [[John Kerry]], [[Victoria Nuland]] and [[John F. Tefft]] to discuss Ukraine and other issues in December 2015.]]
From March 2014 to 2016, six rounds of sanctions were imposed by the US, as well as by the EU, and some other countries allied to the U.S. The first three rounds targeted individuals close to Putin by freezing their assets and denying leave to enter. Russia responded by banning import of certain food products as well as by banning entry for certain government officials from the countries that imposed sanctions against Russia.
The end of 2014 saw the passage by the US of the [[Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014]],<ref>[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/18/statement-president-ukraine-freedom-support-act Statement by the President on the Ukraine Freedom Support Act], December 18, 2014.</ref><ref name="Support">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/world/europe/obama-signing-russia-ukraine-sanctions-bill.html?_r=0 |title=Obama Signals Support for New U.S. Sanctions to Pressure Russian Economy |last=Baker |first=Peter |date=December 16, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> aimed at depriving certain Russian state firms of Western financing and technology while also providing $350 million in arms and military equipment to Ukraine, and the imposition by the US president's [[executive order]] of yet another round of sanctions.<ref name="CrimSanct">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30560941 |title=Ukraine crisis: Russia defies fresh Western sanctions |date=December 20, 2014 |publisher=BBC |access-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref>
Due to the situation concerning Ukraine, relations between Russia and the U.S. that denounced Russia's actions were in 2014 said to be at their worst since the end of the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/how-2014-became-the-worst-year-in-u-s-russia-relations-since-the-cold-war-20141231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101021407/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/how-2014-became-the-worst-year-in-u-s-russia-relations-since-the-cold-war-20141231 |archive-date=January 1, 2015 |title=How 2014 Became the Worst Year in U.S.-Russia Relations Since the Cold War |last=Koren |first=Marina |date=December 31, 2014 |newspaper=National Journal|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref>
As vice president, Joe Biden urged the Ukrainian government to reduce the nation's reliance on imports of Russian natural gas, and to eliminate pro-Russia middlemen such as [[Dmitry Firtash]] from the country's natural gas industry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/us/giuliani-ukraine-oligarchs.html|title=Why Giuliani Singled Out 2 Ukrainian Oligarchs to Help Look for Dirt|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 25, 2019|last1=Becker|first1=Jo|last2=Bogdanich|first2=Walt|last3=Haberman|first3=Maggie|last4=Protess|first4=Ben}}</ref>
====Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War (from September 30, 2015)====
{{main|Russian military intervention in Syria}}
{{see also|Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War}}
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Barack Obama (2015-09-29) 04.jpg|thumb|240px|Barack Obama meets with Vladimir Putin to discuss Syria, September 29, 2015.]]
Shortly after the start of the [[Syrian Civil War]] in the spring of 2011, the U.S. imposed sanctions on Syria's government and urged president [[Bashar al-Assad]] to resign; meanwhile, Russia, a long-standing ally of Syria, continued and increased its support for the Syrian government against rebels backed up by the U.S. and its regional allies.
On September 30, 2015, Russia began the [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|air campaign in Syria]] on the side of the Syrian government headed by president [[Bashar al-Assad]] of [[Syria]]. According to Russian foreign minister [[Sergey Lavrov]]'s statement made in mid-October 2015, Russia had invited the U.S. to join the Baghdad-based [[Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition|information center]] set up by Iran, Iraq, Syria and Russia to coordinate their military efforts, but received what he called an "unconstructive" response; Putin's proposal that the U.S. receive a high-level Russian delegation and that a U.S. delegation arrive in Moscow to discuss co-operation in Syria was likewise declined by the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-lavrov-idUKKCN0S810P20151014?mod=related&channelName=worldNews |title=Russia's Lavrov says Washington declines deeper military talks on Syria |work=NEWSru |access-date=October 17, 2015|date=October 14, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsru.com/russia/14oct2015/lavrov.html |title="Это обидно": Лавров сообщил, что США отказались принять делегацию РФ для обсуждения сирийского кризиса |work=NEWSru |access-date=October 16, 2015|date=October 14, 2015 }}</ref>
In early October 2015, U.S. president Obama called the way Russia was conducting its military campaign in Syria a "recipe for disaster";<ref name="recipe">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/02/us-coalition-warns-russia-putin-extremism-syria-isis |title=US president's comments follow coalition's expression of deep concerns over targeting in Russian bombing campaign |date=October 2, 2015 |agency=The Guardian |access-date=October 23, 2015}}</ref> top U.S. military officials ruled out military cooperation with Russia in Syria.<ref name="carter">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-cooperation-idUSKCN0S11EH20151007 |title=As Russia escalates, U.S. rules out military cooperation in Syria |date=October 7, 2015 |work=Reuters |access-date=October 9, 2015 |archive-date=October 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009100208/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/07/us-mideast-crisis-usa-cooperation-idUSKCN0S11EH20151007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/08/russia-pay-price-syrian-airstrikes-ashton-carter-us-defence-secretary |title=Russia will pay price for Syrian airstrikes, says US defence secretary |date=October 8, 2015 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Secretary of Defense [[Ashton Carter]] and other senior U.S. officials said Russia's campaign was primarily aimed at propping up Assad, whom U.S. president Barack Obama had repeatedly called upon to leave power.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/world/europe/russia-airstrikes-syria.html |title=Russians Strike Targets in Syria, but Not ISIS Areas |date=September 30, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 9, 2015}}</ref>
Three weeks into the Russian campaign in Syria, on October 20, 2015, Russian president Vladimir Putin met Bashar Assad in Moscow to discuss their joint military campaign and a future political settlement in Syria, according to the Kremlin report of the event.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50533 |title=Meeting with President of Syria Bashar Assad |work=The Kremlin, Moscow |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/22/world/middleeast/assad-putin-syria-russia.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=a-lede-package-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 |title=Assad Makes Unannounced Trip to Moscow to Discuss Syria With Putin |date=October 21, 2015 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The meeting provoked a sharp condemnation from the White House.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34595409 |title=Syria crisis: US attacks Moscow welcome for Assad |date=October 22, 2015 |agency=BBC |access-date=October 23, 2015}}</ref>
While one of the original aims of the Russian leadership may have been normalisation of the relationship with the U.S. and the West at large, the resultant situation in Syria was said in October 2015 to be a [[proxy war]] between Russia and the U.S.<ref name="turnproxy">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes.html?_r=0 |title=U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia |date=October 12, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref><ref name="cain">{{cite news |first=Martin |last=Pengelly |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/04/john-mccain-russia-us-proxy-war-syria-obama-putin |title=John McCain says US is engaged in proxy war with Russia in Syria |date=October 4, 2015 |work=The Guardian |access-date=October 17, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012181525/http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/04/john-mccain-russia-us-proxy-war-syria-obama-putin |archive-date=October 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name="prox">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/13/middleeast/syria-civil-war/index.html |title=U.S., Russia escalate involvement in Syria |date=October 13, 2015 |publisher=CNN |access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="stupid">{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/10/1/9434365/putin-syria-russia-mistake |title="The Russians have made a serious mistake": how Putin's Syria gambit will backfire |date=October 1, 2015 |publisher=The VOA|access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="gamble">{{cite news |url=http://time.com/4074568/putins-syria-gamble/ |title=Putin's Syria Gamble |date=October 12, 2015 |magazine=Time |author=Simon Shuster |access-date=October 23, 2015}}</ref> The two rounds of the [[Syria peace talks in Vienna|Syria peace talks]] held in Vienna in October and November 2015, with Iran participating for the first time, highlighted yet again the deep disagreement over the Syrian settlement between the U.S. and Russia, primarily on the issue of [[Bashar Assad]]'s political future.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/2855020 |title=Сирийское урегулирование продвинулось не дальше Башара Асада |date=November 16, 2015 |magazine=[[Kommersant]] |access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> The talks in Vienna were followed by a bilateral meeting of Obama and Putin on the sidelines of the [[2015 G-20 Antalya summit|G-20 Summit]] in Turkey, during which a certain consensus between the two leaders on Syria was reported to have been reached.<ref name="syrtrans">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151115223128/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/16/g20-barack-obama-and-vladimir-putin-agree-to-syrian-led-transition "G20: Barack Obama and Vladimir Putin agree to Syrian-led transition"], ''The Guardian'', November 16, 2015.</ref>
[[File:Secretary Kerry Looks on as Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov Signs a Condolence Book in Moscow (27710004614).jpg|thumb|John Kerry and Sergey Lavrov are paying tribute at the [[Igumnov House|French Embassy]] in Moscow after [[2016 Nice truck attack|terror attack in Nice]], July 15, 2016.]]
Bilateral negotiations over Syria were unilaterally suspended by the U.S on October 3, 2016, which was presented as the U.S. government's reaction to a re-newed [[Aleppo offensive (September 2016)|offensive on Aleppo]] by Syrian and Russian troops.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/world/middleeast/us-suspends-talks-with-russia-on-syria.html |title=Tension With Russia Rises as U.S. Halts Syria Negotiations |last1=Gordon |first1=Michael R. |date=October 3, 2016 |last2=Kramer |first2=Andrew E. |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> On the same day Putin signed a decree<ref>{{cite web |url=http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201610030004 |title=Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации |access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref> that suspended the 2000 [[Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement]] with the U.S. (the relevant law was signed on October 31, 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/31oct2016/plutonium.html |title=Путин подписал закон о приостановлении действия соглашения с США об утилизации плутония |access-date=December 14, 2016|date=October 31, 2016 }}</ref>), citing the failure by the U.S. to comply with the provisions thereof as well as the U.S.' unfriendly actions that posed a "threat to [[strategic stability]]."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-03/putin-halts-plutonium-pact-demands-u-s-troop-cuts-to-revive-it |title=Putin Halts Plutonium Pact, Demands End to Sanctions by U.S. |date=October 3, 2016 |agency=Bloomberg|access-date=October 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/world/europe/russia-plutonium-nuclear-treaty.html |title=Vladimir Putin Exits Nuclear Security Pact, Citing 'Hostile Actions' by U.S. |last=Kramer |first=Andrew E. |date=October 3, 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref>
In mid-October 2016, Russia's U.N. ambassador [[Vitaly Churkin]], referring to the international situation during the [[Yom Kippur War|1973 Arab–Israeli War]], said that tensions with the U.S. are "probably the worst since 1973".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-10-15/world-news/Russia-s-United-Nations-Ambassador-Tensions-with-US-are-probably-worst-since-1973-6736165242 |title=Russia's United Nations Ambassador: Tensions with US are probably worst since 1973 |date=October 15, 2016 |newspaper=The Independent|access-date=October 15, 2016}}</ref> After two rounds of fruitless talks on Syria in [[Lausanne]] and London, the foreign ministers of the U.S. and the UK said that additional sanctions against both Russia and Syria were imminent unless Russia and the "Assad regime" stopped their air campaign in Aleppo.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37670528 |title=Syria conflict: West considers new sanctions over Aleppo |date=October 16, 2016 |agency=BBC|access-date=October 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Harry |last=Cockburn |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/uk-us-economic-sanctions-russia-barbaric-siege-aleppo-boris-johnson-a7364701.html |title=UK and US propose economic sanctions against Russia over 'barbaric siege' of Aleppo |newspaper=The Independent |date=October 17, 2016|access-date=December 12, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:William Shepherd Awarded Russian Medal for Merit in Space Exploration.jpg|thumb|right|Russian Ambassador [[Sergey Kislyak]], NASA Administrator [[Charles Bolden]] and [[William Shepherd]] after Shepherd was awarded the Russian [[Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"]], December 2, 2016.]]
===Trump administration (2017–2021)===
{{See also|Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration#Russia}}
====Election of Donald Trump and Russian interference====
{{see also|Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections}}
[[File:Tax March SF (34074705055).jpg|thumb|Anti-Trump poster in [[San Francisco]], presumably associating Trump with Russia or the former [[Soviet Union]], April 15, 2017.]]
In mid-November 2016, shortly after the election of Trump as the U.S. president, the Kremlin accused president Barack Obama's administration of trying to damage the U.S.' relationship with Russia to a degree that would render normalization thereof impossible for Trump's incoming administration.<ref name="obamadamage">{{cite news|date=November 17, 2016|title=Kremlin: Obama team trying to damage ties with Russia|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html|url-status=dead|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228224200/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html|archive-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref>
In his [[Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly (Russia)|address to the Russian parliament]] delivered on December 1, 2016, Russian president Putin said this of U.S.—Russia relations: "We are prepared to cooperate with the new American administration. It's important to normalize and begin to develop bilateral relations on an equal and mutually beneficial basis. Mutual efforts by Russia and the United States in solving global and regional problems are in the interest of the entire world."<ref>{{cite web|title=Послание Президента Федеральному Собранию|date=December 2016 |url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/53379|access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref>
In early December 2016, the White House said that President Obama had ordered the intelligence agencies to review evidence of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential campaign; Eric Schultz, the deputy White House press secretary, denied the review to be led by Director of National Intelligence [[James R. Clapper]] was meant to be "an effort to challenge the outcome of the election".<ref name="guardordered">{{cite news|date=December 9, 2016|title=Barack Obama orders 'full review' of possible Russian hacking in US election|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/09/us-election-hacking-russia-barack-obama-review}}</ref> Simultaneously, the U.S. press published reports, with reference to senior administration officials, that U.S. intelligence agencies, specifically the [[CIA]],<ref name="wpcollision">{{cite news|date=December 10, 2016|title=Trump, CIA on collision course over Russia's role in U.S. election|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-cia-on-collision-course-over-russias-role-in-us-election/2016/12/10/ad01556c-bf01-11e6-91ee-1adddfe36cbe_story.html}}</ref> had concluded with "high confidence" that Russia acted covertly in the latter stages of the presidential campaign to harm Hillary Clinton's chances and promote Donald Trump.<ref name="bbcpromo">{{cite news|date=December 10, 2016|title=Russia 'intervened to promote Trump' - US intelligence|agency=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38273933}}</ref> President-elect Donald Trump rejected the CIA assessment that Russia was behind the hackers' efforts to sway the campaign in his favour as "ridiculous".<ref name="bbcrej">{{cite news|date=December 11, 2016|title=Donald Trump rejects CIA Russia hacking report|agency=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38282533}}</ref><ref name="indeptrans">{{cite news|date=December 10, 2016|title=Donald Trump's transition team dismisses CIA findings Russia attempted to influence US election in his favour|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-russia-us-election-intervene-hacks-cyberattacks-dnc-podesta-emails-leak-help-victory-a7466986.html}}</ref>
In mid-December 2016, Hillary Clinton suggested that Putin had a personal grudge against her due to her criticism of the [[2011 Russian legislative election]] and his opinion that she was responsible for fomenting the [[2011–13 Russian protests|anti-Putin protests]] in Russia that began in December 2011.<ref name="amychozick">{{citation|last=Chozick|first=Amy|title=Clinton Says 'Personal Beef' by Putin Led to Hacking Attacks|date=December 17, 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/16/us/politics/hillary-clinton-russia-fbi-comey.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=A12|access-date=December 17, 2016}}</ref> She partially attributed her loss in the 2016 election to Russian meddling organized by Putin.<ref name="abdullah">{{citation|last=Abdullah|first=Halimah|title=Hillary Clinton Singles Out Putin, Comey in Election Loss|date=December 16, 2016|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/hillary-clinton-singles-out-putin-comey-election-loss-n696991|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=December 17, 2016}}</ref><ref name="tamarakeith">{{citation|last=Keith|first=Tamara|title=In Leaked Remarks, Hillary Clinton Explains Putin's 'Beef' With Her|date=December 16, 2016|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/12/16/505858615/in-leaked-remarks-hillary-clinton-explains-putins-beef-with-her|work=[[National Public Radio]]|access-date=December 17, 2016}}</ref> Among her presidential campaign's Russia policy advisors were [[Richard Lourie]].{{sfn|Lourie|2017|loc=back flap}}{{who|date=March 2022}}{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
Also in mid-December, President Obama publicly pledged to retaliate for Russian cyberattacks during the U.S. presidential election in order to "send a clear message to Russia" as both a punishment and a deterrent,;<ref name="guarretal">{{cite news|date=December 16, 2016|title=Barack Obama promises retaliation against Russia over hacking during US election|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/16/obama-retaliation-russia-hacking-us-election}}</ref> however, the press reported that his actionable options were limited, with many of those having been rejected as either ineffective or too risky; ''[[The New York Times]]'', citing a catalogue of U.S.-engineered coups in foreign countries, opined, "There is not much new in tampering with elections, except for the technical sophistication of the tools. For all the outrage voiced by Democrats and Republicans in the past week about the Russian action — with the notable exception of Mr. Trump, who has dismissed the intelligence findings as politically motivated — it is worth remembering that trying to manipulate elections is a well-honed American art form."<ref name="nooptions">{{cite news|date=December 17, 2016|title=Obama Confronts Complexity of Using a Mighty Cyberarsenal Against Russia|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/us/politics/obama-putin-russia-hacking-us-elections.html?_r=0}}</ref>
The [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017]] signed into law by president Obama on December 23, 2016, was criticised by the Russian foreign ministry as yet another attempt to "create problems for the incoming Trump administration and complicate its relations on the international stage, as well as to force it to adopt an anti-Russia policy."<ref>[http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2580498 Comment by Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Maria Zakharova on new US National Defence Authorisation Act] December 27, 2016.</ref>
At the end of 2016, U.S. president-elect Donald Trump praised Putin for not expelling U.S. diplomats in response to Washington's expulsion of 35 Russian diplomats as well as other punitive measures taken by the Obama administration in retaliation for what U.S. officials had characterized as interference in the U.S. presidential election.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38473240 Russia-US row: Trump praises Putin amid hacking expulsions] BBC, December 31, 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/obama-administration-announces-measures-to-punish-russia-for-2016-election-interference/2016/12/29/311db9d6-cdde-11e6-a87f-b917067331bb_story.html Obama administration announces measures to punish Russia for 2016 election interference] ''The Washington Post'', December 29, 2016.</ref>
On January 6, 2017, the [[Office of the Director of National Intelligence]] (ODNI), in an assessment of “Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections”, asserted that Russian leadership favored presidential candidate Trump over Clinton, and that Putin personally ordered an "influence campaign" to harm Clinton's chances and "undermine public faith in the US democratic process".<ref>{{cite news|last=Feldman|first=Brian|date=January 6, 2017|title=DNI Report: High Confidence Russia Interfered With U.S. Election|magazine=nymag.com|url=https://nymag.com/selectall/2017/01/report-high-confidence-russia-interfered-with-u-s-election.html|access-date=October 6, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|7}} Trump campaign manager Paul Manafort admitted he was in contact with Russian operatives and sharing information through the campaign.<ref>{{cite news|last=Boggioni|first=Tom|date=August 8, 2022|title=Paul Manafort admits sharing info with the Russians during 2016 Trump campaign|url=https://www.rawstory.com/trump-manafort-russians/|access-date=August 8, 2022}}</ref>
====2017====
[[File:Secretary Tillerson Listens as AP's Josh Lederman Asks a Question at a Joint Press Conference With Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov (33156239434).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] with Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] in Moscow, Russia, April 12, 2017.]]
A week after [[inauguration of Donald Trump|Trump's inauguration]] on January 20, 2017, [[Donald Trump|Trump]] had a 50-minute telephone conversation with Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] that was hailed by both governments as a step towards improvement of relations between the U.S. and Russia; the presidents agreed to arrange a face-to-face meeting for a later date.<ref name="holdsummit">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-hold-historic-telephone-call/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-hold-historic-telephone-call/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph |title=Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin ready to hold summit following historic phone call |date=January 28, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38786199 |agency=BBC |title=Trump and Putin make counter-terror top priority in first call |date=January 28, 2017}}</ref>
In early March 2017, the U.S. military for the first time publicly accused Russia of having deployed a land-based cruise missile ([[RK-55|SSC-8]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-dangerous-nuclear-forces-are-back-19442|title=Russia's Dangerous Nuclear Forces are Back|first=Dave|last=Majumdar|website=The National Interest|date=February 15, 2017}}</ref>) that they said violated the "spirit and intent" of the 1987 Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty and posed a threat to NATO.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-missiles-idUSKBN16F23V U.S. general says Russia deploys cruise missile, threatens NATO] Reuters, March 8, 2017.</ref>
On March 25, 2017, the U.S. imposed new sanctions against eight Russian companies in connection with the [[Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act]] (INKSNA).{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
The [[2017 Shayrat missile strike|cruise-missile strikes]] on the Syrian [[Shayrat Airbase]], conducted by the U.S. on April 7, 2017, as a response to the [[Khan Shaykhun chemical attack]],<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/1144598/statement-from-pentagon-spokesman-capt-jeff-davis-on-us-strike-in-syria |title=Statement from Pentagon Spokesman Capt. Jeff Davis on U.S. strike in S |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense|access-date=April 7, 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="cnn-1">{{cite web |last1=Starr |first1=Barbara |last2=Diamond |first2=Jeremy |title=Trump launches military strike against Syria |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=April 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407021906/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html |archive-date=April 7, 2017 |date=April 6, 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbc-1">{{cite web |title=Syria war: US launches missile strikes following chemical 'attack' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39523654 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=April 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407022056/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39523654 |archive-date=April 7, 2017 |date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> were condemned by Russia as an "act of aggression" that was based on a "trumped-up pretext", which substantially impaired Russia–United States relations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Julian |title=Putin calls US strikes against Syria 'aggression against sovereign country' |url=http://tass.com/politics/939920 |publisher=[[Russian News Agency TASS|TASS]] |access-date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> Russian prime minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]] said the attack had placed the U.S. on the cusp of warfare with Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-moscow-tillerson-seeks-to-move-russia-away-from-syrian-alliance/2017/04/11/adb6f8ed-4712-493e-927e-40574ab3cdb6_story.html |title=Tillerson brings tough line to Moscow over Russia's backing for Syrian regime |last=Morello and Filipov |date=April 11, 2017 |newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=April 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.newsru.com/russia/07apr2017/mdvdintrump.html Медведев объявил, что разгромом военной базы в Сирии США поставили себя "на грань боевых столкновений с Россией"] [[NEWSru]], April 7, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russia says US air strikes in Syria came 'within an inch' of military clash with their forces |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-us-air-strikes-syria-russia-within-inch-military-clash-war-dmitry-medvedev-prime-minister-a7672791.html |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> Both Donald Trump in April and the Russian government in May characterised the relationship between the countries as frozen and lacking any progress;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/12/us-russia-relations-tillerson-moscow-press-conference |title=Donald Trump says US relations with Russia 'may be at all-time low' |first=Julian Borger Alec Luhn in |last=Moscow |date=April 13, 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>[https://ria.ru/politics/20170531/1495484425.html Отношения России и США застыли не только в сфере политики, считает Ушаков] RIA Novosti, May 31, 2017.</ref> in early June, Vladimir Putin said relations were at an all-time low since the end of the [[Cold War]].<ref>[https://ria.ru/world/20170602/1495666348.html Путин назвал отношения России и США худшими со времен холодной войны] [[RIA Novosti]], June 2, 2017.</ref> In mid-June 2017, the Russian foreign ministry confirmed that, for the first time ever, Russia had failed to receive a formal greeting from the U.S. government on occasion of [[Russia Day|Russia's national day]] celebrated on June 12.<ref>[https://rg.ru/2017/06/13/ssha-vpervye-ne-napravili-v-posolstvo-rf-pozdravlenie-s-dnem-rossii.html США впервые не направили в посольство РФ поздравление с Днем России] Rossiyskaya Gazeta, June 13, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/news/2017/06/15/694544-ssha-ne-peredavali-pozdravleniya Захарова: США не передавали официального поздравления с Днем России] [[Vedomosti]], June 15, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://tass.ru/politika/4337950 Захарова: Москва так и не получила от Вашингтона поздравление с Днем России] TASS, June 15, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://russia-insider.com/en/politics/spineless-trump-first-potus-not-congratulate-russian-holiday-25-years/ri20103 |title=Spineless Trump First POTUS Not to Congratulate Russian Holiday in 25 Years |date=June 14, 2017 }}</ref>
[[File:Secretary Tillerson and Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov Address Reporters Before Their Meeting in Washington (34411963832).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|U.S. Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] and Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] in Washington, D.C., May 10, 2017.]]
In April 2017, Trump's administration denied a request from [[ExxonMobil]] to allow it to resume [[Petroleum industry in Russia|oil drilling in Russia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Trump administration has denied ExxonMobil permission to bypass sanctions to drill for oil in Russia. |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/04/21/news/companies/trump-exxon-russia-sanctions/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=April 21, 2017}}</ref> In July 2017, ExxonMobil filed a lawsuit against the U.S. government challenging the finding that the company violated sanctions imposed on Russia.<ref>"[https://www.rferl.org/a/us-treasury-accuses-exxon-violating-russian-sanctions/28629213.html Exxon Mobil Sues U.S. Over Penalty For Post-Sanctions Russian Deal]". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). July 20, 2017.</ref>
On May 10, 2017, Trump had an unannounced meeting in the [[Oval Office]] with Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey V. Lavrov|Sergey Lavrov]] and Russian Ambassador to the United States [[Sergey I. Kislyak|Sergey Kislyak]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/us/politics/trump-russia-meeting-american-reporters-blocked.html | first = Julie | last = Hirschfeld Davis | work = [[New York Times]] | title = Trump Bars U.S. Press, but Not Russia's, at Meeting With Russian Officials | date = May 10, 2017 }}</ref> During the meeting he disclosed highly classified information, providing details that could have been used to deduce the source of the information and the manner in which it was collected, according to current and former government officials.<ref name="NYRosenberg">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html |title=Trump Revealed Highly Classified Intelligence to Russia, in Break With Ally, Officials Say |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Matthew |date=May 15, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |page=A1 |author-link=Matthew Rosenberg |author-link2=Eric P. Schmitt |access-date=June 17, 2018 |archive-date=May 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515224247/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=WashingtonPost>{{cite news |last1=Miller|first1=Greg |last2=Jaffe |first2=Greg |title=Trump revealed highly classified information to Russian foreign minister and ambassador |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-revealed-highly-classified-information-to-russian-foreign-minister-and-ambassador/2017/05/15/530c172a-3960-11e7-9e48-c4f199710b69_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref> Although the disclosure was not illegal, it was widely criticized because of the possible danger to the source.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-officials-call-trumps-disclosure-serious/ |title=Former officials call Trump's disclosure 'serious' |last=Pegues |first=Jeff |date=May 16, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |author-link=Jeff Pegues}}</ref><ref name="buzzfeed1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimdalrympleii/trump-highly-classified-information-russians |title=Trump Revealed Highly Classified Information To Russians During White House Visit |last1=Dalrymple |first1=Jim, II |date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |publisher=[[BuzzFeed]] |last2=Leopold |first2=Jason }}</ref>
On July 6, 2017, during a speech in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]], Trump urged Russia to cease its support for "hostile regimes" in [[Syria]] and [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilner |first1=Michael |title=Trump Calls on Putin to Distance Russia from Syria and Iran |url=http://www.jpost.com/American-Politics/Trump-calls-on-Putin-to-distance-Russia-from-Syria-and-Iran-498972 |access-date=July 26, 2017 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=July 6, 2017}}</ref> On July 7, 2017, in what appeared to be a sign of good relations between the leaders of both countries,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cassidy |first1=John |title=The Trump-Putin Bromance is Back On |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/the-trump-putin-bromance-is-back-on |access-date=July 26, 2017 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=July 7, 2017}}</ref> Trump met with Putin at the [[2017 G20 Hamburg summit|G20 Hamburg summit]] in Germany and described the meeting as "an honour."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sampathkumar |first1=Mythili |title=Donald Trump's meeting with Vladimir Putin lasts more than 2 hours after being scheduled for 30 minutes |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world-0/us-politics/trump-putin-meeting-time-spent-hours-minutes-scheduled-us-russia-g20-hamburg-latest-a7829771.html |access-date=July 26, 2017 |work=The Independent |date=July 7, 2017}}</ref>
In mid-July 2017, the Russian foreign ministry noted that the staff of the [[Embassy of the United States, Moscow|U.S. Embassy in Moscow]], following expulsion of diplomats by the Obama administration in December 2016, far exceeded the number of Russian embassy employees in Washington and indicated that the Russian government was considering retaliatory expulsion of more than thirty-five U.S. diplomats, thus evening out the number of the countries' diplomats posted.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nechepurenko |first1=Ivan |title=Russia Warns U.S. It Could Expel Americans Over Diplomatic Dispute |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/14/world/europe/russia-diplomats-foreign-ministry-spies-expel.html |access-date=July 18, 2017 |work=The New York Times |date=July 14, 2017}}</ref> On July 28, Russia announced punitive measures that were cast as Russia's response to the [[Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act|additional, codified, sanctions]] against Moscow passed by Congress days prior, but also referenced the specific measures imposed against the Russian diplomatic mission in the U.S. by the Obama administration.<ref name="midannounce">[http://www.mid.ru/ru/press_service/spokesman/official_statement/-/asset_publisher/t2GCdmD8RNIr/content/id/2824435 Заявление Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации] Russian Foreign Ministry, July 28, 2017.</ref> Russia demanded that the U.S. reduce its diplomatic and technical personnel in the Moscow embassy and its consulates in St Petersburg, Ekaterinburg and Vladivostok to four hundred fifty-five persons — the same as the number of Russian diplomats posted in the U.S. — by September 1; Russia's government would also suspend the use of a retreat compound and a storage facility in Moscow used by the U.S. by August 1.<ref name="midannounce" /><ref name="ftexpell">[https://www.ft.com/content/35c6d6d6-7377-11e7-aca6-c6bd07df1a3c Russia expels US diplomats in tit-for-tat over sanctions] FT, July 28, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3370977 Американским дипломатам закрыли дачный сезон] [[Kommersant]], July 28, 2017.</ref> Two days later, Vladimir Putin said that the decision on the curtailment of the U.S. diplomatic mission personnel had been taken by him personally and that 755 staff must terminate their work in Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin asks US to cut its embassy and consulate staff in Russia by 755 |publisher=Delhi NYOOOZ |url=https://www.nyoooz.com/news/delhi/882977/putin-asks-us-to-cut-its-embassy-and-consulate-staff-in-russia-by-755/ |access-date=July 31, 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40769365 Putin confirms 755 US diplomatic staff must leave] BBC, July 30, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2915605 Эксклюзивное интервью Владимира Путина: почему ответ России чувствителен для США] Vesti.ru, July 30, 2017.</ref> After the sanction bill was on August 2 signed by Donald Trump, Russian prime minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]] wrote that the law had ended hope for improving U.S.–Russia relations and meant "an all-out trade war with Russia."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/trump-signs-russia-sanctions-bill/28655189.html|title=Russia's Medvedev Says U.S. Sanctions Bill Ends Hope For Better Ties|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=August 3, 2017 |last1=Eckel |first1=Mike }}</ref><ref>[http://tass.ru/politika/4458190 Медведев: ужесточением санкций США объявили России полноценную торговую войну] TASS, August 2, 2017.</ref> The law was also criticised by Donald Trump, whose [[signing statement]] indicated that he might choose not to enforce certain provisions of the legislation that he deemed unconstitutional.<ref name="NYTstatem">[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/europe/trump-russia-sanctions.html Trump Signs Russian Sanctions Into Law, With Caveats] The New York Times, August 2, 2017.</ref><ref name="presstatement">[https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/08/02/statement-president-donald-j-trump-signing-hr-3364 Statement by President Donald J. Trump on the Signing of H.R. 3364] The White House, August 2, 2017.</ref>
Russia protested on September 2, 2017, against a search it said U.S. officials were planning of a Russian trade mission building in Washington D.C., shortly after the U.S., ″in the spirit of parity invoked by the Russians″, demanded that Russia shut two of its diplomatic annexes (buildings) in Washington D.C. and New York City as well as its [[Consulate-General of Russia in San Francisco|Consulate General]] in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=August 31, 2017|title=Achieving Parity in Diplomatic Missions|url=https://2017-2021-translations.state.gov/2017/08/31/achieving-parity-in-diplomatic-missions/index.html|access-date=September 2, 2017|website=state.gov|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref> The Russian foreign ministry said the inspection would be "illegal" and an "unprecedented aggressive action"; it also demanded that the U.S. ″immediately return the Russian diplomatic facilities″.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41136484 Russia condemns US 'plans' to search Washington trade mission] BBC, September 2, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2851819 Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation] mid.ru, September 3, 2017.</ref>
In November 2017, Trump and Putin both attended the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] meeting in [[Danang]]. Although they had no formal meeting they spoke informally several times during the event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/09/politics/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-vietnam/index.html|title=Trump, Putin shake hands, chat multiple times at Asia-Pacific summit|last=Merica|first=Dan|date=November 11, 2018|work=CNN|access-date=June 17, 2018}}</ref>
At the end of 2017, CNN concluded that a series of steps undertaken by the Trump administration within a mere week before [[Christmas]] such as naming Russia a "rival power" and ″revisionist power″ (along with [[China]]), imposing sanctions on [[Ramzan Kadyrov]], a close Putin ally, the decision to provide Ukraine with anti-tank weapons, coupled with tougher line from the State Department about Moscow's activities in eastern Ukraine, and accusations from the Pentagon that Russia was intentionally violating de-confliction agreements in Syria, highlighted "a decided turn away from the warmer, more cooperative relationship with Russia that President Donald Trump called for during his campaign and early in his presidency".<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/24/politics/trump-us-russia-chill/index.html Despite Trump's hopes, US-Russia relations are getting chilly] CNN, December 24, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/20/treasury-adds-five-to-russian-sanctions-list-that-has-infuriated-the-kremlin.html Treasury adds five to Russian sanctions list that has infuriated the Kremlin] CNBC, December 20, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42401170 Trump: Russia and China ‘rival powers’ in new security plan] BBC, December 18, 2017.</ref> In February 2018, echoing Donald Trump's own statement, White House press secretary [[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]] said: "[President Donald Trump] has been tougher on Russia in the first year than Obama was in eight years combined."<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/20/politics/russia-trump-sarah-sanders/index.html Sarah Sanders cryptically hints at action against Russia] CNN, February 20, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trumps-tougher-on-russia-claim-fits-a-pattern-of-striving-to-one-up-obama/2018/02/20/a533fd1c-164e-11e8-b681-2d4d462a1921_story.html Trump's ‘tougher on Russia’ claim fits a pattern of striving to one-up Obama] The Washington Post, February 20, 2018.</ref>
====Beginning of Putin's fourth term (2018–2020)====
[[File:World nuclear weapons.png|thumb|right|Large [[nuclear weapons]] stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global range (medium blue).]]
A highly unusual<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-spy-chiefs-washington/29010324.html Chiefs Of Three Russian Intelligence Agencies Travel To Washington] Radio Liberty, February 1, 2018.</ref> unannounced visit to Washington, D.C., at the end of January 2018 by the directors of Russia's [[Intelligence agencies of Russia|three main intelligence]] and security agencies ([[Federal Security Service|FSB]], [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|SVR]], and [[GRU (Russian Federation)|GRU]]), two of whom ([[Sergey Naryshkin]] and [[Igor Korobov]]) were on the U.S. sanctions list,<ref>[http://tass.com/world/988213 US suspends sanctions against Russian security chiefs during their visit to Washington] TASS, February 2, 2018.</ref> and their reported meetings with top U.S. security officials caused political controversy in the U.S. and elicited no official comment in Russia, while it occurred days before the Trump administration chose not to impose immediately new sanctions on Russia at the deadline mandated by the [[Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act]].<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russian-spy-chiefs-met-in-washington-with-cia-director-to-discuss-counterterrorism/2018/01/31/0b761976-068b-11e8-94e8-e8b8600ade23_story.html Russian spy chiefs met in Washington with CIA director to discuss counterterrorism] The Washington Post, January 31, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2018/02/02_a_11634157.shtml «Визит Нарышкина касается национальных интересов США»] Gazeta.ru, February 2, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/why-the-directors-of-russias-fsb-svr-and-gru-visited-washington-60433 Why the Directors of Russia's Intelligence Agencies Visited Washington (Op-ed): Secret meetings between the U.S. and Russia are the best hope for restoring relations] The Moscow Times, February 8, 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/02/01/cia-defends-meeting-with-russian-spy-officials-in-letter-to-schumer.html CIA defends meeting with Russian spy officials, in letter to Schumer] Fox News, February 1, 2018.</ref>
The [[Battle of Khasham|U.S. air and artillery strike]] on a pro-government formation in eastern Syria on February 7, 2018, which caused massive death toll among Russian nationals and a political scandal in Russia, was billed by media as "the first deadly clash between citizens of Russia and the United States since the [[Cold War]]" and "an episode that threatens to deepen tensions with Moscow".<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-21/white-house-weighs-citing-russian-deaths-as-sign-of-u-s-resolve White House Considers Citing Russian Deaths in Syria as Sign of U.S. Resolve] Bloomberg, February 21, 2018.</ref><ref name="telegrbospoke">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/23/russian-mercenary-boss-spoke-kremlin-attacking-us-forces-syria/ Russian mercenary boss spoke with Kremlin before attacking US forces in Syria, intel claims] The Telegraph, February 23, 2018.</ref>
Public statements read out by Vladimir Putin on March 1, 2018, days before the [[2018 Russian presidential election|presidential election]], about missile technology breakthroughs made by Russia, were referred to by the Trump administration officials as largely boastful untruths, as well as confirmation that "Russia ha[d] been developing destabilizing weapons systems for over a decade, in direct violation of its treaty obligations".<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/01/europe/putin-russia-missile-intl/ Putin claims new 'invincible' missile can pierce US defenses] CNN, March 1, 2018.</ref> U.S. Defense Secretary James Mattis remarked that the systems Putin had talked about "[were] still years away" and he did not see them changing the military balance.<ref>[https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1463160/mattis-sees-no-change-in-russian-military-capability-in-light-of-putins-speech/ Mattis Sees No Change in Russian Military Capability in Light of Putin's Speech] U.S. Department of Defense, March 11, 2018.</ref> Nevertheless, White House insiders were later quoted as saying that Putin's claims "really got under the president [Trump]'s skin" and caused Trump to take a sharper tone behind the scenes vis-à-vis Vladimir Putin.<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-tells-aides-not-talk-publicly-about-russia-policy-moves-n861256 Trump tells aides not to talk publicly about Russia policy moves: But Trump, irked by Putin's nuclear buildup, told him last week: "If you want to have an arms race we can do that, but I'll win."] NBC News, March 29, 2018.</ref>
On March 26, 2018, following the [[United States National Security Council]]'s recommendation,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/23/politics/trump-russian-diplomats-national-security-council/index.html|title=Trump's National Security Council recommends expelling Russian diplomats|first=Michelle |last=Kosinski|work=CNN|access-date=March 24, 2018}}</ref> to demonstrate the U.S.'s support for the UK's position on the [[Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal|Salisbury poisoning incident]], president Donald Trump ordered the expulsion of sixty Russian diplomats and closure of Russian consulate in Seattle.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-administration-expels-60-russian-officers-shuts-seattle-consulate-in-response-to-attack-on-former-spy-in-britain/2018/03/26/8ada3d8e-30f0-11e8-8bdd-cdb33a5eef83_story.html|title=Trump administration expels 60 Russian officers, shuts Seattle consulate in response to attack on former spy in Britain|last1=Rucker|first1=Philip|date=March 26, 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=March 26, 2018|last2=Nakashima|first2=Ellen|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>[http://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/5066974 США высылают из страны 60 российских дипломатов] TASS, March 26, 2018.</ref> Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov responded to the simultaneous expulsion of the total of 140 Russian diplomats by 25 countries by accusing the U.S. government of "blackmailing" other nations.<ref>[http://tass.com/politics/996300 Lavrov: 'Rest assured, Russia won't tolerate' West's obnoxious conduct] TASS, March 27, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://rg.ru/2018/03/27/lavrov-obvinil-ssha-v-kolossalnom-shantazhe-evropejskih-stran.html Лавров обвинил США в колоссальном шантаже европейских стран] [[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]], March 27, 2018.</ref>
[[File:Vladimir Putin & Donald Trump in Helsinki, 16 July 2018 (4).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Talks between U.S. delegation headed by Trump and Russian delegation headed by Vladimir Putin at the [[2018 Russia–United States summit|summit]] in Helsinki, Finland July 16, 2018.]]
In April 2018, US-Russian relations were further exacerbated by [[2018 missile strikes against Syria|missile strikes]] against the Syrian government targets following the [[Douma chemical attack|suspected chemical attack]] in Douma on April 7.<ref>{{cite news |last=Majumdar |first=David |title=Tensions Are Flaring between Washington and Moscow |language=en |publisher=The National Interest |date=April 11, 2018 |url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/tensions-are-flaring-between-washington-moscow-25326 |access-date=April 11, 2018}}</ref> The countries clashed diplomatically, with Russia's top military officials threatening to hit U.S. military targets in the event of a massive U.S.-led strike against Syria.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/u-s-russia-clash-at-u-n-over-chemical-weapons-attacks-in-syria-idUSKBN1HG0D8 U.S., Russia clash at U.N. over chemical weapons attacks in Syria] Reuters, April 9, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/10/russian-officials-warn-of-possible-military-clash-with-us-over-syria Russian officials warn of possible military clash with US over Syria] ''The Guardian'', April 10, 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.ng.ru/world/2018-04-11/1_7209_calibrs.html Россия нацелила "Калибры" на базы США в Сирии: Вооруженные силы РФ скрытно приведены в полную боеготовность] [[Nezavisimaya Gazeta]], April 11, 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=America vows to respond to a suspected chemical attack in Syria|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21740282-donald-trump-says-there-will-be-big-price-pay|access-date=April 10, 2018|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> In late May, during an interview with [[Russia Today|RT]], Syria's president [[Bashar al-Assad]] said that direct military conflict between the Russian forces and the U.S. forces in Syria had been averted in April "by the wisdom of the Russian leadership" and that the US-led missile attack against Syria would have been far more extensive had it not been for Russia's intervention.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/31/middleeast/assad-interview-us-intl/index.html Assad tells US to leave Syria] CNN, May 31, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-assad/assad-says-us-must-leave-syria-vows-to-recover-sdf-areas-idUSKCN1IW0K3 Assad raises prospect of clashes with U.S. forces in Syria] Reuters, May 31, 2018.</ref>
On June 8, 2018, Trump called for Russia to be readmitted to the [[Group of Seven|G-7]], from which it was expelled after the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian annexation of Crimea]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=DeYoung |first1=Karen |title=In Trump, some fear the end of the world order |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-trump-some-fear-the-end-of-the-world-order/2018/06/08/d6026dde-6b44-11e8-bf8c-f9ed2e672adf_story.html |access-date=June 9, 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 9, 2018}}</ref>
Trump's public statements during his [[2018 Russia–United States summit|first formal meeting]] with Putin in Helsinki on July 16, 2018, drew criticism from the Democratic members of the U.S. Congress and a number of former senior intelligence officials as well as some ranking members of the Republican party for appearing to have sided with Putin rather than accepting the findings of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election issued by the [[United States Intelligence Community]].<ref name="zurcher">{{cite news |last1=Zurcher |first1=Anthony |title=Trump-Putin summit: After Helsinki, the fallout at home |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44830012 |access-date=July 18, 2018 |work=BBC News |agency=BBC News Services |date=July 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/07/trump-putin/565238/|title=Trump Sides With the Kremlin, Against the U.S. Government|last=Calamur|first=Krishnadev|date=July 16, 2018|work=The Atlantic|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/trump-u-s-russia-putin-meeting-ties-never-worse/29367445.html Trump Hails Summit With Putin, Stirs Anger In Congress] Radio Liberty, July 16, 2018.</ref> Republican senator [[John McCain]] called the press conference "one of the most disgraceful performances by an American president in memory."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/16/politics/john-mccain-statement-trump-putin-summit/index.html|title=John McCain: Trump gave 'one of the most disgraceful performances by an American president in memory'|website=[[CNN]]|date=July 16, 2018}}</ref> The press around the world ran publications that tended to assess the news conference following the presidents′ two-hour meeting as an event at which Trump had "projected weakness".<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/17/europe/trump-putin-summit-newspaper-reaction-intl/index.html 'Putin's poodle:' Newspapers around the world react to Trump-Putin meeting] CNN, July 17, 2018.</ref>[[File:President Trump at the G20 (48144140002).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Donald Trump (center), U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] (left) [[2019 G20 Osaka summit|meet in Osaka]], [[Japan]] in June 2019.]]
In December 2019, the Trump administration imposed sanctions on businesses involved in the construction of [[Nord Stream 2]] natural gas pipeline from Russia to [[Germany]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump approves sanctions on builders of Russia-to-Europe gas pipelines|publisher=France24|date=December 20, 2019|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20191221-trump-approves-sanctions-builders-of-russia-to-europe-gas-pipelines-energy-security-germany-turkey-eu}}</ref> as the U.S. sought to sell more of its own [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) to European states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nord Stream 2: Trump approves sanctions on Russia gas pipeline |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50875935 |publisher=BBC News |date=December 21, 2019}}</ref> German Finance Minister [[Olaf Scholz]] called the sanctions "a severe intervention in German and European internal affairs", while the EU spokesman criticized "the imposition of sanctions against EU companies conducting legitimate business."<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany, EU decry US Nord Stream sanctions |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-eu-decry-us-nord-stream-sanctions/a-51759319 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=December 21, 2019}}</ref> Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] also criticized sanctions, saying that [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] "is literally overwhelmed with the desire to do everything to destroy" the U.S.–Russia relations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine and Russia look to strike new gas deal amid US sanctions threa |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/16/ukraine-and-russia-look-to-strike-gas-transit-deal.html?recirc=taboolainternal |work=CNBC |date=December 16, 2019}}</ref>
A June 2020 ''[[New York Times]]'' report, citing unnamed sources, stated that American intelligence officials assessed with medium confidence that Russian military intelligence unit [[Unit 29155|29155]] had [[Russian bounty program|supervised a bounty program]] paying [[Taliban]]-linked militants to kill foreign servicemembers, including Americans, in Afghanistan in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Outrage mounts over report Russia offered bounties to Afghanistan militants for killing US soldiers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/27/russia-offered-bounties-afghanistan-militants-killing-us-soldiers-report-outrage |access-date=June 27, 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=June 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why we need a little skepticism, and more evidence, on Russian bounties |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/505804-why-we-need-a-little-skepticism-and-more-evidence-on-russian |work=The Hill |date=July 7, 2020}}</ref> The bounty program reportedly resulted in the deaths of "several" U.S. soldiers,<ref name="WaPo20200628"/> but [[The Pentagon]]'s top leaders said that Russian bounty program has not been corroborated.<ref name="abc-bounty">{{cite news |title=Top Pentagon officials say Russian bounty program not corroborated |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/top-pentagon-officials-russian-bounty-program-corroborated/story?id=71694167 |publisher=ABC News |date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> The Taliban and Russia have both denied that the bounty program exists.<ref name="WaPo20200628" /> President [[Donald Trump]] and his aides denied that he was briefed on the intelligence. Director of National Intelligence [[John Ratcliffe (American politician)|John Ratcliffe]] said that Trump had not received a briefing on the bounty program. White House press secretary [[Kayleigh McEnany]] said the same.<ref name="WaPo20200628">{{cite news |last1=Nakashima |first1=Ellen |last2=DeYoung |first2=Karen |last3=Ryan |first3=Missy |last4=Hudson |first4=John |title=Russian bounties to Taliban-linked militants resulted in deaths of U.S. troops, according to intelligence assessments |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/russian-bounties-to-taliban-linked-militants-resulted-in-deaths-of-us-troops-according-to-intelligence-assessments/2020/06/28/74ffaec2-b96a-11ea-80b9-40ece9a701dc_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 28, 2020}}</ref> Secretary of Defense [[Mark Esper]] said that General [[Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr.|Kenneth McKenzie]], the commander of U.S. Central Command, and General [[Austin S. Miller|Scott Miller]], the top U.S. military commander in Afghanistan, did not think "the reports were credible as they dug into them."<ref name="abc-bounty"/> McKenzie said that he found no "causative link" between reported bounties to actual U.S. military deaths, but said a lack of proof is "often true in battlefield intelligence."<ref name="abc-bounty"/>
On July 1, 2020, following media reports of Taliban participation in an alleged Russian bounty program, the U.S. [[United States House Committee on Armed Services|House Armed Services Committee]] overwhelmingly voted in favor of an amendment to restrict President Trump's ability to withdraw U.S. troops from [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=House panel votes to constrain Afghan drawdown, ask for assessment on 'incentives' to attack US troops |url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/505568-house-panel-votes-to-constrain-afghan-drawdown-ask-for-assessment-on |work=The Hill |date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
On September 25, 2020, [[U.S. Air Force]] [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress|B-52]] bombers staged a mock attack run on [[Kaliningrad]], a Russian exclave locked between NATO countries. The simulated raid on the [[Kaliningrad Oblast|Kaliningrad region]] was a test case of destroying Russian air defense systems located in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Axe|first=David|title=U.S. Air Force B-52s Just Flew A Mock Bombing Run On Russia's Baltic Fortress|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2020/09/25/us-air-force-b-52s-just-flew-a-mock-bombing-run-on-russias-baltic-fortress/|date=September 25, 2020 |website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>
====Influence on the Trump Administration====
{{See also|Links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies}}
[[File:Vladimir Putin & Donald Trump in Helsinki, 16 July 2018 (10).jpg|thumb|The [[2018 Russia–United States summit|2018 Helsinki summit]]. Putin gifts Trump a [[Adidas Telstar 18#Telstar Mechta|Telstar Mechta]], the official match ball for the knockout stage of the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].]]
Shortly before the inauguration of President Trump, the [[Steele dossier]] was leaked to the public. Written by a [[Christopher Steele|private intelligence firm]] claiming to unearth a relationship between his [[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]] and the Russian government, the report alleged that the Russians possessed [[kompromat]] on Trump which could be used to [[blackmail]] him. It suggested the Kremlin had promised the campaign that compromising information would not be released if the Administration cooperated.<ref name="Withnall_Sengupta_1/12/2017">{{cite web|last1=Withnall|first1=Adam |last2=Sengupta |first2=Kim |title=The 10 key Donald Trump allegations from the classified Russia memos |website=[[The Independent]] |date=January 12, 2017 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-russia-10-allegations-dossier-kremlin-michael-cohen-sex-claims-intelligence-reports-a7522056.html |access-date=December 29, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bertrand_1/10/2017">{{cite web|last=Bertrand|first=Natasha |title=Trump briefed on unverified claims that Russian operatives have compromising information on him |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=January 10, 2017 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russians-say-they-have-compromising-information-on-trump-2017-1 |access-date=February 26, 2018}}</ref> Though the report was met with skepticism, the relationship between Russian leadership and the incoming Trump Administration became highly salient. Days later, [[Ynet]], an Israeli online news site, reported that U.S. intelligence had advised [[Israeli Intelligence Community|Israeli intelligence]] officers to be cautious about sharing information with the [[Presidential transition of Donald Trump|incoming Trump administration]] until the possibility of Russian influence over Trump had been fully investigated.<ref name="Bergman_1/12/2017">{{cite news |first=Ronen|last=Bergman |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4906642,00.html |title=US intel sources warn Israel against sharing secrets with Trump administration |newspaper=[[Ynetnews]] |date=January 12, 2017 |access-date=April 1, 2018}}</ref> Allegations of collusion between Trump associations and the Russian government continued to emerge well into his presidency.
Various [[links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies]] have been documented and heavily scrutinized, most notably former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn's [[United States v. Flynn#Contacts with the Russian ambassador, public statements about these|contacts with the Russian ambassador]]. Throughout his presidential tenure, Trump expressed both support and criticism of Russia's actions in Crimea,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump expects Russia to return Crimea to Ukraine: White House |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-ukraine/trump-expects-russia-to-return-crimea-to-ukraine-white-house-idUSKBN15T2IY |work=[[Reuters]] |date=February 14, 2017}}</ref> Syria,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump blames Putin for backing 'Animal Assad' |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/08/trump-putin-syria-attack-508223 |work=Politico |date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> Ukraine,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump criticizes Russia, calls for defense of Western civilization |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-usa-trump/trump-criticizes-russia-calls-for-defense-of-western-civilization-idUSKBN19R02Q |work=[[Reuters]] |date=July 6, 2017 |first1=Roberta |last1=Rampton |first2=Pawel |last2=Sobczak}}</ref> North Korea,<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Trump accuses Russia of helping North Korea evade sanctions; says U.S. needs more missile defense |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-exclusive/exclusive-trump-accuses-russia-of-helping-north-korea-evade-sanctions-says-u-s-needs-more-missile-defense-idUSKBN1F62KO |work=[[Reuters]] |date=January 17, 2018}}</ref> Venezuela,<ref>{{cite news |title=Venezuela crisis: Russia hits out at 'boorish' Trump |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47739503 |publisher=BBC News |date=March 28, 2019}}</ref> election meddling,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump vows to 'counteract' any Russia election meddling |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/world/Donald-Trump-Russia-election-meddling-/1068-4331686-h7mbxbz/index.html |publisher=Daily Nation |date=March 7, 2018}}</ref> Skripal poisoning,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump expelling 60 Russian diplomats in wake of UK nerve agent attack |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/26/politics/us-expel-russian-diplomats/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=March 26, 2018}}</ref> and oil drilling in Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump denies Exxon permission to drill for oil in Russia |last2=Egan |first2=Matt |last1=Borak |first1=Donna |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/04/21/news/companies/trump-exxon-russia-sanctions/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=April 21, 2017}}</ref>
Despite extensive investigation into the dossier's claims, they remain [[Mueller report|unverified]], and many consider the allegations to be a [[conspiracy theory]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Sonny |last=Bunch |title=Rachel Maddow takes conspiracy theorizing mainstream with Trump tax 'scoop' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2017/03/15/rachel-maddow-takes-conspiracy-theorizing-mainstream-with-trump-tax-scoop/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trump, Russia, and the collapse of the collusion narrative |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/03/trump-russia-collapse-collusion-narrative-190330063518669.html |work=Al-Jazeera |date=March 30, 2019 |access-date=December 25, 2019 |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504020111/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/03/trump-russia-collapse-collusion-narrative-190330063518669.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Glenn |last=Greenwald |title=Robert Mueller Did Not Merely Reject the Trump-Russia Conspiracy Theories. He Obliterated Them. |url=https://theintercept.com/2019/04/18/robert-mueller-did-not-merely-reject-the-trumprussia-conspiracy-theories-he-obliterated-them/ |work=The Intercept |date=April 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bershidsky |first1=Leonid |title=The U.S. Needs a Post-Mueller Reality Check |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-03-31/muelller-investigation-u-s-s-russia-experts-need-reality-check |work=Bloomberg News |date=March 31, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Willa |last=Paskin |title=Rachel Maddow's Conspiracy Brain |url=https://slate.com/culture/2019/03/rachel-maddow-mueller-report-trump-barr.html |work=Slate |date=March 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Glenn |last=Reynolds |title=Mueller report: Donald Trump collusion conspiracy theories are now exposed. Will they end? |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/04/22/mueller-report-donald-trump-collusion-conspiracy-theories-continue-establishment-column/3535024002/ |work=USA Today |date=April 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ross |last=Barkan |title=Will Rachel Maddow face a reckoning over her Trump-Russia coverage? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/28/trump-russia-investigation-mueller-liberal-media-rachel-maddow |work=The Guardian |date=March 28, 2019}}</ref> Trump's actions at the [[2018 Russia–United States summit|Helsinki summit in 2018]] led some to conclude that Steele's report was more accurate than not. [[Politico]] reported, "Trump sided with the Russians over the U.S. intelligence community's assessment that Moscow had waged an all-out attack on the 2016 election...The joint news conference cemented fears among some that Trump was in Putin's pocket and prompted bipartisan backlash."<ref name="Bertrand_9/30/2019">{{cite web|last=Bertrand|first=Natasha |title=The Russia Hawk in the White House |website=[[Politico]] |date=September 30, 2019 |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/09/30/fiona-hill-russia-trump-adviser-228758/|access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref> At the joint news conference, when asked directly about the subject, Putin denied that he had any kompromat on Trump. Trump was reportedly given a gift from Putin the weekend of the pageant, though Putin argued "that he did not even know Trump was in Russia for the [[Miss Universe 2013|Miss Universe pageant in 2013]] when, according to the Steele dossier, video of Trump was secretly recorded to blackmail him."<ref name="Mackey_7/16/2018">{{cite web|last=Mackey|first=Robert |title=Trump and Putin Met in Helsinki's Hall of Mirrors. Here Are the Highlights. |website=[[The Intercept]] |date=July 16, 2018 |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/07/16/live-trump-and-putin-meet-in-helsinkis-hall-of-mirrors |access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref>
In reaction to Trump's actions at the summit, Senator [[Charles E. Schumer|Chuck Schumer]] (D-N.Y.) spoke in the Senate:
{{blockquote|Millions of Americans will continue to wonder if the only possible explanation for this dangerous and inexplicable behavior is the possibility — the very real possibility — that President Putin holds damaging information over President Trump.<ref name="Blake_7/17/2018">{{cite news|last=Blake|first=Aaron |title=The growing Trump-Putin kompromat question |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 17, 2018 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/07/17/does-putin-have-kompromat-on-trump-suddenly-its-no-longer-such-a-taboo-question-thanks-to-trump |access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref>}} {{clear}}
[[File:Director of National Intelligence James Clapper.jpg|thumb|In May 2017, [[James Clapper]], the former Director of National Intelligence, told [[NBC]]'s ''Meet the Press'' that [[Russians]] are [[Russophobia|"almost genetically driven" to act deviously.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/james-clapper-trump-russia-ties-my-dashboard-warning-light-was-n765601|title=James Clapper on Trump-Russia Ties: 'My Dashboard Warning Light Was Clearly On |publisher=NBC News|date=May 28, 2017}}</ref>]]
Several operatives and lawyers in the U.S. intelligence community reacted strongly to Trump's performance at the summit, describing it as "subservien[ce] to Putin" and "a fervent defense of Russia's military and cyber aggression around the world, and its violation of international law in Ukraine". Some framed Trump's conduct as harmful to U.S. interests and an asset to Russian interests, suggesting that he was a "useful idiot" to Putin,<ref name="Sheth_8/30/2019">{{cite web| last=Sheth | first=Sonam | title=US spies say Trump's G7 performance suggests he's either a 'Russian asset' or a 'useful idiot' for Putin | website=[[Business Insider]] |date=August 30, 2019 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/spies-react-trump-g7-summit-russian-asset-2019-8 |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref> and that he looked like "Putin's puppet".<ref name="Sheth_8/27/2019">{{cite web|last=Sheth|first=Sonam |title=Russia came out the winner of this year's G7 summit, and Trump looked like 'Putin's puppet' | website=[[Business Insider]] | date=August 27, 2019 | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-was-the-winner-g7-trump-crimea-2019-8 |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref> Former [[Director of National Intelligence]] [[James Clapper]] wondered "if Russians have something on Trump",<ref name="CNN_7/19/2018">{{cite web|title=Clapper: I wonder if Russians have something on Trump |website=[[CNN]] |date=July 19, 2018 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2018/07/19/james-clapper-trump-helsinki-behavior-putin-bpr-vpx.cnn |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref> and former CIA director [[John O. Brennan]] accused Trump of treason, tweeting: "He is wholly in the pocket of Putin."<ref name="Sevastopulo_Hille_7/20/2018">{{cite web|last1=Sevastopulo|first1=Demetri |last2=Hille|first2=Kathrin |title=Trump-Putin: Will Helsinki prove a turning point for the Republicans? |website=[[Financial Times]] |date=July 20, 2018 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/19415d54-8c05-11e8-b18d-0181731a0340 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/UadxM |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref> In January 2019, former acting CIA director [[Michael Morell]] called Trump "an unwitting agent of the Russian federation", echoing the sentiments of former CIA director [[Michael Hayden (general)|Michael V. Hayden]].<ref name="Boot_1/13/2019">{{cite news|last=Boot|first=Max|author-link=Max Boot |title=Here are 18 reasons Trump could be a Russian asset |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 13, 2019 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/here-are-18-reasons-why-trump-could-be-a-russian-asset/2019/01/13/45b1b250-174f-11e9-88fe-f9f77a3bcb6c_story.html |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref> House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] suggested then-President Trump's behavior was part of a pattern: "All roads lead to Putin."<ref name="DeBonis_Kim_10/17/2019">{{cite news|last1=DeBonis|first1=Mike |last2=Kim|first2=Seung Min |title='All roads lead to Putin': Pelosi questions Trump's loyalty in White House clash |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 17, 2019 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/pelosi-recalls-clash-with-trump-says-she-was-probably-telling-him-that-all-roads-lead-to-putin/2019/10/17/fdbde8d2-f0f2-11e9-8693-f487e46784aa_story.html |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref>
===Biden administration (2021–present)===
{{see also|Political positions of Joe Biden#Russia|Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration#Russia}}
Following the arrest of Russian opposition leader [[Alexei Navalny]] on January 17, 2021, [[Jake Sullivan]], Biden's national security advisor, stated: "Mr. Navalny should be immediately released, and the perpetrators of the outrageous attack on his life must be held accountable. The Kremlin's attacks on Mr. Navalny are not just a violation of human rights, but an affront to the Russian people who want their voices heard."<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 19, 2021|title=In A Response To Navalny's Arrest, Clues To Biden's Russia Policy |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/in-response-to-navalny-arrest-clues-to-biden-russia-policy/31052846.html|access-date=January 25, 2021|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|language=en}}</ref>
On the day of Biden's inauguration, Russia urged the new administration to take a "more constructive" approach in talks over the extension of the [[New START|2010 New START treaty]], accusing the Trump administration of "deliberately and intentionally" dismantling international arms control agreements and attacking its "counterproductive and openly aggressive" approach in talks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 20, 2021|title=Russia Urges Biden to Be 'More Constructive' Over Arms Treaty |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/01/20/russia-urges-biden-to-be-more-constructive-over-arms-treaty-a72675 |access-date=January 25, 2021|website=[[The Moscow Times]]|language=en}}</ref> On January 26, Biden and Putin agreed that they would extend by five years the New START treaty, which would otherwise have expired in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2021|title=Renewed US-Russia nuke pact won't fix emerging arms threats |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-politics-nuclear-weapons-north-korea-vladimir-putin-41891565c23d7ff99f5c575080c7ed6a |access-date=January 28, 2021|website=[[Associated Press]]|language=en}}</ref>
On 17 March 2021, the Russian foreign ministry announced that Russia had recalled [[List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States|its ambassador to the U.S.]], [[Anatoly Antonov]], for "consultations" in a move that was characterized by the ministry's spokesperson as being without precedent for a Russia ambassador to the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 17, 2021|title=Захарова "не припомнит", чтобы посла РФ в США раньше приглашали в Москву на консультации|url=https://tass.ru/politika/10930299|access-date=March 18, 2021|website=[[TASS]]|language=ru}}</ref> The recall came after Biden said he thought that Putin was "a killer" and said he would "pay the price" for the [[Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections|interference in the 2020 U.S. election]], which had been confirmed by a declassified [[Director of National Intelligence|DNI]] [[Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections#The 2021 DNI report|report released the previous day]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 17, 2021|title=Russia recalls envoy after Biden remarks about Putin|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56430049 |access-date=March 18, 2021|website=[[BBC]]|language=en}}</ref> The State Department commented on the recall by saying that while the U.S. would work with Russia to advance U.S. interests, they would "be able to hold Russia accountable for any of their malign actions".<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 17, 2021|title=Department Press Briefing – March 17, 2021|url=https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-march-17-2021/ |access-date=March 18, 2021|website=state.gov|language=en}}</ref>
On April 15, the U.S. announced the expulsion of 10 Russian diplomats and imposed sanctions on six Russian technology companies as well as 32 other individuals and entities. The new sanctions also targeted [[OFZ (bond)|ruble-denominated sovereign debt]]. Nevertheless, the economic punishments were assessed by observers as "more bark than bite" and likely to be "largely symbolic", with the ruble even rebounding against the dollar on the news. Biden commented the United States "could have gone further" with the sanctions, but that he had opted for a milder form of sovereign-debt sanctions for now because he wanted to avoid a “cycle of escalation and conflict."<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 16, 2021|title=U.S. Sanctions On Russian Debt Still 'More Bark Than Bite,' Analysts Say|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/united-states-sanctions-on-russian-debt-still-more-bark-than-bite-analysts-say/31207797.html |access-date=April 18, 2021|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|language=en}}</ref> Russia retaliated the following day, expelling 10 U.S. diplomats and suggesting the [[John J. Sullivan (diplomat)|U.S. ambassador]] return home for consultations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 17, 2021|title=Russia, retaliating against Washington, asks 10 U.S. diplomats to leave |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/kremlin-says-putin-decide-counter-sanctions-against-washington-2021-04-16/|access-date=April 18, 2021|website=[[Reuters]]|language=en}}</ref>
On May 19, the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden administration]] lifted sanctions on the [[Nord Stream#Nord Stream 2|Nord Stream 2]] gas pipeline that was being built between Russia and [[Germany]]. While President Biden believed the project was bad, the U.S. State Department explained it had concluded that it was in the "U.S. national interest" to waive the sanctions.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-20|title=Nord Stream 2: Biden waives US sanctions on Russian pipeline|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57180674|access-date=2021-05-20}}</ref>
In May 2021, Biden and Putin agreed to meet as the relationship between the countries was being assessed to be at the lowest point since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sanger |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/us/politics/biden-putin-summit.html |title=Biden and Putin to meet in mid-June in a summit fraught with tensions |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2021-05-25}}</ref> At the [[2021 Russia–United States summit|meeting in Geneva in mid-June]], the countries′ leaders reached an agreement to return their ambassadors to their posts in each other's capitals, no progress was made in overcoming the major points of contention.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Madhani |first1=Aamer |last2=Lemire |first2=Johnathan |last3=Isachenkov |first3=Vladimir |date=2021-06-17 |title='Practical work' summit for Biden, Putin: No punches or hugs |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-putin-summit-23e73d69f1a7ca338850736a9cf032f5}}</ref>
On August 21, the Department of State imposed increased sanctions on Russia for alleged poisoning of Alexei Navalny. These sanctions include a ban on ammunition imports into the United States, as well as restrictions of [[Small arms trade|small arm]] sales.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact Sheet: United States Imposes Additional Costs on Russia for the Poisoning of Aleksey Navalny|url=https://www.state.gov/fact-sheet-united-states-imposes-additional-costs-on-russia-for-the-poisoning-of-aleksey-navalny/|access-date=2021-08-24|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}</ref>
On 1 December 2021, Russia's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Foreign Ministry]] told US diplomats who have been working in Moscow for more than three years, to leave the country by 31 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Teslova |first=Elena |date=1 December 2021 |title=Russia orders longtime US Embassy staff to leave country by Jan. 31 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/russia-orders-longtime-us-embassy-staff-to-leave-country-by-jan-31/2435762 |access-date= |website=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref> The move came in response to news on 28 November 2021 that the US would be expelling 27 Russian diplomatic staff by the end of January 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-28|title=Moscow says 27 more Russian diplomats due to leave U.S. in January|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/moscow-says-27-russian-more-diplomats-due-leave-us-january-2021-11-28/|access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref>
On 21 February 2023, Russian President Vladimir Putin suspended the New START agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia suspends New START - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Russia+suspends+New+START |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>
==== 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis ====
{{Main|2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis}}
[[File:Secretary Blinken Meets With Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov (51719522528).jpg|thumb|Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] meets with U.S. Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] on December 2, 2021]]
[[File:Talks between Vladimir Putin and President of the United States Joseph Biden.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] holds a video call with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on December 7, 2021]]
In late 2021 and early 2022, Russian troops build up along the Russo-Ukrainian border, resulted in renewed tensions between Russia and NATO. Senior officials of the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden administration]] reported that Russia had only withdrawn a few thousand troops since the previous military buildup in early 2021. ''The New York Times'' estimated over 80,000 Russian troops still remain at the Russo-Ukrainian border by September 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Helene |last2=Barnes |first2=Julian E. |date=5 May 2021 |title=80,000 Russian Troops Remain at Ukraine Border as U.S. and NATO Hold Exercises |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/us/politics/biden-putin-russia-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114225637/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/us/politics/biden-putin-russia-ukraine.html |archive-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> The Kremlin has repeatedly denied that it has any plans to invade Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 November 2021 |title=Kremlin denies plans to invade Ukraine, alleges NATO threats |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/12/russia-kremlin-ukraine-nato-threats-521031 |url-status=live |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219195654/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/12/russia-kremlin-ukraine-nato-threats-521031 |archive-date=19 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="denies">{{cite news |last1=Isachenkov |first1=Vladimir |last2=Karmanau |first2=Yuras |date=17 January 2022 |title=Russia denies looking for pretext to invade Ukraine |work=[[ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/russia-denies-pretext-invade-ukraine-82306615 |url-status=live |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122130242/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/russia-denies-pretext-invade-ukraine-82306615 |archive-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
On 30 November 2021, Putin stated that an [[Enlargement of NATO|expansion of NATO's presence in Ukraine]], especially the deployment of any [[Ballistic missile|long-range missiles]] capable of striking Russian cities or [[United States national missile defense|missile defence systems]] similar to those in Romania and Poland, would be a "red line" issue for the Kremlin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine 'red lines', Putin says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/russia-will-act-if-nato-countries-cross-ukraine-red-lines-putin-says |work=The Guardian |date=30 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin's 'Red Lines' Over Ukraine |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43334/nato-pushes-back-against-russian-president-putins-red-lines-over-ukraine |work=The Drive |date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/putin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30/ |work=Reuters |date=30 November 2021}}</ref> Putin asked President [[Joe Biden]] for legal guarantees that NATO wouldn't expand eastward or put "weapons systems that threaten us in close vicinity to Russian territory."<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2021-12-01/russia-says-its-worried-about-ukrainian-military-buildup |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=1 December 2021}}</ref> The U.S. rejected Putin's demands.<ref>{{cite news |title=US will help to end Ukraine conflict with Russia, Biden tells Kyiv |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/12/10/president-joe-biden-speaks-to-ukraine-s-zelenskyy-on-donbas-nato |work=Euronews |date=10 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589 |work=BBC News |date=10 December 2021}}</ref>
Biden and Putin discussed the crisis over the course of a 50-minute phone call on December 30, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-30|title=Biden and Putin exchange warnings during phone call amid rising Ukraine tensions|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/30/biden-putin-call-russia-us-ukraine-tensions|access-date=2022-01-10|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Bilateral talks began in [[Geneva]] on 10 January 2022, to discuss the crisis in Ukraine as well as longstanding Russians concerns regarding NATO postering in Eastern Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-10|title=EXPLAINER: Main issues at Russia-US security talks|url=https://apnews.com/article/business-russia-ukraine-geneva-united-states-2654cdd8d85a40bcb4adbe9e50c02b2a|access-date=2022-01-10|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> The talks were led by Russian Deputy Foreign Minister [[Sergei Ryabkov]] and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State [[Wendy Sherman]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-30|title=Senior officials to lead Russia-U.S. security talks in Geneva on Jan. 10|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/senior-officials-lead-russia-us-security-talks-geneva-jan-10-2021-12-30/|access-date=2022-01-02}}</ref> On January 31, 2022 both the United States and Russia discussed the crisis at an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council.<ref>{{Cite web|last=France-Presse|first=Agence|date=2022-01-31|title=UN security council meets to discuss Ukraine crisis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/31/un-security-council-meets-to-discuss-ukraine-crisis|access-date=2022-01-31|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The discussion was tense, with both sides accusing the other of stoking tensions.
The United States government increased military support to Ukraine through a $650 million arms deal.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 January 2022|title=U.S. approves allied weapons shipments to Ukraine as worries mount|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/19/us-allies-ukraine-weapons-russia-invasion-527375|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123225339/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/19/us-allies-ukraine-weapons-russia-invasion-527375|archive-date=23 January 2022|access-date=24 January 2022|work=Politico}}</ref> U.S. Secretary of Defense [[Lloyd Austin]] and [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Chairman]] of the Joint Chiefs of Staff [[Mark Milley]] threatened U.S. support for an anti-Russian insurgency within Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Helene |title=US considers backing an insurgency if Russia invades Ukraine |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/us-considers-backing-an-insurgency-if-russia-invades-ukraine-444983 |work=The New York Times |date=15 January 2022 |access-date=23 January 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123171222/https://www.wionews.com/world/us-considers-backing-an-insurgency-if-russia-invades-ukraine-444983 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Biden administration approved deliveries of American-made [[FIM-92 Stinger]] [[surface-to-air missile]]s to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Charap|first1=Samuel|last2=Scott|first2=Boston|date=21 January 2022|title=U.S. Military Aid to Ukraine: A Silver Bullet?|work=[[RAND Corporation]]|url=https://www.rand.org/blog/2022/01/us-military-aid-to-ukraine-a-silver-bullet.html|url-status=live|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122105440/https://www.rand.org/blog/2022/01/us-military-aid-to-ukraine-a-silver-bullet.html|archive-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> The government threatened severe sanctions against Russia as well as personal sanctions against Putin and his allies.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Michael Crowley|author2=Edward Wong|date=January 29, 2022|title=U.S. Sanctions Aimed at Russia Could Take a Wide Toll|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/29/us/politics/russia-sanctions-economy.html}}</ref> The United States also threatened to halt the opening of the [[Nord Stream 2]] pipeline that would send Russian [[natural gas]] to Germany, "if Russia invades Ukraine one way or another."<ref>{{cite news |title=Nord Stream 2 will not move forward if Russia invades Ukraine -State Dept |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/nord-stream-2-will-not-move-forward-if-russia-invades-ukraine-state-dept-2022-01-27/ |work=Reuters |date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
In January 2022, the United States accused Russia of sending [[Sabotage|saboteurs]] into Ukraine to stage "a false-flag operation" that would create a pretext for Russia to invade Ukraine. Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] dismissed the U.S. claim as "total disinformation."<ref name="denies" /> On 4 February 2022, Lavrov dismissed as "nonsense" and "craziness" allegations by the United States that Russia was preparing a fake video of the Ukrainian forces attacking the separatist-held [[Donbas]] as a pretext for starting a war in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia slams US' words about plans to justify alleged invasion of Ukraine as nonsense |url=https://tass.com/world/1398157 |work=[[TASS]] |date=4 February 2022}}</ref>
On 19 January 2022, President Biden said that he believed Russia would invade Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 January 2022|title=Biden predicts Russia will invade Ukraine|work=NBC News|publisher=|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/blinken-ukraine-russia-attack-short-notice-invasion-fears-mount-rcna12691|url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121105350/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/blinken-ukraine-russia-attack-short-notice-invasion-fears-mount-rcna12691|archive-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> Biden said a full-scale invasion of Ukraine would be "the most consequential thing that's happened in the world in terms of war and peace" since [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Joe Biden thinks Russia will attack Ukraine – but will face a 'stiff price' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/19/russia-could-act-against-ukraine-at-any-moment-says-us |work=The Guardian |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122112550/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/19/russia-could-act-against-ukraine-at-any-moment-says-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Biden and Ukrainian President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] disagreed on how imminent the threat was.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine crisis: US president Joe Biden tells Zelensky to 'prepare' for Russian invasion |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/ukraine-crisis-us-president-joe-biden-tells-zelensky-to-prepare-for-russian-invasion/2E55YU5QFBU2IW7EPLC5O2O67Y/ |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=28 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine's president told Biden to 'calm down' Russian invasion warnings, saying he was creating unwanted panic: report |url=https://news.yahoo.com/ukraines-president-told-biden-calm-104928095.html |work=Yahoo News |date=28 January 2022}}</ref> On 10 February 2022, Biden urged all American citizens in Ukraine to leave immediately.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 February 2022|title=Biden warns Americans in Ukraine to leave, says sending troops to evacuate would be 'world war'|work=[[NBC]]|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-warns-americans-leave-ukraine-russia-troops-world-war-rcna15781}}</ref> On 11 February 2022, Biden's national security advisor [[Jake Sullivan]] publicly warned about the likelihood of a Russian invasion of Ukraine prior to the end the [[2022 Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Desk|first=NPR Washington|date=2022-02-11|title=Russia could begin an invasion before the Olympics end, Biden adviser says|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/11/1080164367/russia-ukraine-invasion-olympics-sullivan|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref>
The [[Chicago Council on Global Affairs]] poll, conducted on 7–26 July 2021, found that 50% of Americans supported the use of [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. troops]] to defend Ukraine if Russia invaded the rest of the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Half of Americans Support Use of US Troops in Defense of Ukraine |url=https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/commentary-and-analysis/blogs/half-americans-support-use-us-troops-defense-ukraine |work=[[Chicago Council on Global Affairs]] |date=September 14, 2021}}</ref>
In December 2021, a [[Levada Center]] poll found that about 50% of Russians believed that the U.S. and NATO were responsible for the Russo-Ukrainian crisis, while 16% blamed Ukraine and just 4% blamed Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine crisis: Russians hope for peace as the world talks of war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/27/ukraine-crisis-russians-hope-for-peace-as-the-world-talks-of-war |work=Al Jazeera |date=27 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russian public doesn't want war, but is anyone listening? |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/0204/The-Russian-public-doesn-t-want-war-but-is-anyone-listening |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor|The Monitor]] |date=4 February 2022}}</ref>
In February 2022, according to the White House, US President Joe Biden stated in a video conference with Russian President Vladimir Putin that if Russia invades Ukraine, Washington and its allies will respond "decisively and impose fast and severe penalties."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alsaafin |first1=Linah |last2=Uras |first2=Umut |title=Biden warns Putin of 'severe costs' of Ukraine invasion |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/12/biden-putin-us-russia-ukraine-tensions-liveblog |access-date=12 February 2022 |work=Al Jazeera |agency=AL Jazeera |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=12 February 2022}}</ref>
[[File:President Biden at Camp David February 12 2022.jpg|thumb|A majority of Americans disapprove of President [[Joe Biden]]’s handling of the Russo-Ukrainian crisis.<ref>{{cite news |title=AP-NORC poll: More support for Ukraine, concern about Russia |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-business-europe-united-states-6809084d9c82fa290dc09032b4980acb |work=Associated Press |date=23 March 2022}}</ref>]]
On February 16, 2022, the US State Department stated that Russia is seeking to establish a "pretext" for invading Ukraine by making unsubstantiated claims of "genocide" and mass graves in Ukraine's eastern Donbas region.<ref>{{cite news |title=US accuses Moscow of creating Ukraine invasion pretext with 'genocide' claims |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220216-us-accuses-moscow-of-creating-ukraine-invasion-pretext-with-genocide-claims |access-date=16 February 2022 |work=France 24 |agency=France 24 |publisher=France 24 |date=16 February 2022}}</ref>
On February 20, 2022, the US secretary of state showed his concern about the continuation of Russian military drills in Belarus. According to Antony Blinken, Moscow's decision to keep roughly 30,000 troops in Belarus, near to Ukraine, amid increased tensions in the east justifies US's concerns.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine tensions: US sounds fresh alarm over Russia invasion fears |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60454818 |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=BBC News |agency=BBC News |publisher=BBC News |date=20 February 2022}}</ref>
On February 22, 2022, US President Joe Biden criticized Russia's [[International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic|recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic]] as "the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine" and announced sanctions against on banks VEB and [[Promsvyazbank]] and comprehensive sanctions on Russia's sovereign debt in response.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What to know about new U.S. sanctions targeting Russia over Ukraine|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-sanctions-ukraine-us-biden/|access-date=2022-02-23|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
====Russian invasion of Ukraine and significantly increased tensions ====
{{main|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
[[File:-StopPutinNow Rally NYC (51903882696).jpg|thumb|Protest against the war outside the Russian Consulate in New York City on February 24, 2022]]
On February 24, 2022, Russia launched an invasion of Ukraine opening fire with explosive ordinance and hitting several residential buildings, by the 25th the invading army had taken all of the Chernobyl exclusion zone and began to attack the Ukrainian capital with high resistance from both the Ukrainian military and a makeshift militia. On February 26, President Joe Biden authorized the US State Department to deliver up to $350 million in weapons from US stockpiles to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holland |first1=Steve |last2=Stone |first2=Mike |date=26 February 2022 |title=Biden approves $350 million in military aid for Ukraine |work=[[Reuters]] |publisher= |agency= |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-approves-350-million-military-aid-ukraine-2022-02-26/ |access-date=}}</ref>
President Joe Biden rejected the idea of a NATO-enforced [[no-fly zone]] over Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilkinson |first=Tracy |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ukraine wants a no-fly zone. Why do the U.S. and NATO reject the idea? |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-03-08/no-fly-zone-ukraine-russia-biden-nato}}</ref>
On February 26, 2022, the deputy head of Russia's Security Council chaired by President Vladimir Putin, warned that Moscow may retaliate to Western sanctions by withdrawing from the most recent nuclear arms treaty with the US, severing diplomatic ties with Western nations, and freezing their assets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Senior Russian security official issues stark threats to the West |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/26/senior-russian-security-official-issues-stark-threats-to-the-west |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=Al Jazeera |agency=AP |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=26 February 2022}}</ref>
On February 28, 2022, the U.S., during a meeting with the U.N., asked the Russian ambassador, [[Vasily Nebenzya]], to remove 12 Russian diplomats from the U.S. under claims of abuse of power.
On March 4, 2022, the United States and its allies strongly denounced Russia at the United Nations on Friday for shelling and seizing Europe's largest nuclear power facility overnight in Ukraine, and some insisted that Moscow not allow such an action to happen again.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pamuk |first1=Humeyra |last2=Chiacu |first2=Doina |date=5 March 2022 |title=U.S., allies slam Russia at U.N. over its seizure of Ukraine nuclear plant |work=[[Reuters]] |publisher= |agency= |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/un-security-council-hold-emergency-meeting-after-russian-attack-nuclear-plant-2022-03-04/ |access-date=}}</ref>
On March 13, 2022, President Biden's National Security Adviser [[Jake Sullivan]] warned of a full-fledged [[NATO]] response if Russia were to hit any part of NATO territory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia Hitting NATO Even Accidentally Will Spur 'Full' Response: Sullivan |url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-hitting-nato-even-accidentally-will-spur-full-response-sullivan-1687559 |first=Fatma |last=Khaled |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=13 March 2022 }}</ref>
[[File:Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg|thumb|right|260px|The United States is on Russia's "[[Unfriendly Countries List]]" (red). Countries and territories on the list have imposed or joined [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|sanctions against Russia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia outlines plan for 'unfriendly' investors to sell up at half-price |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/russia-outlines-plan-unfriendly-investors-sell-up-half-price-2022-12-30/ |work=Reuters |date=30 December 2022}}</ref>]]
The poll, conducted by [[NPR]]/[[Ipsos]] between 18–21 March 2022, found that only 36% of Americans approved the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden administration]]'s response to the invasion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Most Americans don't like Biden's Ukraine response and worry about inflation |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/24/1088568802/russia-ukraine-biden-approval-rating-poll-numbers-inflation?t=1648198969870 |work=[[NPR]] |date=24 March 2022}}</ref>
On April 28, 2022, President Biden asked Congress for an additional $33 billion dollars to assist Ukraine, including $20 billion to provide weapons to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=War in Ukraine: U.S. dramatically upgrades its aid package to Kyiv |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/04/29/war-in-ukraine-u-s-dramatically-upgrades-its-aid-package-to-kyiv_5981990_4.html |work=[[Le Monde]] |date=April 29, 2022}}</ref>
On July 6, 2022, the speaker of the [[Russian Parliament]] threatened the US about the possible "[[Alaska Purchase|return]]" of [[Alaska]] to [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2022/07/06/russian-politician-threatens-to-retaliate-against-us-sanctions-by-reclaiming-alaska/|title=Russian politician threatens to retaliate against US sanctions by reclaiming Alaska|work=[[Anchorage Daily News]]|language=en|date=2022-07-06|accessdate=July 6, 2022}}</ref>
On September 21, 2022, President Putin warned the US and NATO during his [[2022 Russian mobilization|partial mobilization]] speech regarding Russia's ability to use nuclear weapons, stating that if Russia's "territorial integrity" was threatened, Russia would "certainly make use of all weapon systems available" to them.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Read Putin's national address on a partial military mobilization |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/21/putin-speech-russia-ukraine-war-mobilization/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
On January 25, 2023, the Biden administration decided to supply 31 [[M1 Abrams]] tanks to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berlin |first=Michael R. Gordon and Gordon Lubold in Washington and Bojan Pancevski in |title=U.S., Germany Approve Sending Tanks to Ukraine |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/germany-agrees-to-send-tanks-to-ukraine-11674643787 |access-date=2023-02-09 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=January 25, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>
In February 2023, the [[United States]] stepped up efforts to pressure the countries, including [[Turkey]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]], to stop the commercial activities that had been benefiting Russia and helping them to evade western sanctions. Turkey, a [[NATO]] member, and the United Arab Emirates, a close ally of the US, resisted Western pressure to impose sanctions on Russia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/04/world/middleeast/us-turkey-uae-russia-sanctions.html|title=U.S. Presses Partners to Weed Out Illicit Trade With Russia|work=The New York Times |date=February 4, 2023 |accessdate=4 February 2023|last1=Hubbard |first1=Ben }}</ref>
==Russian and U.S. intelligence operations==
[[File:RIAN archive 793499 Exhibition of remains of U.S. U-2 spy-in-the-sky aircraft.jpg|thumb|Military attaches of foreign embassies visiting the exhibition of remains of U.S. [[Lockheed U-2|U-2 reconnaissance aircraft]] destroyed on May 1, 1960 near Sverdlovsk (formerly [[Yekaterinburg]]). ]]
{{main|Soviet espionage in the United States|Russian espionage in the United States|CIA activities in the Soviet Union|American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation}}
{{see also|Illegals Program}}
The Soviet Union's systemic espionage efforts in the U.S. began in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Andrew |first1=Christopher |last2=Mitrokhin |first2=Vasili |date=1999 |title=The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |page=15 |isbn=0-465-00312-5 }}</ref>
In April 2015, CNN reported that "Russian hackers" had "penetrated sensitive parts of the White House" computers in "recent months." It was said that the FBI, the Secret Service, and other U.S. intelligence agencies categorized the attacks "among the most sophisticated attacks ever launched against U.S. government systems."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Evan Perez |last2=Shimon Prokupecz |title=How the U.S. thinks Russians hacked the White House |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/07/politics/how-russians-hacked-the-wh/index.html |access-date=December 17, 2016 |work=CNN |date=April 8, 2015 |quote=Russian hackers behind the damaging cyber intrusion of the State Department in recent months used that perch to penetrate sensitive parts of the White House computer system, according to U.S. officials briefed on the investigation.}}</ref>
In 2017, a cybersecurity specialist working in the [[Federal Security Service]] was arrested by Russian authorities on suspicion of passing information to U.S. intelligence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Police Arrest Alleged U.S. Spy Working in Heart of Russian Cybersecurity|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/americas-alleged-spy-in-the-heart-of-russian-cybersecurity-56945|work=[[Moscow Times]]|date=January 26, 2017}}</ref>
In June 2019, Russia said that its [[Electricity sector in Russia|electrical grid]] has been under cyber-attack by the United States. The ''New York Times'' reported that American hackers from the [[United States Cyber Command]] planted malware potentially capable of disrupting the Russian electrical grid.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Not To Prevent a Cyberwar With Russia |url=https://www.wired.com/story/russia-cyberwar-escalation-power-grid/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=June 18, 2019}}</ref>
==Mutual perceptions by the countries' populations==
{{see also|Anti-American sentiment in Russia|Anti-Russian sentiment in the United States}}
[[File:Barack Obama at the New Economic School graduation.jpg|thumb|240px|President Obama greets attendees at the [[New Economic School]] graduation in Gostinny Dvor, Moscow, July 7, 2009]]
A poll by the [[University of Maryland, College Park]], released early July 2009 found that only 2 percent of Russians had "a lot of confidence" that U.S. president [[Barack Obama]] would do the right thing in world affairs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE5640IZ20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=Obama agrees arms cuts, Afghan transit with Russia |date=July 6, 2009 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=April 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105953/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-obama-russia-idUSTRE5640IZ20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 |archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref> Russian media has criticized the United States over the past years for pursuing an [[National missile defense#Recent developments|anti-missile system in Europe]], for favoring [[Enlargement of NATO|NATO expansion]] and for supporting [[2008 Georgia-Russia War|Georgia in its armed conflict with Russia in 2008]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Stott |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE56416N20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=Chilly welcome awaits Obama in Russia |publisher=Reuters |date=July 6, 2009 |access-date=April 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210205639/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/06/us-russia-usa-mood-sb-idUSTRE56416N20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 |archive-date=December 10, 2013}}</ref>
[[File:History of NATO enlargement.svg|thumb|Russians have criticized the United States over the past years for favoring [[Enlargement of NATO|NATO's eastward expansion]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Don't Isolate Us: A Russian View of NATO Expansion |journal=The National Interest |volume=No. 47 (Spring 1997) |pages=58–63 |jstor=42896937 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42896937|last1=Pushkov |first1=Alexei K. |year=1997 |issue=47 }}</ref>]]
Prior to 2014, the Russian press expressed varying opinions of Russia–United States relations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://watchingamerica.com/News/205785/us-still-has-a-chance/ |title=US Still Has a Chance |last=Gavrov |first=Sergei |date=April 30, 2013 |publisher=Vzglyad, Russia |access-date=April 30, 2013}}</ref>
Russian media treatment of America ranged from doctrinaire<ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/izvestia000009.shtml |title=Truman and Churchill No Better Than Stalin |last=Orlov |first=Dmitriy |date=July 31, 2009 |publisher=[[Izvestia]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> and nationalistic<ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/argumentyifacty000006.shtml |title=Obama Presidency Marks End of Western Civilization |last=Trostnikov |first=Victor |date=January 21, 2009 |publisher=[[Argumenty i Fakty]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> to very positive toward the United States and the West.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/gazetaru000015.shtml |title=Russia's Elite Must Embrace New Era with U.S. |last=Novoprudski |first=Semen |date=October 17, 2009 |publisher=[[Gazeta.ru]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/yezhednevniyzhurnal000002.shtml |title=Shall Russians Praise or Curse 'Those Treacherous Yankees'? |last=Golz |first=Alexander |date=September 18, 2009 |publisher=Yezhednevniy Zhurnal, Russia |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/kommersant000040.shtml |title=Russians Shouldn't Be Happy About America's Afghan Misfortune |last=Markedonov |first=Sergey |date=October 19, 2009 |publisher=[[Kommersant]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/vedomosti000001.shtml |title=Obama: The Color of Change for Both Russia and Europe |date=November 6, 2008 |publisher=[[Vedomosti]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> In 2013, 51 percent of Russians had a favorable view of the U.S., down from 57 percent in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/181/ |title=Opinion of the United States |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref>
The opinion polls taken by the independent [[Levada Center]] in January 2015,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/ |title=Opinions in Russia |newspaper=Washington Post |date=March 8, 2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016 |archive-date=July 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709073210/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> showed 81 percent of Russians tended to hold negative views of the U.S., a number that had nearly doubled over the previous 12 months and that was by far the highest negative rating since the center started tracking those views in 1988, as well as surpassing any time since the [[Stalin]] era, according to observers.<ref name="Antifever">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russias-anti-us-sentiment-now-is-even-worse-than-it-was-in-soviet-union/2015/03/08/b7d534c4-c357-11e4-a188-8e4971d37a8d_story.html |title=Russia's anti-American fever goes beyond the Soviet era's |last=Birnbaum |first=Michael |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 8, 2015 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This contrasts with only 7 percent of Russians in April 1990 who said they had bad or somewhat bad attitudes towards the U.S.<ref>"[https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/ Anti-American Sentiment on the Rise in Russia]". ''The Wall Street Journal''. June 5, 2014.</ref> Likewise, the figures published by [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] in February 2015 showed a significant rise in anti-Russian sentiment in the U.S.: the proportion of Americans who considered Russia as a "critical military threat" had over the 12 months increased from 32 to 49 percent, and, for the first time in many years, Russia topped the list of America's perceived external enemies, ahead of North Korea, China and Iran, with 18 percent of U.S. residents putting Russia at the top of the list of the "United States' greatest enemy today".<ref name="Gallup">{{cite news |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/181568/americans-increasingly-russia-threat-top-enemy.aspx |title=Americans Increasingly See Russia as Threat, Top U.S. Enemy |date=February 16, 2015 |publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]}}</ref> Public opinion polls taken by the [[Pew Research Center]] showed that favorable U.S. public opinion of Russia was at 22 percent in 2015. The most negative view of Russia was at 19 percent in 2014, and the most positive view at 49 percent in 2010 and 2011.<ref name="United States' opinion">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/27/country/233/ |title=Global Indicators Database: Opinion of Russia |work=Pew Research Center |date=2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref> The most negative view of the United States was at 15 percent in 2015, while the most positive view was at 61 percent in 2002.<ref name="Russia's opinion">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/181/ |title=Global Indicators Database: Opinion of the United States |work=Pew Research Center |date=2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref>
US public opinion regarding Russia has changed substantially over the past 25 years. A Gallup poll from 1992 to 2017 shows 62% of American respondents having a favorable view of Russia in 1992, and 29% having an unfavorable view. In 2017, 70% of American respondents had an unfavorable view of Russia, and 28% had a favorable view.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=http://news.gallup.com/poll/1642/russia.aspx |title=Russia |last=Inc. |first=Gallup |work=Gallup.com|access-date=November 2, 2017 |language=en-us}}</ref> A February 2023 Gallup poll found that 9% of Americans have a favorable view of Russia, and 51% view the military power of Russia as a critical threat, though this is down significantly from 59% a year prior.<ref>Reyes, G. (2023, March 21). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/greatest-threat-china-russia-climate-change-americans-weigh Our greatest threat: China, Russia or climate change? Americans weigh in]. Fox News. Retrieved May 2, 2023; Jones, J. (2023, March 13). [https://news.gallup.com/poll/471872/americans-favorable-rating-russia-sinks-new-low.aspx?utm_source=news&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=the_week_in_charts_send_3_march_03212023&utm_term=newsletter&utm_content=read_more_textlink_1 Americans' favorable rating of Russia sinks to new low of 9%]. Gallup. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</ref> A poll conducted by [[YouGov]] in 2015 found that only 11% of Americans believed that the Soviet Union contributed most to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|defeat of Nazi Germany]] in [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite news |title=People in Britain and the U.S. disagree on who did more to beat the Nazis |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2015/05/01/Britain-America-disagree-who-did-more-beat-nazis |work=YouGov |date=May 1, 2015}}</ref>
A 2017 survey conducted by the [[Pew Research Center]] showed 41% of Russians had a positive view of the US, only one of two countries surveyed where positive perception for the US increased; 52% expressed a negative view.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/ |title=1. The tarnished American brand |first1=Richard |last1=Wike |first2=Bruce |last2=Stokes |first3=Jacob |last3=Poushter |first4=Janell |last4=Fetterolf |date=June 26, 2017 }}</ref> The same study also showed 53% of Russians had confidence in the U.S. president [[Donald Trump]], compared to just 11% for former president [[Barack Obama]].<ref>[http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/u-s-image-suffers-as-publics-around-world-question-trumps-leadership/ U.S. Image Suffers as Publics Around World Question Trump's Leadership] Pew Research Center, June 26, 2017.</ref>
[[File:Fear Factory in Saint Petersburg 2013-7.jpg|thumb|American metal band [[Fear Factory]] in Saint Petersburg.]]
There has also been a change in whether Americans view Russia as an ally or a threat. In 1992, 44% of American respondents saw Russia to be friendly but not an ally, and 5% see them as a threat. In 2014, the Gallup poll reports that 21% of Americans see Russia as friendly but not an ally, and 24% of American respondents seeing them as a threat.<ref name="auto"/> This difference in how Americans view Russia has been attributed to the increasing lack of cooperation in the scientific field between the US and Russia, by some.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Cathleen A. |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Warming U.S.-Russia relations |journal=Science |language=en |volume=344 |issue=6190 |pages=1323 |doi=10.1126/science.1257373 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=24948710|bibcode=2014Sci...344.1323C |doi-access=free }}</ref> Another perspective is the shift from ally to threat is due to the US being critical of Russia's aggression, especially with their aggression towards geographic neighbors,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rice |first=Condoleezza |date=October 2008 |title=US-Russia Relations |journal=Hampton Roads International Security Quarterly |via=Proquest}}</ref> the United States being one of those neighbors, as it shares a common sea border with the Russian Federation and the US [[State of Alaska]].
The 2016 surveys independently conducted by the [[Chicago Council of Global Affairs|Chicago Council]] and Russia's [[Levada Center]] showed that mutual perceptions between Russians and Americans were at levels not seen since the Cold War, indicating considerable mutual distrust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/us-and-russia-insecurity-and-mistrust-shape-mutual-perceptions|title=US and Russia: Insecurity and Mistrust Shape Mutual Perceptions {{!}} Chicago Council on Global Affairs|last=Affairs|first=Chicago Council on Global|website=www.thechicagocouncil.org|language=en|date=November 4, 2016|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=December 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210072301/https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/us-and-russia-insecurity-and-mistrust-shape-mutual-perceptions|url-status=dead}}</ref>
U.S.–Russian relations have further deteriorated since 2016.<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-first-year-inauguration-anniversary-russia-vladimir-putin-relations-moscow-a8168801.html US-Russia relations fail to improve in Trump's first year and they are likely to get worse]". ''The Independent.'' January 19, 2018.</ref> A December 2017 survey conducted by the Chicago Council and its Russian partner, the Levada Center, showed that:
{{blockquote|Seventy-eight percent of Russians polled said the United States meddles “a great deal” or “a fair amount” in Russian politics, compared to 69 percent of Americans who say the same about Russian interference in U.S. politics. ... The poll found that 31 percent of Russians said Moscow tried to influence U.S. domestic affairs in a significant way, compared to 55 percent of Americans who felt that their own government tried to do the same thing in Russia. ... Only 31 percent of Americans say they hold a positive view of Russia, and 24 percent of Russians say the same of the United States. ... Eighty-one percent of Russians said they felt the United States was working to undermine Russia on the world stage; 77 percent of Americans said the same of Russia.<ref>"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/07/more-russians-are-sure-of-the-u-s-meddling-in-their-politics-than-the-other-way-around-poll-finds/ More Russians are sure of the U.S. meddling in their politics than the other way around, poll finds]". ''The Washington Post''. February 7, 2018.</ref>}}
A Levada poll released in August 2018 found that 68% of Russian respondents believe that Russia needs to dramatically improve relations with the United States and other Western countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Favorable Attitudes Toward U.S., EU Rising In Russia, Poll Finds |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/favorable-attitudes-toward-u-s-eu-on-the-rise-in-russia-levada-poll-finds/29407171.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=August 2, 2018}}</ref> According to ''The Moscow Times'', "Russians increasingly view the United States in a positive light following a presidential" [[2018 Russia–United States summit|summit in Helsinki]] in July 2018. "For the first time since 2014, the number of Russians who said they had “positive” feelings towards the United States (42 percent) outweighed those who reported “negative” feelings (40 percent)."<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-Americanism Wanes in Russia After Putin-Trump Summit, Survey Says |url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/anti-americanism-wanes-russia-after-putin-trump-summit-survey-says-62425 |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=August 2, 2018}}</ref>
The 2019 poll independently conducted by the Chicago Council and Levada Center found that 85% of Russians and 78% of Americans say the United States and Russia are "more rivals than partners."<ref name="chicago-levada"/> The president of the [[Center for Citizen Initiatives]], [[Sharon Tennison]], stated in 2019, "In my 35 years of traveling throughout Russia, I’ve never before witnessed such a vast gap between what average Americans ‘believe’ about Russia and Russia's reality on ground today."<ref name="chicago-levada">{{cite news |title=How 'Russiagate' Has Reshaped American and Russian Public Opinion |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/russiagate-bilateral-tensions-opinion-poll/ |work=The Nation |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=July 31, 2019 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418071533/https://www.thenation.com/article/russiagate-bilateral-tensions-opinion-poll/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
A Levada poll released in February 2020 found that 80% of Russian respondents believe that Russia and the West should become friends and partners.<ref name="poll-levada"/> However, only 42% of Russians polled said they had a positive view of the United States.<ref name="poll-levada">{{cite news |title=4 in 5 Russians View West as a Friend – Poll |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/02/18/4-in-5-russians-view-west-as-a-friend-poll-a69322 |work=The Moscow Times |date=February 18, 2020}}</ref> Only 18% of Americans polled by [[Pew Research Center]] said they had a positive view of Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia and Putin receive low ratings globally |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/07/russia-and-putin-receive-low-ratings-globally/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=February 7, 2020}}</ref> According to the [[Pew Research Center]], "57% of Russians ages 18 to 29 see the U.S. favorably, compared with only 15% of Russians ages 50 and older."<ref>{{cite news |title=How people around the world see the U.S. and Donald Trump in 10 charts |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/08/how-people-around-the-world-see-the-u-s-and-donald-trump-in-10-charts/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=January 8, 2020}}</ref> In 2019, only 20% of Russians viewed U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] positively.<ref>{{cite news |title=1. Little trust in Trump's handling of international affairs |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=January 8, 2020}}</ref> Only 14% of Russians expressed net approval of [[Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration|Donald Trump's foreign policies and actions]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Few in other countries approve of Trump's major foreign policies, but Israelis are an exception |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/03/few-in-other-countries-approve-of-trumps-major-foreign-policies-but-israelis-are-an-exception/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=February 3, 2020}}</ref>
===Propaganda===
*The U.S. government funds [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] that broadcasts in 26 languages to many countries.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lopatka|first=Jan|date=2017-02-07|title=Radio Free Europe launches new Russian-language TV channel|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-russia-rfe-idUSL5N1FS54Q|access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref> The radio's broadcasting is viewed by Russian researchers as an instrument of American propaganda targeting Russia as a state.<ref>{{cite book |author=Якунин В. И. |author2=Багдасарян В. Э. |author3-link=:ru:Сулакшин, Степан Степанович |author3=Сулакшин С. С. |url=http://rusrand.ru/files/13/07/22/130722030135_Nov_tehnologii_3-new.pdf |title=Новые технологии борьбы с российской государственностью: монография. |location=М. |year=2013 |publisher=[[:ru:Научный эксперт (издательство)|Научный эксперт]] |author2-link=:ru:Багдасарян, Вардан Эрнестович |author-link=Vladimir Yakunin }}, pp. 282–283.</ref> According to ''[[The Intercept]]'', some American media have been accused of spreading anti-Russian propaganda."<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia Hysteria Infects WashPost Again: False Story About Hacking U.S. Electric Grid |url=https://theintercept.com/2016/12/31/russia-hysteria-infects-washpost-again-false-story-about-hacking-u-s-electric-grid/ |work=The Intercept |date=December 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>[https://theintercept.com/2017/02/28/the-new-yorkers-big-cover-story-reveals-five-uncomfortable-truths-about-u-s-and-russia/ "The New Yorker's Big Cover Story Reveals Five Uncomfortable Truths About U.S. and Russia"]. ''The Intercept''. February 28, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://theintercept.com/2019/01/20/beyond-buzzfeed-the-10-worst-most-embarrassing-u-s-media-failures-on-the-trumprussia-story/ "Beyond BuzzFeed: The 10 Worst, Most Embarrassing U.S. Media Failures on the Trump-Russia Story]". ''The Intercept''. January 20, 2019.</ref>
*Russia funds [[RT (TV network)|Russia Today]] and [[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik News]] which have been accused of pushing pro-Kremlin narratives internationally. In 2021, the Russian state media budget was 211 billion rubles (about $2.8 billion USD), an increase of 34 billion-ruble ($460 million USD) over previous years.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nemtsova|first=Anna|date=2021-03-05|title=Putin Ramps Up RT's Propaganda Budget as Poll Rating Slumps|language=en|work=The Daily Beast|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/putin-ramps-up-rts-propaganda-budget-as-poll-rating-slumps|access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref> According to a [[University of Oxford]] report, Moscow uses RT "to sow conspiracy theories to cast doubt on traditional media outlets" and "skewing news output to promote narratives that showed the West as corrupt, divided and out of touch."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-28|title=Inside Russia's state-media propaganda machine|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-propaganda-disinformation-rt/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=POLITICO|language=en-US}}</ref> The influence operation also extends to US allies. RT and Sputnik were cited by the European Parliament's resolution of November 23, 2016 as the Russian government's tools of "propaganda against the EU and its North American partners" such as pushing narratives against democratic values and portraying eastern countries as failed states.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20161118IPR51718/meps-sound-alarm-on-anti-eu-propaganda-from-russia-and-islamist-terrorist-groups |title=MEPs sound alarm on anti-EU propaganda from Russia and Islamist terrorist groups - News - European Parliament |date=November 23, 2016 |access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref> The [[RT America]] network has employed Americans, including TV hosts and [[political commentator]]s such as [[Larry King]] and [[Ed Schultz]], to help them appear more like a legitimate outlet. [[Jim Rutenberg]] described them "wittingly or not... playing the equestrians to Russia's trojan horse."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/19/business/media/moscow-joins-the-partisan-media-landscape-with-familiar-american-faces.html |title=Larry King, the Russian Media and a Partisan Landscape |first=Jim |last=Rutenberg |newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 18, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Kramer">{{Cite news |last=Kramer |first=Andrew E |title=Russian Cable Station Plays to U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/business/media/23russiatoday.html?_r=3&pagewanted=all& |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 22, 2010}}</ref>
{{Further|topic=the non-profit organizaton|Russian Culture Now}}
==Timeline of relations between the United States and Russia==
The timeline covers key events, 1991 to present.<ref>Angela E. Stent, ''The Limits of Partnership: U.S. Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century'' (2014), pp 282–93.</ref><ref>"Chronology of Important Events" [http://countrystudies.us/russia/92.htm online from U. S. government]</ref>
===Yeltsin era, 1991–99===
* 1991: U.S. president [[George H. W. Bush]] and USSR president [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] sign [[START I]] treaty, July 31.
* 1991: August: Soviet hardliners stage a coup against Gorbachev; they fail because of defiance by Russian president [[Boris Yeltsin]]. Communism collapses overnight in the USSR.
* 1991: Gorbachev announces the dissolution of the USSR into 15 independent republics; Russia is the successor state to the USSR.
* 1992: Russian president Yeltsin visits the U.S. on January 26. He and Bush set up the United States–Russia Joint Commission on P.O.W./M.I.A.'s. Its mission is to discover what happened to POWs and those missing in action during the Cold War, as well as planes shot down, missing submarines. The committee had access to classified archives from the FBI and the KGB.<ref>James Brooke, "Decades Later, Tales of Americans in Soviet Jails," [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/19/world/decades-later-tales-of-americans-in-soviet-jails.html?pagewanted=all ''New York Times'' July 19, 1996]</ref>
* 1992: The [[Lisbon Protocol]] calls for the denuclearization of Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan. May 23.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ktei3rFYzJwC&pg=PA12 |title=The Soviet Nuclear Weapon Legacy |year=1995 |page=12 |author1=Marco De Andreis |author2=Francesco Calogero|isbn=9780198291978 }}</ref>
* 1992: Russia attends the Washington Summit on June 16.
* 1992: The United States and Russia sign an Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes on June 17.<ref>Jinyuan Su, "Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes: Non-Militarization, Non-Aggression and Prevention of Weaponization." ''Journal of Space Law'' 36 (2010): 253+.</ref>
* 1993: Bush and Yeltsin sign the [[START II]] treaty in Moscow on January 3.<ref>American President: A Reference Resource. [http://millercenter.org/president/biography/bush-foreign-affairs Foreign Affairs. George H.W.Bush Front Page.] Miller Center. University of Virginia. History. Policy. Impact. Retrieved February 6, 2014.</ref>
* 1993: First summit meeting between U.S. president [[Bill Clinton]] and Yeltsin on April 4 in Vancouver, Canada, to discuss a new and expanded $1 billion aid package intended to support Russian democrats and to fund medical supplies, food and grain assistance as well as loans to Russian entrepreneurs.<ref>T. L. Friedman (April 1993) [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/04/world/summit-in-vancouver-clinton-presents-billion-to-yeltsin-in-us-aid-package.html SUMMIT IN VANCOUVER; CLINTON PRESENTS BILLION TO YELTSIN IN U.S. AID PACKAGE] ''The New York Times'' Archives. Retrieved February 6, 2014.</ref>
* 1993: The U.S. announces a bilateral aid program of $1.8 billion for Russia and the former Soviet republics on July 9 to 10.
* 1993: The U.S.–Russian Commission on technical cooperation in energy and space has its first meeting in Washington, D.C., on August 31 to September 2.
* 1994: Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin sign the [[Kremlin accords]] on January 14 in Moscow.
* 1994: First joint U.S.–Russia Space Shuttle mission on February 3.
* 1994: The United States and Russia move to end the practice of aiming their strategic nuclear missiles at each other on May 30.
* 1994: Russia joins the [[Partnership for Peace]] program on June 22.
* 1995: Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin hold a summit on European Security in Moscow on May 9 to May 10.
* 1995: Russia joins the NATO-led [[Implementation Force|IFOR]] in the aftermath of the [[Bosnian War]] on December 20.
* 1996: Ratification of [[START II]] treaty on January 26.
* 1996: Clinton and Yeltsin attend the Summit of the Peacemakers in Sharm al-Sheikh, Egypt to condemn the terrorist attacks in Israel and to declare their support for the Middle East peace process on March 14.
* 1996: Clinton attends a Summit on Nuclear Safety and Security with Yeltsin in Moscow on April 20.
* 1997: Russia joins the NATO-led [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]] to cooperate on political and security issues on January 1.
* 1997: Clinton and Yeltsin hold another summit on European Security in Helsinki, Finland, on March 21. They reach some economic agreements, but there is continued disagreement on NATO expansion.
* 1997: April. Moscow summit with Chinese president Jiang Zemin disapproves of American world domination; agree to reduce troops along Russia-China border.<ref>"China, Russia sign pact: Yeltsin and Jiang Oppose any single world power," [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/23/russia.china/ ''CNN'' April 23, 1997]</ref>
* 1997: Russia attends the NATO summit in Paris, France, on May 27.
* 1997: The NATO-Russia Founding Act provides the formal basis of bilateral cooperation between the U.S., Russia and NATO is signed on May 27. Allows participation in NATO decision making; Russia agrees to drop opposition to NATO expansion in Central Europe.<ref>J. L. Black, ''Russia faces NATO expansion: bearing gifts or bearing arms?'' (2000).</ref>
* 1997: Russia joins the [[G8]] at the [[23rd G8 summit]] in Denver, Colorado, on June 20 to June 22.<ref>{{cite journal |first=William J. Jr. |last=Kovatch |url=http://210.34.4.13:8080/law/articles%5CTrademark%20Law%5C1012_4.pdf |title=Comments: Joining the Club: Assessing Russia's Application for Accession to the World Trade Organization |journal=[[Temple Law Review]] |volume=71 |date=Winter 1998 |page=3 |access-date=July 26, 2016 |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816163733/http://210.34.4.13:8080/law/articles%5CTrademark%20Law%5C1012_4.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1998: Clinton and Yeltsin agree to exchange information on missile launchings and to remove 50 metric tons of plutonium from their countries' nuclear weapons stocks in a summit in Moscow on September 1 to 2.
* 1999: Russia joins the NATO-led [[Kosovo Force|KFOR]] in the aftermath of the [[Kosovo War]] on June 12.
* 1999: March: [[Operation Allied Force]]: NATO bombing of Yugoslavia to force it out of Kosovo. Moscow attacked it as a breach of international law and a challenge to Russia's status in the Balkans.<ref name="Averre2009">{{cite journal |last1=Averre |first1=Derek |title=From Pristina to Tskhinvali: the legacy of Operation Allied Force in Russia's relations with the West |journal=International Affairs |volume=85 |issue=3 |year=2009 |pages=575–591 |issn=0020-5850 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00815.x |jstor=27695032}}</ref>
* 1999: Clinton and Yeltsin meet at an Organization for Security Cooperation in Europe Summit Meeting in Istanbul, Turkey, from November 18–19, to discuss arms control, Chechnya and events in Europe. Clinton remarks that the international community does not dispute Russia's right to defend its territorial integrity and to fight terrorism.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/clinton-yeltsin Bill Clinton, Boris Yeltsin, and U.S.-Russian Relations] Milestones: 1993–2000. U.S. Department of State. Office of the Historian. Retrieved February 6, 2014.</ref>
[[File:Vladimir Putin in the United States 13-16 November 2001-55.jpg|thumb|[[Vladimir Putin]] and wife Lyudmila at service for victims of the [[September 11 attacks]], November 16, 2001.]]
===Putin era, 2000 to present===
* 2000: Clinton visits Moscow to meet with new Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] on June 3 to 5.
* 2000: Clinton and Putin meet at the [[Millennium Summit|United Nations Millennium Summit]] in New York City to call a plea for world peace on September 6.
* 2001: President [[George W. Bush]] has a very friendly meeting with Putin at the [[Slovenia Summit 2001|Slovenia summit]] on June 16. At the closing press conference, Bush said: "I looked the man in the eye. I found him very straightforward and trustworthy – I was able to get a sense of his soul." Bush's top security aide [[Condoleezza Rice]] realized that Bush's phrasing had been a serious mistake. "We were never able to escape the perception that the president had naïvely trusted Putin and then been betrayed."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxFl4yFUa_UC&pg=PR30 |title=No Higher Honour |year=2011 |page=xxx |author=Condoleezza Rice|isbn=9780857208095 }}</ref>
* 2001: Russia supports the U.S. in the aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks]] on September 12.<ref>Anatole Lieven, "The secret policemen's ball: the United States, Russia and the international order after 11 September." ''International Affairs'' 78#2 (2002): 245–259.</ref>
* 2001: Russia opens a military hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan, to help the NATO military forces and Afghan civilians on December 2.
* 2002: Bush and Putin meet in Moscow and sign the [[Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty]] and declaration on a new strategic relationship between the U.S. and Russia on May 24.<ref>George W. Bush, "Letter of transmittal and article-by-article analysis of the treaty on strategic offensive reductions." ''Arms Control Today'' 32#6 (2002): 28.</ref>
* 2002: NATO and Russia create the NATO-Russia Council during [[2002 Rome summit|Rome summit]] on May 28.<ref>Julianne Smith, ''The NATO-Russia relationship: defining moment or déjà vu?'' (CSIS, 2008).</ref>
* 2003: The "Roadmap for Peace" proposal developed by the U.S. in cooperation with Russia, the European Union, and the United Nations (the Quartet), was presented to Israel and the Palestinian Authority on April 30.<ref>Daniel Mandel, "Four-Part Disharmony: The Quartet Maps Peace." [http://www.meforum.org/556/four-part-disharmony-the-quartet-maps-peace ''Middle East Quarterly'' (Summer 2003), pp. 15–27 online]</ref>
* 2003: Russia strongly condemns the United States in the lead-up to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], and calls for a peaceful solution to the crisis.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Russia's Putin Calls Iraq War A 'Mistake' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/03/18/russias-putin-calls-iraq-war-a-mistake/7fff0ba1-bfda-4970-a1a9-f7c7afd6aaa2/}}</ref>[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 020313-D-2987S-016.jpg|thumb|[[Donald Rumsfeld]] with Russian Minister of Defense [[Sergei Ivanov]] on March 13, 2002]]
* 2004: Bush gives condolences to Putin in the aftermath of the [[Beslan school hostage crisis]] on September 21.
* 2006: Bush and Putin jointly announced the organization of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism on July 16.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/03932720802693002| title=The Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism: Big Potential, Limited Impact?| journal=The International Spectator| volume=44| pages=99–112| year=2009| last1=Alcaro| first1=Riccardo| s2cid=155077525}}</ref>
* 2006: The U.S. and Russia condemn North Korea's first nuclear launch test on October 6.
* 2008: Russian president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] visits the U.S. for the first time at the [[2008 G-20 Washington summit|2008 G-20 summit]] in Washington, D.C., from November 14 to November 15.
* 2009: February: US vice president Joe Biden suggests the new Obama administration would like to "reset" America's relationship with Russia, which had deteriorated to its lowest point since the Cold War after Russia's war with Georgia in 2008.<ref name="Washington Post August 8, 2013">Brad Plumer, "A short timeline of deteriorating U.S.-Russia relations," [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/08/08/ten-reasons-the-u-s-and-russia-are-at-odds/ ''Washington Post'' August 8, 2013]</ref>
* 2009: Newly elected president [[Barack Obama]] and Medvedev meet for the first time at the [[2009 G-20 London Summit|G-20 Summit]] in London on April 1; they pledge to "deepen cooperation" on issues like nuclear terrorism.<ref name="ReferenceA">Plumer, "A short timeline of deteriorating U.S.-Russia relations," ''Washington Post'' August 8, 2013.</ref>
* 2009: The U.S. and Russia disapprove the nuclear test by North Korea on May 25.<ref>Seung‐Ho Joo, "Moscow–Pyongyang Relations under Kim Jong‐il: High Hopes and Sober Reality" ''Pacific Focus'' 24.1 (2009): 107–130.</ref>
* 2009: Obama and Medvedev announce the [[Obama–Medvedev Commission]] to improve communication and cooperation between the U.S. and Russia in Moscow on July 6.
* 2009: U.S. chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral [[Michael Mullen]] and Russian chief of the general staff [[Nikolay Yegorovich Makarov|Nikolay Makarov]] sign a new strategic framework for military-to-military engagement between the U.S. and Russia on July 7.
* 2009: Obama administration cancels the eastern European missile defense program denounced by Russian.<ref name="Mankoff2012">{{cite journal |last1=Mankoff |first1=Jeffrey |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261973733 |title=The politics of US missile defence cooperation with Europe and Russia |journal=International Affairs |volume=88 |issue=2 |year=2012 |pages=329–347 |issn=0020-5850 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01074.x}}</ref>
* 2009: Russia agrees to allow U.S. and NATO troops and supplies to pass through Russia en route to Afghanistan on December 16.
* 2010: Obama and Medvedev sign [[New START]] treaty in Prague, Czech Republic, to replace the [[START I]] and it will eventually see the reduction of both nations' nuclear arsenals to 1,500 warheads for both the U.S. and Russia on April 8.[[File:Barack Obama and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama meets with Prime Minister Putin outside Moscow, July 7, 2009]]
* 2010: The U.S. and Russia call for Iran to give up on its nuclear weapons program along with the United Kingdom, France and China on June 9.
* 2010. Obama and Medvedev sign the "[[New START]]" (New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty". Goal is to reduce the deployed nuclear warheads on both sides by roughly 30 percent, down to 1,550. The treaty also limits the number of nuclear-armed submarines and bombers. New START went into force in February 2011.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* 2010: The U.S. and Russia conduct a joint anti-hijacking exercise called Vigilant Eagle-2010 on August 14.
* 2010: Foreign ministers from the U.S., Russia and NATO meet in New York to discuss areas of cooperation like Afghanistan, fighting piracy and combatting terrorism as well as ways of enhancing security within Europe on September 22.
* 2010: Medvedev attends the [[2010 Lisbon summit|2010 NATO summit]] in Portugal, from November 19 to November 20. The U.S., Russia and NATO agree to cooperate on missile defense and other security issues as well as allowing more supplies for the U.S. and NATO to pass through Russia en route to Afghanistan as well as supplying [[Afghan Armed Forces|Afghan armed forces]] with helicopters.
* 2011: The [[New START]] treaty is ratified in Munich, Germany, by U.S. secretary of state [[Hillary Clinton]] and Russian foreign minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] on February 5.
* 2011: Ministers from the U.S., Russia and NATO meet in Berlin, Germany to discuss the situation in Libya and Afghanistan, as well as ongoing work on outlining the future framework for missile defence cooperation between the U.S., Russia and NATO on April 15.
* 2011: Russia congratulates the U.S. on the [[Death of Osama bin Laden|killing of Osama bin Laden]] on May 2.
* 2011–present: [[Syrian Civil War]]; the government receives technical, financial, military and political support from Russia, while the U.S. favors some of the rebels. Russia provides diplomatic support in the United Nations as well. Russia has an interest in a military presence in the region, and in suppressing its own Muslim militants. It also rejects regime change imposed by the West.<ref>Roy Allison, "Russia and Syria: explaining alignment with a regime in crisis." ''International Affairs'' 89.4 (2013): 795–823.</ref>
* 2011: American, Russian and NATO ambassadors meet in Sochi, Russia, to restate their commitment to pursuing cooperation on missile defense as well as cooperation in other security areas of common interest on July 4.[[File:Lavrov and Clinton in Munich-1.jpg|thumb|U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] and Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] shake hands after signing the New START Treaty, Munich, Germany, on February 5, 2011]]
* 2011: American, Russian and NATO diplomats meet in New York to announce they have made progress in combating terrorism and enhancing Afghan transit on September 22.
* 2012: Russia agrees to host a U.S. and NATO transit hub at [[Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport|Ulyanovsk airport]] to help the U.S. and NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2014 on March 21.
* 2012: Obama and Medvedev meet at the [[2012 Nuclear Security Summit]] in Seoul to discuss the increase economic trade on March 26.
* 2012: The U.S., Russia and NATO hold missile defense exercises in Germany, from March 26 to March 30.
* 2012: American, Russian and NATO military forces agree to strengthen cooperation to counter piracy in the Horn of Africa on March 27.
* 2012: Russian prime minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]] attends the [[38th G8 summit]] in Maryland, from May 18 to May 19.
* 2012: Russia joins the U.S. and NATO at the [[2012 Chicago Summit|Chicago Summit]] on May 20.
* 2012: Obama and Putin meet at the [[2012 G-20 Los Cabos summit|7th G-20 meeting]] in Los Cabos, Mexico, and call for an end to the [[Syrian civil war]] on June 18 to 19.
* 2012: American and Russian navies participate in the [[Exercise RIMPAC|RIMPAC 2012]] naval exercises from June 29 to August 3.
* 2012: Russia joins the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] and begins trade with the U.S. on August 22.<ref>Stephen K. Wegren, "The Impact of WTO Accession on Russia's Agriculture." ''Post-Soviet Affairs'' 28.3 (2012): 296–318.</ref>
* 2013: Russia supports the U.S. against North Korea for North Korea building up tensions in the Korean peninsula and for threatening the U.S. during the [[2013 Korean crisis|crisis with North Korea]] on April 8.
* 2013: The U.S. and Russia agree to intensify their cooperation in countering terrorism, including information exchange between intelligence organizations and conduct joint counter-terrorist operations as well as signing a cyber security pact to reduce the risk of conflict in cyberspace and signing the New Anti-Proliferation Deal in order to protect, control and account for nuclear materials on June 17 during the [[39th G8 summit]].[[File:Barack Obama and Vladimir Putin walking in Ireland.jpg|thumb|Obama at a bilateral meeting with Putin during the G8 summit in Ireland, June 17, 2013.]]
[[File:Cropped Barack Obama and Vladimir Putin shake hands at G8 summit, 2013.jpg|thumb|right|Putin and Obama shake hands at G8 summit, June 17, 2013]]
* 2013 August 7. President Obama cancels an upcoming summit with Putin; journalists call it "a rare, deliberate snub that reflects the fresh damage done by the Edward Snowden case to an important relationship already in decline."<ref name="Washington Post August 8, 2013"/>
* 2013: Obama and Putin make progress on the discussion of Syria at the end of the [[2013 G-20 Saint Petersburg summit|2013 G-20 summit]] in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on September 6.
* 2013: U.S. secretary of state [[John Kerry]] and Russian foreign minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] meet in Geneva, Switzerland, and agree to secure and destroy Syria's chemical weapons on September 14.
* 2013: The U.S. and Russia along with the United Kingdom, France, China and Germany sign a deal with Iran about their nuclear program in Geneva, Switzerland, on November 27.
* 2014: The [[Geneva II Conference on Syria|Geneva II Conference]]
* 2014: The U.S. Olympics team arrives in [[Sochi]], Russia, to participate in the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] on January 30.
* 2014 - Continuing. see [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)]]
* 2014: The U.S. and Russia along with the [[European Union]] and Ukraine talk in Geneva about the crisis in Ukraine and reach an agreement to end the crisis on April 17.
* 2014: The U.S. and Russia start sending aid to Iraq to help fight [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] on June 5.
* 2015: The U.S. and Russia along with members of the [[European Union]] and Ukraine welcome [[Minsk agreements#Minsk II, February 2015|the new Minsk agreement]] to stop the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]] in Donbas on February 12.
* 2015: The U.S. and Russia agree to build a new space station to replace the [[International Space Station]] and to make a joint project to travel to Mars on March 28.
* 2015: The U.S. and Russia along with the United Kingdom, France, China, Germany, the European Union and Iran sign the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] to regulate Iran's nuclear program in Vienna, Austria on July 14.
* 2015: The U.S. and Russia reach an agreement on a UN resolution that would designate accountability for use of chemical weapons in Syria on August 6.
* 2015: The U.S. and Russia resume military relations to increase fighting against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] on September 18.
* 2015: Obama and Putin meet in New York to discuss ways to combat the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] on September 28–29.
* 2015: The U.S. and Russia sign a deal to avoid air incidents over Syria on October 20.
* 2015: Obama and Putin have an informal bilateral meeting on the sidelines of the [[2015 G-20 Antalya summit|G-20 Summit]] in Turkey to discuss the situation in Syria and the ramifications of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]] on November 15.
* 2015: The U.S., Russia and the United Nations hold three way talks on Syria in Geneva, Switzerland on December 11.
* 2015: The U.S. and Russia, along with the United Nations approve a resolution that supports international efforts to seek a solution to end the Syrian Civil War and provide a new government in Syria in Vienna, Austria on December 18.
* 2016 June: A debate opens inside the Republican Party on future American policy toward Russia. The presumptive presidential nominee Donald Trump has suggested that US and Russia might work together in areas such as Syria. Meanwhile, on June 9, Republican leaders in Congress urged confronting Putin, alleging that he is exhibiting "burgeoning militarism" and calling for "standing up to Russian aggression and bolstering countries such as Ukraine."<ref>Damian Paletta, "House GOP Plan Differs From Donald Trump on Foreign Policy: One notable departure is the lawmakers' hard line on Vladimir Putin, whom Trump has praised" [https://www.wsj.com/articles/house-gop-plan-differs-from-donald-trump-on-foreign-policy-1465485416?tesla=y ''The Wall Street Journal'' June 9, 2016]</ref>
* 2016 November: Donald Trump wins the US presidential election.
* 2017 April: According to Trump, US ties with Russia may be at all-time low following US missile strike on Syria.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/12/us-russia-relations-tillerson-moscow-press-conference |title=Donald Trump says US relations with Russia 'may be at all-time low' |date=April 12, 2017 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
* 2017 July: During a speech in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]], Trump warned Russia to stop its "destabilizing" actions in Ukraine and elsewhere, and its support for "hostile regimes" such as those in [[Syria]] and [[Iran]]. He also urged Russia to "join the community of responsible nations".<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40522296 Trump tells Russia to stop 'destabilising' Ukraine]". BBC News. July 6, 2017.</ref>[[File:Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump at the 2017 G-20 Hamburg Summit (5).jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Donald Trump]], Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Rex Tillerson]], and [[Sergey Lavrov]] at the G20 Hamburg summit, July 7, 2017]]
* 2017 July: Trump and Putin held a meeting for more than a two-hour period at the [[2017 G20 Hamburg summit|G20 Summit in Hamburg]]. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said that Trump brought up discussion about Russia's alleged interference in the 2016 US presidential election.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Merica |first1=Dan |last2=Liptak |first2=Kevin |title=US, Russia disagree over what Trump and Putin actually said to each other |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/07/07/politics/trump-putin-meeting/index.html |agency=CNN |date=July 7, 2017}}</ref>
* 2018 July 16, [[2018 Russia–United States summit|Russia–United States summit]] between Trump and Putin took place in Helsinki, Finland. Topics of discussion included the situation in Syria, the Ukrainian crisis and nuclear arms control.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44852812|title = Trump sides with Russia against FBI at Helsinki summit|work = BBC News|date = July 16, 2018}}</ref>
* 2021 June 16, [[2021 Russia–United States summit|Russia–United States summit]] between Biden and Putin took place in Geneva, Switzerland.
*2021 Nov 19, the congressmen calling on the U.S. not to recognize Vladimir Putin as president of Russia beyond 2024. Kremlin denounced it as an attempt to meddle in its [[domestic policy|domestic affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kremlin Slams U.S. Bid Not to Recognize 'Autocrat' Vladimir Putin as President after 2024|website=[[Newsweek]]|date=November 19, 2021|url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-vladimir-putin-kremlin-peskov-steve-cohen-joe-wilson-congress-dictator-1651261}}</ref>
*2022 January, the U.S. sent 5000-8500 troops to Eastern Europe, to assist Ukraine against a potential renewed invasion by Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/24/politics/biden-troops-europe/index.html|title = US places up to 8,500 troops on alert for possible deployment to Eastern Europe amid Russia tensions|website = [[CNN]]| date=January 24, 2022 }}</ref>
*2022 Feb 24, [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia invades Ukraine]].
{{Expand section|date=June 2012}}
{{See also|Apollo–Soyuz}}
[[File:Expedition 55 crew portrait.jpg|thumb|The [[Expedition 55|55th expedition]] to the [[International Space Station]] in February 2018]]
[[The Planetary Society]] is known to have collaborated with Russia, especially [[Cosmos 1]] and LIFE.
In 2014, NASA renewed a contract to ferry U.S. astronauts to the [[International Space Station]] on [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz rockets]] and [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|spacecraft]]. Including additional support at the Russian launch site, this contract is costing the United States $457.9 million. Along with the renewal, NASA also announced that they would be cutting some contacts with Russia after the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Katie |last=Zezima |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/04/18/despite-sanctions-russia-is-getting-a-457-9m-check-from-nasa/ |title=Despite sanctions, Russia is getting a $457.9M check from NASA |newspaper=Washington Post |date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=July 26, 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
In June 2021, [[NASA]] Administrator [[Bill Nelson]] told CNN Business' Rachel Crane about the future of U.S.-Russian cooperation in the [[International Space Station]] (ISS): "For decades, upwards now of 45 plus years [we've cooperated with] Russians in space, and I want that cooperation to continue. Your politics can be hitting heads on Earth, while you are cooperating" in space.<ref>{{cite news |title=NASA chief says Russia leaving ISS could kick off a space race |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/04/tech/nasa-russia-space-race-scn/index.html |work=CNN |date=June 4, 2021}}</ref>
In December 2022, Russia and the United States agreed to do a prisoner exchange. Russian arms dealer [[Viktor Bout]] and American basketball player [[Brittney Griner]] were swapped.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/brittney-griner-russia.html | title=What We Know About Brittney Griner's Release from Russia | work=The New York Times | date=December 17, 2022 | last1=Ganguli | first1=Tania | last2=Abrams | first2=Jonathan | last3=Bubola | first3=Emma }}</ref>
In April 2023, US imposed sanctions on Russia & Iran for wrongful detention and hostage-taking of U.S. citizens abroad.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 April 2023 |title=U.S. imposes sanctions on Russia and Iran for wrongful detention and hostage-taking of American citizens|website=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/27/us-imposes-sanctions-on-russia-iran-for-hostage-taking.html}}</ref>
==Nuclear arms race==
{{expand section|date=July 2019}}
{{See also|Nuclear arms race|Cuban Missile Crisis|Second strike|Nuclear holocaust|NATO missile defence system}}
In 1995, a [[Black Brant (rocket)|Black Brant sounding rocket]] launched from the [[Andøya Space Center]] caused a high alert in Russia, known as the [[Norwegian rocket incident]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The World Was Never Closer To Nuclear War Than On Jan. 25, 1995 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-world-has-never-been-closer-to-nuclear-war-than-it-was-during-this-1995-event-2012-8 |work=Business Insider |date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> The Russians thought it might be a [[Trident (missile)|nuclear missile]] launched from an American submarine. The incident occurred in the post-Cold War era, where many Russians were still very suspicious of the United States and [[NATO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/military/nuclear-false-alarms.html |title=False Alarms in the Nuclear Age |author=Forden, Dr. Geoffrey |date=November 6, 2001 |publisher=Public Broadcasting System |work=NOVA }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Pry, Peter |title=War scare: Russia and America on the nuclear brink |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |year=1999 |chapter=Black Brant XII |pages=214–227 |isbn=0-275-96643-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WigJ8ZsWE1QC&pg=PA214}}</ref> The Norwegian rocket incident was the first and thus far only known incident where any [[nuclear-weapons state]] had its nuclear briefcase activated and prepared for launching an attack.<ref name="nrk.no" >{{cite web |url = http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nordland/1.8005229 |title = Verden har aldri vært nærmere atomkrig |date = February 26, 2012 |website = www.nrk.no |language = no |trans-title = The world has never been closer to nuclear war |author1 = Andreas Budalen |author2 = Dan Henrik Klausen}}</ref>
President [[Donald Trump]] announced on October 20, 2018 that the U.S. would no longer consider itself bound by the 1987 [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty|INF Treaty]]’s provisions, raising nuclear tensions between the two powers.<ref>{{cite news | last=Hurlbert | first=Heather | date=October 26, 2018 | title=Russia Violated an Arms Treaty. Trump Ditched It, Making the Nuclear Threat Even Worse. | url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-nuclear-weapons-buildup-aimed-beating-us-missile-24716 | work=New York Magazine | location=USA }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebulletin.org/2019/02/russia-may-have-violated-the-inf-treaty-heres-how-the-united-states-appears-to-have-done-the-same/|title=Russia may have violated the INF Treaty. Here's how the United States appears to have done the same.|date=February 7, 2019|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kramer |first1=Andrew E. |title=Russia Calls New U.S. Missile Defense System a 'Direct Threat' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/13/world/europe/russia-nato-us-romania-missile-defense.html |agency=NYT |work=The New York Times|date=May 12, 2016 }}</ref> Two days later, Russian military analyst [[Pavel Felgenhauer]] told Deutsche Welle that the [[Second Cold War|new Cold War]] would make this treaty and other Cold War-era treaties "irrelevant because they correspond to a totally different world situation."<ref>{{cite interview |first=Pavel |last=Felgenhauer |date=October 22, 2018 |title=Prepare for a 'new Cold War' without INF, Russia analyst says |url=https://www.dw.com/en/prepare-for-a-new-cold-war-without-inf-russia-analyst-says/a-45989301-0 |work=DW |access-date=July 25, 2019 }}</ref> In early 2019, more than 90% of world's 13,865 [[nuclear weapons]] were owned by Russia and the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=Global Nuclear Arsenal Declines, But Future Cuts Uncertain Amid U.S.-Russia Tensions |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/nuclear-weapons-russia-start-inf-warheads/30003088.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=June 17, 2019}}</ref>
[[President Putin]] oversaw Russia's large-scale nuclear war exercises on October 17, 2019, where the Russian army integrated land, sea and air components of the nation's nuclear triad, nearly one year after Trump announced that the US was pulling-out of the nuclear treaty it had signed with Russia.<ref>{{cite news |last=Isachenkov |first=Vladimir |title=Putin directs exercise of Russian nuclear forces |language=en |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=October 17, 2019 |url=https://news.yahoo.com/putin-directs-exercise-russian-nuclear-153120090.html |access-date=October 17, 2019}}</ref>
According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal ''[[Nature Food]]'' in August 2022,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection |journal=[[Nature Food]] |date=15 August 2022 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 |last1=Xia |first1=Lili |last2=Robock |first2=Alan |last3=Scherrer |first3=Kim |last4=Harrison |first4=Cheryl S. |last5=Bodirsky |first5=Benjamin Leon |last6=Weindl |first6=Isabelle |last7=Jägermeyr |first7=Jonas |last8=Bardeen |first8=Charles G. |last9=Toon |first9=Owen B. |last10=Heneghan |first10=Ryan |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=586–596 |pmid=37118594 |s2cid=251601831 |doi-access=free }}</ref> a full-scale nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia, which together hold more than 90% of the world's [[nuclear weapon]]s, would kill 360 million people directly and more than 5 billion indirectly from starvation during a [[nuclear winter]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Diaz-Maurin |first1=François |title=Nowhere to hide: How a nuclear war would kill you — and almost everyone else |url=https://thebulletin.org/2022/10/nowhere-to-hide-how-a-nuclear-war-would-kill-you-and-almost-everyone-else/ |work=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] |date=20 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=World Nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia would kill more than 5 billion people – just from starvation, study finds |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nuclear-war-5-billion-people-starvation-deaths-study/ |work=CBS News |date=16 August 2022}}</ref>
==Economic ties==
{{expand section|date=November 2012}}
{{see also|International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War}}
The U.S. Congress repealed the [[Jackson–Vanik amendment]] on November 16, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-chafes-as-house-passes-magnitsky-bill/2012/11/16/b589e544-300f-11e2-a30e-5ca76eeec857_story.html |title=Russia chafes as House passes Magnitsky Act |last=Englund |first=Will |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 17, 2012 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
"Last year [2015] was not particularly favorable for trade between Russia and the U.S. Our overall 2015 turnover was $21 billion, a decline of 27.9 percent," said a senior Russian official in April 2016.<ref>Lydia Tomkiw, "Russia Economy 2016: No GDP Growth Expected Amid Low Oil Prices, Sanctions, Government Officials Admit" [http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-economy-2016-no-gdp-growth-expected-amid-low-oil-prices-sanctions-government-2357358 ''IBT'' April 21, 2016]</ref>
Reuters reported that [[List of companies of the United States by state|U.S. companies]] "generated more than $90 billion in revenue from Russia in 2017."<ref>{{cite news |title=Factbox: U.S. companies with exposure to Russia |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-sanctions-companies-factbo/factbox-u-s-companies-with-exposure-to-russia-idUSKBN1KU2L8 |work=Reuters |date=August 9, 2018}}</ref> According to the AALEP, "there are almost 3,000 American companies in Russia, and the U.S. is also the leader in terms of foreign companies in [[Special Economic Zones in Russia|Special Economic Zones]], with 11 projects."<ref>{{cite web |title=AMERICAN COMPANIES OPERATING IN RUSSIA |url=http://www.aalep.eu/american-companies-operating-russia |publisher=Association of Accredited Public Policy Advocates to the European Union.}}</ref>
==Military ties==
[[File:US Navy 020704-N-8646S-004 Vladivostok, Russia.jpg|thumb|Russian and U.S. sailors honoring military personnel who perished during World War II, [[Vladivostok]], Russia, July 4, 2002]]
[[File:2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade-6.jpeg|thumb|right|An element of the [[18th Infantry Regiment (United States)|18th Infantry Regiment]], representing the United States at the [[2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade|2010 Victory Day]] military parade in [[Moscow]].]]
Following the demise of the Soviet Union, the United States and Russia signed a bilateral treaty called the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ([[START II]]), signed by George H. W. Bush and Boris Yeltsin.
The United States and Russia have conducted joint military maneuvers, training and [[counter-terrorism|counter-terrorist]] exercises in [[Germany]]. This was done in hopes to strengthen relations with the United States and Russia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mnweekly.ru/world/20070720/55262872.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015084200/http://mnweekly.ru/world/20070720/55262872.html |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |title=Russia, US to Hold Joint Military Exercises in Germany |date=July 20, 2007 |newspaper=Moscow News |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> The Russian president has also proposed that the United States and Russia put a joint [[missile defense|missile defense system]] in [[Azerbaijan]], a proposal being considered by the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/06/03a1db46-8b93-4756-935f-6158c4909cf8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610172213/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/06/03a1db46-8b93-4756-935f-6158c4909cf8.html |archive-date=June 10, 2007 |title=U.S./Russia: Missile Expert Assesses Azerbaijan Radar Proposal |date=June 8, 2007 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> In 2008, in response to tensions over [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], the United States had cancelled its most recent joint [[NATO]]-Russia military exercises.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
As of August 2012, the U.S. and Russia continue to hold joint [[military exercise]]s like Northern Eagle (held since 2004, together with [[Norway]])<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2012/08/22/US-participates-in-joint-naval-drills/UPI-34431345640949/ |title=U.S. participates in joint naval drills |date=August 22, 2012 |publisher=United Press International |access-date=August 26, 2012}}</ref> and Vigilant/Watchful Eagle (with [[Canada]]){{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
among others, with the aim of improving joint cooperation against [[terrorism]] and [[Piracy in Somalia|piracy]].
===NATO–Russia relations===
{{main|NATO–Russia relations}}
Russia-U.S. relations are significantly influenced by the United States' leading role in [[NATO]] and policies thereof. NATO and Russia agreed to cooperate on security issues at the [[2002 Rome summit]] and had been gradually improving relations. However, due to the [[Enlargement of NATO|expansion]] of the alliance, the [[2008 South Ossetia war|Russian intervention in Georgia]], [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine|Russia's war campaign against Ukraine]] and other controversies, relations have since deteriorated significantly.<ref name="ForsbergHerd2015">{{cite journal |last1=Forsberg |first1=Tuomas |last2=Herd |first2=Graeme |title=Russia and NATO: From Windows of Opportunities to Closed Doors |journal=Journal of Contemporary European Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |year=2015 |pages=41–57 |issn=1478-2804 |doi=10.1080/14782804.2014.1001824|s2cid=153379927 }}</ref>
In May 2015, following increased tensions with NATO, Russia closed a key [[NATO logistics in the Afghan War|military transport corridor]] (the Northern Distribution Network), which had allowed NATO to deliver military supplies to [[Afghanistan]] through the Russian territory.<ref name="wtimes">"[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/19/russia-closes-nato-supply-corridor-afghanistan/ Russia closes NATO supply corridor to Afghanistan]". ''The Washington Times.'' May 19, 2015.</ref> The Northern Distribution Network was established in 2009 in response to the increased risk of sending supplies through Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Northern Distribution Network Delivers |publisher=EurasiaNet |date=March 18, 2009 |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav031809d.shtml}}</ref>
A June 2016 [[Levada Center|Levada]] poll found that 68% of Russians think that deploying NATO troops in the [[Baltic states]] and [[Poland]] – former Eastern bloc countries bordering Russia – is a threat to Russia.<ref>[http://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/04/levada-center_chicago_council/ Levada-Center and Chicago Council on Global Affairs about Russian-American relations]. Levada-Center. November 4, 2016.</ref>
===Joint operations and mutual support===
Russia has expressed support for the United States' [[War on Terror]]. Russia has also agreed to provide logistic support for the United States forces in [[Afghanistan]] to aid in anti-terrorist operations. Russia has allowed U.S. and NATO forces to pass through its territory to go to Afghanistan.<ref name="wtimes"/> In 2017, the former Deputy Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] said: "We cooperated with regard to Afghanistan, where Russia played a positive role, particularly in letting our forces and our equipment transit into and out of Afghanistan."<ref>{{cite news |title=The Frontline Interview: Antony Blinken |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/antony-blinken/ |work=PBS |date=July 24, 2017}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Russia|United States|Politics}}
* [[Foreign relations of Russia]]
* [[Foreign relations of the United States]]
* [[Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Embassy of the United States, Moscow]]
* [[List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States|Ambassadors of Russia to the United States]] (including Imperial and Soviet times)
* [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia|Ambassadors of the United States to Russia]] (Including Imperial and Soviet times)
* [[Russian Empire–United States relations]]
* [[Soviet Union–United States relations]]
* [[Russia–NATO relations]]
* [[Ukraine–United States relations]]
* [[New Cold War]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
* Gaddis, John Lewis, ed. ''Russia, Soviet Union & the United States: an Interpretive History'' (1978)
* Weiner, Tim. ''The Folly and the Glory: America, Russia, and Political Warfare 1945–2020'' (2020); Pulitzer Prize [https://www.amazon.com/Folly-Glory-America-Political-1945-2020/dp/1627790853/ excerpt]
* Ziegler, Charles E. "Russian–American relations: From Tsarism to Putin." ''International Politics'' (2014) 51#6 pp: 671–692. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles-Ziegler-2/publication/269285900_Russian-American_relations_From_Tsarism_to_Putin/links/568d0b2108ae197e426c2588/Russian-American-relations-From-Tsarism-to-Putin.pdf online]
===To 1945===
* Bailey, Thomas A. ''America Faces Russia: Russian-American Relations from Early Times to Our Day'' (1950).
* Bailey, Thomas A. ''A Diplomatic History of the American People'' (10th edition 1980) [https://archive.org/details/diplomatichisto100bail online]
* Bolkhovitinov, Nikolai N. ''The Beginnings of Russian-American Relations, 1775–1815'' (Harvard University Press, 1975) https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674733305
* Feis, Herbert. ''Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: the war they waged and the peace they sought'' (Princeton University Press, 1957), World War II; [https://archive.org/details/churchillrooseve00feis online ]
* Kennan, George F. ''Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1920: Volume I, Russia Leaves the War'' (Princeton University Press, 1956)
* Kennan, George Frost. ''Soviet foreign policy, 1917–1941'' (Van Nostrand, 1960), Brief summary with documents
* Kinsella, William E. "Relations with the Soviet Union" in William D. Pederson, ed. ''A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (2011) pp 564–589 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444395181.ch29
* Laserson, Max M. ''The American Impact on Russia: Diplomatic and Ideological, 1784–1917'' (1950)
* McNeill, William Hardy. ''America, Britain, & Russia: their co-operation and conflit, 1941–1946'' (1953)
* Sainsbury, Keith. ''The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang-Kai-Shek, 1943: the Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences'' (Oxford UP, 1986) [https://archive.org/details/turningpointroos0000sain online]
* Sogrin, Vladimir V. "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the USSR, 1933–1945: An Interpretation." in ''New Perspectives on Russian-American Relations'' (Routledge, 2015) pp. 212–228.
* Stalin, Joseph. ''Correspondence Between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the USA and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945: Correspondence with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (August 1941-December 1945)'' (Documentary Publications, 1978) [https://books.google.com/books?id=uSIsAQAAMAAJ&dq=fdr+USSR&pg=PA5 online].
* Zabriskie, Edward H. ''American-Russian rivalry in the Far East. A study in diplomacy and power politics, 1895–1914'' (1946) [https://archive.org/details/americanrussianr00zabr online]
===Cold War===
* English, Robert D. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qA_uT6GrcxEC Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals, and the End of the Cold War]'' (Columbia University Press, 2000)
* Fenby, Jonathan. ''Alliance: the inside story of how Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill won one war and began another'' (2015) [https://archive.org/details/allianceinsidest0000fenb_n3w0 online]
* Gaddis, John Lewis. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fvmoWZIxVw4C The Cold War: a new history]'' (Penguin, 2006)
* Gleason, Abbott. ''Totalitarianism: The inner history of the Cold War'' (Oxford University Press, 1995)
* Graebner, Norman A., Richard Dean Burns, and Joseph M. Siracusa. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=r71u_AgE7iYC Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the end of the cold war]'' (Greenwood, 2008)
* Levering, Ralph B. et al. eds. ''Debating the Origins of the Cold War: American and Russian Perspectives'' (2013) [https://archive.org/details/debatingoriginso0000unse online]
* Mann, Jim. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pTgIFpLuD6kC The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War]'' (Penguin, 2009)
* Matlock Jr, Jack F. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=17bYs02P_sgC Reagan and Gorbachev: How the cold war ended]'' (2005), Analysis by the American ambassador to Moscow
* Service, Robert. ''The End of the Cold War: 1985–1991'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/The-End-Cold-War-1985-1991/dp/1610394992/ excerpt], a standard scholarly history
* Zubok, Vladislav. ''Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: from Stalin to Krushchev'' (Harvard University Press, 1997) [https://archive.org/details/insidekremlinsco0000zubo online]
===Since 1991===
* Aggarwal, Vinod K., and Kristi Govella, eds. ''Responding to a Resurgent Russia: Russian Policy and Responses from the European Union and the United States'' (Springer Science & Business Media, 2011).
* Ambrosio, Thomas, and Geoffrey Vandrovec. "Mapping the Geopolitics of the Russian Federation: The Federal Assembly Addresses of Putin and Medvedev." ''Geopolitics'' (2013) 18#2 pp 435–466.
* Goldgeier, James, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson. "Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken." ''International Politics'' 57 (2020): 291-321.
* Gvosdev, Nikolas K., and Christopher Marsh. ''Russian Foreign Policy: Interests, Vectors, and Sectors'' (Washington: CQ Press, 2013) [https://www.amazon.com/Russian-Foreign-Policy-Interests-Vectors-ebook/dp/B00G73NMJK/ excerpt and text search]
* Hopf, Ted, ed. ''Understandings of Russian Foreign Policy'' (1999)
* Kanet, Roger E. ''Russian foreign policy in the 21st century'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
* Larson, Deborah Welch, and Alexei Shevchenko. "Status seekers: Chinese and Russian responses to US primacy." ''International Security'' (2010) 34#4 pp 63–95.
* Legvold, Robert, ed. ''Russian Foreign Policy in the 21st Century and the Shadow of the Past'' (2007).
* Mankoff, Jeffrey. ''Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics'' (2nd ed. 2011).
* {{cite book |title=From Cold War To Hot Peace: An American Ambassador in Putin's Russia |year=2018
|first=Michael |last=McFaul |publisher=Mariner Books |isbn=978-0544716247}}
* [[Ernest J. Moniz|Moniz, Ernest J.]], and [[Sam Nunn]], "The Return of Doomsday: The New Nuclear Arms Race – and How Washington and Moscow Can Stop It", ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', 98#5 (September / October 2019), pp. 150–61. Argues "the old [strategic] equilibrium" has been "destabilized" by "clashing national interests, insufficient dialogue, eroding arms control structures, advanced missile systems, and new [[cyberweapon]]s. (p. 161.)
* Oberdorfer, Don. ''The Turn: From the Cold War to a New Era: the United States and the Soviet Union, 1983–1990'' (1991).
* Orlova, Victoria V. "US–Russia Relations in the Last 30 Years: From a Rapprochement to a Meltdown." in ''30 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall'' (Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 2020) pp. 117–138.
* Parker, David. ''US Foreign Policy Towards Russia in the Post-Cold War Era: Ideational Legacies and Institutionalised Conflict and Co-operation'' (Routledge, 2019).
* Reif, Kingston, and Shannon Bugos. "Putin invites US to extend New START." ''Arms Control Today'' 50.1 (2020): 25-27. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26891340 online]
* Peterson, James W. ''Russian-American relations in the post-Cold War world'' (Oxford UP, 2017).
* Sakwa, Richard. ''The Putin Paradox'' (I. B. Tauris Bloomsbury, 2020) [https://kar.kent.ac.uk/80013/ online]
* Sakwa, Richard. ''Russia against the Rest: The Post-Cold War Crisis of World Order'' (Cambridge UP, 2017) 362pp [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=51562 online review]
* Sakwa, Richard. ''Putin: Russia's Choice'' (2nd ed. 2008) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox99AgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 excerpt]
* {{cite book|author-link=Richard Lourie|author-last=Lourie|author-first=Richard|title=Putin: His Downfall and Russia's Coming Crash|date=2017|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-53808-8}}
* Schoen, Douglas E. and Melik Kaylan. ''Return to Winter: Russia, China, and the New Cold War Against America'' (2015)
* Stent, Angela E. ''The Limits of Partnership: U.S. Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century'' (Princeton UP, 2014) 355 pages; [https://books.google.com/books?id=jfaKAQAAQBAJ excerpt and text search]
* [[Strobe Talbott|Talbott, Strobe]]. ''The Russia hand: A memoir of presidential diplomacy'' (2007); memoir by key U.S. diplomat; a primary source
* Tsygankov, Andrei P. "The Russia-NATO mistrust: Ethnophobia and the double expansion to contain "the Russian Bear"." ''Communist and Post-Communist Studies'' (2013).
==External links==
{{commons category|Relations of Russia and the United States|Russia–United States relations}}
{{Library resources box}}
* [https://history.state.gov/countries/russia A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Russia]
* [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18909/ Report from the Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Russia] Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center
*[https://photos.state.gov/libraries/russia/231771/PDFs/ResetSlides-HSE.pdf link to PDF slideshow, 'The "Reset": Theory, Results, Future' released by Michael McFaul U.S. Ambassador to the Russian Federation during the Twitter War of May 28, 2012]
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/rs/usrussiabilat/186831.htm U.S.-Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission: Spring 2012 Joint Report]
{{Russia–United States relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Russia}}
{{Foreign relations of the United States}}
{{Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Russia-United States Relations}}
[[Category:Russia–United States relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Russia|United States]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of the United States|Russia]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '
niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger
==Background==
===United States and the Russian Empire===
{{main|Russian Empire–United States relations}}
Official contacts between the [[Russian Empire]] and the new United States of America began in 1776. Russia, while formally neutral during the [[American Revolution]] (1765–1783), favored the U.S.<ref>Hans Rogger, "The influence of the American Revolution in Russia." in Jack P. Greene and [[Jack Pole|J. R. Pole]], eds. ''A Companion to the American Revolution'' (2000): 554-555.</ref>
There was little trade or migration before the late 19th century. Formal diplomatic ties were established in 1809.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prlib.ru/history/619690|title=Россия установила дипломатические отношения с США}}</ref> During the [[American Civil War]], Russia supported [[Union (American Civil War)|the Union]], largely because it believed that the U.S. served as a counterbalance to its geopolitical rival, the United Kingdom. In 1863, the [[Imperial Russian Navy|Russian Navy]]'s Baltic and Pacific fleets wintered in the American ports of New York and San Francisco, respectively.<ref>Norman E. Saul, Richard D. McKinzie. ''Russian-American Dialogue on Cultural Relations, 1776–1914'' p 95. {{ISBN|0-8262-1097-X}}, 9780826210975.</ref>
The Russian administrators and military left Alaska, but some missionaries stayed on to minister to the many natives who converted to the [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian Orthodox]] faith.<ref>Ronald Jensen, ''The Alaska Purchase and Russian-American Relations'' (1975)</ref>
The [[Treaty of Portsmouth]] (1905), brokered by American President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] ended the [[Russo-Japanese War]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Milestones: 1899–1913 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/portsmouth-treaty |website=history.state.gov |publisher=US State Department |access-date=August 27, 2020}}</ref> After 1880, repeated anti-Jewish [[pogroms]] in Russia alienated American elite and public opinion. In 1903, the [[Chișinău pogrom (1903)|Kishinev pogrom]] killed 47 Jews, injured 400, and left 10,000 homeless and dependent on relief. American Jews began large-scale organized financial help and assisted in emigration.<ref>Philip Ernest Schoenberg, "The American Reaction to the Kishinev Pogrom of 1903." ''American Jewish Historical Quarterly'' 63.3 (1974): 262-283.</ref>
During [[World War I]], the [[United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)]] came after [[Nicholas II]] had abdicated as a result of the [[February Revolution]]. When the tsar was still in power, many Americans deplored fighting a war with him as an ally. With him gone, the [[Wilson administration]] used the new provisional government to describe how the democratic nations were fighting against autocratic old empires of [[German Empire|Germany]] and [[Austria-Hungary]]. During the war, the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] were just starting to see battle when the [[October Revolution]] happened in which the [[Bolsheviks]] overthrew the provisional government and removed Russia from the war.
From 1820 until 1917, about 3.3 million [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants arrived in the U.S.]] from the Russian Empire. Most were Jews, Poles or Lithuanians; only 100,000 were ethnic Russians.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Powell|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA259|year=2009|publisher=Infobase |pages=257–59|isbn=9781438110127}}</ref><ref>[http://ricolor.org/rz/amerika/ar/ist/1/ Русские трудовые эмигранты в США (конец XIX века – 1917 год)]</ref>
===United States and the Soviet Union===
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Soviet–American|Soviet Union|United States|flagvariant2=1960}}{{main|Soviet Union–United States relations}}
{{see also|Cold War}}
[[File:Teheran conference-1943.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|U.K. Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]], U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and Soviet General Secretary [[Joseph Stalin]] in [[Tehran Conference|Tehran]], [[Iran]] in November 1943.]]
[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush meet with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev on Governor's Island New York.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|U.S. Presidents [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George H. W. Bush]] with Soviet General Secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] in [[New York City|New York]], 1988.]]
[[File:Life expectancy in Russia and the US.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Comparison of [[life expectancy]] in the US and Russia since 1960]]
By 1921, after the [[Bolsheviks]] gained the upper hand in the [[Russian Civil War]], [[Execution of the Romanov family|executed]] the [[House of Romanov|Romanov imperial family]], repudiated the [[Repudiation of debt at the Russian Revolution|tsarist debt]], and called for a world revolution by the working class, it was regarded as a [[Rogue state|pariah nation]] by most of the world.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=MacMillan|first=Margaret, 1943-|title=Paris 1919 : six months that changed the world|publisher=Random House|others=Holbrooke, Richard|year=2003|isbn=0-375-50826-0|edition=First U.S.|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont00macm/page/63 63–82]|oclc=49260285|url=https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont00macm/page/63}}</ref> Beyond the Russian Civil War, relations were also dogged by claims of American companies for compensation for the [[Nationalization|nationalized industries]] they had invested in.<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald E. Davis and Eugene P. Trani|title=Distorted Mirrors: Americans and Their Relations with Russia and China in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dy6v1j8NfycC&pg=PA48|year=2009|publisher=University of Missouri Press|page=48|isbn=9780826271891}}</ref> The U.S., while starting to develop trade and economic ties, was the last major world power that continued to refuse to formally recognize the Soviet government.<ref>[https://www.svoboda.org/a/16799307.html Признание Америки] Radio Liberty, April 30, 2018.</ref> The United States and Soviet Russia established diplomatic relations in November 1933.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/nov-16-1933-us-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-the-soviet-union|title=Nov. 16, 1933 {{!}} U.S. Establishes Diplomatic Relations With the Soviet Union | website=The New York Times|date=November 16, 2011 }}</ref>
The United States and the Soviet Union, along with Britain, were the leaders of the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] against the [[Axis powers]] during [[World War II]]. Following the onset of the [[Cold War]] in 1947, the [[North Atlantic Treaty]] was signed by the U.S., Canada, and several Western European nations, on April 4, 1949, a treaty that established the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) designed to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/nato North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949] U.S. Department of State.</ref>
In the 1970s—1980s, the USSR and the U.S. signed a series of [[arms control]] treaties such as the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]] (1972), two [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks|Strategic Arms Limitation]] treaties (SALT), the [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty]] (1987); in July 1991 the [[START I|Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty]] was concluded.
In the late 1980s, [[Eastern Europe]] nations took advantage of the relaxation of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] control under [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and began to [[Revolutions of 1989|break away from communist rule]]. The relationship greatly improved in the final years of the USSR.
On December 3, 1989, Soviet general secretary Gorbachev and the U.S. president [[George H. W. Bush]] declared the [[Cold War]] over at the [[Malta Summit]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_4119000/4119950.stm Malta summit ends Cold War], BBC News, December 3, 1989. Retrieved June 11, 2008.</ref>
==History==
===The dissolution of the Soviet Union through Yeltsin's terms (1991–99)===
With Communism defunct, on December 25, 1991, the Soviet Union [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)#Yeltsin and the dissolution of the USSR|dissolved]], and the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], a loose association was formed by 12 of the 15 former [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet constituent republics]], leaving out the three [[Baltic states]]. The [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] became Russia. It was now an independent state that inherited the USSR's [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] permanent membership and became the [[successor state#Soviet Union|successor state]] to the USSR.
[[Strobe Talbott]], who was Washington's chief expert on Russia, has argued that Clinton hit it off with Russian [[Boris Yeltsin]], the president of Russia 1991-1999:
:The personal diplomacy between Clinton and Yeltsin, augmented by the channel that Gore developed with Yeltsin's longest-serving prime minister, [[Victor Chernomyrdin]], yielded half a dozen major understandings that either resolved or alleviated disputes over Russia's role in the post–cold war world. The two presidents were the negotiators in chief of agreements to halt the sale of Russian rocket parts to India; remove Soviet-era nuclear missiles from Ukraine in exchange for Russian assurances of Ukraine's sovereignty and security; withdraw Russian troops from the Baltic states; institutionalize cooperation between Russia and an expanding NATO; lay the ground for the Baltic states to join the alliance; and ensure the participation of the Russian military in Balkan peacekeeping and of Russian diplomacy in the settlement of NATO's air war against Serbia.<ref>Strobe Talbott, ''The Russia Hand'' (2002) p. 9</ref>
As the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] appeared imminent, the [[United States]] and their [[NATO]] allies grew concerned of the risk of nuclear weapons held in the [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet republics]] falling into enemy hands. The [[Cooperative Threat Reduction]] (CTR) program was initiated by the [[Nunn–Lugar Act]] (really the [[Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991]]), which was authored and cosponsored by [[United States Senate|Sens]]. [[Sam Nunn]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[Georgia (U.S. state)|GA]]) and [[Richard Lugar]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Indiana|IN]]). According to the CTR website, the purpose of the CTR Program was originally "to secure and dismantle [[weapons of mass destruction]] and their associated infrastructure in former Soviet Union states."
Relations between Yeltsin and the administrations of [[Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration|George H. W. Bush]] (1989–1993) and [[Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration|Bill Clinton]] (1993–2001) started off well, but deteriorated after 1997. Yeltsin and his foreign minister [[Andrey Kozyrev]] made a high priority Russia's full membership into the family of democratic nations. They wanted to be a partner of the United States. At home they tried to create democratic institutions and a free-market capitalist system.
In 1993, both nations signed the [[START II]] arms control treaty that was designed to ban the use of [[multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle]]s (MIRVs) on [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s (ICBMs). The treaty was eventually ratified by both countries, yet it was never implemented and was formally abandoned in 2002, following the US's withdrawal from the 1972 [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]].
Clinton and Yeltsin were personally friendly. Washington encouraged the rapid transition to a liberal capitalist system in Russia.<ref>Strobe Talbott, ''The Russia hand: A memoir of presidential diplomacy'' (2007) pp 189–213.</ref> Clinton provided rich talking points but provided less than $3 billion, and much was paid to American contractors. The Russians—aware of the Marshall Plan in the 1940s—had counted on far larger sums.<ref>Svetlana Savranskaya, "Yeltsin and Clinton." ''Diplomatic History'' (2018) 42#4 pp 564–567.</ref> Real anger was ignited by the rapid expansion of NATO membership in Eastern Europe. With the Cold War over, Russians felt NATO's original role was no longer needed. It feared its [[Enlargement of NATO#Visegrád Group|dramatic move eastward]] meant an escalation of NATO's historic role in containment of Russian goals.<ref>Ronald D. Asmus, ''Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era'' (2002).</ref><ref>Talbott, ''The Russia Hand'' pp 218–250.</ref>
[[File:Boris Yeltsin with Bill Clinton-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|President [[Bill Clinton]] and President [[Boris Yeltsin]] in the White House, October 1995.]]
Russia stridently opposed the U.S.-led [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|NATO military operation]] against [[Serbia and Montenegro]] over [[Kosovo]] that began in March 1999.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/303127.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Russia condemns Nato at UN |date=March 25, 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/348340.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Fighting for a foreign land |date=May 20, 1999}}</ref><ref>Talbott, ''The Russia Hand'' pp 298–349.</ref> In December 1999, while on a visit to China, president Yeltsin verbally assailed Clinton for criticizing Russia's tactics in [[Chechnya]] (at the start of the [[Second Chechen War]]) emphatically stating that Russia remained a nuclear power.<ref name="wpyelinchina">{{cite news |author=Michael Laris |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1999-12/10/123r-121099-idx.html |title=In China, Yeltsin Lashes Out at Clinton: Criticisms of Chechen War Are Met With Blunt Reminder of Russian Nuclear Power |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A35 |date=December 10, 1999}}</ref>
===Putin and George W. Bush: 2001–2009===
In 2001, in response to the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks on September 11]], the new Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] quickly announced strong support. Terrorism against Russia was already high on Putin's agenda and he found common ground by supporting the American/NATO invasion of Afghanistan to destroy the [[Taliban]] that had harbored the [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists.<ref>Ian Bremmer, and Alexander Zaslavsky, "Bush and Putin's tentative embrace." ''World Policy Journal'' 18.4 (2001): 11-17 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209773 online].</ref> By 2002, however, the two countries were escalating their disagreements. Russia became more assertive in international affairs; [[George W. Bush]] took an increasingly unilateral course in [[Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration|foreign policy]].<ref>Angela E. Stent, ''The Limits of Partnership: US-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century'' (2014) pp 62–81.</ref>
In 2002, the United States withdrew from the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]] in order to move forward with plans for a [[missile defense]] system. Putin called the decision a mistake. Russia strongly opposed the 2003 [[invasion of Iraq]], though without exercising its veto in the [[United Nations Security Council]]. Russia has regarded the expansion of [[NATO]] into the old [[Warsaw Pact|Eastern Bloc]], and U.S. efforts to gain access to [[Central Asia]]n oil and natural gas as a potentially hostile encroachment on Russia's [[sphere of influence]]. The Russian leadership blamed U.S. officials for encouraging anti-Russian revolts during the [[Rose Revolution]] in Georgia in 2003 and the [[Orange Revolution]] in [[Ukraine]] in 2004. Putin saw intrusions into Russia's historic sphere of interest.<ref>Stent, ''The Limits of Partnership'' (2014) pp 82–134.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/11/us/politics/cia-judgment-intelligence-russia-hacking-evidence.html |title=C.I.A. Judgment on Russia Built on Swell of Evidence |last1=Mazzetti |first1=Mark |author2=Eric Lichtblau |work=The New York Times |date=December 11, 2016 |access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Vladimir Putin in Saint Petersburg-56.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Russia strongly opposed the U.S.-led [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].]]
[[File:32nd G8 Summit-3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Vladimir Putin with [[George W. Bush]] and other Western leaders at [[32nd G8 summit]] in [[Moscow]], July 2006.]]
Russia condemned the unilateral [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declaration of independence of Kosovo]] from [[Serbia]] in February 2008,<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia warns of resorting to 'force' over Kosovo |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20080222-russia-warns-resorting-force-over-kosovo-NATO |work=France 24 |date=22 February 2008}}</ref> stating they "expect the UN mission and NATO-led forces in Kosovo to take immediate action to carry out their mandate [...] including the annulling of the decisions of Pristina's self-governing organs and the taking of tough administrative measures against them."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7249586.stm In quotes: Kosovo reaction], BBC News Online, 17 February 2008.</ref> Russian President Putin described the recognition of Kosovo's independence by the United States and other Western countries as "a terrible precedent, which will de facto blow apart the whole system of international relations, developed not over decades, but over centuries", and that "they have not thought through the results of what they are doing. At the end of the day it is a two-ended stick and the second end will come back and hit them in the face".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/putin-calls-kosovo-independence-terrible-precedent/2008/02/23/1203467431503.html|title=Putin calls Kosovo independence 'terrible precedent'|date=2008-02-23|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> In March 2014, Russia used Kosovo's declaration of independence as a justification for recognizing [[Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea|the independence of Crimea]], citing the so-called "[[Kosovo independence precedent]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603|title=Address by President of the Russian Federation|date=March 18, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/03/24/crimea-kosovo-and-false-moral-equivalency/|title=Why the Kosovo "precedent" does not justify Russia's annexation of Crimea|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>
In early 2008, President [[George W. Bush]] vowed full support for admitting [[Ukraine]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] into NATO,<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine: NATO's original sin |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-nato-georgia-europe-european-union-united-states/ |work=Politico |date=November 23, 2021}}</ref> despite Russia's opposition to the further [[Enlargement of NATO|eastward expansion]] of NATO.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bush-Putin row grows as pact pushes east |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/02/nato.georgia |work=The Guardian |date=2 April 2008}}</ref> Russia's Deputy Foreign Minister [[Grigory Karasin]] warned that any incorporation of Ukraine into NATO would cause a "deep crisis" in [[Russia–Ukraine relations]] and also negatively affect Russia's relations with the West.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bush stirs controversy over NATO membership |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/01/ukraine.analysis/ |work=CNN |date=April 1, 2008}}</ref>
====Controversy over U.S. plan to station missiles in Poland (2007–2008)====
In March 2007, the U.S. announced plans to build an [[anti-ballistic missile|anti-ballistic]] [[missile defense]] installation in Poland along with a radar station in the [[Czech Republic]]. Both nations were former [[Warsaw Pact]] members and both had repudiated Communism and Russian interference. U.S. officials said that the system was intended to protect the United States and Europe from possible nuclear missile attacks by Iran or North Korea. Russia, however, viewed the new system as a potential threat and, in response, tested a long-range [[intercontinental ballistic missile]], the [[RS-24]], which it claimed could defeat any defense system. Putin warned the U.S. that these new tensions could turn Europe into a powder keg. On June 3, 2007, Putin warned that if the United States built the missile defense system, Russia would consider targeting missiles at Poland and the Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Gottemoeller |first=Rose |subject-link=Rose Gottemoeller |interviewer=[[Robert Siegel]] |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10741255 |title=Strained Russian Relations Greet Bush in Europe |work=[[NPR]] |date=June 5, 2007 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref>
In October 2007, Vladimir Putin visited Iran to discuss Russia's aid to Iran's nuclear power program and "insisted that the use of force was unacceptable."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2673546.ece |title=Vladimir Putin pledges to complete Iranian nuclear reactor |last=Halpin |first=Tony |date=October 17, 2007 |work=The Times |access-date=April 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706163319/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2673546.ece|archive-date=July 6, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On October 17, Bush stated "if you're interested in avoiding World War III, it seems like you ought to be interested in preventing them from having the knowledge necessary to make a nuclear weapon," understood as a message to Putin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071017.html |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |title=White House Transcript of 17 October 2007 Press Conference |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |date=October 17, 2007}}</ref> A week later, Putin compared U.S. plans to put up a missile defense system near Russia's border as analogous to when the Soviet Union deployed missiles in Cuba, prompting the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7064428.stm |title=Putin compares US shield to Cuba |date=October 26, 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref>
In July 2008, Russia announced that if a U.S. anti-missile shield was deployed near the Russian border, it would have to react militarily. The statement from the Russian foreign ministry said, "If an American strategic anti-missile shield starts to be deployed near our borders, we will be forced to react not in a diplomatic fashion but with military-technical means." Later, Russia's ambassador to the United Nations [[Vitaly Churkin]] said that "military-technical means" did not mean military action, but more likely a change in Russia's strategic posture, perhaps by redeploying its own missiles.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7496399.stm |title=Russia warns over US-Czech shield |date=July 8, 2008 |work=BBC News |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref>
On August 14, 2008, the U.S. and Poland agreed to have 10 two-stage missile interceptors – made by [[Orbital Sciences Corporation]] – placed in Poland, as part of a missile shield to defend Europe and the U.S. from a possible missile attack by Iran. In return, the U.S. agreed to move a battery of [[MIM-104 Patriot]] missiles to Poland. The missile battery was to be staffed – at least temporarily – by U.S. Military personnel. The U.S. also pledged to defend Poland, a [[NATO]] member, quicker than NATO would in the event of an attack. Additionally, the Czech Republic recently agreed to allow the placement of a radar-tracking station in their country, despite public opinion polls showing that the majority of Czechs were against the plans and only 18% supported it.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/No_permanent_foreign_inspectors_in_US-Czech_radar_talks_minister_999.html |title=No permanent foreign inspectors in US-Czech radar talks: minister |date=May 11, 2008 |publisher=spacedaily.com |access-date=August 8, 2008}}</ref> The radar-tracking station in the Czech Republic would also be part of the missile defense shield. After the agreement was announced, Russian officials said defences on Russia's borders would be increased and that they foresaw harm in bilateral relations with the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6kOsE60Adag&refer=home |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022121349/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6kOsE60Adag&refer=home |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |title=Poland Gets U.S. Military Aid in Missile-Shield Deal |last=Andrusz |first=Katya |date=August 15, 2008 |publisher=Bloomberg.com |access-date=April 3, 2010}}</ref>
====Russian-Georgian clash (August 2008)====
{{main|Russia–Georgia war}}
In August 2008, United States-Russia bilateral relations became further strained, when Russia and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] fought a [[Russo-Georgian War|five-day war]] over the Russian-backed self-proclaimed republics of [[South Ossetia]] and [[Abkhazia]]. President Bush said to Russia, "Bullying and intimidation are not acceptable ways to conduct foreign policy in the 21st century."<ref>{{cite news |date=August 15, 2008 |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-15-bush-georgia_N.htm |title=Bush hits Russia on 'bullying and intimidation' |newspaper=USA Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022031242/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-15-bush-georgia_N.htm |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Obama administration (2009–2017)===
{{see also|Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration#Russia|Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin}}
===="Reset" under Obama and Medvedev (2009–11)====
{{see also|Russian reset|Obama–Medvedev Commission}}
[[File:Obama and Medvedev sign Prague Treaty 2010.jpeg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|U.S. president [[Barack Obama]] and Russian president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] after signing the [[New START]] treaty]]
Despite U.S.–Russia relations becoming strained during the [[George W. Bush administration|Bush administration]], Russian president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] (president from May 2008 until May 2012, with Vladimir Putin as head of government) and U.S. president [[Barack Obama]] struck a warm tone at the [[2009 G-20 London Summit|2009 G20 summit in London]] and released a joint statement that promised a "fresh start" in Russia–United States relations. The statement also called on [[Iran]] to abandon its nuclear program and to permit foreign inspectors into the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/world/europe/02arms.html?_r=1&hp |title=Promises of 'Fresh Start' for U.S.-Russia Relations |last=Cooper |first=Helene |work=The New York Times |date=April 1, 2009 |access-date=July 28, 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
In March 2009, U.S. secretary of state Hillary Clinton and her Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov symbolically pressed a "reset" button. The gag fell short as the Russian translation on the button was misspelt by the State Department and actually meant "overload" instead of "reset". After making a few jokes, they decided to press the button anyway.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1971651,00.html |title=U.S.-Russia Relations: In Need of a New Reset |date=March 16, 2010 |magazine=Time |access-date=May 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321182018/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1971651,00.html |archive-date=March 21, 2014}}</ref>
In early July 2009, Obama visited Moscow where he had meetings with president Medvedev and prime minister Putin. Speaking at the [[New Economic School]] Obama told a large gathering, "America wants a strong, peaceful and prosperous Russia. This belief is rooted in our respect for the Russian people, and a shared history between our nations that goes beyond competition."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/07/07/obama.moscow/ |title=Obama: U.S. wants strong, peaceful Russia |date=July 7, 2009 |agency=CNN |access-date=October 28, 2016}}</ref> Days after president Obama's visit to Moscow, U.S. vice president [[Joe Biden]], noting that the U.S. was "vastly underestimat[ing] the hand that [it] h[e]ld", told a U.S. newspaper that Russia, with its population base shrinking and the economy "withering", would have to make accommodations to the West on a wide range of national-security issues.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124848246032580581 |title=Biden Says Weakened Russia Will Bend to U.S. |last=Spiegel |first=Peter |date=July 25, 2009 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=October 28, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Lavrov and Clinton in NYC-1.jpg|thumb|250px|left|U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] with Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] at the [[Waldorf Astoria New York]] in September 2010]]
In March 2010, the United States and Russia reached an agreement to reduce their stockpiles of [[nuclear weapon]]s. The new nuclear arms reduction treaty (called [[New START]]) was signed by President Obama and President Medvedev on April 8, 2010. The agreement cut the number of long-range nuclear weapons held by each side to about 1,500, down from the current 1,700 to 2,200 set by the [[SORT|Moscow Treaty]] of 2002. The New START replaced the [[START I|1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty]], which expired in December 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/europe/25start.html |title=Russia and U.S. Report Breakthrough on Arms |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |author2=Ellen Barry |work=The New York Times |date=March 24, 2010 |access-date=July 28, 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Vice President Joe Biden greets Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.jpg|thumb|250px|U.S. Vice President [[Joe Biden]] and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in [[Moscow]], Russia in March 2011]]
On a visit to Moscow in March 2011, U.S. vice president Joe Biden reiterated Washington's support for Russia's accession to the [[World Trade Organization]];<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/a/biden_trip_to_moscow_putin_medvedev_human_rights/2333813.html U.S. Vice President Meets Putin, Russian Opposition] March 10, 2011.</ref> he also had a meeting with Russia's leading [[human rights]] and opposition leaders where he reportedly told the gathering at the U.S. ambassador's [[Spaso House]] residence that it would be better for Russia if Putin did not run for re-election in 2012.<ref>[https://themoscowtimes.com/news/biden-opposes-3rd-putin-term-5538 Biden 'Opposes' 3rd Putin Term] [[The Moscow Times]], March 11, 2011.</ref>
Through 2020, this was the only time Biden and Putin had met. After an official group meeting Biden characterized in his memoir as "argumentative," he and Putin met privately, with Biden saying "Mr. Prime Minister, I'm looking into your eyes," (a reference to a 2001 meeting between Putin and President Bush, who later said "I looked the man in the eye...I was able to get a sense of his soul"). Biden continued, "I don't think you have a soul." Putin replied, "We understand each other." Biden was elected president in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Steinhauer |first1=Jennifer |title=Biden to Face a Confrontational Russia in a World Changed From His Time in Office |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/15/us/politics/biden-russia-trump-putin.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 15, 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Biden, berlusconi and medvedev.jpeg|thumb|250px|Joe Biden, Russia's President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] and Italy's Prime Minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]] meeting in Italy in June 2011]]
The [[2011 military intervention in Libya]] prompted a widespread wave of criticism from several world leaders, including Russian President Medvedev<ref>{{cite news |title=Nato rejects Russian claims of Libya mission creep |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/15/nato-libya-rasmussen-medvedev-criticism |work=The Guardian |date=15 April 2011}}</ref> and Russian Prime Minister Putin, who said that "<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|UNSC Resolution 1973]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> is defective and flawed...It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades."<ref>"[http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin West in "medieval crusade" on Gaddafi: Putin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323111540/http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin |date=23 March 2011 }}." ''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'' ([[Reuters]]). 21 March 2011.</ref>
At the start of the [[2011–2013 Russian protests|mass protests]] that began in Russia after the [[2011 Russian legislative election|legislative election]] in early December 2011, prime minister Vladimir Putin accused the United States of interference and inciting unrest, specifically saying that secretary of state Hillary Clinton had sent "a signal" to "some actors in our country"; his comments were seen as indication of a breakdown in the Obama administration's effort to "reset" the relationship.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/09/world/europe/putin-accuses-clinton-of-instigating-russian-protests.html |title=Putin Contends Clinton Incited Unrest Over Vote |last1=Herszenhorn |first1=David M. |author2=Ellen Barry |work=The New York Times |date=December 8, 2011 |access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref>
By 2012, it was clear that a genuine reset never happened and relations remained sour. Factors in the West included traditional mistrust and fear, an increasing drift away from democracy by Russia, and a demand in Eastern Europe for closer political, economic and military integration with the West. From Russia factors included a move away from democracy by Putin, expectations of regaining superpower status and the tactic of manipulating trade policies and encouraging divisions within NATO.<ref name="Braun2012">{{cite journal |last=Braun |first=Aurel |title=Resetting Russian–Eastern European relations for the 21st century |journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies |volume=45 |issue=3–4 |year=2012 |pages=389–400 |issn=0967-067X |doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.07.009}}</ref><ref name="Ratti2013">{{cite journal |last1=Ratti |first1=Luca |title='Resetting' NATO–Russia Relations: A Realist Appraisal Two Decades after the USSR |journal=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies |volume=26 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=141–161 |issn=1351-8046 |doi=10.1080/13518046.2013.779845|s2cid=145351757 }}</ref>
====Increasing Tensions during Putin's Third Term (2012–2015)====
{{see also|Cold War II}}
In mid-September 2013, the United States and Russia made a [[Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons|deal]] whereby Syria's [[chemical weapons]] would be placed under international control and eventually destroyed; President Obama welcomed the agreement<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/14/barack-obama-syria-chemical-weapons-deal Obama welcomes Syria chemical weapons deal but retains strikes option] The Guardian, September 14, 2013.</ref> that was shortly after enshrined in the [[United Nations Security Council|UNSC]] [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118|Resolution 2118]]. The Obama administration was criticised for having used the chemical weapons deal as an ineffectual substitute for military action that Obama had promised in the event of [[U.S. Government Assessment of the Syrian Government's Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013|use of chemical weapons]] by the Syrian government.<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/syria-chemical-weapons-attacks-2016-8 Obama's biggest achievement in Syria fell short — and Assad is rubbing it in his face] Business Insider, August 28, 2016.</ref> In [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|George Robertson]]'s view, as well as many others', the failure of Obama to follow through on his 2013 "red line" and take promised military action badly hurt his credibility and that of the United States with Putin and other world leaders.<ref name="obexit">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/07/world/europe/europeans-view-obamas-exit-with-a-mix-of-admiration-and-regret.html |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Europeans View Obama's Exit With a Mix of Admiration and Regret |date=November 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="kerrystarter" />
Obama acknowledged Russia's role in securing the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|deal]] to limit [[Iran]]'s [[Nuclear program of Iran|nuclear program]] that was reached in July 2015, and personally thanked Putin for Russia's role in the [[Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|relevant negotiations]].<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/a/russias-stake-in-iran-nuclear-deal/2867710.html Russia's Stake in Iran Nuclear Deal] VOA, July 18, 2015.</ref>[[File:US and Russian bases and facilities.jpg|thumb|American (red) and Russian (blue) military bases as of 2014]]
In May 2012, Russian general [[Nikolay Yegorovich Makarov]] said that there was a possibility of a preemptive strike on [[NATO missile defence system|missile defense]] sites in [[Eastern Europe]], to apply pressure to the United States regarding Russia's demands.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/03/russian-military-ups-ante-on-missile-defense/ |title=Russia's military threatens pre-emptive strike if NATO goes ahead with missile plan |publisher=Fox News |agency=Associated Press |first1=Jim |last1=Heintz |author2=Liudas Dapkus |date=May 3, 2012 |access-date=August 27, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504030958/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/03/russian-military-ups-ante-on-missile-defense/ |archive-date=May 4, 2012}}</ref> In July 2012, two [[Tu-95 Bear]]s were intercepted by [[NORAD]] fighters in the [[Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)|air defense zone]] off the U.S. coast of Alaska, where they may have been practicing the targeting of [[Fort Greely]] and [[Vandenberg Air Force Base]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gertz |first=Bill|author-link=Bill Gertz |url=http://freebeacon.com/putins-july-4th-message/ |title=Putin's July 4th Message:Russian nuclear-capable bombers intercepted near West Coast in second U.S. air defense zone intrusion in two weeks |publisher=The Washington Free Beacon |date=August 6, 2012 |access-date=August 27, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710172010/http://freebeacon.com/national-security/putins-july-4th-message/ |archive-date=July 10, 2015}}</ref> Later in August 2012, it was revealed that an {{sclass|Akula|submarine|2}} had conducted a patrol within the [[Gulf of Mexico]] without being detected, raising alarms of the U.S. Navy's [[anti-submarine warfare]] capabilities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://freebeacon.com/national-security/silent-running/ |title=Silent Running |publisher=Free Beacon |first=Bill |last=Gertz|author-link=Bill Gertz |date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=July 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/2012/08/red-october-redux-john-cornyn-demands-answers-from-pentagon-on-russian-sub-in-gulf/ |title=Red October redux? John Cornyn demands answers from Pentagon on Russian sub in Gulf of Mexico (UPDATED) |date=August 16, 2012 |publisher=Hearst Communications Inc. |newspaper=Houston Chronicle |author=Richard Dunham |access-date=August 27, 2012}}</ref>
On December 14, 2012, U.S. President Barack Obama signed the [[Magnitsky Act]], which "[imposed] U.S. travel and financial restrictions on human rights abusers in Russia". On December 28, 2012, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a [[Dima Yakovlev Law|bill]], widely seen as retaliatory, that banned any United States citizen from adopting children from Russia.<ref name="CNN News Network">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/28/world/europe/russia-us-adoptions/index.html?iref=allsearch |title=Russia's Putin signs anti-U.S. adoption bill |publisher=CNN News Network}}</ref>
On February 12, 2013, hours before the [[2013 State of the Union Address]] by U.S. president Obama, two Russian [[Tupolev Tu-95|Tu-95 Bear strategic bombers]], reportedly equipped with nuclear-tipped cruise missiles, circled the [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|U.S. territory]] of [[Guam]].<ref name="freebeacon">{{cite web |url=http://freebeacon.com/bear-bombers-over-guam/ |title=Bear Bombers Over Guam |last=Gertz |first=Bill |author-link=Bill Gertz |date=February 15, 2013 |publisher=Washington Free Beacon |access-date=February 20, 2013}}</ref><ref name="foxairforceconfirms">{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/02/16/nuclear-armed-russian-jets-reportedly-circled-us-territory-guam/ |title=Air Force confirms Russian jets circled US territory of Guam |date=February 16, 2013 |publisher=Fox News |access-date=February 20, 2013}}</ref> Air Force [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15 jets]] based on [[Andersen Air Force Base]] were scrambled to intercept the aircraft.<ref name="freebeacon" /><ref name="foxairforceconfirms" /> The Russian aircraft reportedly "were intercepted and left the area in a northbound direction."<ref name="freebeacon" /><ref name="foxairforceconfirms" />
At the end of 2013, Russia announced that a rearmament of the [[28th Guards Rocket Division|Kozelsk]], Novosibirsk, [[42nd Rocket Division|Tagil Rocket divisions]] with advanced [[RS-24 Yars]] intercontinental ballistic missiles was going ahead.<ref>Bayanihan. Science and Technology. December 27, 2013. [http://bayanihan.org/2013/12/27/putin-russia-begins-deployment-of-new-silo-based-missile-system/ Putin: Russia begins deployment of new silo-based missile system] December 27, 2013.</ref>
In July 2014, the U.S. government formally accused Russia of having violated the 1987 [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty]] by testing a prohibited medium-range ground-launched [[cruise missile]] (presumably R-500,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://csis.org/publication/russian-inf-treaty-violations-assessment-and-response |title=Russian INF Treaty Violations: Assessment and Response |date=October 16, 2014 |access-date=April 22, 2016|last1=Schwartz |first1=Paul N. }}</ref> a modification of [[9K720 Iskander|Iskander]])<ref name="nytcruise">{{cite news |title=U.S. Says Russia Tested Cruise Missile, Violating Treaty |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/29/world/europe/us-says-russia-tested-cruise-missile-in-violation-of-treaty.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=USA |date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=January 4, 2015 |first=Michael R. |last=Gordon}}</ref> and threatened to retaliate accordingly.<ref name="nytcruise" /><ref name="guardcr">{{cite news |title=US and Russia in danger of returning to era of nuclear rivalry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/04/us-russia-era-nuclear-rivalry |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |date=January 4, 2015 |access-date=January 4, 2015}}</ref> Concern in the U.S. was also caused by the test-firing in 2014 of the Russian [[RS-26 Rubezh]] [[Intercontinental Ballistic Missile]] capable of evading the existing [[anti-ballistic missile|anti-ballistic]] [[missile defense]]s.<ref>[https://rg.ru/2014/11/27/mbr-site-anons.html Испытания новой МБР завершатся в декабре] Rossiyskaya Gazeta, December 27, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201503290853-78tu.htm Убийца ПРО «Рубеж» выходит на позиции: последнее предупреждение США] TV Zvezda, April 27, 2015.</ref>
In early June 2015, the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] reported that Russia had failed to correct the violation of the I.N.F. Treaty; the U.S. government was said to have made no discernible headway in making Russia so much as acknowledge the compliance problem.<ref name="inffailure">{{cite news |title=U.S. Says Russia Failed to Correct Violation of Landmark 1987 Arms Control Deal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/06/world/europe/us-says-russia-fails-to-correct-violation-of-landmark-1987-arms-control-deal.html?_r=0 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=US |date=June 5, 2015 |access-date=June 7, 2015 |first=Michael R. |last=Gordon}}</ref>
====Edward Snowden affair (2013)====
{{see also|Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)}}
[[File:Edward Snowden 2013-10-9 (2).jpg|thumb|Snowden in Moscow in October 2013.]]
[[Edward Snowden]], a contractor for the United States government, copied and released hundreds of thousands of pages of secret U.S. government documents. He fled to Hong Kong, and then to Russia where in July 2013 he was granted [[Edward Snowden#Asylum in Russia|political asylum]]. He was wanted on a criminal warrant by U.S. prosecutors for theft of government property and espionage.<ref>Suné von Solms and Renier van Heerden. "The Consequences of Edward Snowden NSA Related Information Disclosures." ''Iccws 2015–The Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security'' (2015) [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Renier_Van_Heerden/publication/275019554_The_Consequences_of_Edward_Snowden_NSA_Related_Information_Disclosures/links/552e6e1c0cf22d43716e4e19.pdf online].</ref>
The granting of asylum further aggravated relations between the two countries and led to the cancellation of a meeting between Obama and Putin that was scheduled for early September 2013 in Moscow.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/10228529/Barack-Obama-cancels-meeting-with-Vladimir-Putin-over-Edward-Snowden.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/10228529/Barack-Obama-cancels-meeting-with-Vladimir-Putin-over-Edward-Snowden.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Barack Obama cancels meeting with Vladimir Putin over Edward Snowden |last=Sanchez |first=Raf |date=August 7, 2013 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Snowden remains in Russia as of April 2023.
====Russian Annexation of Crimea (2014)====
{{main|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War}}
Following the [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|collapse]] of the [[Viktor Yanukovych]] government in [[Ukraine]] in February 2014, Russia annexed [[Crimea]] on the basis of a controversial [[2014 Crimean status referendum|referendum]] held on March 16, 2014. The U.S. had submitted a UN Security Council resolution declaring the referendum illegal; it was vetoed by Russia on March 15 with China abstaining and the other 13 Security Council members voting for the resolution.<ref>[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47362#.WBN3i7MprtU UN Security Council action on Crimea referendum blocked] UN web site.</ref> In 2016, in a court in Moscow, former top Ukrainian officials of the Yanukovich administration testified that the collapse of the government was, in their opinion, a [[coup d'état]] organized and sponsored by the U.S. government.<ref>[https://ria.ru/world/20161216/1483787225.html Экс-премьер Украины Азаров назвал "кураторов" переворота на Украине] RIA Novosti, December 16, 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nbnews.com.ua/ru/news/193223/ |title=Независимое бюро новостей - Суд в РФ по "перевороту" в Украине допросил Азарова, Клюева, Захарченко и Якименко |first=Независимое бюро |last=новостей |access-date=March 5, 2022 |archive-date=December 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217115119/http://nbnews.com.ua/ru/news/193223/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Russian newspaper [[Kommersant]] alleges [[George Friedman]] (chairman of [[Stratfor]]) had agreed this was the "most blatant coup in history', which George Friedman says was taken out of context.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/2636177 |title="Интересы РФ и США в отношении Украины несовместимы друг с другом": Глава Stratfor Джордж Фридман о первопричинах украинского кризиса |newspaper=[[Kommersant]] |date=December 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/george-friedman-russia-is-winning-the-internet-2016-4 |title=George Friedman: Russia is winning the internet |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=April 21, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:2014-05-09. День Победы в Донецке 237.jpg|thumb|Anti-American slogans during the [[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]] celebrations in [[Donetsk]], May 9, 2014.]]
U.S. secretary of state John Kerry in early March 2014 answering the press questions about Russia's moves in Crimea said, "This is an act of aggression that is completely trumped up in terms of its pretext. It's really 19th century behavior in the 21st century, and there is no way, to start with, that if Russia persists in this, that the G8 countries are going to assemble in Sochi. That's a starter."<ref name="kerrystarter">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/03/222721.htm Interview With David Gregory of NBC's Meet the Press] March 2, 2014.</ref> On March 24, 2014, the U.S. and its allies in the [[G8]] political forum suspended Russia's membership thereof.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/world/europe/obama-russia-crimea.html |title=Russia Is Ousted From Group of 8 by U.S. and Allies |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 24, 2014 |access-date=March 25, 2014|last1=Smale |first1=Alison |last2=Shear |first2=Michael D. }}</ref> The decision was dismissed by Russia as inconsequential.<ref name="CNN.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/24/politics/obama-europe-trip/index.html |title=U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8 |publisher=CNN.com |date=March 24, 2014 |access-date=March 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/russia-temporarily-kicked-out-of-g8-club-of-rich-countries-2014-3 |title=Russia Suspended From G8 Club Of Rich Countries |publisher=Business Insider |date=March 24, 2014}}</ref>
At the end of March 2014, U.S. president Obama ruled out any Western military intervention in Ukraine<ref name="CNN.com" /> and admitted that Russia's annexation of Crimea would be hard to reverse; however, he dismissed Russia as a "regional power" that did not pose a major security threat to the U.S.<ref name="nothreat">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/25/barack-obama-russia-regional-power-ukraine-weakness |title=Barack Obama: Russia is a regional power showing weakness over Ukraine |date=March 25, 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=November 1, 2014}}</ref> In January 2016, when asked for his opinion of Obama's statement, Putin said, "I think that speculations about other countries, an attempt to speak disrespectfully about other countries is an attempt to prove one's [[American exceptionalism|exceptionalism]] by contrast. In my view, that is a misguided position."<ref>[http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/51155 Интервью немецкому изданию Bild. Часть 2] Kremlin.Ru, January 12, 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://rbth.com/news/2016/01/12/putin-disagrees-with-obama-over-russias-regional-status-us-exceptionalism_558563 |title=Putin disagrees with Obama over Russia's regional status, US exceptionalism |last=Interfax |date=January 12, 2016 }}</ref>
In November 2016, the president of the [[European Commission]] [[Jean-Claude Juncker]] said this of the statement of Obama: "We have a lot to learn about the depths of Russia, we are very ignorant about it at the moment. I would like to have discussions on a level footing with Russia. Russia is not, as President Obama said, 'a regional power'. This was a big error in assessment."<ref name="obamaignorant">{{cite news |url=http://www.euronews.com/2016/11/26/global-conversation-exclusive-interview-with-european-commission-president-jean |title=Exclusive Interview with European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker |publisher=Euronews |access-date=November 26, 2016}}</ref>
As unrest spread into eastern Ukraine in the spring of 2014, relations between the U.S. and Russia further worsened. The U.S. government imposed punitive [[International sanctions during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|sanctions]] for Russia's activity in Ukraine. After one bout of sanctions announced by President Obama in July 2014 targeting Russia's major energy, financial and defence companies, Russia said the sanctions would seriously harm the bilateral ties relegating them to the 1980s [[Cold War]] era.<ref name="RussiaSanctions">{{cite news |url=http://www.russianews.net/index.php/sid/223870415/scat/723971d98160d438/ht/Russia-warns-new-US-sanctions-will-return-ties-to-Cold-War-era |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729213119/http://www.russianews.net/index.php/sid/223870415/scat/723971d98160d438/ht/Russia-warns-new-US-sanctions-will-return-ties-to-Cold-War-era |archive-date=July 29, 2014 |title=Russia warns new US sanctions will return ties to Cold War era |publisher=Russia News.Net |access-date=July 18, 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Vladimir Putin and John Kerry (2015-12-15) 02.jpg|thumb|240px|Putin meets with Secretary of State [[John Kerry]], [[Victoria Nuland]] and [[John F. Tefft]] to discuss Ukraine and other issues in December 2015.]]
From March 2014 to 2016, six rounds of sanctions were imposed by the US, as well as by the EU, and some other countries allied to the U.S. The first three rounds targeted individuals close to Putin by freezing their assets and denying leave to enter. Russia responded by banning import of certain food products as well as by banning entry for certain government officials from the countries that imposed sanctions against Russia.
The end of 2014 saw the passage by the US of the [[Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014]],<ref>[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/18/statement-president-ukraine-freedom-support-act Statement by the President on the Ukraine Freedom Support Act], December 18, 2014.</ref><ref name="Support">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/world/europe/obama-signing-russia-ukraine-sanctions-bill.html?_r=0 |title=Obama Signals Support for New U.S. Sanctions to Pressure Russian Economy |last=Baker |first=Peter |date=December 16, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> aimed at depriving certain Russian state firms of Western financing and technology while also providing $350 million in arms and military equipment to Ukraine, and the imposition by the US president's [[executive order]] of yet another round of sanctions.<ref name="CrimSanct">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30560941 |title=Ukraine crisis: Russia defies fresh Western sanctions |date=December 20, 2014 |publisher=BBC |access-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref>
Due to the situation concerning Ukraine, relations between Russia and the U.S. that denounced Russia's actions were in 2014 said to be at their worst since the end of the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/how-2014-became-the-worst-year-in-u-s-russia-relations-since-the-cold-war-20141231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101021407/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/how-2014-became-the-worst-year-in-u-s-russia-relations-since-the-cold-war-20141231 |archive-date=January 1, 2015 |title=How 2014 Became the Worst Year in U.S.-Russia Relations Since the Cold War |last=Koren |first=Marina |date=December 31, 2014 |newspaper=National Journal|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref>
As vice president, Joe Biden urged the Ukrainian government to reduce the nation's reliance on imports of Russian natural gas, and to eliminate pro-Russia middlemen such as [[Dmitry Firtash]] from the country's natural gas industry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/us/giuliani-ukraine-oligarchs.html|title=Why Giuliani Singled Out 2 Ukrainian Oligarchs to Help Look for Dirt|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 25, 2019|last1=Becker|first1=Jo|last2=Bogdanich|first2=Walt|last3=Haberman|first3=Maggie|last4=Protess|first4=Ben}}</ref>
====Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War (from September 30, 2015)====
{{main|Russian military intervention in Syria}}
{{see also|Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War}}
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Barack Obama (2015-09-29) 04.jpg|thumb|240px|Barack Obama meets with Vladimir Putin to discuss Syria, September 29, 2015.]]
Shortly after the start of the [[Syrian Civil War]] in the spring of 2011, the U.S. imposed sanctions on Syria's government and urged president [[Bashar al-Assad]] to resign; meanwhile, Russia, a long-standing ally of Syria, continued and increased its support for the Syrian government against rebels backed up by the U.S. and its regional allies.
On September 30, 2015, Russia began the [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|air campaign in Syria]] on the side of the Syrian government headed by president [[Bashar al-Assad]] of [[Syria]]. According to Russian foreign minister [[Sergey Lavrov]]'s statement made in mid-October 2015, Russia had invited the U.S. to join the Baghdad-based [[Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition|information center]] set up by Iran, Iraq, Syria and Russia to coordinate their military efforts, but received what he called an "unconstructive" response; Putin's proposal that the U.S. receive a high-level Russian delegation and that a U.S. delegation arrive in Moscow to discuss co-operation in Syria was likewise declined by the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-lavrov-idUKKCN0S810P20151014?mod=related&channelName=worldNews |title=Russia's Lavrov says Washington declines deeper military talks on Syria |work=NEWSru |access-date=October 17, 2015|date=October 14, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsru.com/russia/14oct2015/lavrov.html |title="Это обидно": Лавров сообщил, что США отказались принять делегацию РФ для обсуждения сирийского кризиса |work=NEWSru |access-date=October 16, 2015|date=October 14, 2015 }}</ref>
[[File:Secretary Kerry Looks on as Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov Signs a Condolence Book in Moscow (27710004614).jpg|thumb|John Kerry and Sergey Lavrov are paying tribute at the [[Igumnov House|French Embassy]] in Moscow after [[2016 Nice truck attack|terror attack in Nice]], July 15, 2016.]]
[[File:William Shepherd Awarded Russian Medal for Merit in Space Exploration.jpg|thumb|right|Russian Ambassador [[Sergey Kislyak]], NASA Administrator [[Charles Bolden]] and [[William Shepherd]] after Shepherd was awarded the Russian [[Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"]], December 2, 2016.]]
===Trump administration (2017–2021)===
{{See also|Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration#Russia}}
====Election of Donald Trump and Russian interference====
{{see also|Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections}}
[[File:Tax March SF (34074705055).jpg|thumb|Anti-Trump poster in [[San Francisco]], presumably associating Trump with Russia or the former [[Soviet Union]], April 15, 2017.]]
In mid-November 2016, shortly after the election of Trump as the U.S. president, the Kremlin accused president Barack Obama's administration of trying to damage the U.S.' relationship with Russia to a degree that would render normalization thereof impossible for Trump's incoming administration.<ref name="obamadamage">{{cite news|date=November 17, 2016|title=Kremlin: Obama team trying to damage ties with Russia|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html|url-status=dead|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228224200/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html|archive-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref>
In his [[Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly (Russia)|address to the Russian parliament]] delivered on December 1, 2016, Russian president Putin said this of U.S.—Russia relations: "We are prepared to cooperate with the new American administration. It's important to normalize and begin to develop bilateral relations on an equal and mutually beneficial basis. Mutual efforts by Russia and the United States in solving global and regional problems are in the interest of the entire world."<ref>{{cite web|title=Послание Президента Федеральному Собранию|date=December 2016 |url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/53379|access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref>
In early December 2016, the White House said that President Obama had ordered the intelligence agencies to review evidence of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential campaign; Eric Schultz, the deputy White House press secretary, denied the review to be led by Director of National Intelligence [[James R. Clapper]] was meant to be "an effort to challenge the outcome of the election".<ref name="guardordered">{{cite news|date=December 9, 2016|title=Barack Obama orders 'full review' of possible Russian hacking in US election|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/09/us-election-hacking-russia-barack-obama-review}}</ref> Simultaneously, the U.S. press published reports, with reference to senior administration officials, that U.S. intelligence agencies, specifically the [[CIA]],<ref name="wpcollision">{{cite news|date=December 10, 2016|title=Trump, CIA on collision course over Russia's role in U.S. election|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-cia-on-collision-course-over-russias-role-in-us-election/2016/12/10/ad01556c-bf01-11e6-91ee-1adddfe36cbe_story.html}}</ref> had concluded with "high confidence" that Russia acted covertly in the latter stages of the presidential campaign to harm Hillary Clinton's chances and promote Donald Trump.<ref name="bbcpromo">{{cite news|date=December 10, 2016|title=Russia 'intervened to promote Trump' - US intelligence|agency=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38273933}}</ref> President-elect Donald Trump rejected the CIA assessment that Russia was behind the hackers' efforts to sway the campaign in his favour as "ridiculous".<ref name="bbcrej">{{cite news|date=December 11, 2016|title=Donald Trump rejects CIA Russia hacking report|agency=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38282533}}</ref><ref name="indeptrans">{{cite news|date=December 10, 2016|title=Donald Trump's transition team dismisses CIA findings Russia attempted to influence US election in his favour|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-russia-us-election-intervene-hacks-cyberattacks-dnc-podesta-emails-leak-help-victory-a7466986.html}}</ref>
In mid-December 2016, Hillary Clinton suggested that Putin had a personal grudge against her due to her criticism of the [[2011 Russian legislative election]] and his opinion that she was responsible for fomenting the [[2011–13 Russian protests|anti-Putin protests]] in Russia that began in December 2011.<ref name="amychozick">{{citation|last=Chozick|first=Amy|title=Clinton Says 'Personal Beef' by Putin Led to Hacking Attacks|date=December 17, 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/16/us/politics/hillary-clinton-russia-fbi-comey.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=A12|access-date=December 17, 2016}}</ref> She partially attributed her loss in the 2016 election to Russian meddling organized by Putin.<ref name="abdullah">{{citation|last=Abdullah|first=Halimah|title=Hillary Clinton Singles Out Putin, Comey in Election Loss|date=December 16, 2016|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/hillary-clinton-singles-out-putin-comey-election-loss-n696991|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=December 17, 2016}}</ref><ref name="tamarakeith">{{citation|last=Keith|first=Tamara|title=In Leaked Remarks, Hillary Clinton Explains Putin's 'Beef' With Her|date=December 16, 2016|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/12/16/505858615/in-leaked-remarks-hillary-clinton-explains-putins-beef-with-her|work=[[National Public Radio]]|access-date=December 17, 2016}}</ref> Among her presidential campaign's Russia policy advisors were [[Richard Lourie]].{{sfn|Lourie|2017|loc=back flap}}{{who|date=March 2022}}{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
Also in mid-December, President Obama publicly pledged to retaliate for Russian cyberattacks during the U.S. presidential election in order to "send a clear message to Russia" as both a punishment and a deterrent,;<ref name="guarretal">{{cite news|date=December 16, 2016|title=Barack Obama promises retaliation against Russia over hacking during US election|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/16/obama-retaliation-russia-hacking-us-election}}</ref> however, the press reported that his actionable options were limited, with many of those having been rejected as either ineffective or too risky; ''[[The New York Times]]'', citing a catalogue of U.S.-engineered coups in foreign countries, opined, "There is not much new in tampering with elections, except for the technical sophistication of the tools. For all the outrage voiced by Democrats and Republicans in the past week about the Russian action — with the notable exception of Mr. Trump, who has dismissed the intelligence findings as politically motivated — it is worth remembering that trying to manipulate elections is a well-honed American art form."<ref name="nooptions">{{cite news|date=December 17, 2016|title=Obama Confronts Complexity of Using a Mighty Cyberarsenal Against Russia|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/us/politics/obama-putin-russia-hacking-us-elections.html?_r=0}}</ref>
The [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017]] signed into law by president Obama on December 23, 2016, was criticised by the Russian foreign ministry as yet another attempt to "create problems for the incoming Trump administration and complicate its relations on the international stage, as well as to force it to adopt an anti-Russia policy."<ref>[http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2580498 Comment by Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Maria Zakharova on new US National Defence Authorisation Act] December 27, 2016.</ref>
At the end of 2016, U.S. president-elect Donald Trump praised Putin for not expelling U.S. diplomats in response to Washington's expulsion of 35 Russian diplomats as well as other punitive measures taken by the Obama administration in retaliation for what U.S. officials had characterized as interference in the U.S. presidential election.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38473240 Russia-US row: Trump praises Putin amid hacking expulsions] BBC, December 31, 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/obama-administration-announces-measures-to-punish-russia-for-2016-election-interference/2016/12/29/311db9d6-cdde-11e6-a87f-b917067331bb_story.html Obama administration announces measures to punish Russia for 2016 election interference] ''The Washington Post'', December 29, 2016.</ref>
On January 6, 2017, the [[Office of the Director of National Intelligence]] (ODNI), in an assessment of “Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections”, asserted that Russian leadership favored presidential candidate Trump over Clinton, and that Putin personally ordered an "influence campaign" to harm Clinton's chances and "undermine public faith in the US democratic process".<ref>{{cite news|last=Feldman|first=Brian|date=January 6, 2017|title=DNI Report: High Confidence Russia Interfered With U.S. Election|magazine=nymag.com|url=https://nymag.com/selectall/2017/01/report-high-confidence-russia-interfered-with-u-s-election.html|access-date=October 6, 2017}}</ref>{{rp|7}} Trump campaign manager Paul Manafort admitted he was in contact with Russian operatives and sharing information through the campaign.<ref>{{cite news|last=Boggioni|first=Tom|date=August 8, 2022|title=Paul Manafort admits sharing info with the Russians during 2016 Trump campaign|url=https://www.rawstory.com/trump-manafort-russians/|access-date=August 8, 2022}}</ref>
====2017====
[[File:Secretary Tillerson Listens as AP's Josh Lederman Asks a Question at a Joint Press Conference With Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov (33156239434).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] with Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] in Moscow, Russia, April 12, 2017.]]
A week after [[inauguration of Donald Trump|Trump's inauguration]] on January 20, 2017, [[Donald Trump|Trump]] had a 50-minute telephone conversation with Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] that was hailed by both governments as a step towards improvement of relations between the U.S. and Russia; the presidents agreed to arrange a face-to-face meeting for a later date.<ref name="holdsummit">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-hold-historic-telephone-call/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-hold-historic-telephone-call/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph |title=Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin ready to hold summit following historic phone call |date=January 28, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38786199 |agency=BBC |title=Trump and Putin make counter-terror top priority in first call |date=January 28, 2017}}</ref>
In early March 2017, the U.S. military for the first time publicly accused Russia of having deployed a land-based cruise missile ([[RK-55|SSC-8]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-dangerous-nuclear-forces-are-back-19442|title=Russia's Dangerous Nuclear Forces are Back|first=Dave|last=Majumdar|website=The National Interest|date=February 15, 2017}}</ref>) that they said violated the "spirit and intent" of the 1987 Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty and posed a threat to NATO.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-missiles-idUSKBN16F23V U.S. general says Russia deploys cruise missile, threatens NATO] Reuters, March 8, 2017.</ref>
On March 25, 2017, the U.S. imposed new sanctions against eight Russian companies in connection with the [[Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act]] (INKSNA).{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
The [[2017 Shayrat missile strike|cruise-missile strikes]] on the Syrian [[Shayrat Airbase]], conducted by the U.S. on April 7, 2017, as a response to the [[Khan Shaykhun chemical attack]],<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/1144598/statement-from-pentagon-spokesman-capt-jeff-davis-on-us-strike-in-syria |title=Statement from Pentagon Spokesman Capt. Jeff Davis on U.S. strike in S |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense|access-date=April 7, 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="cnn-1">{{cite web |last1=Starr |first1=Barbara |last2=Diamond |first2=Jeremy |title=Trump launches military strike against Syria |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=April 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407021906/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html |archive-date=April 7, 2017 |date=April 6, 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbc-1">{{cite web |title=Syria war: US launches missile strikes following chemical 'attack' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39523654 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=April 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407022056/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39523654 |archive-date=April 7, 2017 |date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> were condemned by Russia as an "act of aggression" that was based on a "trumped-up pretext", which substantially impaired Russia–United States relations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Julian |title=Putin calls US strikes against Syria 'aggression against sovereign country' |url=http://tass.com/politics/939920 |publisher=[[Russian News Agency TASS|TASS]] |access-date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> Russian prime minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]] said the attack had placed the U.S. on the cusp of warfare with Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-moscow-tillerson-seeks-to-move-russia-away-from-syrian-alliance/2017/04/11/adb6f8ed-4712-493e-927e-40574ab3cdb6_story.html |title=Tillerson brings tough line to Moscow over Russia's backing for Syrian regime |last=Morello and Filipov |date=April 11, 2017 |newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=April 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.newsru.com/russia/07apr2017/mdvdintrump.html Медведев объявил, что разгромом военной базы в Сирии США поставили себя "на грань боевых столкновений с Россией"] [[NEWSru]], April 7, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russia says US air strikes in Syria came 'within an inch' of military clash with their forces |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-us-air-strikes-syria-russia-within-inch-military-clash-war-dmitry-medvedev-prime-minister-a7672791.html |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> Both Donald Trump in April and the Russian government in May characterised the relationship between the countries as frozen and lacking any progress;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/12/us-russia-relations-tillerson-moscow-press-conference |title=Donald Trump says US relations with Russia 'may be at all-time low' |first=Julian Borger Alec Luhn in |last=Moscow |date=April 13, 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>[https://ria.ru/politics/20170531/1495484425.html Отношения России и США застыли не только в сфере политики, считает Ушаков] RIA Novosti, May 31, 2017.</ref> in early June, Vladimir Putin said relations were at an all-time low since the end of the [[Cold War]].<ref>[https://ria.ru/world/20170602/1495666348.html Путин назвал отношения России и США худшими со времен холодной войны] [[RIA Novosti]], June 2, 2017.</ref> In mid-June 2017, the Russian foreign ministry confirmed that, for the first time ever, Russia had failed to receive a formal greeting from the U.S. government on occasion of [[Russia Day|Russia's national day]] celebrated on June 12.<ref>[https://rg.ru/2017/06/13/ssha-vpervye-ne-napravili-v-posolstvo-rf-pozdravlenie-s-dnem-rossii.html США впервые не направили в посольство РФ поздравление с Днем России] Rossiyskaya Gazeta, June 13, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/news/2017/06/15/694544-ssha-ne-peredavali-pozdravleniya Захарова: США не передавали официального поздравления с Днем России] [[Vedomosti]], June 15, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://tass.ru/politika/4337950 Захарова: Москва так и не получила от Вашингтона поздравление с Днем России] TASS, June 15, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://russia-insider.com/en/politics/spineless-trump-first-potus-not-congratulate-russian-holiday-25-years/ri20103 |title=Spineless Trump First POTUS Not to Congratulate Russian Holiday in 25 Years |date=June 14, 2017 }}</ref>
[[File:Secretary Tillerson and Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov Address Reporters Before Their Meeting in Washington (34411963832).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|U.S. Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] and Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] in Washington, D.C., May 10, 2017.]]
In April 2017, Trump's administration denied a request from [[ExxonMobil]] to allow it to resume [[Petroleum industry in Russia|oil drilling in Russia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Trump administration has denied ExxonMobil permission to bypass sanctions to drill for oil in Russia. |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/04/21/news/companies/trump-exxon-russia-sanctions/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=April 21, 2017}}</ref> In July 2017, ExxonMobil filed a lawsuit against the U.S. government challenging the finding that the company violated sanctions imposed on Russia.<ref>"[https://www.rferl.org/a/us-treasury-accuses-exxon-violating-russian-sanctions/28629213.html Exxon Mobil Sues U.S. Over Penalty For Post-Sanctions Russian Deal]". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). July 20, 2017.</ref>
On May 10, 2017, Trump had an unannounced meeting in the [[Oval Office]] with Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey V. Lavrov|Sergey Lavrov]] and Russian Ambassador to the United States [[Sergey I. Kislyak|Sergey Kislyak]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/us/politics/trump-russia-meeting-american-reporters-blocked.html | first = Julie | last = Hirschfeld Davis | work = [[New York Times]] | title = Trump Bars U.S. Press, but Not Russia's, at Meeting With Russian Officials | date = May 10, 2017 }}</ref> During the meeting he disclosed highly classified information, providing details that could have been used to deduce the source of the information and the manner in which it was collected, according to current and former government officials.<ref name="NYRosenberg">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html |title=Trump Revealed Highly Classified Intelligence to Russia, in Break With Ally, Officials Say |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Matthew |date=May 15, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |page=A1 |author-link=Matthew Rosenberg |author-link2=Eric P. Schmitt |access-date=June 17, 2018 |archive-date=May 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515224247/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=WashingtonPost>{{cite news |last1=Miller|first1=Greg |last2=Jaffe |first2=Greg |title=Trump revealed highly classified information to Russian foreign minister and ambassador |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-revealed-highly-classified-information-to-russian-foreign-minister-and-ambassador/2017/05/15/530c172a-3960-11e7-9e48-c4f199710b69_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref> Although the disclosure was not illegal, it was widely criticized because of the possible danger to the source.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-officials-call-trumps-disclosure-serious/ |title=Former officials call Trump's disclosure 'serious' |last=Pegues |first=Jeff |date=May 16, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |author-link=Jeff Pegues}}</ref><ref name="buzzfeed1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimdalrympleii/trump-highly-classified-information-russians |title=Trump Revealed Highly Classified Information To Russians During White House Visit |last1=Dalrymple |first1=Jim, II |date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |publisher=[[BuzzFeed]] |last2=Leopold |first2=Jason }}</ref>niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger
On July 6, 2017, during a speech in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]], Trump urged Russia to cease its support for "hostile regimes" in [[Syria]] and [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilner |first1=Michael |title=Trump Calls on Putin to Distance Russia from Syria and Iran |url=http://www.jpost.com/American-Politics/Trump-calls-on-Putin-to-distance-Russia-from-Syria-and-Iran-498972 |access-date=July 26, 2017 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=July 6, 2017}}</ref> On July 7, 2017, in what appeared to be a sign of good relations between the leaders of both countries,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cassidy |first1=John |title=The Trump-Putin Bromance is Back On |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/the-trump-putin-bromance-is-back-on |access-date=July 26, 2017 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=July 7, 2017}}</ref> Trump met with Putin at the [[2017 G20 Hamburg summit|G20 Hamburg summit]] in Germany and described the meeting as "an honour."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sampathkumar |first1=Mythili |title=Donald Trump's meeting with Vladimir Putin lasts more than 2 hours after being scheduled for 30 minutes |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world-0/us-politics/trump-putin-meeting-time-spent-hours-minutes-scheduled-us-russia-g20-hamburg-latest-a7829771.html |access-date=July 26, 2017 |work=The Independent |date=July 7, 2017}}</ref>
====Beginning of Putin's fourth term (2018–2020)====
[[File:World nuclear weapons.png|thumb|right|Large [[nuclear weapons]] stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global range (medium blue).]]
[[File:Vladimir Putin & Donald Trump in Helsinki, 16 July 2018 (4).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Talks between U.S. delegation headed by Trump and Russian delegation headed by Vladimir Putin at the [[2018 Russia–United States summit|summit]] in Helsinki, Finland July 16, 2018.]]
On June 8, 2018, Trump called for Russia to be readmitted to the [[Group of Seven|G-7]], from which it was expelled after the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian annexation of Crimea]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=DeYoung |first1=Karen |title=In Trump, some fear the end of the world order |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-trump-some-fear-the-end-of-the-world-order/2018/06/08/d6026dde-6b44-11e8-bf8c-f9ed2e672adf_story.html |access-date=June 9, 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 9, 2018}}</ref>
Trump's public statements during his [[2018 Russia–United States summit|first formal meeting]] with Putin in Helsinki on July 16, 2018, drew criticism from the Democratic members of the U.S. Congress and a number of former senior intelligence officials as well as some ranking members of the Republican party for appearing to have sided with Putin rather than accepting the findings of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election issued by the [[United States Intelligence Community]].<ref name="zurcher">{{cite news |last1=Zurcher |first1=Anthony |title=Trump-Putin summit: After Helsinki, the fallout at home |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44830012 |access-date=July 18, 2018 |work=BBC News |agency=BBC News Services |date=July 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/07/trump-putin/565238/|title=Trump Sides With the Kremlin, Against the U.S. Government|last=Calamur|first=Krishnadev|date=July 16, 2018|work=The Atlantic|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/trump-u-s-russia-putin-meeting-ties-never-worse/29367445.html Trump Hails Summit With Putin, Stirs Anger In Congress] Radio Liberty, July 16, 2018.</ref> Republican senator [[John McCain]] called the press conference "one of the most disgraceful performances by an American president in memory."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/16/politics/john-mccain-statement-trump-putin-summit/index.html|title=John McCain: Trump gave 'one of the most disgraceful performances by an American president in memory'|website=[[CNN]]|date=July 16, 2018}}</ref> The press around the world ran publications that tended to assess the news conference following the presidents′ two-hour meeting as an event at which Trump had "projected weakness".<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/17/europe/trump-putin-summit-newspaper-reaction-intl/index.html 'Putin's poodle:' Newspapers around the world react to Trump-Putin meeting] CNN, July 17, 2018.</ref>[[File:President Trump at the G20 (48144140002).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Donald Trump (center), U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] (left) [[2019 G20 Osaka summit|meet in Osaka]], [[Japan]] in June 2019.]]
In December 2019, the Trump administration imposed sanctions on businesses involved in the construction of [[Nord Stream 2]] natural gas pipeline from Russia to [[Germany]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump approves sanctions on builders of Russia-to-Europe gas pipelines|publisher=France24|date=December 20, 2019|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20191221-trump-approves-sanctions-builders-of-russia-to-europe-gas-pipelines-energy-security-germany-turkey-eu}}</ref> as the U.S. sought to sell more of its own [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) to European states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nord Stream 2: Trump approves sanctions on Russia gas pipeline |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50875935 |publisher=BBC News |date=December 21, 2019}}</ref> German Finance Minister [[Olaf Scholz]] called the sanctions "a severe intervention in German and European internal affairs", while the EU spokesman criticized "the imposition of sanctions against EU companies conducting legitimate business."<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany, EU decry US Nord Stream sanctions |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-eu-decry-us-nord-stream-sanctions/a-51759319 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=December 21, 2019}}</ref> Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] also criticized sanctions, saying that [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] "is literally overwhelmed with the desire to do everything to destroy" the U.S.–Russia relations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine and Russia look to strike new gas deal amid US sanctions threa |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/16/ukraine-and-russia-look-to-strike-gas-transit-deal.html?recirc=taboolainternal |work=CNBC |date=December 16, 2019}}</ref>
A June 2020 ''[[New York Times]]'' report, citing unnamed sources, stated that American intelligence officials assessed with medium confidence that Russian military intelligence unit [[Unit 29155|29155]] had [[Russian bounty program|supervised a bounty program]] paying [[Taliban]]-linked militants to kill foreign servicemembers, including Americans, in Afghanistan in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Outrage mounts over report Russia offered bounties to Afghanistan militants for killing US soldiers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/27/russia-offered-bounties-afghanistan-militants-killing-us-soldiers-report-outrage |access-date=June 27, 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=June 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why we need a little skepticism, and more evidence, on Russian bounties |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/505804-why-we-need-a-little-skepticism-and-more-evidence-on-russian |work=The Hill |date=July 7, 2020}}</ref> The bounty program reportedly resulted in the deaths of "several" U.S. soldiers,<ref name="WaPo20200628"/> but [[The Pentagon]]'s top leaders said that Russian bounty program has not been corroborated.<ref name="abc-bounty">{{cite news |title=Top Pentagon officials say Russian bounty program not corroborated |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/top-pentagon-officials-russian-bounty-program-corroborated/story?id=71694167 |publisher=ABC News |date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> The Taliban and Russia have both denied that the bounty program exists.<ref name="WaPo20200628" /> President [[Donald Trump]] and his aides denied that he was briefed on the intelligence. Director of National Intelligence [[John Ratcliffe (American politician)|John Ratcliffe]] said that Trump had not received a briefing on the bounty program. White House press secretary [[Kayleigh McEnany]] said the same.<ref name="WaPo20200628">{{cite news |last1=Nakashima |first1=Ellen |last2=DeYoung |first2=Karen |last3=Ryan |first3=Missy |last4=Hudson |first4=John |title=Russian bounties to Taliban-linked militants resulted in deaths of U.S. troops, according to intelligence assessments |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/russian-bounties-to-taliban-linked-militants-resulted-in-deaths-of-us-troops-according-to-intelligence-assessments/2020/06/28/74ffaec2-b96a-11ea-80b9-40ece9a701dc_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 28, 2020}}</ref> Secretary of Defense [[Mark Esper]] said that General [[Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr.|Kenneth McKenzie]], the commander of U.S. Central Command, and General [[Austin S. Miller|Scott Miller]], the top U.S. military commander in Afghanistan, did not think "the reports were credible as they dug into them."<ref name="abc-bounty"/> McKenzie said that he found no "causative link" between reported bounties to actual U.S. military deaths, but said a lack of proof is "often true in battlefield intelligence."<ref name="abc-bounty"/>
On July 1, 2020, following media reports of Taliban participation in an alleged Russian bounty program, the U.S. [[United States House Committee on Armed Services|House Armed Services Committee]] overwhelmingly voted in favor of an amendment to restrict President Trump's ability to withdraw U.S. troops from [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=House panel votes to constrain Afghan drawdown, ask for assessment on 'incentives' to attack US troops |url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/505568-house-panel-votes-to-constrain-afghan-drawdown-ask-for-assessment-on |work=The Hill |date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
On September 25, 2020, [[U.S. Air Force]] [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress|B-52]] bombers staged a mock attack run on [[Kaliningrad]], a Russian exclave locked between NATO countries. The simulated raid on the [[Kaliningrad Oblast|Kaliningrad region]] was a test case of destroying Russian air defense systems located in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Axe|first=David|title=U.S. Air Force B-52s Just Flew A Mock Bombing Run On Russia's Baltic Fortress|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2020/09/25/us-air-force-b-52s-just-flew-a-mock-bombing-run-on-russias-baltic-fortress/|date=September 25, 2020 |website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>
====Influence on the Trump Administration====
{{See also|Links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies}}
[[File:Vladimir Putin & Donald Trump in Helsinki, 16 July 2018 (10).jpg|thumb|The [[2018 Russia–United States summit|2018 Helsinki summit]]. Putin gifts Trump a [[Adidas Telstar 18#Telstar Mechta|Telstar Mechta]], the official match ball for the knockout stage of the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].]]
Shortly before the inauguration of President Trump, the [[Steele dossier]] was leaked to the public. Written by a [[Christopher Steele|private intelligence firm]] claiming to unearth a relationship between his [[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]] and the Russian government, the report alleged that the Russians possessed [[kompromat]] on Trump which could be used to [[blackmail]] him. It suggested the Kremlin had promised the campaign that compromising information would not be released if the Administration cooperated.<ref name="Withnall_Sengupta_1/12/2017">{{cite web|last1=Withnall|first1=Adam |last2=Sengupta |first2=Kim |title=The 10 key Donald Trump allegations from the classified Russia memos |website=[[The Independent]] |date=January 12, 2017 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-russia-10-allegations-dossier-kremlin-michael-cohen-sex-claims-intelligence-reports-a7522056.html |access-date=December 29, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bertrand_1/10/2017">{{cite web|last=Bertrand|first=Natasha |title=Trump briefed on unverified claims that Russian operatives have compromising information on him |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=January 10, 2017 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russians-say-they-have-compromising-information-on-trump-2017-1 |access-date=February 26, 2018}}</ref> Though the report was met with skepticism, the relationship between Russian leadership and the incoming Trump Administration became highly salient. Days later, [[Ynet]], an Israeli online news site, reported that U.S. intelligence had advised [[Israeli Intelligence Community|Israeli intelligence]] officers to be cautious about sharing information with the [[Presidential transition of Donald Trump|incoming Trump administration]] until the possibility of Russian influence over Trump had been fully investigated.<ref name="Bergman_1/12/2017">{{cite news |first=Ronen|last=Bergman |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4906642,00.html |title=US intel sources warn Israel against sharing secrets with Trump administration |newspaper=[[Ynetnews]] |date=January 12, 2017 |access-date=April 1, 2018}}</ref> Allegations of collusion between Trump associations and the Russian government continued to emerge well into his presidency.
Various [[links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies]] have been documented and heavily scrutinized, most notably former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn's [[United States v. Flynn#Contacts with the Russian ambassador, public statements about these|contacts with the Russian ambassador]]. Throughout his presidential tenure, Trump expressed both support and criticism of Russia's actions in Crimea,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump expects Russia to return Crimea to Ukraine: White House |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-ukraine/trump-expects-russia-to-return-crimea-to-ukraine-white-house-idUSKBN15T2IY |work=[[Reuters]] |date=February 14, 2017}}</ref> Syria,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump blames Putin for backing 'Animal Assad' |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/08/trump-putin-syria-attack-508223 |work=Politico |date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> Ukraine,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump criticizes Russia, calls for defense of Western civilization |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-usa-trump/trump-criticizes-russia-calls-for-defense-of-western-civilization-idUSKBN19R02Q |work=[[Reuters]] |date=July 6, 2017 |first1=Roberta |last1=Rampton |first2=Pawel |last2=Sobczak}}</ref> North Korea,<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Trump accuses Russia of helping North Korea evade sanctions; says U.S. needs more missile defense |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-exclusive/exclusive-trump-accuses-russia-of-helping-north-korea-evade-sanctions-says-u-s-needs-more-missile-defense-idUSKBN1F62KO |work=[[Reuters]] |date=January 17, 2018}}</ref> Venezuela,<ref>{{cite news |title=Venezuela crisis: Russia hits out at 'boorish' Trump |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47739503 |publisher=BBC News |date=March 28, 2019}}</ref> election meddling,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump vows to 'counteract' any Russia election meddling |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/world/Donald-Trump-Russia-election-meddling-/1068-4331686-h7mbxbz/index.html |publisher=Daily Nation |date=March 7, 2018}}</ref> Skripal poisoning,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump expelling 60 Russian diplomats in wake of UK nerve agent attack |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/26/politics/us-expel-russian-diplomats/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=March 26, 2018}}</ref> and oil drilling in Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump denies Exxon permission to drill for oil in Russia |last2=Egan |first2=Matt |last1=Borak |first1=Donna |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/04/21/news/companies/trump-exxon-russia-sanctions/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=April 21, 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Director of National Intelligence James Clapper.jpg|thumb|In May 2017, [[James Clapper]], the former Director of National Intelligence, told [[NBC]]'s ''Meet the Press'' that [[Russians]] are [[Russophobia|"almost genetically driven" to act deviously.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/james-clapper-trump-russia-ties-my-dashboard-warning-light-was-n765601|title=James Clapper on Trump-Russia Ties: 'My Dashboard Warning Light Was Clearly On |publisher=NBC News|date=May 28, 2017}}</ref>]]
Several operatives and lawyers in the U.S. intelligence community reacted strongly to Trump's performance at the summit, describing it as "subservien[ce] to Putin" and "a fervent defense of Russia's military and cyber aggression around the world, and its violation of international law in Ukraine". Some framed Trump's conduct as harmful to U.S. interests and an asset to Russian interests, suggesting that he was a "useful idiot" to Putin,<ref name="Sheth_8/30/2019">{{cite web| last=Sheth | first=Sonam | title=US spies say Trump's G7 performance suggests he's either a 'Russian asset' or a 'useful idiot' for Putin | website=[[Business Insider]] |date=August 30, 2019 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/spies-react-trump-g7-summit-russian-asset-2019-8 |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref> and that he looked like "Putin's puppet".<ref name="Sheth_8/27/2019">{{cite web|last=Sheth|first=Sonam |title=Russia came out the winner of this year's G7 summit, and Trump looked like 'Putin's puppet' | website=[[Business Insider]] | date=August 27, 2019 | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-was-the-winner-g7-trump-crimea-2019-8 |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref> Former [[Director of National Intelligence]] [[James Clapper]] wondered "if Russians have something on Trump",<ref name="CNN_7/19/2018">{{cite web|title=Clapper: I wonder if Russians have something on Trump |website=[[CNN]] |date=July 19, 2018 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2018/07/19/james-clapper-trump-helsinki-behavior-putin-bpr-vpx.cnn |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref> and former CIA director [[John O. Brennan]] accused Trump of treason, tweeting: "He is wholly in the pocket of Putin."<ref name="Sevastopulo_Hille_7/20/2018">{{cite web|last1=Sevastopulo|first1=Demetri |last2=Hille|first2=Kathrin |title=Trump-Putin: Will Helsinki prove a turning point for the Republicans? |website=[[Financial Times]] |date=July 20, 2018 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/19415d54-8c05-11e8-b18d-0181731a0340 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/UadxM |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref> In January 2019, former acting CIA director [[Michael Morell]] called Trump "an unwitting agent of the Russian federation", echoing the sentiments of former CIA director [[Michael Hayden (general)|Michael V. Hayden]].<ref name="Boot_1/13/2019">{{cite news|last=Boot|first=Max|author-link=Max Boot |title=Here are 18 reasons Trump could be a Russian asset |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 13, 2019 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/here-are-18-reasons-why-trump-could-be-a-russian-asset/2019/01/13/45b1b250-174f-11e9-88fe-f9f77a3bcb6c_story.html |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref> House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] suggested then-President Trump's behavior was part of a pattern: "All roads lead to Putin."<ref name="DeBonis_Kim_10/17/2019">{{cite news|last1=DeBonis|first1=Mike |last2=Kim|first2=Seung Min |title='All roads lead to Putin': Pelosi questions Trump's loyalty in White House clash |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 17, 2019 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/pelosi-recalls-clash-with-trump-says-she-was-probably-telling-him-that-all-roads-lead-to-putin/2019/10/17/fdbde8d2-f0f2-11e9-8693-f487e46784aa_story.html |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref>
===Biden administration (2021–present)===
{{see also|Political positions of Joe Biden#Russia|Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration#Russia}}
Following the arrest of Russian opposition leader [[Alexei Navalny]] on January 17, 2021, [[Jake Sullivan]], Biden's national security advisor, stated: "Mr. Navalny should be immediately released, and the perpetrators of the outrageous attack on his life must be held accountable. The Kremlin's attacks on Mr. Navalny are not just a violation of human rights, but an affront to the Russian people who want their voices heard."<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 19, 2021|title=In A Response To Navalny's Arrest, Clues To Biden's Russia Policy |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/in-response-to-navalny-arrest-clues-to-biden-russia-policy/31052846.html|access-date=January 25, 2021|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|language=en}}</ref>
On the day of Biden's inauguration, Russia urged the new administration to take a "more constructive" approach in talks over the extension of the [[New START|2010 New START treaty]], accusing the Trump administration of "deliberately and intentionally" dismantling international arms control agreements and attacking its "counterproductive and openly aggressive" approach in talks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 20, 2021|title=Russia Urges Biden to Be 'More Constructive' Over Arms Treaty |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/01/20/russia-urges-biden-to-be-more-constructive-over-arms-treaty-a72675 |access-date=January 25, 2021|website=[[The Moscow Times]]|language=en}}</ref> On January 26, Biden and Putin agreed that they would extend by five years the New START treaty, which would otherwise have expired in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2021|title=Renewed US-Russia nuke pact won't fix emerging arms threats |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-politics-nuclear-weapons-north-korea-vladimir-putin-41891565c23d7ff99f5c575080c7ed6a |access-date=January 28, 2021|website=[[Associated Press]]|language=en}}</ref>
On 17 March 2021, the Russian foreign ministry announced that Russia had recalled [[List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States|its ambassador to the U.S.]], [[Anatoly Antonov]], for "consultations" in a move that was characterized by the ministry's spokesperson as being without precedent for a Russia ambassador to the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 17, 2021|title=Захарова "не припомнит", чтобы посла РФ в США раньше приглашали в Москву на консультации|url=https://tass.ru/politika/10930299|access-date=March 18, 2021|website=[[TASS]]|language=ru}}</ref> The recall came after Biden said he thought that Putin was "a killer" and said he would "pay the price" for the [[Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections|interference in the 2020 U.S. election]], which had been confirmed by a declassified [[Director of National Intelligence|DNI]] [[Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections#The 2021 DNI report|report released the previous day]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 17, 2021|title=Russia recalls envoy after Biden remarks about Putin|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56430049 |access-date=March 18, 2021|website=[[BBC]]|language=en}}</ref> The State Department commented on the recall by saying that while the U.S. would work with Russia to advance U.S. interests, they would "be able to hold Russia accountable for any of their malign actions".<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 17, 2021|title=Department Press Briefing – March 17, 2021|url=https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-march-17-2021/ |access-date=March 18, 2021|website=state.gov|language=en}}</ref>
On April 15, the U.S. announced the expulsion of 10 Russian diplomats and imposed sanctions on six Russian technology companies as well as 32 other individuals and entities. The new sanctions also targeted [[OFZ (bond)|ruble-denominated sovereign debt]]. Nevertheless, the economic punishments were assessed by observers as "more bark than bite" and likely to be "largely symbolic", with the ruble even rebounding against the dollar on the news. Biden commented the United States "could have gone further" with the sanctions, but that he had opted for a milder form of sovereign-debt sanctions for now because he wanted to avoid a “cycle of escalation and conflict."<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 16, 2021|title=U.S. Sanctions On Russian Debt Still 'More Bark Than Bite,' Analysts Say|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/united-states-sanctions-on-russian-debt-still-more-bark-than-bite-analysts-say/31207797.html |access-date=April 18, 2021|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|language=en}}</ref> Russia retaliated the following day, expelling 10 U.S. diplomats and suggesting the [[John J. Sullivan (diplomat)|U.S. ambassador]] return home for consultations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 17, 2021|title=Russia, retaliating against Washington, asks 10 U.S. diplomats to leave |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/kremlin-says-putin-decide-counter-sanctions-against-washington-2021-04-16/|access-date=April 18, 2021|website=[[Reuters]]|language=en}}</ref>
On May 19, the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden administration]] lifted sanctions on the [[Nord Stream#Nord Stream 2|Nord Stream 2]] gas pipeline that was being built between Russia and [[Germany]]. While President Biden believed the project was bad, the U.S. State Department explained it had concluded that it was in the "U.S. national interest" to waive the sanctions.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-20|title=Nord Stream 2: Biden waives US sanctions on Russian pipeline|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57180674|access-date=2021-05-20}}</ref>
In May 2021, Biden and Putin agreed to meet as the relationship between the countries was being assessed to be at the lowest point since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sanger |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/us/politics/biden-putin-summit.html |title=Biden and Putin to meet in mid-June in a summit fraught with tensions |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2021-05-25}}</ref> At the [[2021 Russia–United States summit|meeting in Geneva in mid-June]], the countries′ leaders reached an agreement to return their ambassadors to their posts in each other's capitals, no progress was made in overcoming the major points of contention.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Madhani |first1=Aamer |last2=Lemire |first2=Johnathan |last3=Isachenkov |first3=Vladimir |date=2021-06-17 |title='Practical work' summit for Biden, Putin: No punches or hugs |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-putin-summit-23e73d69f1a7ca338850736a9cf032f5}}</ref>
On August 21, the Department of State imposed increased sanctions on Russia for alleged poisoning of Alexei Navalny. These sanctions include a ban on ammunition imports into the United States, as well as restrictions of [[Small arms trade|small arm]] sales.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact Sheet: United States Imposes Additional Costs on Russia for the Poisoning of Aleksey Navalny|url=https://www.state.gov/fact-sheet-united-states-imposes-additional-costs-on-russia-for-the-poisoning-of-aleksey-navalny/|access-date=2021-08-24|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}</ref>
On 1 December 2021, Russia's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Foreign Ministry]] told US diplomats who have been working in Moscow for more than three years, to leave the country by 31 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Teslova |first=Elena |date=1 December 2021 |title=Russia orders longtime US Embassy staff to leave country by Jan. 31 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/russia-orders-longtime-us-embassy-staff-to-leave-country-by-jan-31/2435762 |access-date= |website=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref> The move came in response to news on 28 November 2021 that the US would be expelling 27 Russian diplomatic staff by the end of January 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-28|title=Moscow says 27 more Russian diplomats due to leave U.S. in January|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/moscow-says-27-russian-more-diplomats-due-leave-us-january-2021-11-28/|access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref>
On 21 February 2023, Russian President Vladimir Putin suspended the New START agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia suspends New START - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Russia+suspends+New+START |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>
==== 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis ====
{{Main|2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis}}
[[File:Secretary Blinken Meets With Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov (51719522528).jpg|thumb|Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] meets with U.S. Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] on December 2, 2021]]
[[File:Talks between Vladimir Putin and President of the United States Joseph Biden.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] holds a video call with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on December 7, 2021]]
In late 2021 and early 2022, Russian troops build up along the Russo-Ukrainian border, resulted in renewed tensions between Russia and NATO. Senior officials of the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden administration]] reported that Russia had only withdrawn a few thousand troops since the previous military buildup in early 2021. ''The New York Times'' estimated over 80,000 Russian troops still remain at the Russo-Ukrainian border by September 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Helene |last2=Barnes |first2=Julian E. |date=5 May 2021 |title=80,000 Russian Troops Remain at Ukraine Border as U.S. and NATO Hold Exercises |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/us/politics/biden-putin-russia-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114225637/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/us/politics/biden-putin-russia-ukraine.html |archive-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> The Kremlin has repeatedly denied that it has any plans to invade Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 November 2021 |title=Kremlin denies plans to invade Ukraine, alleges NATO threats |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/12/russia-kremlin-ukraine-nato-threats-521031 |url-status=live |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219195654/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/12/russia-kremlin-ukraine-nato-threats-521031 |archive-date=19 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="denies">{{cite news |last1=Isachenkov |first1=Vladimir |last2=Karmanau |first2=Yuras |date=17 January 2022 |title=Russia denies looking for pretext to invade Ukraine |work=[[ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/russia-denies-pretext-invade-ukraine-82306615 |url-status=live |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122130242/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/russia-denies-pretext-invade-ukraine-82306615 |archive-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
On 30 November 2021, Putin stated that an [[Enlargement of NATO|expansion of NATO's presence in Ukraine]], especially the deployment of any [[Ballistic missile|long-range missiles]] capable of striking Russian cities or [[United States national missile defense|missile defence systems]] similar to those in Romania and Poland, would be a "red line" issue for the Kremlin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine 'red lines', Putin says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/russia-will-act-if-nato-countries-cross-ukraine-red-lines-putin-says |work=The Guardian |date=30 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin's 'Red Lines' Over Ukraine |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43334/nato-pushes-back-against-russian-president-putins-red-lines-over-ukraine |work=The Drive |date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/putin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30/ |work=Reuters |date=30 November 2021}}</ref> Putin asked President [[Joe Biden]] for legal guarantees that NATO wouldn't expand eastward or put "weapons systems that threaten us in close vicinity to Russian territory."<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2021-12-01/russia-says-its-worried-about-ukrainian-military-buildup |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=1 December 2021}}</ref> The U.S. rejected Putin's demands.<ref>{{cite news |title=US will help to end Ukraine conflict with Russia, Biden tells Kyiv |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/12/10/president-joe-biden-speaks-to-ukraine-s-zelenskyy-on-donbas-nato |work=Euronews |date=10 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589 |work=BBC News |date=10 December 2021}}</ref>
Biden and Putin discussed the crisis over the course of a 50-minute phone call on December 30, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-30|title=Biden and Putin exchange warnings during phone call amid rising Ukraine tensions|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/30/biden-putin-call-russia-us-ukraine-tensions|access-date=2022-01-10|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Bilateral talks began in [[Geneva]] on 10 January 2022, to discuss the crisis in Ukraine as well as longstanding Russians concerns regarding NATO postering in Eastern Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-10|title=EXPLAINER: Main issues at Russia-US security talks|url=https://apnews.com/article/business-russia-ukraine-geneva-united-states-2654cdd8d85a40bcb4adbe9e50c02b2a|access-date=2022-01-10|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> The talks were led by Russian Deputy Foreign Minister [[Sergei Ryabkov]] and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State [[Wendy Sherman]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-30|title=Senior officials to lead Russia-U.S. security talks in Geneva on Jan. 10|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/senior-officials-lead-russia-us-security-talks-geneva-jan-10-2021-12-30/|access-date=2022-01-02}}</ref> On January 31, 2022 both the United States and Russia discussed the crisis at an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council.<ref>{{Cite web|last=France-Presse|first=Agence|date=2022-01-31|title=UN security council meets to discuss Ukraine crisis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/31/un-security-council-meets-to-discuss-ukraine-crisis|access-date=2022-01-31|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The discussion was tense, with both sides accusing the other of stoking tensions.
The United States government increased military support to Ukraine through a $650 million arms deal.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 January 2022|title=U.S. approves allied weapons shipments to Ukraine as worries mount|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/19/us-allies-ukraine-weapons-russia-invasion-527375|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123225339/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/19/us-allies-ukraine-weapons-russia-invasion-527375|archive-date=23 January 2022|access-date=24 January 2022|work=Politico}}</ref> U.S. Secretary of Defense [[Lloyd Austin]] and [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Chairman]] of the Joint Chiefs of Staff [[Mark Milley]] threatened U.S. support for an anti-Russian insurgency within Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Helene |title=US considers backing an insurgency if Russia invades Ukraine |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/us-considers-backing-an-insurgency-if-russia-invades-ukraine-444983 |work=The New York Times |date=15 January 2022 |access-date=23 January 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123171222/https://www.wionews.com/world/us-considers-backing-an-insurgency-if-russia-invades-ukraine-444983 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Biden administration approved deliveries of American-made [[FIM-92 Stinger]] [[surface-to-air missile]]s to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Charap|first1=Samuel|last2=Scott|first2=Boston|date=21 January 2022|title=U.S. Military Aid to Ukraine: A Silver Bullet?|work=[[RAND Corporation]]|url=https://www.rand.org/blog/2022/01/us-military-aid-to-ukraine-a-silver-bullet.html|url-status=live|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122105440/https://www.rand.org/blog/2022/01/us-military-aid-to-ukraine-a-silver-bullet.html|archive-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> The government threatened severe sanctions against Russia as well as personal sanctions against Putin and his allies.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Michael Crowley|author2=Edward Wong|date=January 29, 2022|title=U.S. Sanctions Aimed at Russia Could Take a Wide Toll|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/29/us/politics/russia-sanctions-economy.html}}</ref> The United States also threatened to halt the opening of the [[Nord Stream 2]] pipeline that would send Russian [[natural gas]] to Germany, "if Russia invades Ukraine one way or another."<ref>{{cite news |title=Nord Stream 2 will not move forward if Russia invades Ukraine -State Dept |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/nord-stream-2-will-not-move-forward-if-russia-invades-ukraine-state-dept-2022-01-27/ |work=Reuters |date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
In January 2022, the United States accused Russia of sending [[Sabotage|saboteurs]] into Ukraine to stage "a false-flag operation" that would create a pretext for Russia to invade Ukraine. Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] dismissed the U.S. claim as "total disinformation."<ref name="denies" /> On 4 February 2022, Lavrov dismissed as "nonsense" and "craziness" allegations by the United States that Russia was preparing a fake video of the Ukrainian forces attacking the separatist-held [[Donbas]] as a pretext for starting a war in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia slams US' words about plans to justify alleged invasion of Ukraine as nonsense |url=https://tass.com/world/1398157 |work=[[TASS]] |date=4 February 2022}}</ref>
On 19 January 2022, President Biden said that he believed Russia would invade Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 January 2022|title=Biden predicts Russia will invade Ukraine|work=NBC News|publisher=|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/blinken-ukraine-russia-attack-short-notice-invasion-fears-mount-rcna12691|url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121105350/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/blinken-ukraine-russia-attack-short-notice-invasion-fears-mount-rcna12691|archive-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> Biden said a full-scale invasion of Ukraine would be "the most consequential thing that's happened in the world in terms of war and peace" since [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Joe Biden thinks Russia will attack Ukraine – but will face a 'stiff price' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/19/russia-could-act-against-ukraine-at-any-moment-says-us |work=The Guardian |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122112550/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/19/russia-could-act-against-ukraine-at-any-moment-says-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Biden and Ukrainian President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] disagreed on how imminent the threat was.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine crisis: US president Joe Biden tells Zelensky to 'prepare' for Russian invasion |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/ukraine-crisis-us-president-joe-biden-tells-zelensky-to-prepare-for-russian-invasion/2E55YU5QFBU2IW7EPLC5O2O67Y/ |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=28 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine's president told Biden to 'calm down' Russian invasion warnings, saying he was creating unwanted panic: report |url=https://news.yahoo.com/ukraines-president-told-biden-calm-104928095.html |work=Yahoo News |date=28 January 2022}}</ref> On 10 February 2022, Biden urged all American citizens in Ukraine to leave immediately.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 February 2022|title=Biden warns Americans in Ukraine to leave, says sending troops to evacuate would be 'world war'|work=[[NBC]]|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-warns-americans-leave-ukraine-russia-troops-world-war-rcna15781}}</ref> On 11 February 2022, Biden's national security advisor [[Jake Sullivan]] publicly warned about the likelihood of a Russian invasion of Ukraine prior to the end the [[2022 Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Desk|first=NPR Washington|date=2022-02-11|title=Russia could begin an invasion before the Olympics end, Biden adviser says|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/11/1080164367/russia-ukraine-invasion-olympics-sullivan|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref>
The [[Chicago Council on Global Affairs]] poll, conducted on 7–26 July 2021, found that 50% of Americans supported the use of [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. troops]] to defend Ukraine if Russia invaded the rest of the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Half of Americans Support Use of US Troops in Defense of Ukraine |url=https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/commentary-and-analysis/blogs/half-americans-support-use-us-troops-defense-ukraine |work=[[Chicago Council on Global Affairs]] |date=September 14, 2021}}</ref>
In December 2021, a [[Levada Center]] poll found that about 50% of Russians believed that the U.S. and NATO were responsible for the Russo-Ukrainian crisis, while 16% blamed Ukraine and just 4% blamed Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine crisis: Russians hope for peace as the world talks of war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/27/ukraine-crisis-russians-hope-for-peace-as-the-world-talks-of-war |work=Al Jazeera |date=27 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russian public doesn't want war, but is anyone listening? |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/0204/The-Russian-public-doesn-t-want-war-but-is-anyone-listening |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor|The Monitor]] |date=4 February 2022}}</ref>
In February 2022, according to the White House, US President Joe Biden stated in a video conference with Russian President Vladimir Putin that if Russia invades Ukraine, Washington and its allies will respond "decisively and impose fast and severe penalties."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alsaafin |first1=Linah |last2=Uras |first2=Umut |title=Biden warns Putin of 'severe costs' of Ukraine invasion |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/12/biden-putin-us-russia-ukraine-tensions-liveblog |access-date=12 February 2022 |work=Al Jazeera |agency=AL Jazeera |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=12 February 2022}}</ref>
[[File:President Biden at Camp David February 12 2022.jpg|thumb|A majority of Americans disapprove of President [[Joe Biden]]’s handling of the Russo-Ukrainian crisis.<ref>{{cite news |title=AP-NORC poll: More support for Ukraine, concern about Russia |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-business-europe-united-states-6809084d9c82fa290dc09032b4980acb |work=Associated Press |date=23 March 2022}}</ref>]]
On February 16, 2022, the US State Department stated that Russia is seeking to establish a "pretext" for invading Ukraine by making unsubstantiated claims of "genocide" and mass graves in Ukraine's eastern Donbas region.<ref>{{cite news |title=US accuses Moscow of creating Ukraine invasion pretext with 'genocide' claims |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220216-us-accuses-moscow-of-creating-ukraine-invasion-pretext-with-genocide-claims |access-date=16 February 2022 |work=France 24 |agency=France 24 |publisher=France 24 |date=16 February 2022}}</ref>
On February 20, 2022, the US secretary of state showed his concern about the continuation of Russian military drills in Belarus. According to Antony Blinken, Moscow's decision to keep roughly 30,000 troops in Belarus, near to Ukraine, amid increased tensions in the east justifies US's concerns.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine tensions: US sounds fresh alarm over Russia invasion fears |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60454818 |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=BBC News |agency=BBC News |publisher=BBC News |date=20 February 2022}}</ref>
On February 22, 2022, US President Joe Biden criticized Russia's [[International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic|recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic]] as "the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine" and announced sanctions against on banks VEB and [[Promsvyazbank]] and comprehensive sanctions on Russia's sovereign debt in response.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What to know about new U.S. sanctions targeting Russia over Ukraine|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-sanctions-ukraine-us-biden/|access-date=2022-02-23|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
====Russian invasion of Ukraine and significantly increased tensions ====
{{main|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
[[File:-StopPutinNow Rally NYC (51903882696).jpg|thumb|Protest against the war outside the Russian Consulate in New York City on February 24, 2022]]
On February 24, 2022, Russia launched an invasion of Ukraine opening fire with explosive ordinance and hitting several residential buildings, by the 25th the invading army had taken all of the Chernobyl exclusion zone and began to attack the Ukrainian capital with high resistance from both the Ukrainian military and a makeshift militia. On February 26, President Joe Biden authorized the US State Department to deliver up to $350 million in weapons from US stockpiles to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holland |first1=Steve |last2=Stone |first2=Mike |date=26 February 2022 |title=Biden approves $350 million in military aid for Ukraine |work=[[Reuters]] |publisher= |agency= |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-approves-350-million-military-aid-ukraine-2022-02-26/ |access-date=}}</ref>
President Joe Biden rejected the idea of a NATO-enforced [[no-fly zone]] over Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilkinson |first=Tracy |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ukraine wants a no-fly zone. Why do the U.S. and NATO reject the idea? |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-03-08/no-fly-zone-ukraine-russia-biden-nato}}</ref>
On February 26, 2022, the deputy head of Russia's Security Council chaired by President Vladimir Putin, warned that Moscow may retaliate to Western sanctions by withdrawing from the most recent nuclear arms treaty with the US, severing diplomatic ties with Western nations, and freezing their assets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Senior Russian security official issues stark threats to the West |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/26/senior-russian-security-official-issues-stark-threats-to-the-west |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=Al Jazeera |agency=AP |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=26 February 2022}}</ref>
On February 28, 2022, the U.S., during a meeting with the U.N., asked the Russian ambassador, [[Vasily Nebenzya]], to remove 12 Russian diplomats from the U.S. under claims of abuse of power.
On March 4, 2022, the United States and its allies strongly denounced Russia at the United Nations on Friday for shelling and seizing Europe's largest nuclear power facility overnight in Ukraine, and some insisted that Moscow not allow such an action to happen again.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pamuk |first1=Humeyra |last2=Chiacu |first2=Doina |date=5 March 2022 |title=U.S., allies slam Russia at U.N. over its seizure of Ukraine nuclear plant |work=[[Reuters]] |publisher= |agency= |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/un-security-council-hold-emergency-meeting-after-russian-attack-nuclear-plant-2022-03-04/ |access-date=}}</ref>
On March 13, 2022, President Biden's National Security Adviser [[Jake Sullivan]] warned of a full-fledged [[NATO]] response if Russia were to hit any part of NATO territory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia Hitting NATO Even Accidentally Will Spur 'Full' Response: Sullivan |url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-hitting-nato-even-accidentally-will-spur-full-response-sullivan-1687559 |first=Fatma |last=Khaled |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=13 March 2022 }}</ref>
[[File:Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg|thumb|right|260px|The United States is on Russia's "[[Unfriendly Countries List]]" (red). Countries and territories on the list have imposed or joined [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|sanctions against Russia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia outlines plan for 'unfriendly' investors to sell up at half-price |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/russia-outlines-plan-unfriendly-investors-sell-up-half-price-2022-12-30/ |work=Reuters |date=30 December 2022}}</ref>]]
The poll, conducted by [[NPR]]/[[Ipsos]] between 18–21 March 2022, found that only 36% of Americans approved the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden administration]]'s response to the invasion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Most Americans don't like Biden's Ukraine response and worry about inflation |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/24/1088568802/russia-ukraine-biden-approval-rating-poll-numbers-inflation?t=1648198969870 |work=[[NPR]] |date=24 March 2022}}</ref>
On April 28, 2022, President Biden asked Congress for an additional $33 billion dollars to assist Ukraine, including $20 billion to provide weapons to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=War in Ukraine: U.S. dramatically upgrades its aid package to Kyiv |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/04/29/war-in-ukraine-u-s-dramatically-upgrades-its-aid-package-to-kyiv_5981990_4.html |work=[[Le Monde]] |date=April 29, 2022}}</ref>
On July 6, 2022, the speaker of the [[Russian Parliament]] threatened the US about the possible "[[Alaska Purchase|return]]" of [[Alaska]] to [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2022/07/06/russian-politician-threatens-to-retaliate-against-us-sanctions-by-reclaiming-alaska/|title=Russian politician threatens to retaliate against US sanctions by niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger Alaska|work=[[Anchorage Daily News]]|language=en|date=2022-07-06|accessdate=July 6, 2022}}</ref>
On September 21, 2022, President Putin warned the US and NATO during his [[2022 Russian mobilization|partial mobilization]] speech regarding Russia's ability to use nuclear weapons, stating that if Russia's "territorial integrity" was threatened, Russia would "certainly make use of all weapon systems available" to them.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Read Putin's national address on a partial military mobilization |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/21/putin-speech-russia-ukraine-war-mobilization/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
On January 25, 2023, the Biden administration decided to supply 31 [[M1 Abrams]] tanks to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berlin |first=Michael R. Gordon and Gordon Lubold in Washington and Bojan Pancevski in |title=U.S., Germany Approve Sending Tanks to Ukraine |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/germany-agrees-to-send-tanks-to-ukraine-11674643787 |access-date=2023-02-09 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=January 25, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>
In February 2023, the [[United States]] stepped up efforts to pressure the countries, including [[Turkey]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]], to stop the commercial activities that had been benefiting Russia and helping them to evade western sanctions. Turkey, a [[NATO]] member, and the United Arab Emirates, a close ally of the US, resisted Western pressure to impose sanctions on Russia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/04/world/middleeast/us-turkey-uae-russia-sanctions.html|title=U.S. Presses Partners to Weed Out Illicit Trade With Russia|work=The New York Times |date=February 4, 2023 |accessdate=4 February 2023|last1=Hubbard |first1=Ben }}</ref>
==Russian and U.S. intelligence operations==
[[File:RIAN archive 793499 Exhibition of remains of U.S. U-2 spy-in-the-sky aircraft.jpg|thumb|Military attaches of foreign embassies visiting the exhibition of remains of U.S. [[Lockheed U-2|U-2 reconnaissance aircraft]] destroyed on May 1, 1960 near Sverdlovsk (formerly [[Yekaterinburg]]). ]]
{{main|Soviet espionage in the United States|Russian espionage in the United States|CIA activities in the Soviet Union|American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation}}
{{see also|Illegals Program}}
The Soviet Union's systemic espionage efforts in the U.S. began in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Andrew |first1=Christopher |last2=Mitrokhin |first2=Vasili |date=1999 |title=The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |page=15 |isbn=0-465-00312-5 }}</ref>
In April 2015, CNN reported that "Russian hackers" had "penetrated sensitive parts of the White House" computers in "recent months." It was said that the FBI, the Secret Service, and other U.S. intelligence agencies categorized the attacks "among the most sophisticated attacks ever launched against U.S. government systems."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Evan Perez |last2=Shimon Prokupecz |title=How the U.S. thinks Russians hacked the White House |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/07/politics/how-russians-hacked-the-wh/index.html |access-date=December 17, 2016 |work=CNN |date=April 8, 2015 |quote=Russian hackers behind the damaging cyber intrusion of the State Department in recent months used that perch to penetrate sensitive parts of the White House computer system, according to U.S. officials briefed on the investigation.}}</ref>
In 2017, a cybersecurity specialist working in the [[Federal Security Service]] was arrested by Russian authorities on suspicion of passing information to U.S. intelligence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Police Arrest Alleged U.S. Spy Working in Heart of Russian Cybersecurity|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/americas-alleged-spy-in-the-heart-of-russian-cybersecurity-56945|work=[[Moscow Times]]|date=January 26, 2017}}</ref>
In June 2019, Russia said that its [[Electricity sector in Russia|electrical grid]] has been under cyber-attack by the United States. The ''New York Times'' reported that American hackers from the [[United States Cyber Command]] planted malware potentially capable of disrupting the Russian electrical grid.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Not To Prevent a Cyberwar With Russia |url=https://www.wired.com/story/russia-cyberwar-escalation-power-grid/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=June 18, 2019}}</ref>
==Mutual perceptions by the countries' populations==
{{see also|Anti-American sentiment in Russia|Anti-Russian sentiment in the United States}}
[[File:Barack Obama at the New Economic School graduation.jpg|thumb|240px|President Obama greets attendees at the [[New Economic School]] graduation in Gostinny Dvor, Moscow, July 7, 2009]]
A poll by the [[University of Maryland, College Park]], released early July 2009 found that only 2 percent of Russians had "a lot of confidence" that U.S. president [[Barack Obama]] would do the right thing in world affairs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE5640IZ20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=Obama agrees arms cuts, Afghan transit with Russia |date=July 6, 2009 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=April 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105953/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-obama-russia-idUSTRE5640IZ20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 |archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref> Russian media has criticized the United States over the past years for pursuing an [[National missile defense#Recent developments|anti-missile system in Europe]], for favoring [[Enlargement of NATO|NATO expansion]] and for supporting [[2008 Georgia-Russia War|Georgia in its armed conflict with Russia in 2008]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Stott |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE56416N20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=Chilly welcome awaits Obama in Russia |publisher=Reuters |date=July 6, 2009 |access-date=April 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210205639/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/06/us-russia-usa-mood-sb-idUSTRE56416N20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 |archive-date=December 10, 2013}}</ref>
[[File:History of NATO enlargement.svg|thumb|Russians have criticized the United States over the past years for favoring [[Enlargement of NATO|NATO's eastward expansion]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Don't Isolate Us: A Russian View of NATO Expansion |journal=The National Interest |volume=No. 47 (Spring 1997) |pages=58–63 |jstor=42896937 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42896937|last1=Pushkov |first1=Alexei K. |year=1997 |issue=47 }}</ref>]]
Prior to 2014, the Russian press expressed varying opinions of Russia–United States relations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://watchingamerica.com/News/205785/us-still-has-a-chance/ |title=US Still Has a Chance |last=Gavrov |first=Sergei |date=April 30, 2013 |publisher=Vzglyad, Russia |access-date=April 30, 2013}}</ref>
Russian media treatment of America ranged from doctrinaire<ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/izvestia000009.shtml |title=Truman and Churchill No Better Than Stalin |last=Orlov |first=Dmitriy |date=July 31, 2009 |publisher=[[Izvestia]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> and nationalistic<ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/argumentyifacty000006.shtml |title=Obama Presidency Marks End of Western Civilization |last=Trostnikov |first=Victor |date=January 21, 2009 |publisher=[[Argumenty i Fakty]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> to very positive toward the United States and the West.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/gazetaru000015.shtml |title=Russia's Elite Must Embrace New Era with U.S. |last=Novoprudski |first=Semen |date=October 17, 2009 |publisher=[[Gazeta.ru]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/yezhednevniyzhurnal000002.shtml |title=Shall Russians Praise or Curse 'Those Treacherous Yankees'? |last=Golz |first=Alexander |date=September 18, 2009 |publisher=Yezhednevniy Zhurnal, Russia |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/kommersant000040.shtml |title=Russians Shouldn't Be Happy About America's Afghan Misfortune |last=Markedonov |first=Sergey |date=October 19, 2009 |publisher=[[Kommersant]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/vedomosti000001.shtml |title=Obama: The Color of Change for Both Russia and Europe |date=November 6, 2008 |publisher=[[Vedomosti]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> In 2013, 51 percent of Russians had a favorable view of the U.S., down from 57 percent in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/181/ |title=Opinion of the United States |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref>
niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerThe opinion polls taken by the independent [[Levada Center]] in January 2015,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/ |title=Opinions in Russia |newspaper=Washington Post |date=March 8, 2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016 |archive-date=July 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709073210/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> showed 81 percent of Russians tended to hold negative views of the U.S., a number that had nearly doubled over the previous 12 months and that was by far the highest negative rating since the center started tracking those views in 1988, as well as surpassing any time since the [[Stalin]] era, according to observers.<ref name="Antifever">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russias-anti-us-sentiment-now-is-even-worse-than-it-was-in-soviet-union/2015/03/08/b7d534c4-c357-11e4-a188-8e4971d37a8d_story.html |title=Russia's anti-American fever goes beyond the Soviet era's |last=Birnbaum |first=Michael |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 8, 2015 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This contrasts with only 7 percent of Russians in April 1990 who said they had bad or somewhat bad attitudes towards the U.S.<ref>"[https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/ Anti-American Sentiment on the Rise in Russia]". ''The Wall Street Journal''. June 5, 2014.</ref> Likewise, the figures published by [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] in February 2015 showed a significant rise in anti-Russian sentiment in the U.S.: the proportion of Americans who considered Russia as a "critical military threat" had over the 12 months increased from 32 to 49 percent, and, for the first time in many years, Russia topped the list of America's perceived external enemies, ahead of North Korea, China and Iran, with 18 percent of U.S. residents putting Russia at the top of the list of the "United States' greatest enemy today".<ref name="Gallup">{{cite news |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/181568/americans-increasingly-russia-threat-top-enemy.aspx |title=Americans Increasingly See Russia as Threat, Top U.S. Enemy |date=February 16, 2015 |publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]}}</ref> Public opinion polls taken by the [[Pew Research Center]] showed that favorable U.S. public opinion of Russia was at 22 percent in 2015. The most negative view of Russia was at 19 percent in 2014, and the most positive view at 49 percent in 2010 and 2011.<ref name="United States' opinion">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/27/country/233/ |title=Global Indicators Database: Opinion of Russia |work=Pew Research Center |date=2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref> The most negative view of the United States was at 15 percent in 2015, while the most positive view was at 61 percent in 2002.<ref name="Russia's opinion">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/181/ |title=Global Indicators Database: Opinion of the United States |work=Pew Research Center |date=2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref>
US public opinion regarding Russia has changed substantially over the past 25 years. A Gallup poll from 1992 to 2017 shows 62% of American respondents having a favorable view of Russia in 1992, and 29% having an unfavorable view. In 2017, 70% of American respondents had an unfavorable view of Russia, and 28% had a favorable view.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=http://news.gallup.com/poll/1642/russia.aspx |title=Russia |last=Inc. |first=Gallup |work=Gallup.com|access-date=November 2, 2017 |language=en-us}}</ref> A February 2023 Gallup poll found that 9% of Americans have a favorable view of Russia, and 51% view the military power of Russia as a critical threat, though this is down significantly from 59% a year prior.<ref>Reyes, G. (2023, March 21). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/greatest-threat-china-russia-climate-change-americans-weigh Our greatest threat: China, Russia or climate change? Americans weigh in]. Fox News. Retrieved May 2, 2023; Jones, J. (2023, March 13). [https://news.gallup.com/poll/471872/americans-favorable-rating-russia-sinks-new-low.aspx?utm_source=news&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=the_week_in_charts_send_3_march_03212023&utm_term=newsletter&utm_content=read_more_textlink_1 Americans' favorable rating of Russia sinks to new low of 9%]. Gallup. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</ref> A poll conducted by [[YouGov]] in 2015 found that only 11% of Americans believed that the Soviet Union contributed most to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|defeat of Nazi Germany]] in [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite news |title=People in Britain and the U.S. disagree on who did more to beat the Nazis |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2015/05/01/Britain-America-disagree-who-did-more-beat-nazis |work=YouGov |date=May 1, 2015}}</ref>
A 2017 survey conducted by the [[Pew Research Center]] showed 41% of Russians had a positive view of the US, only one of two countries surveyed where positive perception for the US increased; 52% expressed a negative view.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/ |title=1. The tarnished American brand |first1=Richard |last1=Wike |first2=Bruce |last2=Stokes |first3=Jacob |last3=Poushter |first4=Janell |last4=Fetterolf |date=June 26, 2017 }}</ref> The same study also showed 53% of Russians had confidence in the U.S. president [[Donald Trump]], compared to just 11% for former president [[Barack Obama]].<ref>[http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/u-s-image-suffers-as-publics-around-world-question-trumps-leadership/ U.S. Image Suffers as Publics Around World Question Trump's Leadership] Pew Research Center, June 26, 2017.</ref>
[[File:Fear Factory in Saint Petersburg 2013-7.jpg|thumb|American metal band [[Fear Factory]] in Saint Petersburg.]]
There has also been a change in whether Americans view Russia as an ally or a threat. In 1992, 44% of American respondents saw Russia to be friendly but not an ally, and 5% see them as a threat. In 2014, the Gallup poll reports that 21% of Americans see Russia as friendly but not an ally, and 24% of American respondents seeing them as a threat.<ref name="auto"/> This difference in how Americans view Russia has been attributed to the increasing lack of cooperation in the scientific field between the US and Russia, by some.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Cathleen A. |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Warming U.S.-Russia relations |journal=Science |language=en |volume=344 |issue=6190 |pages=1323 |doi=10.1126/science.1257373 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=24948710|bibcode=2014Sci...344.1323C |doi-access=free }}</ref> Another perspective is the shift from ally to threat is due to the US being critical of Russia's aggression, especially with their aggression towards geographic neighbors,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rice |first=Condoleezza |date=October 2008 |title=US-Russia Relations |journal=Hampton Roads International Security Quarterly |via=Proquest}}</ref> the United States being one of those neighbors, as it shares a common sea border with the Russian Federation and the US [[State of Alaska]].
The 2016 surveys independently conducted by the [[Chicago Council of Global Affairs|Chicago Council]] and Russia's [[Levada Center]] showed that mutual perceptions between Russians and Americans were at levels not seen since the Cold War, indicating considerable mutual distrust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/us-and-russia-insecurity-and-mistrust-shape-mutual-perceptions|title=US and Russia: Insecurity and Mistrust Shape Mutual Perceptions {{!}} Chicago Council on Global Affairs|last=Affairs|first=Chicago Council on Global|website=www.thechicagocouncil.org|language=en|date=November 4, 2016|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=December 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210072301/https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/us-and-russia-insecurity-and-mistrust-shape-mutual-perceptions|url-status=dead}}</ref>
U.S.–Russian relations have further deteriorated since 2016.<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-first-year-inauguration-anniversary-russia-vladimir-putin-relations-moscow-a8168801.html US-Russia relations fail to improve in Trump's first year and they are likely to get worse]". ''The Independent.'' January 19, 2018.</ref> A December 2017 survey conducted by the Chicago Council and its Russian partner, the Levada Center, showed that:
{{blockquote|Seventy-eight percent of Russians polled said the United States meddles “a great deal” or “a fair amount” in Russian politics, compared to 69 percent of Americans who say the same about Russian interference in U.S. politics. ... The poll found that 31 percent of Russians said Moscow tried to influence U.S. domestic affairs in a significant way, compared to 55 percent of Americans who felt that their own government tried to do the same thing in Russia. ... Only 31 percent of Americans say they hold a positive view of Russia, and 24 percent of Russians say the same of the United States. ... Eighty-one percent of Russians said they felt the United States was working to undermine Russia on the world stage; 77 percent of Americans said the same of Russia.<ref>"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/07/more-russians-are-sure-of-the-u-s-meddling-in-their-politics-than-the-other-way-around-poll-finds/ More Russians are sure of the U.S. meddling in their politics than the other way around, poll finds]". ''The Washington Post''. February 7, 2018.</ref>}}
A Levada poll released in August 2018 found that 68% of Russian respondents believe that Russia needs to dramatically improve relations with the United States and other Western countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Favorable Attitudes Toward U.S., EU Rising In Russia, Poll Finds |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/favorable-attitudes-toward-u-s-eu-on-the-rise-in-russia-levada-poll-finds/29407171.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=August 2, 2018}}</ref> According to ''The Moscow Times'', "Russians increasingly view the United States in a positive light following a presidential" [[2018 Russia–United States summit|summit in Helsinki]] in July 2018. "For the first time since 2014, the number of Russians who said they had “positive” feelings towards the United States (42 percent) outweighed those who reported “negative” feelings (40 percent)."<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-Americanism Wanes in Russia After Putin-Trump Summit, Survey Says |url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/anti-americanism-wanes-russia-after-putin-trump-summit-survey-says-62425 |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=August 2, 2018}}</ref>
The 2019 poll independently conducted by the Chicago Council and Levada Center found that 85% of Russians and 78% of Americans say the United States and Russia are "more rivals than partners."<ref name="chicago-levada"/> The president of the [[Center for Citizen Initiatives]], [[Sharon Tennison]], stated in 2019, "In my 35 years of traveling throughout Russia, I’ve never before witnessed such a vast gap between what average Americans ‘believe’ about Russia and Russia's reality on ground today."<ref name="chicago-levada">{{cite news |title=How 'Russiagate' Has Reshaped American and Russian Public Opinion |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/russiagate-bilateral-tensions-opinion-poll/ |work=The Nation |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=July 31, 2019 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418071533/https://www.thenation.com/article/russiagate-bilateral-tensions-opinion-poll/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
A Levada poll released in February 2020 found that 80% of Russian respondents believe that Russia and the West should become friends and partners.<ref name="poll-levada"/> However, only 42% of Russians polled said they had a positive view of the United States.<ref name="poll-levada">{{cite news |title=4 in 5 Russians View West as a Friend – Poll |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/02/18/4-in-5-russians-view-west-as-a-friend-poll-a69322 |work=The Moscow Times |date=February 18, 2020}}</ref> Only 18% of Americans polled by [[Pew Research Center]] said they had a positive view of Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia and Putin receive low ratings globally |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/07/russia-and-putin-receive-low-ratings-globally/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=February 7, 2020}}</ref> According to the [[Pew Research Center]], "57% of Russians ages 18 to 29 see the U.S. favorably, compared with only 15% of Russians ages 50 and older."<ref>{{cite news |title=How people around the world see the U.S. and Donald Trump in 10 charts |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/08/how-people-around-the-world-see-the-u-s-and-donald-trump-in-10-charts/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=January 8, 2020}}</ref> In 2019, only 20% of Russians viewed U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] positively.<ref>{{cite news |title=1. Little trust in Trump's handling of international affairs |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=January 8, 2020}}</ref> Only 14% of Russians expressed net approval of [[Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration|Donald Trump's foreign policies and actions]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Few in other countries approve of Trump's major foreign policies, but Israelis are an exception |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/03/few-in-other-countries-approve-of-trumps-major-foreign-policies-but-israelis-are-an-exception/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=February 3, 2020}}</ref>
===Propaganda===
*The U.S. government funds [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] that broadcasts in 26 languages to many countries.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lopatka|first=Jan|date=2017-02-07|title=Radio Free Europe launches new Russian-language TV channel|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-russia-rfe-idUSL5N1FS54Q|access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref> The radio's broadcasting is viewed by Russian researchers as an instrument of American propaganda targeting Russia as a state.<ref>{{cite book |author=Якунин В. И. |author2=Багдасарян В. Э. |author3-link=:ru:Сулакшин, Степан Степанович |author3=Сулакшин С. С. |url=http://rusrand.ru/files/13/07/22/130722030135_Nov_tehnologii_3-new.pdf |title=Новые технологии борьбы с российской государственностью: монография. |location=М. |year=2013 |publisher=[[:ru:Научный эксперт (издательство)|Научный эксперт]] |author2-link=:ru:Багдасарян, Вардан Эрнестович |author-link=Vladimir Yakunin }}, pp. 282–283.</ref> According to ''[[The Intercept]]'', some American media have been accused of spreading anti-Russian propaganda."<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia Hysteria Infects WashPost Again: False Story About Hacking U.S. Electric Grid |url=https://theintercept.com/2016/12/31/russia-hysteria-infects-washpost-again-false-story-about-hacking-u-s-electric-grid/ |work=The Intercept |date=December 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>[https://theintercept.com/2017/02/28/the-new-yorkers-big-cover-story-reveals-five-uncomfortable-truths-about-u-s-and-russia/ "The New Yorker's Big Cover Story Reveals Five Uncomfortable Truths About U.S. and Russia"]. ''The Intercept''. February 28, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://theintercept.com/2019/01/20/beyond-buzzfeed-the-10-worst-most-embarrassing-u-s-media-failures-on-the-trumprussia-story/ "Beyond BuzzFeed: The 10 Worst, Most Embarrassing U.S. Media Failures on the Trump-Russia Story]". ''The Intercept''. January 20, 2019.</ref>
*Russia funds [[RT (TV network)|Russia Today]] and [[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik News]] which have been accused of pushing pro-Kremlin narratives internationally. In 2021, the Russian state media budget was 211 billion rubles (about $2.8 billion USD), an increase of 34 billion-ruble ($460 million USD) over previous years.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nemtsova|first=Anna|date=2021-03-05|title=Putin Ramps Up RT's Propaganda Budget as Poll Rating Slumps|language=en|work=The Daily Beast|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/putin-ramps-up-rts-propaganda-budget-as-poll-rating-slumps|access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref> According to a [[University of Oxford]] report, Moscow uses RT "to sow conspiracy theories to cast doubt on traditional media outlets" and "skewing news output to promote narratives that showed the West as corrupt, divided and out of touch."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-28|title=Inside Russia's state-media propaganda machine|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-propaganda-disinformation-rt/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=POLITICO|language=en-US}}</ref> The influence operation also extends to US allies. RT and Sputnik were cited by the European Parliament's resolution of November 23, 2016 as the Russian government's tools of "propaganda against the EU and its North American partners" such as pushing narratives against democratic values and portraying eastern countries as failed states.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20161118IPR51718/meps-sound-alarm-on-anti-eu-propaganda-from-russia-and-islamist-terrorist-groups |title=MEPs sound alarm on anti-EU propaganda from Russia and Islamist terrorist groups - News - European Parliament |date=November 23, 2016 |access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref> The [[RT America]] network has employed Americans, including TV hosts and [[political commentator]]s such as [[Larry King]] and [[Ed Schultz]], to help them appear more like a legitimate outlet. [[Jim Rutenberg]] described them "wittingly or not... playing the equestrians to Russia's trojan horse."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/19/business/media/moscow-joins-the-partisan-media-landscape-with-familiar-american-faces.html |title=Larry King, the Russian Media and a Partisan Landscape |first=Jim |last=Rutenberg |newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 18, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Kramer">{{Cite news |last=Kramer |first=Andrew E |title=Russian Cable Station Plays to U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/business/media/23russiatoday.html?_r=3&pagewanted=all& |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 22, 2010}}</ref>
{{Further|topic=the non-profit organizaton|Russian Culture Now}}
==Timeline of relations between the United States and Russia==
The timeline covers key events, 1991 to present.<ref>Angela E. Stent, ''The Limits of Partnership: U.S. Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century'' (2014), pp 282–93.</ref><ref>"Chronology of Important Events" [http://countrystudies.us/russia/92.htm online from U. S. government]</ref>
===Yeltsin era, 1991–99===
* 1991: U.S. president [[George H. W. Bush]] and USSR president [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] sign [[START I]] treaty, July 31.
* 1991: August: Soviet hardliners stage a coup against Gorbachev; they fail because of defiance by Russian president [[Boris Yeltsin]]. Communism collapses overnight in the USSR.
* 1991: Gorbachev announces the dissolution of the USSR into 15 independent republics; Russia is the successor state to the USSR.
* 1992: Russian president Yeltsin visits the U.S. on January 26. He and Bush set up the United States–Russia Joint Commission on P.O.W./M.I.A.'s. Its mission is to discover what happened to POWs and those missing in action during the Cold War, as well as planes shot down, missing submarines. The committee had access to classified archives from the FBI and the KGB.<ref>James Brooke, "Decades Later, Tales of Americans in Soviet Jails," [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/19/world/decades-later-tales-of-americans-in-soviet-jails.html?pagewanted=all ''New York Times'' July 19, 1996]</ref>
* 1992: The [[Lisbon Protocol]] calls for the denuclearization of Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan. May 23.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ktei3rFYzJwC&pg=PA12 |title=The Soviet Nuclear Weapon Legacy |year=1995 |page=12 |author1=Marco De Andreis |author2=Francesco Calogero|isbn=9780198291978 }}</ref>
* 1992: Russia attends the Washington Summit on June 16.
* 1992: The United States and Russia sign an Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes on June 17.<ref>Jinyuan Su, "Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes: Non-Militarization, Non-Aggression and Prevention of Weaponization." ''Journal of Space Law'' 36 (2010): 253+.</ref>
* 1993: Bush and Yeltsin sign the [[START II]] treaty in Moscow on January 3.<ref>American President: A Reference Resource. [http://millercenter.org/president/biography/bush-foreign-affairs Foreign Affairs. George H.W.Bush Front Page.] Miller Center. University of Virginia. History. Policy. Impact. Retrieved February 6, 2014.</ref>
* 1993: First summit meeting between U.S. president [[Bill Clinton]] and Yeltsin on April 4 in Vancouver, Canada, to discuss a new and expanded $1 billion aid package intended to support Russian democrats and to fund medical supplies, food and grain assistance as well as loans to Russian entrepreneurs.<ref>T. L. Friedman (April 1993) [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/04/world/summit-in-vancouver-clinton-presents-billion-to-yeltsin-in-us-aid-package.html SUMMIT IN VANCOUVER; CLINTON PRESENTS BILLION TO YELTSIN IN U.S. AID PACKAGE] ''The New York Times'' Archives. Retrieved February 6, 2014.</ref>
* 1993: The U.S. announces a bilateral aid program of $1.8 billion for Russia and the former Soviet republics on July 9 to 10.
* 1993: The U.S.–Russian Commission on technical cooperation in energy and space has its first meeting in Washington, D.C., on August 31 to September 2.
* 1994: Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin sign the [[Kremlin accords]] on January 14 in Moscow.
* 1994: First joint U.S.–Russia Space Shuttle mission on February 3.
* 1994: The United States and Russia move to end the practice of aiming their strategic nuclear missiles at each other on May 30.
* 1994: Russia joins the [[Partnership for Peace]] program on June 22.
* 1995: Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin hold a summit on European Security in Moscow on May 9 to May 10.
* 1995: Russia joins the NATO-led [[Implementation Force|IFOR]] in the aftermath of the [[Bosnian War]] on December 20.
* 1996: Ratification of [[START II]] treaty on January 26.
* 1996: Clinton and Yeltsin attend the Summit of the Peacemakers in Sharm al-Sheikh, Egypt to condemn the terrorist attacks in Israel and to declare their support for the Middle East peace process on March 14.
* 1996: Clinton attends a Summit on Nuclear Safety and Security with Yeltsin in Moscow on April 20.
* 1997: Russia joins the NATO-led [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]] to cooperate on political and security issues on January 1.
* 1997: Clinton and Yeltsin hold another summit on European Security in Helsinki, Finland, on March 21. They reach some economic agreements, but there is continued disagreement on NATO expansion.
* 1997: April. Moscow summit with Chinese president Jiang Zemin disapproves of American world domination; agree to reduce troops along Russia-China border.<ref>"China, Russia sign pact: Yeltsin and Jiang Oppose any single world power," [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/23/russia.china/ ''CNN'' April 23, 1997]</ref>
* 1997: Russia attends the NATO summit in Paris, France, on May 27.
* 1997: The NATO-Russia Founding Act provides the formal basis of bilateral cooperation between the U.S., Russia and NATO is signed on May 27. Allows participation in NATO decision making; Russia agrees to drop opposition to NATO expansion in Central Europe.<ref>J. L. Black, ''Russia faces NATO expansion: bearing gifts or bearing arms?'' (2000).</ref>
* 1997: Russia joins the [[G8]] at the [[23rd G8 summit]] in Denver, Colorado, on June 20 to June 22.<ref>{{cite journal |first=William J. Jr. |last=Kovatch |url=http://210.34.4.13:8080/law/articles%5CTrademark%20Law%5C1012_4.pdf |title=Comments: Joining the Club: Assessing Russia's Application for Accession to the World Trade Organization |journal=[[Temple Law Review]] |volume=71 |date=Winter 1998 |page=3 |access-date=July 26, 2016 |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816163733/http://210.34.4.13:8080/law/articles%5CTrademark%20Law%5C1012_4.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1998: Clinton and Yeltsin agree to exchange information on missile launchings and to remove 50 metric tons of plutonium from their countries' nuclear weapons stocks in a summit in Moscow on September 1 to 2.
* 1999: Russia joins the NATO-led [[Kosovo Force|KFOR]] in the aftermath of the [[Kosovo War]] on June 12.
* 1999: March: [[Operation Allied Force]]: NATO bombing of Yugoslavia to force it out of Kosovo. Moscow attacked it as a breach of international law and a challenge to Russia's status in the Balkans.<ref name="Averre2009">{{cite journal |last1=Averre |first1=Derek |title=From Pristina to Tskhinvali: the legacy of Operation Allied Force in Russia's relations with the West |journal=International Affairs |volume=85 |issue=3 |year=2009 |pages=575–591 |issn=0020-5850 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00815.x |jstor=27695032}}</ref>
* 1999: Clinton and Yeltsin meet at an Organization for Security Cooperation in Europe Summit Meeting in Istanbul, Turkey, from November 18–19, to discuss arms control, Chechnya and events in Europe. Clinton remarks that the international community does not dispute Russia's right to defend its territorial integrity and to fight terrorism.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/clinton-yeltsin Bill Clinton, Boris Yeltsin, and U.S.-Russian Relations] Milestones: 1993–2000. U.S. Department of State. Office of the Historian. Retrieved February 6, 2014.</ref>
[[File:Vladimir Putin in the United States 13-16 November 2001-55.jpg|thumb|[[Vladimir Putin]] and wife Lyudmila at service for victims of the [[September 11 attacks]], November 16, 2001.]]
===Putin era, 2000 to present===
* 2000: Clinton visits Moscow to meet with new Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] on June 3 to 5.
* 2000: Clinton and Putin meet at the [[Millennium Summit|United Nations Millennium Summit]] in New York City to call a plea for world peace on September 6.
* 2001: President [[George W. Bush]] has a very friendly meeting with Putin at the [[Slovenia Summit 2001|Slovenia summit]] on June 16. At the closing press conference, Bush said: "I looked the man in the eye. I found him very straightforward and trustworthy – I was able to get a sense of his soul." Bush's top security aide [[Condoleezza Rice]] realized that Bush's phrasing had been a serious mistake. "We were never able to escape the perception that the president had naïvely trusted Putin and then been betrayed."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxFl4yFUa_UC&pg=PR30 |title=No Higher Honour |year=2011 |page=xxx |author=Condoleezza Rice|isbn=9780857208095 }}</ref>
* 2001: Russia supports the U.S. in the aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks]] on September 12.<ref>Anatole Lieven, "The secret policemen's ball: the United States, Russia and the international order after 11 September." ''International Affairs'' 78#2 (2002): 245–259.</ref>
* 2001: Russia opens a military hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan, to help the NATO military forces and Afghan civilians on December 2.
* 2002: Bush and Putin meet in Moscow and sign the [[Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty]] and declaration on a new strategic relationship between the U.S. and Russia on May 24.<ref>George W. Bush, "Letter of transmittal and article-by-article analysis of the treaty on strategic offensive reductions." ''Arms Control Today'' 32#6 (2002): 28.</ref>
* 2002: NATO and Russia create the NATO-Russia Council during [[2002 Rome summit|Rome summit]] on May 28.<ref>Julianne Smith, ''The NATO-Russia relationship: defining moment or déjà vu?'' (CSIS, 2008).</ref>
* 2003: The "Roadmap for Peace" proposal developed by the U.S. in cooperation with Russia, the European Union, and the United Nations (the Quartet), was presented to Israel and the Palestinian Authority on April 30.<ref>Daniel Mandel, "Four-Part Disharmony: The Quartet Maps Peace." [http://www.meforum.org/556/four-part-disharmony-the-quartet-maps-peace ''Middle East Quarterly'' (Summer 2003), pp. 15–27 online]</ref>
* 2003: Russia strongly condemns the United States in the lead-up to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], and calls for a peaceful solution to the crisis.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Russia's Putin Calls Iraq War A 'Mistake' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/03/18/russias-putin-calls-iraq-war-a-mistake/7fff0ba1-bfda-4970-a1a9-f7c7afd6aaa2/}}</ref>[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 020313-D-2987S-016.jpg|thumb|[[Donald Rumsfeld]] with Russian Minister of Defense [[Sergei Ivanov]] on March 13, 2002]]
* 2004: Bush gives condolences to Putin in the aftermath of the [[Beslan school hostage crisis]] on September 21.
* 2006: Bush and Putin jointly announced the organization of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism on July 16.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/03932720802693002| title=The Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism: Big Potential, Limited Impact?| journal=The International Spectator| volume=44| pages=99–112| year=2009| last1=Alcaro| first1=Riccardo| s2cid=155077525}}</ref>
* 2006: The U.S. and Russia condemn North Korea's first nuclear launch test on October 6.
* 2008: Russian president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] visits the U.S. for the first time at the [[2008 G-20 Washington summit|2008 G-20 summit]] in Washington, D.C., from November 14 to November 15.
* 2009: February: US vice president Joe Biden suggests the new Obama administration would like to "reset" America's relationship with Russia, which had deteriorated to its lowest point since the Cold War after Russia's war with Georgia in 2008.<ref name="Washington Post August 8, 2013">Brad Plumer, "A short timeline of deteriorating U.S.-Russia relations," [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/08/08/ten-reasons-the-u-s-and-russia-are-at-odds/ ''Washington Post'' August 8, 2013]</ref>
* 2009: Newly elected president [[Barack Obama]] and Medvedev meet for the first time at the [[2009 G-20 London Summit|G-20 Summit]] in London on April 1; they pledge to "deepen cooperation" on issues like nuclear terrorism.<ref name="ReferenceA">Plumer, "A short timeline of deteriorating U.S.-Russia relations," ''Washington Post'' August 8, 2013.</ref>
* 2009: The U.S. and Russia disapprove the nuclear test by North Korea on May 25.<ref>Seung‐Ho Joo, "Moscow–Pyongyang Relations under Kim Jong‐il: High Hopes and Sober Reality" ''Pacific Focus'' 24.1 (2009): 107–130.</ref>
* 2009: Obama and Medvedev announce the [[Obama–Medvedev Commission]] to improve communication and cooperation between the U.S. and Russia in Moscow on July 6.
* 2009: U.S. chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral [[Michael Mullen]] and Russian chief of the general staff [[Nikolay Yegorovich Makarov|Nikolay Makarov]] sign a new strategic framework for military-to-military engagement between the U.S. and Russia on July 7.
* 2009: Obama administration cancels the eastern European missile defense program denounced by Russian.<ref name="Mankoff2012">{{cite journal |last1=Mankoff |first1=Jeffrey |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261973733 |title=The politics of US missile defence cooperation with Europe and Russia |journal=International Affairs |volume=88 |issue=2 |year=2012 |pages=329–347 |issn=0020-5850 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01074.x}}</ref>
* 2009: Russia agrees to allow U.S. and NATO troops and supplies to pass through Russia en route to Afghanistan on December 16.
* 2010: Obama and Medvedev sign [[New START]] treaty in Prague, Czech Republic, to replace the [[START I]] and it will eventually see the reduction of both nations' nuclear arsenals to 1,500 warheads for both the U.S. and Russia on April 8.[[File:Barack Obama and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama meets with Prime Minister Putin outside Moscow, July 7, 2009]]
* 2010: The U.S. and Russia call for Iran to give up on its nuclear weapons program along with the United Kingdom, France and China on June 9.
* 2010. Obama and Medvedev sign the "[[New START]]" (New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty". Goal is to reduce the deployed nuclear warheads on both sides by roughly 30 percent, down to 1,550. The treaty also limits the number of nuclear-armed submarines and bombers. New START went into force in February 2011.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* 2010: The U.S. and Russia conduct a joint anti-hijacking exercise called Vigilant Eagle-2010 on August 14.
* 2010: Foreign ministers from the U.S., Russia and NATO meet in New York to discuss areas of cooperation like Afghanistan, fighting piracy and combatting terrorism as well as ways of enhancing security within Europe on September 22.
* 2010: Medvedev attends the [[2010 Lisbon summit|2010 NATO summit]] in Portugal, from November 19 to November 20. The U.S., Russia and NATO agree to cooperate on missile defense and other security issues as well as allowing more supplies for the U.S. and NATO to pass through Russia en route to Afghanistan as well as supplying [[Afghan Armed Forces|Afghan armed forces]] with helicopters.
* 2011: The [[New START]] treaty is ratified in Munich, Germany, by U.S. secretary of state [[Hillary Clinton]] and Russian foreign minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] on February 5.
* 2011: Ministers from the U.S., Russia and NATO meet in Berlin, Germany to discuss the situation in Libya and Afghanistan, as well as ongoing work on outlining the future framework for missile defence cooperation between the U.S., Russia and NATO on April 15.
* 2011: Russia congratulates the U.S. on the [[Death of Osama bin Laden|killing of Osama bin Laden]] on May 2.
* 2011–present: [[Syrian Civil War]]; the government receives technical, financial, military and political support from Russia, while the U.S. favors some of the rebels. Russia provides diplomatic support in the United Nations as well. Russia has an interest in a military presence in the region, and in suppressing its own Muslim militants. It also rejects regime change imposed by the West.<ref>Roy Allison, "Russia and Syria: explaining alignment with a regime in crisis." ''International Affairs'' 89.4 (2013): 795–823.</ref>
* 2011: American, Russian and NATO ambassadors meet in Sochi, Russia, to restate their commitment to pursuing cooperation on missile defense as well as cooperation in other security areas of common interest on July 4.[[File:Lavrov and Clinton in Munich-1.jpg|thumb|U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] and Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] shake hands after signing the New START Treaty, Munich, Germany, on February 5, 2011]]
* 2011: American, Russian and NATO diplomats meet in New York to announce they have made progress in combating terrorism and enhancing Afghan transit on September 22.
* 2012: Russia agrees to host a U.S. and NATO transit hub at [[Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport|Ulyanovsk airport]] to help the U.S. and NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2014 on March 21.
* 2012: Obama and Medvedev meet at the [[2012 Nuclear Security Summit]] in Seoul to discuss the increase economic trade on March 26.
* 2012: The U.S., Russia and NATO hold missile defense exercises in Germany, from March 26 to March 30.
* 2012: American, Russian and NATO military forces agree to strengthen cooperation to counter piracy in the Horn of Africa on March 27.
* 2012: Russian prime minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]] attends the [[38th G8 summit]] in Maryland, from May 18 to May 19.
* 2012: Russia joins the U.S. and NATO at the [[2012 Chicago Summit|Chicago Summit]] on May 20.
* 2012: Obama and Putin meet at the [[2012 G-20 Los Cabos summit|7th G-20 meeting]] in Los Cabos, Mexico, and call for an end to the [[Syrian civil war]] on June 18 to 19.
* 2012: American and Russian navies participate in the [[Exercise RIMPAC|RIMPAC 2012]] naval exercises from June 29 to August 3.
* 2012: Russia joins the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] and begins trade with the U.S. on August 22.<ref>Stephen K. Wegren, "The Impact of WTO Accession on Russia's Agriculture." ''Post-Soviet Affairs'' 28.3 (2012): 296–318.</ref>
* 2013: Russia supports the U.S. against North Korea for North Korea building up tensions in the Korean peninsula and for threatening the U.S. during the [[2013 Korean crisis|crisis with North Korea]] on April 8.
* 2013: The U.S. and Russia agree to intensify their cooperation in countering terrorism, including information exchange between intelligence organizations and conduct joint counter-terrorist operations as well as signing a cyber security pact to reduce the risk of conflict in cyberspace and signing the New Anti-Proliferation Deal in order to protect, control and account for nuclear materials on June 17 during the [[39th G8 summit]].[[File:Barack Obama and Vladimir Putin walking in Ireland.jpg|thumb|Obama at a bilateral meeting with Putin during the G8 summit in Ireland, June 17, 2013.]]
[[File:Cropped Barack Obama and Vladimir Putin shake hands at G8 summit, 2013.jpg|thumb|right|Putin and Obama shake hands at G8 summit, June 17, 2013]]
* 2013 August 7. President Obama cancels an upcoming summit with Putin; journalists call it "a rare, deliberate snub that reflects the fresh damage done by the Edward Snowden case to an important relationship already in decline."<ref name="Washington Post August 8, 2013"/>
* 2013: Obama and Putin make progress on the discussion of Syria at the end of the [[2013 G-20 Saint Petersburg summit|2013 G-20 summit]] in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on September 6.
* 2013: U.S. secretary of state [[John Kerry]] and Russian foreign minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] meet in Geneva, Switzerland, and agree to secure and destroy Syria's chemical weapons on September 14.
* 2013: The U.S. and Russia along with the United Kingdom, France, China and Germany sign a deal with Iran about their nuclear program in Geneva, Switzerland, on November 27.
* 2014: The [[Geneva II Conference on Syria|Geneva II Conference]]
* 2014: The U.S. Olympics team arrives in [[Sochi]], Russia, to participate in the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] on January 30.
* 2014 - Continuing. see [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)]]
* 2014: The U.S. and Russia along with the [[European Union]] and Ukraine talk in Geneva about the crisis in Ukraine and reach an agreement to end the crisis on April 17.
* 2014: The U.S. and Russia start sending aid to Iraq to help fight [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] on June 5.
* 2015: The U.S. and Russia along with members of the [[European Union]] and Ukraine welcome [[Minsk agreements#Minsk II, February 2015|the new Minsk agreement]] to stop the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]] in Donbas on February 12.
* 2015: The U.S. and Russia agree to build a new space station to replace the [[International Space Station]] and to make a joint project to travel to Mars on March 28.
* 2015: The U.S. and Russia along with the United Kingdom, France, China, Germany, the European Union and Iran sign the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] to regulate Iran's nuclear program in Vienna, Austria on July 14.
* 2015: The U.S. and Russia reach an agreement on a UN resolution that would designate accountability for use of chemical weapons in Syria on August 6.
* 2015: The U.S. and Russia resume military relations to increase fighting against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] on September 18.
* 2015: Obama and Putin meet in New York to discuss ways to combat the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] on September 28–29.
* 2015: The U.S. and Russia sign a deal to avoid air incidents over Syria on October 20.
* 2015: Obama and Putin have an informal bilateral meeting on the sidelines of the [[2015 G-20 Antalya summit|G-20 Summit]] in Turkey to discuss the situation in Syria and the ramifications of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]] on November 15.
* 2015: The U.S., Russia and the United Nations hold three way talks on Syria in Geneva, Switzerland on December 11.
* 2015: The U.S. and Russia, along with the United Nations approve a resolution that supports international efforts to seek a solution to end the Syrian Civil War and provide a new government in Syria in Vienna, Austria on December 18.
* 2016 June: A debate opens inside the Republican Party on future American policy toward Russia. The presumptive presidential nominee Donald Trump has suggested that US and Russia might work together in areas such as Syria. Meanwhile, on June 9, Republican leaders in Congress urged confronting Putin, alleging that he is exhibiting "burgeoning militarism" and calling for "standing up to Russian aggression and bolstering countries such as Ukraine."<ref>Damian Paletta, "House GOP Plan Differs From Donald Trump on Foreign Policy: One notable departure is the lawmakers' hard line on Vladimir Putin, whom Trump has praised" [https://www.wsj.com/articles/house-gop-plan-differs-from-donald-trump-on-foreign-policy-1465485416?tesla=y ''The Wall Street Journal'' June 9, 2016]</ref>
* 2016 November: Donald Trump wins the US presidential election.
* 2017 April: According to Trump, US ties with Russia may be at all-time low following US missile strike on Syria.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/12/us-russia-relations-tillerson-moscow-press-conference |title=Donald Trump says US relations with Russia 'may be at all-time low' |date=April 12, 2017 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
* 2017 July: During a speech in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]], Trump warned Russia to stop its "destabilizing" actions in Ukraine and elsewhere, and its support for "hostile regimes" such as those in [[Syria]] and [[Iran]]. He also urged Russia to "join the community of responsible nations".<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40522296 Trump tells Russia to stop 'destabilising' Ukraine]". BBC News. July 6, 2017.</ref>[[File:Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump at the 2017 G-20 Hamburg Summit (5).jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Donald Trump]], Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Rex Tillerson]], and [[Sergey Lavrov]] at the G20 Hamburg summit, July 7, 2017]]
* 2017 July: Trump and Putin held a meeting for more than a two-hour period at the [[2017 G20 Hamburg summit|G20 Summit in Hamburg]]. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said that Trump brought up discussion about Russia's alleged interference in the 2016 US presidential election.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Merica |first1=Dan |last2=Liptak |first2=Kevin |title=US, Russia disagree over what Trump and Putin actually said to each other |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/07/07/politics/trump-putin-meeting/index.html |agency=CNN |date=July 7, 2017}}</ref>
* 2018 July 16, [[2018 Russia–United States summit|Russia–United States summit]] between Trump and Putin took place in Helsinki, Finland. Topics of discussion included the situation in Syria, the Ukrainian crisis and nuclear arms control.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44852812|title = Trump sides with Russia against FBI at Helsinki summit|work = BBC News|date = July 16, 2018}}</ref>
* 2021 June 16, [[2021 Russia–United States summit|Russia–United States summit]] between Biden and Putin took place in Geneva, Switzerland.
*2021 Nov 19, the congressmen calling on the U.S. not to recognize Vladimir Putin as president of Russia beyond 2024. Kremlin denounced it as an attempt to meddle in its [[domestic policy|domestic affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kremlin Slams U.S. Bid Not to Recognize 'Autocrat' Vladimir Putin as President after 2024|website=[[Newsweek]]|date=November 19, 2021|url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-vladimir-putin-kremlin-peskov-steve-cohen-joe-wilson-congress-dictator-1651261}}</ref>
*2022 January, the U.S. sent 5000-8500 troops to Eastern Europe, to assist Ukraine against a potential renewed invasion by Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/24/politics/biden-troops-europe/index.html|title = US places up to 8,500 troops on alert for possible deployment to Eastern Europe amid Russia tensions|website = [[CNN]]| date=January 24, 2022 }}</ref>
*2022 Feb 24, [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia invades Ukraine]].
{{Expand section|date=June 2012}}
{{See also|Apollo–Soyuz}}
[[File:Expedition 55 crew portrait.jpg|thumb|The [[Expedition 55|55th expedition]] to the [[International Space Station]] in February 2018]]
[[The Planetary Society]] is known to have collaborated with Russia, especially [[Cosmos 1]] and LIFE.
In 2014, NASA renewed a contract to ferry U.S. astronauts to the [[International Space Station]] on [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz rockets]] and [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|spacecraft]]. Including additional support at the Russian launch site, this contract is costing the United States $457.9 million. Along with the renewal, NASA also announced that they would be cutting some contacts with Russia after the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Katie |last=Zezima |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/04/18/despite-sanctions-russia-is-getting-a-457-9m-check-from-nasa/ |title=Despite sanctions, Russia is getting a $457.9M check from NASA |newspaper=Washington Post |date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=July 26, 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
In June 2021, [[NASA]] Administrator [[Bill Nelson]] told CNN Business' Rachel Crane about the future of U.S.-Russian cooperation in the [[International Space Station]] (ISS): "For decades, upwards now of 45 plus years [we've cooperated with] Russians in space, and I want that cooperation to continue. Your politics can be hitting heads on Earth, while you are cooperating" in space.<ref>{{cite news |title=NASA chief says Russia leaving ISS could kick off a space race |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/04/tech/nasa-russia-space-race-scn/index.html |work=CNN |date=June 4, 2021}}</ref>
In December 2022, Russia and the United States agreed to do a prisoner exchange. Russian arms dealer [[Viktor Bout]] and American basketball player [[Brittney Griner]] were swapped.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/brittney-griner-russia.html | title=What We Know About Brittney Griner's Release from Russia | work=The New York Times | date=December 17, 2022 | last1=Ganguli | first1=Tania | last2=Abrams | first2=Jonathan | last3=Bubola | first3=Emma }}</ref>
In April 2023, US imposed sanctions on Russia & Iran for wrongful detention and hostage-taking of U.S. citizens abroad.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 April 2023 |title=U.S. imposes sanctions on Russia and Iran for wrongful detention and hostage-taking of American citizens|website=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/27/us-imposes-sanctions-on-russia-iran-for-hostage-taking.html}}</ref>
==Nuclear arms race==
{{expand section|date=July 2019}}
{{See also|Nuclear arms race|Cuban Missile Crisis|Second strike|Nuclear holocaust|NATO missile defence system}}
In 1995, a [[Black Brant (rocket)|Black Brant sounding rocket]] launched from the [[Andøya Space Center]] caused a high alert in Russia, known as the [[Norwegian rocket incident]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The World Was Never Closer To Nuclear War Than On Jan. 25, 1995 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-world-has-never-been-closer-to-nuclear-war-than-it-was-during-this-1995-event-2012-8 |work=Business Insider |date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> The Russians thought it might be a [[Trident (missile)|nuclear missile]] launched from an American submarine. The incident occurred in the post-Cold War era, where many Russians were still very suspicious of the United States and [[NATO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/military/nuclear-false-alarms.html |title=False Alarms in the Nuclear Age |author=Forden, Dr. Geoffrey |date=November 6, 2001 |publisher=Public Broadcasting System |work=NOVA }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Pry, Peter |title=War scare: Russia and America on the nuclear brink |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |year=1999 |chapter=Black Brant XII |pages=214–227 |isbn=0-275-96643-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WigJ8ZsWE1QC&pg=PA214}}</ref> The Norwegian rocket incident was the first and thus far only known incident where any [[nuclear-weapons state]] had its nuclear briefcase activated and prepared for launching an attack.<ref name="nrk.no" >{{cite web |url = http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nordland/1.8005229 |title = Verden har aldri vært nærmere atomkrig |date = February 26, 2012 |website = www.nrk.no |language = no |trans-title = The world has never been closer to nuclear war |author1 = Andreas Budalen |author2 = Dan Henrik Klausen}}</ref>
President [[Donald Trump]] announced on October 20, 2018 that the U.S. would no longer consider itself bound by the 1987 [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty|INF Treaty]]’s provisions, raising nuclear tensions between the two powers.<ref>{{cite news | last=Hurlbert | first=Heather | date=October 26, 2018 | title=Russia Violated an Arms Treaty. Trump Ditched It, Making the Nuclear Threat Even Worse. | url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-nuclear-weapons-buildup-aimed-beating-us-missile-24716 | work=New York Magazine | location=USA }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebulletin.org/2019/02/russia-may-have-violated-the-inf-treaty-heres-how-the-united-states-appears-to-have-done-the-same/|title=Russia may have violated the INF Treaty. Here's how the United States appears to have done the same.|date=February 7, 2019|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kramer |first1=Andrew E. |title=Russia Calls New U.S. Missile Defense System a 'Direct Threat' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/13/world/europe/russia-nato-us-romania-missile-defense.html |agency=NYT |work=The New York Times|date=May 12, 2016 }}</ref> Two days later, Russian military analyst [[Pavel Felgenhauer]] told Deutsche Welle that the [[Second Cold War|new Cold War]] would make this treaty and other Cold War-era treaties "irrelevant because they correspond to a totally different world situation."<ref>{{cite interview |first=Pavel |last=Felgenhauer |date=October 22, 2018 |title=Prepare for a 'new Cold War' without INF, Russia analyst says |url=https://www.dw.com/en/prepare-for-a-new-cold-war-without-inf-russia-analyst-says/a-45989301-0 |work=DW |access-date=July 25, 2019 }}</ref> In early 2019, more than 90% of world's 13,865 [[nuclear weapons]] were owned by Russia and the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=Global Nuclear Arsenal Declines, But Future Cuts Uncertain Amid U.S.-Russia Tensions |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/nuclear-weapons-russia-start-inf-warheads/30003088.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=June 17, 2019}}</ref>
[[President Putin]] oversaw Russia's large-scale nuclear war exercises on October 17, 2019, where the Russian army integrated land, sea and air components of the nation's nuclear triad, nearly one year after Trump announced that the US was pulling-out of the nuclear treaty it had signed with Russia.<ref>{{cite news |last=Isachenkov |first=Vladimir |title=Putin directs exercise of Russian nuclear forces |language=en |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=October 17, 2019 |url=https://news.yahoo.com/putin-directs-exercise-russian-nuclear-153120090.html |access-date=October 17, 2019}}</ref>
According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal ''[[Nature Food]]'' in August 2022,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection |journal=[[Nature Food]] |date=15 August 2022 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 |last1=Xia |first1=Lili |last2=Robock |first2=Alan |last3=Scherrer |first3=Kim |last4=Harrison |first4=Cheryl S. |last5=Bodirsky |first5=Benjamin Leon |last6=Weindl |first6=Isabelle |last7=Jägermeyr |first7=Jonas |last8=Bardeen |first8=Charles G. |last9=Toon |first9=Owen B. |last10=Heneghan |first10=Ryan |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=586–596 |pmid=37118594 |s2cid=251601831 |doi-access=free }}</ref> a full-scale nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia, which together hold more than 90% of the world's [[nuclear weapon]]s, would kill 360 million people directly and more than 5 billion indirectly from starvation during a [[nuclear winter]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Diaz-Maurin |first1=François |title=Nowhere to hide: How a nuclear war would kill you — and almost everyone else |url=https://thebulletin.org/2022/10/nowhere-to-hide-how-a-nuclear-war-would-kill-you-and-almost-everyone-else/ |work=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] |date=20 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=World Nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia would kill more than 5 billion people – just from starvation, study finds |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nuclear-war-5-billion-people-starvation-deaths-study/ |work=CBS News |date=16 August 2022}}</ref>
==Economic ties==
{{expand section|date=November 2012}}
{{see also|International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War}}
The U.S. Congress repealed the [[Jackson–Vanik amendment]] on November 16, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-chafes-as-house-passes-magnitsky-bill/2012/11/16/b589e544-300f-11e2-a30e-5ca76eeec857_story.html |title=Russia chafes as House passes Magnitsky Act |last=Englund |first=Will |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 17, 2012 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
"Last year [2015] was not particularly favorable for trade between Russia and the U.S. Our overall 2015 turnover was $21 billion, a decline of 27.9 percent," said a senior Russian official in April 2016.<ref>Lydia Tomkiw, "Russia Economy 2016: No GDP Growth Expected Amid Low Oil Prices, Sanctions, Government Officials Admit" [http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-economy-2016-no-gdp-growth-expected-amid-low-oil-prices-sanctions-government-2357358 ''IBT'' April 21, 2016]</ref>
Reuters reported that [[List of companies of the United States by state|U.S. companies]] "generated more than $90 billion in revenue from Russia in 2017."<ref>{{cite news |title=Factbox: U.S. companies with exposure to Russia |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-sanctions-companies-factbo/factbox-u-s-companies-with-exposure-to-russia-idUSKBN1KU2L8 |work=Reuters |date=August 9, 2018}}</ref> According to the AALEP, "there are almost 3,000 American companies in Russia, and the U.S. is also the leader in terms of foreign companies in [[Special Economic Zones in Russia|Special Economic Zones]], with 11 projects."<ref>{{cite web |title=AMERICAN COMPANIES OPERATING IN RUSSIA |url=http://www.aalep.eu/american-companies-operating-russia |publisher=Association of Accredited Public Policy Advocates to the European Union.}}</ref>
==Military ties==
[[File:US Navy 020704-N-8646S-004 Vladivostok, Russia.jpg|thumb|Russian and U.S. sailors honoring military personnel who perished during World War II, [[Vladivostok]], Russia, July 4, 2002]]
[[File:2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade-6.jpeg|thumb|right|An element of the [[18th Infantry Regiment (United States)|18th Infantry Regiment]], representing the United States at the [[2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade|2010 Victory Day]] military parade in [[Moscow]].]]
Following the demise of the Soviet Union, the United States and Russia signed a bilateral treaty called the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ([[START II]]), signed by George H. W. Bush and Boris Yeltsin.
The United States and Russia have conducted joint military maneuvers, training and [[counter-terrorism|counter-terrorist]] exercises in [[Germany]]. This was done in hopes to strengthen relations with the United States and Russia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mnweekly.ru/world/20070720/55262872.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015084200/http://mnweekly.ru/world/20070720/55262872.html |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |title=Russia, US to Hold Joint Military Exercises in Germany |date=July 20, 2007 |newspaper=Moscow News |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> The Russian president has also proposed that the United States and Russia put a joint [[missile defense|missile defense system]] in [[Azerbaijan]], a proposal being considered by the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/06/03a1db46-8b93-4756-935f-6158c4909cf8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610172213/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/06/03a1db46-8b93-4756-935f-6158c4909cf8.html |archive-date=June 10, 2007 |title=U.S./Russia: Missile Expert Assesses Azerbaijan Radar Proposal |date=June 8, 2007 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> In 2008, in response to tensions over [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], the United States had cancelled its most recent joint [[NATO]]-Russia military exercises.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
As of August 2012, the U.S. and Russia continue to hold joint [[military exercise]]s like Northern Eagle (held since 2004, together with [[Norway]])<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2012/08/22/US-participates-in-joint-naval-drills/UPI-34431345640949/ |title=U.S. participates in joint naval drills |date=August 22, 2012 |publisher=United Press International |access-date=August 26, 2012}}</ref> and Vigilant/Watchful Eagle (with [[Canada]]){{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
among others, with the aim of improving joint cooperation against [[terrorism]] and [[Piracy in Somalia|piracy]].
===NATO–Russia relations===
{{main|NATO–Russia relations}}
Russia-U.S. relations are significantly influenced by the United States' leading role in [[NATO]] and policies thereof. NATO and Russia agreed to cooperate on security issues at the [[2002 Rome summit]] and had been gradually improving relations. However, due to the [[Enlargement of NATO|expansion]] of the alliance, the [[2008 South Ossetia war|Russian intervention in Georgia]], [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine|Russia's war campaign against Ukraine]] and other controversies, relations have since deteriorated significantly.<ref name="ForsbergHerd2015">{{cite journal |last1=Forsberg |first1=Tuomas |last2=Herd |first2=Graeme |title=Russia and NATO: From Windows of Opportunities to Closed Doors |journal=Journal of Contemporary European Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |year=2015 |pages=41–57 |issn=1478-2804 |doi=10.1080/14782804.2014.1001824|s2cid=153379927 }}</ref>
In May 2015, following increased tensions with NATO, Russia closed a key [[NATO logistics in the Afghan War|military transport corridor]] (the Northern Distribution Network), which had allowed NATO to deliver military supplies to [[Afghanistan]] through the Russian territory.<ref name="wtimes">"[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/19/russia-closes-nato-supply-corridor-afghanistan/ Russia closes NATO supply corridor to Afghanistan]". ''The Washington Times.'' May 19, 2015.</ref> The Northern Distribution Network was niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger in 2009 in response to the increased risk of sending supplies through Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Northern Distribution Network Delivers |publisher=EurasiaNet |date=March 18, 2009 |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav031809d.shtml}}</ref>
A June 2016 [[Levada Center|Levada]] poll found that 68% of Russians think that deploying NATO troops in the [[Baltic states]] and [[Poland]] – former Eastern bloc countries bordering Russia – is a threat to Russia.<ref>[http://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/04/levada-center_chicago_council/ Levada-Center and Chicago Council on Global Affairs about Russian-American relations]. Levada-Center. November 4, 2016.</ref>
===Joint operations and mutual support===
Russia has expressed support for the United States' [[War on Terror]]. Russia has also agreed to provide logistic support for the United States forces in [[Afghanistan]] to aid in anti-terrorist operations. Russia has allowed U.S. and NATO forces to pass through its territory to go to Afghanistan.<ref name="wtimes"/> In 2017, the former Deputy Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] said: "We cooperated with regard to Afghanistan, where Russia played a positive role, particularly in letting our forces and our equipment transit into and out of Afghanistan."<ref>{{cite news |title=The Frontline Interview: Antony Blinken |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/antony-blinken/ |work=PBS |date=July 24, 2017}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Russia|United States|Politics}}
* [[Foreign relations of Russia]]
* [[Foreign relations of the United States]]
* [[Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Embassy of the United States, Moscow]]
* [[List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States|Ambassadors of Russia to the United States]] (including Imperial and Soviet times)
* [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia|Ambassadors of the United States to Russia]] (Including Imperial and Soviet times)
* [[Russian Empire–United States relations]]
* [[Soviet Union–United States relations]]
* [[Russia–NATO relations]]
* [[Ukraine–United States relations]]
* [[New Cold War]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
* Gaddis, John Lewis, ed. ''Russia, Soviet Union & the United States: an Interpretive History'' (1978)
* Weiner, Tim. ''The Folly and the Glory: America, Russia, and Political Warfare 1945–2020'' (2020); Pulitzer Prize [https://www.amazon.com/Folly-Glory-America-Political-1945-2020/dp/1627790853/ excerpt]
* Ziegler, Charles E. "Russian–American relations: From Tsarism to Putin." ''International Politics'' (2014) 51#6 pp: 671–692. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles-Ziegler-2/publication/269285900_Russian-American_relations_From_Tsarism_to_Putin/links/568d0b2108ae197e426c2588/Russian-American-relations-From-Tsarism-to-Putin.pdf online]
===To 1945===
* Bailey, Thomas A. ''America Faces Russia: Russian-American Relations from Early Times to Our Day'' (1950).
* Bailey, Thomas A. ''A Diplomatic History of the American People'' (10th edition 1980) [https://archive.org/details/diplomatichisto100bail online]
* Bolkhovitinov, Nikolai N. ''The Beginnings of Russian-American Relations, 1775–1815'' (Harvard University Press, 1975) https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674733305
* Feis, Herbert. ''Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: the war they waged and the peace they sought'' (Princeton University Press, 1957), World War II; [https://archive.org/details/churchillrooseve00feis online ]
* Kennan, George F. ''Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1920: Volume I, Russia Leaves the War'' (Princeton University Press, 1956)
* Kennan, George Frost. ''Soviet foreign policy, 1917–1941'' (Van Nostrand, 1960), Brief summary with documents
* Kinsella, William E. "Relations with the Soviet Union" in William D. Pederson, ed. ''A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (2011) pp 564–589 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444395181.ch29
* Laserson, Max M. ''The American Impact on Russia: Diplomatic and Ideological, 1784–1917'' (1950)
* McNeill, William Hardy. ''America, Britain, & Russia: their co-operation and conflit, 1941–1946'' (1953)
* Sainsbury, Keith. ''The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang-Kai-Shek, 1943: the Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences'' (Oxford UP, 1986) [https://archive.org/details/turningpointroos0000sain online]
* Sogrin, Vladimir V. "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the USSR, 1933–1945: An Interpretation." in ''New Perspectives on Russian-American Relations'' (Routledge, 2015) pp. 212–228.
* Stalin, Joseph. ''Correspondence Between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the USA and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945: Correspondence with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (August 1941-December 1945)'' (Documentary Publications, 1978) [https://books.google.com/books?id=uSIsAQAAMAAJ&dq=fdr+USSR&pg=PA5 online].
* Zabriskie, Edward H. ''American-Russian rivalry in the Far East. A study in diplomacy and power politics, 1895–1914'' (1946) [https://archive.org/details/americanrussianr00zabr online]
===Cold War===
* English, Robert D. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qA_uT6GrcxEC Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals, and the End of the Cold War]'' (Columbia University Press, 2000)
* Fenby, Jonathan. ''Alliance: the inside story of how Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill won one war and began another'' (2015) [https://archive.org/details/allianceinsidest0000fenb_n3w0 online]
* Gaddis, John Lewis. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fvmoWZIxVw4C The Cold War: a new history]'' (Penguin, 2006)
* Gleason, Abbott. ''Totalitarianism: The inner history of the Cold War'' (Oxford University Press, 1995)
* Graebner, Norman A., Richard Dean Burns, and Joseph M. Siracusa. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=r71u_AgE7iYC Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the end of the cold war]'' (Greenwood, 2008)
* Levering, Ralph B. et al. eds. ''Debating the Origins of the Cold War: American and Russian Perspectives'' (2013) [https://archive.org/details/debatingoriginso0000unse online]
* Mann, Jim. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pTgIFpLuD6kC The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War]'' (Penguin, 2009)
* Matlock Jr, Jack F. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=17bYs02P_sgC Reagan and Gorbachev: How the cold war ended]'' (2005), Analysis by the American ambassador to Moscow
* Service, Robert. ''The End of the Cold War: 1985–1991'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/The-End-Cold-War-1985-1991/dp/1610394992/ excerpt], a standard scholarly history
* Zubok, Vladislav. ''Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: from Stalin to Krushchev'' (Harvard University Press, 1997) [https://archive.org/details/insidekremlinsco0000zubo online]
===Since 1991===
* Aggarwal, Vinod K., and Kristi Govella, eds. ''Responding to a Resurgent Russia: Russian Policy and Responses from the European Union and the United States'' (Springer Science & Business Media, 2011).
* Ambrosio, Thomas, and Geoffrey Vandrovec. "Mapping the Geopolitics of the Russian Federation: The Federal Assembly Addresses of Putin and Medvedev." ''Geopolitics'' (2013) 18#2 pp 435–466.
* Goldgeier, James, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson. "Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken." ''International Politics'' 57 (2020): 291-321.
* Gvosdev, Nikolas K., and Christopher Marsh. ''Russian Foreign Policy: Interests, Vectors, and Sectors'' (Washington: CQ Press, 2013) [https://www.amazon.com/Russian-Foreign-Policy-Interests-Vectors-ebook/dp/B00G73NMJK/ excerpt and text search]
* Hopf, Ted, ed. ''Understandings of Russian Foreign Policy'' (1999)
* Kanet, Roger E. ''Russian foreign policy in the 21st century'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
* Larson, Deborah Welch, and Alexei Shevchenko. "Status seekers: Chinese and Russian responses to US primacy." ''International Security'' (2010) 34#4 pp 63–95.
* Legvold, Robert, ed. ''Russian Foreign Policy in the 21st Century and the Shadow of the Past'' (2007).
* Mankoff, Jeffrey. ''Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics'' (2nd ed. 2011).
* {{cite book |title=From Cold War To Hot Peace: An American Ambassador in Putin's Russia |year=2018
|first=Michael |last=McFaul |publisher=Mariner Books |isbn=978-0544716247}}
* [[Ernest J. Moniz|Moniz, Ernest J.]], and [[Sam Nunn]], "The Return of Doomsday: The New Nuclear Arms Race – and How Washington and Moscow Can Stop It", ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', 98#5 (September / October 2019), pp. 150–61. Argues "the old [strategic] equilibrium" has been "destabilized" by "clashing national interests, insufficient dialogue, eroding arms control structures, advanced missile systems, and new [[cyberweapon]]s. (p. 161.)
* Oberdorfer, Don. ''The Turn: From the Cold War to a New Era: the United States and the Soviet Union, 1983–1990'' (1991).
* Orlova, Victoria V. "US–Russia Relations in the Last 30 Years: From a Rapprochement to a Meltdown." in ''30 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall'' (Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 2020) pp. 117–138.
* Parker, David. ''US Foreign Policy Towards Russia in the Post-Cold War Era: Ideational Legacies and Institutionalised Conflict and Co-operation'' (Routledge, 2019).
* Reif, Kingston, and Shannon Bugos. "Putin invites US to extend New START." ''Arms Control Today'' 50.1 (2020): 25-27. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26891340 online]
* Peterson, James W. ''Russian-American relations in the post-Cold War world'' (Oxford UP, 2017).
* Sakwa, Richard. ''The Putin Paradox'' (I. B. Tauris Bloomsbury, 2020) [https://kar.kent.ac.uk/80013/ online]
* Sakwa, Richard. ''Russia against the Rest: The Post-Cold War Crisis of World Order'' (Cambridge UP, 2017) 362pp [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=51562 online review]
* Sakwa, Richard. ''Putin: Russia's Choice'' (2nd ed. 2008) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox99AgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 excerpt]
* {{cite book|author-link=Richard Lourie|author-last=Lourie|author-first=Richard|title=Putin: His Downfall and Russia's Coming Crash|date=2017|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-53808-8}}
* Schoen, Douglas E. and Melik Kaylan. ''Return to Winter: Russia, China, and the New Cold War Against America'' (2015)
* Stent, Angela E. ''The Limits of Partnership: U.S. Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century'' (Princeton UP, 2014) 355 pages; [https://books.google.com/books?id=jfaKAQAAQBAJ excerpt and text search]
* [[Strobe Talbott|Talbott, Strobe]]. ''The Russia hand: A memoir of presidential diplomacy'' (2007); memoir by key U.S. diplomat; a primary source
* Tsygankov, Andrei P. "The Russia-NATO mistrust: Ethnophobia and the double expansion to contain "the Russian Bear"." ''Communist and Post-Communist Studies'' (2013).
==External links==
niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger{{Library resources box}}
* [https://history.state.gov/countries/russia A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Russia]
* [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18909/ Report from the Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Russia] Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center
*[https://photos.state.gov/libraries/russia/231771/PDFs/ResetSlides-HSE.pdf link to PDF slideshow, 'The "Reset": Theory, Results, Future' released by Michael McFaul U.S. Ambassador to the Russian Federation during the Twitter War of May 28, 2012]
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/rs/usrussiabilat/186831.htm U.S.-Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission: Spring 2012 Joint Report]
{{Russia–United States relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Russia}}
{{Foreign relations of the United States}}
{{Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerv{{DEFAULTSORT:Russia-United States Relations}}
[[Category:Russia–United States relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Russia|United States]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of the United States|Russia]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,28 +1,16 @@
-{{for-multi|relations before 1917|Russian Empire–United States relations|relations from 1917 to 1991|Soviet Union–United States relations}}
-{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2021}}
-{{Infobox bilateral relations|Russian–American|Russia|USA|map=Russia USA Locator (Crimea disputed).svg|mission1=[[Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.]]|mission2=[[Embassy of the United States, Moscow]]|envoytitle1=[[List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States|Ambassador]]|envoy1=[[Anatoly Antonov]]|envoytitle2=[[List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia|Ambassador]]|envoy2=[[Lynne M. Tracy]]}}
-[[File:Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin at 2021 Geneva Summit.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] at the [[2021 Russia–United States summit]] in Geneva, Switzerland]]
-[[Russia]] and the United States maintain one of the most important, critical and strategic foreign relations in the world. Both nations have shared interests in [[nuclear safety and security]], [[Nuclear proliferation|nonproliferation]], [[counterterrorism]], and [[space exploration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csis.org/programs/russia-and-eurasia-program/archives/us-russian-relations|title=U.S.-Russian Relations|work=Center for Strategic and International Studies|access-date=August 16, 2021}}</ref>
-After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, the relationship was generally warm under the Russian President [[Boris Yeltsin]] (1991–99). In the early years of Yeltsin's presidency, the US and Russia established a cooperative relationship and worked closely together to address global issues such as arms control, counterterrorism, and the conflict in Bosnia. During Yeltsin's second term, US-Russia relations became more strained. The [[Yugoslav Wars|NATO intervention in Yugoslavia]], in particular the 1999 [[NATO intervention in Kosovo]] was [[Boris_Yeltsin#1996–1999%3A Second term|strongly opposed by Yeltsin]],<ref name=gnwarn>{{cite news |title=Yeltsin: Russia will not use force against Nato |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/mar/25/russia |work=The Guardian |date=25 March 1999}}</ref><ref name=reuwarn>{{cite news|title=Yeltsin Warns of European War Over Kosovo|agency=Reuters|date=9 April 1999}}</ref><ref name=cnnwarn>{{cite news|title=Yeltsin warns of possible world war over Kosovo|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9904/09/kosovo.diplomacy.02|publisher=CNN|date=9 April 1999|access-date=23 April 2007}}</ref><ref name=apnwarn>{{cite news |title=Russia Condemns NATO's Airstrikes |url=https://apnews.com/article/8d162f6100f23833c376f011a9298126 |work=Associated Press |date=8 June 1999}}</ref> who, although the Soviet Union had been strongly opposed by the [[Josip_Broz_Tito#Tito–Stalin_split|Titovian flavour of independence]], saw it as an infringement on Russia's latter-day sphere of influence.{{cn|date=May 2023}} [[Boris_Yeltsin#The_riddle_of_NATO|Yeltsin also criticized]] NATO's [[Enlargement of NATO|expansion into Eastern Europe]], which he saw as a threat to Russia's security.{{cn|date=May 2023}}
-After [[Vladimir Putin]] became President of Russia in 2000, he initially sought to improve relations with the United States. The two countries cooperated on issues such as counterterrorism and arms control. Putin worked closely with US President [[George W. Bush]] on the [[war in Afghanistan]] following the [[9/11 attacks]]. Tensions began to rise as Putin became more authoritarian, and the US pursued policies that Russia viewed as threatening to its security. The US supported the pro-Western government in Georgia, which led to the [[Russo-Georgian War]].
-Another source of tension was the US missile defense system. Following Putin [[Russia under Vladimir Putin|regaining control of the Russian government]] in 2012, relations between the two countries significantly strained due to Russia's [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]] and [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|Russian military intervention in Ukraine]]. Deterioration continued with the [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|Russian military intervention]] in the [[Syrian Civil War]], and over Russia's interference in the [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|2016]] and [[Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections|2020 U.S. elections]].
-
-Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022, relations reached the lowest point since the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-02 |title=Russia says United States is directly involved in Ukraine war |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-united-states-is-directly-involved-ukraine-war-2022-08-02/ |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref> [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|Western sanctions]] imposed since 2014 were significantly expanded by the U.S. and its allies following the invasion, including several state-owned banks and oligarchs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=With Over 300 Sanctions, U.S. Targets Russia’s Circumvention and Evasion, Military-Industrial Supply Chains, and Future Energy Revenues |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1494 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en}}</ref>
+niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger
==Background==
-{{Infobox bilateral relations|Russian Empire–United States|Russian Empire|United States|map=US-RussiaEmpire.png|flagvariant1=1914|flagvariant2=1912}}
===United States and the Russian Empire===
{{main|Russian Empire–United States relations}}
-[[File:View of Settlement Ross, 1841 (variation).jpg|thumb|250px|[[Fort Ross, California|Fort Ross]], Russian settlement in California, 1841, by [[Ilya Gavrilovich Voznesensky]].]]
Official contacts between the [[Russian Empire]] and the new United States of America began in 1776. Russia, while formally neutral during the [[American Revolution]] (1765–1783), favored the U.S.<ref>Hans Rogger, "The influence of the American Revolution in Russia." in Jack P. Greene and [[Jack Pole|J. R. Pole]], eds. ''A Companion to the American Revolution'' (2000): 554-555.</ref>
There was little trade or migration before the late 19th century. Formal diplomatic ties were established in 1809.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prlib.ru/history/619690|title=Россия установила дипломатические отношения с США}}</ref> During the [[American Civil War]], Russia supported [[Union (American Civil War)|the Union]], largely because it believed that the U.S. served as a counterbalance to its geopolitical rival, the United Kingdom. In 1863, the [[Imperial Russian Navy|Russian Navy]]'s Baltic and Pacific fleets wintered in the American ports of New York and San Francisco, respectively.<ref>Norman E. Saul, Richard D. McKinzie. ''Russian-American Dialogue on Cultural Relations, 1776–1914'' p 95. {{ISBN|0-8262-1097-X}}, 9780826210975.</ref>
-Russia operated a small fur-trade operations in [[History of Alaska|Alaska]], coupled with missionaries to the natives. By 1861, the project had lost money, threatened to antagonize the Americans, and could not be defended from Britain. It proved practically impossible to entice Russians to permanently migrate to Alaska; only a few hundred were there in 1867. In the [[Alaska Purchase]] of 1867, the land was sold to the United States for $7.2 million.<ref>James R. Gibson, "Why the Russians Sold Alaska." ''Wilson Quarterly'' 3.3 (1979): 179-188 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40255691 online].</ref><ref>Thomas A. Bailey, "Why the United States Purchased Alaska." ''Pacific Historical Review'' 3.1 (1934): 39-49. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633456 online]</ref>
The Russian administrators and military left Alaska, but some missionaries stayed on to minister to the many natives who converted to the [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian Orthodox]] faith.<ref>Ronald Jensen, ''The Alaska Purchase and Russian-American Relations'' (1975)</ref>
@@ -32,5 +20,4 @@
During [[World War I]], the [[United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)]] came after [[Nicholas II]] had abdicated as a result of the [[February Revolution]]. When the tsar was still in power, many Americans deplored fighting a war with him as an ally. With him gone, the [[Wilson administration]] used the new provisional government to describe how the democratic nations were fighting against autocratic old empires of [[German Empire|Germany]] and [[Austria-Hungary]]. During the war, the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] were just starting to see battle when the [[October Revolution]] happened in which the [[Bolsheviks]] overthrew the provisional government and removed Russia from the war.
-Before the armistice in November 1918, the Americans had helped the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]] with the [[Polar Bear Expedition]] and the [[American Expeditionary Force Siberia]]. The Americans' goal was not necessarily ideological but rather to prevent the German enemy from gaining access to war supplies controlled by the Bolsheviks, though the United States also tacitly supported the [[White movement]] against the Bolsheviks.<ref>John W. Long, "American Intervention in Russia: The North Russian Expedition, 1918–19." ''Diplomatic History'' 6.1 (1982): 45-68. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24911301 online]</ref>
From 1820 until 1917, about 3.3 million [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants arrived in the U.S.]] from the Russian Empire. Most were Jews, Poles or Lithuanians; only 100,000 were ethnic Russians.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Powell|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA259|year=2009|publisher=Infobase |pages=257–59|isbn=9781438110127}}</ref><ref>[http://ricolor.org/rz/amerika/ar/ist/1/ Русские трудовые эмигранты в США (конец XIX века – 1917 год)]</ref>
@@ -46,5 +33,4 @@
The United States and the Soviet Union, along with Britain, were the leaders of the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] against the [[Axis powers]] during [[World War II]]. Following the onset of the [[Cold War]] in 1947, the [[North Atlantic Treaty]] was signed by the U.S., Canada, and several Western European nations, on April 4, 1949, a treaty that established the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) designed to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/nato North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949] U.S. Department of State.</ref>
-The first bilateral treaty between the U.S. and Soviet Russia/USSR was a [[consular]] convention signed in Moscow in June 1964.<ref>Luman H. Long. ''1968 Centennial Edition. The [[World Almanac|World Almanac and Book of Facts]]''. Newspaper Enterprise Association, Inc., N.Y., N.Y., p. 532.</ref><ref>[http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1900612 Консульская конвенция между Правительством Союза Советских Социалистических Республик и Правительством Соединенных Штатов Америки]</ref> In 1975, the [[Helsinki Accords|Helsinki Final Act]] was signed by a multitude of countries, including the USSR and the US, and, while not having a binding legal power of a treaty, it effectively signified the U.S.-led West's recognition of the Soviet Union's dominance in [[Eastern Europe]] and acceptance of the [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet annexation]] of [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]] that had been effected in 1940. The Act came to play a role in subsequently ending the Cold War.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/helsinki |title=Milestones: 1969–76 - Office of the Historian |website=history.state.gov |language=en|access-date=February 9, 2018}}</ref>
In the 1970s—1980s, the USSR and the U.S. signed a series of [[arms control]] treaties such as the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]] (1972), two [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks|Strategic Arms Limitation]] treaties (SALT), the [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty]] (1987); in July 1991 the [[START I|Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty]] was concluded.
@@ -54,5 +40,4 @@
On December 3, 1989, Soviet general secretary Gorbachev and the U.S. president [[George H. W. Bush]] declared the [[Cold War]] over at the [[Malta Summit]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_4119000/4119950.stm Malta summit ends Cold War], BBC News, December 3, 1989. Retrieved June 11, 2008.</ref>
-Both countries agreed to cut their strategic nuclear weapons by 30 percent, and the Soviet Union promised to reduce its [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] force by 50 percent.<ref>Greene, p. 204</ref> In August 1991, hard-line Communists launched a [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|coup]] against Gorbachev; while the coup quickly fell apart, it broke the remaining power of Gorbachev and the central Soviet government.<ref>Naftali, ''George H. W. Bush'' (2007), pp 137-138</ref> Later that month, Gorbachev resigned as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|general secretary of the Communist party]], and Russian president [[Boris Yeltsin]] ordered the seizure of Soviet property. Gorbachev clung to power as the President of the Soviet Union until 25 December 1991, when the Soviet Union [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]].<ref>Greene, pp. 205–206</ref> [[Post-Soviet states|Fifteen states]] emerged from the Soviet Union, with the largest and most populous one, [[Russia]], taking full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. As such, Russia assumed the Soviet Union's [[Russia and the United Nations|UN membership and permanent membership on the Security Council]], nuclear stockpile and the control over the armed forces; Soviet embassies abroad became Russian embassies.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation]</ref> Bush and Yeltsin met in February 1992, declaring a new era of "friendship and partnership".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jussi Hanhimäki|author2=Georges-Henri Soutou|author3=Basil Germond|title=The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swfHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT501|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|page=501|isbn=9781136936074}}</ref> In January 1993, Bush and Yeltsin agreed to [[START II]], which provided for further nuclear arms reductions on top of the original START treaty.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ruud van Dijk |display-authors=etal |title=Encyclopedia of the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgX0bQ3Enj4C&pg=PA861|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|pages=860–51|isbn=978-1135923112 }}</ref>
==History==
@@ -180,14 +165,8 @@
On September 30, 2015, Russia began the [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|air campaign in Syria]] on the side of the Syrian government headed by president [[Bashar al-Assad]] of [[Syria]]. According to Russian foreign minister [[Sergey Lavrov]]'s statement made in mid-October 2015, Russia had invited the U.S. to join the Baghdad-based [[Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition|information center]] set up by Iran, Iraq, Syria and Russia to coordinate their military efforts, but received what he called an "unconstructive" response; Putin's proposal that the U.S. receive a high-level Russian delegation and that a U.S. delegation arrive in Moscow to discuss co-operation in Syria was likewise declined by the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-lavrov-idUKKCN0S810P20151014?mod=related&channelName=worldNews |title=Russia's Lavrov says Washington declines deeper military talks on Syria |work=NEWSru |access-date=October 17, 2015|date=October 14, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsru.com/russia/14oct2015/lavrov.html |title="Это обидно": Лавров сообщил, что США отказались принять делегацию РФ для обсуждения сирийского кризиса |work=NEWSru |access-date=October 16, 2015|date=October 14, 2015 }}</ref>
-In early October 2015, U.S. president Obama called the way Russia was conducting its military campaign in Syria a "recipe for disaster";<ref name="recipe">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/02/us-coalition-warns-russia-putin-extremism-syria-isis |title=US president's comments follow coalition's expression of deep concerns over targeting in Russian bombing campaign |date=October 2, 2015 |agency=The Guardian |access-date=October 23, 2015}}</ref> top U.S. military officials ruled out military cooperation with Russia in Syria.<ref name="carter">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-cooperation-idUSKCN0S11EH20151007 |title=As Russia escalates, U.S. rules out military cooperation in Syria |date=October 7, 2015 |work=Reuters |access-date=October 9, 2015 |archive-date=October 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009100208/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/07/us-mideast-crisis-usa-cooperation-idUSKCN0S11EH20151007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/08/russia-pay-price-syrian-airstrikes-ashton-carter-us-defence-secretary |title=Russia will pay price for Syrian airstrikes, says US defence secretary |date=October 8, 2015 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Secretary of Defense [[Ashton Carter]] and other senior U.S. officials said Russia's campaign was primarily aimed at propping up Assad, whom U.S. president Barack Obama had repeatedly called upon to leave power.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/world/europe/russia-airstrikes-syria.html |title=Russians Strike Targets in Syria, but Not ISIS Areas |date=September 30, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 9, 2015}}</ref>
-Three weeks into the Russian campaign in Syria, on October 20, 2015, Russian president Vladimir Putin met Bashar Assad in Moscow to discuss their joint military campaign and a future political settlement in Syria, according to the Kremlin report of the event.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50533 |title=Meeting with President of Syria Bashar Assad |work=The Kremlin, Moscow |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/22/world/middleeast/assad-putin-syria-russia.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=a-lede-package-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 |title=Assad Makes Unannounced Trip to Moscow to Discuss Syria With Putin |date=October 21, 2015 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The meeting provoked a sharp condemnation from the White House.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34595409 |title=Syria crisis: US attacks Moscow welcome for Assad |date=October 22, 2015 |agency=BBC |access-date=October 23, 2015}}</ref>
-
-While one of the original aims of the Russian leadership may have been normalisation of the relationship with the U.S. and the West at large, the resultant situation in Syria was said in October 2015 to be a [[proxy war]] between Russia and the U.S.<ref name="turnproxy">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes.html?_r=0 |title=U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia |date=October 12, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref><ref name="cain">{{cite news |first=Martin |last=Pengelly |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/04/john-mccain-russia-us-proxy-war-syria-obama-putin |title=John McCain says US is engaged in proxy war with Russia in Syria |date=October 4, 2015 |work=The Guardian |access-date=October 17, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012181525/http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/04/john-mccain-russia-us-proxy-war-syria-obama-putin |archive-date=October 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name="prox">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/13/middleeast/syria-civil-war/index.html |title=U.S., Russia escalate involvement in Syria |date=October 13, 2015 |publisher=CNN |access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="stupid">{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/10/1/9434365/putin-syria-russia-mistake |title="The Russians have made a serious mistake": how Putin's Syria gambit will backfire |date=October 1, 2015 |publisher=The VOA|access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="gamble">{{cite news |url=http://time.com/4074568/putins-syria-gamble/ |title=Putin's Syria Gamble |date=October 12, 2015 |magazine=Time |author=Simon Shuster |access-date=October 23, 2015}}</ref> The two rounds of the [[Syria peace talks in Vienna|Syria peace talks]] held in Vienna in October and November 2015, with Iran participating for the first time, highlighted yet again the deep disagreement over the Syrian settlement between the U.S. and Russia, primarily on the issue of [[Bashar Assad]]'s political future.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/2855020 |title=Сирийское урегулирование продвинулось не дальше Башара Асада |date=November 16, 2015 |magazine=[[Kommersant]] |access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> The talks in Vienna were followed by a bilateral meeting of Obama and Putin on the sidelines of the [[2015 G-20 Antalya summit|G-20 Summit]] in Turkey, during which a certain consensus between the two leaders on Syria was reported to have been reached.<ref name="syrtrans">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151115223128/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/16/g20-barack-obama-and-vladimir-putin-agree-to-syrian-led-transition "G20: Barack Obama and Vladimir Putin agree to Syrian-led transition"], ''The Guardian'', November 16, 2015.</ref>
[[File:Secretary Kerry Looks on as Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov Signs a Condolence Book in Moscow (27710004614).jpg|thumb|John Kerry and Sergey Lavrov are paying tribute at the [[Igumnov House|French Embassy]] in Moscow after [[2016 Nice truck attack|terror attack in Nice]], July 15, 2016.]]
-Bilateral negotiations over Syria were unilaterally suspended by the U.S on October 3, 2016, which was presented as the U.S. government's reaction to a re-newed [[Aleppo offensive (September 2016)|offensive on Aleppo]] by Syrian and Russian troops.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/world/middleeast/us-suspends-talks-with-russia-on-syria.html |title=Tension With Russia Rises as U.S. Halts Syria Negotiations |last1=Gordon |first1=Michael R. |date=October 3, 2016 |last2=Kramer |first2=Andrew E. |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> On the same day Putin signed a decree<ref>{{cite web |url=http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201610030004 |title=Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации |access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref> that suspended the 2000 [[Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement]] with the U.S. (the relevant law was signed on October 31, 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/31oct2016/plutonium.html |title=Путин подписал закон о приостановлении действия соглашения с США об утилизации плутония |access-date=December 14, 2016|date=October 31, 2016 }}</ref>), citing the failure by the U.S. to comply with the provisions thereof as well as the U.S.' unfriendly actions that posed a "threat to [[strategic stability]]."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-03/putin-halts-plutonium-pact-demands-u-s-troop-cuts-to-revive-it |title=Putin Halts Plutonium Pact, Demands End to Sanctions by U.S. |date=October 3, 2016 |agency=Bloomberg|access-date=October 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/world/europe/russia-plutonium-nuclear-treaty.html |title=Vladimir Putin Exits Nuclear Security Pact, Citing 'Hostile Actions' by U.S. |last=Kramer |first=Andrew E. |date=October 3, 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref>
-In mid-October 2016, Russia's U.N. ambassador [[Vitaly Churkin]], referring to the international situation during the [[Yom Kippur War|1973 Arab–Israeli War]], said that tensions with the U.S. are "probably the worst since 1973".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-10-15/world-news/Russia-s-United-Nations-Ambassador-Tensions-with-US-are-probably-worst-since-1973-6736165242 |title=Russia's United Nations Ambassador: Tensions with US are probably worst since 1973 |date=October 15, 2016 |newspaper=The Independent|access-date=October 15, 2016}}</ref> After two rounds of fruitless talks on Syria in [[Lausanne]] and London, the foreign ministers of the U.S. and the UK said that additional sanctions against both Russia and Syria were imminent unless Russia and the "Assad regime" stopped their air campaign in Aleppo.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37670528 |title=Syria conflict: West considers new sanctions over Aleppo |date=October 16, 2016 |agency=BBC|access-date=October 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Harry |last=Cockburn |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/uk-us-economic-sanctions-russia-barbaric-siege-aleppo-boris-johnson-a7364701.html |title=UK and US propose economic sanctions against Russia over 'barbaric siege' of Aleppo |newspaper=The Independent |date=October 17, 2016|access-date=December 12, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:William Shepherd Awarded Russian Medal for Merit in Space Exploration.jpg|thumb|right|Russian Ambassador [[Sergey Kislyak]], NASA Administrator [[Charles Bolden]] and [[William Shepherd]] after Shepherd was awarded the Russian [[Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"]], December 2, 2016.]]
@@ -199,5 +178,5 @@
{{see also|Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections}}
[[File:Tax March SF (34074705055).jpg|thumb|Anti-Trump poster in [[San Francisco]], presumably associating Trump with Russia or the former [[Soviet Union]], April 15, 2017.]]
-In mid-November 2016, shortly after the election of Trump as the U.S. president, the Kremlin accused president Barack Obama's administration of trying to damage the U.S.' relationship with Russia to a degree that would render normalization thereof impossible for Trump's incoming administration.<ref name="obamadamage">{{cite news|date=November 17, 2016|title=Kremlin: Obama team trying to damage ties with Russia|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html|url-status=dead|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228224200/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html|archive-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref>
+In mid-November 2016, shortly after the election of Trump as the U.S. president, the Kremlin accused president Barack Obama's administration of trying to damage the U.S.' relationship with Russia to a degree that would render normalization thereof impossible for Trump's incoming administration.<ref name="obamadamage">{{cite news|date=November 17, 2016|title=Kremlin: Obama team trying to damage ties with Russia|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html|url-status=dead|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228224200/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html|archive-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref>
In his [[Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly (Russia)|address to the Russian parliament]] delivered on December 1, 2016, Russian president Putin said this of U.S.—Russia relations: "We are prepared to cooperate with the new American administration. It's important to normalize and begin to develop bilateral relations on an equal and mutually beneficial basis. Mutual efforts by Russia and the United States in solving global and regional problems are in the interest of the entire world."<ref>{{cite web|title=Послание Президента Федеральному Собранию|date=December 2016 |url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/53379|access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref>
@@ -228,28 +207,18 @@
In April 2017, Trump's administration denied a request from [[ExxonMobil]] to allow it to resume [[Petroleum industry in Russia|oil drilling in Russia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Trump administration has denied ExxonMobil permission to bypass sanctions to drill for oil in Russia. |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/04/21/news/companies/trump-exxon-russia-sanctions/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=April 21, 2017}}</ref> In July 2017, ExxonMobil filed a lawsuit against the U.S. government challenging the finding that the company violated sanctions imposed on Russia.<ref>"[https://www.rferl.org/a/us-treasury-accuses-exxon-violating-russian-sanctions/28629213.html Exxon Mobil Sues U.S. Over Penalty For Post-Sanctions Russian Deal]". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). July 20, 2017.</ref>
-On May 10, 2017, Trump had an unannounced meeting in the [[Oval Office]] with Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey V. Lavrov|Sergey Lavrov]] and Russian Ambassador to the United States [[Sergey I. Kislyak|Sergey Kislyak]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/us/politics/trump-russia-meeting-american-reporters-blocked.html | first = Julie | last = Hirschfeld Davis | work = [[New York Times]] | title = Trump Bars U.S. Press, but Not Russia's, at Meeting With Russian Officials | date = May 10, 2017 }}</ref> During the meeting he disclosed highly classified information, providing details that could have been used to deduce the source of the information and the manner in which it was collected, according to current and former government officials.<ref name="NYRosenberg">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html |title=Trump Revealed Highly Classified Intelligence to Russia, in Break With Ally, Officials Say |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Matthew |date=May 15, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |page=A1 |author-link=Matthew Rosenberg |author-link2=Eric P. Schmitt |access-date=June 17, 2018 |archive-date=May 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515224247/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=WashingtonPost>{{cite news |last1=Miller|first1=Greg |last2=Jaffe |first2=Greg |title=Trump revealed highly classified information to Russian foreign minister and ambassador |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-revealed-highly-classified-information-to-russian-foreign-minister-and-ambassador/2017/05/15/530c172a-3960-11e7-9e48-c4f199710b69_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref> Although the disclosure was not illegal, it was widely criticized because of the possible danger to the source.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-officials-call-trumps-disclosure-serious/ |title=Former officials call Trump's disclosure 'serious' |last=Pegues |first=Jeff |date=May 16, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |author-link=Jeff Pegues}}</ref><ref name="buzzfeed1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimdalrympleii/trump-highly-classified-information-russians |title=Trump Revealed Highly Classified Information To Russians During White House Visit |last1=Dalrymple |first1=Jim, II |date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |publisher=[[BuzzFeed]] |last2=Leopold |first2=Jason }}</ref>
-
+On May 10, 2017, Trump had an unannounced meeting in the [[Oval Office]] with Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey V. Lavrov|Sergey Lavrov]] and Russian Ambassador to the United States [[Sergey I. Kislyak|Sergey Kislyak]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/us/politics/trump-russia-meeting-american-reporters-blocked.html | first = Julie | last = Hirschfeld Davis | work = [[New York Times]] | title = Trump Bars U.S. Press, but Not Russia's, at Meeting With Russian Officials | date = May 10, 2017 }}</ref> During the meeting he disclosed highly classified information, providing details that could have been used to deduce the source of the information and the manner in which it was collected, according to current and former government officials.<ref name="NYRosenberg">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html |title=Trump Revealed Highly Classified Intelligence to Russia, in Break With Ally, Officials Say |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Matthew |date=May 15, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |page=A1 |author-link=Matthew Rosenberg |author-link2=Eric P. Schmitt |access-date=June 17, 2018 |archive-date=May 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515224247/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=WashingtonPost>{{cite news |last1=Miller|first1=Greg |last2=Jaffe |first2=Greg |title=Trump revealed highly classified information to Russian foreign minister and ambassador |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-revealed-highly-classified-information-to-russian-foreign-minister-and-ambassador/2017/05/15/530c172a-3960-11e7-9e48-c4f199710b69_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref> Although the disclosure was not illegal, it was widely criticized because of the possible danger to the source.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-officials-call-trumps-disclosure-serious/ |title=Former officials call Trump's disclosure 'serious' |last=Pegues |first=Jeff |date=May 16, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |author-link=Jeff Pegues}}</ref><ref name="buzzfeed1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimdalrympleii/trump-highly-classified-information-russians |title=Trump Revealed Highly Classified Information To Russians During White House Visit |last1=Dalrymple |first1=Jim, II |date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |publisher=[[BuzzFeed]] |last2=Leopold |first2=Jason }}</ref>niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger
On July 6, 2017, during a speech in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]], Trump urged Russia to cease its support for "hostile regimes" in [[Syria]] and [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilner |first1=Michael |title=Trump Calls on Putin to Distance Russia from Syria and Iran |url=http://www.jpost.com/American-Politics/Trump-calls-on-Putin-to-distance-Russia-from-Syria-and-Iran-498972 |access-date=July 26, 2017 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=July 6, 2017}}</ref> On July 7, 2017, in what appeared to be a sign of good relations between the leaders of both countries,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cassidy |first1=John |title=The Trump-Putin Bromance is Back On |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/the-trump-putin-bromance-is-back-on |access-date=July 26, 2017 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=July 7, 2017}}</ref> Trump met with Putin at the [[2017 G20 Hamburg summit|G20 Hamburg summit]] in Germany and described the meeting as "an honour."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sampathkumar |first1=Mythili |title=Donald Trump's meeting with Vladimir Putin lasts more than 2 hours after being scheduled for 30 minutes |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world-0/us-politics/trump-putin-meeting-time-spent-hours-minutes-scheduled-us-russia-g20-hamburg-latest-a7829771.html |access-date=July 26, 2017 |work=The Independent |date=July 7, 2017}}</ref>
-In mid-July 2017, the Russian foreign ministry noted that the staff of the [[Embassy of the United States, Moscow|U.S. Embassy in Moscow]], following expulsion of diplomats by the Obama administration in December 2016, far exceeded the number of Russian embassy employees in Washington and indicated that the Russian government was considering retaliatory expulsion of more than thirty-five U.S. diplomats, thus evening out the number of the countries' diplomats posted.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nechepurenko |first1=Ivan |title=Russia Warns U.S. It Could Expel Americans Over Diplomatic Dispute |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/14/world/europe/russia-diplomats-foreign-ministry-spies-expel.html |access-date=July 18, 2017 |work=The New York Times |date=July 14, 2017}}</ref> On July 28, Russia announced punitive measures that were cast as Russia's response to the [[Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act|additional, codified, sanctions]] against Moscow passed by Congress days prior, but also referenced the specific measures imposed against the Russian diplomatic mission in the U.S. by the Obama administration.<ref name="midannounce">[http://www.mid.ru/ru/press_service/spokesman/official_statement/-/asset_publisher/t2GCdmD8RNIr/content/id/2824435 Заявление Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации] Russian Foreign Ministry, July 28, 2017.</ref> Russia demanded that the U.S. reduce its diplomatic and technical personnel in the Moscow embassy and its consulates in St Petersburg, Ekaterinburg and Vladivostok to four hundred fifty-five persons — the same as the number of Russian diplomats posted in the U.S. — by September 1; Russia's government would also suspend the use of a retreat compound and a storage facility in Moscow used by the U.S. by August 1.<ref name="midannounce" /><ref name="ftexpell">[https://www.ft.com/content/35c6d6d6-7377-11e7-aca6-c6bd07df1a3c Russia expels US diplomats in tit-for-tat over sanctions] FT, July 28, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3370977 Американским дипломатам закрыли дачный сезон] [[Kommersant]], July 28, 2017.</ref> Two days later, Vladimir Putin said that the decision on the curtailment of the U.S. diplomatic mission personnel had been taken by him personally and that 755 staff must terminate their work in Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin asks US to cut its embassy and consulate staff in Russia by 755 |publisher=Delhi NYOOOZ |url=https://www.nyoooz.com/news/delhi/882977/putin-asks-us-to-cut-its-embassy-and-consulate-staff-in-russia-by-755/ |access-date=July 31, 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40769365 Putin confirms 755 US diplomatic staff must leave] BBC, July 30, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2915605 Эксклюзивное интервью Владимира Путина: почему ответ России чувствителен для США] Vesti.ru, July 30, 2017.</ref> After the sanction bill was on August 2 signed by Donald Trump, Russian prime minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]] wrote that the law had ended hope for improving U.S.–Russia relations and meant "an all-out trade war with Russia."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/trump-signs-russia-sanctions-bill/28655189.html|title=Russia's Medvedev Says U.S. Sanctions Bill Ends Hope For Better Ties|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=August 3, 2017 |last1=Eckel |first1=Mike }}</ref><ref>[http://tass.ru/politika/4458190 Медведев: ужесточением санкций США объявили России полноценную торговую войну] TASS, August 2, 2017.</ref> The law was also criticised by Donald Trump, whose [[signing statement]] indicated that he might choose not to enforce certain provisions of the legislation that he deemed unconstitutional.<ref name="NYTstatem">[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/europe/trump-russia-sanctions.html Trump Signs Russian Sanctions Into Law, With Caveats] The New York Times, August 2, 2017.</ref><ref name="presstatement">[https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/08/02/statement-president-donald-j-trump-signing-hr-3364 Statement by President Donald J. Trump on the Signing of H.R. 3364] The White House, August 2, 2017.</ref>
-Russia protested on September 2, 2017, against a search it said U.S. officials were planning of a Russian trade mission building in Washington D.C., shortly after the U.S., ″in the spirit of parity invoked by the Russians″, demanded that Russia shut two of its diplomatic annexes (buildings) in Washington D.C. and New York City as well as its [[Consulate-General of Russia in San Francisco|Consulate General]] in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=August 31, 2017|title=Achieving Parity in Diplomatic Missions|url=https://2017-2021-translations.state.gov/2017/08/31/achieving-parity-in-diplomatic-missions/index.html|access-date=September 2, 2017|website=state.gov|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref> The Russian foreign ministry said the inspection would be "illegal" and an "unprecedented aggressive action"; it also demanded that the U.S. ″immediately return the Russian diplomatic facilities″.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41136484 Russia condemns US 'plans' to search Washington trade mission] BBC, September 2, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2851819 Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation] mid.ru, September 3, 2017.</ref>
-In November 2017, Trump and Putin both attended the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] meeting in [[Danang]]. Although they had no formal meeting they spoke informally several times during the event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/09/politics/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-vietnam/index.html|title=Trump, Putin shake hands, chat multiple times at Asia-Pacific summit|last=Merica|first=Dan|date=November 11, 2018|work=CNN|access-date=June 17, 2018}}</ref>
-At the end of 2017, CNN concluded that a series of steps undertaken by the Trump administration within a mere week before [[Christmas]] such as naming Russia a "rival power" and ″revisionist power″ (along with [[China]]), imposing sanctions on [[Ramzan Kadyrov]], a close Putin ally, the decision to provide Ukraine with anti-tank weapons, coupled with tougher line from the State Department about Moscow's activities in eastern Ukraine, and accusations from the Pentagon that Russia was intentionally violating de-confliction agreements in Syria, highlighted "a decided turn away from the warmer, more cooperative relationship with Russia that President Donald Trump called for during his campaign and early in his presidency".<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/24/politics/trump-us-russia-chill/index.html Despite Trump's hopes, US-Russia relations are getting chilly] CNN, December 24, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/20/treasury-adds-five-to-russian-sanctions-list-that-has-infuriated-the-kremlin.html Treasury adds five to Russian sanctions list that has infuriated the Kremlin] CNBC, December 20, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42401170 Trump: Russia and China ‘rival powers’ in new security plan] BBC, December 18, 2017.</ref> In February 2018, echoing Donald Trump's own statement, White House press secretary [[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]] said: "[President Donald Trump] has been tougher on Russia in the first year than Obama was in eight years combined."<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/20/politics/russia-trump-sarah-sanders/index.html Sarah Sanders cryptically hints at action against Russia] CNN, February 20, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trumps-tougher-on-russia-claim-fits-a-pattern-of-striving-to-one-up-obama/2018/02/20/a533fd1c-164e-11e8-b681-2d4d462a1921_story.html Trump's ‘tougher on Russia’ claim fits a pattern of striving to one-up Obama] The Washington Post, February 20, 2018.</ref>
====Beginning of Putin's fourth term (2018–2020)====
[[File:World nuclear weapons.png|thumb|right|Large [[nuclear weapons]] stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global range (medium blue).]]
-A highly unusual<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-spy-chiefs-washington/29010324.html Chiefs Of Three Russian Intelligence Agencies Travel To Washington] Radio Liberty, February 1, 2018.</ref> unannounced visit to Washington, D.C., at the end of January 2018 by the directors of Russia's [[Intelligence agencies of Russia|three main intelligence]] and security agencies ([[Federal Security Service|FSB]], [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|SVR]], and [[GRU (Russian Federation)|GRU]]), two of whom ([[Sergey Naryshkin]] and [[Igor Korobov]]) were on the U.S. sanctions list,<ref>[http://tass.com/world/988213 US suspends sanctions against Russian security chiefs during their visit to Washington] TASS, February 2, 2018.</ref> and their reported meetings with top U.S. security officials caused political controversy in the U.S. and elicited no official comment in Russia, while it occurred days before the Trump administration chose not to impose immediately new sanctions on Russia at the deadline mandated by the [[Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act]].<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russian-spy-chiefs-met-in-washington-with-cia-director-to-discuss-counterterrorism/2018/01/31/0b761976-068b-11e8-94e8-e8b8600ade23_story.html Russian spy chiefs met in Washington with CIA director to discuss counterterrorism] The Washington Post, January 31, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2018/02/02_a_11634157.shtml «Визит Нарышкина касается национальных интересов США»] Gazeta.ru, February 2, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/why-the-directors-of-russias-fsb-svr-and-gru-visited-washington-60433 Why the Directors of Russia's Intelligence Agencies Visited Washington (Op-ed): Secret meetings between the U.S. and Russia are the best hope for restoring relations] The Moscow Times, February 8, 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/02/01/cia-defends-meeting-with-russian-spy-officials-in-letter-to-schumer.html CIA defends meeting with Russian spy officials, in letter to Schumer] Fox News, February 1, 2018.</ref>
-The [[Battle of Khasham|U.S. air and artillery strike]] on a pro-government formation in eastern Syria on February 7, 2018, which caused massive death toll among Russian nationals and a political scandal in Russia, was billed by media as "the first deadly clash between citizens of Russia and the United States since the [[Cold War]]" and "an episode that threatens to deepen tensions with Moscow".<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-21/white-house-weighs-citing-russian-deaths-as-sign-of-u-s-resolve White House Considers Citing Russian Deaths in Syria as Sign of U.S. Resolve] Bloomberg, February 21, 2018.</ref><ref name="telegrbospoke">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/23/russian-mercenary-boss-spoke-kremlin-attacking-us-forces-syria/ Russian mercenary boss spoke with Kremlin before attacking US forces in Syria, intel claims] The Telegraph, February 23, 2018.</ref>
-Public statements read out by Vladimir Putin on March 1, 2018, days before the [[2018 Russian presidential election|presidential election]], about missile technology breakthroughs made by Russia, were referred to by the Trump administration officials as largely boastful untruths, as well as confirmation that "Russia ha[d] been developing destabilizing weapons systems for over a decade, in direct violation of its treaty obligations".<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/01/europe/putin-russia-missile-intl/ Putin claims new 'invincible' missile can pierce US defenses] CNN, March 1, 2018.</ref> U.S. Defense Secretary James Mattis remarked that the systems Putin had talked about "[were] still years away" and he did not see them changing the military balance.<ref>[https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1463160/mattis-sees-no-change-in-russian-military-capability-in-light-of-putins-speech/ Mattis Sees No Change in Russian Military Capability in Light of Putin's Speech] U.S. Department of Defense, March 11, 2018.</ref> Nevertheless, White House insiders were later quoted as saying that Putin's claims "really got under the president [Trump]'s skin" and caused Trump to take a sharper tone behind the scenes vis-à-vis Vladimir Putin.<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-tells-aides-not-talk-publicly-about-russia-policy-moves-n861256 Trump tells aides not to talk publicly about Russia policy moves: But Trump, irked by Putin's nuclear buildup, told him last week: "If you want to have an arms race we can do that, but I'll win."] NBC News, March 29, 2018.</ref>
-On March 26, 2018, following the [[United States National Security Council]]'s recommendation,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/23/politics/trump-russian-diplomats-national-security-council/index.html|title=Trump's National Security Council recommends expelling Russian diplomats|first=Michelle |last=Kosinski|work=CNN|access-date=March 24, 2018}}</ref> to demonstrate the U.S.'s support for the UK's position on the [[Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal|Salisbury poisoning incident]], president Donald Trump ordered the expulsion of sixty Russian diplomats and closure of Russian consulate in Seattle.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-administration-expels-60-russian-officers-shuts-seattle-consulate-in-response-to-attack-on-former-spy-in-britain/2018/03/26/8ada3d8e-30f0-11e8-8bdd-cdb33a5eef83_story.html|title=Trump administration expels 60 Russian officers, shuts Seattle consulate in response to attack on former spy in Britain|last1=Rucker|first1=Philip|date=March 26, 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=March 26, 2018|last2=Nakashima|first2=Ellen|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>[http://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/5066974 США высылают из страны 60 российских дипломатов] TASS, March 26, 2018.</ref> Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov responded to the simultaneous expulsion of the total of 140 Russian diplomats by 25 countries by accusing the U.S. government of "blackmailing" other nations.<ref>[http://tass.com/politics/996300 Lavrov: 'Rest assured, Russia won't tolerate' West's obnoxious conduct] TASS, March 27, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://rg.ru/2018/03/27/lavrov-obvinil-ssha-v-kolossalnom-shantazhe-evropejskih-stran.html Лавров обвинил США в колоссальном шантаже европейских стран] [[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]], March 27, 2018.</ref>
[[File:Vladimir Putin & Donald Trump in Helsinki, 16 July 2018 (4).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Talks between U.S. delegation headed by Trump and Russian delegation headed by Vladimir Putin at the [[2018 Russia–United States summit|summit]] in Helsinki, Finland July 16, 2018.]]
-In April 2018, US-Russian relations were further exacerbated by [[2018 missile strikes against Syria|missile strikes]] against the Syrian government targets following the [[Douma chemical attack|suspected chemical attack]] in Douma on April 7.<ref>{{cite news |last=Majumdar |first=David |title=Tensions Are Flaring between Washington and Moscow |language=en |publisher=The National Interest |date=April 11, 2018 |url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/tensions-are-flaring-between-washington-moscow-25326 |access-date=April 11, 2018}}</ref> The countries clashed diplomatically, with Russia's top military officials threatening to hit U.S. military targets in the event of a massive U.S.-led strike against Syria.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/u-s-russia-clash-at-u-n-over-chemical-weapons-attacks-in-syria-idUSKBN1HG0D8 U.S., Russia clash at U.N. over chemical weapons attacks in Syria] Reuters, April 9, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/10/russian-officials-warn-of-possible-military-clash-with-us-over-syria Russian officials warn of possible military clash with US over Syria] ''The Guardian'', April 10, 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.ng.ru/world/2018-04-11/1_7209_calibrs.html Россия нацелила "Калибры" на базы США в Сирии: Вооруженные силы РФ скрытно приведены в полную боеготовность] [[Nezavisimaya Gazeta]], April 11, 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=America vows to respond to a suspected chemical attack in Syria|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21740282-donald-trump-says-there-will-be-big-price-pay|access-date=April 10, 2018|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> In late May, during an interview with [[Russia Today|RT]], Syria's president [[Bashar al-Assad]] said that direct military conflict between the Russian forces and the U.S. forces in Syria had been averted in April "by the wisdom of the Russian leadership" and that the US-led missile attack against Syria would have been far more extensive had it not been for Russia's intervention.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/31/middleeast/assad-interview-us-intl/index.html Assad tells US to leave Syria] CNN, May 31, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-assad/assad-says-us-must-leave-syria-vows-to-recover-sdf-areas-idUSKCN1IW0K3 Assad raises prospect of clashes with U.S. forces in Syria] Reuters, May 31, 2018.</ref>
On June 8, 2018, Trump called for Russia to be readmitted to the [[Group of Seven|G-7]], from which it was expelled after the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian annexation of Crimea]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=DeYoung |first1=Karen |title=In Trump, some fear the end of the world order |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-trump-some-fear-the-end-of-the-world-order/2018/06/08/d6026dde-6b44-11e8-bf8c-f9ed2e672adf_story.html |access-date=June 9, 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 9, 2018}}</ref>
@@ -273,8 +242,5 @@
Various [[links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies]] have been documented and heavily scrutinized, most notably former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn's [[United States v. Flynn#Contacts with the Russian ambassador, public statements about these|contacts with the Russian ambassador]]. Throughout his presidential tenure, Trump expressed both support and criticism of Russia's actions in Crimea,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump expects Russia to return Crimea to Ukraine: White House |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-ukraine/trump-expects-russia-to-return-crimea-to-ukraine-white-house-idUSKBN15T2IY |work=[[Reuters]] |date=February 14, 2017}}</ref> Syria,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump blames Putin for backing 'Animal Assad' |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/08/trump-putin-syria-attack-508223 |work=Politico |date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> Ukraine,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump criticizes Russia, calls for defense of Western civilization |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-usa-trump/trump-criticizes-russia-calls-for-defense-of-western-civilization-idUSKBN19R02Q |work=[[Reuters]] |date=July 6, 2017 |first1=Roberta |last1=Rampton |first2=Pawel |last2=Sobczak}}</ref> North Korea,<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Trump accuses Russia of helping North Korea evade sanctions; says U.S. needs more missile defense |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-exclusive/exclusive-trump-accuses-russia-of-helping-north-korea-evade-sanctions-says-u-s-needs-more-missile-defense-idUSKBN1F62KO |work=[[Reuters]] |date=January 17, 2018}}</ref> Venezuela,<ref>{{cite news |title=Venezuela crisis: Russia hits out at 'boorish' Trump |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47739503 |publisher=BBC News |date=March 28, 2019}}</ref> election meddling,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump vows to 'counteract' any Russia election meddling |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/world/Donald-Trump-Russia-election-meddling-/1068-4331686-h7mbxbz/index.html |publisher=Daily Nation |date=March 7, 2018}}</ref> Skripal poisoning,<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump expelling 60 Russian diplomats in wake of UK nerve agent attack |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/26/politics/us-expel-russian-diplomats/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=March 26, 2018}}</ref> and oil drilling in Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump denies Exxon permission to drill for oil in Russia |last2=Egan |first2=Matt |last1=Borak |first1=Donna |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/04/21/news/companies/trump-exxon-russia-sanctions/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=April 21, 2017}}</ref>
-Despite extensive investigation into the dossier's claims, they remain [[Mueller report|unverified]], and many consider the allegations to be a [[conspiracy theory]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Sonny |last=Bunch |title=Rachel Maddow takes conspiracy theorizing mainstream with Trump tax 'scoop' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2017/03/15/rachel-maddow-takes-conspiracy-theorizing-mainstream-with-trump-tax-scoop/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trump, Russia, and the collapse of the collusion narrative |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/03/trump-russia-collapse-collusion-narrative-190330063518669.html |work=Al-Jazeera |date=March 30, 2019 |access-date=December 25, 2019 |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504020111/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/03/trump-russia-collapse-collusion-narrative-190330063518669.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Glenn |last=Greenwald |title=Robert Mueller Did Not Merely Reject the Trump-Russia Conspiracy Theories. He Obliterated Them. |url=https://theintercept.com/2019/04/18/robert-mueller-did-not-merely-reject-the-trumprussia-conspiracy-theories-he-obliterated-them/ |work=The Intercept |date=April 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bershidsky |first1=Leonid |title=The U.S. Needs a Post-Mueller Reality Check |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-03-31/muelller-investigation-u-s-s-russia-experts-need-reality-check |work=Bloomberg News |date=March 31, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Willa |last=Paskin |title=Rachel Maddow's Conspiracy Brain |url=https://slate.com/culture/2019/03/rachel-maddow-mueller-report-trump-barr.html |work=Slate |date=March 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Glenn |last=Reynolds |title=Mueller report: Donald Trump collusion conspiracy theories are now exposed. Will they end? |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/04/22/mueller-report-donald-trump-collusion-conspiracy-theories-continue-establishment-column/3535024002/ |work=USA Today |date=April 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ross |last=Barkan |title=Will Rachel Maddow face a reckoning over her Trump-Russia coverage? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/28/trump-russia-investigation-mueller-liberal-media-rachel-maddow |work=The Guardian |date=March 28, 2019}}</ref> Trump's actions at the [[2018 Russia–United States summit|Helsinki summit in 2018]] led some to conclude that Steele's report was more accurate than not. [[Politico]] reported, "Trump sided with the Russians over the U.S. intelligence community's assessment that Moscow had waged an all-out attack on the 2016 election...The joint news conference cemented fears among some that Trump was in Putin's pocket and prompted bipartisan backlash."<ref name="Bertrand_9/30/2019">{{cite web|last=Bertrand|first=Natasha |title=The Russia Hawk in the White House |website=[[Politico]] |date=September 30, 2019 |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/09/30/fiona-hill-russia-trump-adviser-228758/|access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref> At the joint news conference, when asked directly about the subject, Putin denied that he had any kompromat on Trump. Trump was reportedly given a gift from Putin the weekend of the pageant, though Putin argued "that he did not even know Trump was in Russia for the [[Miss Universe 2013|Miss Universe pageant in 2013]] when, according to the Steele dossier, video of Trump was secretly recorded to blackmail him."<ref name="Mackey_7/16/2018">{{cite web|last=Mackey|first=Robert |title=Trump and Putin Met in Helsinki's Hall of Mirrors. Here Are the Highlights. |website=[[The Intercept]] |date=July 16, 2018 |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/07/16/live-trump-and-putin-meet-in-helsinkis-hall-of-mirrors |access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref>
-In reaction to Trump's actions at the summit, Senator [[Charles E. Schumer|Chuck Schumer]] (D-N.Y.) spoke in the Senate:
-{{blockquote|Millions of Americans will continue to wonder if the only possible explanation for this dangerous and inexplicable behavior is the possibility — the very real possibility — that President Putin holds damaging information over President Trump.<ref name="Blake_7/17/2018">{{cite news|last=Blake|first=Aaron |title=The growing Trump-Putin kompromat question |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 17, 2018 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/07/17/does-putin-have-kompromat-on-trump-suddenly-its-no-longer-such-a-taboo-question-thanks-to-trump |access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref>}} {{clear}}
[[File:Director of National Intelligence James Clapper.jpg|thumb|In May 2017, [[James Clapper]], the former Director of National Intelligence, told [[NBC]]'s ''Meet the Press'' that [[Russians]] are [[Russophobia|"almost genetically driven" to act deviously.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/james-clapper-trump-russia-ties-my-dashboard-warning-light-was-n765601|title=James Clapper on Trump-Russia Ties: 'My Dashboard Warning Light Was Clearly On |publisher=NBC News|date=May 28, 2017}}</ref>]]
@@ -350,5 +316,5 @@
On April 28, 2022, President Biden asked Congress for an additional $33 billion dollars to assist Ukraine, including $20 billion to provide weapons to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=War in Ukraine: U.S. dramatically upgrades its aid package to Kyiv |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/04/29/war-in-ukraine-u-s-dramatically-upgrades-its-aid-package-to-kyiv_5981990_4.html |work=[[Le Monde]] |date=April 29, 2022}}</ref>
-On July 6, 2022, the speaker of the [[Russian Parliament]] threatened the US about the possible "[[Alaska Purchase|return]]" of [[Alaska]] to [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2022/07/06/russian-politician-threatens-to-retaliate-against-us-sanctions-by-reclaiming-alaska/|title=Russian politician threatens to retaliate against US sanctions by reclaiming Alaska|work=[[Anchorage Daily News]]|language=en|date=2022-07-06|accessdate=July 6, 2022}}</ref>
+On July 6, 2022, the speaker of the [[Russian Parliament]] threatened the US about the possible "[[Alaska Purchase|return]]" of [[Alaska]] to [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2022/07/06/russian-politician-threatens-to-retaliate-against-us-sanctions-by-reclaiming-alaska/|title=Russian politician threatens to retaliate against US sanctions by niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger Alaska|work=[[Anchorage Daily News]]|language=en|date=2022-07-06|accessdate=July 6, 2022}}</ref>
On September 21, 2022, President Putin warned the US and NATO during his [[2022 Russian mobilization|partial mobilization]] speech regarding Russia's ability to use nuclear weapons, stating that if Russia's "territorial integrity" was threatened, Russia would "certainly make use of all weapon systems available" to them.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Read Putin's national address on a partial military mobilization |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/21/putin-speech-russia-ukraine-war-mobilization/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
@@ -377,6 +343,5 @@
Prior to 2014, the Russian press expressed varying opinions of Russia–United States relations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://watchingamerica.com/News/205785/us-still-has-a-chance/ |title=US Still Has a Chance |last=Gavrov |first=Sergei |date=April 30, 2013 |publisher=Vzglyad, Russia |access-date=April 30, 2013}}</ref>
Russian media treatment of America ranged from doctrinaire<ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/izvestia000009.shtml |title=Truman and Churchill No Better Than Stalin |last=Orlov |first=Dmitriy |date=July 31, 2009 |publisher=[[Izvestia]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> and nationalistic<ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/argumentyifacty000006.shtml |title=Obama Presidency Marks End of Western Civilization |last=Trostnikov |first=Victor |date=January 21, 2009 |publisher=[[Argumenty i Fakty]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> to very positive toward the United States and the West.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/gazetaru000015.shtml |title=Russia's Elite Must Embrace New Era with U.S. |last=Novoprudski |first=Semen |date=October 17, 2009 |publisher=[[Gazeta.ru]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/yezhednevniyzhurnal000002.shtml |title=Shall Russians Praise or Curse 'Those Treacherous Yankees'? |last=Golz |first=Alexander |date=September 18, 2009 |publisher=Yezhednevniy Zhurnal, Russia |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/kommersant000040.shtml |title=Russians Shouldn't Be Happy About America's Afghan Misfortune |last=Markedonov |first=Sergey |date=October 19, 2009 |publisher=[[Kommersant]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://worldmeets.us/vedomosti000001.shtml |title=Obama: The Color of Change for Both Russia and Europe |date=November 6, 2008 |publisher=[[Vedomosti]] |access-date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> In 2013, 51 percent of Russians had a favorable view of the U.S., down from 57 percent in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/181/ |title=Opinion of the United States |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref>
-
-The opinion polls taken by the independent [[Levada Center]] in January 2015,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/ |title=Opinions in Russia |newspaper=Washington Post |date=March 8, 2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016 |archive-date=July 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709073210/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> showed 81 percent of Russians tended to hold negative views of the U.S., a number that had nearly doubled over the previous 12 months and that was by far the highest negative rating since the center started tracking those views in 1988, as well as surpassing any time since the [[Stalin]] era, according to observers.<ref name="Antifever">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russias-anti-us-sentiment-now-is-even-worse-than-it-was-in-soviet-union/2015/03/08/b7d534c4-c357-11e4-a188-8e4971d37a8d_story.html |title=Russia's anti-American fever goes beyond the Soviet era's |last=Birnbaum |first=Michael |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 8, 2015 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This contrasts with only 7 percent of Russians in April 1990 who said they had bad or somewhat bad attitudes towards the U.S.<ref>"[https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/ Anti-American Sentiment on the Rise in Russia]". ''The Wall Street Journal''. June 5, 2014.</ref> Likewise, the figures published by [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] in February 2015 showed a significant rise in anti-Russian sentiment in the U.S.: the proportion of Americans who considered Russia as a "critical military threat" had over the 12 months increased from 32 to 49 percent, and, for the first time in many years, Russia topped the list of America's perceived external enemies, ahead of North Korea, China and Iran, with 18 percent of U.S. residents putting Russia at the top of the list of the "United States' greatest enemy today".<ref name="Gallup">{{cite news |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/181568/americans-increasingly-russia-threat-top-enemy.aspx |title=Americans Increasingly See Russia as Threat, Top U.S. Enemy |date=February 16, 2015 |publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]}}</ref> Public opinion polls taken by the [[Pew Research Center]] showed that favorable U.S. public opinion of Russia was at 22 percent in 2015. The most negative view of Russia was at 19 percent in 2014, and the most positive view at 49 percent in 2010 and 2011.<ref name="United States' opinion">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/27/country/233/ |title=Global Indicators Database: Opinion of Russia |work=Pew Research Center |date=2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref> The most negative view of the United States was at 15 percent in 2015, while the most positive view was at 61 percent in 2002.<ref name="Russia's opinion">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/181/ |title=Global Indicators Database: Opinion of the United States |work=Pew Research Center |date=2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref>
+niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerThe opinion polls taken by the independent [[Levada Center]] in January 2015,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/ |title=Opinions in Russia |newspaper=Washington Post |date=March 8, 2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016 |archive-date=July 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709073210/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> showed 81 percent of Russians tended to hold negative views of the U.S., a number that had nearly doubled over the previous 12 months and that was by far the highest negative rating since the center started tracking those views in 1988, as well as surpassing any time since the [[Stalin]] era, according to observers.<ref name="Antifever">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russias-anti-us-sentiment-now-is-even-worse-than-it-was-in-soviet-union/2015/03/08/b7d534c4-c357-11e4-a188-8e4971d37a8d_story.html |title=Russia's anti-American fever goes beyond the Soviet era's |last=Birnbaum |first=Michael |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 8, 2015 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This contrasts with only 7 percent of Russians in April 1990 who said they had bad or somewhat bad attitudes towards the U.S.<ref>"[https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/ Anti-American Sentiment on the Rise in Russia]". ''The Wall Street Journal''. June 5, 2014.</ref> Likewise, the figures published by [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] in February 2015 showed a significant rise in anti-Russian sentiment in the U.S.: the proportion of Americans who considered Russia as a "critical military threat" had over the 12 months increased from 32 to 49 percent, and, for the first time in many years, Russia topped the list of America's perceived external enemies, ahead of North Korea, China and Iran, with 18 percent of U.S. residents putting Russia at the top of the list of the "United States' greatest enemy today".<ref name="Gallup">{{cite news |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/181568/americans-increasingly-russia-threat-top-enemy.aspx |title=Americans Increasingly See Russia as Threat, Top U.S. Enemy |date=February 16, 2015 |publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]}}</ref> Public opinion polls taken by the [[Pew Research Center]] showed that favorable U.S. public opinion of Russia was at 22 percent in 2015. The most negative view of Russia was at 19 percent in 2014, and the most positive view at 49 percent in 2010 and 2011.<ref name="United States' opinion">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/27/country/233/ |title=Global Indicators Database: Opinion of Russia |work=Pew Research Center |date=2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref> The most negative view of the United States was at 15 percent in 2015, while the most positive view was at 61 percent in 2002.<ref name="Russia's opinion">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/181/ |title=Global Indicators Database: Opinion of the United States |work=Pew Research Center |date=2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref>
US public opinion regarding Russia has changed substantially over the past 25 years. A Gallup poll from 1992 to 2017 shows 62% of American respondents having a favorable view of Russia in 1992, and 29% having an unfavorable view. In 2017, 70% of American respondents had an unfavorable view of Russia, and 28% had a favorable view.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=http://news.gallup.com/poll/1642/russia.aspx |title=Russia |last=Inc. |first=Gallup |work=Gallup.com|access-date=November 2, 2017 |language=en-us}}</ref> A February 2023 Gallup poll found that 9% of Americans have a favorable view of Russia, and 51% view the military power of Russia as a critical threat, though this is down significantly from 59% a year prior.<ref>Reyes, G. (2023, March 21). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/greatest-threat-china-russia-climate-change-americans-weigh Our greatest threat: China, Russia or climate change? Americans weigh in]. Fox News. Retrieved May 2, 2023; Jones, J. (2023, March 13). [https://news.gallup.com/poll/471872/americans-favorable-rating-russia-sinks-new-low.aspx?utm_source=news&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=the_week_in_charts_send_3_march_03212023&utm_term=newsletter&utm_content=read_more_textlink_1 Americans' favorable rating of Russia sinks to new low of 9%]. Gallup. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</ref> A poll conducted by [[YouGov]] in 2015 found that only 11% of Americans believed that the Soviet Union contributed most to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|defeat of Nazi Germany]] in [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite news |title=People in Britain and the U.S. disagree on who did more to beat the Nazis |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2015/05/01/Britain-America-disagree-who-did-more-beat-nazis |work=YouGov |date=May 1, 2015}}</ref>
@@ -564,5 +529,5 @@
Russia-U.S. relations are significantly influenced by the United States' leading role in [[NATO]] and policies thereof. NATO and Russia agreed to cooperate on security issues at the [[2002 Rome summit]] and had been gradually improving relations. However, due to the [[Enlargement of NATO|expansion]] of the alliance, the [[2008 South Ossetia war|Russian intervention in Georgia]], [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine|Russia's war campaign against Ukraine]] and other controversies, relations have since deteriorated significantly.<ref name="ForsbergHerd2015">{{cite journal |last1=Forsberg |first1=Tuomas |last2=Herd |first2=Graeme |title=Russia and NATO: From Windows of Opportunities to Closed Doors |journal=Journal of Contemporary European Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |year=2015 |pages=41–57 |issn=1478-2804 |doi=10.1080/14782804.2014.1001824|s2cid=153379927 }}</ref>
-In May 2015, following increased tensions with NATO, Russia closed a key [[NATO logistics in the Afghan War|military transport corridor]] (the Northern Distribution Network), which had allowed NATO to deliver military supplies to [[Afghanistan]] through the Russian territory.<ref name="wtimes">"[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/19/russia-closes-nato-supply-corridor-afghanistan/ Russia closes NATO supply corridor to Afghanistan]". ''The Washington Times.'' May 19, 2015.</ref> The Northern Distribution Network was established in 2009 in response to the increased risk of sending supplies through Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Northern Distribution Network Delivers |publisher=EurasiaNet |date=March 18, 2009 |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav031809d.shtml}}</ref>
+In May 2015, following increased tensions with NATO, Russia closed a key [[NATO logistics in the Afghan War|military transport corridor]] (the Northern Distribution Network), which had allowed NATO to deliver military supplies to [[Afghanistan]] through the Russian territory.<ref name="wtimes">"[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/19/russia-closes-nato-supply-corridor-afghanistan/ Russia closes NATO supply corridor to Afghanistan]". ''The Washington Times.'' May 19, 2015.</ref> The Northern Distribution Network was niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger in 2009 in response to the increased risk of sending supplies through Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Northern Distribution Network Delivers |publisher=EurasiaNet |date=March 18, 2009 |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav031809d.shtml}}</ref>
A June 2016 [[Levada Center|Levada]] poll found that 68% of Russians think that deploying NATO troops in the [[Baltic states]] and [[Poland]] – former Eastern bloc countries bordering Russia – is a threat to Russia.<ref>[http://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/04/levada-center_chicago_council/ Levada-Center and Chicago Council on Global Affairs about Russian-American relations]. Levada-Center. November 4, 2016.</ref>
@@ -652,6 +617,5 @@
==External links==
-{{commons category|Relations of Russia and the United States|Russia–United States relations}}
-{{Library resources box}}
+niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger{{Library resources box}}
* [https://history.state.gov/countries/russia A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Russia]
@@ -664,7 +628,6 @@
{{Foreign relations of the United States}}
{{Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
-
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Russia-United States Relations}}
+niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerv{{DEFAULTSORT:Russia-United States Relations}}
[[Category:Russia–United States relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Russia|United States]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of the United States|Russia]]
' |
New page size (new_size) | 383871 |
Old page size (old_size) | 252623 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 131248 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => 'niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger',
1 => 'In mid-November 2016, shortly after the election of Trump as the U.S. president, the Kremlin accused president Barack Obama's administration of trying to damage the U.S.' relationship with Russia to a degree that would render normalization thereof impossible for Trump's incoming administration.<ref name="obamadamage">{{cite news|date=November 17, 2016|title=Kremlin: Obama team trying to damage ties with Russia|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html|url-status=dead|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228224200/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html|archive-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref>',
2 => 'On May 10, 2017, Trump had an unannounced meeting in the [[Oval Office]] with Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey V. Lavrov|Sergey Lavrov]] and Russian Ambassador to the United States [[Sergey I. Kislyak|Sergey Kislyak]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/us/politics/trump-russia-meeting-american-reporters-blocked.html | first = Julie | last = Hirschfeld Davis | work = [[New York Times]] | title = Trump Bars U.S. Press, but Not Russia's, at Meeting With Russian Officials | date = May 10, 2017 }}</ref> During the meeting he disclosed highly classified information, providing details that could have been used to deduce the source of the information and the manner in which it was collected, according to current and former government officials.<ref name="NYRosenberg">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html |title=Trump Revealed Highly Classified Intelligence to Russia, in Break With Ally, Officials Say |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Matthew |date=May 15, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |page=A1 |author-link=Matthew Rosenberg |author-link2=Eric P. Schmitt |access-date=June 17, 2018 |archive-date=May 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515224247/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=WashingtonPost>{{cite news |last1=Miller|first1=Greg |last2=Jaffe |first2=Greg |title=Trump revealed highly classified information to Russian foreign minister and ambassador |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-revealed-highly-classified-information-to-russian-foreign-minister-and-ambassador/2017/05/15/530c172a-3960-11e7-9e48-c4f199710b69_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref> Although the disclosure was not illegal, it was widely criticized because of the possible danger to the source.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-officials-call-trumps-disclosure-serious/ |title=Former officials call Trump's disclosure 'serious' |last=Pegues |first=Jeff |date=May 16, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |author-link=Jeff Pegues}}</ref><ref name="buzzfeed1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimdalrympleii/trump-highly-classified-information-russians |title=Trump Revealed Highly Classified Information To Russians During White House Visit |last1=Dalrymple |first1=Jim, II |date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |publisher=[[BuzzFeed]] |last2=Leopold |first2=Jason }}</ref>niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger',
3 => 'On July 6, 2022, the speaker of the [[Russian Parliament]] threatened the US about the possible "[[Alaska Purchase|return]]" of [[Alaska]] to [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2022/07/06/russian-politician-threatens-to-retaliate-against-us-sanctions-by-reclaiming-alaska/|title=Russian politician threatens to retaliate against US sanctions by niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger Alaska|work=[[Anchorage Daily News]]|language=en|date=2022-07-06|accessdate=July 6, 2022}}</ref>',
4 => 'niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerThe opinion polls taken by the independent [[Levada Center]] in January 2015,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/ |title=Opinions in Russia |newspaper=Washington Post |date=March 8, 2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016 |archive-date=July 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709073210/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> showed 81 percent of Russians tended to hold negative views of the U.S., a number that had nearly doubled over the previous 12 months and that was by far the highest negative rating since the center started tracking those views in 1988, as well as surpassing any time since the [[Stalin]] era, according to observers.<ref name="Antifever">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russias-anti-us-sentiment-now-is-even-worse-than-it-was-in-soviet-union/2015/03/08/b7d534c4-c357-11e4-a188-8e4971d37a8d_story.html |title=Russia's anti-American fever goes beyond the Soviet era's |last=Birnbaum |first=Michael |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 8, 2015 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This contrasts with only 7 percent of Russians in April 1990 who said they had bad or somewhat bad attitudes towards the U.S.<ref>"[https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/ Anti-American Sentiment on the Rise in Russia]". ''The Wall Street Journal''. June 5, 2014.</ref> Likewise, the figures published by [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] in February 2015 showed a significant rise in anti-Russian sentiment in the U.S.: the proportion of Americans who considered Russia as a "critical military threat" had over the 12 months increased from 32 to 49 percent, and, for the first time in many years, Russia topped the list of America's perceived external enemies, ahead of North Korea, China and Iran, with 18 percent of U.S. residents putting Russia at the top of the list of the "United States' greatest enemy today".<ref name="Gallup">{{cite news |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/181568/americans-increasingly-russia-threat-top-enemy.aspx |title=Americans Increasingly See Russia as Threat, Top U.S. Enemy |date=February 16, 2015 |publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]}}</ref> Public opinion polls taken by the [[Pew Research Center]] showed that favorable U.S. public opinion of Russia was at 22 percent in 2015. The most negative view of Russia was at 19 percent in 2014, and the most positive view at 49 percent in 2010 and 2011.<ref name="United States' opinion">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/27/country/233/ |title=Global Indicators Database: Opinion of Russia |work=Pew Research Center |date=2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref> The most negative view of the United States was at 15 percent in 2015, while the most positive view was at 61 percent in 2002.<ref name="Russia's opinion">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/181/ |title=Global Indicators Database: Opinion of the United States |work=Pew Research Center |date=2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref>',
5 => 'In May 2015, following increased tensions with NATO, Russia closed a key [[NATO logistics in the Afghan War|military transport corridor]] (the Northern Distribution Network), which had allowed NATO to deliver military supplies to [[Afghanistan]] through the Russian territory.<ref name="wtimes">"[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/19/russia-closes-nato-supply-corridor-afghanistan/ Russia closes NATO supply corridor to Afghanistan]". ''The Washington Times.'' May 19, 2015.</ref> The Northern Distribution Network was niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger in 2009 in response to the increased risk of sending supplies through Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Northern Distribution Network Delivers |publisher=EurasiaNet |date=March 18, 2009 |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav031809d.shtml}}</ref>',
6 => 'niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger{{Library resources box}}',
7 => 'niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerv{{DEFAULTSORT:Russia-United States Relations}}'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '{{for-multi|relations before 1917|Russian Empire–United States relations|relations from 1917 to 1991|Soviet Union–United States relations}}',
1 => '{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2021}}',
2 => '{{Infobox bilateral relations|Russian–American|Russia|USA|map=Russia USA Locator (Crimea disputed).svg|mission1=[[Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.]]|mission2=[[Embassy of the United States, Moscow]]|envoytitle1=[[List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States|Ambassador]]|envoy1=[[Anatoly Antonov]]|envoytitle2=[[List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia|Ambassador]]|envoy2=[[Lynne M. Tracy]]}}',
3 => '[[File:Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin at 2021 Geneva Summit.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] at the [[2021 Russia–United States summit]] in Geneva, Switzerland]]',
4 => '[[Russia]] and the United States maintain one of the most important, critical and strategic foreign relations in the world. Both nations have shared interests in [[nuclear safety and security]], [[Nuclear proliferation|nonproliferation]], [[counterterrorism]], and [[space exploration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csis.org/programs/russia-and-eurasia-program/archives/us-russian-relations|title=U.S.-Russian Relations|work=Center for Strategic and International Studies|access-date=August 16, 2021}}</ref>',
5 => 'After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, the relationship was generally warm under the Russian President [[Boris Yeltsin]] (1991–99). In the early years of Yeltsin's presidency, the US and Russia established a cooperative relationship and worked closely together to address global issues such as arms control, counterterrorism, and the conflict in Bosnia. During Yeltsin's second term, US-Russia relations became more strained. The [[Yugoslav Wars|NATO intervention in Yugoslavia]], in particular the 1999 [[NATO intervention in Kosovo]] was [[Boris_Yeltsin#1996–1999%3A Second term|strongly opposed by Yeltsin]],<ref name=gnwarn>{{cite news |title=Yeltsin: Russia will not use force against Nato |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/mar/25/russia |work=The Guardian |date=25 March 1999}}</ref><ref name=reuwarn>{{cite news|title=Yeltsin Warns of European War Over Kosovo|agency=Reuters|date=9 April 1999}}</ref><ref name=cnnwarn>{{cite news|title=Yeltsin warns of possible world war over Kosovo|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9904/09/kosovo.diplomacy.02|publisher=CNN|date=9 April 1999|access-date=23 April 2007}}</ref><ref name=apnwarn>{{cite news |title=Russia Condemns NATO's Airstrikes |url=https://apnews.com/article/8d162f6100f23833c376f011a9298126 |work=Associated Press |date=8 June 1999}}</ref> who, although the Soviet Union had been strongly opposed by the [[Josip_Broz_Tito#Tito–Stalin_split|Titovian flavour of independence]], saw it as an infringement on Russia's latter-day sphere of influence.{{cn|date=May 2023}} [[Boris_Yeltsin#The_riddle_of_NATO|Yeltsin also criticized]] NATO's [[Enlargement of NATO|expansion into Eastern Europe]], which he saw as a threat to Russia's security.{{cn|date=May 2023}}',
6 => 'After [[Vladimir Putin]] became President of Russia in 2000, he initially sought to improve relations with the United States. The two countries cooperated on issues such as counterterrorism and arms control. Putin worked closely with US President [[George W. Bush]] on the [[war in Afghanistan]] following the [[9/11 attacks]]. Tensions began to rise as Putin became more authoritarian, and the US pursued policies that Russia viewed as threatening to its security. The US supported the pro-Western government in Georgia, which led to the [[Russo-Georgian War]].',
7 => 'Another source of tension was the US missile defense system. Following Putin [[Russia under Vladimir Putin|regaining control of the Russian government]] in 2012, relations between the two countries significantly strained due to Russia's [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]] and [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|Russian military intervention in Ukraine]]. Deterioration continued with the [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|Russian military intervention]] in the [[Syrian Civil War]], and over Russia's interference in the [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|2016]] and [[Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections|2020 U.S. elections]].',
8 => '',
9 => 'Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022, relations reached the lowest point since the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-02 |title=Russia says United States is directly involved in Ukraine war |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-united-states-is-directly-involved-ukraine-war-2022-08-02/ |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref> [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|Western sanctions]] imposed since 2014 were significantly expanded by the U.S. and its allies following the invasion, including several state-owned banks and oligarchs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=With Over 300 Sanctions, U.S. Targets Russia’s Circumvention and Evasion, Military-Industrial Supply Chains, and Future Energy Revenues |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1494 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en}}</ref>',
10 => '{{Infobox bilateral relations|Russian Empire–United States|Russian Empire|United States|map=US-RussiaEmpire.png|flagvariant1=1914|flagvariant2=1912}}',
11 => '[[File:View of Settlement Ross, 1841 (variation).jpg|thumb|250px|[[Fort Ross, California|Fort Ross]], Russian settlement in California, 1841, by [[Ilya Gavrilovich Voznesensky]].]]',
12 => 'Russia operated a small fur-trade operations in [[History of Alaska|Alaska]], coupled with missionaries to the natives. By 1861, the project had lost money, threatened to antagonize the Americans, and could not be defended from Britain. It proved practically impossible to entice Russians to permanently migrate to Alaska; only a few hundred were there in 1867. In the [[Alaska Purchase]] of 1867, the land was sold to the United States for $7.2 million.<ref>James R. Gibson, "Why the Russians Sold Alaska." ''Wilson Quarterly'' 3.3 (1979): 179-188 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40255691 online].</ref><ref>Thomas A. Bailey, "Why the United States Purchased Alaska." ''Pacific Historical Review'' 3.1 (1934): 39-49. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633456 online]</ref>',
13 => 'Before the armistice in November 1918, the Americans had helped the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]] with the [[Polar Bear Expedition]] and the [[American Expeditionary Force Siberia]]. The Americans' goal was not necessarily ideological but rather to prevent the German enemy from gaining access to war supplies controlled by the Bolsheviks, though the United States also tacitly supported the [[White movement]] against the Bolsheviks.<ref>John W. Long, "American Intervention in Russia: The North Russian Expedition, 1918–19." ''Diplomatic History'' 6.1 (1982): 45-68. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24911301 online]</ref>',
14 => 'The first bilateral treaty between the U.S. and Soviet Russia/USSR was a [[consular]] convention signed in Moscow in June 1964.<ref>Luman H. Long. ''1968 Centennial Edition. The [[World Almanac|World Almanac and Book of Facts]]''. Newspaper Enterprise Association, Inc., N.Y., N.Y., p. 532.</ref><ref>[http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1900612 Консульская конвенция между Правительством Союза Советских Социалистических Республик и Правительством Соединенных Штатов Америки]</ref> In 1975, the [[Helsinki Accords|Helsinki Final Act]] was signed by a multitude of countries, including the USSR and the US, and, while not having a binding legal power of a treaty, it effectively signified the U.S.-led West's recognition of the Soviet Union's dominance in [[Eastern Europe]] and acceptance of the [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet annexation]] of [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]] that had been effected in 1940. The Act came to play a role in subsequently ending the Cold War.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/helsinki |title=Milestones: 1969–76 - Office of the Historian |website=history.state.gov |language=en|access-date=February 9, 2018}}</ref>',
15 => 'Both countries agreed to cut their strategic nuclear weapons by 30 percent, and the Soviet Union promised to reduce its [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] force by 50 percent.<ref>Greene, p. 204</ref> In August 1991, hard-line Communists launched a [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|coup]] against Gorbachev; while the coup quickly fell apart, it broke the remaining power of Gorbachev and the central Soviet government.<ref>Naftali, ''George H. W. Bush'' (2007), pp 137-138</ref> Later that month, Gorbachev resigned as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|general secretary of the Communist party]], and Russian president [[Boris Yeltsin]] ordered the seizure of Soviet property. Gorbachev clung to power as the President of the Soviet Union until 25 December 1991, when the Soviet Union [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]].<ref>Greene, pp. 205–206</ref> [[Post-Soviet states|Fifteen states]] emerged from the Soviet Union, with the largest and most populous one, [[Russia]], taking full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. As such, Russia assumed the Soviet Union's [[Russia and the United Nations|UN membership and permanent membership on the Security Council]], nuclear stockpile and the control over the armed forces; Soviet embassies abroad became Russian embassies.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation]</ref> Bush and Yeltsin met in February 1992, declaring a new era of "friendship and partnership".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jussi Hanhimäki|author2=Georges-Henri Soutou|author3=Basil Germond|title=The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swfHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT501|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|page=501|isbn=9781136936074}}</ref> In January 1993, Bush and Yeltsin agreed to [[START II]], which provided for further nuclear arms reductions on top of the original START treaty.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ruud van Dijk |display-authors=etal |title=Encyclopedia of the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgX0bQ3Enj4C&pg=PA861|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|pages=860–51|isbn=978-1135923112 }}</ref>',
16 => 'In early October 2015, U.S. president Obama called the way Russia was conducting its military campaign in Syria a "recipe for disaster";<ref name="recipe">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/02/us-coalition-warns-russia-putin-extremism-syria-isis |title=US president's comments follow coalition's expression of deep concerns over targeting in Russian bombing campaign |date=October 2, 2015 |agency=The Guardian |access-date=October 23, 2015}}</ref> top U.S. military officials ruled out military cooperation with Russia in Syria.<ref name="carter">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-cooperation-idUSKCN0S11EH20151007 |title=As Russia escalates, U.S. rules out military cooperation in Syria |date=October 7, 2015 |work=Reuters |access-date=October 9, 2015 |archive-date=October 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009100208/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/07/us-mideast-crisis-usa-cooperation-idUSKCN0S11EH20151007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/08/russia-pay-price-syrian-airstrikes-ashton-carter-us-defence-secretary |title=Russia will pay price for Syrian airstrikes, says US defence secretary |date=October 8, 2015 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Secretary of Defense [[Ashton Carter]] and other senior U.S. officials said Russia's campaign was primarily aimed at propping up Assad, whom U.S. president Barack Obama had repeatedly called upon to leave power.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/world/europe/russia-airstrikes-syria.html |title=Russians Strike Targets in Syria, but Not ISIS Areas |date=September 30, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 9, 2015}}</ref>',
17 => 'Three weeks into the Russian campaign in Syria, on October 20, 2015, Russian president Vladimir Putin met Bashar Assad in Moscow to discuss their joint military campaign and a future political settlement in Syria, according to the Kremlin report of the event.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50533 |title=Meeting with President of Syria Bashar Assad |work=The Kremlin, Moscow |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/22/world/middleeast/assad-putin-syria-russia.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=a-lede-package-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 |title=Assad Makes Unannounced Trip to Moscow to Discuss Syria With Putin |date=October 21, 2015 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The meeting provoked a sharp condemnation from the White House.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34595409 |title=Syria crisis: US attacks Moscow welcome for Assad |date=October 22, 2015 |agency=BBC |access-date=October 23, 2015}}</ref>',
18 => '',
19 => 'While one of the original aims of the Russian leadership may have been normalisation of the relationship with the U.S. and the West at large, the resultant situation in Syria was said in October 2015 to be a [[proxy war]] between Russia and the U.S.<ref name="turnproxy">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes.html?_r=0 |title=U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia |date=October 12, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref><ref name="cain">{{cite news |first=Martin |last=Pengelly |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/04/john-mccain-russia-us-proxy-war-syria-obama-putin |title=John McCain says US is engaged in proxy war with Russia in Syria |date=October 4, 2015 |work=The Guardian |access-date=October 17, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012181525/http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/04/john-mccain-russia-us-proxy-war-syria-obama-putin |archive-date=October 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name="prox">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/13/middleeast/syria-civil-war/index.html |title=U.S., Russia escalate involvement in Syria |date=October 13, 2015 |publisher=CNN |access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="stupid">{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/10/1/9434365/putin-syria-russia-mistake |title="The Russians have made a serious mistake": how Putin's Syria gambit will backfire |date=October 1, 2015 |publisher=The VOA|access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="gamble">{{cite news |url=http://time.com/4074568/putins-syria-gamble/ |title=Putin's Syria Gamble |date=October 12, 2015 |magazine=Time |author=Simon Shuster |access-date=October 23, 2015}}</ref> The two rounds of the [[Syria peace talks in Vienna|Syria peace talks]] held in Vienna in October and November 2015, with Iran participating for the first time, highlighted yet again the deep disagreement over the Syrian settlement between the U.S. and Russia, primarily on the issue of [[Bashar Assad]]'s political future.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/2855020 |title=Сирийское урегулирование продвинулось не дальше Башара Асада |date=November 16, 2015 |magazine=[[Kommersant]] |access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> The talks in Vienna were followed by a bilateral meeting of Obama and Putin on the sidelines of the [[2015 G-20 Antalya summit|G-20 Summit]] in Turkey, during which a certain consensus between the two leaders on Syria was reported to have been reached.<ref name="syrtrans">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151115223128/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/16/g20-barack-obama-and-vladimir-putin-agree-to-syrian-led-transition "G20: Barack Obama and Vladimir Putin agree to Syrian-led transition"], ''The Guardian'', November 16, 2015.</ref>',
20 => 'Bilateral negotiations over Syria were unilaterally suspended by the U.S on October 3, 2016, which was presented as the U.S. government's reaction to a re-newed [[Aleppo offensive (September 2016)|offensive on Aleppo]] by Syrian and Russian troops.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/world/middleeast/us-suspends-talks-with-russia-on-syria.html |title=Tension With Russia Rises as U.S. Halts Syria Negotiations |last1=Gordon |first1=Michael R. |date=October 3, 2016 |last2=Kramer |first2=Andrew E. |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> On the same day Putin signed a decree<ref>{{cite web |url=http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201610030004 |title=Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации |access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref> that suspended the 2000 [[Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement]] with the U.S. (the relevant law was signed on October 31, 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/31oct2016/plutonium.html |title=Путин подписал закон о приостановлении действия соглашения с США об утилизации плутония |access-date=December 14, 2016|date=October 31, 2016 }}</ref>), citing the failure by the U.S. to comply with the provisions thereof as well as the U.S.' unfriendly actions that posed a "threat to [[strategic stability]]."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-03/putin-halts-plutonium-pact-demands-u-s-troop-cuts-to-revive-it |title=Putin Halts Plutonium Pact, Demands End to Sanctions by U.S. |date=October 3, 2016 |agency=Bloomberg|access-date=October 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/world/europe/russia-plutonium-nuclear-treaty.html |title=Vladimir Putin Exits Nuclear Security Pact, Citing 'Hostile Actions' by U.S. |last=Kramer |first=Andrew E. |date=October 3, 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref>',
21 => 'In mid-October 2016, Russia's U.N. ambassador [[Vitaly Churkin]], referring to the international situation during the [[Yom Kippur War|1973 Arab–Israeli War]], said that tensions with the U.S. are "probably the worst since 1973".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-10-15/world-news/Russia-s-United-Nations-Ambassador-Tensions-with-US-are-probably-worst-since-1973-6736165242 |title=Russia's United Nations Ambassador: Tensions with US are probably worst since 1973 |date=October 15, 2016 |newspaper=The Independent|access-date=October 15, 2016}}</ref> After two rounds of fruitless talks on Syria in [[Lausanne]] and London, the foreign ministers of the U.S. and the UK said that additional sanctions against both Russia and Syria were imminent unless Russia and the "Assad regime" stopped their air campaign in Aleppo.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37670528 |title=Syria conflict: West considers new sanctions over Aleppo |date=October 16, 2016 |agency=BBC|access-date=October 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Harry |last=Cockburn |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/uk-us-economic-sanctions-russia-barbaric-siege-aleppo-boris-johnson-a7364701.html |title=UK and US propose economic sanctions against Russia over 'barbaric siege' of Aleppo |newspaper=The Independent |date=October 17, 2016|access-date=December 12, 2016}}</ref>',
22 => 'In mid-November 2016, shortly after the election of Trump as the U.S. president, the Kremlin accused president Barack Obama's administration of trying to damage the U.S.' relationship with Russia to a degree that would render normalization thereof impossible for Trump's incoming administration.<ref name="obamadamage">{{cite news|date=November 17, 2016|title=Kremlin: Obama team trying to damage ties with Russia|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html|url-status=dead|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228224200/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html|archive-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref>',
23 => 'On May 10, 2017, Trump had an unannounced meeting in the [[Oval Office]] with Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey V. Lavrov|Sergey Lavrov]] and Russian Ambassador to the United States [[Sergey I. Kislyak|Sergey Kislyak]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/us/politics/trump-russia-meeting-american-reporters-blocked.html | first = Julie | last = Hirschfeld Davis | work = [[New York Times]] | title = Trump Bars U.S. Press, but Not Russia's, at Meeting With Russian Officials | date = May 10, 2017 }}</ref> During the meeting he disclosed highly classified information, providing details that could have been used to deduce the source of the information and the manner in which it was collected, according to current and former government officials.<ref name="NYRosenberg">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html |title=Trump Revealed Highly Classified Intelligence to Russia, in Break With Ally, Officials Say |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Matthew |date=May 15, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |page=A1 |author-link=Matthew Rosenberg |author-link2=Eric P. Schmitt |access-date=June 17, 2018 |archive-date=May 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515224247/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=WashingtonPost>{{cite news |last1=Miller|first1=Greg |last2=Jaffe |first2=Greg |title=Trump revealed highly classified information to Russian foreign minister and ambassador |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-revealed-highly-classified-information-to-russian-foreign-minister-and-ambassador/2017/05/15/530c172a-3960-11e7-9e48-c4f199710b69_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref> Although the disclosure was not illegal, it was widely criticized because of the possible danger to the source.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-officials-call-trumps-disclosure-serious/ |title=Former officials call Trump's disclosure 'serious' |last=Pegues |first=Jeff |date=May 16, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |author-link=Jeff Pegues}}</ref><ref name="buzzfeed1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimdalrympleii/trump-highly-classified-information-russians |title=Trump Revealed Highly Classified Information To Russians During White House Visit |last1=Dalrymple |first1=Jim, II |date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |publisher=[[BuzzFeed]] |last2=Leopold |first2=Jason }}</ref>',
24 => '',
25 => 'In mid-July 2017, the Russian foreign ministry noted that the staff of the [[Embassy of the United States, Moscow|U.S. Embassy in Moscow]], following expulsion of diplomats by the Obama administration in December 2016, far exceeded the number of Russian embassy employees in Washington and indicated that the Russian government was considering retaliatory expulsion of more than thirty-five U.S. diplomats, thus evening out the number of the countries' diplomats posted.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nechepurenko |first1=Ivan |title=Russia Warns U.S. It Could Expel Americans Over Diplomatic Dispute |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/14/world/europe/russia-diplomats-foreign-ministry-spies-expel.html |access-date=July 18, 2017 |work=The New York Times |date=July 14, 2017}}</ref> On July 28, Russia announced punitive measures that were cast as Russia's response to the [[Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act|additional, codified, sanctions]] against Moscow passed by Congress days prior, but also referenced the specific measures imposed against the Russian diplomatic mission in the U.S. by the Obama administration.<ref name="midannounce">[http://www.mid.ru/ru/press_service/spokesman/official_statement/-/asset_publisher/t2GCdmD8RNIr/content/id/2824435 Заявление Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации] Russian Foreign Ministry, July 28, 2017.</ref> Russia demanded that the U.S. reduce its diplomatic and technical personnel in the Moscow embassy and its consulates in St Petersburg, Ekaterinburg and Vladivostok to four hundred fifty-five persons — the same as the number of Russian diplomats posted in the U.S. — by September 1; Russia's government would also suspend the use of a retreat compound and a storage facility in Moscow used by the U.S. by August 1.<ref name="midannounce" /><ref name="ftexpell">[https://www.ft.com/content/35c6d6d6-7377-11e7-aca6-c6bd07df1a3c Russia expels US diplomats in tit-for-tat over sanctions] FT, July 28, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3370977 Американским дипломатам закрыли дачный сезон] [[Kommersant]], July 28, 2017.</ref> Two days later, Vladimir Putin said that the decision on the curtailment of the U.S. diplomatic mission personnel had been taken by him personally and that 755 staff must terminate their work in Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin asks US to cut its embassy and consulate staff in Russia by 755 |publisher=Delhi NYOOOZ |url=https://www.nyoooz.com/news/delhi/882977/putin-asks-us-to-cut-its-embassy-and-consulate-staff-in-russia-by-755/ |access-date=July 31, 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40769365 Putin confirms 755 US diplomatic staff must leave] BBC, July 30, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2915605 Эксклюзивное интервью Владимира Путина: почему ответ России чувствителен для США] Vesti.ru, July 30, 2017.</ref> After the sanction bill was on August 2 signed by Donald Trump, Russian prime minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]] wrote that the law had ended hope for improving U.S.–Russia relations and meant "an all-out trade war with Russia."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/trump-signs-russia-sanctions-bill/28655189.html|title=Russia's Medvedev Says U.S. Sanctions Bill Ends Hope For Better Ties|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=August 3, 2017 |last1=Eckel |first1=Mike }}</ref><ref>[http://tass.ru/politika/4458190 Медведев: ужесточением санкций США объявили России полноценную торговую войну] TASS, August 2, 2017.</ref> The law was also criticised by Donald Trump, whose [[signing statement]] indicated that he might choose not to enforce certain provisions of the legislation that he deemed unconstitutional.<ref name="NYTstatem">[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/europe/trump-russia-sanctions.html Trump Signs Russian Sanctions Into Law, With Caveats] The New York Times, August 2, 2017.</ref><ref name="presstatement">[https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/08/02/statement-president-donald-j-trump-signing-hr-3364 Statement by President Donald J. Trump on the Signing of H.R. 3364] The White House, August 2, 2017.</ref>',
26 => 'Russia protested on September 2, 2017, against a search it said U.S. officials were planning of a Russian trade mission building in Washington D.C., shortly after the U.S., ″in the spirit of parity invoked by the Russians″, demanded that Russia shut two of its diplomatic annexes (buildings) in Washington D.C. and New York City as well as its [[Consulate-General of Russia in San Francisco|Consulate General]] in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=August 31, 2017|title=Achieving Parity in Diplomatic Missions|url=https://2017-2021-translations.state.gov/2017/08/31/achieving-parity-in-diplomatic-missions/index.html|access-date=September 2, 2017|website=state.gov|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}</ref> The Russian foreign ministry said the inspection would be "illegal" and an "unprecedented aggressive action"; it also demanded that the U.S. ″immediately return the Russian diplomatic facilities″.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41136484 Russia condemns US 'plans' to search Washington trade mission] BBC, September 2, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2851819 Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation] mid.ru, September 3, 2017.</ref>',
27 => 'In November 2017, Trump and Putin both attended the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] meeting in [[Danang]]. Although they had no formal meeting they spoke informally several times during the event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/09/politics/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-vietnam/index.html|title=Trump, Putin shake hands, chat multiple times at Asia-Pacific summit|last=Merica|first=Dan|date=November 11, 2018|work=CNN|access-date=June 17, 2018}}</ref>',
28 => 'At the end of 2017, CNN concluded that a series of steps undertaken by the Trump administration within a mere week before [[Christmas]] such as naming Russia a "rival power" and ″revisionist power″ (along with [[China]]), imposing sanctions on [[Ramzan Kadyrov]], a close Putin ally, the decision to provide Ukraine with anti-tank weapons, coupled with tougher line from the State Department about Moscow's activities in eastern Ukraine, and accusations from the Pentagon that Russia was intentionally violating de-confliction agreements in Syria, highlighted "a decided turn away from the warmer, more cooperative relationship with Russia that President Donald Trump called for during his campaign and early in his presidency".<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/24/politics/trump-us-russia-chill/index.html Despite Trump's hopes, US-Russia relations are getting chilly] CNN, December 24, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/20/treasury-adds-five-to-russian-sanctions-list-that-has-infuriated-the-kremlin.html Treasury adds five to Russian sanctions list that has infuriated the Kremlin] CNBC, December 20, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42401170 Trump: Russia and China ‘rival powers’ in new security plan] BBC, December 18, 2017.</ref> In February 2018, echoing Donald Trump's own statement, White House press secretary [[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]] said: "[President Donald Trump] has been tougher on Russia in the first year than Obama was in eight years combined."<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/20/politics/russia-trump-sarah-sanders/index.html Sarah Sanders cryptically hints at action against Russia] CNN, February 20, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trumps-tougher-on-russia-claim-fits-a-pattern-of-striving-to-one-up-obama/2018/02/20/a533fd1c-164e-11e8-b681-2d4d462a1921_story.html Trump's ‘tougher on Russia’ claim fits a pattern of striving to one-up Obama] The Washington Post, February 20, 2018.</ref>',
29 => 'A highly unusual<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-spy-chiefs-washington/29010324.html Chiefs Of Three Russian Intelligence Agencies Travel To Washington] Radio Liberty, February 1, 2018.</ref> unannounced visit to Washington, D.C., at the end of January 2018 by the directors of Russia's [[Intelligence agencies of Russia|three main intelligence]] and security agencies ([[Federal Security Service|FSB]], [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|SVR]], and [[GRU (Russian Federation)|GRU]]), two of whom ([[Sergey Naryshkin]] and [[Igor Korobov]]) were on the U.S. sanctions list,<ref>[http://tass.com/world/988213 US suspends sanctions against Russian security chiefs during their visit to Washington] TASS, February 2, 2018.</ref> and their reported meetings with top U.S. security officials caused political controversy in the U.S. and elicited no official comment in Russia, while it occurred days before the Trump administration chose not to impose immediately new sanctions on Russia at the deadline mandated by the [[Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act]].<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russian-spy-chiefs-met-in-washington-with-cia-director-to-discuss-counterterrorism/2018/01/31/0b761976-068b-11e8-94e8-e8b8600ade23_story.html Russian spy chiefs met in Washington with CIA director to discuss counterterrorism] The Washington Post, January 31, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2018/02/02_a_11634157.shtml «Визит Нарышкина касается национальных интересов США»] Gazeta.ru, February 2, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/why-the-directors-of-russias-fsb-svr-and-gru-visited-washington-60433 Why the Directors of Russia's Intelligence Agencies Visited Washington (Op-ed): Secret meetings between the U.S. and Russia are the best hope for restoring relations] The Moscow Times, February 8, 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/02/01/cia-defends-meeting-with-russian-spy-officials-in-letter-to-schumer.html CIA defends meeting with Russian spy officials, in letter to Schumer] Fox News, February 1, 2018.</ref>',
30 => 'The [[Battle of Khasham|U.S. air and artillery strike]] on a pro-government formation in eastern Syria on February 7, 2018, which caused massive death toll among Russian nationals and a political scandal in Russia, was billed by media as "the first deadly clash between citizens of Russia and the United States since the [[Cold War]]" and "an episode that threatens to deepen tensions with Moscow".<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-21/white-house-weighs-citing-russian-deaths-as-sign-of-u-s-resolve White House Considers Citing Russian Deaths in Syria as Sign of U.S. Resolve] Bloomberg, February 21, 2018.</ref><ref name="telegrbospoke">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/23/russian-mercenary-boss-spoke-kremlin-attacking-us-forces-syria/ Russian mercenary boss spoke with Kremlin before attacking US forces in Syria, intel claims] The Telegraph, February 23, 2018.</ref>',
31 => 'Public statements read out by Vladimir Putin on March 1, 2018, days before the [[2018 Russian presidential election|presidential election]], about missile technology breakthroughs made by Russia, were referred to by the Trump administration officials as largely boastful untruths, as well as confirmation that "Russia ha[d] been developing destabilizing weapons systems for over a decade, in direct violation of its treaty obligations".<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/01/europe/putin-russia-missile-intl/ Putin claims new 'invincible' missile can pierce US defenses] CNN, March 1, 2018.</ref> U.S. Defense Secretary James Mattis remarked that the systems Putin had talked about "[were] still years away" and he did not see them changing the military balance.<ref>[https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1463160/mattis-sees-no-change-in-russian-military-capability-in-light-of-putins-speech/ Mattis Sees No Change in Russian Military Capability in Light of Putin's Speech] U.S. Department of Defense, March 11, 2018.</ref> Nevertheless, White House insiders were later quoted as saying that Putin's claims "really got under the president [Trump]'s skin" and caused Trump to take a sharper tone behind the scenes vis-à-vis Vladimir Putin.<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-tells-aides-not-talk-publicly-about-russia-policy-moves-n861256 Trump tells aides not to talk publicly about Russia policy moves: But Trump, irked by Putin's nuclear buildup, told him last week: "If you want to have an arms race we can do that, but I'll win."] NBC News, March 29, 2018.</ref>',
32 => 'On March 26, 2018, following the [[United States National Security Council]]'s recommendation,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/23/politics/trump-russian-diplomats-national-security-council/index.html|title=Trump's National Security Council recommends expelling Russian diplomats|first=Michelle |last=Kosinski|work=CNN|access-date=March 24, 2018}}</ref> to demonstrate the U.S.'s support for the UK's position on the [[Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal|Salisbury poisoning incident]], president Donald Trump ordered the expulsion of sixty Russian diplomats and closure of Russian consulate in Seattle.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-administration-expels-60-russian-officers-shuts-seattle-consulate-in-response-to-attack-on-former-spy-in-britain/2018/03/26/8ada3d8e-30f0-11e8-8bdd-cdb33a5eef83_story.html|title=Trump administration expels 60 Russian officers, shuts Seattle consulate in response to attack on former spy in Britain|last1=Rucker|first1=Philip|date=March 26, 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=March 26, 2018|last2=Nakashima|first2=Ellen|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>[http://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/5066974 США высылают из страны 60 российских дипломатов] TASS, March 26, 2018.</ref> Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov responded to the simultaneous expulsion of the total of 140 Russian diplomats by 25 countries by accusing the U.S. government of "blackmailing" other nations.<ref>[http://tass.com/politics/996300 Lavrov: 'Rest assured, Russia won't tolerate' West's obnoxious conduct] TASS, March 27, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://rg.ru/2018/03/27/lavrov-obvinil-ssha-v-kolossalnom-shantazhe-evropejskih-stran.html Лавров обвинил США в колоссальном шантаже европейских стран] [[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]], March 27, 2018.</ref>',
33 => 'In April 2018, US-Russian relations were further exacerbated by [[2018 missile strikes against Syria|missile strikes]] against the Syrian government targets following the [[Douma chemical attack|suspected chemical attack]] in Douma on April 7.<ref>{{cite news |last=Majumdar |first=David |title=Tensions Are Flaring between Washington and Moscow |language=en |publisher=The National Interest |date=April 11, 2018 |url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/tensions-are-flaring-between-washington-moscow-25326 |access-date=April 11, 2018}}</ref> The countries clashed diplomatically, with Russia's top military officials threatening to hit U.S. military targets in the event of a massive U.S.-led strike against Syria.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/u-s-russia-clash-at-u-n-over-chemical-weapons-attacks-in-syria-idUSKBN1HG0D8 U.S., Russia clash at U.N. over chemical weapons attacks in Syria] Reuters, April 9, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/10/russian-officials-warn-of-possible-military-clash-with-us-over-syria Russian officials warn of possible military clash with US over Syria] ''The Guardian'', April 10, 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.ng.ru/world/2018-04-11/1_7209_calibrs.html Россия нацелила "Калибры" на базы США в Сирии: Вооруженные силы РФ скрытно приведены в полную боеготовность] [[Nezavisimaya Gazeta]], April 11, 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=America vows to respond to a suspected chemical attack in Syria|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21740282-donald-trump-says-there-will-be-big-price-pay|access-date=April 10, 2018|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> In late May, during an interview with [[Russia Today|RT]], Syria's president [[Bashar al-Assad]] said that direct military conflict between the Russian forces and the U.S. forces in Syria had been averted in April "by the wisdom of the Russian leadership" and that the US-led missile attack against Syria would have been far more extensive had it not been for Russia's intervention.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/31/middleeast/assad-interview-us-intl/index.html Assad tells US to leave Syria] CNN, May 31, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-assad/assad-says-us-must-leave-syria-vows-to-recover-sdf-areas-idUSKCN1IW0K3 Assad raises prospect of clashes with U.S. forces in Syria] Reuters, May 31, 2018.</ref>',
34 => 'Despite extensive investigation into the dossier's claims, they remain [[Mueller report|unverified]], and many consider the allegations to be a [[conspiracy theory]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Sonny |last=Bunch |title=Rachel Maddow takes conspiracy theorizing mainstream with Trump tax 'scoop' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2017/03/15/rachel-maddow-takes-conspiracy-theorizing-mainstream-with-trump-tax-scoop/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trump, Russia, and the collapse of the collusion narrative |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/03/trump-russia-collapse-collusion-narrative-190330063518669.html |work=Al-Jazeera |date=March 30, 2019 |access-date=December 25, 2019 |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504020111/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/03/trump-russia-collapse-collusion-narrative-190330063518669.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Glenn |last=Greenwald |title=Robert Mueller Did Not Merely Reject the Trump-Russia Conspiracy Theories. He Obliterated Them. |url=https://theintercept.com/2019/04/18/robert-mueller-did-not-merely-reject-the-trumprussia-conspiracy-theories-he-obliterated-them/ |work=The Intercept |date=April 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bershidsky |first1=Leonid |title=The U.S. Needs a Post-Mueller Reality Check |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-03-31/muelller-investigation-u-s-s-russia-experts-need-reality-check |work=Bloomberg News |date=March 31, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Willa |last=Paskin |title=Rachel Maddow's Conspiracy Brain |url=https://slate.com/culture/2019/03/rachel-maddow-mueller-report-trump-barr.html |work=Slate |date=March 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Glenn |last=Reynolds |title=Mueller report: Donald Trump collusion conspiracy theories are now exposed. Will they end? |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/04/22/mueller-report-donald-trump-collusion-conspiracy-theories-continue-establishment-column/3535024002/ |work=USA Today |date=April 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ross |last=Barkan |title=Will Rachel Maddow face a reckoning over her Trump-Russia coverage? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/28/trump-russia-investigation-mueller-liberal-media-rachel-maddow |work=The Guardian |date=March 28, 2019}}</ref> Trump's actions at the [[2018 Russia–United States summit|Helsinki summit in 2018]] led some to conclude that Steele's report was more accurate than not. [[Politico]] reported, "Trump sided with the Russians over the U.S. intelligence community's assessment that Moscow had waged an all-out attack on the 2016 election...The joint news conference cemented fears among some that Trump was in Putin's pocket and prompted bipartisan backlash."<ref name="Bertrand_9/30/2019">{{cite web|last=Bertrand|first=Natasha |title=The Russia Hawk in the White House |website=[[Politico]] |date=September 30, 2019 |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/09/30/fiona-hill-russia-trump-adviser-228758/|access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref> At the joint news conference, when asked directly about the subject, Putin denied that he had any kompromat on Trump. Trump was reportedly given a gift from Putin the weekend of the pageant, though Putin argued "that he did not even know Trump was in Russia for the [[Miss Universe 2013|Miss Universe pageant in 2013]] when, according to the Steele dossier, video of Trump was secretly recorded to blackmail him."<ref name="Mackey_7/16/2018">{{cite web|last=Mackey|first=Robert |title=Trump and Putin Met in Helsinki's Hall of Mirrors. Here Are the Highlights. |website=[[The Intercept]] |date=July 16, 2018 |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/07/16/live-trump-and-putin-meet-in-helsinkis-hall-of-mirrors |access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref>',
35 => 'In reaction to Trump's actions at the summit, Senator [[Charles E. Schumer|Chuck Schumer]] (D-N.Y.) spoke in the Senate: ',
36 => '{{blockquote|Millions of Americans will continue to wonder if the only possible explanation for this dangerous and inexplicable behavior is the possibility — the very real possibility — that President Putin holds damaging information over President Trump.<ref name="Blake_7/17/2018">{{cite news|last=Blake|first=Aaron |title=The growing Trump-Putin kompromat question |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 17, 2018 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/07/17/does-putin-have-kompromat-on-trump-suddenly-its-no-longer-such-a-taboo-question-thanks-to-trump |access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref>}} {{clear}}',
37 => 'On July 6, 2022, the speaker of the [[Russian Parliament]] threatened the US about the possible "[[Alaska Purchase|return]]" of [[Alaska]] to [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2022/07/06/russian-politician-threatens-to-retaliate-against-us-sanctions-by-reclaiming-alaska/|title=Russian politician threatens to retaliate against US sanctions by reclaiming Alaska|work=[[Anchorage Daily News]]|language=en|date=2022-07-06|accessdate=July 6, 2022}}</ref>',
38 => '',
39 => 'The opinion polls taken by the independent [[Levada Center]] in January 2015,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/ |title=Opinions in Russia |newspaper=Washington Post |date=March 8, 2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016 |archive-date=July 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709073210/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> showed 81 percent of Russians tended to hold negative views of the U.S., a number that had nearly doubled over the previous 12 months and that was by far the highest negative rating since the center started tracking those views in 1988, as well as surpassing any time since the [[Stalin]] era, according to observers.<ref name="Antifever">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russias-anti-us-sentiment-now-is-even-worse-than-it-was-in-soviet-union/2015/03/08/b7d534c4-c357-11e4-a188-8e4971d37a8d_story.html |title=Russia's anti-American fever goes beyond the Soviet era's |last=Birnbaum |first=Michael |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 8, 2015 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This contrasts with only 7 percent of Russians in April 1990 who said they had bad or somewhat bad attitudes towards the U.S.<ref>"[https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/ Anti-American Sentiment on the Rise in Russia]". ''The Wall Street Journal''. June 5, 2014.</ref> Likewise, the figures published by [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] in February 2015 showed a significant rise in anti-Russian sentiment in the U.S.: the proportion of Americans who considered Russia as a "critical military threat" had over the 12 months increased from 32 to 49 percent, and, for the first time in many years, Russia topped the list of America's perceived external enemies, ahead of North Korea, China and Iran, with 18 percent of U.S. residents putting Russia at the top of the list of the "United States' greatest enemy today".<ref name="Gallup">{{cite news |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/181568/americans-increasingly-russia-threat-top-enemy.aspx |title=Americans Increasingly See Russia as Threat, Top U.S. Enemy |date=February 16, 2015 |publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]}}</ref> Public opinion polls taken by the [[Pew Research Center]] showed that favorable U.S. public opinion of Russia was at 22 percent in 2015. The most negative view of Russia was at 19 percent in 2014, and the most positive view at 49 percent in 2010 and 2011.<ref name="United States' opinion">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/27/country/233/ |title=Global Indicators Database: Opinion of Russia |work=Pew Research Center |date=2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref> The most negative view of the United States was at 15 percent in 2015, while the most positive view was at 61 percent in 2002.<ref name="Russia's opinion">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/181/ |title=Global Indicators Database: Opinion of the United States |work=Pew Research Center |date=2015 |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref>',
40 => 'In May 2015, following increased tensions with NATO, Russia closed a key [[NATO logistics in the Afghan War|military transport corridor]] (the Northern Distribution Network), which had allowed NATO to deliver military supplies to [[Afghanistan]] through the Russian territory.<ref name="wtimes">"[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/19/russia-closes-nato-supply-corridor-afghanistan/ Russia closes NATO supply corridor to Afghanistan]". ''The Washington Times.'' May 19, 2015.</ref> The Northern Distribution Network was established in 2009 in response to the increased risk of sending supplies through Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Northern Distribution Network Delivers |publisher=EurasiaNet |date=March 18, 2009 |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav031809d.shtml}}</ref>',
41 => '{{commons category|Relations of Russia and the United States|Russia–United States relations}}',
42 => '{{Library resources box}}',
43 => '',
44 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Russia-United States Relations}}'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [
0 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/13/middleeast/syria-civil-war/index.html',
1 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/24/politics/trump-us-russia-chill/index.html',
2 => 'http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9904/09/kosovo.diplomacy.02',
3 => 'http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/02/01/cia-defends-meeting-with-russian-spy-officials-in-letter-to-schumer.html',
4 => 'http://www.newsru.com/russia/31oct2016/plutonium.html',
5 => 'http://tass.com/politics/996300',
6 => 'http://tass.com/world/988213',
7 => 'http://time.com/4074568/putins-syria-gamble/',
8 => 'http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-10-15/world-news/Russia-s-United-Nations-Ambassador-Tensions-with-US-are-probably-worst-since-1973-6736165242',
9 => 'http://nationalinterest.org/feature/tensions-are-flaring-between-washington-moscow-25326',
10 => 'http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1900612',
11 => 'http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201610030004',
12 => 'http://kommersant.ru/doc/2855020',
13 => 'http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50533',
14 => 'http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2851819',
15 => 'http://www.mid.ru/ru/press_service/spokesman/official_statement/-/asset_publisher/t2GCdmD8RNIr/content/id/2824435',
16 => 'http://www.ng.ru/world/2018-04-11/1_7209_calibrs.html',
17 => 'http://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/5066974',
18 => 'http://tass.ru/politika/4458190',
19 => 'http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2915605',
20 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/03/trump-russia-collapse-collusion-narrative-190330063518669.html',
21 => 'https://apnews.com/article/8d162f6100f23833c376f011a9298126',
22 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37670528',
23 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34595409',
24 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40769365',
25 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41136484',
26 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42401170',
27 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-03/putin-halts-plutonium-pact-demands-u-s-troop-cuts-to-revive-it',
28 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-21/white-house-weighs-citing-russian-deaths-as-sign-of-u-s-resolve',
29 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-03-31/muelller-investigation-u-s-s-russia-experts-need-reality-check',
30 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/20/treasury-adds-five-to-russian-sanctions-list-that-has-infuriated-the-kremlin.html',
31 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/20/politics/russia-trump-sarah-sanders/index.html',
32 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/01/europe/putin-russia-missile-intl/',
33 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/31/middleeast/assad-interview-us-intl/index.html',
34 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/09/politics/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-vietnam/index.html',
35 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/23/politics/trump-russian-diplomats-national-security-council/index.html',
36 => 'https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21740282-donald-trump-says-there-will-be-big-price-pay',
37 => 'https://www.ft.com/content/35c6d6d6-7377-11e7-aca6-c6bd07df1a3c',
38 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=QgX0bQ3Enj4C&pg=PA861',
39 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=swfHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT501',
40 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-tells-aides-not-talk-publicly-about-russia-policy-moves-n861256',
41 => 'https://www.nyoooz.com/news/delhi/882977/putin-asks-us-to-cut-its-embassy-and-consulate-staff-in-russia-by-755/',
42 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/world/europe/russia-airstrikes-syria.html',
43 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes.html?_r=0',
44 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/22/world/middleeast/assad-putin-syria-russia.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=a-lede-package-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0',
45 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/world/europe/russia-plutonium-nuclear-treaty.html',
46 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/world/middleeast/us-suspends-talks-with-russia-on-syria.html',
47 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/14/world/europe/russia-diplomats-foreign-ministry-spies-expel.html',
48 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/europe/trump-russia-sanctions.html',
49 => 'https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/09/30/fiona-hill-russia-trump-adviser-228758/',
50 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-assad/assad-says-us-must-leave-syria-vows-to-recover-sdf-areas-idUSKCN1IW0K3',
51 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/u-s-russia-clash-at-u-n-over-chemical-weapons-attacks-in-syria-idUSKBN1HG0D8',
52 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-cooperation-idUSKCN0S11EH20151007',
53 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-united-states-is-directly-involved-ukraine-war-2022-08-02/',
54 => 'https://slate.com/culture/2019/03/rachel-maddow-mueller-report-trump-barr.html',
55 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/28/trump-russia-investigation-mueller-liberal-media-rachel-maddow',
56 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/04/john-mccain-russia-us-proxy-war-syria-obama-putin',
57 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/mar/25/russia',
58 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/02/us-coalition-warns-russia-putin-extremism-syria-isis',
59 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/08/russia-pay-price-syrian-airstrikes-ashton-carter-us-defence-secretary',
60 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/10/russian-officials-warn-of-possible-military-clash-with-us-over-syria',
61 => 'https://theintercept.com/2018/07/16/live-trump-and-putin-meet-in-helsinkis-hall-of-mirrors',
62 => 'https://theintercept.com/2019/04/18/robert-mueller-did-not-merely-reject-the-trumprussia-conspiracy-theories-he-obliterated-them/',
63 => 'https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/why-the-directors-of-russias-fsb-svr-and-gru-visited-washington-60433',
64 => 'https://eu.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/04/22/mueller-report-donald-trump-collusion-conspiracy-theories-continue-establishment-column/3535024002/',
65 => 'https://www.vox.com/2015/10/1/9434365/putin-syria-russia-mistake',
66 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2017/03/15/rachel-maddow-takes-conspiracy-theorizing-mainstream-with-trump-tax-scoop/',
67 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/07/17/does-putin-have-kompromat-on-trump-suddenly-its-no-longer-such-a-taboo-question-thanks-to-trump',
68 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-administration-expels-60-russian-officers-shuts-seattle-consulate-in-response-to-attack-on-former-spy-in-britain/2018/03/26/8ada3d8e-30f0-11e8-8bdd-cdb33a5eef83_story.html',
69 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trumps-tougher-on-russia-claim-fits-a-pattern-of-striving-to-one-up-obama/2018/02/20/a533fd1c-164e-11e8-b681-2d4d462a1921_story.html',
70 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russian-spy-chiefs-met-in-washington-with-cia-director-to-discuss-counterterrorism/2018/01/31/0b761976-068b-11e8-94e8-e8b8600ade23_story.html',
71 => 'https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/08/02/statement-president-donald-j-trump-signing-hr-3364',
72 => 'https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1463160/mattis-sees-no-change-in-russian-military-capability-in-light-of-putins-speech/',
73 => 'https://2017-2021-translations.state.gov/2017/08/31/achieving-parity-in-diplomatic-missions/index.html',
74 => 'https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/helsinki',
75 => 'https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1494',
76 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml',
77 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151009100208/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/07/us-mideast-crisis-usa-cooperation-idUSKCN0S11EH20151007',
78 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151012181525/http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/04/john-mccain-russia-us-proxy-war-syria-obama-putin',
79 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151115223128/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/16/g20-barack-obama-and-vladimir-putin-agree-to-syrian-led-transition',
80 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190228224200/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html',
81 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190504020111/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/03/trump-russia-collapse-collusion-narrative-190330063518669.html',
82 => 'https://www.csis.org/programs/russia-and-eurasia-program/archives/us-russian-relations',
83 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/24911301',
84 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633456',
85 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/40255691',
86 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-spy-chiefs-washington/29010324.html',
87 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/trump-signs-russia-sanctions-bill/28655189.html',
88 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331',
89 => 'https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2018/02/02_a_11634157.shtml',
90 => 'https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3370977',
91 => 'https://rg.ru/2018/03/27/lavrov-obvinil-ssha-v-kolossalnom-shantazhe-evropejskih-stran.html',
92 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/uk-us-economic-sanctions-russia-barbaric-siege-aleppo-boris-johnson-a7364701.html',
93 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/23/russian-mercenary-boss-spoke-kremlin-attacking-us-forces-syria/'
] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://www.prlib.ru/history/619690',
1 => 'https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/portsmouth-treaty',
2 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA259',
3 => 'http://ricolor.org/rz/amerika/ar/ist/1/',
4 => 'https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont00macm/page/63',
5 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49260285',
6 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=dy6v1j8NfycC&pg=PA48',
7 => 'https://www.svoboda.org/a/16799307.html',
8 => 'https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/nov-16-1933-us-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-the-soviet-union',
9 => 'https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/nato',
10 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_4119000/4119950.stm',
11 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/303127.stm',
12 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/348340.stm',
13 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1999-12/10/123r-121099-idx.html',
14 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209773',
15 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/11/us/politics/cia-judgment-intelligence-russia-hacking-evidence.html',
16 => 'https://www.france24.com/en/20080222-russia-warns-resorting-force-over-kosovo-NATO',
17 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7249586.stm',
18 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/putin-calls-kosovo-independence-terrible-precedent/2008/02/23/1203467431503.html',
19 => 'http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603',
20 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/03/24/crimea-kosovo-and-false-moral-equivalency/',
21 => 'https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-nato-georgia-europe-european-union-united-states/',
22 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/02/nato.georgia',
23 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/01/ukraine.analysis/',
24 => 'https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10741255',
25 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080706163319/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2673546.ece',
26 => 'http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2673546.ece',
27 => 'https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071017.html',
28 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7064428.stm',
29 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7496399.stm',
30 => 'http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/No_permanent_foreign_inspectors_in_US-Czech_radar_talks_minister_999.html',
31 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121022121349/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6kOsE60Adag&refer=home',
32 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6kOsE60Adag&refer=home',
33 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121022031242/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-15-bush-georgia_N.htm',
34 => 'http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-15-bush-georgia_N.htm',
35 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/world/europe/02arms.html?_r=1&hp',
36 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140321182018/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1971651,00.html',
37 => 'http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1971651,00.html',
38 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/07/07/obama.moscow/',
39 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124848246032580581',
40 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/europe/25start.html',
41 => 'http://www.rferl.org/a/biden_trip_to_moscow_putin_medvedev_human_rights/2333813.html',
42 => 'https://themoscowtimes.com/news/biden-opposes-3rd-putin-term-5538',
43 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/15/us/politics/biden-russia-trump-putin.html',
44 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/15/nato-libya-rasmussen-medvedev-criticism',
45 => 'http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin',
46 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110323111540/http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin',
47 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/09/world/europe/putin-accuses-clinton-of-instigating-russian-protests.html',
48 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2012.07.009',
49 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-067X',
50 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518046.2013.779845',
51 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1351-8046',
52 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145351757',
53 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/14/barack-obama-syria-chemical-weapons-deal',
54 => 'http://www.businessinsider.com/syria-chemical-weapons-attacks-2016-8',
55 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/07/world/europe/europeans-view-obamas-exit-with-a-mix-of-admiration-and-regret.html',
56 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/03/222721.htm',
57 => 'http://www.voanews.com/a/russias-stake-in-iran-nuclear-deal/2867710.html',
58 => 'http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/03/russian-military-ups-ante-on-missile-defense/',
59 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120504030958/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/03/russian-military-ups-ante-on-missile-defense/',
60 => 'http://freebeacon.com/putins-july-4th-message/',
61 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150710172010/http://freebeacon.com/national-security/putins-july-4th-message/',
62 => 'http://freebeacon.com/national-security/silent-running/',
63 => 'http://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/2012/08/red-october-redux-john-cornyn-demands-answers-from-pentagon-on-russian-sub-in-gulf/',
64 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/28/world/europe/russia-us-adoptions/index.html?iref=allsearch',
65 => 'http://freebeacon.com/bear-bombers-over-guam/',
66 => 'http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/02/16/nuclear-armed-russian-jets-reportedly-circled-us-territory-guam/',
67 => 'http://bayanihan.org/2013/12/27/putin-russia-begins-deployment-of-new-silo-based-missile-system/',
68 => 'http://csis.org/publication/russian-inf-treaty-violations-assessment-and-response',
69 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/29/world/europe/us-says-russia-tested-cruise-missile-in-violation-of-treaty.html',
70 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/04/us-russia-era-nuclear-rivalry',
71 => 'https://rg.ru/2014/11/27/mbr-site-anons.html',
72 => 'http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201503290853-78tu.htm',
73 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/06/world/europe/us-says-russia-fails-to-correct-violation-of-landmark-1987-arms-control-deal.html?_r=0',
74 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Renier_Van_Heerden/publication/275019554_The_Consequences_of_Edward_Snowden_NSA_Related_Information_Disclosures/links/552e6e1c0cf22d43716e4e19.pdf',
75 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/10228529/Barack-Obama-cancels-meeting-with-Vladimir-Putin-over-Edward-Snowden.html',
76 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/10228529/Barack-Obama-cancels-meeting-with-Vladimir-Putin-over-Edward-Snowden.html',
77 => 'https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47362#.WBN3i7MprtU',
78 => 'https://ria.ru/world/20161216/1483787225.html',
79 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161217115119/http://nbnews.com.ua/ru/news/193223/',
80 => 'http://nbnews.com.ua/ru/news/193223/',
81 => 'http://kommersant.ru/doc/2636177',
82 => 'http://www.businessinsider.com/george-friedman-russia-is-winning-the-internet-2016-4',
83 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/world/europe/obama-russia-crimea.html',
84 => 'http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/24/politics/obama-europe-trip/index.html',
85 => 'http://www.businessinsider.com/russia-temporarily-kicked-out-of-g8-club-of-rich-countries-2014-3',
86 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/25/barack-obama-russia-regional-power-ukraine-weakness',
87 => 'http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/51155',
88 => 'https://rbth.com/news/2016/01/12/putin-disagrees-with-obama-over-russias-regional-status-us-exceptionalism_558563',
89 => 'http://www.euronews.com/2016/11/26/global-conversation-exclusive-interview-with-european-commission-president-jean',
90 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140729213119/http://www.russianews.net/index.php/sid/223870415/scat/723971d98160d438/ht/Russia-warns-new-US-sanctions-will-return-ties-to-Cold-War-era',
91 => 'http://www.russianews.net/index.php/sid/223870415/scat/723971d98160d438/ht/Russia-warns-new-US-sanctions-will-return-ties-to-Cold-War-era',
92 => 'https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/18/statement-president-ukraine-freedom-support-act',
93 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/world/europe/obama-signing-russia-ukraine-sanctions-bill.html?_r=0',
94 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30560941',
95 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150101021407/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/how-2014-became-the-worst-year-in-u-s-russia-relations-since-the-cold-war-20141231',
96 => 'http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/how-2014-became-the-worst-year-in-u-s-russia-relations-since-the-cold-war-20141231',
97 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/us/giuliani-ukraine-oligarchs.html',
98 => 'http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-lavrov-idUKKCN0S810P20151014?mod=related&channelName=worldNews',
99 => 'http://newsru.com/russia/14oct2015/lavrov.html',
100 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html',
101 => 'http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/53379',
102 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/09/us-election-hacking-russia-barack-obama-review',
103 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-cia-on-collision-course-over-russias-role-in-us-election/2016/12/10/ad01556c-bf01-11e6-91ee-1adddfe36cbe_story.html',
104 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38273933',
105 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38282533',
106 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-russia-us-election-intervene-hacks-cyberattacks-dnc-podesta-emails-leak-help-victory-a7466986.html',
107 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/16/us/politics/hillary-clinton-russia-fbi-comey.html',
108 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/hillary-clinton-singles-out-putin-comey-election-loss-n696991',
109 => 'https://www.npr.org/2016/12/16/505858615/in-leaked-remarks-hillary-clinton-explains-putins-beef-with-her',
110 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/16/obama-retaliation-russia-hacking-us-election',
111 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/us/politics/obama-putin-russia-hacking-us-elections.html?_r=0',
112 => 'http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2580498',
113 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38473240',
114 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/obama-administration-announces-measures-to-punish-russia-for-2016-election-interference/2016/12/29/311db9d6-cdde-11e6-a87f-b917067331bb_story.html',
115 => 'https://nymag.com/selectall/2017/01/report-high-confidence-russia-interfered-with-u-s-election.html',
116 => 'https://www.rawstory.com/trump-manafort-russians/',
117 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-hold-historic-telephone-call/',
118 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-hold-historic-telephone-call/',
119 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38786199',
120 => 'http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-dangerous-nuclear-forces-are-back-19442',
121 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-missiles-idUSKBN16F23V',
122 => 'https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/1144598/statement-from-pentagon-spokesman-capt-jeff-davis-on-us-strike-in-syria',
123 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170407021906/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html',
124 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html',
125 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170407022056/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39523654',
126 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39523654',
127 => 'http://tass.com/politics/939920',
128 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-moscow-tillerson-seeks-to-move-russia-away-from-syrian-alliance/2017/04/11/adb6f8ed-4712-493e-927e-40574ab3cdb6_story.html',
129 => 'http://www.newsru.com/russia/07apr2017/mdvdintrump.html',
130 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-us-air-strikes-syria-russia-within-inch-military-clash-war-dmitry-medvedev-prime-minister-a7672791.html',
131 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/12/us-russia-relations-tillerson-moscow-press-conference',
132 => 'https://ria.ru/politics/20170531/1495484425.html',
133 => 'https://ria.ru/world/20170602/1495666348.html',
134 => 'https://rg.ru/2017/06/13/ssha-vpervye-ne-napravili-v-posolstvo-rf-pozdravlenie-s-dnem-rossii.html',
135 => 'https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/news/2017/06/15/694544-ssha-ne-peredavali-pozdravleniya',
136 => 'http://tass.ru/politika/4337950',
137 => 'http://russia-insider.com/en/politics/spineless-trump-first-potus-not-congratulate-russian-holiday-25-years/ri20103',
138 => 'https://money.cnn.com/2017/04/21/news/companies/trump-exxon-russia-sanctions/index.html',
139 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/us-treasury-accuses-exxon-violating-russian-sanctions/28629213.html',
140 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/us/politics/trump-russia-meeting-american-reporters-blocked.html',
141 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170515224247/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html',
142 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html',
143 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-revealed-highly-classified-information-to-russian-foreign-minister-and-ambassador/2017/05/15/530c172a-3960-11e7-9e48-c4f199710b69_story.html',
144 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-officials-call-trumps-disclosure-serious/',
145 => 'https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimdalrympleii/trump-highly-classified-information-russians',
146 => 'http://www.jpost.com/American-Politics/Trump-calls-on-Putin-to-distance-Russia-from-Syria-and-Iran-498972',
147 => 'https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/the-trump-putin-bromance-is-back-on',
148 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world-0/us-politics/trump-putin-meeting-time-spent-hours-minutes-scheduled-us-russia-g20-hamburg-latest-a7829771.html',
149 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-trump-some-fear-the-end-of-the-world-order/2018/06/08/d6026dde-6b44-11e8-bf8c-f9ed2e672adf_story.html',
150 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44830012',
151 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/07/trump-putin/565238/',
152 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/trump-u-s-russia-putin-meeting-ties-never-worse/29367445.html',
153 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/16/politics/john-mccain-statement-trump-putin-summit/index.html',
154 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/17/europe/trump-putin-summit-newspaper-reaction-intl/index.html',
155 => 'https://www.france24.com/en/20191221-trump-approves-sanctions-builders-of-russia-to-europe-gas-pipelines-energy-security-germany-turkey-eu',
156 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50875935',
157 => 'https://www.dw.com/en/germany-eu-decry-us-nord-stream-sanctions/a-51759319',
158 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/16/ukraine-and-russia-look-to-strike-gas-transit-deal.html?recirc=taboolainternal',
159 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/27/russia-offered-bounties-afghanistan-militants-killing-us-soldiers-report-outrage',
160 => 'https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/505804-why-we-need-a-little-skepticism-and-more-evidence-on-russian',
161 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/russian-bounties-to-taliban-linked-militants-resulted-in-deaths-of-us-troops-according-to-intelligence-assessments/2020/06/28/74ffaec2-b96a-11ea-80b9-40ece9a701dc_story.html',
162 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/top-pentagon-officials-russian-bounty-program-corroborated/story?id=71694167',
163 => 'https://thehill.com/policy/defense/505568-house-panel-votes-to-constrain-afghan-drawdown-ask-for-assessment-on',
164 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2020/09/25/us-air-force-b-52s-just-flew-a-mock-bombing-run-on-russias-baltic-fortress/',
165 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-russia-10-allegations-dossier-kremlin-michael-cohen-sex-claims-intelligence-reports-a7522056.html',
166 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/russians-say-they-have-compromising-information-on-trump-2017-1',
167 => 'https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4906642,00.html',
168 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-ukraine/trump-expects-russia-to-return-crimea-to-ukraine-white-house-idUSKBN15T2IY',
169 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/08/trump-putin-syria-attack-508223',
170 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-usa-trump/trump-criticizes-russia-calls-for-defense-of-western-civilization-idUSKBN19R02Q',
171 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-exclusive/exclusive-trump-accuses-russia-of-helping-north-korea-evade-sanctions-says-u-s-needs-more-missile-defense-idUSKBN1F62KO',
172 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47739503',
173 => 'https://www.nation.co.ke/news/world/Donald-Trump-Russia-election-meddling-/1068-4331686-h7mbxbz/index.html',
174 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/26/politics/us-expel-russian-diplomats/index.html',
175 => 'http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/james-clapper-trump-russia-ties-my-dashboard-warning-light-was-n765601',
176 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/spies-react-trump-g7-summit-russian-asset-2019-8',
177 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-was-the-winner-g7-trump-crimea-2019-8',
178 => 'https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2018/07/19/james-clapper-trump-helsinki-behavior-putin-bpr-vpx.cnn',
179 => 'https://www.ft.com/content/19415d54-8c05-11e8-b18d-0181731a0340',
180 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/UadxM',
181 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/here-are-18-reasons-why-trump-could-be-a-russian-asset/2019/01/13/45b1b250-174f-11e9-88fe-f9f77a3bcb6c_story.html',
182 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/pelosi-recalls-clash-with-trump-says-she-was-probably-telling-him-that-all-roads-lead-to-putin/2019/10/17/fdbde8d2-f0f2-11e9-8693-f487e46784aa_story.html',
183 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/in-response-to-navalny-arrest-clues-to-biden-russia-policy/31052846.html',
184 => 'https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/01/20/russia-urges-biden-to-be-more-constructive-over-arms-treaty-a72675',
185 => 'https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-politics-nuclear-weapons-north-korea-vladimir-putin-41891565c23d7ff99f5c575080c7ed6a',
186 => 'https://tass.ru/politika/10930299',
187 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56430049',
188 => 'https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-march-17-2021/',
189 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/united-states-sanctions-on-russian-debt-still-more-bark-than-bite-analysts-say/31207797.html',
190 => 'https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/kremlin-says-putin-decide-counter-sanctions-against-washington-2021-04-16/',
191 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57180674',
192 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/us/politics/biden-putin-summit.html',
193 => 'https://apnews.com/article/biden-putin-summit-23e73d69f1a7ca338850736a9cf032f5',
194 => 'https://www.state.gov/fact-sheet-united-states-imposes-additional-costs-on-russia-for-the-poisoning-of-aleksey-navalny/',
195 => 'https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/russia-orders-longtime-us-embassy-staff-to-leave-country-by-jan-31/2435762',
196 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/moscow-says-27-russian-more-diplomats-due-leave-us-january-2021-11-28/',
197 => 'https://www.google.com/search?q=Russia+suspends+New+START',
198 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/us/politics/biden-putin-russia-ukraine.html',
199 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220114225637/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/us/politics/biden-putin-russia-ukraine.html',
200 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/12/russia-kremlin-ukraine-nato-threats-521031',
201 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211219195654/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/12/russia-kremlin-ukraine-nato-threats-521031',
202 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/russia-denies-pretext-invade-ukraine-82306615',
203 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220122130242/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/russia-denies-pretext-invade-ukraine-82306615',
204 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/russia-will-act-if-nato-countries-cross-ukraine-red-lines-putin-says',
205 => 'https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43334/nato-pushes-back-against-russian-president-putins-red-lines-over-ukraine',
206 => 'https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/putin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30/',
207 => 'https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2021-12-01/russia-says-its-worried-about-ukrainian-military-buildup',
208 => 'https://www.euronews.com/2021/12/10/president-joe-biden-speaks-to-ukraine-s-zelenskyy-on-donbas-nato',
209 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589',
210 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/30/biden-putin-call-russia-us-ukraine-tensions',
211 => 'https://apnews.com/article/business-russia-ukraine-geneva-united-states-2654cdd8d85a40bcb4adbe9e50c02b2a',
212 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/senior-officials-lead-russia-us-security-talks-geneva-jan-10-2021-12-30/',
213 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/31/un-security-council-meets-to-discuss-ukraine-crisis',
214 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/19/us-allies-ukraine-weapons-russia-invasion-527375',
215 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220123225339/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/19/us-allies-ukraine-weapons-russia-invasion-527375',
216 => 'https://www.wionews.com/world/us-considers-backing-an-insurgency-if-russia-invades-ukraine-444983',
217 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220123171222/https://www.wionews.com/world/us-considers-backing-an-insurgency-if-russia-invades-ukraine-444983',
218 => 'https://www.rand.org/blog/2022/01/us-military-aid-to-ukraine-a-silver-bullet.html',
219 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220122105440/https://www.rand.org/blog/2022/01/us-military-aid-to-ukraine-a-silver-bullet.html',
220 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/29/us/politics/russia-sanctions-economy.html',
221 => 'https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/nord-stream-2-will-not-move-forward-if-russia-invades-ukraine-state-dept-2022-01-27/',
222 => 'https://tass.com/world/1398157',
223 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/blinken-ukraine-russia-attack-short-notice-invasion-fears-mount-rcna12691',
224 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220121105350/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/blinken-ukraine-russia-attack-short-notice-invasion-fears-mount-rcna12691',
225 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/19/russia-could-act-against-ukraine-at-any-moment-says-us',
226 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220122112550/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/19/russia-could-act-against-ukraine-at-any-moment-says-us',
227 => 'https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/ukraine-crisis-us-president-joe-biden-tells-zelensky-to-prepare-for-russian-invasion/2E55YU5QFBU2IW7EPLC5O2O67Y/',
228 => 'https://news.yahoo.com/ukraines-president-told-biden-calm-104928095.html',
229 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-warns-americans-leave-ukraine-russia-troops-world-war-rcna15781',
230 => 'https://www.npr.org/2022/02/11/1080164367/russia-ukraine-invasion-olympics-sullivan',
231 => 'https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/commentary-and-analysis/blogs/half-americans-support-use-us-troops-defense-ukraine',
232 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/27/ukraine-crisis-russians-hope-for-peace-as-the-world-talks-of-war',
233 => 'https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/0204/The-Russian-public-doesn-t-want-war-but-is-anyone-listening',
234 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/12/biden-putin-us-russia-ukraine-tensions-liveblog',
235 => 'https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-business-europe-united-states-6809084d9c82fa290dc09032b4980acb',
236 => 'https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220216-us-accuses-moscow-of-creating-ukraine-invasion-pretext-with-genocide-claims',
237 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60454818',
238 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-sanctions-ukraine-us-biden/',
239 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-approves-350-million-military-aid-ukraine-2022-02-26/',
240 => 'https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-03-08/no-fly-zone-ukraine-russia-biden-nato',
241 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/26/senior-russian-security-official-issues-stark-threats-to-the-west',
242 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/china/un-security-council-hold-emergency-meeting-after-russian-attack-nuclear-plant-2022-03-04/',
243 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/russia-hitting-nato-even-accidentally-will-spur-full-response-sullivan-1687559',
244 => 'https://www.reuters.com/business/russia-outlines-plan-unfriendly-investors-sell-up-half-price-2022-12-30/',
245 => 'https://www.npr.org/2022/03/24/1088568802/russia-ukraine-biden-approval-rating-poll-numbers-inflation?t=1648198969870',
246 => 'https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/04/29/war-in-ukraine-u-s-dramatically-upgrades-its-aid-package-to-kyiv_5981990_4.html',
247 => 'https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2022/07/06/russian-politician-threatens-to-retaliate-against-us-sanctions-by-reclaiming-alaska/',
248 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/21/putin-speech-russia-ukraine-war-mobilization/',
249 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286',
250 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/germany-agrees-to-send-tanks-to-ukraine-11674643787',
251 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/04/world/middleeast/us-turkey-uae-russia-sanctions.html',
252 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/07/politics/how-russians-hacked-the-wh/index.html',
253 => 'https://themoscowtimes.com/news/americas-alleged-spy-in-the-heart-of-russian-cybersecurity-56945',
254 => 'https://www.wired.com/story/russia-cyberwar-escalation-power-grid/',
255 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105953/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-obama-russia-idUSTRE5640IZ20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0',
256 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE5640IZ20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0',
257 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131210205639/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/06/us-russia-usa-mood-sb-idUSTRE56416N20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0',
258 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE56416N20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0',
259 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/42896937',
260 => 'http://watchingamerica.com/News/205785/us-still-has-a-chance/',
261 => 'http://worldmeets.us/izvestia000009.shtml',
262 => 'http://worldmeets.us/argumentyifacty000006.shtml',
263 => 'http://worldmeets.us/gazetaru000015.shtml',
264 => 'http://worldmeets.us/yezhednevniyzhurnal000002.shtml',
265 => 'http://worldmeets.us/kommersant000040.shtml',
266 => 'http://worldmeets.us/vedomosti000001.shtml',
267 => 'http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/181/',
268 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160709073210/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/',
269 => 'https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/',
270 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russias-anti-us-sentiment-now-is-even-worse-than-it-was-in-soviet-union/2015/03/08/b7d534c4-c357-11e4-a188-8e4971d37a8d_story.html',
271 => 'https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/',
272 => 'http://www.gallup.com/poll/181568/americans-increasingly-russia-threat-top-enemy.aspx',
273 => 'http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/27/country/233/',
274 => 'http://news.gallup.com/poll/1642/russia.aspx',
275 => 'https://www.foxnews.com/world/greatest-threat-china-russia-climate-change-americans-weigh',
276 => 'https://news.gallup.com/poll/471872/americans-favorable-rating-russia-sinks-new-low.aspx?utm_source=news&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=the_week_in_charts_send_3_march_03212023&utm_term=newsletter&utm_content=read_more_textlink_1',
277 => 'https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2015/05/01/Britain-America-disagree-who-did-more-beat-nazis',
278 => 'http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/',
279 => 'http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/u-s-image-suffers-as-publics-around-world-question-trumps-leadership/',
280 => 'https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1257373',
281 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...344.1323C',
282 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075',
283 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24948710',
284 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171210072301/https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/us-and-russia-insecurity-and-mistrust-shape-mutual-perceptions',
285 => 'https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/us-and-russia-insecurity-and-mistrust-shape-mutual-perceptions',
286 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-first-year-inauguration-anniversary-russia-vladimir-putin-relations-moscow-a8168801.html',
287 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/07/more-russians-are-sure-of-the-u-s-meddling-in-their-politics-than-the-other-way-around-poll-finds/',
288 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/favorable-attitudes-toward-u-s-eu-on-the-rise-in-russia-levada-poll-finds/29407171.html',
289 => 'https://themoscowtimes.com/news/anti-americanism-wanes-russia-after-putin-trump-summit-survey-says-62425',
290 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190418071533/https://www.thenation.com/article/russiagate-bilateral-tensions-opinion-poll/',
291 => 'https://www.thenation.com/article/russiagate-bilateral-tensions-opinion-poll/',
292 => 'https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/02/18/4-in-5-russians-view-west-as-a-friend-poll-a69322',
293 => 'https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/07/russia-and-putin-receive-low-ratings-globally/',
294 => 'https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/08/how-people-around-the-world-see-the-u-s-and-donald-trump-in-10-charts/',
295 => 'https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/',
296 => 'https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/03/few-in-other-countries-approve-of-trumps-major-foreign-policies-but-israelis-are-an-exception/',
297 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-russia-rfe-idUSL5N1FS54Q',
298 => 'http://rusrand.ru/files/13/07/22/130722030135_Nov_tehnologii_3-new.pdf',
299 => 'https://theintercept.com/2016/12/31/russia-hysteria-infects-washpost-again-false-story-about-hacking-u-s-electric-grid/',
300 => 'https://theintercept.com/2017/02/28/the-new-yorkers-big-cover-story-reveals-five-uncomfortable-truths-about-u-s-and-russia/',
301 => 'https://theintercept.com/2019/01/20/beyond-buzzfeed-the-10-worst-most-embarrassing-u-s-media-failures-on-the-trumprussia-story/',
302 => 'https://www.thedailybeast.com/putin-ramps-up-rts-propaganda-budget-as-poll-rating-slumps',
303 => 'https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-propaganda-disinformation-rt/',
304 => 'http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20161118IPR51718/meps-sound-alarm-on-anti-eu-propaganda-from-russia-and-islamist-terrorist-groups',
305 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/19/business/media/moscow-joins-the-partisan-media-landscape-with-familiar-american-faces.html',
306 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/business/media/23russiatoday.html?_r=3&pagewanted=all&',
307 => 'http://countrystudies.us/russia/92.htm',
308 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/19/world/decades-later-tales-of-americans-in-soviet-jails.html?pagewanted=all',
309 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Ktei3rFYzJwC&pg=PA12',
310 => 'http://millercenter.org/president/biography/bush-foreign-affairs',
311 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/04/world/summit-in-vancouver-clinton-presents-billion-to-yeltsin-in-us-aid-package.html',
312 => 'http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/23/russia.china/',
313 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160816163733/http://210.34.4.13:8080/law/articles%5CTrademark%20Law%5C1012_4.pdf',
314 => 'http://210.34.4.13:8080/law/articles%5CTrademark%20Law%5C1012_4.pdf',
315 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2009.00815.x',
316 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5850',
317 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/27695032',
318 => 'https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/clinton-yeltsin',
319 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=oxFl4yFUa_UC&pg=PR30',
320 => 'http://www.meforum.org/556/four-part-disharmony-the-quartet-maps-peace',
321 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/03/18/russias-putin-calls-iraq-war-a-mistake/7fff0ba1-bfda-4970-a1a9-f7c7afd6aaa2/',
322 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03932720802693002',
323 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155077525',
324 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/08/08/ten-reasons-the-u-s-and-russia-are-at-odds/',
325 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261973733',
326 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2012.01074.x',
327 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/house-gop-plan-differs-from-donald-trump-on-foreign-policy-1465485416?tesla=y',
328 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40522296',
329 => 'http://www.cnn.com/2017/07/07/politics/trump-putin-meeting/index.html',
330 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44852812',
331 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/russia-vladimir-putin-kremlin-peskov-steve-cohen-joe-wilson-congress-dictator-1651261',
332 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/24/politics/biden-troops-europe/index.html',
333 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/04/18/despite-sanctions-russia-is-getting-a-457-9m-check-from-nasa/',
334 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/04/tech/nasa-russia-space-race-scn/index.html',
335 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/article/brittney-griner-russia.html',
336 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/27/us-imposes-sanctions-on-russia-iran-for-hostage-taking.html',
337 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/the-world-has-never-been-closer-to-nuclear-war-than-it-was-during-this-1995-event-2012-8',
338 => 'https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/military/nuclear-false-alarms.html',
339 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=WigJ8ZsWE1QC&pg=PA214',
340 => 'http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nordland/1.8005229',
341 => 'https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-nuclear-weapons-buildup-aimed-beating-us-missile-24716',
342 => 'https://thebulletin.org/2019/02/russia-may-have-violated-the-inf-treaty-heres-how-the-united-states-appears-to-have-done-the-same/',
343 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/13/world/europe/russia-nato-us-romania-missile-defense.html',
344 => 'https://www.dw.com/en/prepare-for-a-new-cold-war-without-inf-russia-analyst-says/a-45989301-0',
345 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/nuclear-weapons-russia-start-inf-warheads/30003088.html',
346 => 'https://news.yahoo.com/putin-directs-exercise-russian-nuclear-153120090.html',
347 => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43016-022-00573-0',
348 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37118594',
349 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251601831',
350 => 'https://thebulletin.org/2022/10/nowhere-to-hide-how-a-nuclear-war-would-kill-you-and-almost-everyone-else/',
351 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nuclear-war-5-billion-people-starvation-deaths-study/',
352 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-chafes-as-house-passes-magnitsky-bill/2012/11/16/b589e544-300f-11e2-a30e-5ca76eeec857_story.html',
353 => 'http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-economy-2016-no-gdp-growth-expected-amid-low-oil-prices-sanctions-government-2357358',
354 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-sanctions-companies-factbo/factbox-u-s-companies-with-exposure-to-russia-idUSKBN1KU2L8',
355 => 'http://www.aalep.eu/american-companies-operating-russia',
356 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071015084200/http://mnweekly.ru/world/20070720/55262872.html',
357 => 'http://mnweekly.ru/world/20070720/55262872.html',
358 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070610172213/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/06/03a1db46-8b93-4756-935f-6158c4909cf8.html',
359 => 'http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/06/03a1db46-8b93-4756-935f-6158c4909cf8.html',
360 => 'http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2012/08/22/US-participates-in-joint-naval-drills/UPI-34431345640949/',
361 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14782804.2014.1001824',
362 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1478-2804',
363 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153379927',
364 => 'http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/19/russia-closes-nato-supply-corridor-afghanistan/',
365 => 'http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav031809d.shtml',
366 => 'http://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/04/levada-center_chicago_council/',
367 => 'https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/antony-blinken/',
368 => 'https://www.amazon.com/Folly-Glory-America-Political-1945-2020/dp/1627790853/',
369 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles-Ziegler-2/publication/269285900_Russian-American_relations_From_Tsarism_to_Putin/links/568d0b2108ae197e426c2588/Russian-American-relations-From-Tsarism-to-Putin.pdf',
370 => 'https://archive.org/details/diplomatichisto100bail',
371 => 'https://archive.org/details/churchillrooseve00feis',
372 => 'https://archive.org/details/turningpointroos0000sain',
373 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=uSIsAQAAMAAJ&dq=fdr+USSR&pg=PA5',
374 => 'https://archive.org/details/americanrussianr00zabr',
375 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=qA_uT6GrcxEC',
376 => 'https://archive.org/details/allianceinsidest0000fenb_n3w0',
377 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=fvmoWZIxVw4C',
378 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=r71u_AgE7iYC',
379 => 'https://archive.org/details/debatingoriginso0000unse',
380 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=pTgIFpLuD6kC',
381 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=17bYs02P_sgC',
382 => 'https://www.amazon.com/The-End-Cold-War-1985-1991/dp/1610394992/',
383 => 'https://archive.org/details/insidekremlinsco0000zubo',
384 => 'https://www.amazon.com/Russian-Foreign-Policy-Interests-Vectors-ebook/dp/B00G73NMJK/',
385 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/26891340',
386 => 'https://kar.kent.ac.uk/80013/',
387 => 'http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=51562',
388 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox99AgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1',
389 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=jfaKAQAAQBAJ',
390 => 'https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Russia%E2%80%93United+States+relations',
391 => 'https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Russia%E2%80%93United+States+relations&library=0CHOOSE0',
392 => 'https://history.state.gov/countries/russia',
393 => 'http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18909/',
394 => 'https://photos.state.gov/libraries/russia/231771/PDFs/ResetSlides-HSE.pdf',
395 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/rs/usrussiabilat/186831.htm',
396 => 'https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674733305',
397 => 'https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444395181.ch29'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://210.34.4.13:8080/law/articles%5CTrademark%20Law%5C1012_4.pdf',
1 => 'http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/putin-calls-kosovo-independence-terrible-precedent/2008/02/23/1203467431503.html',
2 => 'http://www.businessinsider.com/george-friedman-russia-is-winning-the-internet-2016-4',
3 => 'http://www.businessinsider.com/russia-temporarily-kicked-out-of-g8-club-of-rich-countries-2014-3',
4 => 'http://www.businessinsider.com/syria-chemical-weapons-attacks-2016-8',
5 => 'http://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/2012/08/red-october-redux-john-cornyn-demands-answers-from-pentagon-on-russian-sub-in-gulf/',
6 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/07/07/obama.moscow/',
7 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/28/world/europe/russia-us-adoptions/index.html?iref=allsearch',
8 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/07/politics/how-russians-hacked-the-wh/index.html',
9 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/13/middleeast/syria-civil-war/index.html',
10 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html',
11 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/24/politics/trump-us-russia-chill/index.html',
12 => 'http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/24/politics/obama-europe-trip/index.html',
13 => 'http://www.cnn.com/2017/07/07/politics/trump-putin-meeting/index.html',
14 => 'http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/23/russia.china/',
15 => 'http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9904/09/kosovo.diplomacy.02',
16 => 'http://www.euronews.com/2016/11/26/global-conversation-exclusive-interview-with-european-commission-president-jean',
17 => 'http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/02/16/nuclear-armed-russian-jets-reportedly-circled-us-territory-guam/',
18 => 'http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/02/01/cia-defends-meeting-with-russian-spy-officials-in-letter-to-schumer.html',
19 => 'http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/03/russian-military-ups-ante-on-missile-defense/',
20 => 'http://freebeacon.com/bear-bombers-over-guam/',
21 => 'http://freebeacon.com/national-security/silent-running/',
22 => 'http://freebeacon.com/putins-july-4th-message/',
23 => 'http://news.gallup.com/poll/1642/russia.aspx',
24 => 'http://www.gallup.com/poll/181568/americans-increasingly-russia-threat-top-enemy.aspx',
25 => 'http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-economy-2016-no-gdp-growth-expected-amid-low-oil-prices-sanctions-government-2357358',
26 => 'http://www.jpost.com/American-Politics/Trump-calls-on-Putin-to-distance-Russia-from-Syria-and-Iran-498972',
27 => 'http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/how-2014-became-the-worst-year-in-u-s-russia-relations-since-the-cold-war-20141231',
28 => 'http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/james-clapper-trump-russia-ties-my-dashboard-warning-light-was-n765601',
29 => 'http://newsru.com/russia/14oct2015/lavrov.html',
30 => 'http://www.newsru.com/russia/07apr2017/mdvdintrump.html',
31 => 'http://www.newsru.com/russia/31oct2016/plutonium.html',
32 => 'http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-lavrov-idUKKCN0S810P20151014?mod=related&channelName=worldNews',
33 => 'http://russia-insider.com/en/politics/spineless-trump-first-potus-not-congratulate-russian-holiday-25-years/ri20103',
34 => 'http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/No_permanent_foreign_inspectors_in_US-Czech_radar_talks_minister_999.html',
35 => 'http://tass.com/politics/939920',
36 => 'http://tass.com/politics/996300',
37 => 'http://tass.com/world/988213',
38 => 'http://time.com/4074568/putins-syria-gamble/',
39 => 'http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1971651,00.html',
40 => 'http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2012/08/22/US-participates-in-joint-naval-drills/UPI-34431345640949/',
41 => 'http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-15-bush-georgia_N.htm',
42 => 'http://www.voanews.com/a/russias-stake-in-iran-nuclear-deal/2867710.html',
43 => 'http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/19/russia-closes-nato-supply-corridor-afghanistan/',
44 => 'http://watchingamerica.com/News/205785/us-still-has-a-chance/',
45 => 'http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18909/',
46 => 'http://www.aalep.eu/american-companies-operating-russia',
47 => 'http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20161118IPR51718/meps-sound-alarm-on-anti-eu-propaganda-from-russia-and-islamist-terrorist-groups',
48 => 'http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-10-15/world-news/Russia-s-United-Nations-Ambassador-Tensions-with-US-are-probably-worst-since-1973-6736165242',
49 => 'http://www.russianews.net/index.php/sid/223870415/scat/723971d98160d438/ht/Russia-warns-new-US-sanctions-will-return-ties-to-Cold-War-era',
50 => 'http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nordland/1.8005229',
51 => 'http://bayanihan.org/2013/12/27/putin-russia-begins-deployment-of-new-silo-based-missile-system/',
52 => 'http://csis.org/publication/russian-inf-treaty-violations-assessment-and-response',
53 => 'http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav031809d.shtml',
54 => 'http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=51562',
55 => 'http://www.meforum.org/556/four-part-disharmony-the-quartet-maps-peace',
56 => 'http://millercenter.org/president/biography/bush-foreign-affairs',
57 => 'http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-dangerous-nuclear-forces-are-back-19442',
58 => 'http://nationalinterest.org/feature/tensions-are-flaring-between-washington-moscow-25326',
59 => 'http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/',
60 => 'http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/u-s-image-suffers-as-publics-around-world-question-trumps-leadership/',
61 => 'http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/181/',
62 => 'http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/27/country/233/',
63 => 'http://www.rferl.org/a/biden_trip_to_moscow_putin_medvedev_human_rights/2333813.html',
64 => 'http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/06/03a1db46-8b93-4756-935f-6158c4909cf8.html',
65 => 'http://ricolor.org/rz/amerika/ar/ist/1/',
66 => 'http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1900612',
67 => 'http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201610030004',
68 => 'http://kommersant.ru/doc/2636177',
69 => 'http://kommersant.ru/doc/2855020',
70 => 'http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/51155',
71 => 'http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/53379',
72 => 'http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603',
73 => 'http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50533',
74 => 'http://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/04/levada-center_chicago_council/',
75 => 'http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2580498',
76 => 'http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2851819',
77 => 'http://www.mid.ru/ru/press_service/spokesman/official_statement/-/asset_publisher/t2GCdmD8RNIr/content/id/2824435',
78 => 'http://mnweekly.ru/world/20070720/55262872.html',
79 => 'http://www.ng.ru/world/2018-04-11/1_7209_calibrs.html',
80 => 'http://rusrand.ru/files/13/07/22/130722030135_Nov_tehnologii_3-new.pdf',
81 => 'http://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/5066974',
82 => 'http://tass.ru/politika/4337950',
83 => 'http://tass.ru/politika/4458190',
84 => 'http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201503290853-78tu.htm',
85 => 'http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2915605',
86 => 'http://nbnews.com.ua/ru/news/193223/',
87 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7249586.stm',
88 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7064428.stm',
89 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/303127.stm',
90 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/348340.stm',
91 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7496399.stm',
92 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_4119000/4119950.stm',
93 => 'http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2673546.ece',
94 => 'http://countrystudies.us/russia/92.htm',
95 => 'http://worldmeets.us/argumentyifacty000006.shtml',
96 => 'http://worldmeets.us/gazetaru000015.shtml',
97 => 'http://worldmeets.us/izvestia000009.shtml',
98 => 'http://worldmeets.us/kommersant000040.shtml',
99 => 'http://worldmeets.us/vedomosti000001.shtml',
100 => 'http://worldmeets.us/yezhednevniyzhurnal000002.shtml',
101 => 'http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin',
102 => 'https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2022/07/06/russian-politician-threatens-to-retaliate-against-us-sanctions-by-reclaiming-alaska/',
103 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/27/ukraine-crisis-russians-hope-for-peace-as-the-world-talks-of-war',
104 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/12/biden-putin-us-russia-ukraine-tensions-liveblog',
105 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/26/senior-russian-security-official-issues-stark-threats-to-the-west',
106 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/03/trump-russia-collapse-collusion-narrative-190330063518669.html',
107 => 'https://www.amazon.com/Folly-Glory-America-Political-1945-2020/dp/1627790853/',
108 => 'https://www.amazon.com/Russian-Foreign-Policy-Interests-Vectors-ebook/dp/B00G73NMJK/',
109 => 'https://www.amazon.com/The-End-Cold-War-1985-1991/dp/1610394992/',
110 => 'https://apnews.com/article/8d162f6100f23833c376f011a9298126',
111 => 'https://apnews.com/article/biden-putin-summit-23e73d69f1a7ca338850736a9cf032f5',
112 => 'https://apnews.com/article/business-russia-ukraine-geneva-united-states-2654cdd8d85a40bcb4adbe9e50c02b2a',
113 => 'https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-politics-nuclear-weapons-north-korea-vladimir-putin-41891565c23d7ff99f5c575080c7ed6a',
114 => 'https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-business-europe-united-states-6809084d9c82fa290dc09032b4980acb',
115 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37670528',
116 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30560941',
117 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34595409',
118 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40522296',
119 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40769365',
120 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44852812',
121 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50875935',
122 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56430049',
123 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589',
124 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60454818',
125 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47739503',
126 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38273933',
127 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38282533',
128 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38473240',
129 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38786199',
130 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39523654',
131 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41136484',
132 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42401170',
133 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44830012',
134 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57180674',
135 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6kOsE60Adag&refer=home',
136 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-03/putin-halts-plutonium-pact-demands-u-s-troop-cuts-to-revive-it',
137 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-21/white-house-weighs-citing-russian-deaths-as-sign-of-u-s-resolve',
138 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-03-31/muelller-investigation-u-s-s-russia-experts-need-reality-check',
139 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-was-the-winner-g7-trump-crimea-2019-8',
140 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/russians-say-they-have-compromising-information-on-trump-2017-1',
141 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/spies-react-trump-g7-summit-russian-asset-2019-8',
142 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/the-world-has-never-been-closer-to-nuclear-war-than-it-was-during-this-1995-event-2012-8',
143 => 'https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimdalrympleii/trump-highly-classified-information-russians',
144 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-officials-call-trumps-disclosure-serious/',
145 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nuclear-war-5-billion-people-starvation-deaths-study/',
146 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-sanctions-ukraine-us-biden/',
147 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/20/treasury-adds-five-to-russian-sanctions-list-that-has-infuriated-the-kremlin.html',
148 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/16/ukraine-and-russia-look-to-strike-gas-transit-deal.html?recirc=taboolainternal',
149 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/27/us-imposes-sanctions-on-russia-iran-for-hostage-taking.html',
150 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/01/ukraine.analysis/',
151 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/20/politics/russia-trump-sarah-sanders/index.html',
152 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/01/europe/putin-russia-missile-intl/',
153 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/26/politics/us-expel-russian-diplomats/index.html',
154 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/31/middleeast/assad-interview-us-intl/index.html',
155 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/17/europe/trump-putin-summit-newspaper-reaction-intl/index.html',
156 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/04/tech/nasa-russia-space-race-scn/index.html',
157 => 'https://money.cnn.com/2017/04/21/news/companies/trump-exxon-russia-sanctions/index.html',
158 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/09/politics/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-vietnam/index.html',
159 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/23/politics/trump-russian-diplomats-national-security-council/index.html',
160 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/16/politics/john-mccain-statement-trump-putin-summit/index.html',
161 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/24/politics/biden-troops-europe/index.html',
162 => 'https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2018/07/19/james-clapper-trump-helsinki-behavior-putin-bpr-vpx.cnn',
163 => 'https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/0204/The-Russian-public-doesn-t-want-war-but-is-anyone-listening',
164 => 'https://www.dw.com/en/germany-eu-decry-us-nord-stream-sanctions/a-51759319',
165 => 'https://www.dw.com/en/prepare-for-a-new-cold-war-without-inf-russia-analyst-says/a-45989301-0',
166 => 'https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21740282-donald-trump-says-there-will-be-big-price-pay',
167 => 'https://www.euronews.com/2021/12/10/president-joe-biden-speaks-to-ukraine-s-zelenskyy-on-donbas-nato',
168 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2020/09/25/us-air-force-b-52s-just-flew-a-mock-bombing-run-on-russias-baltic-fortress/',
169 => 'https://www.foxnews.com/world/greatest-threat-china-russia-climate-change-americans-weigh',
170 => 'https://www.france24.com/en/20080222-russia-warns-resorting-force-over-kosovo-NATO',
171 => 'https://www.france24.com/en/20191221-trump-approves-sanctions-builders-of-russia-to-europe-gas-pipelines-energy-security-germany-turkey-eu',
172 => 'https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220216-us-accuses-moscow-of-creating-ukraine-invasion-pretext-with-genocide-claims',
173 => 'https://www.ft.com/content/19415d54-8c05-11e8-b18d-0181731a0340',
174 => 'https://www.ft.com/content/35c6d6d6-7377-11e7-aca6-c6bd07df1a3c',
175 => 'https://news.gallup.com/poll/471872/americans-favorable-rating-russia-sinks-new-low.aspx?utm_source=news&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=the_week_in_charts_send_3_march_03212023&utm_term=newsletter&utm_content=read_more_textlink_1',
176 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/russia-denies-pretext-invade-ukraine-82306615',
177 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/top-pentagon-officials-russian-bounty-program-corroborated/story?id=71694167',
178 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=17bYs02P_sgC',
179 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Ktei3rFYzJwC&pg=PA12',
180 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox99AgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1',
181 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=QgX0bQ3Enj4C&pg=PA861',
182 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA259',
183 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=WigJ8ZsWE1QC&pg=PA214',
184 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=dy6v1j8NfycC&pg=PA48',
185 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=fvmoWZIxVw4C',
186 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=jfaKAQAAQBAJ',
187 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=oxFl4yFUa_UC&pg=PR30',
188 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=pTgIFpLuD6kC',
189 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=qA_uT6GrcxEC',
190 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=r71u_AgE7iYC',
191 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=swfHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT501',
192 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=uSIsAQAAMAAJ&dq=fdr+USSR&pg=PA5',
193 => 'https://www.google.com/search?q=Russia+suspends+New+START',
194 => 'https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-03-08/no-fly-zone-ukraine-russia-biden-nato',
195 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/hillary-clinton-singles-out-putin-comey-election-loss-n696991',
196 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/blinken-ukraine-russia-attack-short-notice-invasion-fears-mount-rcna12691',
197 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-tells-aides-not-talk-publicly-about-russia-policy-moves-n861256',
198 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-warns-americans-leave-ukraine-russia-troops-world-war-rcna15781',
199 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/russia-hitting-nato-even-accidentally-will-spur-full-response-sullivan-1687559',
200 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/russia-vladimir-putin-kremlin-peskov-steve-cohen-joe-wilson-congress-dictator-1651261',
201 => 'https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/the-trump-putin-bromance-is-back-on',
202 => 'https://nymag.com/selectall/2017/01/report-high-confidence-russia-interfered-with-u-s-election.html',
203 => 'https://www.nyoooz.com/news/delhi/882977/putin-asks-us-to-cut-its-embassy-and-consulate-staff-in-russia-by-755/',
204 => 'https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/nov-16-1933-us-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-the-soviet-union',
205 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/04/world/summit-in-vancouver-clinton-presents-billion-to-yeltsin-in-us-aid-package.html',
206 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/19/world/decades-later-tales-of-americans-in-soviet-jails.html?pagewanted=all',
207 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/world/europe/02arms.html?_r=1&hp',
208 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/europe/25start.html',
209 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/business/media/23russiatoday.html?_r=3&pagewanted=all&',
210 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/09/world/europe/putin-accuses-clinton-of-instigating-russian-protests.html',
211 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/world/europe/obama-russia-crimea.html',
212 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/29/world/europe/us-says-russia-tested-cruise-missile-in-violation-of-treaty.html',
213 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/world/europe/obama-signing-russia-ukraine-sanctions-bill.html?_r=0',
214 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/06/world/europe/us-says-russia-fails-to-correct-violation-of-landmark-1987-arms-control-deal.html?_r=0',
215 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/world/europe/russia-airstrikes-syria.html',
216 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes.html?_r=0',
217 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/22/world/middleeast/assad-putin-syria-russia.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=a-lede-package-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0',
218 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/13/world/europe/russia-nato-us-romania-missile-defense.html',
219 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/19/business/media/moscow-joins-the-partisan-media-landscape-with-familiar-american-faces.html',
220 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/world/europe/russia-plutonium-nuclear-treaty.html',
221 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/world/middleeast/us-suspends-talks-with-russia-on-syria.html',
222 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/07/world/europe/europeans-view-obamas-exit-with-a-mix-of-admiration-and-regret.html',
223 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/11/us/politics/cia-judgment-intelligence-russia-hacking-evidence.html',
224 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/16/us/politics/hillary-clinton-russia-fbi-comey.html',
225 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/us/politics/obama-putin-russia-hacking-us-elections.html?_r=0',
226 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/us/politics/trump-russia-meeting-american-reporters-blocked.html',
227 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html',
228 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/14/world/europe/russia-diplomats-foreign-ministry-spies-expel.html',
229 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/europe/trump-russia-sanctions.html',
230 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/us/giuliani-ukraine-oligarchs.html',
231 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/15/us/politics/biden-russia-trump-putin.html',
232 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/us/politics/biden-putin-russia-ukraine.html',
233 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/us/politics/biden-putin-summit.html',
234 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/29/us/politics/russia-sanctions-economy.html',
235 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/04/world/middleeast/us-turkey-uae-russia-sanctions.html',
236 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/article/brittney-griner-russia.html',
237 => 'https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/09/30/fiona-hill-russia-trump-adviser-228758/',
238 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/12/russia-kremlin-ukraine-nato-threats-521031',
239 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/19/us-allies-ukraine-weapons-russia-invasion-527375',
240 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/08/trump-putin-syria-attack-508223',
241 => 'https://www.rawstory.com/trump-manafort-russians/',
242 => 'https://rbth.com/news/2016/01/12/putin-disagrees-with-obama-over-russias-regional-status-us-exceptionalism_558563',
243 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE5640IZ20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0',
244 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE56416N20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0',
245 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-assad/assad-says-us-must-leave-syria-vows-to-recover-sdf-areas-idUSKCN1IW0K3',
246 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/u-s-russia-clash-at-u-n-over-chemical-weapons-attacks-in-syria-idUSKBN1HG0D8',
247 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-cooperation-idUSKCN0S11EH20151007',
248 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-usa-trump/trump-criticizes-russia-calls-for-defense-of-western-civilization-idUSKBN19R02Q',
249 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-missiles-idUSKBN16F23V',
250 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-sanctions-companies-factbo/factbox-u-s-companies-with-exposure-to-russia-idUSKBN1KU2L8',
251 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-exclusive/exclusive-trump-accuses-russia-of-helping-north-korea-evade-sanctions-says-u-s-needs-more-missile-defense-idUSKBN1F62KO',
252 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-ukraine/trump-expects-russia-to-return-crimea-to-ukraine-white-house-idUSKBN15T2IY',
253 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-russia-rfe-idUSL5N1FS54Q',
254 => 'https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/nord-stream-2-will-not-move-forward-if-russia-invades-ukraine-state-dept-2022-01-27/',
255 => 'https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/kremlin-says-putin-decide-counter-sanctions-against-washington-2021-04-16/',
256 => 'https://www.reuters.com/business/russia-outlines-plan-unfriendly-investors-sell-up-half-price-2022-12-30/',
257 => 'https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/putin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30/',
258 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-approves-350-million-military-aid-ukraine-2022-02-26/',
259 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/china/un-security-council-hold-emergency-meeting-after-russian-attack-nuclear-plant-2022-03-04/',
260 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/moscow-says-27-russian-more-diplomats-due-leave-us-january-2021-11-28/',
261 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-united-states-is-directly-involved-ukraine-war-2022-08-02/',
262 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/senior-officials-lead-russia-us-security-talks-geneva-jan-10-2021-12-30/',
263 => 'https://slate.com/culture/2019/03/rachel-maddow-mueller-report-trump-barr.html',
264 => 'https://tass.com/world/1398157',
265 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/07/trump-putin/565238/',
266 => 'https://www.thedailybeast.com/putin-ramps-up-rts-propaganda-budget-as-poll-rating-slumps',
267 => 'https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43334/nato-pushes-back-against-russian-president-putins-red-lines-over-ukraine',
268 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/28/trump-russia-investigation-mueller-liberal-media-rachel-maddow',
269 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/04/john-mccain-russia-us-proxy-war-syria-obama-putin',
270 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/09/us-election-hacking-russia-barack-obama-review',
271 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/16/obama-retaliation-russia-hacking-us-election',
272 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/12/us-russia-relations-tillerson-moscow-press-conference',
273 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/27/russia-offered-bounties-afghanistan-militants-killing-us-soldiers-report-outrage',
274 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/30/biden-putin-call-russia-us-ukraine-tensions',
275 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/mar/25/russia',
276 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/02/nato.georgia',
277 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/15/nato-libya-rasmussen-medvedev-criticism',
278 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/14/barack-obama-syria-chemical-weapons-deal',
279 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/25/barack-obama-russia-regional-power-ukraine-weakness',
280 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/04/us-russia-era-nuclear-rivalry',
281 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/02/us-coalition-warns-russia-putin-extremism-syria-isis',
282 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/08/russia-pay-price-syrian-airstrikes-ashton-carter-us-defence-secretary',
283 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/10/russian-officials-warn-of-possible-military-clash-with-us-over-syria',
284 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/russia-will-act-if-nato-countries-cross-ukraine-red-lines-putin-says',
285 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/19/russia-could-act-against-ukraine-at-any-moment-says-us',
286 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/31/un-security-council-meets-to-discuss-ukraine-crisis',
287 => 'https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/505804-why-we-need-a-little-skepticism-and-more-evidence-on-russian',
288 => 'https://thehill.com/policy/defense/505568-house-panel-votes-to-constrain-afghan-drawdown-ask-for-assessment-on',
289 => 'https://theintercept.com/2016/12/31/russia-hysteria-infects-washpost-again-false-story-about-hacking-u-s-electric-grid/',
290 => 'https://theintercept.com/2017/02/28/the-new-yorkers-big-cover-story-reveals-five-uncomfortable-truths-about-u-s-and-russia/',
291 => 'https://theintercept.com/2018/07/16/live-trump-and-putin-meet-in-helsinkis-hall-of-mirrors',
292 => 'https://theintercept.com/2019/01/20/beyond-buzzfeed-the-10-worst-most-embarrassing-u-s-media-failures-on-the-trumprussia-story/',
293 => 'https://theintercept.com/2019/04/18/robert-mueller-did-not-merely-reject-the-trumprussia-conspiracy-theories-he-obliterated-them/',
294 => 'https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/why-the-directors-of-russias-fsb-svr-and-gru-visited-washington-60433',
295 => 'https://themoscowtimes.com/news/americas-alleged-spy-in-the-heart-of-russian-cybersecurity-56945',
296 => 'https://themoscowtimes.com/news/anti-americanism-wanes-russia-after-putin-trump-summit-survey-says-62425',
297 => 'https://themoscowtimes.com/news/biden-opposes-3rd-putin-term-5538',
298 => 'https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/02/18/4-in-5-russians-view-west-as-a-friend-poll-a69322',
299 => 'https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/01/20/russia-urges-biden-to-be-more-constructive-over-arms-treaty-a72675',
300 => 'https://www.thenation.com/article/russiagate-bilateral-tensions-opinion-poll/',
301 => 'https://eu.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/04/22/mueller-report-donald-trump-collusion-conspiracy-theories-continue-establishment-column/3535024002/',
302 => 'https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2021-12-01/russia-says-its-worried-about-ukrainian-military-buildup',
303 => 'https://www.vox.com/2015/10/1/9434365/putin-syria-russia-mistake',
304 => 'https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/',
305 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/03/18/russias-putin-calls-iraq-war-a-mistake/7fff0ba1-bfda-4970-a1a9-f7c7afd6aaa2/',
306 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/04/18/despite-sanctions-russia-is-getting-a-457-9m-check-from-nasa/',
307 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/russian-bounties-to-taliban-linked-militants-resulted-in-deaths-of-us-troops-according-to-intelligence-assessments/2020/06/28/74ffaec2-b96a-11ea-80b9-40ece9a701dc_story.html',
308 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2017/03/15/rachel-maddow-takes-conspiracy-theorizing-mainstream-with-trump-tax-scoop/',
309 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/07/17/does-putin-have-kompromat-on-trump-suddenly-its-no-longer-such-a-taboo-question-thanks-to-trump',
310 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/03/24/crimea-kosovo-and-false-moral-equivalency/',
311 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/08/08/ten-reasons-the-u-s-and-russia-are-at-odds/',
312 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/07/more-russians-are-sure-of-the-u-s-meddling-in-their-politics-than-the-other-way-around-poll-finds/',
313 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/here-are-18-reasons-why-trump-could-be-a-russian-asset/2019/01/13/45b1b250-174f-11e9-88fe-f9f77a3bcb6c_story.html',
314 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-administration-expels-60-russian-officers-shuts-seattle-consulate-in-response-to-attack-on-former-spy-in-britain/2018/03/26/8ada3d8e-30f0-11e8-8bdd-cdb33a5eef83_story.html',
315 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-cia-on-collision-course-over-russias-role-in-us-election/2016/12/10/ad01556c-bf01-11e6-91ee-1adddfe36cbe_story.html',
316 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trumps-tougher-on-russia-claim-fits-a-pattern-of-striving-to-one-up-obama/2018/02/20/a533fd1c-164e-11e8-b681-2d4d462a1921_story.html',
317 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/pelosi-recalls-clash-with-trump-says-she-was-probably-telling-him-that-all-roads-lead-to-putin/2019/10/17/fdbde8d2-f0f2-11e9-8693-f487e46784aa_story.html',
318 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/21/putin-speech-russia-ukraine-war-mobilization/',
319 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html',
320 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-chafes-as-house-passes-magnitsky-bill/2012/11/16/b589e544-300f-11e2-a30e-5ca76eeec857_story.html',
321 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russias-anti-us-sentiment-now-is-even-worse-than-it-was-in-soviet-union/2015/03/08/b7d534c4-c357-11e4-a188-8e4971d37a8d_story.html',
322 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-moscow-tillerson-seeks-to-move-russia-away-from-syrian-alliance/2017/04/11/adb6f8ed-4712-493e-927e-40574ab3cdb6_story.html',
323 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-trump-some-fear-the-end-of-the-world-order/2018/06/08/d6026dde-6b44-11e8-bf8c-f9ed2e672adf_story.html',
324 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/obama-administration-announces-measures-to-punish-russia-for-2016-election-interference/2016/12/29/311db9d6-cdde-11e6-a87f-b917067331bb_story.html',
325 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russian-spy-chiefs-met-in-washington-with-cia-director-to-discuss-counterterrorism/2018/01/31/0b761976-068b-11e8-94e8-e8b8600ade23_story.html',
326 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-revealed-highly-classified-information-to-russian-foreign-minister-and-ambassador/2017/05/15/530c172a-3960-11e7-9e48-c4f199710b69_story.html',
327 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1999-12/10/123r-121099-idx.html',
328 => 'https://www.wionews.com/world/us-considers-backing-an-insurgency-if-russia-invades-ukraine-444983',
329 => 'https://www.wired.com/story/russia-cyberwar-escalation-power-grid/',
330 => 'https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/',
331 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124848246032580581',
332 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/germany-agrees-to-send-tanks-to-ukraine-11674643787',
333 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/house-gop-plan-differs-from-donald-trump-on-foreign-policy-1465485416?tesla=y',
334 => 'https://news.yahoo.com/putin-directs-exercise-russian-nuclear-153120090.html',
335 => 'https://news.yahoo.com/ukraines-president-told-biden-calm-104928095.html',
336 => 'https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4906642,00.html',
337 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...344.1323C',
338 => 'https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-propaganda-disinformation-rt/',
339 => 'https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-nato-georgia-europe-european-union-united-states/',
340 => 'https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/04/29/war-in-ukraine-u-s-dramatically-upgrades-its-aid-package-to-kyiv_5981990_4.html',
341 => 'https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071017.html',
342 => 'https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/18/statement-president-ukraine-freedom-support-act',
343 => 'https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/08/02/statement-president-donald-j-trump-signing-hr-3364',
344 => 'https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1463160/mattis-sees-no-change-in-russian-military-capability-in-light-of-putins-speech/',
345 => 'https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/1144598/statement-from-pentagon-spokesman-capt-jeff-davis-on-us-strike-in-syria',
346 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24948710',
347 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37118594',
348 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/rs/usrussiabilat/186831.htm',
349 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/03/222721.htm',
350 => 'https://2017-2021-translations.state.gov/2017/08/31/achieving-parity-in-diplomatic-missions/index.html',
351 => 'https://history.state.gov/countries/russia',
352 => 'https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/portsmouth-treaty',
353 => 'https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/nato',
354 => 'https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/helsinki',
355 => 'https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/clinton-yeltsin',
356 => 'https://photos.state.gov/libraries/russia/231771/PDFs/ResetSlides-HSE.pdf',
357 => 'https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-march-17-2021/',
358 => 'https://www.state.gov/fact-sheet-united-states-imposes-additional-costs-on-russia-for-the-poisoning-of-aleksey-navalny/',
359 => 'https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1494',
360 => 'https://www.nation.co.ke/news/world/Donald-Trump-Russia-election-meddling-/1068-4331686-h7mbxbz/index.html',
361 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles-Ziegler-2/publication/269285900_Russian-American_relations_From_Tsarism_to_Putin/links/568d0b2108ae197e426c2588/Russian-American-relations-From-Tsarism-to-Putin.pdf',
362 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Renier_Van_Heerden/publication/275019554_The_Consequences_of_Edward_Snowden_NSA_Related_Information_Disclosures/links/552e6e1c0cf22d43716e4e19.pdf',
363 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261973733',
364 => 'https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/ukraine-crisis-us-president-joe-biden-tells-zelensky-to-prepare-for-russian-invasion/2E55YU5QFBU2IW7EPLC5O2O67Y/',
365 => 'https://archive.org/details/allianceinsidest0000fenb_n3w0',
366 => 'https://archive.org/details/americanrussianr00zabr',
367 => 'https://archive.org/details/churchillrooseve00feis',
368 => 'https://archive.org/details/debatingoriginso0000unse',
369 => 'https://archive.org/details/diplomatichisto100bail',
370 => 'https://archive.org/details/insidekremlinsco0000zubo',
371 => 'https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont00macm/page/63',
372 => 'https://archive.org/details/turningpointroos0000sain',
373 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml',
374 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070610172213/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/06/03a1db46-8b93-4756-935f-6158c4909cf8.html',
375 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071015084200/http://mnweekly.ru/world/20070720/55262872.html',
376 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080706163319/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2673546.ece',
377 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110323111540/http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin',
378 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120504030958/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/03/russian-military-ups-ante-on-missile-defense/',
379 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121022031242/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-15-bush-georgia_N.htm',
380 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20121022121349/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6kOsE60Adag&refer=home',
381 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131210205639/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/06/us-russia-usa-mood-sb-idUSTRE56416N20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0',
382 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140321182018/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1971651,00.html',
383 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140729213119/http://www.russianews.net/index.php/sid/223870415/scat/723971d98160d438/ht/Russia-warns-new-US-sanctions-will-return-ties-to-Cold-War-era',
384 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150101021407/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/how-2014-became-the-worst-year-in-u-s-russia-relations-since-the-cold-war-20141231',
385 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150710172010/http://freebeacon.com/national-security/putins-july-4th-message/',
386 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151009100208/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/07/us-mideast-crisis-usa-cooperation-idUSKCN0S11EH20151007',
387 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151012181525/http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/04/john-mccain-russia-us-proxy-war-syria-obama-putin',
388 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151115223128/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/16/g20-barack-obama-and-vladimir-putin-agree-to-syrian-led-transition',
389 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105953/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-obama-russia-idUSTRE5640IZ20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0',
390 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160709073210/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/',
391 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160816163733/http://210.34.4.13:8080/law/articles%5CTrademark%20Law%5C1012_4.pdf',
392 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161217115119/http://nbnews.com.ua/ru/news/193223/',
393 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170407021906/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html',
394 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170407022056/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39523654',
395 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170515224247/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html',
396 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171210072301/https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/us-and-russia-insecurity-and-mistrust-shape-mutual-perceptions',
397 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190228224200/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html',
398 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190418071533/https://www.thenation.com/article/russiagate-bilateral-tensions-opinion-poll/',
399 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190504020111/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/03/trump-russia-collapse-collusion-narrative-190330063518669.html',
400 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211219195654/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/12/russia-kremlin-ukraine-nato-threats-521031',
401 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220114225637/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/us/politics/biden-putin-russia-ukraine.html',
402 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220121105350/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/blinken-ukraine-russia-attack-short-notice-invasion-fears-mount-rcna12691',
403 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220122105440/https://www.rand.org/blog/2022/01/us-military-aid-to-ukraine-a-silver-bullet.html',
404 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220122112550/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/19/russia-could-act-against-ukraine-at-any-moment-says-us',
405 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220122130242/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/russia-denies-pretext-invade-ukraine-82306615',
406 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220123171222/https://www.wionews.com/world/us-considers-backing-an-insurgency-if-russia-invades-ukraine-444983',
407 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220123225339/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/19/us-allies-ukraine-weapons-russia-invasion-527375',
408 => 'https://www.csis.org/programs/russia-and-eurasia-program/archives/us-russian-relations',
409 => 'https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444395181.ch29',
410 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2012.07.009',
411 => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43016-022-00573-0',
412 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03932720802693002',
413 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518046.2013.779845',
414 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14782804.2014.1001824',
415 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2009.00815.x',
416 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2012.01074.x',
417 => 'https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1257373',
418 => 'https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674733305',
419 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/10228529/Barack-Obama-cancels-meeting-with-Vladimir-Putin-over-Edward-Snowden.html',
420 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-hold-historic-telephone-call/',
421 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/UadxM',
422 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/24911301',
423 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/26891340',
424 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/27695032',
425 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633456',
426 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209773',
427 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/40255691',
428 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/42896937',
429 => 'https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-nuclear-weapons-buildup-aimed-beating-us-missile-24716',
430 => 'https://www.npr.org/2016/12/16/505858615/in-leaked-remarks-hillary-clinton-explains-putins-beef-with-her',
431 => 'https://www.npr.org/2022/02/11/1080164367/russia-ukraine-invasion-olympics-sullivan',
432 => 'https://www.npr.org/2022/03/24/1088568802/russia-ukraine-biden-approval-rating-poll-numbers-inflation?t=1648198969870',
433 => 'https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10741255',
434 => 'https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/antony-blinken/',
435 => 'https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/military/nuclear-false-alarms.html',
436 => 'https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/08/how-people-around-the-world-see-the-u-s-and-donald-trump-in-10-charts/',
437 => 'https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/03/few-in-other-countries-approve-of-trumps-major-foreign-policies-but-israelis-are-an-exception/',
438 => 'https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/07/russia-and-putin-receive-low-ratings-globally/',
439 => 'https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/',
440 => 'https://www.rand.org/blog/2022/01/us-military-aid-to-ukraine-a-silver-bullet.html',
441 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/favorable-attitudes-toward-u-s-eu-on-the-rise-in-russia-levada-poll-finds/29407171.html',
442 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/in-response-to-navalny-arrest-clues-to-biden-russia-policy/31052846.html',
443 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/nuclear-weapons-russia-start-inf-warheads/30003088.html',
444 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-spy-chiefs-washington/29010324.html',
445 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/trump-signs-russia-sanctions-bill/28655189.html',
446 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/trump-u-s-russia-putin-meeting-ties-never-worse/29367445.html',
447 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/united-states-sanctions-on-russian-debt-still-more-bark-than-bite-analysts-say/31207797.html',
448 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/us-treasury-accuses-exxon-violating-russian-sanctions/28629213.html',
449 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145351757',
450 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153379927',
451 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155077525',
452 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251601831',
453 => 'https://www.svoboda.org/a/16799307.html',
454 => 'https://thebulletin.org/2019/02/russia-may-have-violated-the-inf-treaty-heres-how-the-united-states-appears-to-have-done-the-same/',
455 => 'https://thebulletin.org/2022/10/nowhere-to-hide-how-a-nuclear-war-would-kill-you-and-almost-everyone-else/',
456 => 'https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/commentary-and-analysis/blogs/half-americans-support-use-us-troops-defense-ukraine',
457 => 'https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/us-and-russia-insecurity-and-mistrust-shape-mutual-perceptions',
458 => 'https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Russia%E2%80%93United+States+relations',
459 => 'https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Russia%E2%80%93United+States+relations&library=0CHOOSE0',
460 => 'https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47362#.WBN3i7MprtU',
461 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5850',
462 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075',
463 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286',
464 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331',
465 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-067X',
466 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1351-8046',
467 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1478-2804',
468 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49260285',
469 => 'https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2018/02/02_a_11634157.shtml',
470 => 'https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3370977',
471 => 'https://www.prlib.ru/history/619690',
472 => 'https://rg.ru/2014/11/27/mbr-site-anons.html',
473 => 'https://rg.ru/2017/06/13/ssha-vpervye-ne-napravili-v-posolstvo-rf-pozdravlenie-s-dnem-rossii.html',
474 => 'https://rg.ru/2018/03/27/lavrov-obvinil-ssha-v-kolossalnom-shantazhe-evropejskih-stran.html',
475 => 'https://ria.ru/politics/20170531/1495484425.html',
476 => 'https://ria.ru/world/20161216/1483787225.html',
477 => 'https://ria.ru/world/20170602/1495666348.html',
478 => 'https://tass.ru/politika/10930299',
479 => 'https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/news/2017/06/15/694544-ssha-ne-peredavali-pozdravleniya',
480 => 'https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/russia-orders-longtime-us-embassy-staff-to-leave-country-by-jan-31/2435762',
481 => 'https://kar.kent.ac.uk/80013/',
482 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world-0/us-politics/trump-putin-meeting-time-spent-hours-minutes-scheduled-us-russia-g20-hamburg-latest-a7829771.html',
483 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-russia-us-election-intervene-hacks-cyberattacks-dnc-podesta-emails-leak-help-victory-a7466986.html',
484 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-russia-10-allegations-dossier-kremlin-michael-cohen-sex-claims-intelligence-reports-a7522056.html',
485 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-first-year-inauguration-anniversary-russia-vladimir-putin-relations-moscow-a8168801.html',
486 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-us-air-strikes-syria-russia-within-inch-military-clash-war-dmitry-medvedev-prime-minister-a7672791.html',
487 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/uk-us-economic-sanctions-russia-barbaric-siege-aleppo-boris-johnson-a7364701.html',
488 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-hold-historic-telephone-call/',
489 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/23/russian-mercenary-boss-spoke-kremlin-attacking-us-forces-syria/',
490 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/10228529/Barack-Obama-cancels-meeting-with-Vladimir-Putin-over-Edward-Snowden.html',
491 => 'https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2015/05/01/Britain-America-disagree-who-did-more-beat-nazis'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p><br />
</p><p>niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#United_States_and_the_Russian_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">United States and the Russian Empire</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#United_States_and_the_Soviet_Union"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">United States and the Soviet Union</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#The_dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union_through_Yeltsin's_terms_(1991–99)"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">The dissolution of the Soviet Union through Yeltsin's terms (1991–99)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Putin_and_George_W._Bush:_2001–2009"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Putin and George W. Bush: 2001–2009</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Controversy_over_U.S._plan_to_station_missiles_in_Poland_(2007–2008)"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy over U.S. plan to station missiles in Poland (2007–2008)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Russian-Georgian_clash_(August_2008)"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Russian-Georgian clash (August 2008)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Obama_administration_(2009–2017)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Obama administration (2009–2017)</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#"Reset"_under_Obama_and_Medvedev_(2009–11)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">"Reset" under Obama and Medvedev (2009–11)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Increasing_Tensions_during_Putin's_Third_Term_(2012–2015)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Increasing Tensions during Putin's Third Term (2012–2015)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Edward_Snowden_affair_(2013)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Edward Snowden affair (2013)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Russian_Annexation_of_Crimea_(2014)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Russian Annexation of Crimea (2014)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War_(from_September_30,_2015)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War (from September 30, 2015)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Trump_administration_(2017–2021)"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Trump administration (2017–2021)</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Election_of_Donald_Trump_and_Russian_interference"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Election of Donald Trump and Russian interference</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#2017"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">2017</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Beginning_of_Putin's_fourth_term_(2018–2020)"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Beginning of Putin's fourth term (2018–2020)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Influence_on_the_Trump_Administration"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Influence on the Trump Administration</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Biden_administration_(2021–present)"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Biden administration (2021–present)</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#2021–2022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_and_significantly_increased_tensions"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Russian invasion of Ukraine and significantly increased tensions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Russian_and_U.S._intelligence_operations"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Russian and U.S. intelligence operations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Mutual_perceptions_by_the_countries'_populations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Mutual perceptions by the countries' populations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Propaganda"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Propaganda</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Timeline_of_relations_between_the_United_States_and_Russia"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline of relations between the United States and Russia</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Yeltsin_era,_1991–99"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Yeltsin era, 1991–99</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Putin_era,_2000_to_present"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Putin era, 2000 to present</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Nuclear_arms_race"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Nuclear arms race</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Economic_ties"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Economic ties</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Military_ties"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Military ties</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#NATO–Russia_relations"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">NATO–Russia relations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Joint_operations_and_mutual_support"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Joint operations and mutual support</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#To_1945"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">To 1945</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Cold_War"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cold War</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Since_1991"><span class="tocnumber">12.3</span> <span class="toctext">Since 1991</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States_and_the_Russian_Empire">United States and the Russian Empire</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States and the Russian Empire">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire–United States relations</a></div>
<p>Official contacts between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the new United States of America began in 1776. Russia, while formally neutral during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> (1765–1783), favored the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>There was little trade or migration before the late 19th century. Formal diplomatic ties were established in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Russia supported <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">the Union</a>, largely because it believed that the U.S. served as a counterbalance to its geopolitical rival, the United Kingdom. In 1863, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a>'s Baltic and Pacific fleets wintered in the American ports of New York and San Francisco, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
The Russian administrators and military left Alaska, but some missionaries stayed on to minister to the many natives who converted to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Russian Orthodox</a> faith.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a> (1905), brokered by American President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> ended the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> After 1880, repeated anti-Jewish <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a> in Russia alienated American elite and public opinion. In 1903, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_pogrom_(1903)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chișinău pogrom (1903)">Kishinev pogrom</a> killed 47 Jews, injured 400, and left 10,000 homeless and dependent on relief. American Jews began large-scale organized financial help and assisted in emigration.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>During <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)</a> came after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> had abdicated as a result of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>. When the tsar was still in power, many Americans deplored fighting a war with him as an ally. With him gone, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilson_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson administration">Wilson administration</a> used the new provisional government to describe how the democratic nations were fighting against autocratic old empires of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. During the war, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> were just starting to see battle when the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> happened in which the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> overthrew the provisional government and removed Russia from the war.
</p><p><br />
From 1820 until 1917, about 3.3 million <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigrants arrived in the U.S.</a> from the Russian Empire. Most were Jews, Poles or Lithuanians; only 100,000 were ethnic Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States_and_the_Soviet_Union">United States and the Soviet Union</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States and the Soviet Union">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Soviet–American relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_United_States_Locator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Soviet Union and United States"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Soviet Union and United States" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Soviet_Union_United_States_Locator.png/250px-Soviet_Union_United_States_Locator.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Soviet_Union_United_States_Locator.png/375px-Soviet_Union_United_States_Locator.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Soviet_Union_United_States_Locator.png/500px-Soviet_Union_United_States_Locator.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em">
<td style="background:#339933;"></td>
<td style="background:#E08020;"></td>
</tr><tr>
<th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th>
<th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/57px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/86px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/114px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th>
</tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2">
</th></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Teheran_conference-1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Teheran_conference-1943.jpg/260px-Teheran_conference-1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Teheran_conference-1943.jpg/390px-Teheran_conference-1943.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Teheran_conference-1943.jpg/520px-Teheran_conference-1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5256" data-file-height="3632" /></a><figcaption>U.K. Prime Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, U.S. President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, and Soviet General Secretary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in November 1943.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York.jpg/260px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York.jpg/390px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York.jpg/520px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Presidents <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> with Soviet General Secretary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, 1988.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Russia_and_the_US.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Life_expectancy_in_Russia_and_the_US.png/260px-Life_expectancy_in_Russia_and_the_US.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Life_expectancy_in_Russia_and_the_US.png/390px-Life_expectancy_in_Russia_and_the_US.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Life_expectancy_in_Russia_and_the_US.png/520px-Life_expectancy_in_Russia_and_the_US.png 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> in the US and Russia since 1960</figcaption></figure>
<p>By 1921, after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> gained the upper hand in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Execution_of_the_Romanov_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution of the Romanov family">executed</a> the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov imperial family</a>, repudiated the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Repudiation_of_debt_at_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Repudiation of debt at the Russian Revolution">tsarist debt</a>, and called for a world revolution by the working class, it was regarded as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rogue_state" title="Rogue state">pariah nation</a> by most of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9">[9]</a></sup> Beyond the Russian Civil War, relations were also dogged by claims of American companies for compensation for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalized industries</a> they had invested in.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> The U.S., while starting to develop trade and economic ties, was the last major world power that continued to refuse to formally recognize the Soviet government.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> The United States and Soviet Russia established diplomatic relations in November 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The United States and the Soviet Union, along with Britain, were the leaders of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Following the onset of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in 1947, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a> was signed by the U.S., Canada, and several Western European nations, on April 4, 1949, a treaty that established the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) designed to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
In the 1970s—1980s, the USSR and the U.S. signed a series of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">arms control</a> treaties such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a> (1972), two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation</a> treaties (SALT), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty</a> (1987); in July 1991 the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/START_I" title="START I">Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a> was concluded.
</p><p>In the late 1980s, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> nations took advantage of the relaxation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> control under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> and began to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">break away from communist rule</a>. The relationship greatly improved in the final years of the USSR.
</p><p>On December 3, 1989, Soviet general secretary Gorbachev and the U.S. president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> declared the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> over at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span id="The_dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union_through_Yeltsin.27s_terms_.281991.E2.80.9399.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union_through_Yeltsin's_terms_(1991–99)">The dissolution of the Soviet Union through Yeltsin's terms (1991–99)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The dissolution of the Soviet Union through Yeltsin's terms (1991–99)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>With Communism defunct, on December 25, 1991, the Soviet Union <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985%E2%80%931991)#Yeltsin_and_the_dissolution_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)">dissolved</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>, a loose association was formed by 12 of the 15 former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet constituent republics</a>, leaving out the three <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> became Russia. It was now an independent state that inherited the USSR's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> permanent membership and became the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Successor_state#Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> to the USSR.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strobe_Talbott" title="Strobe Talbott">Strobe Talbott</a>, who was Washington's chief expert on Russia, has argued that Clinton hit it off with Russian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, the president of Russia 1991-1999:
</p>
<dl><dd>The personal diplomacy between Clinton and Yeltsin, augmented by the channel that Gore developed with Yeltsin's longest-serving prime minister, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victor_Chernomyrdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Chernomyrdin">Victor Chernomyrdin</a>, yielded half a dozen major understandings that either resolved or alleviated disputes over Russia's role in the post–cold war world. The two presidents were the negotiators in chief of agreements to halt the sale of Russian rocket parts to India; remove Soviet-era nuclear missiles from Ukraine in exchange for Russian assurances of Ukraine's sovereignty and security; withdraw Russian troops from the Baltic states; institutionalize cooperation between Russia and an expanding NATO; lay the ground for the Baltic states to join the alliance; and ensure the participation of the Russian military in Balkan peacekeeping and of Russian diplomacy in the settlement of NATO's air war against Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<p>As the collapse of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> appeared imminent, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> allies grew concerned of the risk of nuclear weapons held in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet republics</a> falling into enemy hands. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooperative_Threat_Reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Threat Reduction">Cooperative Threat Reduction</a> (CTR) program was initiated by the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nunn%E2%80%93Lugar_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nunn–Lugar Act (page does not exist)">Nunn–Lugar Act</a> (really the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Nuclear_Threat_Reduction_Act_of_1991" title="Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991">Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991</a>), which was authored and cosponsored by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Sens</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">Sam Nunn</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a>). According to the CTR website, the purpose of the CTR Program was originally "to secure and dismantle <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> and their associated infrastructure in former Soviet Union states."
</p><p>Relations between Yeltsin and the administrations of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration">George H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Bill Clinton</a> (1993–2001) started off well, but deteriorated after 1997. Yeltsin and his foreign minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrey_Kozyrev" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Kozyrev">Andrey Kozyrev</a> made a high priority Russia's full membership into the family of democratic nations. They wanted to be a partner of the United States. At home they tried to create democratic institutions and a free-market capitalist system.
</p><p>In 1993, both nations signed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a> arms control treaty that was designed to ban the use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiple_independently_targetable_reentry_vehicle" title="Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle">multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles</a> (MIRVs) on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missiles</a> (ICBMs). The treaty was eventually ratified by both countries, yet it was never implemented and was formally abandoned in 2002, following the US's withdrawal from the 1972 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a>.
</p><p>Clinton and Yeltsin were personally friendly. Washington encouraged the rapid transition to a liberal capitalist system in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Clinton provided rich talking points but provided less than $3 billion, and much was paid to American contractors. The Russians—aware of the Marshall Plan in the 1940s—had counted on far larger sums.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Real anger was ignited by the rapid expansion of NATO membership in Eastern Europe. With the Cold War over, Russians felt NATO's original role was no longer needed. It feared its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO#Visegrád_Group" title="Enlargement of NATO">dramatic move eastward</a> meant an escalation of NATO's historic role in containment of Russian goals.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg/260px-Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg/390px-Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg/520px-Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> in the White House, October 1995.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Russia stridently opposed the U.S.-led <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO military operation</a> against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> over <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> that began in March 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> In December 1999, while on a visit to China, president Yeltsin verbally assailed Clinton for criticizing Russia's tactics in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> (at the start of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>) emphatically stating that Russia remained a nuclear power.<sup id="cite_ref-wpyelinchina_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpyelinchina-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Putin_and_George_W._Bush:_2001.E2.80.932009"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Putin_and_George_W._Bush:_2001–2009">Putin and George W. Bush: 2001–2009</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Putin and George W. Bush: 2001–2009">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 2001, in response to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">terrorist attacks on September 11</a>, the new Russian president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> quickly announced strong support. Terrorism against Russia was already high on Putin's agenda and he found common ground by supporting the American/NATO invasion of Afghanistan to destroy the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> that had harbored the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> terrorists.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> By 2002, however, the two countries were escalating their disagreements. Russia became more assertive in international affairs; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> took an increasingly unilateral course in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">foreign policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2002, the United States withdrew from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a> in order to move forward with plans for a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">missile defense</a> system. Putin called the decision a mistake. Russia strongly opposed the 2003 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>, though without exercising its veto in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. Russia has regarded the expansion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> into the old <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Eastern Bloc</a>, and U.S. efforts to gain access to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> oil and natural gas as a potentially hostile encroachment on Russia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>. The Russian leadership blamed U.S. officials for encouraging anti-Russian revolts during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a> in Georgia in 2003 and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> in 2004. Putin saw intrusions into Russia's historic sphere of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_Saint_Petersburg-56.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Vladimir_Putin_in_Saint_Petersburg-56.jpg/260px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Saint_Petersburg-56.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Vladimir_Putin_in_Saint_Petersburg-56.jpg/390px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Saint_Petersburg-56.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Vladimir_Putin_in_Saint_Petersburg-56.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Russia strongly opposed the U.S.-led <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:32nd_G8_Summit-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/32nd_G8_Summit-3.jpg/260px-32nd_G8_Summit-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/32nd_G8_Summit-3.jpg/390px-32nd_G8_Summit-3.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/32nd_G8_Summit-3.jpg/520px-32nd_G8_Summit-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Vladimir Putin with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and other Western leaders at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/32nd_G8_summit" title="32nd G8 summit">32nd G8 summit</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, July 2006.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Russia condemned the unilateral <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">declaration of independence of Kosovo</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> in February 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> stating they "expect the UN mission and NATO-led forces in Kosovo to take immediate action to carry out their mandate [...] including the annulling of the decisions of Pristina's self-governing organs and the taking of tough administrative measures against them."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Russian President Putin described the recognition of Kosovo's independence by the United States and other Western countries as "a terrible precedent, which will de facto blow apart the whole system of international relations, developed not over decades, but over centuries", and that "they have not thought through the results of what they are doing. At the end of the day it is a two-ended stick and the second end will come back and hit them in the face".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> In March 2014, Russia used Kosovo's declaration of independence as a justification for recognizing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea">the independence of Crimea</a>, citing the so-called "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosovo_independence_precedent" title="Kosovo independence precedent">Kosovo independence precedent</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>In early 2008, President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> vowed full support for admitting <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> into NATO,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> despite Russia's opposition to the further <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">eastward expansion</a> of NATO.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> Russia's Deputy Foreign Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grigory_Karasin" title="Grigory Karasin">Grigory Karasin</a> warned that any incorporation of Ukraine into NATO would cause a "deep crisis" in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Russia–Ukraine relations</a> and also negatively affect Russia's relations with the West.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="Controversy_over_U.S._plan_to_station_missiles_in_Poland_.282007.E2.80.932008.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversy_over_U.S._plan_to_station_missiles_in_Poland_(2007–2008)">Controversy over U.S. plan to station missiles in Poland (2007–2008)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Controversy over U.S. plan to station missiles in Poland (2007–2008)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In March 2007, the U.S. announced plans to build an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ballistic missile">anti-ballistic</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">missile defense</a> installation in Poland along with a radar station in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. Both nations were former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> members and both had repudiated Communism and Russian interference. U.S. officials said that the system was intended to protect the United States and Europe from possible nuclear missile attacks by Iran or North Korea. Russia, however, viewed the new system as a potential threat and, in response, tested a long-range <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missile</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RS-24" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-24">RS-24</a>, which it claimed could defeat any defense system. Putin warned the U.S. that these new tensions could turn Europe into a powder keg. On June 3, 2007, Putin warned that if the United States built the missile defense system, Russia would consider targeting missiles at Poland and the Czech Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2007, Vladimir Putin visited Iran to discuss Russia's aid to Iran's nuclear power program and "insisted that the use of force was unacceptable."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> On October 17, Bush stated "if you're interested in avoiding World War III, it seems like you ought to be interested in preventing them from having the knowledge necessary to make a nuclear weapon," understood as a message to Putin.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> A week later, Putin compared U.S. plans to put up a missile defense system near Russia's border as analogous to when the Soviet Union deployed missiles in Cuba, prompting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2008, Russia announced that if a U.S. anti-missile shield was deployed near the Russian border, it would have to react militarily. The statement from the Russian foreign ministry said, "If an American strategic anti-missile shield starts to be deployed near our borders, we will be forced to react not in a diplomatic fashion but with military-technical means." Later, Russia's ambassador to the United Nations <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitaly_Churkin" title="Vitaly Churkin">Vitaly Churkin</a> said that "military-technical means" did not mean military action, but more likely a change in Russia's strategic posture, perhaps by redeploying its own missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>On August 14, 2008, the U.S. and Poland agreed to have 10 two-stage missile interceptors – made by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orbital_Sciences_Corporation" title="Orbital Sciences Corporation">Orbital Sciences Corporation</a> – placed in Poland, as part of a missile shield to defend Europe and the U.S. from a possible missile attack by Iran. In return, the U.S. agreed to move a battery of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot" title="MIM-104 Patriot">MIM-104 Patriot</a> missiles to Poland. The missile battery was to be staffed – at least temporarily – by U.S. Military personnel. The U.S. also pledged to defend Poland, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> member, quicker than NATO would in the event of an attack. Additionally, the Czech Republic recently agreed to allow the placement of a radar-tracking station in their country, despite public opinion polls showing that the majority of Czechs were against the plans and only 18% supported it.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> The radar-tracking station in the Czech Republic would also be part of the missile defense shield. After the agreement was announced, Russian officials said defences on Russia's borders would be increased and that they foresaw harm in bilateral relations with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="Russian-Georgian_clash_.28August_2008.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Russian-Georgian_clash_(August_2008)">Russian-Georgian clash (August 2008)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russian-Georgian clash (August 2008)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Georgia_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia–Georgia war">Russia–Georgia war</a></div>
<p>In August 2008, United States-Russia bilateral relations became further strained, when Russia and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> fought a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">five-day war</a> over the Russian-backed self-proclaimed republics of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>. President Bush said to Russia, "Bullying and intimidation are not acceptable ways to conduct foreign policy in the 21st century."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Obama_administration_.282009.E2.80.932017.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Obama_administration_(2009–2017)">Obama administration (2009–2017)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Obama administration (2009–2017)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration#Russia" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration § Russia</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Vladimir_Putin" title="Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin">Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin</a></div>
<h4><span id=".22Reset.22_under_Obama_and_Medvedev_.282009.E2.80.9311.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=""Reset"_under_Obama_and_Medvedev_(2009–11)">"Reset" under Obama and Medvedev (2009–11)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "Reset" under Obama and Medvedev (2009–11)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_reset" title="Russian reset">Russian reset</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obama%E2%80%93Medvedev_Commission" title="Obama–Medvedev Commission">Obama–Medvedev Commission</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg/260px-Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg/390px-Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg/520px-Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>U.S. president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Russian president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> after signing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a> treaty</figcaption></figure>
<p>Despite U.S.–Russia relations becoming strained during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">Bush administration</a>, Russian president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> (president from May 2008 until May 2012, with Vladimir Putin as head of government) and U.S. president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> struck a warm tone at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2009_G-20_London_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 G-20 London Summit">2009 G20 summit in London</a> and released a joint statement that promised a "fresh start" in Russia–United States relations. The statement also called on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to abandon its nuclear program and to permit foreign inspectors into the country.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>In March 2009, U.S. secretary of state Hillary Clinton and her Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov symbolically pressed a "reset" button. The gag fell short as the Russian translation on the button was misspelt by the State Department and actually meant "overload" instead of "reset". After making a few jokes, they decided to press the button anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>In early July 2009, Obama visited Moscow where he had meetings with president Medvedev and prime minister Putin. Speaking at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Economic_School" title="New Economic School">New Economic School</a> Obama told a large gathering, "America wants a strong, peaceful and prosperous Russia. This belief is rooted in our respect for the Russian people, and a shared history between our nations that goes beyond competition."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> Days after president Obama's visit to Moscow, U.S. vice president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, noting that the U.S. was "vastly underestimat[ing] the hand that [it] h[e]ld", told a U.S. newspaper that Russia, with its population base shrinking and the economy "withering", would have to make accommodations to the West on a wide range of national-security issues.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lavrov_and_Clinton_in_NYC-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lavrov_and_Clinton_in_NYC-1.jpg/250px-Lavrov_and_Clinton_in_NYC-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lavrov_and_Clinton_in_NYC-1.jpg/375px-Lavrov_and_Clinton_in_NYC-1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lavrov_and_Clinton_in_NYC-1.jpg/500px-Lavrov_and_Clinton_in_NYC-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> with Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_New_York" title="Waldorf Astoria New York">Waldorf Astoria New York</a> in September 2010</figcaption></figure>
<p>In March 2010, the United States and Russia reached an agreement to reduce their stockpiles of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>. The new nuclear arms reduction treaty (called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a>) was signed by President Obama and President Medvedev on April 8, 2010. The agreement cut the number of long-range nuclear weapons held by each side to about 1,500, down from the current 1,700 to 2,200 set by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SORT" class="mw-redirect" title="SORT">Moscow Treaty</a> of 2002. The New START replaced the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/START_I" title="START I">1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a>, which expired in December 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vice_President_Joe_Biden_greets_Russian_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vice_President_Joe_Biden_greets_Russian_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/250px-Vice_President_Joe_Biden_greets_Russian_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vice_President_Joe_Biden_greets_Russian_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/375px-Vice_President_Joe_Biden_greets_Russian_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vice_President_Joe_Biden_greets_Russian_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/500px-Vice_President_Joe_Biden_greets_Russian_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Vice President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia in March 2011</figcaption></figure>
<p>On a visit to Moscow in March 2011, U.S. vice president Joe Biden reiterated Washington's support for Russia's accession to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> he also had a meeting with Russia's leading <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and opposition leaders where he reportedly told the gathering at the U.S. ambassador's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spaso_House" title="Spaso House">Spaso House</a> residence that it would be better for Russia if Putin did not run for re-election in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>Through 2020, this was the only time Biden and Putin had met. After an official group meeting Biden characterized in his memoir as "argumentative," he and Putin met privately, with Biden saying "Mr. Prime Minister, I'm looking into your eyes," (a reference to a 2001 meeting between Putin and President Bush, who later said "I looked the man in the eye...I was able to get a sense of his soul"). Biden continued, "I don't think you have a soul." Putin replied, "We understand each other." Biden was elected president in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Biden,_berlusconi_and_medvedev.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Biden%2C_berlusconi_and_medvedev.jpeg/250px-Biden%2C_berlusconi_and_medvedev.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Biden%2C_berlusconi_and_medvedev.jpeg/375px-Biden%2C_berlusconi_and_medvedev.jpeg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Biden%2C_berlusconi_and_medvedev.jpeg/500px-Biden%2C_berlusconi_and_medvedev.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Joe Biden, Russia's President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> and Italy's Prime Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> meeting in Italy in June 2011</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a> prompted a widespread wave of criticism from several world leaders, including Russian President Medvedev<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> and Russian Prime Minister Putin, who said that "[<a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">UNSC Resolution 1973</a>] is defective and flawed...It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the start of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Russian_protests" title="2011–2013 Russian protests">mass protests</a> that began in Russia after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2011_Russian_legislative_election" title="2011 Russian legislative election">legislative election</a> in early December 2011, prime minister Vladimir Putin accused the United States of interference and inciting unrest, specifically saying that secretary of state Hillary Clinton had sent "a signal" to "some actors in our country"; his comments were seen as indication of a breakdown in the Obama administration's effort to "reset" the relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>By 2012, it was clear that a genuine reset never happened and relations remained sour. Factors in the West included traditional mistrust and fear, an increasing drift away from democracy by Russia, and a demand in Eastern Europe for closer political, economic and military integration with the West. From Russia factors included a move away from democracy by Putin, expectations of regaining superpower status and the tactic of manipulating trade policies and encouraging divisions within NATO.<sup id="cite_ref-Braun2012_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braun2012-55">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ratti2013_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratti2013-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="Increasing_Tensions_during_Putin.27s_Third_Term_.282012.E2.80.932015.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Increasing_Tensions_during_Putin's_Third_Term_(2012–2015)">Increasing Tensions during Putin's Third Term (2012–2015)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Increasing Tensions during Putin's Third Term (2012–2015)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold War II">Cold War II</a></div>
<p>In mid-September 2013, the United States and Russia made a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">deal</a> whereby Syria's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> would be placed under international control and eventually destroyed; President Obama welcomed the agreement<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> that was shortly after enshrined in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UNSC</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">Resolution 2118</a>. The Obama administration was criticised for having used the chemical weapons deal as an ineffectual substitute for military action that Obama had promised in the event of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Government_Assessment_of_the_Syrian_Government%27s_Use_of_Chemical_Weapons_on_August_21,_2013" title="U.S. Government Assessment of the Syrian Government's Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013">use of chemical weapons</a> by the Syrian government.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen" title="George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen">George Robertson</a>'s view, as well as many others', the failure of Obama to follow through on his 2013 "red line" and take promised military action badly hurt his credibility and that of the United States with Putin and other world leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-obexit_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obexit-59">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kerrystarter_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kerrystarter-60">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>
Obama acknowledged Russia's role in securing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">deal</a> to limit <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">nuclear program</a> that was reached in July 2015, and personally thanked Putin for Russia's role in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">relevant negotiations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:US_and_Russian_bases_and_facilities.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/US_and_Russian_bases_and_facilities.jpg/220px-US_and_Russian_bases_and_facilities.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/US_and_Russian_bases_and_facilities.jpg/330px-US_and_Russian_bases_and_facilities.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/US_and_Russian_bases_and_facilities.jpg/440px-US_and_Russian_bases_and_facilities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>American (red) and Russian (blue) military bases as of 2014</figcaption></figure>
<p>In May 2012, Russian general <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikolay_Yegorovich_Makarov" title="Nikolay Yegorovich Makarov">Nikolay Yegorovich Makarov</a> said that there was a possibility of a preemptive strike on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO_missile_defence_system" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO missile defence system">missile defense</a> sites in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, to apply pressure to the United States regarding Russia's demands.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> In July 2012, two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tu-95_Bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-95 Bear">Tu-95 Bears</a> were intercepted by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a> fighters in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air_Defense_Identification_Zone_(North_America)" title="Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)">air defense zone</a> off the U.S. coast of Alaska, where they may have been practicing the targeting of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Greely" title="Fort Greely">Fort Greely</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> Later in August 2012, it was revealed that an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akula-class_submarine" title="Akula-class submarine"><i>Akula</i>-class</a> submarine had conducted a patrol within the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> without being detected, raising alarms of the U.S. Navy's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine warfare</a> capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup>
</p><p>On December 14, 2012, U.S. President Barack Obama signed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnitsky_Act" title="Magnitsky Act">Magnitsky Act</a>, which "[imposed] U.S. travel and financial restrictions on human rights abusers in Russia". On December 28, 2012, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dima_Yakovlev_Law" title="Dima Yakovlev Law">bill</a>, widely seen as retaliatory, that banned any United States citizen from adopting children from Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_News_Network_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_News_Network-66">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p>On February 12, 2013, hours before the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2013 State of the Union Address">2013 State of the Union Address</a> by U.S. president Obama, two Russian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95" title="Tupolev Tu-95">Tu-95 Bear strategic bombers</a>, reportedly equipped with nuclear-tipped cruise missiles, circled the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unincorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Unincorporated territories of the United States">U.S. territory</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-freebeacon_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freebeacon-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-foxairforceconfirms_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foxairforceconfirms-68">[68]</a></sup> Air Force <a href="/enwiki/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">F-15 jets</a> based on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andersen_Air_Force_Base" title="Andersen Air Force Base">Andersen Air Force Base</a> were scrambled to intercept the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-freebeacon_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freebeacon-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-foxairforceconfirms_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foxairforceconfirms-68">[68]</a></sup> The Russian aircraft reportedly "were intercepted and left the area in a northbound direction."<sup id="cite_ref-freebeacon_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freebeacon-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-foxairforceconfirms_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foxairforceconfirms-68">[68]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the end of 2013, Russia announced that a rearmament of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/28th_Guards_Rocket_Division" title="28th Guards Rocket Division">Kozelsk</a>, Novosibirsk, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/42nd_Rocket_Division" title="42nd Rocket Division">Tagil Rocket divisions</a> with advanced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RS-24_Yars" title="RS-24 Yars">RS-24 Yars</a> intercontinental ballistic missiles was going ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2014, the U.S. government formally accused Russia of having violated the 1987 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty</a> by testing a prohibited medium-range ground-launched <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a> (presumably R-500,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> a modification of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/9K720_Iskander" title="9K720 Iskander">Iskander</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-nytcruise_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytcruise-71">[71]</a></sup> and threatened to retaliate accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-nytcruise_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytcruise-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardcr_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardcr-72">[72]</a></sup> Concern in the U.S. was also caused by the test-firing in 2014 of the Russian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RS-26_Rubezh" title="RS-26 Rubezh">RS-26 Rubezh</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intercontinental_Ballistic_Missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercontinental Ballistic Missile">Intercontinental Ballistic Missile</a> capable of evading the existing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ballistic missile">anti-ballistic</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">missile defenses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup>
</p><p>In early June 2015, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> reported that Russia had failed to correct the violation of the I.N.F. Treaty; the U.S. government was said to have made no discernible headway in making Russia so much as acknowledge the compliance problem.<sup id="cite_ref-inffailure_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inffailure-75">[75]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="Edward_Snowden_affair_.282013.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Edward_Snowden_affair_(2013)">Edward Snowden affair (2013)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Edward Snowden affair (2013)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Edward_Snowden_2013-10-9_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Edward_Snowden_2013-10-9_%282%29.jpg/220px-Edward_Snowden_2013-10-9_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Edward_Snowden_2013-10-9_%282%29.jpg/330px-Edward_Snowden_2013-10-9_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Edward_Snowden_2013-10-9_%282%29.jpg/440px-Edward_Snowden_2013-10-9_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Snowden in Moscow in October 2013.</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, a contractor for the United States government, copied and released hundreds of thousands of pages of secret U.S. government documents. He fled to Hong Kong, and then to Russia where in July 2013 he was granted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Snowden#Asylum_in_Russia" title="Edward Snowden">political asylum</a>. He was wanted on a criminal warrant by U.S. prosecutors for theft of government property and espionage.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>The granting of asylum further aggravated relations between the two countries and led to the cancellation of a meeting between Obama and Putin that was scheduled for early September 2013 in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> Snowden remains in Russia as of April 2023.
</p>
<h4><span id="Russian_Annexation_of_Crimea_.282014.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Russian_Annexation_of_Crimea_(2014)">Russian Annexation of Crimea (2014)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Russian Annexation of Crimea (2014)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div>
<p>Following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Ukrainian revolution">collapse</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> government in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> in February 2014, Russia annexed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> on the basis of a controversial <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">referendum</a> held on March 16, 2014. The U.S. had submitted a UN Security Council resolution declaring the referendum illegal; it was vetoed by Russia on March 15 with China abstaining and the other 13 Security Council members voting for the resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> In 2016, in a court in Moscow, former top Ukrainian officials of the Yanukovich administration testified that the collapse of the government was, in their opinion, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> organized and sponsored by the U.S. government.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> Russian newspaper <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a> alleges <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Friedman" title="George Friedman">George Friedman</a> (chairman of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stratfor" title="Stratfor">Stratfor</a>) had agreed this was the "most blatant coup in history', which George Friedman says was taken out of context.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2014-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_237.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2014-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_237.jpg/220px-2014-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_237.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2014-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_237.jpg/330px-2014-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_237.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2014-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_237.jpg/440px-2014-05-09._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_237.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Anti-American slogans during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a> celebrations in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>, May 9, 2014.</figcaption></figure>
<p>U.S. secretary of state John Kerry in early March 2014 answering the press questions about Russia's moves in Crimea said, "This is an act of aggression that is completely trumped up in terms of its pretext. It's really 19th century behavior in the 21st century, and there is no way, to start with, that if Russia persists in this, that the G8 countries are going to assemble in Sochi. That's a starter."<sup id="cite_ref-kerrystarter_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kerrystarter-60">[60]</a></sup> On March 24, 2014, the U.S. and its allies in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> political forum suspended Russia's membership thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> The decision was dismissed by Russia as inconsequential.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN.com_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN.com-84">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the end of March 2014, U.S. president Obama ruled out any Western military intervention in Ukraine<sup id="cite_ref-CNN.com_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN.com-84">[84]</a></sup> and admitted that Russia's annexation of Crimea would be hard to reverse; however, he dismissed Russia as a "regional power" that did not pose a major security threat to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-nothreat_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nothreat-86">[86]</a></sup> In January 2016, when asked for his opinion of Obama's statement, Putin said, "I think that speculations about other countries, an attempt to speak disrespectfully about other countries is an attempt to prove one's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a> by contrast. In my view, that is a misguided position."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2016, the president of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a> said this of the statement of Obama: "We have a lot to learn about the depths of Russia, we are very ignorant about it at the moment. I would like to have discussions on a level footing with Russia. Russia is not, as President Obama said, 'a regional power'. This was a big error in assessment."<sup id="cite_ref-obamaignorant_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obamaignorant-89">[89]</a></sup>
</p><p>As unrest spread into eastern Ukraine in the spring of 2014, relations between the U.S. and Russia further worsened. The U.S. government imposed punitive <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">sanctions</a> for Russia's activity in Ukraine. After one bout of sanctions announced by President Obama in July 2014 targeting Russia's major energy, financial and defence companies, Russia said the sanctions would seriously harm the bilateral ties relegating them to the 1980s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-RussiaSanctions_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussiaSanctions-90">[90]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_John_Kerry_(2015-12-15)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vladimir_Putin_and_John_Kerry_%282015-12-15%29_02.jpg/240px-Vladimir_Putin_and_John_Kerry_%282015-12-15%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vladimir_Putin_and_John_Kerry_%282015-12-15%29_02.jpg/360px-Vladimir_Putin_and_John_Kerry_%282015-12-15%29_02.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vladimir_Putin_and_John_Kerry_%282015-12-15%29_02.jpg/480px-Vladimir_Putin_and_John_Kerry_%282015-12-15%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Putin meets with Secretary of State <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victoria_Nuland" title="Victoria Nuland">Victoria Nuland</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_F._Tefft" title="John F. Tefft">John F. Tefft</a> to discuss Ukraine and other issues in December 2015.</figcaption></figure>
<p>From March 2014 to 2016, six rounds of sanctions were imposed by the US, as well as by the EU, and some other countries allied to the U.S. The first three rounds targeted individuals close to Putin by freezing their assets and denying leave to enter. Russia responded by banning import of certain food products as well as by banning entry for certain government officials from the countries that imposed sanctions against Russia.
</p><p>The end of 2014 saw the passage by the US of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_Freedom_Support_Act_of_2014" title="Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014">Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Support_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Support-92">[92]</a></sup> aimed at depriving certain Russian state firms of Western financing and technology while also providing $350 million in arms and military equipment to Ukraine, and the imposition by the US president's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> of yet another round of sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-CrimSanct_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrimSanct-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p>Due to the situation concerning Ukraine, relations between Russia and the U.S. that denounced Russia's actions were in 2014 said to be at their worst since the end of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup>
</p><p>As vice president, Joe Biden urged the Ukrainian government to reduce the nation's reliance on imports of Russian natural gas, and to eliminate pro-Russia middlemen such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dmitry_Firtash" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Firtash">Dmitry Firtash</a> from the country's natural gas industry.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War_.28from_September_30.2C_2015.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War_(from_September_30,_2015)">Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War (from September 30, 2015)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War (from September 30, 2015)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Syria">Russian military intervention in Syria</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/240px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/360px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/480px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Barack Obama meets with Vladimir Putin to discuss Syria, September 29, 2015.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Shortly after the start of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> in the spring of 2011, the U.S. imposed sanctions on Syria's government and urged president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> to resign; meanwhile, Russia, a long-standing ally of Syria, continued and increased its support for the Syrian government against rebels backed up by the U.S. and its regional allies.
</p><p>On September 30, 2015, Russia began the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">air campaign in Syria</a> on the side of the Syrian government headed by president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. According to Russian foreign minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a>'s statement made in mid-October 2015, Russia had invited the U.S. to join the Baghdad-based <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">information center</a> set up by Iran, Iraq, Syria and Russia to coordinate their military efforts, but received what he called an "unconstructive" response; Putin's proposal that the U.S. receive a high-level Russian delegation and that a U.S. delegation arrive in Moscow to discuss co-operation in Syria was likewise declined by the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Looks_on_as_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Signs_a_Condolence_Book_in_Moscow_(27710004614).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Secretary_Kerry_Looks_on_as_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Signs_a_Condolence_Book_in_Moscow_%2827710004614%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_Looks_on_as_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Signs_a_Condolence_Book_in_Moscow_%2827710004614%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Secretary_Kerry_Looks_on_as_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Signs_a_Condolence_Book_in_Moscow_%2827710004614%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Kerry_Looks_on_as_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Signs_a_Condolence_Book_in_Moscow_%2827710004614%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Secretary_Kerry_Looks_on_as_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Signs_a_Condolence_Book_in_Moscow_%2827710004614%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Kerry_Looks_on_as_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Signs_a_Condolence_Book_in_Moscow_%2827710004614%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4527" data-file-height="3017" /></a><figcaption>John Kerry and Sergey Lavrov are paying tribute at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Igumnov_House" title="Igumnov House">French Embassy</a> in Moscow after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2016_Nice_truck_attack" title="2016 Nice truck attack">terror attack in Nice</a>, July 15, 2016.</figcaption></figure>
<p><br />
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:William_Shepherd_Awarded_Russian_Medal_for_Merit_in_Space_Exploration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/William_Shepherd_Awarded_Russian_Medal_for_Merit_in_Space_Exploration.jpg/220px-William_Shepherd_Awarded_Russian_Medal_for_Merit_in_Space_Exploration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/William_Shepherd_Awarded_Russian_Medal_for_Merit_in_Space_Exploration.jpg/330px-William_Shepherd_Awarded_Russian_Medal_for_Merit_in_Space_Exploration.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/William_Shepherd_Awarded_Russian_Medal_for_Merit_in_Space_Exploration.jpg/440px-William_Shepherd_Awarded_Russian_Medal_for_Merit_in_Space_Exploration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4059" data-file-height="3319" /></a><figcaption>Russian Ambassador <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Kislyak" title="Sergey Kislyak">Sergey Kislyak</a>, NASA Administrator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Bolden" title="Charles Bolden">Charles Bolden</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Shepherd" title="William Shepherd">William Shepherd</a> after Shepherd was awarded the Russian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medal_%22For_Merit_in_Space_Exploration%22" title="Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"">Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"</a>, December 2, 2016.</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span id="Trump_administration_.282017.E2.80.932021.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Trump_administration_(2017–2021)">Trump administration (2017–2021)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Trump administration (2017–2021)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration#Russia" title="Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration">Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration § Russia</a></div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Election_of_Donald_Trump_and_Russian_interference">Election of Donald Trump and Russian interference</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Election of Donald Trump and Russian interference">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tax_March_SF_(34074705055).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tax_March_SF_%2834074705055%29.jpg/220px-Tax_March_SF_%2834074705055%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tax_March_SF_%2834074705055%29.jpg/330px-Tax_March_SF_%2834074705055%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tax_March_SF_%2834074705055%29.jpg/440px-Tax_March_SF_%2834074705055%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Anti-Trump poster in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, presumably associating Trump with Russia or the former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, April 15, 2017.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In mid-November 2016, shortly after the election of Trump as the U.S. president, the Kremlin accused president Barack Obama's administration of trying to damage the U.S.' relationship with Russia to a degree that would render normalization thereof impossible for Trump's incoming administration.<sup id="cite_ref-obamadamage_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obamadamage-98">[98]</a></sup>
</p><p>In his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidential_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly (Russia)">address to the Russian parliament</a> delivered on December 1, 2016, Russian president Putin said this of U.S.—Russia relations: "We are prepared to cooperate with the new American administration. It's important to normalize and begin to develop bilateral relations on an equal and mutually beneficial basis. Mutual efforts by Russia and the United States in solving global and regional problems are in the interest of the entire world."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup>
</p><p>In early December 2016, the White House said that President Obama had ordered the intelligence agencies to review evidence of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential campaign; Eric Schultz, the deputy White House press secretary, denied the review to be led by Director of National Intelligence <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_R._Clapper" class="mw-redirect" title="James R. Clapper">James R. Clapper</a> was meant to be "an effort to challenge the outcome of the election".<sup id="cite_ref-guardordered_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardordered-100">[100]</a></sup> Simultaneously, the U.S. press published reports, with reference to senior administration officials, that U.S. intelligence agencies, specifically the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wpcollision_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpcollision-101">[101]</a></sup> had concluded with "high confidence" that Russia acted covertly in the latter stages of the presidential campaign to harm Hillary Clinton's chances and promote Donald Trump.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcpromo_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcpromo-102">[102]</a></sup> President-elect Donald Trump rejected the CIA assessment that Russia was behind the hackers' efforts to sway the campaign in his favour as "ridiculous".<sup id="cite_ref-bbcrej_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcrej-103">[103]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indeptrans_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indeptrans-104">[104]</a></sup>
</p><p>In mid-December 2016, Hillary Clinton suggested that Putin had a personal grudge against her due to her criticism of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2011_Russian_legislative_election" title="2011 Russian legislative election">2011 Russian legislative election</a> and his opinion that she was responsible for fomenting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2011%E2%80%9313_Russian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–13 Russian protests">anti-Putin protests</a> in Russia that began in December 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-amychozick_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amychozick-105">[105]</a></sup> She partially attributed her loss in the 2016 election to Russian meddling organized by Putin.<sup id="cite_ref-abdullah_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abdullah-106">[106]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tamarakeith_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamarakeith-107">[107]</a></sup> Among her presidential campaign's Russia policy advisors were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Lourie" title="Richard Lourie">Richard Lourie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELourie2017back_flap_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELourie2017back_flap-108">[108]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Also in mid-December, President Obama publicly pledged to retaliate for Russian cyberattacks during the U.S. presidential election in order to "send a clear message to Russia" as both a punishment and a deterrent,;<sup id="cite_ref-guarretal_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarretal-109">[109]</a></sup> however, the press reported that his actionable options were limited, with many of those having been rejected as either ineffective or too risky; <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, citing a catalogue of U.S.-engineered coups in foreign countries, opined, "There is not much new in tampering with elections, except for the technical sophistication of the tools. For all the outrage voiced by Democrats and Republicans in the past week about the Russian action — with the notable exception of Mr. Trump, who has dismissed the intelligence findings as politically motivated — it is worth remembering that trying to manipulate elections is a well-honed American art form."<sup id="cite_ref-nooptions_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nooptions-110">[110]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2017" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017">National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017</a> signed into law by president Obama on December 23, 2016, was criticised by the Russian foreign ministry as yet another attempt to "create problems for the incoming Trump administration and complicate its relations on the international stage, as well as to force it to adopt an anti-Russia policy."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the end of 2016, U.S. president-elect Donald Trump praised Putin for not expelling U.S. diplomats in response to Washington's expulsion of 35 Russian diplomats as well as other punitive measures taken by the Obama administration in retaliation for what U.S. officials had characterized as interference in the U.S. presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup>
</p><p>On January 6, 2017, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Office_of_the_Director_of_National_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Director of National Intelligence">Office of the Director of National Intelligence</a> (ODNI), in an assessment of “Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections”, asserted that Russian leadership favored presidential candidate Trump over Clinton, and that Putin personally ordered an "influence campaign" to harm Clinton's chances and "undermine public faith in the US democratic process".<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> Trump campaign manager Paul Manafort admitted he was in contact with Russian operatives and sharing information through the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="2017">2017</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2017">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Secretary_Tillerson_Listens_as_AP%27s_Josh_Lederman_Asks_a_Question_at_a_Joint_Press_Conference_With_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_(33156239434).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Secretary_Tillerson_Listens_as_AP%27s_Josh_Lederman_Asks_a_Question_at_a_Joint_Press_Conference_With_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_%2833156239434%29.jpg/260px-Secretary_Tillerson_Listens_as_AP%27s_Josh_Lederman_Asks_a_Question_at_a_Joint_Press_Conference_With_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_%2833156239434%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Secretary_Tillerson_Listens_as_AP%27s_Josh_Lederman_Asks_a_Question_at_a_Joint_Press_Conference_With_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_%2833156239434%29.jpg/390px-Secretary_Tillerson_Listens_as_AP%27s_Josh_Lederman_Asks_a_Question_at_a_Joint_Press_Conference_With_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_%2833156239434%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Secretary_Tillerson_Listens_as_AP%27s_Josh_Lederman_Asks_a_Question_at_a_Joint_Press_Conference_With_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_%2833156239434%29.jpg/520px-Secretary_Tillerson_Listens_as_AP%27s_Josh_Lederman_Asks_a_Question_at_a_Joint_Press_Conference_With_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_%2833156239434%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Secretary of State <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a> with Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> in Moscow, Russia, April 12, 2017.</figcaption></figure>
<p>A week after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Inauguration of Donald Trump">Trump's inauguration</a> on January 20, 2017, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> had a 50-minute telephone conversation with Russian president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> that was hailed by both governments as a step towards improvement of relations between the U.S. and Russia; the presidents agreed to arrange a face-to-face meeting for a later date.<sup id="cite_ref-holdsummit_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holdsummit-116">[116]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup>
</p><p>In early March 2017, the U.S. military for the first time publicly accused Russia of having deployed a land-based cruise missile (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/RK-55" title="RK-55">SSC-8</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup>) that they said violated the "spirit and intent" of the 1987 Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty and posed a threat to NATO.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup>
</p><p>On March 25, 2017, the U.S. imposed new sanctions against eight Russian companies in connection with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran,_North_Korea,_Syria_Nonproliferation_Act" title="Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act">Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act</a> (INKSNA).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">cruise-missile strikes</a> on the Syrian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shayrat_Airbase" title="Shayrat Airbase">Shayrat Airbase</a>, conducted by the U.S. on April 7, 2017, as a response to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn-1_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-1-121">[121]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-1_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-1-122">[122]</a></sup> were condemned by Russia as an "act of aggression" that was based on a "trumped-up pretext", which substantially impaired Russia–United States relations.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup> Russian prime minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> said the attack had placed the U.S. on the cusp of warfare with Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> Both Donald Trump in April and the Russian government in May characterised the relationship between the countries as frozen and lacking any progress;<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> in early June, Vladimir Putin said relations were at an all-time low since the end of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup> In mid-June 2017, the Russian foreign ministry confirmed that, for the first time ever, Russia had failed to receive a formal greeting from the U.S. government on occasion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia_Day" title="Russia Day">Russia's national day</a> celebrated on June 12.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Secretary_Tillerson_and_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Address_Reporters_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Washington_(34411963832).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Secretary_Tillerson_and_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Address_Reporters_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Washington_%2834411963832%29.jpg/260px-Secretary_Tillerson_and_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Address_Reporters_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Washington_%2834411963832%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Secretary_Tillerson_and_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Address_Reporters_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Washington_%2834411963832%29.jpg/390px-Secretary_Tillerson_and_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Address_Reporters_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Washington_%2834411963832%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Secretary_Tillerson_and_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Address_Reporters_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Washington_%2834411963832%29.jpg/520px-Secretary_Tillerson_and_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_Address_Reporters_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Washington_%2834411963832%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5265" data-file-height="3510" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a> and Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> in Washington, D.C., May 10, 2017.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In April 2017, Trump's administration denied a request from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> to allow it to resume <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">oil drilling in Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup> In July 2017, ExxonMobil filed a lawsuit against the U.S. government challenging the finding that the company violated sanctions imposed on Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup>
</p><p>On May 10, 2017, Trump had an unannounced meeting in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> with Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_V._Lavrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey V. Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> and Russian Ambassador to the United States <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_I._Kislyak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey I. Kislyak">Sergey Kislyak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup> During the meeting he disclosed highly classified information, providing details that could have been used to deduce the source of the information and the manner in which it was collected, according to current and former government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-NYRosenberg_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYRosenberg-137">[137]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-138">[138]</a></sup> Although the disclosure was not illegal, it was widely criticized because of the possible danger to the source.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buzzfeed1_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buzzfeed1-140">[140]</a></sup>niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger
On July 6, 2017, during a speech in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, Trump urged Russia to cease its support for "hostile regimes" in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup> On July 7, 2017, in what appeared to be a sign of good relations between the leaders of both countries,<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup> Trump met with Putin at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit" title="2017 G20 Hamburg summit">G20 Hamburg summit</a> in Germany and described the meeting as "an honour."<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
</p><p><br />
</p>
<h4><span id="Beginning_of_Putin.27s_fourth_term_.282018.E2.80.932020.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Beginning_of_Putin's_fourth_term_(2018–2020)">Beginning of Putin's fourth term (2018–2020)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Beginning of Putin's fourth term (2018–2020)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:World_nuclear_weapons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/World_nuclear_weapons.png/220px-World_nuclear_weapons.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/World_nuclear_weapons.png/330px-World_nuclear_weapons.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/World_nuclear_weapons.png/440px-World_nuclear_weapons.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Large <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global range (medium blue).</figcaption></figure>
<p><br />
</p><p><br />
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_%26_Donald_Trump_in_Helsinki,_16_July_2018_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vladimir_Putin_%26_Donald_Trump_in_Helsinki%2C_16_July_2018_%284%29.jpg/260px-Vladimir_Putin_%26_Donald_Trump_in_Helsinki%2C_16_July_2018_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vladimir_Putin_%26_Donald_Trump_in_Helsinki%2C_16_July_2018_%284%29.jpg/390px-Vladimir_Putin_%26_Donald_Trump_in_Helsinki%2C_16_July_2018_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vladimir_Putin_%26_Donald_Trump_in_Helsinki%2C_16_July_2018_%284%29.jpg/520px-Vladimir_Putin_%26_Donald_Trump_in_Helsinki%2C_16_July_2018_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Talks between U.S. delegation headed by Trump and Russian delegation headed by Vladimir Putin at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">summit</a> in Helsinki, Finland July 16, 2018.</figcaption></figure>
<p>On June 8, 2018, Trump called for Russia to be readmitted to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G-7</a>, from which it was expelled after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russian annexation of Crimea</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup>
</p><p>
Trump's public statements during his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">first formal meeting</a> with Putin in Helsinki on July 16, 2018, drew criticism from the Democratic members of the U.S. Congress and a number of former senior intelligence officials as well as some ranking members of the Republican party for appearing to have sided with Putin rather than accepting the findings of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election issued by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States Intelligence Community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zurcher_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zurcher-145">[145]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup> Republican senator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> called the press conference "one of the most disgraceful performances by an American president in memory."<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup> The press around the world ran publications that tended to assess the news conference following the presidents′ two-hour meeting as an event at which Trump had "projected weakness".<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:President_Trump_at_the_G20_(48144140002).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/President_Trump_at_the_G20_%2848144140002%29.jpg/260px-President_Trump_at_the_G20_%2848144140002%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/President_Trump_at_the_G20_%2848144140002%29.jpg/390px-President_Trump_at_the_G20_%2848144140002%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/President_Trump_at_the_G20_%2848144140002%29.jpg/520px-President_Trump_at_the_G20_%2848144140002%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Donald Trump (center), U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> and Russian President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (left) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2019_G20_Osaka_summit" title="2019 G20 Osaka summit">meet in Osaka</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in June 2019.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In December 2019, the Trump administration imposed sanctions on businesses involved in the construction of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nord_Stream_2" title="Nord Stream 2">Nord Stream 2</a> natural gas pipeline from Russia to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup> as the U.S. sought to sell more of its own <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> (LNG) to European states.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup> German Finance Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> called the sanctions "a severe intervention in German and European internal affairs", while the EU spokesman criticized "the imposition of sanctions against EU companies conducting legitimate business."<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup> Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> also criticized sanctions, saying that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> "is literally overwhelmed with the desire to do everything to destroy" the U.S.–Russia relations.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup>
</p><p>A June 2020 <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> report, citing unnamed sources, stated that American intelligence officials assessed with medium confidence that Russian military intelligence unit <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unit_29155" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit 29155">29155</a> had <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_bounty_program" title="Russian bounty program">supervised a bounty program</a> paying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>-linked militants to kill foreign servicemembers, including Americans, in Afghanistan in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> The bounty program reportedly resulted in the deaths of "several" U.S. soldiers,<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo20200628_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo20200628-156">[156]</a></sup> but <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a>'s top leaders said that Russian bounty program has not been corroborated.<sup id="cite_ref-abc-bounty_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-bounty-157">[157]</a></sup> The Taliban and Russia have both denied that the bounty program exists.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo20200628_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo20200628-156">[156]</a></sup> President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and his aides denied that he was briefed on the intelligence. Director of National Intelligence <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(American_politician)" title="John Ratcliffe (American politician)">John Ratcliffe</a> said that Trump had not received a briefing on the bounty program. White House press secretary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayleigh_McEnany" title="Kayleigh McEnany">Kayleigh McEnany</a> said the same.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo20200628_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo20200628-156">[156]</a></sup> Secretary of Defense <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Mark Esper</a> said that General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_F._McKenzie_Jr." title="Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr.">Kenneth McKenzie</a>, the commander of U.S. Central Command, and General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin_S._Miller" title="Austin S. Miller">Scott Miller</a>, the top U.S. military commander in Afghanistan, did not think "the reports were credible as they dug into them."<sup id="cite_ref-abc-bounty_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-bounty-157">[157]</a></sup> McKenzie said that he found no "causative link" between reported bounties to actual U.S. military deaths, but said a lack of proof is "often true in battlefield intelligence."<sup id="cite_ref-abc-bounty_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-bounty-157">[157]</a></sup>
</p><p>On July 1, 2020, following media reports of Taliban participation in an alleged Russian bounty program, the U.S. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Armed Services Committee</a> overwhelmingly voted in favor of an amendment to restrict President Trump's ability to withdraw U.S. troops from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup>
</p><p>On September 25, 2020, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">B-52</a> bombers staged a mock attack run on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, a Russian exclave locked between NATO countries. The simulated raid on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad region</a> was a test case of destroying Russian air defense systems located in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Influence_on_the_Trump_Administration">Influence on the Trump Administration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Influence on the Trump Administration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials_and_spies" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies">Links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_%26_Donald_Trump_in_Helsinki,_16_July_2018_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vladimir_Putin_%26_Donald_Trump_in_Helsinki%2C_16_July_2018_%2810%29.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_%26_Donald_Trump_in_Helsinki%2C_16_July_2018_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vladimir_Putin_%26_Donald_Trump_in_Helsinki%2C_16_July_2018_%2810%29.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_%26_Donald_Trump_in_Helsinki%2C_16_July_2018_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vladimir_Putin_%26_Donald_Trump_in_Helsinki%2C_16_July_2018_%2810%29.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_%26_Donald_Trump_in_Helsinki%2C_16_July_2018_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">2018 Helsinki summit</a>. Putin gifts Trump a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adidas_Telstar_18#Telstar_Mechta" title="Adidas Telstar 18">Telstar Mechta</a>, the official match ball for the knockout stage of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Shortly before the inauguration of President Trump, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steele_dossier" title="Steele dossier">Steele dossier</a> was leaked to the public. Written by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christopher_Steele" title="Christopher Steele">private intelligence firm</a> claiming to unearth a relationship between his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">presidential campaign</a> and the Russian government, the report alleged that the Russians possessed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kompromat" title="Kompromat">kompromat</a> on Trump which could be used to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">blackmail</a> him. It suggested the Kremlin had promised the campaign that compromising information would not be released if the Administration cooperated.<sup id="cite_ref-Withnall_Sengupta_1/12/2017_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withnall_Sengupta_1/12/2017-160">[160]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bertrand_1/10/2017_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertrand_1/10/2017-161">[161]</a></sup> Though the report was met with skepticism, the relationship between Russian leadership and the incoming Trump Administration became highly salient. Days later, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a>, an Israeli online news site, reported that U.S. intelligence had advised <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Community" title="Israeli Intelligence Community">Israeli intelligence</a> officers to be cautious about sharing information with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential transition of Donald Trump">incoming Trump administration</a> until the possibility of Russian influence over Trump had been fully investigated.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergman_1/12/2017_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergman_1/12/2017-162">[162]</a></sup> Allegations of collusion between Trump associations and the Russian government continued to emerge well into his presidency.
</p><p>Various <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials_and_spies" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies">links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies</a> have been documented and heavily scrutinized, most notably former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_v._Flynn#Contacts_with_the_Russian_ambassador,_public_statements_about_these" title="United States v. Flynn">contacts with the Russian ambassador</a>. Throughout his presidential tenure, Trump expressed both support and criticism of Russia's actions in Crimea,<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup> Syria,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup> Ukraine,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup> North Korea,<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup> Venezuela,<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup> election meddling,<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup> Skripal poisoning,<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup> and oil drilling in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Director_of_National_Intelligence_James_Clapper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Director_of_National_Intelligence_James_Clapper.jpg/220px-Director_of_National_Intelligence_James_Clapper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Director_of_National_Intelligence_James_Clapper.jpg/330px-Director_of_National_Intelligence_James_Clapper.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Director_of_National_Intelligence_James_Clapper.jpg/440px-Director_of_National_Intelligence_James_Clapper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>In May 2017, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Clapper" title="James Clapper">James Clapper</a>, the former Director of National Intelligence, told <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <i>Meet the Press</i> that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophobia">"almost genetically driven" to act deviously.</a><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Several operatives and lawyers in the U.S. intelligence community reacted strongly to Trump's performance at the summit, describing it as "subservien[ce] to Putin" and "a fervent defense of Russia's military and cyber aggression around the world, and its violation of international law in Ukraine". Some framed Trump's conduct as harmful to U.S. interests and an asset to Russian interests, suggesting that he was a "useful idiot" to Putin,<sup id="cite_ref-Sheth_8/30/2019_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheth_8/30/2019-172">[172]</a></sup> and that he looked like "Putin's puppet".<sup id="cite_ref-Sheth_8/27/2019_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheth_8/27/2019-173">[173]</a></sup> Former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Clapper" title="James Clapper">James Clapper</a> wondered "if Russians have something on Trump",<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_7/19/2018_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_7/19/2018-174">[174]</a></sup> and former CIA director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_O._Brennan" class="mw-redirect" title="John O. Brennan">John O. Brennan</a> accused Trump of treason, tweeting: "He is wholly in the pocket of Putin."<sup id="cite_ref-Sevastopulo_Hille_7/20/2018_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sevastopulo_Hille_7/20/2018-175">[175]</a></sup> In January 2019, former acting CIA director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Morell" title="Michael Morell">Michael Morell</a> called Trump "an unwitting agent of the Russian federation", echoing the sentiments of former CIA director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Hayden_(general)" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Michael V. Hayden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boot_1/13/2019_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boot_1/13/2019-176">[176]</a></sup> House Speaker <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> suggested then-President Trump's behavior was part of a pattern: "All roads lead to Putin."<sup id="cite_ref-DeBonis_Kim_10/17/2019_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeBonis_Kim_10/17/2019-177">[177]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Biden_administration_.282021.E2.80.93present.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Biden_administration_(2021–present)">Biden administration (2021–present)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Biden administration (2021–present)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden#Russia" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">Political positions of Joe Biden § Russia</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration#Russia" title="Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration">Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration § Russia</a></div>
<p>Following the arrest of Russian opposition leader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexei_Navalny" title="Alexei Navalny">Alexei Navalny</a> on January 17, 2021, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jake_Sullivan" title="Jake Sullivan">Jake Sullivan</a>, Biden's national security advisor, stated: "Mr. Navalny should be immediately released, and the perpetrators of the outrageous attack on his life must be held accountable. The Kremlin's attacks on Mr. Navalny are not just a violation of human rights, but an affront to the Russian people who want their voices heard."<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup>
</p><p>On the day of Biden's inauguration, Russia urged the new administration to take a "more constructive" approach in talks over the extension of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_START" title="New START">2010 New START treaty</a>, accusing the Trump administration of "deliberately and intentionally" dismantling international arms control agreements and attacking its "counterproductive and openly aggressive" approach in talks.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></sup> On January 26, Biden and Putin agreed that they would extend by five years the New START treaty, which would otherwise have expired in February 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 17 March 2021, the Russian foreign ministry announced that Russia had recalled <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States">its ambassador to the U.S.</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anatoly_Antonov" title="Anatoly Antonov">Anatoly Antonov</a>, for "consultations" in a move that was characterized by the ministry's spokesperson as being without precedent for a Russia ambassador to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></sup> The recall came after Biden said he thought that Putin was "a killer" and said he would "pay the price" for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">interference in the 2020 U.S. election</a>, which had been confirmed by a declassified <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">DNI</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections#The_2021_DNI_report" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">report released the previous day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></sup> The State Department commented on the recall by saying that while the U.S. would work with Russia to advance U.S. interests, they would "be able to hold Russia accountable for any of their malign actions".<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup>
</p><p>On April 15, the U.S. announced the expulsion of 10 Russian diplomats and imposed sanctions on six Russian technology companies as well as 32 other individuals and entities. The new sanctions also targeted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OFZ_(bond)" title="OFZ (bond)">ruble-denominated sovereign debt</a>. Nevertheless, the economic punishments were assessed by observers as "more bark than bite" and likely to be "largely symbolic", with the ruble even rebounding against the dollar on the news. Biden commented the United States "could have gone further" with the sanctions, but that he had opted for a milder form of sovereign-debt sanctions for now because he wanted to avoid a “cycle of escalation and conflict."<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup> Russia retaliated the following day, expelling 10 U.S. diplomats and suggesting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_J._Sullivan_(diplomat)" title="John J. Sullivan (diplomat)">U.S. ambassador</a> return home for consultations.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></sup>
</p><p>On May 19, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden administration</a> lifted sanctions on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nord_Stream#Nord_Stream_2" title="Nord Stream">Nord Stream 2</a> gas pipeline that was being built between Russia and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. While President Biden believed the project was bad, the U.S. State Department explained it had concluded that it was in the "U.S. national interest" to waive the sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2021, Biden and Putin agreed to meet as the relationship between the countries was being assessed to be at the lowest point since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></sup> At the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2021 Russia–United States summit">meeting in Geneva in mid-June</a>, the countries′ leaders reached an agreement to return their ambassadors to their posts in each other's capitals, no progress was made in overcoming the major points of contention.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></sup>
</p><p>On August 21, the Department of State imposed increased sanctions on Russia for alleged poisoning of Alexei Navalny. These sanctions include a ban on ammunition imports into the United States, as well as restrictions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Small_arms_trade" title="Small arms trade">small arm</a> sales.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 1 December 2021, Russia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign Ministry</a> told US diplomats who have been working in Moscow for more than three years, to leave the country by 31 January 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></sup> The move came in response to news on 28 November 2021 that the US would be expelling 27 Russian diplomatic staff by the end of January 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 21 February 2023, Russian President Vladimir Putin suspended the New START agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="2021.E2.80.932022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="2021–2022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis">2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis">2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_(51719522528).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_%2851719522528%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_%2851719522528%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_%2851719522528%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_%2851719522528%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_%2851719522528%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_With_Russian_Foreign_Minister_Lavrov_%2851719522528%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2885" data-file-height="1923" /></a><figcaption>Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> meets with U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a> on December 2, 2021</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Talks_between_Vladimir_Putin_and_President_of_the_United_States_Joseph_Biden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Talks_between_Vladimir_Putin_and_President_of_the_United_States_Joseph_Biden.jpg/220px-Talks_between_Vladimir_Putin_and_President_of_the_United_States_Joseph_Biden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Talks_between_Vladimir_Putin_and_President_of_the_United_States_Joseph_Biden.jpg/330px-Talks_between_Vladimir_Putin_and_President_of_the_United_States_Joseph_Biden.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Talks_between_Vladimir_Putin_and_President_of_the_United_States_Joseph_Biden.jpg/440px-Talks_between_Vladimir_Putin_and_President_of_the_United_States_Joseph_Biden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> holds a video call with Russian President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> on December 7, 2021</figcaption></figure>
<p>In late 2021 and early 2022, Russian troops build up along the Russo-Ukrainian border, resulted in renewed tensions between Russia and NATO. Senior officials of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden administration</a> reported that Russia had only withdrawn a few thousand troops since the previous military buildup in early 2021. <i>The New York Times</i> estimated over 80,000 Russian troops still remain at the Russo-Ukrainian border by September 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></sup> The Kremlin has repeatedly denied that it has any plans to invade Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-denies_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denies-195">[195]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 30 November 2021, Putin stated that an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">expansion of NATO's presence in Ukraine</a>, especially the deployment of any <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">long-range missiles</a> capable of striking Russian cities or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_national_missile_defense" title="United States national missile defense">missile defence systems</a> similar to those in Romania and Poland, would be a "red line" issue for the Kremlin.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></sup> Putin asked President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> for legal guarantees that NATO wouldn't expand eastward or put "weapons systems that threaten us in close vicinity to Russian territory."<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></sup> The U.S. rejected Putin's demands.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></sup>
</p><p>Biden and Putin discussed the crisis over the course of a 50-minute phone call on December 30, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></sup> Bilateral talks began in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> on 10 January 2022, to discuss the crisis in Ukraine as well as longstanding Russians concerns regarding NATO postering in Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></sup> The talks were led by Russian Deputy Foreign Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergei_Ryabkov" title="Sergei Ryabkov">Sergei Ryabkov</a> and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wendy_Sherman" title="Wendy Sherman">Wendy Sherman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></sup> On January 31, 2022 both the United States and Russia discussed the crisis at an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></sup> The discussion was tense, with both sides accusing the other of stoking tensions.
</p><p>The United States government increased military support to Ukraine through a $650 million arms deal.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></sup> U.S. Secretary of Defense <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Lloyd Austin</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman</a> of the Joint Chiefs of Staff <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Mark Milley</a> threatened U.S. support for an anti-Russian insurgency within Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></sup> The Biden administration approved deliveries of American-made <a href="/enwiki/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">FIM-92 Stinger</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a> to Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></sup> The government threatened severe sanctions against Russia as well as personal sanctions against Putin and his allies.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></sup> The United States also threatened to halt the opening of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nord_Stream_2" title="Nord Stream 2">Nord Stream 2</a> pipeline that would send Russian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> to Germany, "if Russia invades Ukraine one way or another."<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></sup>
</p><p>In January 2022, the United States accused Russia of sending <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">saboteurs</a> into Ukraine to stage "a false-flag operation" that would create a pretext for Russia to invade Ukraine. Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> dismissed the U.S. claim as "total disinformation."<sup id="cite_ref-denies_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denies-195">[195]</a></sup> On 4 February 2022, Lavrov dismissed as "nonsense" and "craziness" allegations by the United States that Russia was preparing a fake video of the Ukrainian forces attacking the separatist-held <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> as a pretext for starting a war in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 19 January 2022, President Biden said that he believed Russia would invade Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></sup> Biden said a full-scale invasion of Ukraine would be "the most consequential thing that's happened in the world in terms of war and peace" since <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></sup> Biden and Ukrainian President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> disagreed on how imminent the threat was.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></sup> On 10 February 2022, Biden urged all American citizens in Ukraine to leave immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></sup> On 11 February 2022, Biden's national security advisor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jake_Sullivan" title="Jake Sullivan">Jake Sullivan</a> publicly warned about the likelihood of a Russian invasion of Ukraine prior to the end the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago_Council_on_Global_Affairs" title="Chicago Council on Global Affairs">Chicago Council on Global Affairs</a> poll, conducted on 7–26 July 2021, found that 50% of Americans supported the use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. troops</a> to defend Ukraine if Russia invaded the rest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2021, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levada_Center" title="Levada Center">Levada Center</a> poll found that about 50% of Russians believed that the U.S. and NATO were responsible for the Russo-Ukrainian crisis, while 16% blamed Ukraine and just 4% blamed Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2022, according to the White House, US President Joe Biden stated in a video conference with Russian President Vladimir Putin that if Russia invades Ukraine, Washington and its allies will respond "decisively and impose fast and severe penalties."<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:President_Biden_at_Camp_David_February_12_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/President_Biden_at_Camp_David_February_12_2022.jpg/220px-President_Biden_at_Camp_David_February_12_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/President_Biden_at_Camp_David_February_12_2022.jpg/330px-President_Biden_at_Camp_David_February_12_2022.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/President_Biden_at_Camp_David_February_12_2022.jpg/440px-President_Biden_at_Camp_David_February_12_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A majority of Americans disapprove of President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>’s handling of the Russo-Ukrainian crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>On February 16, 2022, the US State Department stated that Russia is seeking to establish a "pretext" for invading Ukraine by making unsubstantiated claims of "genocide" and mass graves in Ukraine's eastern Donbas region.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></sup>
</p><p>On February 20, 2022, the US secretary of state showed his concern about the continuation of Russian military drills in Belarus. According to Antony Blinken, Moscow's decision to keep roughly 30,000 troops in Belarus, near to Ukraine, amid increased tensions in the east justifies US's concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></sup>
</p><p>On February 22, 2022, US President Joe Biden criticized Russia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic</a> as "the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine" and announced sanctions against on banks VEB and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Promsvyazbank" title="Promsvyazbank">Promsvyazbank</a> and comprehensive sanctions on Russia's sovereign debt in response.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_and_significantly_increased_tensions">Russian invasion of Ukraine and significantly increased tensions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine and significantly increased tensions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:-StopPutinNow_Rally_NYC_(51903882696).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/-StopPutinNow_Rally_NYC_%2851903882696%29.jpg/220px--StopPutinNow_Rally_NYC_%2851903882696%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/-StopPutinNow_Rally_NYC_%2851903882696%29.jpg/330px--StopPutinNow_Rally_NYC_%2851903882696%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/-StopPutinNow_Rally_NYC_%2851903882696%29.jpg/440px--StopPutinNow_Rally_NYC_%2851903882696%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4275" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption>Protest against the war outside the Russian Consulate in New York City on February 24, 2022</figcaption></figure>
<p>On February 24, 2022, Russia launched an invasion of Ukraine opening fire with explosive ordinance and hitting several residential buildings, by the 25th the invading army had taken all of the Chernobyl exclusion zone and began to attack the Ukrainian capital with high resistance from both the Ukrainian military and a makeshift militia. On February 26, President Joe Biden authorized the US State Department to deliver up to $350 million in weapons from US stockpiles to Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></sup>
</p><p>President Joe Biden rejected the idea of a NATO-enforced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/No-fly_zone" title="No-fly zone">no-fly zone</a> over Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></sup>
</p><p>On February 26, 2022, the deputy head of Russia's Security Council chaired by President Vladimir Putin, warned that Moscow may retaliate to Western sanctions by withdrawing from the most recent nuclear arms treaty with the US, severing diplomatic ties with Western nations, and freezing their assets.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></sup>
</p><p>On February 28, 2022, the U.S., during a meeting with the U.N., asked the Russian ambassador, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vasily_Nebenzya" title="Vasily Nebenzya">Vasily Nebenzya</a>, to remove 12 Russian diplomats from the U.S. under claims of abuse of power.
</p><p>On March 4, 2022, the United States and its allies strongly denounced Russia at the United Nations on Friday for shelling and seizing Europe's largest nuclear power facility overnight in Ukraine, and some insisted that Moscow not allow such an action to happen again.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></sup>
</p><p>On March 13, 2022, President Biden's National Security Adviser <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jake_Sullivan" title="Jake Sullivan">Jake Sullivan</a> warned of a full-fledged <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> response if Russia were to hit any part of NATO territory.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg/260px-Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg/390px-Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg/520px-Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>The United States is on Russia's "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unfriendly_Countries_List" title="Unfriendly Countries List">Unfriendly Countries List</a>" (red). Countries and territories on the list have imposed or joined <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">sanctions against Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>The poll, conducted by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ipsos" title="Ipsos">Ipsos</a> between 18–21 March 2022, found that only 36% of Americans approved the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden administration</a>'s response to the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></sup>
</p><p>On April 28, 2022, President Biden asked Congress for an additional $33 billion dollars to assist Ukraine, including $20 billion to provide weapons to Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></sup>
</p><p>On July 6, 2022, the speaker of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Parliament">Russian Parliament</a> threatened the US about the possible "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">return</a>" of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></sup>
</p><p>On September 21, 2022, President Putin warned the US and NATO during his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Russian_mobilization" title="2022 Russian mobilization">partial mobilization</a> speech regarding Russia's ability to use nuclear weapons, stating that if Russia's "territorial integrity" was threatened, Russia would "certainly make use of all weapon systems available" to them.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a></sup>
</p><p>On January 25, 2023, the Biden administration decided to supply 31 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> tanks to Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2023, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> stepped up efforts to pressure the countries, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, to stop the commercial activities that had been benefiting Russia and helping them to evade western sanctions. Turkey, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> member, and the United Arab Emirates, a close ally of the US, resisted Western pressure to impose sanctions on Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Russian_and_U.S._intelligence_operations">Russian and U.S. intelligence operations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Russian and U.S. intelligence operations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_793499_Exhibition_of_remains_of_U.S._U-2_spy-in-the-sky_aircraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/RIAN_archive_793499_Exhibition_of_remains_of_U.S._U-2_spy-in-the-sky_aircraft.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_793499_Exhibition_of_remains_of_U.S._U-2_spy-in-the-sky_aircraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/RIAN_archive_793499_Exhibition_of_remains_of_U.S._U-2_spy-in-the-sky_aircraft.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_793499_Exhibition_of_remains_of_U.S._U-2_spy-in-the-sky_aircraft.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/RIAN_archive_793499_Exhibition_of_remains_of_U.S._U-2_spy-in-the-sky_aircraft.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_793499_Exhibition_of_remains_of_U.S._U-2_spy-in-the-sky_aircraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Military attaches of foreign embassies visiting the exhibition of remains of U.S. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2 reconnaissance aircraft</a> destroyed on May 1, 1960 near Sverdlovsk (formerly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>).</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="CIA activities in the Soviet Union">CIA activities in the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Illegals_Program" title="Illegals Program">Illegals Program</a></div>
<p>The Soviet Union's systemic espionage efforts in the U.S. began in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2015, CNN reported that "Russian hackers" had "penetrated sensitive parts of the White House" computers in "recent months." It was said that the FBI, the Secret Service, and other U.S. intelligence agencies categorized the attacks "among the most sophisticated attacks ever launched against U.S. government systems."<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2017, a cybersecurity specialist working in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a> was arrested by Russian authorities on suspicion of passing information to U.S. intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2019, Russia said that its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Russia" title="Electricity sector in Russia">electrical grid</a> has been under cyber-attack by the United States. The <i>New York Times</i> reported that American hackers from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Cyber_Command" title="United States Cyber Command">United States Cyber Command</a> planted malware potentially capable of disrupting the Russian electrical grid.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="Mutual_perceptions_by_the_countries.27_populations"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Mutual_perceptions_by_the_countries'_populations">Mutual perceptions by the countries' populations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mutual perceptions by the countries' populations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment in Russia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Russian sentiment in the United States">Anti-Russian sentiment in the United States</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_at_the_New_Economic_School_graduation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Barack_Obama_at_the_New_Economic_School_graduation.jpg/240px-Barack_Obama_at_the_New_Economic_School_graduation.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Barack_Obama_at_the_New_Economic_School_graduation.jpg/360px-Barack_Obama_at_the_New_Economic_School_graduation.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Barack_Obama_at_the_New_Economic_School_graduation.jpg/480px-Barack_Obama_at_the_New_Economic_School_graduation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>President Obama greets attendees at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Economic_School" title="New Economic School">New Economic School</a> graduation in Gostinny Dvor, Moscow, July 7, 2009</figcaption></figure>
<p>A poll by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland, College Park</a>, released early July 2009 found that only 2 percent of Russians had "a lot of confidence" that U.S. president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> would do the right thing in world affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a></sup> Russian media has criticized the United States over the past years for pursuing an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_missile_defense#Recent_developments" class="mw-redirect" title="National missile defense">anti-missile system in Europe</a>, for favoring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">NATO expansion</a> and for supporting <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2008_Georgia-Russia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Georgia-Russia War">Georgia in its armed conflict with Russia in 2008</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg/220px-History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg/330px-History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg/440px-History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Russians have criticized the United States over the past years for favoring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">NATO's eastward expansion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Prior to 2014, the Russian press expressed varying opinions of Russia–United States relations.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></sup>
Russian media treatment of America ranged from doctrinaire<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></sup> and nationalistic<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></sup> to very positive toward the United States and the West.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a></sup> In 2013, 51 percent of Russians had a favorable view of the U.S., down from 57 percent in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></sup>
niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerThe opinion polls taken by the independent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levada_Center" title="Levada Center">Levada Center</a> in January 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a></sup> showed 81 percent of Russians tended to hold negative views of the U.S., a number that had nearly doubled over the previous 12 months and that was by far the highest negative rating since the center started tracking those views in 1988, as well as surpassing any time since the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> era, according to observers.<sup id="cite_ref-Antifever_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antifever-254">[254]</a></sup> This contrasts with only 7 percent of Russians in April 1990 who said they had bad or somewhat bad attitudes towards the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a></sup> Likewise, the figures published by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> in February 2015 showed a significant rise in anti-Russian sentiment in the U.S.: the proportion of Americans who considered Russia as a "critical military threat" had over the 12 months increased from 32 to 49 percent, and, for the first time in many years, Russia topped the list of America's perceived external enemies, ahead of North Korea, China and Iran, with 18 percent of U.S. residents putting Russia at the top of the list of the "United States' greatest enemy today".<sup id="cite_ref-Gallup_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallup-256">[256]</a></sup> Public opinion polls taken by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> showed that favorable U.S. public opinion of Russia was at 22 percent in 2015. The most negative view of Russia was at 19 percent in 2014, and the most positive view at 49 percent in 2010 and 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-United_States'_opinion_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States'_opinion-257">[257]</a></sup> The most negative view of the United States was at 15 percent in 2015, while the most positive view was at 61 percent in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Russia's_opinion_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia's_opinion-258">[258]</a></sup>
</p><p>US public opinion regarding Russia has changed substantially over the past 25 years. A Gallup poll from 1992 to 2017 shows 62% of American respondents having a favorable view of Russia in 1992, and 29% having an unfavorable view. In 2017, 70% of American respondents had an unfavorable view of Russia, and 28% had a favorable view.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-259">[259]</a></sup> A February 2023 Gallup poll found that 9% of Americans have a favorable view of Russia, and 51% view the military power of Russia as a critical threat, though this is down significantly from 59% a year prior.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a></sup> A poll conducted by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> in 2015 found that only 11% of Americans believed that the Soviet Union contributed most to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">defeat of Nazi Germany</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a></sup>
</p><p>A 2017 survey conducted by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> showed 41% of Russians had a positive view of the US, only one of two countries surveyed where positive perception for the US increased; 52% expressed a negative view.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></sup> The same study also showed 53% of Russians had confidence in the U.S. president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, compared to just 11% for former president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Fear_Factory_in_Saint_Petersburg_2013-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fear_Factory_in_Saint_Petersburg_2013-7.jpg/220px-Fear_Factory_in_Saint_Petersburg_2013-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fear_Factory_in_Saint_Petersburg_2013-7.jpg/330px-Fear_Factory_in_Saint_Petersburg_2013-7.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fear_Factory_in_Saint_Petersburg_2013-7.jpg/440px-Fear_Factory_in_Saint_Petersburg_2013-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3772" data-file-height="2515" /></a><figcaption>American metal band <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fear_Factory" title="Fear Factory">Fear Factory</a> in Saint Petersburg.</figcaption></figure>
<p>There has also been a change in whether Americans view Russia as an ally or a threat. In 1992, 44% of American respondents saw Russia to be friendly but not an ally, and 5% see them as a threat. In 2014, the Gallup poll reports that 21% of Americans see Russia as friendly but not an ally, and 24% of American respondents seeing them as a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_259-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-259">[259]</a></sup> This difference in how Americans view Russia has been attributed to the increasing lack of cooperation in the scientific field between the US and Russia, by some.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></sup> Another perspective is the shift from ally to threat is due to the US being critical of Russia's aggression, especially with their aggression towards geographic neighbors,<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></sup> the United States being one of those neighbors, as it shares a common sea border with the Russian Federation and the US <a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_of_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Alaska">State of Alaska</a>.
</p><p>The 2016 surveys independently conducted by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago_Council_of_Global_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Council of Global Affairs">Chicago Council</a> and Russia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levada_Center" title="Levada Center">Levada Center</a> showed that mutual perceptions between Russians and Americans were at levels not seen since the Cold War, indicating considerable mutual distrust.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></sup> 
</p><p>U.S.–Russian relations have further deteriorated since 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></sup> A December 2017 survey conducted by the Chicago Council and its Russian partner, the Levada Center, showed that:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Seventy-eight percent of Russians polled said the United States meddles “a great deal” or “a fair amount” in Russian politics, compared to 69 percent of Americans who say the same about Russian interference in U.S. politics. ... The poll found that 31 percent of Russians said Moscow tried to influence U.S. domestic affairs in a significant way, compared to 55 percent of Americans who felt that their own government tried to do the same thing in Russia. ... Only 31 percent of Americans say they hold a positive view of Russia, and 24 percent of Russians say the same of the United States. ... Eighty-one percent of Russians said they felt the United States was working to undermine Russia on the world stage; 77 percent of Americans said the same of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>A Levada poll released in August 2018 found that 68% of Russian respondents believe that Russia needs to dramatically improve relations with the United States and other Western countries.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></sup> According to <i>The Moscow Times</i>, "Russians increasingly view the United States in a positive light following a presidential" <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">summit in Helsinki</a> in July 2018. "For the first time since 2014, the number of Russians who said they had “positive” feelings towards the United States (42 percent) outweighed those who reported “negative” feelings (40 percent)."<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></sup>
</p><p>The 2019 poll independently conducted by the Chicago Council and Levada Center found that 85% of Russians and 78% of Americans say the United States and Russia are "more rivals than partners."<sup id="cite_ref-chicago-levada_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicago-levada-271">[271]</a></sup> The president of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Center_for_Citizen_Initiatives" title="Center for Citizen Initiatives">Center for Citizen Initiatives</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sharon_Tennison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharon Tennison (page does not exist)">Sharon Tennison</a>, stated in 2019, "In my 35 years of traveling throughout Russia, I’ve never before witnessed such a vast gap between what average Americans ‘believe’ about Russia and Russia's reality on ground today."<sup id="cite_ref-chicago-levada_271-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicago-levada-271">[271]</a></sup>
</p><p>A Levada poll released in February 2020 found that 80% of Russian respondents believe that Russia and the West should become friends and partners.<sup id="cite_ref-poll-levada_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poll-levada-272">[272]</a></sup> However, only 42% of Russians polled said they had a positive view of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-poll-levada_272-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poll-levada-272">[272]</a></sup> Only 18% of Americans polled by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> said they had a positive view of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a></sup> According to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, "57% of Russians ages 18 to 29 see the U.S. favorably, compared with only 15% of Russians ages 50 and older."<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></sup> In 2019, only 20% of Russians viewed U.S. President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> positively.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a></sup> Only 14% of Russians expressed net approval of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration">Donald Trump's foreign policies and actions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Propaganda">Propaganda</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Propaganda">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>The U.S. government funds <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> that broadcasts in 26 languages to many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a></sup> The radio's broadcasting is viewed by Russian researchers as an instrument of American propaganda targeting Russia as a state.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a></sup> According to <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a></i>, some American media have been accused of spreading anti-Russian propaganda."<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></sup></li>
<li>Russia funds <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">Russia Today</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sputnik_(news_agency)" title="Sputnik (news agency)">Sputnik News</a> which have been accused of pushing pro-Kremlin narratives internationally. In 2021, the Russian state media budget was 211 billion rubles (about $2.8 billion USD), an increase of 34 billion-ruble ($460 million USD) over previous years.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a></sup> According to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> report, Moscow uses RT "to sow conspiracy theories to cast doubt on traditional media outlets" and "skewing news output to promote narratives that showed the West as corrupt, divided and out of touch."<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a></sup> The influence operation also extends to US allies. RT and Sputnik were cited by the European Parliament's resolution of November 23, 2016 as the Russian government's tools of "propaganda against the EU and its North American partners" such as pushing narratives against democratic values and portraying eastern countries as failed states.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RT_America" title="RT America">RT America</a> network has employed Americans, including TV hosts and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_commentator" class="mw-redirect" title="Political commentator">political commentators</a> such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larry_King" title="Larry King">Larry King</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ed_Schultz" title="Ed Schultz">Ed Schultz</a>, to help them appear more like a legitimate outlet. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Rutenberg" title="Jim Rutenberg">Jim Rutenberg</a> described them "wittingly or not... playing the equestrians to Russia's trojan horse."<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer-286">[286]</a></sup></li></ul>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the non-profit organizaton: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Culture_Now" title="Russian Culture Now">Russian Culture Now</a></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Timeline_of_relations_between_the_United_States_and_Russia">Timeline of relations between the United States and Russia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Timeline of relations between the United States and Russia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The timeline covers key events, 1991 to present.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Yeltsin_era.2C_1991.E2.80.9399"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Yeltsin_era,_1991–99">Yeltsin era, 1991–99</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Yeltsin era, 1991–99">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>1991: U.S. president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and USSR president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> sign <a href="/enwiki/wiki/START_I" title="START I">START I</a> treaty, July 31.</li>
<li>1991: August: Soviet hardliners stage a coup against Gorbachev; they fail because of defiance by Russian president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>. Communism collapses overnight in the USSR.</li>
<li>1991: Gorbachev announces the dissolution of the USSR into 15 independent republics; Russia is the successor state to the USSR.</li>
<li>1992: Russian president Yeltsin visits the U.S. on January 26. He and Bush set up the United States–Russia Joint Commission on P.O.W./M.I.A.'s. Its mission is to discover what happened to POWs and those missing in action during the Cold War, as well as planes shot down, missing submarines. The committee had access to classified archives from the FBI and the KGB.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a></sup></li>
<li>1992: The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisbon_Protocol" title="Lisbon Protocol">Lisbon Protocol</a> calls for the denuclearization of Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan. May 23.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a></sup></li>
<li>1992: Russia attends the Washington Summit on June 16.</li>
<li>1992: The United States and Russia sign an Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes on June 17.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></sup></li>
<li>1993: Bush and Yeltsin sign the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a> treaty in Moscow on January 3.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></sup></li>
<li>1993: First summit meeting between U.S. president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and Yeltsin on April 4 in Vancouver, Canada, to discuss a new and expanded $1 billion aid package intended to support Russian democrats and to fund medical supplies, food and grain assistance as well as loans to Russian entrepreneurs.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a></sup></li>
<li>1993: The U.S. announces a bilateral aid program of $1.8 billion for Russia and the former Soviet republics on July 9 to 10.</li>
<li>1993: The U.S.–Russian Commission on technical cooperation in energy and space has its first meeting in Washington, D.C., on August 31 to September 2.</li>
<li>1994: Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin sign the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kremlin_accords" title="Kremlin accords">Kremlin accords</a> on January 14 in Moscow.</li>
<li>1994: First joint U.S.–Russia Space Shuttle mission on February 3.</li>
<li>1994: The United States and Russia move to end the practice of aiming their strategic nuclear missiles at each other on May 30.</li>
<li>1994: Russia joins the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> program on June 22.</li>
<li>1995: Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin hold a summit on European Security in Moscow on May 9 to May 10.</li>
<li>1995: Russia joins the NATO-led <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Implementation_Force" title="Implementation Force">IFOR</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> on December 20.</li>
<li>1996: Ratification of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a> treaty on January 26.</li>
<li>1996: Clinton and Yeltsin attend the Summit of the Peacemakers in Sharm al-Sheikh, Egypt to condemn the terrorist attacks in Israel and to declare their support for the Middle East peace process on March 14.</li>
<li>1996: Clinton attends a Summit on Nuclear Safety and Security with Yeltsin in Moscow on April 20.</li>
<li>1997: Russia joins the NATO-led <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</a> to cooperate on political and security issues on January 1.</li>
<li>1997: Clinton and Yeltsin hold another summit on European Security in Helsinki, Finland, on March 21. They reach some economic agreements, but there is continued disagreement on NATO expansion.</li>
<li>1997: April. Moscow summit with Chinese president Jiang Zemin disapproves of American world domination; agree to reduce troops along Russia-China border.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a></sup></li>
<li>1997: Russia attends the NATO summit in Paris, France, on May 27.</li>
<li>1997: The NATO-Russia Founding Act provides the formal basis of bilateral cooperation between the U.S., Russia and NATO is signed on May 27. Allows participation in NATO decision making; Russia agrees to drop opposition to NATO expansion in Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></sup></li>
<li>1997: Russia joins the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/23rd_G8_summit" title="23rd G8 summit">23rd G8 summit</a> in Denver, Colorado, on June 20 to June 22.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a></sup></li>
<li>1998: Clinton and Yeltsin agree to exchange information on missile launchings and to remove 50 metric tons of plutonium from their countries' nuclear weapons stocks in a summit in Moscow on September 1 to 2.</li>
<li>1999: Russia joins the NATO-led <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">KFOR</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> on June 12.</li>
<li>1999: March: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Allied_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Allied Force">Operation Allied Force</a>: NATO bombing of Yugoslavia to force it out of Kosovo. Moscow attacked it as a breach of international law and a challenge to Russia's status in the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-Averre2009_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Averre2009-297">[297]</a></sup></li>
<li>1999: Clinton and Yeltsin meet at an Organization for Security Cooperation in Europe Summit Meeting in Istanbul, Turkey, from November 18–19, to discuss arms control, Chechnya and events in Europe. Clinton remarks that the international community does not dispute Russia's right to defend its territorial integrity and to fight terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a></sup></li></ul>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-55.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-55.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-55.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-55.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-55.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-55.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and wife Lyudmila at service for victims of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, November 16, 2001.</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span id="Putin_era.2C_2000_to_present"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Putin_era,_2000_to_present">Putin era, 2000 to present</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Putin era, 2000 to present">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>2000: Clinton visits Moscow to meet with new Russian president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> on June 3 to 5.</li>
<li>2000: Clinton and Putin meet at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Millennium_Summit" title="Millennium Summit">United Nations Millennium Summit</a> in New York City to call a plea for world peace on September 6.</li>
<li>2001: President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> has a very friendly meeting with Putin at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">Slovenia summit</a> on June 16. At the closing press conference, Bush said: "I looked the man in the eye. I found him very straightforward and trustworthy – I was able to get a sense of his soul." Bush's top security aide <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> realized that Bush's phrasing had been a serious mistake. "We were never able to escape the perception that the president had naïvely trusted Putin and then been betrayed."<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a></sup></li>
<li>2001: Russia supports the U.S. in the aftermath of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> on September 12.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></sup></li>
<li>2001: Russia opens a military hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan, to help the NATO military forces and Afghan civilians on December 2.</li>
<li>2002: Bush and Putin meet in Moscow and sign the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a> and declaration on a new strategic relationship between the U.S. and Russia on May 24.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a></sup></li>
<li>2002: NATO and Russia create the NATO-Russia Council during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2002_Rome_summit" title="2002 Rome summit">Rome summit</a> on May 28.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a></sup></li>
<li>2003: The "Roadmap for Peace" proposal developed by the U.S. in cooperation with Russia, the European Union, and the United Nations (the Quartet), was presented to Israel and the Palestinian Authority on April 30.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a></sup></li>
<li>2003: Russia strongly condemns the United States in the lead-up to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, and calls for a peaceful solution to the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_020313-D-2987S-016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Defense.gov_News_Photo_020313-D-2987S-016.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_020313-D-2987S-016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Defense.gov_News_Photo_020313-D-2987S-016.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_020313-D-2987S-016.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Defense.gov_News_Photo_020313-D-2987S-016.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_020313-D-2987S-016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="1934" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> with Russian Minister of Defense <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov" title="Sergei Ivanov">Sergei Ivanov</a> on March 13, 2002</figcaption></figure></li>
<li>2004: Bush gives condolences to Putin in the aftermath of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beslan_school_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Beslan school hostage crisis">Beslan school hostage crisis</a> on September 21.</li>
<li>2006: Bush and Putin jointly announced the organization of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism on July 16.<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a></sup></li>
<li>2006: The U.S. and Russia condemn North Korea's first nuclear launch test on October 6.</li>
<li>2008: Russian president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> visits the U.S. for the first time at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2008_G-20_Washington_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 G-20 Washington summit">2008 G-20 summit</a> in Washington, D.C., from November 14 to November 15.</li>
<li>2009: February: US vice president Joe Biden suggests the new Obama administration would like to "reset" America's relationship with Russia, which had deteriorated to its lowest point since the Cold War after Russia's war with Georgia in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_Post_August_8,_2013_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_August_8,_2013-306">[306]</a></sup></li>
<li>2009: Newly elected president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Medvedev meet for the first time at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2009_G-20_London_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 G-20 London Summit">G-20 Summit</a> in London on April 1; they pledge to "deepen cooperation" on issues like nuclear terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-307">[307]</a></sup></li>
<li>2009: The U.S. and Russia disapprove the nuclear test by North Korea on May 25.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a></sup></li>
<li>2009: Obama and Medvedev announce the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obama%E2%80%93Medvedev_Commission" title="Obama–Medvedev Commission">Obama–Medvedev Commission</a> to improve communication and cooperation between the U.S. and Russia in Moscow on July 6.</li>
<li>2009: U.S. chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Mullen" title="Michael Mullen">Michael Mullen</a> and Russian chief of the general staff <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikolay_Yegorovich_Makarov" title="Nikolay Yegorovich Makarov">Nikolay Makarov</a> sign a new strategic framework for military-to-military engagement between the U.S. and Russia on July 7.</li>
<li>2009: Obama administration cancels the eastern European missile defense program denounced by Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-Mankoff2012_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mankoff2012-309">[309]</a></sup></li>
<li>2009: Russia agrees to allow U.S. and NATO troops and supplies to pass through Russia en route to Afghanistan on December 16.</li>
<li>2010: Obama and Medvedev sign <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a> treaty in Prague, Czech Republic, to replace the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/START_I" title="START I">START I</a> and it will eventually see the reduction of both nations' nuclear arsenals to 1,500 warheads for both the U.S. and Russia on April 8.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_and_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Barack_Obama_and_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_and_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Barack_Obama_and_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_and_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Barack_Obama_and_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_and_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>Barack Obama meets with Prime Minister Putin outside Moscow, July 7, 2009</figcaption></figure></li>
<li>2010: The U.S. and Russia call for Iran to give up on its nuclear weapons program along with the United Kingdom, France and China on June 9.</li>
<li>2010. Obama and Medvedev sign the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a>" (New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty". Goal is to reduce the deployed nuclear warheads on both sides by roughly 30 percent, down to 1,550. The treaty also limits the number of nuclear-armed submarines and bombers. New START went into force in February 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_307-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-307">[307]</a></sup></li>
<li>2010: The U.S. and Russia conduct a joint anti-hijacking exercise called Vigilant Eagle-2010 on August 14.</li>
<li>2010: Foreign ministers from the U.S., Russia and NATO meet in New York to discuss areas of cooperation like Afghanistan, fighting piracy and combatting terrorism as well as ways of enhancing security within Europe on September 22.</li>
<li>2010: Medvedev attends the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_Lisbon_summit" title="2010 Lisbon summit">2010 NATO summit</a> in Portugal, from November 19 to November 20. The U.S., Russia and NATO agree to cooperate on missile defense and other security issues as well as allowing more supplies for the U.S. and NATO to pass through Russia en route to Afghanistan as well as supplying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces" title="Afghan Armed Forces">Afghan armed forces</a> with helicopters.</li>
<li>2011: The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a> treaty is ratified in Munich, Germany, by U.S. secretary of state <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> and Russian foreign minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> on February 5.</li>
<li>2011: Ministers from the U.S., Russia and NATO meet in Berlin, Germany to discuss the situation in Libya and Afghanistan, as well as ongoing work on outlining the future framework for missile defence cooperation between the U.S., Russia and NATO on April 15.</li>
<li>2011: Russia congratulates the U.S. on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">killing of Osama bin Laden</a> on May 2.</li>
<li>2011–present: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>; the government receives technical, financial, military and political support from Russia, while the U.S. favors some of the rebels. Russia provides diplomatic support in the United Nations as well. Russia has an interest in a military presence in the region, and in suppressing its own Muslim militants. It also rejects regime change imposed by the West.<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a></sup></li>
<li>2011: American, Russian and NATO ambassadors meet in Sochi, Russia, to restate their commitment to pursuing cooperation on missile defense as well as cooperation in other security areas of common interest on July 4.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lavrov_and_Clinton_in_Munich-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lavrov_and_Clinton_in_Munich-1.jpg/220px-Lavrov_and_Clinton_in_Munich-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lavrov_and_Clinton_in_Munich-1.jpg/330px-Lavrov_and_Clinton_in_Munich-1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lavrov_and_Clinton_in_Munich-1.jpg/440px-Lavrov_and_Clinton_in_Munich-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="2682" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> and Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> shake hands after signing the New START Treaty, Munich, Germany, on February 5, 2011</figcaption></figure></li>
<li>2011: American, Russian and NATO diplomats meet in New York to announce they have made progress in combating terrorism and enhancing Afghan transit on September 22.</li>
<li>2012: Russia agrees to host a U.S. and NATO transit hub at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulyanovsk_Vostochny_Airport" title="Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport">Ulyanovsk airport</a> to help the U.S. and NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2014 on March 21.</li>
<li>2012: Obama and Medvedev meet at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2012_Nuclear_Security_Summit" title="2012 Nuclear Security Summit">2012 Nuclear Security Summit</a> in Seoul to discuss the increase economic trade on March 26.</li>
<li>2012: The U.S., Russia and NATO hold missile defense exercises in Germany, from March 26 to March 30.</li>
<li>2012: American, Russian and NATO military forces agree to strengthen cooperation to counter piracy in the Horn of Africa on March 27.</li>
<li>2012: Russian prime minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> attends the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/38th_G8_summit" title="38th G8 summit">38th G8 summit</a> in Maryland, from May 18 to May 19.</li>
<li>2012: Russia joins the U.S. and NATO at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2012_Chicago_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Chicago Summit">Chicago Summit</a> on May 20.</li>
<li>2012: Obama and Putin meet at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2012_G-20_Los_Cabos_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 G-20 Los Cabos summit">7th G-20 meeting</a> in Los Cabos, Mexico, and call for an end to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> on June 18 to 19.</li>
<li>2012: American and Russian navies participate in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exercise_RIMPAC" title="Exercise RIMPAC">RIMPAC 2012</a> naval exercises from June 29 to August 3.</li>
<li>2012: Russia joins the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a> and begins trade with the U.S. on August 22.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a></sup></li>
<li>2013: Russia supports the U.S. against North Korea for North Korea building up tensions in the Korean peninsula and for threatening the U.S. during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2013_Korean_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Korean crisis">crisis with North Korea</a> on April 8.</li>
<li>2013: The U.S. and Russia agree to intensify their cooperation in countering terrorism, including information exchange between intelligence organizations and conduct joint counter-terrorist operations as well as signing a cyber security pact to reduce the risk of conflict in cyberspace and signing the New Anti-Proliferation Deal in order to protect, control and account for nuclear materials on June 17 during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_walking_in_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_walking_in_Ireland.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_walking_in_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_walking_in_Ireland.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_walking_in_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_walking_in_Ireland.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_walking_in_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>Obama at a bilateral meeting with Putin during the G8 summit in Ireland, June 17, 2013.</figcaption></figure></li></ul>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cropped_Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_shake_hands_at_G8_summit,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cropped_Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_shake_hands_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg/220px-Cropped_Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_shake_hands_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cropped_Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_shake_hands_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg/330px-Cropped_Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_shake_hands_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cropped_Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_shake_hands_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg/440px-Cropped_Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_shake_hands_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Putin and Obama shake hands at G8 summit, June 17, 2013</figcaption></figure>
<ul><li>2013 August 7. President Obama cancels an upcoming summit with Putin; journalists call it "a rare, deliberate snub that reflects the fresh damage done by the Edward Snowden case to an important relationship already in decline."<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_Post_August_8,_2013_306-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_August_8,_2013-306">[306]</a></sup></li>
<li>2013: Obama and Putin make progress on the discussion of Syria at the end of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2013_G-20_Saint_Petersburg_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 G-20 Saint Petersburg summit">2013 G-20 summit</a> in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on September 6.</li>
<li>2013: U.S. secretary of state <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> and Russian foreign minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> meet in Geneva, Switzerland, and agree to secure and destroy Syria's chemical weapons on September 14.</li>
<li>2013: The U.S. and Russia along with the United Kingdom, France, China and Germany sign a deal with Iran about their nuclear program in Geneva, Switzerland, on November 27.</li>
<li>2014: The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II Conference</a></li>
<li>2014: The U.S. Olympics team arrives in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, Russia, to participate in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a> on January 30.</li>
<li>2014 - Continuing. see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)">Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)</a></li>
<li>2014: The U.S. and Russia along with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and Ukraine talk in Geneva about the crisis in Ukraine and reach an agreement to end the crisis on April 17.</li>
<li>2014: The U.S. and Russia start sending aid to Iraq to help fight <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a> on June 5.</li>
<li>2015: The U.S. and Russia along with members of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and Ukraine welcome <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minsk_agreements#Minsk_II,_February_2015" title="Minsk agreements">the new Minsk agreement</a> to stop the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">war in Donbas</a> in Donbas on February 12.</li>
<li>2015: The U.S. and Russia agree to build a new space station to replace the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> and to make a joint project to travel to Mars on March 28.</li>
<li>2015: The U.S. and Russia along with the United Kingdom, France, China, Germany, the European Union and Iran sign the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> to regulate Iran's nuclear program in Vienna, Austria on July 14.</li>
<li>2015: The U.S. and Russia reach an agreement on a UN resolution that would designate accountability for use of chemical weapons in Syria on August 6.</li>
<li>2015: The U.S. and Russia resume military relations to increase fighting against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a> on September 18.</li>
<li>2015: Obama and Putin meet in New York to discuss ways to combat the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a> on September 28–29.</li>
<li>2015: The U.S. and Russia sign a deal to avoid air incidents over Syria on October 20.</li>
<li>2015: Obama and Putin have an informal bilateral meeting on the sidelines of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2015_G-20_Antalya_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 G-20 Antalya summit">G-20 Summit</a> in Turkey to discuss the situation in Syria and the ramifications of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">Paris attacks</a> on November 15.</li>
<li>2015: The U.S., Russia and the United Nations hold three way talks on Syria in Geneva, Switzerland on December 11.</li>
<li>2015: The U.S. and Russia, along with the United Nations approve a resolution that supports international efforts to seek a solution to end the Syrian Civil War and provide a new government in Syria in Vienna, Austria on December 18.</li>
<li>2016 June: A debate opens inside the Republican Party on future American policy toward Russia. The presumptive presidential nominee Donald Trump has suggested that US and Russia might work together in areas such as Syria. Meanwhile, on June 9, Republican leaders in Congress urged confronting Putin, alleging that he is exhibiting "burgeoning militarism" and calling for "standing up to Russian aggression and bolstering countries such as Ukraine."<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a></sup></li>
<li>2016 November: Donald Trump wins the US presidential election.</li>
<li>2017 April: According to Trump, US ties with Russia may be at all-time low following US missile strike on Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a></sup></li>
<li>2017 July: During a speech in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, Trump warned Russia to stop its "destabilizing" actions in Ukraine and elsewhere, and its support for "hostile regimes" such as those in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. He also urged Russia to "join the community of responsible nations".<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Donald_Trump_at_the_2017_G-20_Hamburg_Summit_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Vladimir_Putin_and_Donald_Trump_at_the_2017_G-20_Hamburg_Summit_%285%29.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Donald_Trump_at_the_2017_G-20_Hamburg_Summit_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Vladimir_Putin_and_Donald_Trump_at_the_2017_G-20_Hamburg_Summit_%285%29.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Donald_Trump_at_the_2017_G-20_Hamburg_Summit_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Vladimir_Putin_and_Donald_Trump_at_the_2017_G-20_Hamburg_Summit_%285%29.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Donald_Trump_at_the_2017_G-20_Hamburg_Summit_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, Russian President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> at the G20 Hamburg summit, July 7, 2017</figcaption></figure></li>
<li>2017 July: Trump and Putin held a meeting for more than a two-hour period at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit" title="2017 G20 Hamburg summit">G20 Summit in Hamburg</a>. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said that Trump brought up discussion about Russia's alleged interference in the 2016 US presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a></sup></li>
<li>2018 July 16, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">Russia–United States summit</a> between Trump and Putin took place in Helsinki, Finland. Topics of discussion included the situation in Syria, the Ukrainian crisis and nuclear arms control.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a></sup></li>
<li>2021 June 16, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2021 Russia–United States summit">Russia–United States summit</a> between Biden and Putin took place in Geneva, Switzerland.</li>
<li>2021 Nov 19, the congressmen calling on the U.S. not to recognize Vladimir Putin as president of Russia beyond 2024. Kremlin denounced it as an attempt to meddle in its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">domestic affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a></sup></li>
<li>2022 January, the U.S. sent 5000-8500 troops to Eastern Europe, to assist Ukraine against a potential renewed invasion by Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a></sup></li>
<li>2022 Feb 24, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia invades Ukraine</a>.</li></ul>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Expedition_55_crew_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Expedition_55_crew_portrait.jpg/220px-Expedition_55_crew_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Expedition_55_crew_portrait.jpg/330px-Expedition_55_crew_portrait.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Expedition_55_crew_portrait.jpg/440px-Expedition_55_crew_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Expedition_55" title="Expedition 55">55th expedition</a> to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> in February 2018</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a> is known to have collaborated with Russia, especially <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cosmos_1" title="Cosmos 1">Cosmos 1</a> and LIFE.
</p><p>In 2014, NASA renewed a contract to ferry U.S. astronauts to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz rockets</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">spacecraft</a>. Including additional support at the Russian launch site, this contract is costing the United States $457.9 million. Along with the renewal, NASA also announced that they would be cutting some contacts with Russia after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2021, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Administrator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Nelson" title="Bill Nelson">Bill Nelson</a> told CNN Business' Rachel Crane about the future of U.S.-Russian cooperation in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS): "For decades, upwards now of 45 plus years [we've cooperated with] Russians in space, and I want that cooperation to continue. Your politics can be hitting heads on Earth, while you are cooperating" in space.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2022, Russia and the United States agreed to do a prisoner exchange. Russian arms dealer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viktor_Bout" title="Viktor Bout">Viktor Bout</a> and American basketball player <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brittney_Griner" title="Brittney Griner">Brittney Griner</a> were swapped.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2023, US imposed sanctions on Russia & Iran for wrongful detention and hostage-taking of U.S. citizens abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Nuclear_arms_race">Nuclear arms race</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Nuclear arms race">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_strike" title="Second strike">Second strike</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO_missile_defence_system" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO missile defence system">NATO missile defence system</a></div>
<p>In 1995, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Brant_(rocket)" title="Black Brant (rocket)">Black Brant sounding rocket</a> launched from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/And%C3%B8ya_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Andøya Space Center">Andøya Space Center</a> caused a high alert in Russia, known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norwegian_rocket_incident" title="Norwegian rocket incident">Norwegian rocket incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a></sup> The Russians thought it might be a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trident_(missile)" title="Trident (missile)">nuclear missile</a> launched from an American submarine. The incident occurred in the post-Cold War era, where many Russians were still very suspicious of the United States and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a></sup> The Norwegian rocket incident was the first and thus far only known incident where any <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear-weapons_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear-weapons state">nuclear-weapons state</a> had its nuclear briefcase activated and prepared for launching an attack.<sup id="cite_ref-nrk.no_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrk.no-326">[326]</a></sup>
</p><p>President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> announced on October 20, 2018 that the U.S. would no longer consider itself bound by the 1987 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">INF Treaty</a>’s provisions, raising nuclear tensions between the two powers.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a></sup> Two days later, Russian military analyst <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavel_Felgenhauer" title="Pavel Felgenhauer">Pavel Felgenhauer</a> told Deutsche Welle that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">new Cold War</a> would make this treaty and other Cold War-era treaties "irrelevant because they correspond to a totally different world situation."<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a></sup> In early 2019, more than 90% of world's 13,865 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> were owned by Russia and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_Putin" class="mw-redirect" title="President Putin">President Putin</a> oversaw Russia's large-scale nuclear war exercises on October 17, 2019, where the Russian army integrated land, sea and air components of the nation's nuclear triad, nearly one year after Trump announced that the US was pulling-out of the nuclear treaty it had signed with Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nature_Food" title="Nature Food">Nature Food</a></i> in August 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a></sup> a full-scale nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia, which together hold more than 90% of the world's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>, would kill 360 million people directly and more than 5 billion indirectly from starvation during a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_ties">Economic ties</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economic ties">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div>
<p>The U.S. Congress repealed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a> on November 16, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a></sup>
</p><p>"Last year [2015] was not particularly favorable for trade between Russia and the U.S. Our overall 2015 turnover was $21 billion, a decline of 27.9 percent," said a senior Russian official in April 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a></sup>
</p><p>Reuters reported that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">U.S. companies</a> "generated more than $90 billion in revenue from Russia in 2017."<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a></sup> According to the AALEP, "there are almost 3,000 American companies in Russia, and the U.S. is also the leader in terms of foreign companies in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_in_Russia" title="Special Economic Zones in Russia">Special Economic Zones</a>, with 11 projects."<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Military_ties">Military ties</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Military ties">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:US_Navy_020704-N-8646S-004_Vladivostok,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/US_Navy_020704-N-8646S-004_Vladivostok%2C_Russia.jpg/220px-US_Navy_020704-N-8646S-004_Vladivostok%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/US_Navy_020704-N-8646S-004_Vladivostok%2C_Russia.jpg/330px-US_Navy_020704-N-8646S-004_Vladivostok%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/US_Navy_020704-N-8646S-004_Vladivostok%2C_Russia.jpg/440px-US_Navy_020704-N-8646S-004_Vladivostok%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>Russian and U.S. sailors honoring military personnel who perished during World War II, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, Russia, July 4, 2002</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-6.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-6.jpeg/220px-2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-6.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-6.jpeg/330px-2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-6.jpeg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-6.jpeg/440px-2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-6.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>An element of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/18th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="18th Infantry Regiment (United States)">18th Infantry Regiment</a>, representing the United States at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2010 Victory Day</a> military parade in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Following the demise of the Soviet Union, the United States and Russia signed a bilateral treaty called the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a>), signed by George H. W. Bush and Boris Yeltsin.
</p><p>The United States and Russia have conducted joint military maneuvers, training and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorist</a> exercises in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. This was done in hopes to strengthen relations with the United States and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a></sup> The Russian president has also proposed that the United States and Russia put a joint <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">missile defense system</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, a proposal being considered by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a></sup> In 2008, in response to tensions over <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, the United States had cancelled its most recent joint <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>-Russia military exercises.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>As of August 2012, the U.S. and Russia continue to hold joint <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">military exercises</a> like Northern Eagle (held since 2004, together with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a></sup> and Vigilant/Watchful Eagle (with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
among others, with the aim of improving joint cooperation against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in Somalia">piracy</a>.
</p>
<h3><span id="NATO.E2.80.93Russia_relations"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="NATO–Russia_relations">NATO–Russia relations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: NATO–Russia relations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="NATO–Russia relations">NATO–Russia relations</a></div>
<p>Russia-U.S. relations are significantly influenced by the United States' leading role in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and policies thereof. NATO and Russia agreed to cooperate on security issues at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2002_Rome_summit" title="2002 Rome summit">2002 Rome summit</a> and had been gradually improving relations. However, due to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">expansion</a> of the alliance, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2008_South_Ossetia_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 South Ossetia war">Russian intervention in Georgia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Ukraine">Russia's war campaign against Ukraine</a> and other controversies, relations have since deteriorated significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-ForsbergHerd2015_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ForsbergHerd2015-343">[343]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2015, following increased tensions with NATO, Russia closed a key <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO_logistics_in_the_Afghan_War" title="NATO logistics in the Afghan War">military transport corridor</a> (the Northern Distribution Network), which had allowed NATO to deliver military supplies to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> through the Russian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-wtimes_344-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wtimes-344">[344]</a></sup> The Northern Distribution Network was niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger in 2009 in response to the increased risk of sending supplies through Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a></sup>
</p><p>A June 2016 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levada_Center" title="Levada Center">Levada</a> poll found that 68% of Russians think that deploying NATO troops in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> – former Eastern bloc countries bordering Russia – is a threat to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Joint_operations_and_mutual_support">Joint operations and mutual support</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Joint operations and mutual support">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Russia has expressed support for the United States' <a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>. Russia has also agreed to provide logistic support for the United States forces in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to aid in anti-terrorist operations. Russia has allowed U.S. and NATO forces to pass through its territory to go to Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-wtimes_344-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wtimes-344">[344]</a></sup> In 2017, the former Deputy Secretary of State <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a> said: "We cooperated with regard to Afghanistan, where Russia played a positive role, particularly in letting our forces and our equipment transit into and out of Afghanistan."<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1132942124">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright">
<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations of Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations of the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">Embassy of the United States, Moscow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States">Ambassadors of Russia to the United States</a> (including Imperial and Soviet times)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">Ambassadors of the United States to Russia</a> (Including Imperial and Soviet times)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire–United States relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ukraine–United States relations">Ukraine–United States relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="New Cold War">New Cold War</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Rogger, "The influence of the American Revolution in Russia." in Jack P. Greene and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Pole" title="Jack Pole">J. R. Pole</a>, eds. <i>A Companion to the American Revolution</i> (2000): 554-555.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prlib.ru/history/619690">"Россия установила дипломатические отношения с США"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81+%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prlib.ru%2Fhistory%2F619690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman E. Saul, Richard D. McKinzie. <i>Russian-American Dialogue on Cultural Relations, 1776–1914</i> p 95. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-1097-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8262-1097-X">0-8262-1097-X</a>, 9780826210975.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Jensen, <i>The Alaska Purchase and Russian-American Relations</i> (1975)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/portsmouth-treaty">"Milestones: 1899–1913 - Office of the Historian"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i>. US State Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Milestones%3A+1899%E2%80%931913+-+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1899-1913%2Fportsmouth-treaty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Ernest Schoenberg, "The American Reaction to the Kishinev Pogrom of 1903." <i>American Jewish Historical Quarterly</i> 63.3 (1974): 262-283.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Powell2009" class="citation book cs1">John Powell (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA259"><i>Encyclopedia of North American Immigration</i></a>. Infobase. pp. 257–59. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438110127" title="Special:BookSources/9781438110127"><bdi>9781438110127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Immigration&rft.pages=257-59&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438110127&rft.au=John+Powell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNCX6UsdZYkC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricolor.org/rz/amerika/ar/ist/1/">Русские трудовые эмигранты в США (конец XIX века – 1917 год)</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMacMillan2003" class="citation book cs1">MacMillan, Margaret, 1943- (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont00macm/page/63"><i>Paris 1919 : six months that changed the world</i></a>. Holbrooke, Richard (First U.S. ed.). New York: Random House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont00macm/page/63">63–82</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50826-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50826-0"><bdi>0-375-50826-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49260285">49260285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+1919+%3A+six+months+that+changed+the+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63-82&rft.edition=First+U.S.&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49260285&rft.isbn=0-375-50826-0&rft.aulast=MacMillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret%2C+1943-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparis1919sixmont00macm%2Fpage%2F63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_E._Davis_and_Eugene_P._Trani2009" class="citation book cs1">Donald E. Davis and Eugene P. Trani (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dy6v1j8NfycC&pg=PA48"><i>Distorted Mirrors: Americans and Their Relations with Russia and China in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. University of Missouri Press. p. 48. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826271891" title="Special:BookSources/9780826271891"><bdi>9780826271891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distorted+Mirrors%3A+Americans+and+Their+Relations+with+Russia+and+China+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780826271891&rft.au=Donald+E.+Davis+and+Eugene+P.+Trani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddy6v1j8NfycC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svoboda.org/a/16799307.html">Признание Америки</a> Radio Liberty, April 30, 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/nov-16-1933-us-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-the-soviet-union">"Nov. 16, 1933 | U.S. Establishes Diplomatic Relations With the Soviet Union"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. November 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nov.+16%2C+1933+%7C+U.S.+Establishes+Diplomatic+Relations+With+the+Soviet+Union&rft.date=2011-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearning.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F11%2F16%2Fnov-16-1933-us-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-the-soviet-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/nato">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949</a> U.S. Department of State.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_4119000/4119950.stm">Malta summit ends Cold War</a>, BBC News, December 3, 1989. Retrieved June 11, 2008.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strobe Talbott, <i>The Russia Hand</i> (2002) p. 9</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strobe Talbott, <i>The Russia hand: A memoir of presidential diplomacy</i> (2007) pp 189–213.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Svetlana Savranskaya, "Yeltsin and Clinton." <i>Diplomatic History</i> (2018) 42#4 pp 564–567.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald D. Asmus, <i>Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era</i> (2002).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talbott, <i>The Russia Hand</i> pp 218–250.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/303127.stm">"Russia condemns Nato at UN"</a>. BBC News. March 25, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+condemns+Nato+at+UN&rft.date=1999-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F303127.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/348340.stm">"Fighting for a foreign land"</a>. BBC News. May 20, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fighting+for+a+foreign+land&rft.date=1999-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F348340.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talbott, <i>The Russia Hand</i> pp 298–349.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wpyelinchina-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wpyelinchina_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Laris1999" class="citation news cs1">Michael Laris (December 10, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1999-12/10/123r-121099-idx.html">"In China, Yeltsin Lashes Out at Clinton: Criticisms of Chechen War Are Met With Blunt Reminder of Russian Nuclear Power"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+China%2C+Yeltsin+Lashes+Out+at+Clinton%3A+Criticisms+of+Chechen+War+Are+Met+With+Blunt+Reminder+of+Russian+Nuclear+Power&rft.pages=A35&rft.date=1999-12-10&rft.au=Michael+Laris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2FWPcap%2F1999-12%2F10%2F123r-121099-idx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Bremmer, and Alexander Zaslavsky, "Bush and Putin's tentative embrace." <i>World Policy Journal</i> 18.4 (2001): 11-17 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209773">online</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angela E. Stent, <i>The Limits of Partnership: US-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century</i> (2014) pp 62–81.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stent, <i>The Limits of Partnership</i> (2014) pp 82–134.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMazzettiEric_Lichtblau2016" class="citation news cs1">Mazzetti, Mark; Eric Lichtblau (December 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/11/us/politics/cia-judgment-intelligence-russia-hacking-evidence.html">"C.I.A. Judgment on Russia Built on Swell of Evidence"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=C.I.A.+Judgment+on+Russia+Built+on+Swell+of+Evidence&rft.date=2016-12-11&rft.aulast=Mazzetti&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Eric+Lichtblau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F11%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fcia-judgment-intelligence-russia-hacking-evidence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20080222-russia-warns-resorting-force-over-kosovo-NATO">"Russia warns of resorting to 'force' over Kosovo"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 22 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Russia+warns+of+resorting+to+%27force%27+over+Kosovo&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20080222-russia-warns-resorting-force-over-kosovo-NATO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7249586.stm">In quotes: Kosovo reaction</a>, BBC News Online, 17 February 2008.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/putin-calls-kosovo-independence-terrible-precedent/2008/02/23/1203467431503.html">"Putin calls Kosovo independence 'terrible precedent'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. 2008-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putin+calls+Kosovo+independence+%27terrible+precedent%27&rft.pub=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.date=2008-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fputin-calls-kosovo-independence-terrible-precedent%2F2008%2F02%2F23%2F1203467431503.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603">"Address by President of the Russian Federation"</a>. March 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+by+President+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.kremlin.ru%2Fevents%2Fpresident%2Fnews%2F20603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/03/24/crimea-kosovo-and-false-moral-equivalency/">"Why the Kosovo "precedent" does not justify Russia's annexation of Crimea"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+the+Kosovo+%22precedent%22+does+not+justify+Russia%27s+annexation+of+Crimea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fvolokh-conspiracy%2Fwp%2F2014%2F03%2F24%2Fcrimea-kosovo-and-false-moral-equivalency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-nato-georgia-europe-european-union-united-states/">"Ukraine: NATO's original sin"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. November 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Ukraine%3A+NATO%27s+original+sin&rft.date=2021-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fukraine-nato-georgia-europe-european-union-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/02/nato.georgia">"Bush-Putin row grows as pact pushes east"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bush-Putin+row+grows+as+pact+pushes+east&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fapr%2F02%2Fnato.georgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/01/ukraine.analysis/">"Bush stirs controversy over NATO membership"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. April 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Bush+stirs+controversy+over+NATO+membership&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F04%2F01%2Fukraine.analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGottemoeller2007" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rose_Gottemoeller" title="Rose Gottemoeller">Gottemoeller, Rose</a> (June 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10741255">"Strained Russian Relations Greet Bush in Europe"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i> (Interview). Interviewed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Siegel" title="Robert Siegel">Robert Siegel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Strained+Russian+Relations+Greet+Bush+in+Europe&rft.date=2007-06-05&rft.aulast=Gottemoeller&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D10741255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHalpin2007" class="citation news cs1">Halpin, Tony (October 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706163319/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2673546.ece">"Vladimir Putin pledges to complete Iranian nuclear reactor"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2673546.ece">the original</a> on July 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Vladimir+Putin+pledges+to+complete+Iranian+nuclear+reactor&rft.date=2007-10-17&rft.aulast=Halpin&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Farticle2673546.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071017.html">"White House Transcript of 17 October 2007 Press Conference"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. October 17, 2007 – via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=White+House+Transcript+of+17+October+2007+Press+Conference&rft.date=2007-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2007%2F10%2F20071017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7064428.stm">"Putin compares US shield to Cuba"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. October 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Putin+compares+US+shield+to+Cuba&rft.date=2007-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7064428.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7496399.stm">"Russia warns over US-Czech shield"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. July 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+warns+over+US-Czech+shield&rft.date=2008-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7496399.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/No_permanent_foreign_inspectors_in_US-Czech_radar_talks_minister_999.html">"No permanent foreign inspectors in US-Czech radar talks: minister"</a>. spacedaily.com. May 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+permanent+foreign+inspectors+in+US-Czech+radar+talks%3A+minister&rft.date=2008-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedaily.com%2Freports%2FNo_permanent_foreign_inspectors_in_US-Czech_radar_talks_minister_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAndrusz2008" class="citation news cs1">Andrusz, Katya (August 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022121349/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6kOsE60Adag&refer=home">"Poland Gets U.S. Military Aid in Missile-Shield Deal"</a>. Bloomberg.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6kOsE60Adag&refer=home">the original</a> on October 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Poland+Gets+U.S.+Military+Aid+in+Missile-Shield+Deal&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft.aulast=Andrusz&rft.aufirst=Katya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3Da6kOsE60Adag%26refer%3Dhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022031242/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-15-bush-georgia_N.htm">"Bush hits Russia on 'bullying and intimidation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. August 15, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-15-bush-georgia_N.htm">the original</a> on October 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Bush+hits+Russia+on+%27bullying+and+intimidation%27&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2008-08-15-bush-georgia_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2009" class="citation news cs1">Cooper, Helene (April 1, 2009). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/world/europe/02arms.html?_r=1&hp">"Promises of 'Fresh Start' for U.S.-Russia Relations"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Promises+of+%27Fresh+Start%27+for+U.S.-Russia+Relations&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F04%2F02%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F02arms.html%3F_r%3D1%26hp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321182018/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1971651,00.html">"U.S.-Russia Relations: In Need of a New Reset"</a>. <i>Time</i>. March 16, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1971651,00.html">the original</a> on March 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=U.S.-Russia+Relations%3A+In+Need+of+a+New+Reset&rft.date=2010-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1971651%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/07/07/obama.moscow/">"Obama: U.S. wants strong, peaceful Russia"</a>. CNN. July 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%3A+U.S.+wants+strong%2C+peaceful+Russia&rft.date=2009-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FPOLITICS%2F07%2F07%2Fobama.moscow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel2009" class="citation news cs1">Spiegel, Peter (July 25, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124848246032580581">"Biden Says Weakened Russia Will Bend to U.S."</a> <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Biden+Says+Weakened+Russia+Will+Bend+to+U.S.&rft.date=2009-07-25&rft.aulast=Spiegel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB124848246032580581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBakerEllen_Barry2010" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Peter; Ellen Barry (March 24, 2010). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/europe/25start.html">"Russia and U.S. Report Breakthrough on Arms"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+and+U.S.+Report+Breakthrough+on+Arms&rft.date=2010-03-24&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Ellen+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F03%2F25%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F25start.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/a/biden_trip_to_moscow_putin_medvedev_human_rights/2333813.html">U.S. Vice President Meets Putin, Russian Opposition</a> March 10, 2011.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themoscowtimes.com/news/biden-opposes-3rd-putin-term-5538">Biden 'Opposes' 3rd Putin Term</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a>, March 11, 2011.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSteinhauer2020" class="citation news cs1">Steinhauer, Jennifer (December 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/15/us/politics/biden-russia-trump-putin.html">"Biden to Face a Confrontational Russia in a World Changed From His Time in Office"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Biden+to+Face+a+Confrontational+Russia+in+a+World+Changed+From+His+Time+in+Office&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.aulast=Steinhauer&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F12%2F15%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbiden-russia-trump-putin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/15/nato-libya-rasmussen-medvedev-criticism">"Nato rejects Russian claims of Libya mission creep"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 15 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nato+rejects+Russian+claims+of+Libya+mission+creep&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fapr%2F15%2Fnato-libya-rasmussen-medvedev-criticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin">West in "medieval crusade" on Gaddafi: Putin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110323111540/http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/article979191.ece/West-in-mediaeval-crusade-on-Gaddafi--Putin">Archived</a> 23 March 2011 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Times_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times (South Africa)">The Times</a></i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>). 21 March 2011.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHerszenhornEllen_Barry2011" class="citation news cs1">Herszenhorn, David M.; Ellen Barry (December 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/09/world/europe/putin-accuses-clinton-of-instigating-russian-protests.html">"Putin Contends Clinton Incited Unrest Over Vote"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Putin+Contends+Clinton+Incited+Unrest+Over+Vote&rft.date=2011-12-08&rft.aulast=Herszenhorn&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Ellen+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2F09%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fputin-accuses-clinton-of-instigating-russian-protests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Braun2012-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Braun2012_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBraun2012" class="citation journal cs1">Braun, Aurel (2012). "Resetting Russian–Eastern European relations for the 21st century". <i>Communist and Post-Communist Studies</i>. <b>45</b> (3–4): 389–400. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2012.07.009">10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.07.009</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-067X">0967-067X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communist+and+Post-Communist+Studies&rft.atitle=Resetting+Russian%E2%80%93Eastern+European+relations+for+the+21st+century&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=389-400&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2012.07.009&rft.issn=0967-067X&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Aurel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ratti2013-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ratti2013_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRatti2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ratti, Luca (2013). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Resetting' NATO–Russia Relations: A Realist Appraisal Two Decades after the USSR". <i>The Journal of Slavic Military Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 141–161. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518046.2013.779845">10.1080/13518046.2013.779845</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1351-8046">1351-8046</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145351757">145351757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Slavic+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Resetting%27+NATO%E2%80%93Russia+Relations%3A+A+Realist+Appraisal+Two+Decades+after+the+USSR&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-161&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145351757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1351-8046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13518046.2013.779845&rft.aulast=Ratti&rft.aufirst=Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/14/barack-obama-syria-chemical-weapons-deal">Obama welcomes Syria chemical weapons deal but retains strikes option</a> The Guardian, September 14, 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/syria-chemical-weapons-attacks-2016-8">Obama's biggest achievement in Syria fell short — and Assad is rubbing it in his face</a> Business Insider, August 28, 2016.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-obexit-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obexit_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/07/world/europe/europeans-view-obamas-exit-with-a-mix-of-admiration-and-regret.html">"Europeans View Obama's Exit With a Mix of Admiration and Regret"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. November 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Europeans+View+Obama%27s+Exit+With+a+Mix+of+Admiration+and+Regret&rft.date=2016-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F11%2F07%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Feuropeans-view-obamas-exit-with-a-mix-of-admiration-and-regret.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-kerrystarter-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kerrystarter_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kerrystarter_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/03/222721.htm">Interview With David Gregory of NBC's Meet the Press</a> March 2, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/a/russias-stake-in-iran-nuclear-deal/2867710.html">Russia's Stake in Iran Nuclear Deal</a> VOA, July 18, 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHeintzLiudas_Dapkus2012" class="citation news cs1">Heintz, Jim; Liudas Dapkus (May 3, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/03/russian-military-ups-ante-on-missile-defense/">"Russia's military threatens pre-emptive strike if NATO goes ahead with missile plan"</a>. Fox News. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504030958/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/03/russian-military-ups-ante-on-missile-defense/">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+military+threatens+pre-emptive+strike+if+NATO+goes+ahead+with+missile+plan&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft.aulast=Heintz&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Liudas+Dapkus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2F05%2F03%2Frussian-military-ups-ante-on-missile-defense%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGertz2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Gertz" title="Bill Gertz">Gertz, Bill</a> (August 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freebeacon.com/putins-july-4th-message/">"Putin's July 4th Message:Russian nuclear-capable bombers intercepted near West Coast in second U.S. air defense zone intrusion in two weeks"</a>. The Washington Free Beacon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710172010/http://freebeacon.com/national-security/putins-july-4th-message/">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+July+4th+Message%3ARussian+nuclear-capable+bombers+intercepted+near+West+Coast+in+second+U.S.+air+defense+zone+intrusion+in+two+weeks&rft.date=2012-08-06&rft.aulast=Gertz&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreebeacon.com%2Fputins-july-4th-message%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGertz2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Gertz" title="Bill Gertz">Gertz, Bill</a> (August 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freebeacon.com/national-security/silent-running/">"Silent Running"</a>. Free Beacon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Silent+Running&rft.date=2012-08-14&rft.aulast=Gertz&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreebeacon.com%2Fnational-security%2Fsilent-running%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Dunham2012" class="citation news cs1">Richard Dunham (August 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/2012/08/red-october-redux-john-cornyn-demands-answers-from-pentagon-on-russian-sub-in-gulf/">"Red October redux? John Cornyn demands answers from Pentagon on Russian sub in Gulf of Mexico (UPDATED)"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>. Hearst Communications Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Red+October+redux%3F+John+Cornyn+demands+answers+from+Pentagon+on+Russian+sub+in+Gulf+of+Mexico+%28UPDATED%29&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft.au=Richard+Dunham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.chron.com%2Ftxpotomac%2F2012%2F08%2Fred-october-redux-john-cornyn-demands-answers-from-pentagon-on-russian-sub-in-gulf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CNN_News_Network-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_News_Network_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/28/world/europe/russia-us-adoptions/index.html?iref=allsearch">"Russia's Putin signs anti-U.S. adoption bill"</a>. CNN News Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Putin+signs+anti-U.S.+adoption+bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F12%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-us-adoptions%2Findex.html%3Firef%3Dallsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-freebeacon-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freebeacon_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freebeacon_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freebeacon_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGertz2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Gertz" title="Bill Gertz">Gertz, Bill</a> (February 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freebeacon.com/bear-bombers-over-guam/">"Bear Bombers Over Guam"</a>. Washington Free Beacon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bear+Bombers+Over+Guam&rft.pub=Washington+Free+Beacon&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Gertz&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreebeacon.com%2Fbear-bombers-over-guam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-foxairforceconfirms-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foxairforceconfirms_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foxairforceconfirms_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foxairforceconfirms_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/02/16/nuclear-armed-russian-jets-reportedly-circled-us-territory-guam/">"Air Force confirms Russian jets circled US territory of Guam"</a>. Fox News. February 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Air+Force+confirms+Russian+jets+circled+US+territory+of+Guam&rft.date=2013-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2013%2F02%2F16%2Fnuclear-armed-russian-jets-reportedly-circled-us-territory-guam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bayanihan. Science and Technology. December 27, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bayanihan.org/2013/12/27/putin-russia-begins-deployment-of-new-silo-based-missile-system/">Putin: Russia begins deployment of new silo-based missile system</a> December 27, 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2014" class="citation web cs1">Schwartz, Paul N. (October 16, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csis.org/publication/russian-inf-treaty-violations-assessment-and-response">"Russian INF Treaty Violations: Assessment and Response"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+INF+Treaty+Violations%3A+Assessment+and+Response&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsis.org%2Fpublication%2Frussian-inf-treaty-violations-assessment-and-response&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nytcruise-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytcruise_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytcruise_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2014" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Michael R. (July 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/29/world/europe/us-says-russia-tested-cruise-missile-in-violation-of-treaty.html">"U.S. Says Russia Tested Cruise Missile, Violating Treaty"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Says+Russia+Tested+Cruise+Missile%2C+Violating+Treaty&rft.date=2014-07-28&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F07%2F29%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fus-says-russia-tested-cruise-missile-in-violation-of-treaty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guardcr-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardcr_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/04/us-russia-era-nuclear-rivalry">"US and Russia in danger of returning to era of nuclear rivalry"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. UK. January 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+and+Russia+in+danger+of+returning+to+era+of+nuclear+rivalry&rft.date=2015-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjan%2F04%2Fus-russia-era-nuclear-rivalry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rg.ru/2014/11/27/mbr-site-anons.html">Испытания новой МБР завершатся в декабре</a> Rossiyskaya Gazeta, December 27, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201503290853-78tu.htm">Убийца ПРО «Рубеж» выходит на позиции: последнее предупреждение США</a> TV Zvezda, April 27, 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-inffailure-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inffailure_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2015" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Michael R. (June 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/06/world/europe/us-says-russia-fails-to-correct-violation-of-landmark-1987-arms-control-deal.html?_r=0">"U.S. Says Russia Failed to Correct Violation of Landmark 1987 Arms Control Deal"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. US<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Says+Russia+Failed+to+Correct+Violation+of+Landmark+1987+Arms+Control+Deal&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F06%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fus-says-russia-fails-to-correct-violation-of-landmark-1987-arms-control-deal.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suné von Solms and Renier van Heerden. "The Consequences of Edward Snowden NSA Related Information Disclosures." <i>Iccws 2015–The Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security</i> (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Renier_Van_Heerden/publication/275019554_The_Consequences_of_Edward_Snowden_NSA_Related_Information_Disclosures/links/552e6e1c0cf22d43716e4e19.pdf">online</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez2013" class="citation news cs1">Sanchez, Raf (August 7, 2013). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/10228529/Barack-Obama-cancels-meeting-with-Vladimir-Putin-over-Edward-Snowden.html">"Barack Obama cancels meeting with Vladimir Putin over Edward Snowden"</a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/10228529/Barack-Obama-cancels-meeting-with-Vladimir-Putin-over-Edward-Snowden.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+cancels+meeting+with+Vladimir+Putin+over+Edward+Snowden&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Raf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fbarackobama%2F10228529%2FBarack-Obama-cancels-meeting-with-Vladimir-Putin-over-Edward-Snowden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47362#.WBN3i7MprtU">UN Security Council action on Crimea referendum blocked</a> UN web site.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/world/20161216/1483787225.html">Экс-премьер Украины Азаров назвал "кураторов" переворота на Украине</a> RIA Novosti, December 16, 2016.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFновостей" class="citation web cs1">новостей, Независимое бюро. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161217115119/http://nbnews.com.ua/ru/news/193223/">"Независимое бюро новостей - Суд в РФ по "перевороту" в Украине допросил Азарова, Клюева, Захарченко и Якименко"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbnews.com.ua/ru/news/193223/">the original</a> on December 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+-+%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%22%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%22+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft.aulast=%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.aufirst=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbnews.com.ua%2Fru%2Fnews%2F193223%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kommersant.ru/doc/2636177">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Интересы РФ и США в отношении Украины несовместимы друг с другом": Глава Stratfor Джордж Фридман о первопричинах украинского кризиса"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a></i>. December 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kommersant&rft.atitle=%22%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8B+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3+%D1%81+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%22%3A+%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+Stratfor+%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6+%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F2636177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/george-friedman-russia-is-winning-the-internet-2016-4">"George Friedman: Russia is winning the internet"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>. April 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=George+Friedman%3A+Russia+is+winning+the+internet&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fgeorge-friedman-russia-is-winning-the-internet-2016-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSmaleShear2014" class="citation news cs1">Smale, Alison; Shear, Michael D. (March 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/world/europe/obama-russia-crimea.html">"Russia Is Ousted From Group of 8 by U.S. and Allies"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+Is+Ousted+From+Group+of+8+by+U.S.+and+Allies&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft.aulast=Smale&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Shear%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F25%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fobama-russia-crimea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CNN.com-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNN.com_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN.com_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/24/politics/obama-europe-trip/index.html">"U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8"</a>. CNN.com. March 24, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.%2C+other+powers+kick+Russia+out+of+G8&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F03%2F24%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-europe-trip%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/russia-temporarily-kicked-out-of-g8-club-of-rich-countries-2014-3">"Russia Suspended From G8 Club Of Rich Countries"</a>. Business Insider. March 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+Suspended+From+G8+Club+Of+Rich+Countries&rft.pub=Business+Insider&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Frussia-temporarily-kicked-out-of-g8-club-of-rich-countries-2014-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nothreat-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nothreat_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/25/barack-obama-russia-regional-power-ukraine-weakness">"Barack Obama: Russia is a regional power showing weakness over Ukraine"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. March 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%3A+Russia+is+a+regional+power+showing+weakness+over+Ukraine&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fmar%2F25%2Fbarack-obama-russia-regional-power-ukraine-weakness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/51155">Интервью немецкому изданию Bild. Часть 2</a> Kremlin.Ru, January 12, 2016.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFInterfax2016" class="citation web cs1">Interfax (January 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rbth.com/news/2016/01/12/putin-disagrees-with-obama-over-russias-regional-status-us-exceptionalism_558563">"Putin disagrees with Obama over Russia's regional status, US exceptionalism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putin+disagrees+with+Obama+over+Russia%27s+regional+status%2C+US+exceptionalism&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft.au=Interfax&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frbth.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F01%2F12%2Fputin-disagrees-with-obama-over-russias-regional-status-us-exceptionalism_558563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-obamaignorant-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obamaignorant_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/2016/11/26/global-conversation-exclusive-interview-with-european-commission-president-jean">"Exclusive Interview with European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker"</a>. Euronews<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exclusive+Interview+with+European+Commission+President+Jean-Claude+Juncker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2016%2F11%2F26%2Fglobal-conversation-exclusive-interview-with-european-commission-president-jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RussiaSanctions-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RussiaSanctions_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729213119/http://www.russianews.net/index.php/sid/223870415/scat/723971d98160d438/ht/Russia-warns-new-US-sanctions-will-return-ties-to-Cold-War-era">"Russia warns new US sanctions will return ties to Cold War era"</a>. Russia News.Net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianews.net/index.php/sid/223870415/scat/723971d98160d438/ht/Russia-warns-new-US-sanctions-will-return-ties-to-Cold-War-era">the original</a> on July 29, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+warns+new+US+sanctions+will+return+ties+to+Cold+War+era&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianews.net%2Findex.php%2Fsid%2F223870415%2Fscat%2F723971d98160d438%2Fht%2FRussia-warns-new-US-sanctions-will-return-ties-to-Cold-War-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/18/statement-president-ukraine-freedom-support-act">Statement by the President on the Ukraine Freedom Support Act</a>, December 18, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Support-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Support_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2014" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Peter (December 16, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/world/europe/obama-signing-russia-ukraine-sanctions-bill.html?_r=0">"Obama Signals Support for New U.S. Sanctions to Pressure Russian Economy"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+Signals+Support+for+New+U.S.+Sanctions+to+Pressure+Russian+Economy&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F12%2F17%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fobama-signing-russia-ukraine-sanctions-bill.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CrimSanct-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CrimSanct_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30560941">"Ukraine crisis: Russia defies fresh Western sanctions"</a>. BBC. December 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ukraine+crisis%3A+Russia+defies+fresh+Western+sanctions&rft.date=2014-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-30560941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKoren2014" class="citation news cs1">Koren, Marina (December 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101021407/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/how-2014-became-the-worst-year-in-u-s-russia-relations-since-the-cold-war-20141231">"How 2014 Became the Worst Year in U.S.-Russia Relations Since the Cold War"</a>. <i>National Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/how-2014-became-the-worst-year-in-u-s-russia-relations-since-the-cold-war-20141231">the original</a> on January 1, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Journal&rft.atitle=How+2014+Became+the+Worst+Year+in+U.S.-Russia+Relations+Since+the+Cold+War&rft.date=2014-12-31&rft.aulast=Koren&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaljournal.com%2Fpolitics%2Fhow-2014-became-the-worst-year-in-u-s-russia-relations-since-the-cold-war-20141231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerBogdanichHabermanProtess2019" class="citation news cs1">Becker, Jo; Bogdanich, Walt; Haberman, Maggie; Protess, Ben (November 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/us/giuliani-ukraine-oligarchs.html">"Why Giuliani Singled Out 2 Ukrainian Oligarchs to Help Look for Dirt"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Giuliani+Singled+Out+2+Ukrainian+Oligarchs+to+Help+Look+for+Dirt&rft.date=2019-11-25&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft.au=Bogdanich%2C+Walt&rft.au=Haberman%2C+Maggie&rft.au=Protess%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F11%2F25%2Fus%2Fgiuliani-ukraine-oligarchs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-lavrov-idUKKCN0S810P20151014?mod=related&channelName=worldNews">"Russia's Lavrov says Washington declines deeper military talks on Syria"</a>. <i>NEWSru</i>. October 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NEWSru&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Lavrov+says+Washington+declines+deeper+military+talks+on+Syria&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-lavrov-idUKKCN0S810P20151014%3Fmod%3Drelated%26channelName%3DworldNews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsru.com/russia/14oct2015/lavrov.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Это обидно": Лавров сообщил, что США отказались принять делегацию РФ для обсуждения сирийского кризиса"</a>. <i>NEWSru</i>. October 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NEWSru&rft.atitle=%22%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%22%3A+%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BB%2C+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsru.com%2Frussia%2F14oct2015%2Flavrov.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-obamadamage-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obamadamage_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia/2016/11/17/af64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html">"Kremlin: Obama team trying to damage ties with Russia"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. November 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Kremlin%3A+Obama+team+trying+to+damage+ties+with+Russia&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fkremlin-obama-team-trying-to-damage-ties-with-russia%2F2016%2F11%2F17%2Faf64d55a-acd6-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|archive-niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger=</code> ignored (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/53379">"Послание Президента Федеральному Собранию"</a>. December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkremlin.ru%2Fevents%2Fpresident%2Fnews%2F53379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guardordered-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardordered_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/09/us-election-hacking-russia-barack-obama-review">"Barack Obama orders 'full review' of possible Russian hacking in US election"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. December 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+orders+%27full+review%27+of+possible+Russian+hacking+in+US+election&rft.date=2016-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2016%2Fdec%2F09%2Fus-election-hacking-russia-barack-obama-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wpcollision-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wpcollision_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-cia-on-collision-course-over-russias-role-in-us-election/2016/12/10/ad01556c-bf01-11e6-91ee-1adddfe36cbe_story.html">"Trump, CIA on collision course over Russia's role in U.S. election"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. December 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump%2C+CIA+on+collision+course+over+Russia%27s+role+in+U.S.+election&rft.date=2016-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-cia-on-collision-course-over-russias-role-in-us-election%2F2016%2F12%2F10%2Fad01556c-bf01-11e6-91ee-1adddfe36cbe_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bbcpromo-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcpromo_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38273933">"Russia 'intervened to promote Trump' - US intelligence"</a>. BBC. December 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+%27intervened+to+promote+Trump%27+-+US+intelligence&rft.date=2016-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-38273933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bbcrej-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcrej_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38282533">"Donald Trump rejects CIA Russia hacking report"</a>. BBC. December 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+rejects+CIA+Russia+hacking+report&rft.date=2016-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-38282533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-indeptrans-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indeptrans_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-russia-us-election-intervene-hacks-cyberattacks-dnc-podesta-emails-leak-help-victory-a7466986.html">"Donald Trump's transition team dismisses CIA findings Russia attempted to influence US election in his favour"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. December 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump%27s+transition+team+dismisses+CIA+findings+Russia+attempted+to+influence+US+election+in+his+favour&rft.date=2016-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fdonald-trump-russia-us-election-intervene-hacks-cyberattacks-dnc-podesta-emails-leak-help-victory-a7466986.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-amychozick-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amychozick_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChozick2016" class="citation cs2">Chozick, Amy (December 17, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/16/us/politics/hillary-clinton-russia-fbi-comey.html">"Clinton Says 'Personal Beef' by Putin Led to Hacking Attacks"</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, p. A12<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Clinton+Says+%27Personal+Beef%27+by+Putin+Led+to+Hacking+Attacks&rft.pages=A12&rft.date=2016-12-17&rft.aulast=Chozick&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F16%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fhillary-clinton-russia-fbi-comey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-abdullah-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abdullah_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullah2016" class="citation cs2">Abdullah, Halimah (December 16, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/hillary-clinton-singles-out-putin-comey-election-loss-n696991">"Hillary Clinton Singles Out Putin, Comey in Election Loss"</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Hillary+Clinton+Singles+Out+Putin%2C+Comey+in+Election+Loss&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.aulast=Abdullah&rft.aufirst=Halimah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Fhillary-clinton-singles-out-putin-comey-election-loss-n696991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tamarakeith-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tamarakeith_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2016" class="citation cs2">Keith, Tamara (December 16, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2016/12/16/505858615/in-leaked-remarks-hillary-clinton-explains-putins-beef-with-her">"In Leaked Remarks, Hillary Clinton Explains Putin's 'Beef' With Her"</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=In+Leaked+Remarks%2C+Hillary+Clinton+Explains+Putin%27s+%27Beef%27+With+Her&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F12%2F16%2F505858615%2Fin-leaked-remarks-hillary-clinton-explains-putins-beef-with-her&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELourie2017back_flap-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELourie2017back_flap_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLourie2017">Lourie 2017</a>, back flap.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guarretal-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guarretal_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/16/obama-retaliation-russia-hacking-us-election">"Barack Obama promises retaliation against Russia over hacking during US election"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. December 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+promises+retaliation+against+Russia+over+hacking+during+US+election&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2016%2Fdec%2F16%2Fobama-retaliation-russia-hacking-us-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nooptions-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nooptions_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/us/politics/obama-putin-russia-hacking-us-elections.html?_r=0">"Obama Confronts Complexity of Using a Mighty Cyberarsenal Against Russia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. December 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+Confronts+Complexity+of+Using+a+Mighty+Cyberarsenal+Against+Russia&rft.date=2016-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F17%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-putin-russia-hacking-us-elections.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2580498">Comment by Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Maria Zakharova on new US National Defence Authorisation Act</a> December 27, 2016.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38473240">Russia-US row: Trump praises Putin amid hacking expulsions</a> BBC, December 31, 2016.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/obama-administration-announces-measures-to-punish-russia-for-2016-election-interference/2016/12/29/311db9d6-cdde-11e6-a87f-b917067331bb_story.html">Obama administration announces measures to punish Russia for 2016 election interference</a> <i>The Washington Post</i>, December 29, 2016.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2017" class="citation news cs1">Feldman, Brian (January 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/selectall/2017/01/report-high-confidence-russia-interfered-with-u-s-election.html">"DNI Report: High Confidence Russia Interfered With U.S. Election"</a>. <i>nymag.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nymag.com&rft.atitle=DNI+Report%3A+High+Confidence+Russia+Interfered+With+U.S.+Election&rft.date=2017-01-06&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fselectall%2F2017%2F01%2Freport-high-confidence-russia-interfered-with-u-s-election.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBoggioni2022" class="citation news cs1">Boggioni, Tom (August 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rawstory.com/trump-manafort-russians/">"Paul Manafort admits sharing info with the Russians during 2016 Trump campaign"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paul+Manafort+admits+sharing+info+with+the+Russians+during+2016+Trump+campaign&rft.date=2022-08-08&rft.aulast=Boggioni&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rawstory.com%2Ftrump-manafort-russians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-holdsummit-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holdsummit_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-hold-historic-telephone-call/">"Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin ready to hold summit following historic phone call"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. January 28, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-hold-historic-telephone-call/">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+and+Vladimir+Putin+ready+to+hold+summit+following+historic+phone+call&rft.date=2017-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F01%2F28%2Fdonald-trump-vladimir-putin-hold-historic-telephone-call%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38786199">"Trump and Putin make counter-terror top priority in first call"</a>. BBC. January 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+and+Putin+make+counter-terror+top+priority+in+first+call&rft.date=2017-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-38786199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar2017" class="citation web cs1">Majumdar, Dave (February 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-dangerous-nuclear-forces-are-back-19442">"Russia's Dangerous Nuclear Forces are Back"</a>. <i>The National Interest</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Dangerous+Nuclear+Forces+are+Back&rft.date=2017-02-15&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-buzz%2Frussias-dangerous-nuclear-forces-are-back-19442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-missiles-idUSKBN16F23V">U.S. general says Russia deploys cruise missile, threatens NATO</a> Reuters, March 8, 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/1144598/statement-from-pentagon-spokesman-capt-jeff-davis-on-us-strike-in-syria">"Statement from Pentagon Spokesman Capt. Jeff Davis on U.S. strike in S"</a> (Press release). U.S. Department of Defense<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+from+Pentagon+Spokesman+Capt.+Jeff+Davis+on+U.S.+strike+in+S&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Defense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FNews%2FNews-Releases%2FNews-Release-View%2FArticle%2F1144598%2Fstatement-from-pentagon-spokesman-capt-jeff-davis-on-us-strike-in-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cnn-1-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn-1_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStarrDiamond2017" class="citation web cs1">Starr, Barbara; Diamond, Jeremy (April 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407021906/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html">"Trump launches military strike against Syria"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/06/politics/donald-trump-syria-military/index.html">the original</a> on April 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trump+launches+military+strike+against+Syria&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F04%2F06%2Fpolitics%2Fdonald-trump-syria-military%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bbc-1-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-1_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407022056/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39523654">"Syria war: US launches missile strikes following chemical 'attack'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. April 7, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39523654">the original</a> on April 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+war%3A+US+launches+missile+strikes+following+chemical+%27attack%27&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-39523654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Julian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.com/politics/939920">"Putin calls US strikes against Syria 'aggression against sovereign country'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_News_Agency_TASS" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian News Agency TASS">TASS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putin+calls+US+strikes+against+Syria+%27aggression+against+sovereign+country%27&rft.pub=TASS&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fpolitics%2F939920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMorello_and_Filipov2017" class="citation news cs1">Morello and Filipov (April 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-moscow-tillerson-seeks-to-move-russia-away-from-syrian-alliance/2017/04/11/adb6f8ed-4712-493e-927e-40574ab3cdb6_story.html">"Tillerson brings tough line to Moscow over Russia's backing for Syrian regime"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Tillerson+brings+tough+line+to+Moscow+over+Russia%27s+backing+for+Syrian+regime&rft.date=2017-04-11&rft.au=Morello+and+Filipov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fin-moscow-tillerson-seeks-to-move-russia-away-from-syrian-alliance%2F2017%2F04%2F11%2Fadb6f8ed-4712-493e-927e-40574ab3cdb6_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsru.com/russia/07apr2017/mdvdintrump.html">Медведев объявил, что разгромом военной базы в Сирии США поставили себя "на грань боевых столкновений с Россией"</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NEWSru" title="NEWSru">NEWSru</a>, April 7, 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-us-air-strikes-syria-russia-within-inch-military-clash-war-dmitry-medvedev-prime-minister-a7672791.html">"Russia says US air strikes in Syria came 'within an inch' of military clash with their forces"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Russia+says+US+air+strikes+in+Syria+came+%27within+an+inch%27+of+military+clash+with+their+forces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Frussia-us-air-strikes-syria-russia-within-inch-military-clash-war-dmitry-medvedev-prime-minister-a7672791.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMoscow2017" class="citation news cs1">Moscow, Julian Borger Alec Luhn in (April 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/12/us-russia-relations-tillerson-moscow-press-conference">"Donald Trump says US relations with Russia 'may be at all-time low'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+says+US+relations+with+Russia+%27may+be+at+all-time+low%27&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft.aulast=Moscow&rft.aufirst=Julian+Borger+Alec+Luhn+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2017%2Fapr%2F12%2Fus-russia-relations-tillerson-moscow-press-conference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/politics/20170531/1495484425.html">Отношения России и США застыли не только в сфере политики, считает Ушаков</a> RIA Novosti, May 31, 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/world/20170602/1495666348.html">Путин назвал отношения России и США худшими со времен холодной войны</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a>, June 2, 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rg.ru/2017/06/13/ssha-vpervye-ne-napravili-v-posolstvo-rf-pozdravlenie-s-dnem-rossii.html">США впервые не направили в посольство РФ поздравление с Днем России</a> Rossiyskaya Gazeta, June 13, 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/news/2017/06/15/694544-ssha-ne-peredavali-pozdravleniya">Захарова: США не передавали официального поздравления с Днем России</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vedomosti" title="Vedomosti">Vedomosti</a>, June 15, 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.ru/politika/4337950">Захарова: Москва так и не получила от Вашингтона поздравление с Днем России</a> TASS, June 15, 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russia-insider.com/en/politics/spineless-trump-first-potus-not-congratulate-russian-holiday-25-years/ri20103">"Spineless Trump First POTUS Not to Congratulate Russian Holiday in 25 Years"</a>. June 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spineless+Trump+First+POTUS+Not+to+Congratulate+Russian+Holiday+in+25+Years&rft.date=2017-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussia-insider.com%2Fen%2Fpolitics%2Fspineless-trump-first-potus-not-congratulate-russian-holiday-25-years%2Fri20103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2017/04/21/news/companies/trump-exxon-russia-sanctions/index.html">"The Trump administration has denied ExxonMobil permission to bypass sanctions to drill for oil in Russia"</a>. CNN. April 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Trump+administration+has+denied+ExxonMobil+permission+to+bypass+sanctions+to+drill+for+oil+in+Russia.&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2017%2F04%2F21%2Fnews%2Fcompanies%2Ftrump-exxon-russia-sanctions%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/us-treasury-accuses-exxon-violating-russian-sanctions/28629213.html">Exxon Mobil Sues U.S. Over Penalty For Post-Sanctions Russian Deal</a>". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). July 20, 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHirschfeld_Davis2017" class="citation news cs1">Hirschfeld Davis, Julie (May 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/us/politics/trump-russia-meeting-american-reporters-blocked.html">"Trump Bars U.S. Press, but Not Russia's, at Meeting With Russian Officials"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Bars+U.S.+Press%2C+but+Not+Russia%27s%2C+at+Meeting+With+Russian+Officials&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft.aulast=Hirschfeld+Davis&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F05%2F10%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-russia-meeting-american-reporters-blocked.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NYRosenberg-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYRosenberg_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbergSchmitt2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matthew_Rosenberg" title="Matthew Rosenberg">Rosenberg, Matthew</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eric_P._Schmitt" title="Eric P. Schmitt">Schmitt, Eric</a> (May 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515224247/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html">"Trump Revealed Highly Classified Intelligence to Russia, in Break With Ally, Officials Say"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. A1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/us/politics/trump-russia-classified-information-isis.html">the original</a> on May 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Revealed+Highly+Classified+Intelligence+to+Russia%2C+in+Break+With+Ally%2C+Officials+Say&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F05%2F15%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-russia-classified-information-isis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WashingtonPost-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WashingtonPost_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMillerJaffe" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Greg; Jaffe, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-revealed-highly-classified-information-to-russian-foreign-minister-and-ambassador/2017/05/15/530c172a-3960-11e7-9e48-c4f199710b69_story.html">"Trump revealed highly classified information to Russian foreign minister and ambassador"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+revealed+highly+classified+information+to+Russian+foreign+minister+and+ambassador&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Jaffe%2C+Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Ftrump-revealed-highly-classified-information-to-russian-foreign-minister-and-ambassador%2F2017%2F05%2F15%2F530c172a-3960-11e7-9e48-c4f199710b69_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPegues2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeff_Pegues" title="Jeff Pegues">Pegues, Jeff</a> (May 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-officials-call-trumps-disclosure-serious/">"Former officials call Trump's disclosure 'serious'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+officials+call+Trump%27s+disclosure+%27serious%27&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft.aulast=Pegues&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fformer-officials-call-trumps-disclosure-serious%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-buzzfeed1-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-buzzfeed1_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDalrympleLeopold2017" class="citation news cs1">Dalrymple, Jim, II; Leopold, Jason (May 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimdalrympleii/trump-highly-classified-information-russians">"Trump Revealed Highly Classified Information To Russians During White House Visit"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BuzzFeed" title="BuzzFeed">BuzzFeed</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+Revealed+Highly+Classified+Information+To+Russians+During+White+House+Visit&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=Jim%2C+II&rft.au=Leopold%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeed.com%2Fjimdalrympleii%2Ftrump-highly-classified-information-russians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWilner2017" class="citation news cs1">Wilner, Michael (July 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/American-Politics/Trump-calls-on-Putin-to-distance-Russia-from-Syria-and-Iran-498972">"Trump Calls on Putin to Distance Russia from Syria and Iran"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+Calls+on+Putin+to+Distance+Russia+from+Syria+and+Iran&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.aulast=Wilner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FAmerican-Politics%2FTrump-calls-on-Putin-to-distance-Russia-from-Syria-and-Iran-498972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCassidy2017" class="citation news cs1">Cassidy, John (July 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/the-trump-putin-bromance-is-back-on">"The Trump-Putin Bromance is Back On"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Trump-Putin+Bromance+is+Back+On&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fjohn-cassidy%2Fthe-trump-putin-bromance-is-back-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSampathkumar2017" class="citation news cs1">Sampathkumar, Mythili (July 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world-0/us-politics/trump-putin-meeting-time-spent-hours-minutes-scheduled-us-russia-g20-hamburg-latest-a7829771.html">"Donald Trump's meeting with Vladimir Putin lasts more than 2 hours after being scheduled for 30 minutes"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump%27s+meeting+with+Vladimir+Putin+lasts+more+than+2+hours+after+being+scheduled+for+30+minutes&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft.aulast=Sampathkumar&rft.aufirst=Mythili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-0%2Fus-politics%2Ftrump-putin-meeting-time-spent-hours-minutes-scheduled-us-russia-g20-hamburg-latest-a7829771.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDeYoung2018" class="citation news cs1">DeYoung, Karen (June 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-trump-some-fear-the-end-of-the-world-order/2018/06/08/d6026dde-6b44-11e8-bf8c-f9ed2e672adf_story.html">"In Trump, some fear the end of the world order"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+Trump%2C+some+fear+the+end+of+the+world+order&rft.date=2018-06-09&rft.aulast=DeYoung&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Fin-trump-some-fear-the-end-of-the-world-order%2F2018%2F06%2F08%2Fd6026dde-6b44-11e8-bf8c-f9ed2e672adf_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-zurcher-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zurcher_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFZurcher2018" class="citation news cs1">Zurcher, Anthony (July 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44830012">"Trump-Putin summit: After Helsinki, the fallout at home"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC News Services<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Trump-Putin+summit%3A+After+Helsinki%2C+the+fallout+at+home&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft.aulast=Zurcher&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-44830012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCalamur2018" class="citation news cs1">Calamur, Krishnadev (July 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/07/trump-putin/565238/">"Trump Sides With the Kremlin, Against the U.S. Government"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Trump+Sides+With+the+Kremlin%2C+Against+the+U.S.+Government&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft.aulast=Calamur&rft.aufirst=Krishnadev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2018%2F07%2Ftrump-putin%2F565238%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/trump-u-s-russia-putin-meeting-ties-never-worse/29367445.html">Trump Hails Summit With Putin, Stirs Anger In Congress</a> Radio Liberty, July 16, 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/16/politics/john-mccain-statement-trump-putin-summit/index.html">"John McCain: Trump gave 'one of the most disgraceful performances by an American president in memory'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. July 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=John+McCain%3A+Trump+gave+%27one+of+the+most+disgraceful+performances+by+an+American+president+in+memory%27&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F07%2F16%2Fpolitics%2Fjohn-mccain-statement-trump-putin-summit%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/17/europe/trump-putin-summit-newspaper-reaction-intl/index.html">'Putin's poodle:' Newspapers around the world react to Trump-Putin meeting</a> CNN, July 17, 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20191221-trump-approves-sanctions-builders-of-russia-to-europe-gas-pipelines-energy-security-germany-turkey-eu">"Trump approves sanctions on builders of Russia-to-Europe gas pipelines"</a>. France24. December 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+approves+sanctions+on+builders+of+Russia-to-Europe+gas+pipelines&rft.date=2019-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20191221-trump-approves-sanctions-builders-of-russia-to-europe-gas-pipelines-energy-security-germany-turkey-eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50875935">"Nord Stream 2: Trump approves sanctions on Russia gas pipeline"</a>. BBC News. December 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nord+Stream+2%3A+Trump+approves+sanctions+on+Russia+gas+pipeline&rft.date=2019-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-50875935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germany-eu-decry-us-nord-stream-sanctions/a-51759319">"Germany, EU decry US Nord Stream sanctions"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. December 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Germany%2C+EU+decry+US+Nord+Stream+sanctions&rft.date=2019-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermany-eu-decry-us-nord-stream-sanctions%2Fa-51759319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/16/ukraine-and-russia-look-to-strike-gas-transit-deal.html?recirc=taboolainternal">"Ukraine and Russia look to strike new gas deal amid US sanctions threa"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>. December 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Ukraine+and+Russia+look+to+strike+new+gas+deal+amid+US+sanctions+threa&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F12%2F16%2Fukraine-and-russia-look-to-strike-gas-transit-deal.html%3Frecirc%3Dtaboolainternal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/27/russia-offered-bounties-afghanistan-militants-killing-us-soldiers-report-outrage">"Outrage mounts over report Russia offered bounties to Afghanistan militants for killing US soldiers"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. June 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Outrage+mounts+over+report+Russia+offered+bounties+to+Afghanistan+militants+for+killing+US+soldiers&rft.date=2020-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2020%2Fjun%2F27%2Frussia-offered-bounties-afghanistan-militants-killing-us-soldiers-report-outrage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/505804-why-we-need-a-little-skepticism-and-more-evidence-on-russian">"Why we need a little skepticism, and more evidence, on Russian bounties"</a>. <i>The Hill</i>. July 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Why+we+need+a+little+skepticism%2C+and+more+evidence%2C+on+Russian+bounties&rft.date=2020-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fopinion%2Fnational-security%2F505804-why-we-need-a-little-skepticism-and-more-evidence-on-russian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WaPo20200628-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo20200628_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo20200628_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo20200628_156-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNakashimaDeYoungRyanHudson2020" class="citation news cs1">Nakashima, Ellen; DeYoung, Karen; Ryan, Missy; Hudson, John (June 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/russian-bounties-to-taliban-linked-militants-resulted-in-deaths-of-us-troops-according-to-intelligence-assessments/2020/06/28/74ffaec2-b96a-11ea-80b9-40ece9a701dc_story.html">"Russian bounties to Taliban-linked militants resulted in deaths of U.S. troops, according to intelligence assessments"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russian+bounties+to+Taliban-linked+militants+resulted+in+deaths+of+U.S.+troops%2C+according+to+intelligence+assessments&rft.date=2020-06-28&rft.aulast=Nakashima&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=DeYoung%2C+Karen&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Missy&rft.au=Hudson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2Frussian-bounties-to-taliban-linked-militants-resulted-in-deaths-of-us-troops-according-to-intelligence-assessments%2F2020%2F06%2F28%2F74ffaec2-b96a-11ea-80b9-40ece9a701dc_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-abc-bounty-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abc-bounty_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc-bounty_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc-bounty_157-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/top-pentagon-officials-russian-bounty-program-corroborated/story?id=71694167">"Top Pentagon officials say Russian bounty program not corroborated"</a>. ABC News. July 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Top+Pentagon+officials+say+Russian+bounty+program+not+corroborated&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Ftop-pentagon-officials-russian-bounty-program-corroborated%2Fstory%3Fid%3D71694167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/defense/505568-house-panel-votes-to-constrain-afghan-drawdown-ask-for-assessment-on">"House panel votes to constrain Afghan drawdown, ask for assessment on 'incentives' to attack US troops"</a>. <i>The Hill</i>. July 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=House+panel+votes+to+constrain+Afghan+drawdown%2C+ask+for+assessment+on+%27incentives%27+to+attack+US+troops&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Fdefense%2F505568-house-panel-votes-to-constrain-afghan-drawdown-ask-for-assessment-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAxe2020" class="citation web cs1">Axe, David (September 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2020/09/25/us-air-force-b-52s-just-flew-a-mock-bombing-run-on-russias-baltic-fortress/">"U.S. Air Force B-52s Just Flew A Mock Bombing Run On Russia's Baltic Fortress"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=U.S.+Air+Force+B-52s+Just+Flew+A+Mock+Bombing+Run+On+Russia%27s+Baltic+Fortress&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft.aulast=Axe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdavidaxe%2F2020%2F09%2F25%2Fus-air-force-b-52s-just-flew-a-mock-bombing-run-on-russias-baltic-fortress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Withnall_Sengupta_1/12/2017-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Withnall_Sengupta_1/12/2017_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWithnallSengupta2017" class="citation web cs1">Withnall, Adam; Sengupta, Kim (January 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-russia-10-allegations-dossier-kremlin-michael-cohen-sex-claims-intelligence-reports-a7522056.html">"The 10 key Donald Trump allegations from the classified Russia memos"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+10+key+Donald+Trump+allegations+from+the+classified+Russia+memos&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.aulast=Withnall&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Sengupta%2C+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fdonald-trump-russia-10-allegations-dossier-kremlin-michael-cohen-sex-claims-intelligence-reports-a7522056.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bertrand_1/10/2017-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bertrand_1/10/2017_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBertrand2017" class="citation web cs1">Bertrand, Natasha (January 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russians-say-they-have-compromising-information-on-trump-2017-1">"Trump briefed on unverified claims that Russian operatives have compromising information on him"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Trump+briefed+on+unverified+claims+that+Russian+operatives+have+compromising+information+on+him&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft.aulast=Bertrand&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Frussians-say-they-have-compromising-information-on-trump-2017-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bergman_1/12/2017-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bergman_1/12/2017_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2017" class="citation news cs1">Bergman, Ronen (January 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4906642,00.html">"US intel sources warn Israel against sharing secrets with Trump administration"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ynetnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynetnews">Ynetnews</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=US+intel+sources+warn+Israel+against+sharing+secrets+with+Trump+administration&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Ronen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4906642%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-ukraine/trump-expects-russia-to-return-crimea-to-ukraine-white-house-idUSKBN15T2IY">"Trump expects Russia to return Crimea to Ukraine: White House"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. February 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump+expects+Russia+to+return+Crimea+to+Ukraine%3A+White+House&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-trump-russia-ukraine%2Ftrump-expects-russia-to-return-crimea-to-ukraine-white-house-idUSKBN15T2IY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/08/trump-putin-syria-attack-508223">"Trump blames Putin for backing 'Animal Assad'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. April 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Trump+blames+Putin+for+backing+%27Animal+Assad%27&rft.date=2018-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2018%2F04%2F08%2Ftrump-putin-syria-attack-508223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRamptonSobczak2017" class="citation news cs1">Rampton, Roberta; Sobczak, Pawel (July 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-usa-trump/trump-criticizes-russia-calls-for-defense-of-western-civilization-idUSKBN19R02Q">"Trump criticizes Russia, calls for defense of Western civilization"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump+criticizes+Russia%2C+calls+for+defense+of+Western+civilization&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.aulast=Rampton&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft.au=Sobczak%2C+Pawel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-poland-usa-trump%2Ftrump-criticizes-russia-calls-for-defense-of-western-civilization-idUSKBN19R02Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-exclusive/exclusive-trump-accuses-russia-of-helping-north-korea-evade-sanctions-says-u-s-needs-more-missile-defense-idUSKBN1F62KO">"Exclusive: Trump accuses Russia of helping North Korea evade sanctions; says U.S. needs more missile defense"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. January 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Trump+accuses+Russia+of+helping+North+Korea+evade+sanctions%3B+says+U.S.+needs+more+missile+defense&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-trump-exclusive%2Fexclusive-trump-accuses-russia-of-helping-north-korea-evade-sanctions-says-u-s-needs-more-missile-defense-idUSKBN1F62KO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47739503">"Venezuela crisis: Russia hits out at 'boorish' Trump"</a>. BBC News. March 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela+crisis%3A+Russia+hits+out+at+%27boorish%27+Trump&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-47739503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.co.ke/news/world/Donald-Trump-Russia-election-meddling-/1068-4331686-h7mbxbz/index.html">"Trump vows to 'counteract' any Russia election meddling"</a>. Daily Nation. March 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+vows+to+%27counteract%27+any+Russia+election+meddling&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.co.ke%2Fnews%2Fworld%2FDonald-Trump-Russia-election-meddling-%2F1068-4331686-h7mbxbz%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/26/politics/us-expel-russian-diplomats/index.html">"Trump expelling 60 Russian diplomats in wake of UK nerve agent attack"</a>. CNN. March 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+expelling+60+Russian+diplomats+in+wake+of+UK+nerve+agent+attack&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F03%2F26%2Fpolitics%2Fus-expel-russian-diplomats%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBorakEgan2017" class="citation news cs1">Borak, Donna; Egan, Matt (April 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2017/04/21/news/companies/trump-exxon-russia-sanctions/index.html">"Trump denies Exxon permission to drill for oil in Russia"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+denies+Exxon+permission+to+drill+for+oil+in+Russia&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft.aulast=Borak&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft.au=Egan%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2017%2F04%2F21%2Fnews%2Fcompanies%2Ftrump-exxon-russia-sanctions%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/james-clapper-trump-russia-ties-my-dashboard-warning-light-was-n765601">"James Clapper on Trump-Russia Ties: 'My Dashboard Warning Light Was Clearly On"</a>. NBC News. May 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Clapper+on+Trump-Russia+Ties%3A+%27My+Dashboard+Warning+Light+Was+Clearly+On&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2017-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpolitics-news%2Fjames-clapper-trump-russia-ties-my-dashboard-warning-light-was-n765601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sheth_8/30/2019-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sheth_8/30/2019_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSheth2019" class="citation web cs1">Sheth, Sonam (August 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spies-react-trump-g7-summit-russian-asset-2019-8">"US spies say Trump's G7 performance suggests he's either a 'Russian asset' or a 'useful idiot' for Putin"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=US+spies+say+Trump%27s+G7+performance+suggests+he%27s+either+a+%27Russian+asset%27+or+a+%27useful+idiot%27+for+Putin&rft.date=2019-08-30&rft.aulast=Sheth&rft.aufirst=Sonam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fspies-react-trump-g7-summit-russian-asset-2019-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sheth_8/27/2019-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sheth_8/27/2019_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSheth2019" class="citation web cs1">Sheth, Sonam (August 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-was-the-winner-g7-trump-crimea-2019-8">"Russia came out the winner of this year's G7 summit, and Trump looked like 'Putin's puppet'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Russia+came+out+the+winner+of+this+year%27s+G7+summit%2C+and+Trump+looked+like+%27Putin%27s+puppet%27&rft.date=2019-08-27&rft.aulast=Sheth&rft.aufirst=Sonam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Frussia-was-the-winner-g7-trump-crimea-2019-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CNN_7/19/2018-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_7/19/2018_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2018/07/19/james-clapper-trump-helsinki-behavior-putin-bpr-vpx.cnn">"Clapper: I wonder if Russians have something on Trump"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. July 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Clapper%3A+I+wonder+if+Russians+have+something+on+Trump&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fvideos%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F07%2F19%2Fjames-clapper-trump-helsinki-behavior-putin-bpr-vpx.cnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sevastopulo_Hille_7/20/2018-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sevastopulo_Hille_7/20/2018_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSevastopuloHille2018" class="citation web cs1">Sevastopulo, Demetri; Hille, Kathrin (July 20, 2018). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/19415d54-8c05-11e8-b18d-0181731a0340">"Trump-Putin: Will Helsinki prove a turning point for the Republicans?"</a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/UadxM">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Trump-Putin%3A+Will+Helsinki+prove+a+turning+point+for+the+Republicans%3F&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft.aulast=Sevastopulo&rft.aufirst=Demetri&rft.au=Hille%2C+Kathrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F19415d54-8c05-11e8-b18d-0181731a0340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Boot_1/13/2019-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boot_1/13/2019_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBoot2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Max_Boot" title="Max Boot">Boot, Max</a> (January 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/here-are-18-reasons-why-trump-could-be-a-russian-asset/2019/01/13/45b1b250-174f-11e9-88fe-f9f77a3bcb6c_story.html">"Here are 18 reasons Trump could be a Russian asset"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Here+are+18+reasons+Trump+could+be+a+Russian+asset&rft.date=2019-01-13&rft.aulast=Boot&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fhere-are-18-reasons-why-trump-could-be-a-russian-asset%2F2019%2F01%2F13%2F45b1b250-174f-11e9-88fe-f9f77a3bcb6c_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DeBonis_Kim_10/17/2019-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeBonis_Kim_10/17/2019_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDeBonisKim2019" class="citation news cs1">DeBonis, Mike; Kim, Seung Min (October 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/pelosi-recalls-clash-with-trump-says-she-was-probably-telling-him-that-all-roads-lead-to-putin/2019/10/17/fdbde8d2-f0f2-11e9-8693-f487e46784aa_story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'All roads lead to Putin': Pelosi questions Trump's loyalty in White House clash"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27All+roads+lead+to+Putin%27%3A+Pelosi+questions+Trump%27s+loyalty+in+White+House+clash&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.aulast=DeBonis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Kim%2C+Seung+Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpowerpost%2Fpelosi-recalls-clash-with-trump-says-she-was-probably-telling-him-that-all-roads-lead-to-putin%2F2019%2F10%2F17%2Ffdbde8d2-f0f2-11e9-8693-f487e46784aa_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/in-response-to-navalny-arrest-clues-to-biden-russia-policy/31052846.html">"In A Response To Navalny's Arrest, Clues To Biden's Russia Policy"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></i>. January 19, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=In+A+Response+To+Navalny%27s+Arrest%2C+Clues+To+Biden%27s+Russia+Policy&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fin-response-to-navalny-arrest-clues-to-biden-russia-policy%2F31052846.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/01/20/russia-urges-biden-to-be-more-constructive-over-arms-treaty-a72675">"Russia Urges Biden to Be 'More Constructive' Over Arms Treaty"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a></i>. January 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+Urges+Biden+to+Be+%27More+Constructive%27+Over+Arms+Treaty&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F20%2Frussia-urges-biden-to-be-more-constructive-over-arms-treaty-a72675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-politics-nuclear-weapons-north-korea-vladimir-putin-41891565c23d7ff99f5c575080c7ed6a">"Renewed US-Russia nuke pact won't fix emerging arms threats"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. January 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Renewed+US-Russia+nuke+pact+won%27t+fix+emerging+arms+threats&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fjoe-biden-politics-nuclear-weapons-north-korea-vladimir-putin-41891565c23d7ff99f5c575080c7ed6a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.ru/politika/10930299">"Захарова "не припомнит", чтобы посла РФ в США раньше приглашали в Москву на консультации"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></i> (in Russian). March 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TASS&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%22%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%22%2C+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Fpolitika%2F10930299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56430049">"Russia recalls envoy after Biden remarks about Putin"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. March 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Russia+recalls+envoy+after+Biden+remarks+about+Putin&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-56430049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-march-17-2021/">"Department Press Briefing – March 17, 2021"</a>. <i>state.gov</i>. March 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=state.gov&rft.atitle=Department+Press+Briefing+%E2%80%93+March+17%2C+2021&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fbriefings%2Fdepartment-press-briefing-march-17-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/united-states-sanctions-on-russian-debt-still-more-bark-than-bite-analysts-say/31207797.html">"U.S. Sanctions On Russian Debt Still 'More Bark Than Bite,' Analysts Say"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></i>. March 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=U.S.+Sanctions+On+Russian+Debt+Still+%27More+Bark+Than+Bite%2C%27+Analysts+Say&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Funited-states-sanctions-on-russian-debt-still-more-bark-than-bite-analysts-say%2F31207797.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/kremlin-says-putin-decide-counter-sanctions-against-washington-2021-04-16/">"Russia, retaliating against Washington, asks 10 U.S. diplomats to leave"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. March 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+retaliating+against+Washington%2C+asks+10+U.S.+diplomats+to+leave&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinance%2Fkremlin-says-putin-decide-counter-sanctions-against-washington-2021-04-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57180674">"Nord Stream 2: Biden waives US sanctions on Russian pipeline"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2021-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nord+Stream+2%3A+Biden+waives+US+sanctions+on+Russian+pipeline&rft.date=2021-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-57180674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSanger2021" class="citation news cs1">Sanger, David (2021-05-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/us/politics/biden-putin-summit.html">"Biden and Putin to meet in mid-June in a summit fraught with tensions"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Biden+and+Putin+to+meet+in+mid-June+in+a+summit+fraught+with+tensions&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F05%2F25%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbiden-putin-summit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMadhaniLemireIsachenkov2021" class="citation news cs1">Madhani, Aamer; Lemire, Johnathan; Isachenkov, Vladimir (2021-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/biden-putin-summit-23e73d69f1a7ca338850736a9cf032f5">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Practical work' summit for Biden, Putin: No punches or hugs"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=%27Practical+work%27+summit+for+Biden%2C+Putin%3A+No+punches+or+hugs&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=Madhani&rft.aufirst=Aamer&rft.au=Lemire%2C+Johnathan&rft.au=Isachenkov%2C+Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fbiden-putin-summit-23e73d69f1a7ca338850736a9cf032f5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/fact-sheet-united-states-imposes-additional-costs-on-russia-for-the-poisoning-of-aleksey-navalny/">"Fact Sheet: United States Imposes Additional Costs on Russia for the Poisoning of Aleksey Navalny"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+United+States+Imposes+Additional+Costs+on+Russia+for+the+Poisoning+of+Aleksey+Navalny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Ffact-sheet-united-states-imposes-additional-costs-on-russia-for-the-poisoning-of-aleksey-navalny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTeslova2021" class="citation web cs1">Teslova, Elena (1 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/russia-orders-longtime-us-embassy-staff-to-leave-country-by-jan-31/2435762">"Russia orders longtime US Embassy staff to leave country by Jan. 31"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=Russia+orders+longtime+US+Embassy+staff+to+leave+country+by+Jan.+31&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft.aulast=Teslova&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fworld%2Frussia-orders-longtime-us-embassy-staff-to-leave-country-by-jan-31%2F2435762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/moscow-says-27-russian-more-diplomats-due-leave-us-january-2021-11-28/">"Moscow says 27 more Russian diplomats due to leave U.S. in January"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 2021-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Moscow+says+27+more+Russian+diplomats+due+to+leave+U.S.+in+January&rft.date=2021-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmoscow-says-27-russian-more-diplomats-due-leave-us-january-2021-11-28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Russia+suspends+New+START">"Russia suspends New START - Google Search"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Russia+suspends+New+START+-+Google+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DRussia%2Bsuspends%2BNew%2BSTART&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCooperBarnes2021" class="citation news cs1">Cooper, Helene; Barnes, Julian E. (5 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/us/politics/biden-putin-russia-ukraine.html">"80,000 Russian Troops Remain at Ukraine Border as U.S. and NATO Hold Exercises"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114225637/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/us/politics/biden-putin-russia-ukraine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=80%2C000+Russian+Troops+Remain+at+Ukraine+Border+as+U.S.+and+NATO+Hold+Exercises&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Julian+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F05%2F05%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbiden-putin-russia-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/12/russia-kremlin-ukraine-nato-threats-521031">"Kremlin denies plans to invade Ukraine, alleges NATO threats"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. 12 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219195654/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/12/russia-kremlin-ukraine-nato-threats-521031">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Kremlin+denies+plans+to+invade+Ukraine%2C+alleges+NATO+threats&rft.date=2021-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F11%2F12%2Frussia-kremlin-ukraine-nato-threats-521031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-denies-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-denies_195-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denies_195-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFIsachenkovKarmanau2022" class="citation news cs1">Isachenkov, Vladimir; Karmanau, Yuras (17 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/russia-denies-pretext-invade-ukraine-82306615">"Russia denies looking for pretext to invade Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABC_News" title="ABC News">ABC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122130242/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/russia-denies-pretext-invade-ukraine-82306615">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+denies+looking+for+pretext+to+invade+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-01-17&rft.aulast=Isachenkov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft.au=Karmanau%2C+Yuras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FBusiness%2FwireStory%2Frussia-denies-pretext-invade-ukraine-82306615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/russia-will-act-if-nato-countries-cross-ukraine-red-lines-putin-says">"Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine 'red lines', Putin says"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 30 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russia+will+act+if+Nato+countries+cross+Ukraine+%27red+lines%27%2C+Putin+says&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fnov%2F30%2Frussia-will-act-if-nato-countries-cross-ukraine-red-lines-putin-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43334/nato-pushes-back-against-russian-president-putins-red-lines-over-ukraine">"NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin's 'Red Lines' Over Ukraine"</a>. <i>The Drive</i>. 1 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Drive&rft.atitle=NATO+Pushes+Back+Against+Russian+President+Putin%27s+%27Red+Lines%27+Over+Ukraine&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrive.com%2Fthe-war-zone%2F43334%2Fnato-pushes-back-against-russian-president-putins-red-lines-over-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/putin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30/">"Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 30 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Putin+warns+Russia+will+act+if+NATO+crosses+its+red+lines+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fmarkets%2Fstocks%2Fputin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2021-12-01/russia-says-its-worried-about-ukrainian-military-buildup">"Putin Demands NATO Guarantees Not to Expand Eastward"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>. 1 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Putin+Demands+NATO+Guarantees+Not+to+Expand+Eastward&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Farticles%2F2021-12-01%2Frussia-says-its-worried-about-ukrainian-military-buildup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2021/12/10/president-joe-biden-speaks-to-ukraine-s-zelenskyy-on-donbas-nato">"US will help to end Ukraine conflict with Russia, Biden tells Kyiv"</a>. <i>Euronews</i>. 10 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=US+will+help+to+end+Ukraine+conflict+with+Russia%2C+Biden+tells+Kyiv&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2021%2F12%2F10%2Fpresident-joe-biden-speaks-to-ukraine-s-zelenskyy-on-donbas-nato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589">"Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Is+Russia+preparing+to+invade+Ukraine%3F+And+other+questions&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-56720589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/30/biden-putin-call-russia-us-ukraine-tensions">"Biden and Putin exchange warnings during phone call amid rising Ukraine tensions"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 2021-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Biden+and+Putin+exchange+warnings+during+phone+call+amid+rising+Ukraine+tensions&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2021%2Fdec%2F30%2Fbiden-putin-call-russia-us-ukraine-tensions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/business-russia-ukraine-geneva-united-states-2654cdd8d85a40bcb4adbe9e50c02b2a">"EXPLAINER: Main issues at Russia-US security talks"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i>. 2022-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=EXPLAINER%3A+Main+issues+at+Russia-US+security+talks&rft.date=2022-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fbusiness-russia-ukraine-geneva-united-states-2654cdd8d85a40bcb4adbe9e50c02b2a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/senior-officials-lead-russia-us-security-talks-geneva-jan-10-2021-12-30/">"Senior officials to lead Russia-U.S. security talks in Geneva on Jan. 10"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 2021-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Senior+officials+to+lead+Russia-U.S.+security+talks+in+Geneva+on+Jan.+10&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fsenior-officials-lead-russia-us-security-talks-geneva-jan-10-2021-12-30%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFrance-Presse2022" class="citation web cs1">France-Presse, Agence (2022-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/31/un-security-council-meets-to-discuss-ukraine-crisis">"UN security council meets to discuss Ukraine crisis"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=UN+security+council+meets+to+discuss+Ukraine+crisis&rft.date=2022-01-31&rft.aulast=France-Presse&rft.aufirst=Agence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fjan%2F31%2Fun-security-council-meets-to-discuss-ukraine-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/19/us-allies-ukraine-weapons-russia-invasion-527375">"U.S. approves allied weapons shipments to Ukraine as worries mount"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. 19 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123225339/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/19/us-allies-ukraine-weapons-russia-invasion-527375">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=U.S.+approves+allied+weapons+shipments+to+Ukraine+as+worries+mount&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F01%2F19%2Fus-allies-ukraine-weapons-russia-invasion-527375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2022" class="citation news cs1">Cooper, Helene (15 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wionews.com/world/us-considers-backing-an-insurgency-if-russia-invades-ukraine-444983">"US considers backing an insurgency if Russia invades Ukraine"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123171222/https://www.wionews.com/world/us-considers-backing-an-insurgency-if-russia-invades-ukraine-444983">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=US+considers+backing+an+insurgency+if+Russia+invades+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-01-15&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wionews.com%2Fworld%2Fus-considers-backing-an-insurgency-if-russia-invades-ukraine-444983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCharapScott2022" class="citation news cs1">Charap, Samuel; Scott, Boston (21 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/blog/2022/01/us-military-aid-to-ukraine-a-silver-bullet.html">"U.S. Military Aid to Ukraine: A Silver Bullet?"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122105440/https://www.rand.org/blog/2022/01/us-military-aid-to-ukraine-a-silver-bullet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corporation&rft.atitle=U.S.+Military+Aid+to+Ukraine%3A+A+Silver+Bullet%3F&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft.aulast=Charap&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Scott%2C+Boston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fblog%2F2022%2F01%2Fus-military-aid-to-ukraine-a-silver-bullet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_CrowleyEdward_Wong2022" class="citation news cs1">Michael Crowley; Edward Wong (January 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/29/us/politics/russia-sanctions-economy.html">"U.S. Sanctions Aimed at Russia Could Take a Wide Toll"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Sanctions+Aimed+at+Russia+Could+Take+a+Wide+Toll&rft.date=2022-01-29&rft.au=Michael+Crowley&rft.au=Edward+Wong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F01%2F29%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Frussia-sanctions-economy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/nord-stream-2-will-not-move-forward-if-russia-invades-ukraine-state-dept-2022-01-27/">"Nord Stream 2 will not move forward if Russia invades Ukraine -State Dept"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 27 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Nord+Stream+2+will+not+move+forward+if+Russia+invades+Ukraine+-State+Dept&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Fnord-stream-2-will-not-move-forward-if-russia-invades-ukraine-state-dept-2022-01-27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/world/1398157">"Russia slams US' words about plans to justify alleged invasion of Ukraine as nonsense"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></i>. 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TASS&rft.atitle=Russia+slams+US%27+words+about+plans+to+justify+alleged+invasion+of+Ukraine+as+nonsense&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fworld%2F1398157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/blinken-ukraine-russia-attack-short-notice-invasion-fears-mount-rcna12691">"Biden predicts Russia will invade Ukraine"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 19 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121105350/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/blinken-ukraine-russia-attack-short-notice-invasion-fears-mount-rcna12691">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Biden+predicts+Russia+will+invade+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fblinken-ukraine-russia-attack-short-notice-invasion-fears-mount-rcna12691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/19/russia-could-act-against-ukraine-at-any-moment-says-us">"Joe Biden thinks Russia will attack Ukraine – but will face a 'stiff price'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 20 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122112550/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/19/russia-could-act-against-ukraine-at-any-moment-says-us">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Joe+Biden+thinks+Russia+will+attack+Ukraine+%E2%80%93+but+will+face+a+%27stiff+price%27&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fjan%2F19%2Frussia-could-act-against-ukraine-at-any-moment-says-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/ukraine-crisis-us-president-joe-biden-tells-zelensky-to-prepare-for-russian-invasion/2E55YU5QFBU2IW7EPLC5O2O67Y/">"Ukraine crisis: US president Joe Biden tells Zelensky to 'prepare' for Russian invasion"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Herald</i>. 28 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Ukraine+crisis%3A+US+president+Joe+Biden+tells+Zelensky+to+%27prepare%27+for+Russian+invasion&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fworld%2Fukraine-crisis-us-president-joe-biden-tells-zelensky-to-prepare-for-russian-invasion%2F2E55YU5QFBU2IW7EPLC5O2O67Y%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/ukraines-president-told-biden-calm-104928095.html">"Ukraine's president told Biden to 'calm down' Russian invasion warnings, saying he was creating unwanted panic: report"</a>. <i>Yahoo News</i>. 28 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+president+told+Biden+to+%27calm+down%27+Russian+invasion+warnings%2C+saying+he+was+creating+unwanted+panic%3A+report&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fukraines-president-told-biden-calm-104928095.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-warns-americans-leave-ukraine-russia-troops-world-war-rcna15781">"Biden warns Americans in Ukraine to leave, says sending troops to evacuate would be 'world war'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a></i>. 10 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC&rft.atitle=Biden+warns+Americans+in+Ukraine+to+leave%2C+says+sending+troops+to+evacuate+would+be+%27world+war%27&rft.date=2022-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fwhite-house%2Fbiden-warns-americans-leave-ukraine-russia-troops-world-war-rcna15781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDesk2022" class="citation news cs1">Desk, NPR Washington (2022-02-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/02/11/1080164367/russia-ukraine-invasion-olympics-sullivan">"Russia could begin an invasion before the Olympics end, Biden adviser says"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Russia+could+begin+an+invasion+before+the+Olympics+end%2C+Biden+adviser+says&rft.date=2022-02-11&rft.aulast=Desk&rft.aufirst=NPR+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F02%2F11%2F1080164367%2Frussia-ukraine-invasion-olympics-sullivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/commentary-and-analysis/blogs/half-americans-support-use-us-troops-defense-ukraine">"Half of Americans Support Use of US Troops in Defense of Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago_Council_on_Global_Affairs" title="Chicago Council on Global Affairs">Chicago Council on Global Affairs</a></i>. September 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Council+on+Global+Affairs&rft.atitle=Half+of+Americans+Support+Use+of+US+Troops+in+Defense+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2021-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechicagocouncil.org%2Fcommentary-and-analysis%2Fblogs%2Fhalf-americans-support-use-us-troops-defense-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/27/ukraine-crisis-russians-hope-for-peace-as-the-world-talks-of-war">"Ukraine crisis: Russians hope for peace as the world talks of war"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. 27 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Ukraine+crisis%3A+Russians+hope+for+peace+as+the+world+talks+of+war&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F1%2F27%2Fukraine-crisis-russians-hope-for-peace-as-the-world-talks-of-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/0204/The-Russian-public-doesn-t-want-war-but-is-anyone-listening">"Russian public doesn't want war, but is anyone listening?"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Monitor</a></i>. 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monitor&rft.atitle=Russian+public+doesn%27t+want+war%2C+but+is+anyone+listening%3F&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FEurope%2F2022%2F0204%2FThe-Russian-public-doesn-t-want-war-but-is-anyone-listening&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAlsaafinUras2022" class="citation news cs1">Alsaafin, Linah; Uras, Umut (12 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/12/biden-putin-us-russia-ukraine-tensions-liveblog">"Biden warns Putin of 'severe costs' of Ukraine invasion"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. Al Jazeera. AL Jazeera<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Biden+warns+Putin+of+%27severe+costs%27+of+Ukraine+invasion&rft.date=2022-02-12&rft.aulast=Alsaafin&rft.aufirst=Linah&rft.au=Uras%2C+Umut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F2%2F12%2Fbiden-putin-us-russia-ukraine-tensions-liveblog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-business-europe-united-states-6809084d9c82fa290dc09032b4980acb">"AP-NORC poll: More support for Ukraine, concern about Russia"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. 23 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=AP-NORC+poll%3A+More+support+for+Ukraine%2C+concern+about+Russia&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frussia-ukraine-putin-business-europe-united-states-6809084d9c82fa290dc09032b4980acb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220216-us-accuses-moscow-of-creating-ukraine-invasion-pretext-with-genocide-claims">"US accuses Moscow of creating Ukraine invasion pretext with 'genocide' claims"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. France 24. France 24. 16 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=US+accuses+Moscow+of+creating+Ukraine+invasion+pretext+with+%27genocide%27+claims&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20220216-us-accuses-moscow-of-creating-ukraine-invasion-pretext-with-genocide-claims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60454818">"Ukraine tensions: US sounds fresh alarm over Russia invasion fears"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC News. BBC News. 20 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+tensions%3A+US+sounds+fresh+alarm+over+Russia+invasion+fears&rft.date=2022-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-60454818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-sanctions-ukraine-us-biden/">"What to know about new U.S. sanctions targeting Russia over Ukraine"</a>. <i>www.cbsnews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=What+to+know+about+new+U.S.+sanctions+targeting+Russia+over+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Frussia-sanctions-ukraine-us-biden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHollandStone2022" class="citation news cs1">Holland, Steve; Stone, Mike (26 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-approves-350-million-military-aid-ukraine-2022-02-26/">"Biden approves $350 million in military aid for Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Biden+approves+%24350+million+in+military+aid+for+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-02-26&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Stone%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fbiden-approves-350-million-military-aid-ukraine-2022-02-26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2022" class="citation news cs1">Wilkinson, Tracy (8 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-03-08/no-fly-zone-ukraine-russia-biden-nato">"Ukraine wants a no-fly zone. Why do the U.S. and NATO reject the idea?"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Ukraine+wants+a+no-fly+zone.+Why+do+the+U.S.+and+NATO+reject+the+idea%3F&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fstory%2F2022-03-08%2Fno-fly-zone-ukraine-russia-biden-nato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/26/senior-russian-security-official-issues-stark-threats-to-the-west">"Senior Russian security official issues stark threats to the West"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. Al Jazeera. AP. 26 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Senior+Russian+security+official+issues+stark+threats+to+the+West&rft.date=2022-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F2%2F26%2Fsenior-russian-security-official-issues-stark-threats-to-the-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPamukChiacu2022" class="citation news cs1">Pamuk, Humeyra; Chiacu, Doina (5 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/un-security-council-hold-emergency-meeting-after-russian-attack-nuclear-plant-2022-03-04/">"U.S., allies slam Russia at U.N. over its seizure of Ukraine nuclear plant"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.%2C+allies+slam+Russia+at+U.N.+over+its+seizure+of+Ukraine+nuclear+plant&rft.date=2022-03-05&rft.aulast=Pamuk&rft.aufirst=Humeyra&rft.au=Chiacu%2C+Doina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Fun-security-council-hold-emergency-meeting-after-russian-attack-nuclear-plant-2022-03-04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKhaled2022" class="citation news cs1">Khaled, Fatma (13 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/russia-hitting-nato-even-accidentally-will-spur-full-response-sullivan-1687559">"Russia Hitting NATO Even Accidentally Will Spur 'Full' Response: Sullivan"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Russia+Hitting+NATO+Even+Accidentally+Will+Spur+%27Full%27+Response%3A+Sullivan&rft.date=2022-03-13&rft.aulast=Khaled&rft.aufirst=Fatma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Frussia-hitting-nato-even-accidentally-will-spur-full-response-sullivan-1687559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/russia-outlines-plan-unfriendly-investors-sell-up-half-price-2022-12-30/">"Russia outlines plan for 'unfriendly' investors to sell up at half-price"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 30 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia+outlines+plan+for+%27unfriendly%27+investors+to+sell+up+at+half-price&rft.date=2022-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Frussia-outlines-plan-unfriendly-investors-sell-up-half-price-2022-12-30%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/03/24/1088568802/russia-ukraine-biden-approval-rating-poll-numbers-inflation?t=1648198969870">"Most Americans don't like Biden's Ukraine response and worry about inflation"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. 24 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Most+Americans+don%27t+like+Biden%27s+Ukraine+response+and+worry+about+inflation&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F03%2F24%2F1088568802%2Frussia-ukraine-biden-approval-rating-poll-numbers-inflation%3Ft%3D1648198969870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/04/29/war-in-ukraine-u-s-dramatically-upgrades-its-aid-package-to-kyiv_5981990_4.html">"War in Ukraine: U.S. dramatically upgrades its aid package to Kyiv"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>. April 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=War+in+Ukraine%3A+U.S.+dramatically+upgrades+its+aid+package+to+Kyiv&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2022%2F04%2F29%2Fwar-in-ukraine-u-s-dramatically-upgrades-its-aid-package-to-kyiv_5981990_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2022/07/06/russian-politician-threatens-to-retaliate-against-us-sanctions-by-reclaiming-alaska/">"Russian politician threatens to retaliate against US sanctions by niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger Alaska"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anchorage_Daily_News" title="Anchorage Daily News">Anchorage Daily News</a></i>. 2022-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anchorage+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Russian+politician+threatens+to+retaliate+against+US+sanctions+by+niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger+Alaska&rft.date=2022-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adn.com%2Fnation-world%2F2022%2F07%2F06%2Frussian-politician-threatens-to-retaliate-against-us-sanctions-by-reclaiming-alaska%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/21/putin-speech-russia-ukraine-war-mobilization/">"Read Putin's national address on a partial military mobilization"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Read+Putin%27s+national+address+on+a+partial+military+mobilization&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F09%2F21%2Fputin-speech-russia-ukraine-war-mobilization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2023" class="citation news cs1">Berlin, Michael R. Gordon and Gordon Lubold in Washington and Bojan Pancevski in (January 25, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/germany-agrees-to-send-tanks-to-ukraine-11674643787">"U.S., Germany Approve Sending Tanks to Ukraine"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=U.S.%2C+Germany+Approve+Sending+Tanks+to+Ukraine&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.+Gordon+and+Gordon+Lubold+in+Washington+and+Bojan+Pancevski+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fgermany-agrees-to-send-tanks-to-ukraine-11674643787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2023" class="citation news cs1">Hubbard, Ben (February 4, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/04/world/middleeast/us-turkey-uae-russia-sanctions.html">"U.S. Presses Partners to Weed Out Illicit Trade With Russia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Presses+Partners+to+Weed+Out+Illicit+Trade+With+Russia&rft.date=2023-02-04&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F02%2F04%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fus-turkey-uae-russia-sanctions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewMitrokhin1999" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (1999). <i>The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB</i>. New York: Basic Books. p. 15. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00312-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00312-5"><bdi>0-465-00312-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+and+the+Shield%3A+The+Mitrokhin+Archive+and+the+Secret+History+of+the+KGB&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-465-00312-5&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mitrokhin%2C+Vasili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEvan_PerezShimon_Prokupecz2015" class="citation news cs1">Evan Perez; Shimon Prokupecz (April 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/07/politics/how-russians-hacked-the-wh/index.html">"How the U.S. thinks Russians hacked the White House"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Russian hackers behind the damaging cyber intrusion of the State Department in recent months used that perch to penetrate sensitive parts of the White House computer system, according to U.S. officials briefed on the investigation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=How+the+U.S.+thinks+Russians+hacked+the+White+House&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.au=Evan+Perez&rft.au=Shimon+Prokupecz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F04%2F07%2Fpolitics%2Fhow-russians-hacked-the-wh%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themoscowtimes.com/news/americas-alleged-spy-in-the-heart-of-russian-cybersecurity-56945">"Police Arrest Alleged U.S. Spy Working in Heart of Russian Cybersecurity"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moscow_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Times">Moscow Times</a></i>. January 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Police+Arrest+Alleged+U.S.+Spy+Working+in+Heart+of+Russian+Cybersecurity&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemoscowtimes.com%2Fnews%2Famericas-alleged-spy-in-the-heart-of-russian-cybersecurity-56945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/russia-cyberwar-escalation-power-grid/">"How Not To Prevent a Cyberwar With Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. June 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=How+Not+To+Prevent+a+Cyberwar+With+Russia&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Frussia-cyberwar-escalation-power-grid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105953/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-obama-russia-idUSTRE5640IZ20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0">"Obama agrees arms cuts, Afghan transit with Russia"</a>. Reuters. July 6, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE5640IZ20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0">the original</a> on March 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+agrees+arms+cuts%2C+Afghan+transit+with+Russia&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FpoliticsNews%2FidUSTRE5640IZ20090706%3FpageNumber%3D1%26virtualBrandChannel%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStott2009" class="citation news cs1">Stott, Michael (July 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210205639/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/06/us-russia-usa-mood-sb-idUSTRE56416N20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0">"Chilly welcome awaits Obama in Russia"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE56416N20090706?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0">the original</a> on December 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chilly+welcome+awaits+Obama+in+Russia&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft.aulast=Stott&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FpoliticsNews%2FidUSTRE56416N20090706%3FpageNumber%3D1%26virtualBrandChannel%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPushkov1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pushkov, Alexei K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42896937">"Don't Isolate Us: A Russian View of NATO Expansion"</a>. <i>The National Interest</i>. No. 47 (Spring 1997) (47): 58–63. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42896937">42896937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Isolate+Us%3A+A+Russian+View+of+NATO+Expansion&rft.volume=No.+47+%28Spring+1997%29&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=58-63&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42896937%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pushkov&rft.aufirst=Alexei+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42896937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGavrov2013" class="citation news cs1">Gavrov, Sergei (April 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://watchingamerica.com/News/205785/us-still-has-a-chance/">"US Still Has a Chance"</a>. Vzglyad, Russia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+Still+Has+a+Chance&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft.aulast=Gavrov&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwatchingamerica.com%2FNews%2F205785%2Fus-still-has-a-chance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOrlov2009" class="citation news cs1">Orlov, Dmitriy (July 31, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmeets.us/izvestia000009.shtml">"Truman and Churchill No Better Than Stalin"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Truman+and+Churchill+No+Better+Than+Stalin&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft.aulast=Orlov&rft.aufirst=Dmitriy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmeets.us%2Fizvestia000009.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTrostnikov2009" class="citation news cs1">Trostnikov, Victor (January 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmeets.us/argumentyifacty000006.shtml">"Obama Presidency Marks End of Western Civilization"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argumenty_i_Fakty" title="Argumenty i Fakty">Argumenty i Fakty</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+Presidency+Marks+End+of+Western+Civilization&rft.date=2009-01-21&rft.aulast=Trostnikov&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmeets.us%2Fargumentyifacty000006.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNovoprudski2009" class="citation news cs1">Novoprudski, Semen (October 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmeets.us/gazetaru000015.shtml">"Russia's Elite Must Embrace New Era with U.S."</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gazeta.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazeta.ru">Gazeta.ru</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Elite+Must+Embrace+New+Era+with+U.S.&rft.date=2009-10-17&rft.aulast=Novoprudski&rft.aufirst=Semen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmeets.us%2Fgazetaru000015.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGolz2009" class="citation news cs1">Golz, Alexander (September 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmeets.us/yezhednevniyzhurnal000002.shtml">"Shall Russians Praise or Curse 'Those Treacherous Yankees'?"</a>. Yezhednevniy Zhurnal, Russia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shall+Russians+Praise+or+Curse+%27Those+Treacherous+Yankees%27%3F&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft.aulast=Golz&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmeets.us%2Fyezhednevniyzhurnal000002.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMarkedonov2009" class="citation news cs1">Markedonov, Sergey (October 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmeets.us/kommersant000040.shtml">"Russians Shouldn't Be Happy About America's Afghan Misfortune"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russians+Shouldn%27t+Be+Happy+About+America%27s+Afghan+Misfortune&rft.date=2009-10-19&rft.aulast=Markedonov&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmeets.us%2Fkommersant000040.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmeets.us/vedomosti000001.shtml">"Obama: The Color of Change for Both Russia and Europe"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vedomosti" title="Vedomosti">Vedomosti</a>. November 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%3A+The+Color+of+Change+for+Both+Russia+and+Europe&rft.date=2008-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmeets.us%2Fvedomosti000001.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/181/">"Opinion of the United States"</a>. Pew Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opinion+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2Fdatabase%2Findicator%2F1%2Fcountry%2F181%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709073210/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/">"Opinions in Russia"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. March 8, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/opinions-in-russia/1620/">the original</a> on July 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Opinions+in+Russia&rft.date=2015-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.washingtonpost.com%2Fg%2Fpage%2Fworld%2Fopinions-in-russia%2F1620%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Antifever-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antifever_254-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum2015" class="citation news cs1">Birnbaum, Michael (March 8, 2015). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russias-anti-us-sentiment-now-is-even-worse-than-it-was-in-soviet-union/2015/03/08/b7d534c4-c357-11e4-a188-8e4971d37a8d_story.html">"Russia's anti-American fever goes beyond the Soviet era's"</a></span>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+anti-American+fever+goes+beyond+the+Soviet+era%27s&rft.date=2015-03-08&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussias-anti-us-sentiment-now-is-even-worse-than-it-was-in-soviet-union%2F2015%2F03%2F08%2Fb7d534c4-c357-11e4-a188-8e4971d37a8d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/">Anti-American Sentiment on the Rise in Russia</a>". <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. June 5, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gallup-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gallup_256-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/181568/americans-increasingly-russia-threat-top-enemy.aspx">"Americans Increasingly See Russia as Threat, Top U.S. Enemy"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a>. February 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Americans+Increasingly+See+Russia+as+Threat%2C+Top+U.S.+Enemy&rft.date=2015-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F181568%2Famericans-increasingly-russia-threat-top-enemy.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-United_States'_opinion-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-United_States'_opinion_257-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/27/country/233/">"Global Indicators Database: Opinion of Russia"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Global+Indicators+Database%3A+Opinion+of+Russia&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2Fdatabase%2Findicator%2F27%2Fcountry%2F233%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Russia's_opinion-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russia's_opinion_258-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/country/181/">"Global Indicators Database: Opinion of the United States"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Global+Indicators+Database%3A+Opinion+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2Fdatabase%2Findicator%2F1%2Fcountry%2F181%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_259-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_259-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFInc." class="citation news cs1">Inc., Gallup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.gallup.com/poll/1642/russia.aspx">"Russia"</a>. <i>Gallup.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gallup.com&rft.atitle=Russia&rft.aulast=Inc.&rft.aufirst=Gallup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F1642%2Frussia.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reyes, G. (2023, March 21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/greatest-threat-china-russia-climate-change-americans-weigh">Our greatest threat: China, Russia or climate change? Americans weigh in</a>. Fox News. Retrieved May 2, 2023; Jones, J. (2023, March 13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/471872/americans-favorable-rating-russia-sinks-new-low.aspx?utm_source=news&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=the_week_in_charts_send_3_march_03212023&utm_term=newsletter&utm_content=read_more_textlink_1">Americans' favorable rating of Russia sinks to new low of 9%</a>. Gallup. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2015/05/01/Britain-America-disagree-who-did-more-beat-nazis">"People in Britain and the U.S. disagree on who did more to beat the Nazis"</a>. <i>YouGov</i>. May 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YouGov&rft.atitle=People+in+Britain+and+the+U.S.+disagree+on+who+did+more+to+beat+the+Nazis&rft.date=2015-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyougov.co.uk%2Ftopics%2Fpolitics%2Farticles-reports%2F2015%2F05%2F01%2FBritain-America-disagree-who-did-more-beat-nazis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWikeStokesPoushterFetterolf2017" class="citation web cs1">Wike, Richard; Stokes, Bruce; Poushter, Jacob; Fetterolf, Janell (June 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/">"1. The tarnished American brand"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1.+The+tarnished+American+brand&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft.aulast=Wike&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Poushter%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Fetterolf%2C+Janell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2F2017%2F06%2F26%2Ftarnished-american-brand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/u-s-image-suffers-as-publics-around-world-question-trumps-leadership/">U.S. Image Suffers as Publics Around World Question Trump's Leadership</a> Pew Research Center, June 26, 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2014" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Cathleen A. (June 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1257373">"Warming U.S.-Russia relations"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>344</b> (6190): 1323. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...344.1323C">2014Sci...344.1323C</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1257373">10.1126/science.1257373</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24948710">24948710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Warming+U.S.-Russia+relations&rft.volume=344&rft.issue=6190&rft.pages=1323&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1257373&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24948710&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sci...344.1323C&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Cathleen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1257373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRice2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rice, Condoleezza (October 2008). "US-Russia Relations". <i>Hampton Roads International Security Quarterly</i> – via Proquest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hampton+Roads+International+Security+Quarterly&rft.atitle=US-Russia+Relations&rft.date=2008-10&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Condoleezza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAffairs2016" class="citation web cs1">Affairs, Chicago Council on Global (November 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210072301/https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/us-and-russia-insecurity-and-mistrust-shape-mutual-perceptions">"US and Russia: Insecurity and Mistrust Shape Mutual Perceptions | Chicago Council on Global Affairs"</a>. <i>www.thechicagocouncil.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/us-and-russia-insecurity-and-mistrust-shape-mutual-perceptions">the original</a> on December 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thechicagocouncil.org&rft.atitle=US+and+Russia%3A+Insecurity+and+Mistrust+Shape+Mutual+Perceptions+%7C+Chicago+Council+on+Global+Affairs&rft.date=2016-11-04&rft.aulast=Affairs&rft.aufirst=Chicago+Council+on+Global&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechicagocouncil.org%2Fpublication%2Fus-and-russia-insecurity-and-mistrust-shape-mutual-perceptions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-first-year-inauguration-anniversary-russia-vladimir-putin-relations-moscow-a8168801.html">US-Russia relations fail to improve in Trump's first year and they are likely to get worse</a>". <i>The Independent.</i> January 19, 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/07/more-russians-are-sure-of-the-u-s-meddling-in-their-politics-than-the-other-way-around-poll-finds/">More Russians are sure of the U.S. meddling in their politics than the other way around, poll finds</a>". <i>The Washington Post</i>. February 7, 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/favorable-attitudes-toward-u-s-eu-on-the-rise-in-russia-levada-poll-finds/29407171.html">"Favorable Attitudes Toward U.S., EU Rising In Russia, Poll Finds"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. August 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Favorable+Attitudes+Toward+U.S.%2C+EU+Rising+In+Russia%2C+Poll+Finds&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Ffavorable-attitudes-toward-u-s-eu-on-the-rise-in-russia-levada-poll-finds%2F29407171.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themoscowtimes.com/news/anti-americanism-wanes-russia-after-putin-trump-summit-survey-says-62425">"Anti-Americanism Wanes in Russia After Putin-Trump Summit, Survey Says"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a></i>. August 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Anti-Americanism+Wanes+in+Russia+After+Putin-Trump+Summit%2C+Survey+Says&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemoscowtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fanti-americanism-wanes-russia-after-putin-trump-summit-survey-says-62425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-chicago-levada-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chicago-levada_271-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chicago-levada_271-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418071533/https://www.thenation.com/article/russiagate-bilateral-tensions-opinion-poll/">"How 'Russiagate' Has Reshaped American and Russian Public Opinion"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. April 11, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/russiagate-bilateral-tensions-opinion-poll/">the original</a> on April 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=How+%27Russiagate%27+Has+Reshaped+American+and+Russian+Public+Opinion&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Frussiagate-bilateral-tensions-opinion-poll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-poll-levada-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poll-levada_272-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poll-levada_272-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/02/18/4-in-5-russians-view-west-as-a-friend-poll-a69322">"4 in 5 Russians View West as a Friend – Poll"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. February 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=4+in+5+Russians+View+West+as+a+Friend+%E2%80%93+Poll&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2020%2F02%2F18%2F4-in-5-russians-view-west-as-a-friend-poll-a69322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/07/russia-and-putin-receive-low-ratings-globally/">"Russia and Putin receive low ratings globally"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. February 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Russia+and+Putin+receive+low+ratings+globally&rft.date=2020-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2020%2F02%2F07%2Frussia-and-putin-receive-low-ratings-globally%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/08/how-people-around-the-world-see-the-u-s-and-donald-trump-in-10-charts/">"How people around the world see the U.S. and Donald Trump in 10 charts"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. January 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=How+people+around+the+world+see+the+U.S.+and+Donald+Trump+in+10+charts&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2020%2F01%2F08%2Fhow-people-around-the-world-see-the-u-s-and-donald-trump-in-10-charts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/">"1. Little trust in Trump's handling of international affairs"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. January 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=1.+Little+trust+in+Trump%27s+handling+of+international+affairs&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2020%2F01%2F08%2Flittle-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/03/few-in-other-countries-approve-of-trumps-major-foreign-policies-but-israelis-are-an-exception/">"Few in other countries approve of Trump's major foreign policies, but Israelis are an exception"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. February 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Few+in+other+countries+approve+of+Trump%27s+major+foreign+policies%2C+but+Israelis+are+an+exception&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2020%2F02%2F03%2Ffew-in-other-countries-approve-of-trumps-major-foreign-policies-but-israelis-are-an-exception%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLopatka2017" class="citation news cs1">Lopatka, Jan (2017-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-russia-rfe-idUSL5N1FS54Q">"Radio Free Europe launches new Russian-language TV channel"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Radio+Free+Europe+launches+new+Russian-language+TV+channel&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Lopatka&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fusa-russia-rfe-idUSL5N1FS54Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFЯкунин_В._И.Багдасарян_В._Э.Сулакшин_С._С.2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Yakunin" title="Vladimir Yakunin">Якунин В. И.</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Багдасарян, Вардан Эрнестович">Багдасарян В. Э.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Russian]</span>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Сулакшин, Степан Степанович">Сулакшин С. С.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Russian]</span> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rusrand.ru/files/13/07/22/130722030135_Nov_tehnologii_3-new.pdf"><i>Новые технологии борьбы с российской государственностью: монография</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. М.: <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_(%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" class="extiw" title="ru:Научный эксперт (издательство)">Научный эксперт</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%8B+%D1%81+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E%3A+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F.&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82&rft.date=2013&rft.au=%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%92.+%D0%98.&rft.au=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD+%D0%92.+%D0%AD.&rft.au=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%A1.+%D0%A1.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frusrand.ru%2Ffiles%2F13%2F07%2F22%2F130722030135_Nov_tehnologii_3-new.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span>, pp. 282–283.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2016/12/31/russia-hysteria-infects-washpost-again-false-story-about-hacking-u-s-electric-grid/">"Russia Hysteria Infects WashPost Again: False Story About Hacking U.S. Electric Grid"</a>. <i>The Intercept</i>. December 31, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=Russia+Hysteria+Infects+WashPost+Again%3A+False+Story+About+Hacking+U.S.+Electric+Grid&rft.date=2016-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2016%2F12%2F31%2Frussia-hysteria-infects-washpost-again-false-story-about-hacking-u-s-electric-grid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2017/02/28/the-new-yorkers-big-cover-story-reveals-five-uncomfortable-truths-about-u-s-and-russia/">"The New Yorker's Big Cover Story Reveals Five Uncomfortable Truths About U.S. and Russia"</a>. <i>The Intercept</i>. February 28, 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2019/01/20/beyond-buzzfeed-the-10-worst-most-embarrassing-u-s-media-failures-on-the-trumprussia-story/">"Beyond BuzzFeed: The 10 Worst, Most Embarrassing U.S. Media Failures on the Trump-Russia Story</a>". <i>The Intercept</i>. January 20, 2019.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNemtsova2021" class="citation news cs1">Nemtsova, Anna (2021-03-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/putin-ramps-up-rts-propaganda-budget-as-poll-rating-slumps">"Putin Ramps Up RT's Propaganda Budget as Poll Rating Slumps"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Putin+Ramps+Up+RT%27s+Propaganda+Budget+as+Poll+Rating+Slumps&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft.aulast=Nemtsova&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fputin-ramps-up-rts-propaganda-budget-as-poll-rating-slumps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-propaganda-disinformation-rt/">"Inside Russia's state-media propaganda machine"</a>. <i>POLITICO</i>. 2020-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Inside+Russia%27s+state-media+propaganda+machine&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Frussia-propaganda-disinformation-rt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20161118IPR51718/meps-sound-alarm-on-anti-eu-propaganda-from-russia-and-islamist-terrorist-groups">"MEPs sound alarm on anti-EU propaganda from Russia and Islamist terrorist groups - News - European Parliament"</a>. November 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MEPs+sound+alarm+on+anti-EU+propaganda+from+Russia+and+Islamist+terrorist+groups+-+News+-+European+Parliament&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fnews%2Fen%2Fnews-room%2F20161118IPR51718%2Fmeps-sound-alarm-on-anti-eu-propaganda-from-russia-and-islamist-terrorist-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRutenberg2016" class="citation news cs1">Rutenberg, Jim (September 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/19/business/media/moscow-joins-the-partisan-media-landscape-with-familiar-american-faces.html">"Larry King, the Russian Media and a Partisan Landscape"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Larry+King%2C+the+Russian+Media+and+a+Partisan+Landscape&rft.date=2016-09-18&rft.aulast=Rutenberg&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F09%2F19%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fmoscow-joins-the-partisan-media-landscape-with-familiar-american-faces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kramer-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer_286-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2010" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Andrew E (August 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/business/media/23russiatoday.html?_r=3&pagewanted=all&">"Russian Cable Station Plays to U.S."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russian+Cable+Station+Plays+to+U.S.&rft.date=2010-08-22&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F08%2F23%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F23russiatoday.html%3F_r%3D3%26pagewanted%3Dall%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angela E. Stent, <i>The Limits of Partnership: U.S. Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century</i> (2014), pp 282–93.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chronology of Important Events" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/russia/92.htm">online from U. S. government</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Brooke, "Decades Later, Tales of Americans in Soviet Jails," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/19/world/decades-later-tales-of-americans-in-soviet-jails.html?pagewanted=all"><i>New York Times</i> July 19, 1996</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMarco_De_AndreisFrancesco_Calogero1995" class="citation book cs1">Marco De Andreis; Francesco Calogero (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ktei3rFYzJwC&pg=PA12"><i>The Soviet Nuclear Weapon Legacy</i></a>. p. 12. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198291978" title="Special:BookSources/9780198291978"><bdi>9780198291978</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Nuclear+Weapon+Legacy&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780198291978&rft.au=Marco+De+Andreis&rft.au=Francesco+Calogero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtei3rFYzJwC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jinyuan Su, "Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes: Non-Militarization, Non-Aggression and Prevention of Weaponization." <i>Journal of Space Law</i> 36 (2010): 253+.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American President: A Reference Resource. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/biography/bush-foreign-affairs">Foreign Affairs. George H.W.Bush Front Page.</a> Miller Center. University of Virginia. History. Policy. Impact. Retrieved February 6, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. L. Friedman (April 1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/04/world/summit-in-vancouver-clinton-presents-billion-to-yeltsin-in-us-aid-package.html">SUMMIT IN VANCOUVER; CLINTON PRESENTS BILLION TO YELTSIN IN U.S. AID PACKAGE</a> <i>The New York Times</i> Archives. Retrieved February 6, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"China, Russia sign pact: Yeltsin and Jiang Oppose any single world power," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/23/russia.china/"><i>CNN</i> April 23, 1997</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. L. Black, <i>Russia faces NATO expansion: bearing gifts or bearing arms?</i> (2000).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKovatch1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kovatch, William J. Jr. (Winter 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816163733/http://210.34.4.13:8080/law/articles%5CTrademark%20Law%5C1012_4.pdf">"Comments: Joining the Club: Assessing Russia's Application for Accession to the World Trade Organization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_Law_Review" title="Temple Law Review">Temple Law Review</a></i>. <b>71</b>: 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://210.34.4.13:8080/law/articles%5CTrademark%20Law%5C1012_4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Temple+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Comments%3A+Joining+the+Club%3A+Assessing+Russia%27s+Application+for+Accession+to+the+World+Trade+Organization&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kovatch&rft.aufirst=William+J.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F210.34.4.13%3A8080%2Flaw%2Farticles%255CTrademark%2520Law%255C1012_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Averre2009-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Averre2009_297-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAverre2009" class="citation journal cs1">Averre, Derek (2009). "From Pristina to Tskhinvali: the legacy of Operation Allied Force in Russia's relations with the West". <i>International Affairs</i>. <b>85</b> (3): 575–591. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2009.00815.x">10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00815.x</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5850">0020-5850</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27695032">27695032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=From+Pristina+to+Tskhinvali%3A+the+legacy+of+Operation+Allied+Force+in+Russia%27s+relations+with+the+West&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=575-591&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0020-5850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27695032%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2009.00815.x&rft.aulast=Averre&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/clinton-yeltsin">Bill Clinton, Boris Yeltsin, and U.S.-Russian Relations</a> Milestones: 1993–2000. U.S. Department of State. Office of the Historian. Retrieved February 6, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCondoleezza_Rice2011" class="citation book cs1">Condoleezza Rice (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oxFl4yFUa_UC&pg=PR30"><i>No Higher Honour</i></a>. p. xxx. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857208095" title="Special:BookSources/9780857208095"><bdi>9780857208095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Higher+Honour&rft.pages=xxx&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780857208095&rft.au=Condoleezza+Rice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoxFl4yFUa_UC%26pg%3DPR30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anatole Lieven, "The secret policemen's ball: the United States, Russia and the international order after 11 September." <i>International Affairs</i> 78#2 (2002): 245–259.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George W. Bush, "Letter of transmittal and article-by-article analysis of the treaty on strategic offensive reductions." <i>Arms Control Today</i> 32#6 (2002): 28.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julianne Smith, <i>The NATO-Russia relationship: defining moment or déjà vu?</i> (CSIS, 2008).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Mandel, "Four-Part Disharmony: The Quartet Maps Peace." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/556/four-part-disharmony-the-quartet-maps-peace"><i>Middle East Quarterly</i> (Summer 2003), pp. 15–27 online</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/03/18/russias-putin-calls-iraq-war-a-mistake/7fff0ba1-bfda-4970-a1a9-f7c7afd6aaa2/">"Russia's Putin Calls Iraq War A 'Mistake'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Putin+Calls+Iraq+War+A+%27Mistake%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F2003%2F03%2F18%2Frussias-putin-calls-iraq-war-a-mistake%2F7fff0ba1-bfda-4970-a1a9-f7c7afd6aaa2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAlcaro2009" class="citation journal cs1">Alcaro, Riccardo (2009). "The Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism: Big Potential, Limited Impact?". <i>The International Spectator</i>. <b>44</b>: 99–112. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03932720802693002">10.1080/03932720802693002</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155077525">155077525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+Global+Initiative+to+Combat+Nuclear+Terrorism%3A+Big+Potential%2C+Limited+Impact%3F&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=99-112&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03932720802693002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155077525%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alcaro&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Washington_Post_August_8,_2013-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_August_8,_2013_306-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_August_8,_2013_306-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brad Plumer, "A short timeline of deteriorating U.S.-Russia relations," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/08/08/ten-reasons-the-u-s-and-russia-are-at-odds/"><i>Washington Post</i> August 8, 2013</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_307-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_307-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plumer, "A short timeline of deteriorating U.S.-Russia relations," <i>Washington Post</i> August 8, 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seung‐Ho Joo, "Moscow–Pyongyang Relations under Kim Jong‐il: High Hopes and Sober Reality" <i>Pacific Focus</i> 24.1 (2009): 107–130.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mankoff2012-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mankoff2012_309-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMankoff2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mankoff, Jeffrey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261973733">"The politics of US missile defence cooperation with Europe and Russia"</a>. <i>International Affairs</i>. <b>88</b> (2): 329–347. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2012.01074.x">10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01074.x</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5850">0020-5850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+US+missile+defence+cooperation+with+Europe+and+Russia&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=329-347&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2012.01074.x&rft.issn=0020-5850&rft.aulast=Mankoff&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261973733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Allison, "Russia and Syria: explaining alignment with a regime in crisis." <i>International Affairs</i> 89.4 (2013): 795–823.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen K. Wegren, "The Impact of WTO Accession on Russia's Agriculture." <i>Post-Soviet Affairs</i> 28.3 (2012): 296–318.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Damian Paletta, "House GOP Plan Differs From Donald Trump on Foreign Policy: One notable departure is the lawmakers' hard line on Vladimir Putin, whom Trump has praised" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/house-gop-plan-differs-from-donald-trump-on-foreign-policy-1465485416?tesla=y"><i>The Wall Street Journal</i> June 9, 2016</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/12/us-russia-relations-tillerson-moscow-press-conference">"Donald Trump says US relations with Russia 'may be at all-time low'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. April 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+says+US+relations+with+Russia+%27may+be+at+all-time+low%27&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2017%2Fapr%2F12%2Fus-russia-relations-tillerson-moscow-press-conference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40522296">Trump tells Russia to stop 'destabilising' Ukraine</a>". BBC News. July 6, 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMericaLiptak2017" class="citation news cs1">Merica, Dan; Liptak, Kevin (July 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/07/07/politics/trump-putin-meeting/index.html">"US, Russia disagree over what Trump and Putin actually said to each other"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US%2C+Russia+disagree+over+what+Trump+and+Putin+actually+said+to+each+other&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft.aulast=Merica&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Liptak%2C+Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F07%2F07%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-putin-meeting%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44852812">"Trump sides with Russia against FBI at Helsinki summit"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. July 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Trump+sides+with+Russia+against+FBI+at+Helsinki+summit&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-44852812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/russia-vladimir-putin-kremlin-peskov-steve-cohen-joe-wilson-congress-dictator-1651261">"Kremlin Slams U.S. Bid Not to Recognize 'Autocrat' Vladimir Putin as President after 2024"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>. November 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Kremlin+Slams+U.S.+Bid+Not+to+Recognize+%27Autocrat%27+Vladimir+Putin+as+President+after+2024&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Frussia-vladimir-putin-kremlin-peskov-steve-cohen-joe-wilson-congress-dictator-1651261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/24/politics/biden-troops-europe/index.html">"US places up to 8,500 troops on alert for possible deployment to Eastern Europe amid Russia tensions"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. January 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=US+places+up+to+8%2C500+troops+on+alert+for+possible+deployment+to+Eastern+Europe+amid+Russia+tensions&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F01%2F24%2Fpolitics%2Fbiden-troops-europe%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFZezima2014" class="citation news cs1">Zezima, Katie (April 18, 2014). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/04/18/despite-sanctions-russia-is-getting-a-457-9m-check-from-nasa/">"Despite sanctions, Russia is getting a $457.9M check from NASA"</a></span>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Despite+sanctions%2C+Russia+is+getting+a+%24457.9M+check+from+NASA&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft.aulast=Zezima&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2014%2F04%2F18%2Fdespite-sanctions-russia-is-getting-a-457-9m-check-from-nasa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/04/tech/nasa-russia-space-race-scn/index.html">"NASA chief says Russia leaving ISS could kick off a space race"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. June 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=NASA+chief+says+Russia+leaving+ISS+could+kick+off+a+space+race&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2021%2F06%2F04%2Ftech%2Fnasa-russia-space-race-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGanguliAbramsBubola2022" class="citation news cs1">Ganguli, Tania; Abrams, Jonathan; Bubola, Emma (December 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/article/brittney-griner-russia.html">"What We Know About Brittney Griner's Release from Russia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+We+Know+About+Brittney+Griner%27s+Release+from+Russia&rft.date=2022-12-17&rft.aulast=Ganguli&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft.au=Abrams%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Bubola%2C+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Farticle%2Fbrittney-griner-russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/27/us-imposes-sanctions-on-russia-iran-for-hostage-taking.html">"U.S. imposes sanctions on Russia and Iran for wrongful detention and hostage-taking of American citizens"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a></i>. 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=U.S.+imposes+sanctions+on+Russia+and+Iran+for+wrongful+detention+and+hostage-taking+of+American+citizens&rft.date=2023-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2023%2F04%2F27%2Fus-imposes-sanctions-on-russia-iran-for-hostage-taking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/the-world-has-never-been-closer-to-nuclear-war-than-it-was-during-this-1995-event-2012-8">"The World Was Never Closer To Nuclear War Than On Jan. 25, 1995"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. August 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The+World+Was+Never+Closer+To+Nuclear+War+Than+On+Jan.+25%2C+1995&rft.date=2012-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fthe-world-has-never-been-closer-to-nuclear-war-than-it-was-during-this-1995-event-2012-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFForden,_Dr._Geoffrey2001" class="citation web cs1">Forden, Dr. Geoffrey (November 6, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/military/nuclear-false-alarms.html">"False Alarms in the Nuclear Age"</a>. <i>NOVA</i>. Public Broadcasting System.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOVA&rft.atitle=False+Alarms+in+the+Nuclear+Age&rft.date=2001-11-06&rft.au=Forden%2C+Dr.+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fmilitary%2Fnuclear-false-alarms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPry,_Peter1999" class="citation book cs1">Pry, Peter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WigJ8ZsWE1QC&pg=PA214">"Black Brant XII"</a>. <i>War scare: Russia and America on the nuclear brink</i>. New York: Praeger. pp. 214–227. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96643-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96643-7"><bdi>0-275-96643-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Black+Brant+XII&rft.btitle=War+scare%3A+Russia+and+America+on+the+nuclear+brink&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=214-227&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-275-96643-7&rft.au=Pry%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWigJ8ZsWE1QC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nrk.no-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrk.no_326-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_BudalenDan_Henrik_Klausen2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andreas Budalen; Dan Henrik Klausen (February 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nordland/1.8005229">"Verden har aldri vært nærmere atomkrig"</a> [The world has never been closer to nuclear war]. <i>www.nrk.no</i> (in Norwegian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nrk.no&rft.atitle=Verden+har+aldri+v%C3%A6rt+n%C3%A6rmere+atomkrig&rft.date=2012-02-26&rft.au=Andreas+Budalen&rft.au=Dan+Henrik+Klausen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fnyheter%2Fdistrikt%2Fnordland%2F1.8005229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHurlbert2018" class="citation news cs1">Hurlbert, Heather (October 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-nuclear-weapons-buildup-aimed-beating-us-missile-24716">"Russia Violated an Arms Treaty. Trump Ditched It, Making the Nuclear Threat Even Worse"</a>. <i>New York Magazine</i>. USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Magazine&rft.atitle=Russia+Violated+an+Arms+Treaty.+Trump+Ditched+It%2C+Making+the+Nuclear+Threat+Even+Worse.&rft.date=2018-10-26&rft.aulast=Hurlbert&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-buzz%2Frussias-nuclear-weapons-buildup-aimed-beating-us-missile-24716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebulletin.org/2019/02/russia-may-have-violated-the-inf-treaty-heres-how-the-united-states-appears-to-have-done-the-same/">"Russia may have violated the INF Treaty. Here's how the United States appears to have done the same"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. February 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Russia+may+have+violated+the+INF+Treaty.+Here%27s+how+the+United+States+appears+to+have+done+the+same.&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2F2019%2F02%2Frussia-may-have-violated-the-inf-treaty-heres-how-the-united-states-appears-to-have-done-the-same%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2016" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Andrew E. (May 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/13/world/europe/russia-nato-us-romania-missile-defense.html">"Russia Calls New U.S. Missile Defense System a 'Direct Threat'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. NYT.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+Calls+New+U.S.+Missile+Defense+System+a+%27Direct+Threat%27&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F05%2F13%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-nato-us-romania-missile-defense.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFelgenhauer2018" class="citation interview cs1">Felgenhauer, Pavel (October 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/prepare-for-a-new-cold-war-without-inf-russia-analyst-says/a-45989301-0">"Prepare for a 'new Cold War' without INF, Russia analyst says"</a>. <i>DW</i> (Interview)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=Prepare+for+a+%27new+Cold+War%27+without+INF%2C+Russia+analyst+says&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft.aulast=Felgenhauer&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fprepare-for-a-new-cold-war-without-inf-russia-analyst-says%2Fa-45989301-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/nuclear-weapons-russia-start-inf-warheads/30003088.html">"Global Nuclear Arsenal Declines, But Future Cuts Uncertain Amid U.S.-Russia Tensions"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. June 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Global+Nuclear+Arsenal+Declines%2C+But+Future+Cuts+Uncertain+Amid+U.S.-Russia+Tensions&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fnuclear-weapons-russia-start-inf-warheads%2F30003088.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFIsachenkov2019" class="citation news cs1">Isachenkov, Vladimir (October 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/putin-directs-exercise-russian-nuclear-153120090.html">"Putin directs exercise of Russian nuclear forces"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Putin+directs+exercise+of+Russian+nuclear+forces&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.aulast=Isachenkov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fputin-directs-exercise-russian-nuclear-153120090.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFXiaRobockScherrerHarrison2022" class="citation journal cs1">Xia, Lili; Robock, Alan; Scherrer, Kim; Harrison, Cheryl S.; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Bardeen, Charles G.; Toon, Owen B.; Heneghan, Ryan (15 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43016-022-00573-0">"Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nature_Food" title="Nature Food">Nature Food</a></i>. <b>3</b> (8): 586–596. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43016-022-00573-0">10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37118594">37118594</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251601831">251601831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Food&rft.atitle=Global+food+insecurity+and+famine+from+reduced+crop%2C+marine+fishery+and+livestock+production+due+to+climate+disruption+from+nuclear+war+soot+injection&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=586-596&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251601831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37118594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43016-022-00573-0&rft.aulast=Xia&rft.aufirst=Lili&rft.au=Robock%2C+Alan&rft.au=Scherrer%2C+Kim&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Cheryl+S.&rft.au=Bodirsky%2C+Benjamin+Leon&rft.au=Weindl%2C+Isabelle&rft.au=J%C3%A4germeyr%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Bardeen%2C+Charles+G.&rft.au=Toon%2C+Owen+B.&rft.au=Heneghan%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs43016-022-00573-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDiaz-Maurin2022" class="citation news cs1">Diaz-Maurin, François (20 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebulletin.org/2022/10/nowhere-to-hide-how-a-nuclear-war-would-kill-you-and-almost-everyone-else/">"Nowhere to hide: How a nuclear war would kill you — and almost everyone else"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Nowhere+to+hide%3A+How+a+nuclear+war+would+kill+you+%E2%80%94+and+almost+everyone+else&rft.date=2022-10-20&rft.aulast=Diaz-Maurin&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2F2022%2F10%2Fnowhere-to-hide-how-a-nuclear-war-would-kill-you-and-almost-everyone-else%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nuclear-war-5-billion-people-starvation-deaths-study/">"World Nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia would kill more than 5 billion people – just from starvation, study finds"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. 16 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=World+Nuclear+war+between+the+U.S.+and+Russia+would+kill+more+than+5+billion+people+%E2%80%93+just+from+starvation%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2022-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnuclear-war-5-billion-people-starvation-deaths-study%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEnglund2012" class="citation news cs1">Englund, Will (November 17, 2012). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-chafes-as-house-passes-magnitsky-bill/2012/11/16/b589e544-300f-11e2-a30e-5ca76eeec857_story.html">"Russia chafes as House passes Magnitsky Act"</a></span>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia+chafes+as+House+passes+Magnitsky+Act&rft.date=2012-11-17&rft.aulast=Englund&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-chafes-as-house-passes-magnitsky-bill%2F2012%2F11%2F16%2Fb589e544-300f-11e2-a30e-5ca76eeec857_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lydia Tomkiw, "Russia Economy 2016: No GDP Growth Expected Amid Low Oil Prices, Sanctions, Government Officials Admit" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-economy-2016-no-gdp-growth-expected-amid-low-oil-prices-sanctions-government-2357358"><i>IBT</i> April 21, 2016</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-sanctions-companies-factbo/factbox-u-s-companies-with-exposure-to-russia-idUSKBN1KU2L8">"Factbox: U.S. companies with exposure to Russia"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. August 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Factbox%3A+U.S.+companies+with+exposure+to+Russia&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-russia-sanctions-companies-factbo%2Ffactbox-u-s-companies-with-exposure-to-russia-idUSKBN1KU2L8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aalep.eu/american-companies-operating-russia">"AMERICAN COMPANIES OPERATING IN RUSSIA"</a>. Association of Accredited Public Policy Advocates to the European Union.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMERICAN+COMPANIES+OPERATING+IN+RUSSIA&rft.pub=Association+of+Accredited+Public+Policy+Advocates+to+the+European+Union.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aalep.eu%2Famerican-companies-operating-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015084200/http://mnweekly.ru/world/20070720/55262872.html">"Russia, US to Hold Joint Military Exercises in Germany"</a>. <i>Moscow News</i>. July 20, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mnweekly.ru/world/20070720/55262872.html">the original</a> on October 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moscow+News&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+US+to+Hold+Joint+Military+Exercises+in+Germany&rft.date=2007-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmnweekly.ru%2Fworld%2F20070720%2F55262872.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610172213/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/06/03a1db46-8b93-4756-935f-6158c4909cf8.html">"U.S./Russia: Missile Expert Assesses Azerbaijan Radar Proposal"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. June 8, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/06/03a1db46-8b93-4756-935f-6158c4909cf8.html">the original</a> on June 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.%2FRussia%3A+Missile+Expert+Assesses+Azerbaijan+Radar+Proposal&rft.date=2007-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Ffeaturesarticle%2F2007%2F06%2F03a1db46-8b93-4756-935f-6158c4909cf8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2012/08/22/US-participates-in-joint-naval-drills/UPI-34431345640949/">"U.S. participates in joint naval drills"</a>. United Press International. August 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+participates+in+joint+naval+drills&rft.date=2012-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FWorld-News%2F2012%2F08%2F22%2FUS-participates-in-joint-naval-drills%2FUPI-34431345640949%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ForsbergHerd2015-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ForsbergHerd2015_343-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFForsbergHerd2015" class="citation journal cs1">Forsberg, Tuomas; Herd, Graeme (2015). "Russia and NATO: From Windows of Opportunities to Closed Doors". <i>Journal of Contemporary European Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 41–57. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14782804.2014.1001824">10.1080/14782804.2014.1001824</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1478-2804">1478-2804</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153379927">153379927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+European+Studies&rft.atitle=Russia+and+NATO%3A+From+Windows+of+Opportunities+to+Closed+Doors&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-57&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153379927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1478-2804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14782804.2014.1001824&rft.aulast=Forsberg&rft.aufirst=Tuomas&rft.au=Herd%2C+Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wtimes-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wtimes_344-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wtimes_344-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/19/russia-closes-nato-supply-corridor-afghanistan/">Russia closes NATO supply corridor to Afghanistan</a>". <i>The Washington Times.</i> May 19, 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav031809d.shtml">"Northern Distribution Network Delivers"</a>. EurasiaNet. March 18, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Northern+Distribution+Network+Delivers&rft.date=2009-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasianet.org%2Fdepartments%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Feav031809d.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/04/levada-center_chicago_council/">Levada-Center and Chicago Council on Global Affairs about Russian-American relations</a>. Levada-Center. November 4, 2016.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/antony-blinken/">"The Frontline Interview: Antony Blinken"</a>. <i>PBS</i>. July 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=The+Frontline+Interview%3A+Antony+Blinken&rft.date=2017-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Finterview%2Fantony-blinken%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Gaddis, John Lewis, ed. <i>Russia, Soviet Union & the United States: an Interpretive History</i> (1978)</li>
<li>Weiner, Tim. <i>The Folly and the Glory: America, Russia, and Political Warfare 1945–2020</i> (2020); Pulitzer Prize <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Folly-Glory-America-Political-1945-2020/dp/1627790853/">excerpt</a></li>
<li>Ziegler, Charles E. "Russian–American relations: From Tsarism to Putin." <i>International Politics</i> (2014) 51#6 pp: 671–692. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles-Ziegler-2/publication/269285900_Russian-American_relations_From_Tsarism_to_Putin/links/568d0b2108ae197e426c2588/Russian-American-relations-From-Tsarism-to-Putin.pdf">online</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="To_1945">To 1945</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: To 1945">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>Bailey, Thomas A. <i>America Faces Russia: Russian-American Relations from Early Times to Our Day</i> (1950).</li>
<li>Bailey, Thomas A. <i>A Diplomatic History of the American People</i> (10th edition 1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomatichisto100bail">online</a></li>
<li>Bolkhovitinov, Nikolai N. <i>The Beginnings of Russian-American Relations, 1775–1815</i> (Harvard University Press, 1975) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674733305">https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674733305</a></li>
<li>Feis, Herbert. <i>Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: the war they waged and the peace they sought</i> (Princeton University Press, 1957), World War II; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchillrooseve00feis">online </a></li>
<li>Kennan, George F. <i>Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1920: Volume I, Russia Leaves the War</i> (Princeton University Press, 1956)</li>
<li>Kennan, George Frost. <i>Soviet foreign policy, 1917–1941</i> (Van Nostrand, 1960), Brief summary with documents</li>
<li>Kinsella, William E. "Relations with the Soviet Union" in William D. Pederson, ed. <i>A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt</i> (2011) pp 564–589 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444395181.ch29">https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444395181.ch29</a></li>
<li>Laserson, Max M. <i>The American Impact on Russia: Diplomatic and Ideological, 1784–1917</i> (1950)</li>
<li>McNeill, William Hardy. <i>America, Britain, & Russia: their co-operation and conflit, 1941–1946</i> (1953)</li>
<li>Sainsbury, Keith. <i>The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang-Kai-Shek, 1943: the Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences</i> (Oxford UP, 1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turningpointroos0000sain">online</a></li>
<li>Sogrin, Vladimir V. "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the USSR, 1933–1945: An Interpretation." in <i>New Perspectives on Russian-American Relations</i> (Routledge, 2015) pp. 212–228.</li>
<li>Stalin, Joseph. <i>Correspondence Between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the USA and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945: Correspondence with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (August 1941-December 1945)</i> (Documentary Publications, 1978) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSIsAQAAMAAJ&dq=fdr+USSR&pg=PA5">online</a>.</li>
<li>Zabriskie, Edward H. <i>American-Russian rivalry in the Far East. A study in diplomacy and power politics, 1895–1914</i> (1946) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanrussianr00zabr">online</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cold_War">Cold War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Cold War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>English, Robert D. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qA_uT6GrcxEC">Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals, and the End of the Cold War</a></i> (Columbia University Press, 2000)</li>
<li>Fenby, Jonathan. <i>Alliance: the inside story of how Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill won one war and began another</i> (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allianceinsidest0000fenb_n3w0">online</a></li>
<li>Gaddis, John Lewis. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fvmoWZIxVw4C">The Cold War: a new history</a></i> (Penguin, 2006)</li>
<li>Gleason, Abbott. <i>Totalitarianism: The inner history of the Cold War</i> (Oxford University Press, 1995)</li>
<li>Graebner, Norman A., Richard Dean Burns, and Joseph M. Siracusa. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r71u_AgE7iYC">Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the end of the cold war</a></i> (Greenwood, 2008)</li>
<li>Levering, Ralph B. et al. eds. <i>Debating the Origins of the Cold War: American and Russian Perspectives</i> (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debatingoriginso0000unse">online</a></li>
<li>Mann, Jim. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pTgIFpLuD6kC">The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War</a></i> (Penguin, 2009)</li>
<li>Matlock Jr, Jack F. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17bYs02P_sgC">Reagan and Gorbachev: How the cold war ended</a></i> (2005), Analysis by the American ambassador to Moscow</li>
<li>Service, Robert. <i>The End of the Cold War: 1985–1991</i> (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-End-Cold-War-1985-1991/dp/1610394992/">excerpt</a>, a standard scholarly history</li>
<li>Zubok, Vladislav. <i>Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: from Stalin to Krushchev</i> (Harvard University Press, 1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidekremlinsco0000zubo">online</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Since_1991">Since 1991</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Since 1991">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>Aggarwal, Vinod K., and Kristi Govella, eds. <i>Responding to a Resurgent Russia: Russian Policy and Responses from the European Union and the United States</i> (Springer Science & Business Media, 2011).</li>
<li>Ambrosio, Thomas, and Geoffrey Vandrovec. "Mapping the Geopolitics of the Russian Federation: The Federal Assembly Addresses of Putin and Medvedev." <i>Geopolitics</i> (2013) 18#2 pp 435–466.</li>
<li>Goldgeier, James, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson. "Evaluating NATO enlargement: scholarly debates, policy implications, and roads not taken." <i>International Politics</i> 57 (2020): 291-321.</li>
<li>Gvosdev, Nikolas K., and Christopher Marsh. <i>Russian Foreign Policy: Interests, Vectors, and Sectors</i> (Washington: CQ Press, 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Russian-Foreign-Policy-Interests-Vectors-ebook/dp/B00G73NMJK/">excerpt and text search</a></li>
<li>Hopf, Ted, ed. <i>Understandings of Russian Foreign Policy</i> (1999)</li>
<li>Kanet, Roger E. <i>Russian foreign policy in the 21st century</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)</li>
<li>Larson, Deborah Welch, and Alexei Shevchenko. "Status seekers: Chinese and Russian responses to US primacy." <i>International Security</i> (2010) 34#4 pp 63–95.</li>
<li>Legvold, Robert, ed. <i>Russian Foreign Policy in the 21st Century and the Shadow of the Past</i> (2007).</li>
<li>Mankoff, Jeffrey. <i>Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics</i> (2nd ed. 2011).</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMcFaul2018" class="citation book cs1">McFaul, Michael (2018). <i>From Cold War To Hot Peace: An American Ambassador in Putin's Russia</i>. Mariner Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0544716247" title="Special:BookSources/978-0544716247"><bdi>978-0544716247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cold+War+To+Hot+Peace%3A+An+American+Ambassador+in+Putin%27s+Russia&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0544716247&rft.aulast=McFaul&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernest_J._Moniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest J. Moniz">Moniz, Ernest J.</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">Sam Nunn</a>, "The Return of Doomsday: The New Nuclear Arms Race – and How Washington and Moscow Can Stop It", <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, 98#5 (September / October 2019), pp. 150–61. Argues "the old [strategic] equilibrium" has been "destabilized" by "clashing national interests, insufficient dialogue, eroding arms control structures, advanced missile systems, and new <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">cyberweapons</a>. (p. 161.)</li>
<li>Oberdorfer, Don. <i>The Turn: From the Cold War to a New Era: the United States and the Soviet Union, 1983–1990</i> (1991).</li>
<li>Orlova, Victoria V. "US–Russia Relations in the Last 30 Years: From a Rapprochement to a Meltdown." in <i>30 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 2020) pp. 117–138.</li>
<li>Parker, David. <i>US Foreign Policy Towards Russia in the Post-Cold War Era: Ideational Legacies and Institutionalised Conflict and Co-operation</i> (Routledge, 2019).</li>
<li>Reif, Kingston, and Shannon Bugos. "Putin invites US to extend New START." <i>Arms Control Today</i> 50.1 (2020): 25-27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26891340">online</a></li>
<li>Peterson, James W. <i>Russian-American relations in the post-Cold War world</i> (Oxford UP, 2017).</li>
<li>Sakwa, Richard. <i>The Putin Paradox</i> (I. B. Tauris Bloomsbury, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/80013/">online</a></li>
<li>Sakwa, Richard. <i>Russia against the Rest: The Post-Cold War Crisis of World Order</i> (Cambridge UP, 2017) 362pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=51562">online review</a></li>
<li>Sakwa, Richard. <i>Putin: Russia's Choice</i> (2nd ed. 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox99AgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">excerpt</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLourie2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Lourie" title="Richard Lourie">Lourie, Richard</a> (2017). <i>Putin: His Downfall and Russia's Coming Crash</i>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-53808-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-53808-8"><bdi>978-0-312-53808-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Putin%3A+His+Downfall+and+Russia%27s+Coming+Crash&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-312-53808-8&rft.aulast=Lourie&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Schoen, Douglas E. and Melik Kaylan. <i>Return to Winter: Russia, China, and the New Cold War Against America</i> (2015)</li>
<li>Stent, Angela E. <i>The Limits of Partnership: U.S. Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century</i> (Princeton UP, 2014) 355 pages; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfaKAQAAQBAJ">excerpt and text search</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strobe_Talbott" title="Strobe Talbott">Talbott, Strobe</a>. <i>The Russia hand: A memoir of presidential diplomacy</i> (2007); memoir by key U.S. diplomat; a primary source</li>
<li>Tsygankov, Andrei P. "The Russia-NATO mistrust: Ethnophobia and the double expansion to contain "the Russian Bear"." <i>Communist and Post-Communist Studies</i> (2013).</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2><p>
niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggernigger<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style></p><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Russia–United States relations</b> <hr /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">
<ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Russia%E2%80%93United+States+relations">Resources in your library</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Russia%E2%80%93United+States+relations&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul></td>
</tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/countries/russia">A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Russia</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18909/">Report from the Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Russia</a> Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photos.state.gov/libraries/russia/231771/PDFs/ResetSlides-HSE.pdf">link to PDF slideshow, 'The "Reset": Theory, Results, Future' released by Michael McFaul U.S. Ambassador to the Russian Federation during the Twitter War of May 28, 2012</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/rs/usrussiabilat/186831.htm">U.S.-Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission: Spring 2012 Joint Report</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Russia–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Russia–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia–United States relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States">Ambassadors of Russia to the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_ambassador%27s_residence_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Russian ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C.">Russian ambassador's residence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">Embassy of the United States, Moscow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">Ambassadors of the United States to Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spaso_House" title="Spaso House">Spaso House</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in Houston">Consulate-General of Russia, Houston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in New York City">Consulate-General of Russia, New York City</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Henry_Hammond_House" title="John Henry Hammond House">John Henry Hammond House</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in San Francisco">Consulate-General of Russia, San Francisco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elmcroft_Estate" title="Elmcroft Estate">Elmcroft Estate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lothrop_Mansion" title="Lothrop Mansion">Lothrop Mansion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pioneer_Point,_Maryland" title="Pioneer Point, Maryland">Pioneer Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations">Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Killenworth" title="Killenworth">Killenworth</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bureau_of_European_and_Eurasian_Affairs" title="Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs">Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Provide_Hope" title="Operation Provide Hope">Operation Provide Hope</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1998)" title="Moscow Summit (1998)">1998 Moscow Summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">2001 Slovenia Summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">2005 Slovakia Summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/5%2B2_format" title="5+2 format">5+2 format</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_reset" title="Russian reset">Russian reset</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obama%E2%80%93Medvedev_Commission" title="Obama–Medvedev Commission">Obama–Medvedev Commission</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017_St._Petersburg_raid" title="2017 St. Petersburg raid">2017 St. Petersburg raid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">2018 Helsinki summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2021 Russia–United States summit">2021 Geneva summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ilulissat_Declaration" title="Ilulissat Declaration">Ilulissat Declaration</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Initiative_to_Combat_Nuclear_Terrorism" title="Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism">Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gore-Chernomyrdin_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_U.S._Russia_Investment_Fund" title="The U.S. Russia Investment Fund">The U.S. Russia Investment Fund</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_Joint_Commission_on_POW/MIAs" title="U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs">U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exercise_RIMPAC" title="Exercise RIMPAC">Exercise RIMPAC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_incident_off_Kildin_Island" title="Submarine incident off Kildin Island">Kildin Island submarine incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_incident_off_Kola_Peninsula" title="Submarine incident off Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula submarine incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norwegian_rocket_incident" title="Norwegian rocket incident">Norwegian rocket incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca_laser_incident" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident">Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier,_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1998_kidnapping_of_Mormon_missionaries_in_Saratov,_Russia" title="1998 kidnapping of Mormon missionaries in Saratov, Russia">Kidnapping of Mormon missionaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incident_at_Pristina_airport" title="Incident at Pristina airport">Pristina airport incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Russian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Russian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Russian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/RM_Broadcasting" title="RM Broadcasting">RM Broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Illegals_Program" title="Illegals Program">Illegals Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_Holmes_(CIA)" title="Stephen Holmes (CIA)">Stephen Holmes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Deterrence_Initiative" title="European Deterrence Initiative">European Deterrence Initiative</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Atlantic_Resolve" title="Operation Atlantic Resolve">Operation Atlantic Resolve</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Russian interference in United States elections
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">2016</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials_and_spies" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies">Links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steele_dossier" title="Steele dossier">Steele dossier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maria_Butina" title="Maria Butina">Maria Butina</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections">2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">2020</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_disclosures_of_classified_information" title="Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information">Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zersetzung" title="Zersetzung">Zersetzung</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_bounty_program" title="Russian bounty program">Russian bounty program</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arrest_of_Brittney_Griner" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest of Brittney Griner">Arrest of Brittney Griner</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viktor_Bout%E2%80%93Brittney_Griner_prisoner_exchange" title="Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange">Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Black_Sea_drone_incident" title="2023 Black Sea drone incident">Black Sea drone incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_spies_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Pentagon_document_leaks" title="2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks">2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident"><i>Lady R</i> incident</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_foreign_agent_law" title="Russian foreign agent law">Russian foreign agent law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnitsky_Act" title="Magnitsky Act">Magnitsky Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dima_Yakovlev_Law" title="Dima Yakovlev Law">Dima Yakovlev Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guantanamo_List" title="Guantanamo List">Guantanamo List</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_Freedom_Support_Act_of_2014" title="Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014">Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_undesirable_organizations_law" title="Russian undesirable organizations law">Russian undesirable organizations law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defending_Elections_from_Threats_by_Establishing_Redlines_Act" title="Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act">Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defending_American_Security_from_Kremlin_Aggression_Act" title="Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act">Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Venezuelan_Threat_Mitigation_Act" title="Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act">Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Task_Force_KleptoCapture" title="Task Force KleptoCapture">Task Force KleptoCapture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Executive_Order_14071" title="Executive Order 14071">Executive Order 14071</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/START_III" title="START III">START III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_%E2%80%93_Russia_mutual_detargeting" title="United States – Russia mutual detargeting">Mutual detargeting</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kremlin_accords" title="Kremlin accords">Kremlin accords</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program" title="Megatons to Megawatts Program">Megatons to Megawatts Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire–United States relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment in Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bush_legs" title="Bush legs">Bush legs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Center_on_Global_Interests" title="Center on Global Interests">Center on Global Interests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_Russian_Americans" title="Congress of Russian Americans">Congress of Russian Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-American_School_of_Moscow" title="Anglo-American School of Moscow">Anglo-American School of Moscow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">United States military and prostitution in South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Mission_School_in_New_York" title="Russian Mission School in New York">Russian Mission School in New York</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Embassy_School_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.">Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Cultural_Center" title="Russian Cultural Center">Russian Cultural Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Institute_of_Modern_Russia" title="Institute of Modern Russia">Institute of Modern Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Launch_Services" title="International Launch Services">International Launch Services</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Russia_Foundation" title="U.S. Russia Foundation">U.S. Russia Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_Business_Council" title="U.S.–Russia Business Council">U.S.–Russia Business Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanford_US%E2%80%93Russia_Forum" title="Stanford US–Russia Forum">Stanford US–Russia Forum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_Flight_Europe-America_500" title="Space Flight Europe-America 500">Space Flight Europe-America 500</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Great_Game" title="New Great Game">New Great Game</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Russia–United States relations">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Foreign_relations_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Template:Foreign relations of Russia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Foreign_relations_of_Russia&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Foreign_relations_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Algeria–Russia relations">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Angola–Russia relations">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Benin–Russia relations">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Botswana–Russia relations">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Russia relations">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cameroon–Russia relations">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Russia relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–Russia relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Egypt–Russia relations">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–Russia relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Eritrea–Russia relations">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Eswatini–Russia relations">Eswatini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ethiopia–Russia relations">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Gambia–Russia relations">Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ghana–Russia relations">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–Russia relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ivory Coast–Russia relations">Ivory Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kenya–Russia relations">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lesotho–Russia relations">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Libya–Russia relations">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Madagascar–Russia relations">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mali–Russia relations">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mauritania–Russia relations">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mauritius–Russia relations">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Morocco–Russia relations">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mozambique–Russia relations">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Namibia–Russia relations">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nigeria–Russia relations">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Russia–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Russia–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="Russia–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Russia–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Russia–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Russia–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Russia–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Russia–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Russia–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Russia–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="Russia–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Russia–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Argentina–Russia relations">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bolivia–Russia relations">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Canada–Russia relations">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Chile–Russia relations">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Colombia–Russia relations">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Costa Rica–Russia relations">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cuba–Russia relations">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ecuador–Russia relations">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guatemala–Russia relations">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guyana–Russia relations">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Honduras–Russia relations">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mexico–Russia relations">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nicaragua–Russia relations">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Panama–Russia relations">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Paraguay–Russia relations">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Peru–Russia relations">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Russia–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Russia–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Russia–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Afghanistan–Russia relations">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Armenia–Russia relations">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Russia relations">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bahrain–Russia relations">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bangladesh–Russia relations">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bhutan–Russia relations">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brunei–Russia relations">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cambodia–Russia relations">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="East Timor–Russia relations">East Timor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Georgia–Russia relations">Georgia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abkhazia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Abkhazia–Russia relations">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Ossetia_relations" title="Russia–South Ossetia relations">South Ossetia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Indonesia–Russia relations">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iraq–Russia relations">Iraq</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kurdistan Region–Russia relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Israel–Russia relations">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Japan–Russia relations">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Jordan–Russia relations">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Russia relations">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kuwait–Russia relations">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–Russia relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Laos–Russia relations">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lebanon–Russia relations">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Malaysia–Russia relations">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mongolia–Russia relations">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Myanmar–Russia relations">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nepal–Russia relations">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="North Korea–Russia relations">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Oman–Russia relations">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Pakistan–Russia relations">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Palestine–Russia relations">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Philippines–Russia relations">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Qatar–Russia relations">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Russia–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Russia–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Russia–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Russia–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Russia–Syria relations">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Russia–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Russia–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Russia–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Russia–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Russia–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Russia–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Russia–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Russia–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Albania–Russia relations">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Austria–Russia relations">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belarus–Russia relations">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belgium–Russia relations">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Russia relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bulgaria–Russia relations">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Croatia–Russia relations">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cyprus–Russia relations">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Czech Republic–Russia relations">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Denmark–Russia relations">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Estonia–Russia relations">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Finland–Russia relations">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/France%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="France–Russia relations">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Greece–Russia relations">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Hungary–Russia relations">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iceland–Russia relations">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ireland–Russia relations">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Italy–Russia relations">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Latvia–Russia relations">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lithuania–Russia relations">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Luxembourg–Russia relations">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Malta–Russia relations">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Moldova–Russia relations">Moldova</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Transnistria_relations" title="Russia–Transnistria relations">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Monaco–Russia relations">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Montenegro–Russia relations">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Netherlands–Russia relations">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="North Macedonia–Russia relations">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Norway–Russia relations">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Poland–Russia relations">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Portugal–Russia relations">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Romania–Russia relations">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Russia–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Russia–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Russia–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Russia–Spain relations">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Russia–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Russia–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations">Donetsk PR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations">Luhansk PR</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Russia–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Holy See–Russia relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Australia–Russia relations">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Fiji–Russia relations">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nauru%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nauru–Russia relations">Nauru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="New Zealand–Russia relations">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Russia–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="Russia–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Arab League–Russia relations">Arab League</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">European Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia–NATO relations">NATO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_Russia" title="Arctic policy of Russia">Arctic policy of Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Russia_and_the_Antarctic" title="Category:Russia and the Antarctic">Russia and the Antarctic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Near_Abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Abroad">Near Abroad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <small>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign Minister</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Russia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Russia">Diplomatic missions of Russia</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Russia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Russia">in Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector" title="Russia in the European energy sector">European energy sector</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Russia" title="Category:Treaties of Russia">Treaties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia" title="Military doctrine of Russia">Military doctrine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Angola–United States relations">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cameroon–United States relations">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Central African Republic–United States relations">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chad–United States relations">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–United States relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Gabon–United States relations">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="São Tomé and Príncipe–United States relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burundi–United States relations">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Comoros–United States relations">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Djibouti–United States relations">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eritrea–United States relations">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ethiopia–United States relations">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kenya–United States relations">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Madagascar–United States relations">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malawi–United States relations">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritius–United States relations">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mozambique–United States relations">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Rwanda–United States relations">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seychelles%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Seychelles–United States relations">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somalia–United States relations">Somalia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somaliland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somaliland–United States relations">Somaliland</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Sudan–United States relations">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanzania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tanzania–United States relations">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Uganda–United States relations">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="United States–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="United States–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Algeria–United States relations">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Egypt–United States relations">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Libya–United States relations">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Morocco–United States relations">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sudan–United States relations">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunisia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tunisia–United States relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Botswana–United States relations">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eswatini–United States relations">Eswatini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lesotho–United States relations">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Namibia–United States relations">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Africa–United States relations">South Africa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Benin–United States relations">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burkina Faso–United States relations">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cape Verde–United States relations">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ivory Coast–United States relations">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Gambia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="The Gambia–United States relations">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ghana–United States relations">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea–United States relations">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–United States relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liberia–United States relations">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mali–United States relations">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritania–United States relations">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Niger–United States relations">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nigeria–United States relations">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senegal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Senegal–United States relations">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sierra_Leone%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sierra Leone–United States relations">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Togo–United States relations">Togo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–United States relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bahamas–United States relations">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Barbados–United States relations">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominica–United States relations">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominican Republic–United States relations">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grenada–United States relations">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Haiti–United States relations">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamaica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jamaica–United States relations">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Lucia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Lucia–United States relations">St. Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–United States relations">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Trinidad and Tobago–United States relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belize–United States relations">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Costa Rica–United States relations">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="El Salvador–United States relations">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guatemala–United States relations">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Honduras–United States relations">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nicaragua–United States relations">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Panama–United States relations">Panama</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_trade_relations" title="Canada–United States trade relations">trade</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Argentina–United States relations">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bolivia–United States relations">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brazil–United States relations">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chile–United States relations">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Colombia–United States relations">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ecuador–United States relations">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guyana–United States relations">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Paraguay–United States relations">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Peru–United States relations">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suriname%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Suriname–United States relations">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="United States–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="United States–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kazakhstan–United States relations">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–United States relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tajikistan–United States relations">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkmenistan–United States relations">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="United States–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hong Kong–United States relations">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Macau–United States relations">Macau</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Japan–United States relations">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mongolia–United States relations">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Korea–United States relations">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Taiwan–United States relations">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Afghanistan–United States relations">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bangladesh–United States relations">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bhutan–United States relations">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="India–United States relations">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Maldives–United States relations">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nepal–United States relations">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">Pakistan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Pakistan–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sri_Lanka%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sri Lanka–United States relations">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brunei–United States relations">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cambodia–United States relations">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Timor–United States relations">East Timor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Indonesia–United States relations">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Laos–United States relations">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malaysia–United States relations">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Myanmar–United States relations">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Philippines–United States relations">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Singapore–United States relations">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thailand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Thailand–United States relations">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="United States–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Armenia–United States relations">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Azerbaijan–United States relations">Azerbaijan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artsakh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Artsakh–United States relations">Artsakh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bahrain–United States relations">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Georgia–United States relations">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iraq–United States relations">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">Israel</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jordan–United States relations">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kuwait–United States relations">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lebanon–United States relations">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Oman–United States relations">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palestine–United States relations">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Qatar–United States relations">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Syria–United States relations">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkey–United States relations">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Arab Emirates–United States relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="United States–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belarus–United States relations">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bulgaria–United States relations">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czech Republic–United States relations">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hungary–United States relations">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Moldova–United States relations">Moldova</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transnistria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Transnistria–United States relations">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Poland–United States relations">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Romania–United States relations">Romania</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovakia–United States relations">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ukraine–United States relations">Ukraine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Denmark–United States relations">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Estonia–United States relations">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Finland–United States relations">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iceland–United States relations">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ireland–United States relations">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latvia–United States relations">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lithuania–United States relations">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Norway–United States relations">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sweden–United States relations">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">United Kingdom</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bermuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bermuda–United States relations">Bermuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cayman_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cayman Islands–United States relations">Cayman Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Albania–United States relations">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Andorra–United States relations">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–United States relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Croatia–United States relations">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cyprus–United States relations">Cyprus</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Northern Cyprus–United States relations">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greece–United States relations">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Holy See–United States relations">Holy See</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Italy–United States relations">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kosovo–United States relations">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malta–United States relations">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Montenegro–United States relations">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Macedonia–United States relations">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Portugal–United States relations">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="San Marino–United States relations">San Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Serbia–United States relations">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovenia–United States relations">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Spain–United States relations">Spain</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Austria–United States relations">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belgium–United States relations">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="France–United States relations">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liechtenstein–United States relations">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Luxembourg–United States relations">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Monaco–United States relations">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Netherlands–United States relations">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Switzerland–United States relations">Switzerland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Melanesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Fiji–United States relations">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papua New Guinea–United States relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solomon_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Solomon Islands–United States relations">Solomon Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="United States–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Micronesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiribati%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kiribati–United States relations">Kiribati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marshall_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Marshall Islands–United States relations">Marshall Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federated States of Micronesia–United States relations">Micronesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nauru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nauru–United States relations">Nauru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palau–United States relations">Palau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Samoa–United States relations">Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonga%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tonga–United States relations">Tonga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuvalu%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tuvalu–United States relations">Tuvalu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Baden–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Baden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Bavaria–United States relations">Kingdom of Bavaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg–United States relations">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federal Republic of Central America–United States relations">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greater Republic of Central America–United States relations">Greater Republic of Central America</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congo_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Congo Free State–United States relations">Congo Free State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–United States relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Germany–United States relations">East Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Genoa–United States relations">Republic of Genoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="German Empire–United States relations">German Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations">Kingdom of Hanover</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanseatic_Republics%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hanseatic Republics–United States relations">Hanseatic Republics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hawaiian Kingdom–United States relations">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Nassau–United States relations">Duchy of Nassau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_German_Confederation%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North German Confederation–United States relations">North German Confederation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Orange Free State–United States relations">Orange Free State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">Ottoman Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papal_States%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papal States–United States relations">Papal States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Parma–United States relations">Duchy of Parma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prussia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Prussia–United States relations">Prussia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ryukyu Kingdom–United States relations">Ryukyu Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Sardinia–United States relations">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe–United States relations">Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Texas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Texas–United States relations">Republic of Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies–United States relations">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Württemberg–United States relations">Kingdom of Württemberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="United States–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Africa–United States relations">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93American_relations" title="Arab–American relations">Arab League</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Asia–United States relations">East Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–European Union relations">European Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/C5%2B1" title="C5+1">C5+1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">Major non-NATO ally</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Border_Initiative" title="Third Border Initiative">Third Border Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_the_United_States" title="International organization membership of the United States">International organizations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Doctrines,_policies,_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Doctrines, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">policies</a>, concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_presidential_doctrines" title="United States presidential doctrines">Presidential<br />doctrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">Proclamation of Neutrality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lodge_Corollary" title="Lodge Corollary">Lodge Corollary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Doctrine" title="Kirkpatrick Doctrine">Kirkpatrick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weinberger_Doctrine" title="Weinberger Doctrine">Weinberger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Powell_Doctrine" title="Powell Doctrine">Powell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rumsfeld_Doctrine" title="Rumsfeld Doctrine">Rumsfeld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolfowitz_Doctrine" title="Wolfowitz Doctrine">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">Blowback</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China">China policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressive_realism" title="Progressive realism">Progressive realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Russian invasion of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Russian invasion of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Timeline</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(prelude)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (prelude)">Prelude</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(24_February_%E2%80%93_7_April_2022)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April 2022)">Phase 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(8_April_%E2%80%93_28_August_2022)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (8 April – 28 August 2022)">Phase 2</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(29_August_%E2%80%93_11_November_2022)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (29 August – 11 November 2022)">Phase 3</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(12_November_2022_%E2%80%93_7_June_2023)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023)">Phase 4</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(8_June_2023_%E2%80%93_present)" title="Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (8 June 2023 – present)">Phase 5</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aerial_warfare_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Aerial warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Aerial warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territorial_control_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Territorial control during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Control of cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Foreign fighters</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_information_war_against_Ukraine" title="Russian information war against Ukraine">Information war</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legality_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Legality of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Legality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Russo-Ukrainian_War_detailed_map" title="Template:Russo-Ukrainian War detailed map">Map</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Order of battle for the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Order of battle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Peace negotiations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proposed_no-fly_zone_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Proposed no-fly zone in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Proposed no-fly zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reparations_from_Russia_after_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Reparations from Russia after the Russo-Ukrainian War">Reparations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Women in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2021%E2%80%932022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis" title="Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis">Reactions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction">Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2021 Russia–United States summit">2021 Russia–United States summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021_Black_Sea_incident" title="2021 Black Sea incident">2021 Black Sea incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_border_crisis" title="Belarus–European Union border crisis">Belarus–European Union border crisis</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians" title="On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians">On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimea_Platform" title="Crimea Platform">Crimea Platform</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zapad_2021" title="Zapad 2021">Zapad 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Ukraine_cyberattacks" title="2022 Ukraine cyberattacks">Ukraine cyberattacks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_Resolve_2022" title="Union Resolve 2022">Union Resolve 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanytsia_Luhanska_kindergarten_bombing" title="Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing">Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British%E2%80%93Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_trilateral_pact" title="British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact">British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_evacuation_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="2022 evacuation of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_mobilization_in_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="2022 mobilization in the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Address_concerning_the_events_in_Ukraine" title="Address concerning the events in Ukraine">Address concerning the events in Ukraine</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/On_conducting_a_special_military_operation" title="On conducting a special military operation">On conducting a special military operation</a>"</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="Historical background of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">historical background</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">reactions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">War in Donbas</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_war_in_Donbas_(2022)" title="Timeline of the war in Donbas (2022)">2022 timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minsk_agreements" title="Minsk agreements">Minsk agreements</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">humanitarian situation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">Foundations of Geopolitics</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Russian irredentism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Russian imperialism</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign<br />relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Russia–Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Belarus–Ukraine relations">Belarus–Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belarus–Russia relations">Belarus–Russia</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia–United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="NATO–Russia relations">Russia–NATO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">enlargement of NATO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Controversy_in_Russia_regarding_the_legitimacy_of_eastward_NATO_expansion" title="Controversy in Russia regarding the legitimacy of eastward NATO expansion">eastward expansion controversy in Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO_open_door_policy" title="NATO open door policy">open door policy</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military_engagements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of military engagements during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Military engagements</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ukraine_campaign" title="Southern Ukraine campaign">Southern<br />Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Snake_Island_campaign" title="2022 Snake Island campaign">Snake Island campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol" title="Siege of Mariupol">Siege of Mariupol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kherson" title="Battle of Kherson">Battle of Kherson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Melitopol" title="Battle of Melitopol">Battle of Melitopol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Mykolaiv" title="Battle of Mykolaiv">Battle of Mykolaiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Enerhodar" title="Battle of Enerhodar">Battle of Enerhodar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battles_of_Voznesensk" title="Battles of Voznesensk">Battles of Voznesensk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Huliaipole" title="Battle of Huliaipole">Battle of Huliaipole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Orikhiv" title="Battle of Orikhiv">Battle of Orikhiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Davydiv_Brid" title="Battle of Davydiv Brid">Battle of Davydiv Brid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Kherson_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kherson counteroffensive">Kherson counteroffensive</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberation_of_Kherson" title="Liberation of Kherson">Liberation of Kherson</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Dnieper_campaign" title="2022–2023 Dnieper campaign">Dnieper campaign</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam" title="Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam">Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine_campaign" title="Eastern Ukraine campaign">Eastern<br />Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Avdiivka_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Battle of Avdiivka (2022–present)">Battle of Avdiivka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Marinka_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Battle of Marinka (2022–present)">Battle of Marinka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Volnovakha" title="Battle of Volnovakha">Battle of Volnovakha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Izium" title="Battle of Izium">Battle of Izium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Rubizhne" title="Battle of Rubizhne">Battle of Rubizhne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Popasna" title="Battle of Popasna">Battle of Popasna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Dovhenke" title="Battle of Dovhenke">Battle of Dovhenke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Donbas_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Battle of Donbas (2022–present)">Battle of Donbas</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kreminna" title="First Battle of Kreminna">First Battle of Kreminna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_the_Siverskyi_Donets" title="Battle of the Siverskyi Donets">Battle of the Siverskyi Donets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sievierodonetsk_(2022)" title="Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)">Battle of Sievierodonetsk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battles_of_Bilohorivka" title="Battles of Bilohorivka">Battles of Bilohorivka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Toshkivka" title="Battle of Toshkivka">Battle of Toshkivka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Battle_of_Lyman" title="First Battle of Lyman">First Battle of Lyman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sviatohirsk" title="Battle of Sviatohirsk">Battle of Sviatohirsk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battles_of_Bohorodychne_and_Krasnopillia" title="Battles of Bohorodychne and Krasnopillia">Battles of Bohorodychne and Krasnopillia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Lysychansk" title="Battle of Lysychansk">Battle of Lysychansk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Siversk" title="Battle of Siversk">Battle of Siversk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pisky_(2022)" title="Battle of Pisky (2022)">Battle of Pisky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmut" title="Battle of Bakhmut">Battle of Bakhmut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Soledar" title="Battle of Soledar">Battle of Soledar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battles_of_the_Donetsk_suburbs" title="Battles of the Donetsk suburbs">Battles of the Donetsk suburbs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Vuhledar" title="Battle of Vuhledar">Battle of Vuhledar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Kharkiv_counteroffensive" title="2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive">Kharkiv counteroffensive</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Balakliia" title="Battle of Balakliia">Battle of Balakliia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kupiansk" title="Battle of Kupiansk">Battle of Kupiansk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Lyman" title="Second Battle of Lyman">Second Battle of Lyman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_the_Svatove%E2%80%93Kreminna_line" title="Battle of the Svatove–Kreminna line">Battle of the Svatove–Kreminna line</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv_offensive_(2022)" title="Kyiv offensive (2022)">Kyiv</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Antonov_Airport" title="Battle of Antonov Airport">Battle of Antonov Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capture_of_Chernobyl" title="Capture of Chernobyl">Capture of Chernobyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Ivankiv" title="Battle of Ivankiv">Battle of Ivankiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kyiv_(2022)" title="Battle of Kyiv (2022)">Battle of Kyiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Hostomel" title="Battle of Hostomel">Battle of Hostomel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Vasylkiv" title="Battle of Vasylkiv">Battle of Vasylkiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Bucha" title="Battle of Bucha">Battle of Bucha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Irpin" title="Battle of Irpin">Battle of Irpin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Makariv" title="Battle of Makariv">Battle of Makariv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Kyiv_convoy" title="Russian Kyiv convoy">Russian Kyiv convoy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Moshchun" title="Battle of Moshchun">Battle of Moshchun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Brovary" title="Battle of Brovary">Battle of Brovary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Slavutych" title="Battle of Slavutych">Battle of Slavutych</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northeastern_Ukraine_campaign" title="Northeastern Ukraine campaign">Northeastern<br />Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Hlukhiv" title="Battle of Hlukhiv">Battle of Hlukhiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kharkiv_(2022)" title="Battle of Kharkiv (2022)">Battle of Kharkiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Konotop_(2022)" title="Battle of Konotop (2022)">Battle of Konotop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sumy" title="Battle of Sumy">Battle of Sumy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Trostianets" title="Battle of Trostianets">Battle of Trostianets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Chernihiv" title="Siege of Chernihiv">Siege of Chernihiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Okhtyrka" title="Battle of Okhtyrka">Battle of Okhtyrka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Lebedyn" title="Battle of Lebedyn">Battle of Lebedyn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_northeastern_Ukraine%E2%80%93Russia_border_skirmishes" title="2022 northeastern Ukraine–Russia border skirmishes">Northeastern Ukraine–Russia border skirmishes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airstrikes<br /> by city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Dnipro_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on Dnipro (2022–present)">Airstrikes on Dnipro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Ivano-Frankivsk_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on Ivano-Frankivsk (2022–present)">Airstrikes on Ivano-Frankivsk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Kharkiv_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on Kharkiv (2022–present)">Airstrikes on Kharkiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Kherson_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on Kherson (2022–present)">Airstrikes on Kherson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Khmelnytskyi_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on Khmelnytskyi (2022–present)">Airstrikes on Khmelnytskyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Kryvyi_Rih_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on Kryvyi Rih (2022–present)">Airstrikes on Kryvyi Rih</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Kyiv_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on Kyiv (2022–present)">Airstrikes on Kyiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Lviv_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on Lviv (2022–present)">Airstrikes on Lviv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Mykolaiv_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on Mykolaiv (2022–present)">Airstrikes on Mykolaiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Odesa_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on Odesa (2022–present)">Airstrikes on Odesa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Rivne_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on Rivne (2022–present)">Airstrikes on Rivne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Vinnytsia_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on Vinnytsia (2022–present)">Airstrikes on Vinnytsia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Zaporizhzhia_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on Zaporizhzhia (2022–present)">Airstrikes on Zaporizhzhia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airstrikes_on_Zhytomyr_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes on Zhytomyr (2022–present)">Airstrikes on Zhytomyr</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airstrikes on<br />military targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuhuiv_air_base_attack" title="Chuhuiv air base attack">Chuhuiv air base attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Millerovo_air_base_attack" title="Millerovo air base attack">Millerovo air base attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Chornobaivka_attacks" title="2022 Chornobaivka attacks">Chornobaivka attacks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yavoriv_military_base_attack" title="Yavoriv military base attack">Yavoriv military base attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Berdiansk_port_attack" title="2022 Berdiansk port attack">Berdiansk port attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Moskva" title="Sinking of the Moskva">Sinking of the <i>Moskva</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desna_barracks_airstrike" title="Desna barracks airstrike">Desna barracks airstrike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_attack_on_Nova_Kakhovka" title="2022 attack on Nova Kakhovka">Attack on Nova Kakhovka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimea_attacks_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Crimea attacks (2022–present)">Crimea attacks</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Novofedorivka_explosions" title="2022 Novofedorivka explosions">Novofedorivka explosions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_drone_attack_on_the_Sevastopol_Naval_Base" title="2022 drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base">Attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dyagilevo_and_Engels_air_bases_attacks" title="Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks">Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makiivka_military_quarters_shelling" title="Makiivka military quarters shelling">Makiivka military quarters shelling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Machulishchy_air_base_attack" title="Machulishchy air base attack">Machulishchy air base attack</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_resistance_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Ukrainian resistance during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian-occupied Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Popular_Resistance_of_Ukraine" title="Popular Resistance of Ukraine">Popular Resistance of Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berdiansk_Partisan_Army" title="Berdiansk Partisan Army">Berdiansk Partisan Army</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow_Ribbon_(movement)" title="Yellow Ribbon (movement)">Yellow Ribbon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atesh_(movement)" title="Atesh (movement)">Atesh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Belarusian_and_Russian_partisan_movement" title="2022–2023 Belarusian and Russian partisan movement">Belarus and Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assassination_of_Vladlen_Tatarsky" title="Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky">Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civic_Council_(Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine)" title="Civic Council (Armed Forces of Ukraine)">Civic Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irpin_Declaration" title="Irpin Declaration">Irpin Declaration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darya_Dugina#Killing" title="Darya Dugina">Killing of Darya Dugina</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Republican_Army_(Russia)" title="National Republican Army (Russia)">National Republican Army</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_military_commissariats_attacks" title="Russian military commissariats attacks">Military commissariats arsons</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ust-Ilimsk_military_commissariat_shooting" title="Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting">Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Bridge_(Russia)" title="Black Bridge (Russia)">Black Bridge</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rail_war_in_Russia_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Rail war in Russia (2022–present)">Rail war in Russia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stop_the_Wagons" title="Stop the Wagons">Stop the Wagons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Combat_Organization_of_Anarcho-Communists" title="Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists">Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rail_war_in_Belarus_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Rail war in Belarus (2022–present)">Rail war in Belarus</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Busly_liacia%C4%87" title="Busly liaciać">Busly liaciać</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BYPOL" title="BYPOL">BYPOL</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_of_Railway_Workers_of_Belarus" title="Community of Railway Workers of Belarus">Community of Railway Workers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyber_Partisans" title="Cyber Partisans">Cyber Partisans</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian<br />occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_used_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine">Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ongoing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_annexation_referendums_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine">Annexation referendums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Kherson Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Mykolaiv Oblast">Mykolaiv Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Previous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Chernihiv Oblast">Chernihiv Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Dnipropetrovsk_and_Poltava_oblasts" title="Russian occupation of Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava oblasts">Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kyiv_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Snake_Island_campaign" title="2022 Snake Island campaign">Odesa Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Sumy_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Sumy Oblast">Sumy Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zhytomyr_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zhytomyr Oblast">Zhytomyr Oblast</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Potentially<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Black_Sea_drone_incident" title="2023 Black Sea drone incident">Black Sea drone incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_mystery_fires_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Russian mystery fires (2022–present)">Mystery fires in Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Nord_Stream_pipeline_sabotage" title="2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage">Nord Stream pipeline sabotage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Transnistria_attacks" title="2022 Transnistria attacks">Transnistria attacks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Zagreb_Tu-141_crash" title="2022 Zagreb Tu-141 crash">Zagreb Tu-141 crash</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Crimean_Bridge_explosion" title="2022 Crimean Bridge explosion">2022 Crimean Bridge explosion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Crimean_Bridge_explosion" title="2023 Crimean Bridge explosion">2023 Crimean Bridge explosion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#2022_Ukrainian_coup_d'etat_attempt" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bridges_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_missile_explosion_in_Poland" title="2022 missile explosion in Poland">Missile explosion in Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_western_Russia_attacks" title="2022–2023 western Russia attacks">Western Russia attacks</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Bryansk_Oblast_raid" title="2023 Bryansk Oblast raid">Bryansk Oblast raid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kremlin_drone_attack" title="Kremlin drone attack">Kremlin drone attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Belgorod_Oblast_incursions" title="2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions">Belgorod Oblast incursions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/30_May_2023_Moscow_drone_strikes" title="30 May 2023 Moscow drone strikes">Moscow drone strikes</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Ukrainian_counteroffensive" title="2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive">2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="War_crimes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">War crimes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Accusations_of_genocide_in_Donbas" title="Accusations of genocide in Donbas">Accusations of genocide in Donbas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_of_Ukrainians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">child abductions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_strikes_on_hospitals_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian strikes on hospitals during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Attacks on hospitals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Use_of_cluster_munitions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Use of cluster munitions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Cluster munitions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Use_of_incendiary_weapons_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war" title="Use of incendiary weapons in the Russo-Ukrainian war">Incendiary weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Landmines_in_Ukraine" title="Landmines in Ukraine">Landmines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_filtration_camps_for_Ukrainians" title="Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians">Russian filtration camps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_usage_of_mobile_crematoriums_in_Ukraine" title="Russian usage of mobile crematoriums in Ukraine">Russian mobile crematoriums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Russian_theft_of_Ukrainian_grain" title="2022 Russian theft of Ukrainian grain">Russian theft of Ukrainian grain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_torture_chambers_in_Ukraine" title="Russian torture chambers in Ukraine">Russian torture chambers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacking_by_Russian_forces_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Sacking by Russian forces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sacking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sexual violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treatment_of_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Treatment of prisoners of war in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Mistreatment of prisioners of war</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attacks_on_civilians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Attacks on<br />civilians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/February_2022_Kharkiv_cluster_bombing" title="February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing">February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharkiv_government_building_airstrike" title="Kharkiv government building airstrike">Kharkiv government building airstrike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/3_March_2022_Chernihiv_bombing" title="3 March 2022 Chernihiv bombing">3 March Chernihiv bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irpin_refugee_column_shelling" title="Irpin refugee column shelling">Irpin refugee column shelling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariupol_hospital_airstrike" title="Mariupol hospital airstrike">Mariupol hospital airstrike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stara_Krasnianka_care_house_attack" title="Stara Krasnianka care house attack">Stara Krasnianka care house attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mykolaiv_cluster_bombing" title="Mykolaiv cluster bombing">Mykolaiv cluster bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/March_2022_Donetsk_attack" title="March 2022 Donetsk attack">March Donetsk attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Borodianka_airstrikes" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Borodianka airstrikes">2022 Borodianka airstrikes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/16_March_2022_Chernihiv_breadline_attack" title="16 March 2022 Chernihiv breadline attack">Chernihiv breadline attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariupol_theatre_airstrike" title="Mariupol theatre airstrike">Mariupol theatre airstrike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariupol_art_school_bombing" title="Mariupol art school bombing">Mariupol art school bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv_shopping_centre_bombing" title="Kyiv shopping centre bombing">Kyiv shopping centre bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumykhimprom_ammonia_leak" title="Sumykhimprom ammonia leak">Sumykhimprom ammonia leak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/March_2022_Kharkiv_cluster_bombing" title="March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing">March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mykolaiv_government_building_missile_strike" title="Mykolaiv government building missile strike">Mykolaiv government building missile strike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bucha_massacre" title="Bucha massacre">Bucha massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kramatorsk_railway_station_attack" title="Kramatorsk railway station attack">Kramatorsk railway station attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/April_2022_Kharkiv_cluster_bombing" title="April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing">April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bilohorivka_school_bombing" title="Bilohorivka school bombing">Bilohorivka school bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shooting_of_Andrii_Bohomaz" title="Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz">Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maisky_Market_attack" title="Maisky Market attack">Maisky Market attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kremenchuk_shopping_mall_attack" title="Kremenchuk shopping mall attack">Kremenchuk shopping mall attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serhiivka_missile_strike" title="Serhiivka missile strike">Serhiivka missile strike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chasiv_Yar_missile_strike" title="Chasiv Yar missile strike">Chasiv Yar missile strike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olenivka_prison_massacre" title="Olenivka prison massacre">Olenivka prison massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharkiv_dormitories_missile_strike" title="Kharkiv dormitories missile strike">Kharkiv dormitories missile strike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaplyne_railway_station_attack" title="Chaplyne railway station attack">Chaplyne railway station attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Izium_mass_graves" title="Izium mass graves">Izium mass graves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/September_2022_Donetsk_attack" title="September 2022 Donetsk attack">September Donetsk attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_civilian_convoy_attack" title="Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack">Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kupiansk_civilian_convoy_shelling" title="Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling">Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Zaporizhzhia_residential_building_airstrike" title="2022 Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike">Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure" title="2022–2023 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure">Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Dnipro_residential_building_airstrike" title="2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike">2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_Yellow_Kitchen_Photo" title="Ukraine Yellow Kitchen Photo">Ukraine Yellow Kitchen Photo</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/April_2023_Sloviansk_airstrike" title="April 2023 Sloviansk airstrike">Sloviansk airstrike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Uman_missile_strike" title="2023 Uman missile strike">Uman missile strike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Kramatorsk_restaurant_missile_strike" title="2023 Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike">Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimes over<br />soldiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torture_of_Russian_soldiers_in_Mala_Rohan" title="Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan">Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torture_and_castration_of_a_Ukrainian_POW_in_Pryvillia" title="Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia">Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rape_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_soldiers_by_Kadyrovites" title="Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites">Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murder_of_Yevgeny_Nuzhin" title="Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin">Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makiivka_surrender_incident" title="Makiivka surrender incident">Makiivka surrender incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Execution_of_Oleksandr_Matsievskyi" title="Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi">Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beheading_of_a_Ukrainian_prisoner_of_war_in_summer_2022" title="Beheading of a Ukrainian prisoner of war in summer 2022">Beheading of a Ukrainian prisoner of war in summer 2022</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">ICC investigation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Vladimir_Putin_and_Maria_Lvova-Belova" title="International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova">Arrest warrants</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">ICJ court case</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Task_Force_on_Accountability_for_Crimes_Committed_in_Ukraine" title="Task Force on Accountability for Crimes Committed in Ukraine">Task Force on Accountability</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction_investigations_of_war_crimes_in_Ukraine" title="Universal jurisdiction investigations of war crimes in Ukraine">Universal jurisdiction</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_international_tribunal_for_the_crime_of_aggression_(Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine)" title="Special international tribunal for the crime of aggression (Russian invasion of Ukraine)">Crime of aggression</a></i></li>
<li>Criminal proceedings
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trial_of_Vadim_Shishimarin" title="Trial of Vadim Shishimarin">Vadim Shishimarin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trial_of_Alexander_Bobikin_and_Alexander_Ivanov" title="Trial of Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov">Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Reactions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Reactions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_and_intergovernmental_reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Government and intergovernmental reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">States and<br />official entities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sanctions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War">people and organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Restrictions_on_transit_to_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast">restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Military aid</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union_Military_Assistance_Mission_in_support_of_Ukraine" title="European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine">European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/People%27s_Bayraktar" title="People's Bayraktar">People's Bayraktar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Signmyrocket.com" title="Signmyrocket.com">Signmyrocket.com</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of humanitarian aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Humanitarian aid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yachts_impacted_by_international_sanctions_following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Yachts impacted by international sanctions following the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sanctioned yachts</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Application to NATO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Be_Brave_Like_Ukraine" title="Be Brave Like Ukraine">Be Brave Like Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coordination_Headquarters_for_the_Treatment_of_Prisoners_of_War" title="Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War">Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delta_(situational_awareness_system)" title="Delta (situational awareness system)">Delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Destroyed_Russian_military_equipment_exhibition" title="Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition">Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/For_Courage_and_Bravery_(Ukraine)" title="For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine)">For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grain_From_Ukraine_program" title="Grain From Ukraine program">Grain From Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Supreme_Commander-in-Chief" title="Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief">Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hero_City_of_Ukraine" title="Hero City of Ukraine">Hero City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/I_Want_to_Live_(hotline)" title="I Want to Live (hotline)">I Want to Live</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Legion_(Ukraine)" title="International Legion (Ukraine)">International Legion</a> and other foreign units
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarusian_Volunteer_Corps" title="Belarusian Volunteer Corps">Belarusian Volunteer Corps</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terror_Battalion" title="Terror Battalion">Terror Battalion</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian-Ukrainian_Brigade" title="Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade">Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_of_Russia_Legion" title="Freedom of Russia Legion">Freedom of Russia Legion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karelian_National_Battalion" title="Karelian National Battalion">Karelian National Battalion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kastu%C5%9B_Kalino%C5%ADski_Regiment" title="Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment">Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norman_Brigade" title="Norman Brigade">Norman Brigade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahonia_Regiment" title="Pahonia Regiment">Pahonia Regiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_Volunteer_Corps" title="Polish Volunteer Corps">Polish Volunteer Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Volunteer_Corps" title="Russian Volunteer Corps">Russian Volunteer Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Separate_Special_Purpose_Battalion" title="Separate Special Purpose Battalion">Separate Special Purpose Battalion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turan_Battalion" title="Turan Battalion">Turan Battalion</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Law_on_forced_confiscation_of_Russian_property_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law on forced confiscation of Russian property in Ukraine (page does not exist)">Forced confiscation law of Russian property</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%A4" class="extiw" title="ru:Украинский закон о принудительном изъятии имущества резидентов РФ">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%A4" class="extiw" title="uk:Український закон про примусове вилучення майна резидентів РФ">uk</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Look_for_Your_Own" title="Look for Your Own">Look for Your Own</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martial_law_in_Ukraine#2022_martial_law" title="Martial law in Ukraine">Martial law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mobilization_in_Ukraine#2022" title="Mobilization in Ukraine">Mobilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_Center_Ukraine" title="Media Center Ukraine">Media Center Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=National_Council_for_the_Recovery_of_Ukraine_from_the_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War (page does not exist)">National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Національна рада з відновлення України від наслідків війни">uk</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=National_Multi-Subject_Test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Multi-Subject Test (page does not exist)">National Multi-Subject Test</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" class="extiw" title="uk:Національний мультипредметний тест">uk</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="North Korea–Ukraine relations">North Korea–Ukraine relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Points_of_Invincibility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Points of Invincibility (page does not exist)">Points of Invincibility</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" class="extiw" title="uk:Пункт незламності">uk</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_recognition_of_the_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Ukrainian recognition of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Recognition of Ichkeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rescuer_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rescuer City (page does not exist)">Rescuer City</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE-%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="uk:Місто-рятівник">uk</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Save_Ukrainian_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Save Ukrainian Culture (page does not exist)">Save Ukrainian Culture</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" class="extiw" title="uk:Збережіть українську культуру">uk</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Syria–Ukraine relations">Syria–Ukraine relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Freedom_Orchestra" title="Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra">Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United24" title="United24">United24</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_News_(telethon)" title="United News (telethon)">United News</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Moscow_rally" title="2022 Moscow rally">2022 Moscow rally</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Moscow_rally" title="2023 Moscow rally">2023 Moscow rally</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Presidential_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly" title="2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly">2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Censorship in Russia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Цензура в России во время вторжения на Украину">ru</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chechen_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Chechen involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Chechnya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chechen_volunteers_on_the_side_of_Ukraine" title="Chechen volunteers on the side of Ukraine">Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Conmemorative_Medal_%22Participant_of_a_Special_Military_Operation%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" (page does not exist)">Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation"</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%C2%AB%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%C2%BB" class="extiw" title="ru:Памятная медаль «Участнику специальной военной операции»">ru</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Conversations_about_the_important&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conversations about the important (page does not exist)">Conversations about the important</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="ru:Разговоры о важном">ru</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krasovsky_case" title="Krasovsky case">Krasovsky case</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Legalization_of_parallel_imports_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legalization of parallel imports in Russia (page does not exist)">Legalization of parallel imports</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Легализация параллельного импорта в России">ru</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_South_Russian_People%27s_Council" title="Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council">Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Russian_martial_law" title="2022 Russian martial law">Martial law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masha_Moskalyova_case" title="Masha Moskalyova case">Masha Moskalyova case</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metropolis_of_Crimea" title="Metropolis of Crimea">Metropolis of Crimea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikhail_Simonov_case" title="Mikhail Simonov case">Mikhail Simonov case</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Russian_mobilization" title="2022 Russian mobilization">Mobilization</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russian_irregular_forces_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian irregular forces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Recruitment of irregular forces</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B,_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Нерегулярные вооружённые силы, участвующие во вторжении России на Украину">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Opinion_polling_in_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opinion polling in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Opinion polling</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Социологические опросы в России во время вторжения на Украину">ru</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Russian_Christmas_truce_proposal" title="2023 Russian Christmas truce proposal">Orthodox Christmas truce proposal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wagner_Group%E2%80%93Ministry_of_Defense_conflict" title="Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict">Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Appeal_of_the_Clergy_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_for_Reconciliation_and_an_End_to_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appeal of the Clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church for Reconciliation and an End to War (page does not exist)">Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E" class="extiw" title="ru:Обращение священнослужителей Русской Православной Церкви с призывом к примирению">ru</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salvation_Committee_for_Peace_and_Order" title="Salvation Committee for Peace and Order">Salvation Committee for Peace and Order</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Coordinating_Council_for_Security_Enhancement" title="Special Coordinating Council for Security Enhancement">Special Coordinating Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unfriendly_Countries_List" title="Unfriendly Countries List">Unfriendly Countries List</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/What_Russia_Should_Do_with_Ukraine" title="What Russia Should Do with Ukraine">What Russia Should Do with Ukraine</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">War censorship laws</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/We_Are_Together._Sports" title="We Are Together. Sports">We Are Together. Sports</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Joe_Biden_speech_in_Warsaw" title="2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw">2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2022 State of the Union Address">2022 State of the Union Address</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2022" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2023" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disinformation_Governance_Board" title="Disinformation Governance Board">Disinformation Governance Board</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Executive_Order_14071" title="Executive Order 14071">Executive Order 14071</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Pentagon_document_leaks" title="2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks">Pentagon document leaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Task_Force_KleptoCapture" title="Task Force KleptoCapture">Task Force KleptoCapture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_Defense_Contact_Group" title="Ukraine Defense Contact Group">Ukraine Defense Contact Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_Democracy_Defense_Lend-Lease_Act_of_2022" title="Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022">Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_Security_Assistance_Initiative" title="Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative">Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarusian_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/China_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">China</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=China%27s_Position_on_the_Political_Settlement_of_the_Ukraine_Crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China's Position on the Political Settlement of the Ukraine Crisis (page does not exist)">Chinese peace plan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_de_la_Chine_sur_le_r%C3%A8glement_politique_de_la_crise_ukrainienne" class="extiw" title="fr:Position de la Chine sur le règlement politique de la crise ukrainienne">fr</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Мирный план Китая">ru</a>; <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E5%A0%B4" class="extiw" title="zh:關於政治解決烏克蘭危機的中國立場">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Influence_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War_on_Croatia" title="Influence of the Russo-Ukrainian War on Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li>Denmark
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Danish_European_Union_opt-out_referendum" title="2022 Danish European Union opt-out referendum">Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum</a></li></ul></li>
<li>France
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mission_Aigle" title="Mission Aigle">Mission Aigle</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Georgia_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Georgia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Грузия и вторжение России на Украину">ru</a>]</span></li>
<li>Germany
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zeitenwende_speech" title="Zeitenwende speech">Zeitenwende speech</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hungary_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungary and the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Hungary</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_viszonyul%C3%A1sa_az_Ukrajna_elleni_2022%E2%80%932023-as_orosz_inv%C3%A1zi%C3%B3hoz" class="extiw" title="hu:Magyarország viszonyulása az Ukrajna elleni 2022–2023-as orosz invázióhoz">hu</a>]</span></li>
<li>India
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Ganga" title="Operation Ganga">Operation Ganga</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Iran</a></li>
<li>Israel
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Operation_Israel_Guarantees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Israel Guarantees (page does not exist)">Operation Israel Guarantees</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%94" class="extiw" title="he:מבצע עולים הביתה">he</a>]</span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuania_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Lithuania and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moldova_and_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Moldova and the Russo-Ukrainian War">Moldova</a></li>
<li>New Zealand
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia_Sanctions_Act_2022" title="Russia Sanctions Act 2022">Russia Sanctions Act</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Syria_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syria and the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Syria</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Сирия и вторжение России на Украину">ru</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taiwan and the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%85%A5%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%8C%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C%E5%98%85%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="extiw" title="zh-yue:俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭戰爭入面同台灣有關嘅事件">zh-yue</a>]</span></li>
<li>United Kingdom
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_Crime_(Transparency_and_Enforcement)_Act_2022" title="Economic Crime (Transparency and Enforcement) Act 2022">Economic Crime Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homes_for_Ukraine" title="Homes for Ukraine">Homes for Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Interflex" title="Operation Interflex">Operation Interflex</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleventh_emergency_special_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="Eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly">Emergency special session</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/1" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1">Resolution ES-11/1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/2" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/2">Resolution ES-11/2</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/3" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/3">Resolution ES-11/3</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/4" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/4">Resolution ES-11/4</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/5" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/5">Resolution ES-11/5</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/6" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/6">Resolution ES-11/6</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2623" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2623">Security Council Resolution 2623</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Easter_truce" title="Easter truce">Easter truce</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">Accession of Ukraine to the EU</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Brussels_summit" title="2022 Brussels summit">Brussels summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1st_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="1st European Political Community Summit">1st summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2nd_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="2nd European Political Community Summit">2nd summit</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Madrid_summit" title="2022 Madrid summit">Madrid summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_NATO_virtual_summit" title="2022 NATO virtual summit">NATO virtual summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Oscar" title="Operation Oscar">Operation Oscar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Ramstein_Air_Base_meeting" title="2022 Ramstein Air Base meeting">Ramstein Air Base meeting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_EU%E2%80%93Ukraine_Summit" title="2023 EU–Ukraine Summit">EU–Ukraine Summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/REPowerEU" title="REPowerEU">REPowerEU</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SWIFT_ban_against_Russian_banks" title="SWIFT ban against Russian banks">SWIFT ban against Russian banks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_Recovery_Conference" title="Ukraine Recovery Conference">Ukraine Recovery Conference</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Versailles_declaration" title="Versailles declaration">Versailles declaration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit" title="15th BRICS summit">15th BRICS summit</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consecration_of_Russia_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary#21st_century" title="Consecration of Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Consecration of Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Finland–NATO relations">Finland–NATO relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_border_barrier" title="Finland–Russia border barrier">Finland–Russia border barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron_diplomacy" title="Iron diplomacy">Iron diplomacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_South_Ossetia#2022_proposal" title="Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia">Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia#2022" title="Terrorism in Russia">Recognition of Russia as a terrorist state</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_removed_following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of monuments and memorials removed following the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Removal of monuments and memorials</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_streets_renamed_due_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of streets renamed due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Streets renamed</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_Square,_Oslo" title="Ukraine Square, Oslo">Ukraine Square, Oslo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_serving_heads_of_state_and_government_that_have_visited_Ukraine_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Sweden–NATO relations">Sweden–NATO relations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Swedish_anti-terrorism_bill" title="2023 Swedish anti-terrorism bill">Swedish anti-terrorism bill</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-government_reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Non-government reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Public</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protests_against_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>In Ukraine
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_protests_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine">in Russian-occupied Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Alexander_Pushkin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine">demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ArmWomenNow" title="ArmWomenNow">ArmWomenNow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Artistic_Front" title="Ukrainian Artistic Front">Ukrainian Artistic Front</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-war_protests_in_Russia_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Anti-war protests in Russia (2022–present)">In Russia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-War_Committee_of_Russia" title="Anti-War Committee of Russia">Anti-War Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suspicious_deaths_of_Russian_businesspeople_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople (2022–2023)">Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Club_of_Angry_Patriots" title="Club of Angry Patriots">Club of Angry Patriots</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_(Russia,_2022)" title="Congress of People's Deputies (Russia, 2022)">Congress of People's Deputies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collective_responsibility_in_Russia_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Collective responsibility in Russia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Collective responsibility</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Mothers_and_Wives" title="Council of Mothers and Wives">Council of Mothers and Wives</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feminist_Anti-War_Resistance" title="Feminist Anti-War Resistance">Feminist Anti-War Resistance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flower_protests" title="Flower protests">Flower protests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marina_Ovsyannikova" title="Marina Ovsyannikova">Marina Ovsyannikova</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Action_Committee" title="Russian Action Committee">Russian Action Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_North_Caucasian_protests" title="2022 North Caucasian protests">North Caucasian protests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Russian_Far_East_protests" title="2022 Russian Far East protests">2022 Russian Far East protests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Municipal_initiative_for_charging_Vladimir_Putin_of_high_treason" title="Municipal initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason">State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White-blue-white_flag" title="White-blue-white flag">White-blue-white flag</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarusian_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#Belarusian_opposition_to_the_invasion" title="Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">In Belarus</a></li>
<li>In China
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Translation_Movement" title="Great Translation Movement">Great Translation Movement</a></li></ul></li>
<li>In Czech Republic
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czech_Republic_First!" title="Czech Republic First!">Czech Republic First!</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corporate_responses_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Corporate responses to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_address_of_the_Russian_Union_of_Rectors" title="2022 address of the Russian Union of Rectors">Address of the Russian Union of Rectors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boycott_of_Russia_and_Belarus" title="Boycott of Russia and Belarus">Boycott of Russia and Belarus</a>
<ul><li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Do_not_buy_Russian_goods!" title="Do not buy Russian goods!">Do not buy Russian goods!</a>"</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E.N.O.T._Corp." title="E.N.O.T. Corp.">E.N.O.T. Corp.</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Igor_Mangushev" title="Igor Mangushev">Igor Mangushev</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/McDonald%27s_in_Russia" title="McDonald's in Russia">McDonald's in Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=NashStore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NashStore (page does not exist)">NashStore</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NashStore" class="extiw" title="ru:NashStore">ru</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/People%27s_Satellite" title="People's Satellite">People's Satellite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Starlink_satellite_services_in_Ukraine" title="Starlink satellite services in Ukraine">Starlink satellites in Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stop_Bloody_Energy" title="Stop Bloody Energy">Stop Bloody Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vkusno_i_tochka" title="Vkusno i tochka">Vkusno i tochka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wagner_Group_activities_in_Ukraine" title="Wagner Group activities in Ukraine">Wagner Group</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrey_Medvedev_(mercenary)" title="Andrey Medvedev (mercenary)">Andrey Medvedev</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wagner_Line" title="Wagner Line">Wagner Line</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yale_CELI_List_of_Companies" title="Yale CELI List of Companies">Yale CELI List of Companies</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anonymous_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Anonymous and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Anonymous and the invasion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alerts.in.ua" title="Alerts.in.ua">alerts.in.ua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_DDoS_attacks_on_Romania" title="2022 DDoS attacks on Romania">DDoS attacks on Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DeepStateMap.Live" title="DeepStateMap.Live">DeepStateMap.Live</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IT_Army_of_Ukraine" title="IT Army of Ukraine">IT Army of Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Killnet" title="Killnet">Killnet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liveuamap" title="Liveuamap">Liveuamap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open-source_intelligence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Open-source intelligence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Open-source intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peacenotwar" title="Peacenotwar">peacenotwar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Asset_Tracker" title="Russian Asset Tracker">Russian Asset Tracker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Squad303&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Squad303 (page does not exist)">Squad303</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad303" class="extiw" title="pl:Squad303">pl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_Siren_Alerts" title="Ukraine Siren Alerts">Ukraine Siren Alerts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Wikipedia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Wikipedia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blocking_of_Wikipedia_in_Russia#2022_threat_to_block" title="Blocking of Wikipedia in Russia">threat to block in Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Detention_of_Mark_Bernstein" title="Detention of Mark Bernstein">detention of Mark Bernstein</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diplomatic_expulsions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_spies_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Association_of_Azovstal_Defenders%27_Families" title="Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families">Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Sea_Grain_Initiative" title="Black Sea Grain Initiative">Black Sea Grain Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collaboration_with_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Collaboration with Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Collaboration with Russia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/We_Are_Together_with_Russia" title="We Are Together with Russia">We Are Together with Russia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concert_for_Ukraine" title="Concert for Ukraine">Concert for Ukraine</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_Buryatia_Foundation" title="Free Buryatia Foundation">Free Buryatia Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_Nations_of_Post-Russia_Forum" title="Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum">Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Tour_for_Peace" title="Global Tour for Peace">Global Tour for Peace</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guide_to_the_Free_World" title="Guide to the Free World">Guide to the Free World</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mozart_Group" title="Mozart Group">Mozart Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olena_Zelenska_Foundation" title="Olena Zelenska Foundation">Olena Zelenska Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_open_letter_from_Nobel_laureates_in_support_of_Ukraine" title="2022 open letter from Nobel laureates in support of Ukraine">Open letter from Nobel laureates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavel_Sudoplatov_Battalion" title="Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion">Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%27s_War_Crimes_House" title="Russia's War Crimes House">Russia's War Crimes House</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saving_Ukrainian_Cultural_Heritage_Online" title="Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online">Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serhiy_Prytula_Charity_Foundation" title="Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation">Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Spain_letter_bomb_attacks" title="2022 Spain letter bomb attacks">Spain letter bomb attacks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yermak-McFaul_Expert_Group_on_Russian_Sanctions" title="Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions">Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavel_Filatyev" title="Pavel Filatyev">Pavel Filatyev</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/True_Russia" title="True Russia">True Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wimbledon_ban_on_Russian_and_Belarusian_players" title="Wimbledon ban on Russian and Belarusian players">Wimbledon ban</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_aircraft_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Aircraft losses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Casualties</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War">journalists killed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Russian_generals_killed_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of Russian generals killed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian generals killed</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Economic impact</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_inflation_surge" title="2021–2023 inflation surge">Inflation surge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Moldovan_energy_crisis" title="2022–2023 Moldovan energy crisis">Moldovan energy crisis</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moldovan_protests_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Moldovan protests (2022–present)">protests</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_gas_dispute" title="2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute">Russia–EU gas dispute</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Nord_Stream_pipeline_sabotage" title="2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage">2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Russian_debt_default" title="2022 Russian debt default">Russian debt default</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Russian_crude_oil_price_cap_sanctions" title="2022 Russian crude oil price cap sanctions">2022 Russian oil price cap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Russian_oil_products_sanctions_and_price_cap" title="2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap">2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EU_natural_gas_price_cap" title="EU natural gas price cap">EU natural gas price cap</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine#During_the_2022_Russian_invasion" title="Education in Ukraine">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whisky_War" title="Whisky War">End of the Whisky War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Environmental impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Environmental impact</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2022" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2022">Eurovision Song Contest 2022</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2022" title="Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2022" title="Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2023">Eurovision Song Contest 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_food_crises" title="2022–2023 food crises">Food crises</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Theatre_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre during the Russian invasion of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Impact on theatre</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Театр часів Російсько-української війни">uk</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_notable_deaths_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of notable deaths during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">List of notable deaths</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_on_nuclear_power_plants" title="Impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on nuclear power plants">Nuclear power plants</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Nuclear_Power_Plant_crisis" title="Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis">Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_threats_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Nuclear threats during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Nuclear threats</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Religion and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_emigration_following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian emigration following the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian emigration</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=The_Ark_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Ark (Russia) (page does not exist)">The Ark</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B3_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Ковчег (организация)">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ship_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Ship losses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_cultural_heritage_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion" title="Ukrainian cultural heritage during the 2022 Russian invasion">Ukrainian cultural heritage</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Art_theft_and_looting_by_Russia_during_the_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Art theft and looting by Russia during the invasion of Ukraine">art theft and looting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_damaged_cultural_sites_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of damaged cultural sites during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">damaged cultural sites</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Urengoy%E2%80%93Pomary%E2%80%93Uzhhorod_pipeline_explosion" title="2022 Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion">Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Women in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Women</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_syndrome" title="Ukrainian syndrome">Ukrainian syndrome</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humanitarian_impacts_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Humanitarian impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Humanitarian impact</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Ukrainian refugee crisis</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sobieskiego_100" title="Sobieskiego 100">Sobieskiego 100</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_Ukraine" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine">UN Commission of Inquiry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Monitoring_Mission_in_Ukraine" title="United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine">UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/And_now_I_will_show_you_where_the_attack_on_Belarus_was_prepared_from" title="And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from">And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxons_(slur)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Saxons (slur) (page does not exist)">Anglo-Saxons</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B_(%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)" class="extiw" title="ru:Англосаксы (эвфемизм)">ru</a>]</span>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grandpa_in_his_bunker" title="Grandpa in his bunker">Grandpa in his bunker</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Good_Evening_(Where_Are_You_From%3F)" title="Good Evening (Where Are You From?)">Good evening, we are from Ukraine</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Good_Russians" title="Good Russians">Good Russians</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orc_(slang)" title="Orc (slang)">Orc</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Putin_khuylo!#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Putin khuylo!">Putin khuylo!</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia_is_here_forever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russia is here forever (page does not exist)">Russia is here forever</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Россия здесь навсегда">ru</a>]</span>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_warship,_go_fuck_yourself" title="Russian warship, go fuck yourself">Russian warship, go fuck yourself</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slava_Ukraini#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Slava Ukraini">Slava Ukraini!</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Special_military_operation_(Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Special military operation (Russian invasion of Ukraine) (page does not exist)">Special military operation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Специальная военная операция">ru</a>]</span>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/To_bomb_Voronezh" title="To bomb Voronezh">To bomb Voronezh</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strength_is_in_truth" title="Strength is in truth">Strength is in truth</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westsplaining" title="Westsplaining">Westsplaining</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Where_have_you_been_for_eight_years%3F" title="Where have you been for eight years?">Where have you been for eight years?</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Without_you_(speech)" title="Without you (speech)">Without you</a>"</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/12_(song)" title="12 (song)">12</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bakhmut_Fortress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakhmut Fortress (page does not exist)">Bakhmut Fortress</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" class="extiw" title="uk:Фортеця Бахмут">uk</a>]</span></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bayraktar_(song)" title="Bayraktar (song)">Bayraktar</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_of_Mary_(song)" title="City of Mary (song)">City of Mary</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Flowers_of_Minefields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flowers of Minefields (page does not exist)">Flowers of Minefields</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="uk:Квіти мінних зон">uk</a>]</span></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Generation_Cancellation" title="Generation Cancellation">Generation Cancellation</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Generation_Z_(song)" title="Generation Z (song)">Generation Z</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oyda_(song)" title="Oyda (song)">Oyda</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hey,_Hey,_Rise_Up!" title="Hey, Hey, Rise Up!">Hey, Hey, Rise Up!</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mama_%C5%A0%C4%8C!" title="Mama ŠČ!">Mama ŠČ!</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oi_u_luzi_chervona_kalyna" title="Oi u luzi chervona kalyna">Oi u luzi chervona kalyna</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slava_Ukraini!_(song)" title="Slava Ukraini! (song)">Slava Ukraini!</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stefania_(song)" title="Stefania (song)">Stefania</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_(song)" title="Ukraine (song)">Ukraine</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/20_Days_in_Mariupol" title="20 Days in Mariupol">20 Days in Mariupol</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Follow_Me_(documentary)" title="Follow Me (documentary)">Follow Me</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukraine_on_Fire_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukraine on Fire 2 (page does not exist)"><i>Ukraine on Fire 2</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96_2" class="extiw" title="uk:Україна в огні 2">uk</a>]</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babylon%2713" title="Babylon'13">Babylon'13</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Back_to_the_Cold_War" title="Back to the Cold War">Back to the Cold War</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Borodianka_cat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borodianka cat (page does not exist)">Borodianka cat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Кішка з Бородянки">uk</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghost_of_Kyiv" title="Ghost of Kyiv">Ghost of Kyiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lovec_Region" title="Královec Region">Královec Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madonna_of_Kyiv" title="Madonna of Kyiv">Madonna of Kyiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NAFO_(group)" title="NAFO (group)">North Atlantic Fellas Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Newspeak_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newspeak in Russia (page does not exist)">Newspeak in Russia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Новояз в России">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97" class="extiw" title="uk:Новомова в Росії">uk</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patron_(dog)" title="Patron (dog)">Patron</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Putler#After_2014" title="Putler">Putler</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Putinversteher" title="Putinversteher">Putinversteher</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Raccoon_of_Kherson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raccoon of Kherson (page does not exist)">Raccoon of Kherson</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Енот из Херсона">ru</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Javelin" title="Saint Javelin">Saint Javelin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saint_Mariuburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Mariuburg (page does not exist)">Saint Mariuburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" class="extiw" title="ru:Санкт-Мариубург">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" class="extiw" title="uk:Санкт-Маріубург">uk</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vasylkiv_maiolica_rooster" title="Vasylkiv maiolica rooster">Vasylkiv maiolica rooster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Putin%27s_meeting_table" title="Vladimir Putin's meeting table">Vladimir Putin's meeting table</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walk_of_the_Brave" title="Walk of the Brave">Walk of the Brave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watermelon_(symbol_of_Kherson)" title="Watermelon (symbol of Kherson)">Watermelon symbol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Z_(military_symbol)" title="Z (military symbol)">"Z" military symbol</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Key_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Key people</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speeches_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Speeches by Volodymyr Zelenskyy during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">speeches during the invasion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_visit_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_to_the_United_States" title="2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the United States">visit to the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_visit_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="2023 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the United Kingdom">visit to the United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/May_2023_visits_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_to_Europe" title="May 2023 visits by Volodymyr Zelenskyy to Europe">visits to Europe</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denys_Shmyhal" title="Denys Shmyhal">Denys Shmyhal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denys_Kireyev" title="Denys Kireyev">Denys Kireyev</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denys_Monastyrsky" title="Denys Monastyrsky">Denys Monastyrsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denys_Prokopenko" title="Denys Prokopenko">Denys Prokopenko</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iryna_Venediktova" title="Iryna Venediktova">Iryna Venediktova</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyrylo_Budanov" title="Kyrylo Budanov">Kyrylo Budanov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mykola_Oleschuk" title="Mykola Oleschuk">Mykola Oleschuk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oleksandr_Pavlyuk" title="Oleksandr Pavlyuk">Oleksandr Pavlyuk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oleksandr_Syrskyi" title="Oleksandr Syrskyi">Oleksandr Syrskyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oleksii_Reznikov" title="Oleksii Reznikov">Oleksii Reznikov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oleksiy_Danilov" title="Oleksiy Danilov">Oleksiy Danilov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oleksiy_Neizhpapa" title="Oleksiy Neizhpapa">Oleksiy Neizhpapa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruslan_Khomchak" title="Ruslan Khomchak">Ruslan Khomchak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergiy_Kyslytsya" title="Sergiy Kyslytsya">Sergiy Kyslytsya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serhiy_Shaptala" title="Serhiy Shaptala">Serhiy Shaptala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valerii_Zaluzhnyi" title="Valerii Zaluzhnyi">Valerii Zaluzhnyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitali_Klitschko" title="Vitali Klitschko">Vitali Klitschko</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yevhen_Moisiuk" title="Yevhen Moisiuk">Yevhen Moisiuk</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aleksandr_Dvornikov" title="Aleksandr Dvornikov">Aleksandr Dvornikov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aleksandr_Lapin_(general)" title="Aleksandr Lapin (general)">Aleksandr Lapin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aleksey_Nagin" title="Aleksey Nagin">Aleksey Nagin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Bortnikov" title="Alexander Bortnikov">Alexander Bortnikov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrei_Kolesnikov_(general)" title="Andrei Kolesnikov (general)">Andrei Kolesnikov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrei_Sychevoi" title="Andrei Sychevoi">Andrei Sychevoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrey_Belousov" title="Andrey Belousov">Andrey Belousov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrey_Vorobyov" title="Andrey Vorobyov">Andrey Vorobyov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gennady_Zhidko" title="Gennady Zhidko">Gennady Zhidko</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Igor_Kastyukevich" title="Igor Kastyukevich">Igor Kastyukevich</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivan_Popov_(Russian_general,_born_1975)" title="Ivan Popov (Russian general, born 1975)">Ivan Popov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikhail_Mishustin" title="Mikhail Mishustin">Mikhail Mishustin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maria_Lvova-Belova" title="Maria Lvova-Belova">Maria Lvova-Belova</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Nikolai Patrushev</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oleg_Salyukov" title="Oleg Salyukov">Oleg Salyukov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oleg_Tsokov" title="Oleg Tsokov">Oleg Tsokov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Berdnikov" title="Roman Berdnikov">Roman Berdnikov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rustam_Muradov" title="Rustam Muradov">Rustam Muradov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Surovikin" title="Sergey Surovikin">Sergey Surovikin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Naryshkin" title="Sergey Naryshkin">Sergey Naryshkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timur_Ivanov" title="Timur Ivanov">Timur Ivanov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valery_Gerasimov" title="Valery Gerasimov">Valery Gerasimov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viktor_Zolotov" title="Viktor Zolotov">Viktor Zolotov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitaly_Gerasimov" title="Vitaly Gerasimov">Vitaly Gerasimov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vyacheslav_Gladkov" title="Vyacheslav Gladkov">Vyacheslav Gladkov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vyacheslav_Volodin" title="Vyacheslav Volodin">Vyacheslav Volodin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yevgeny_Prigozhin" title="Yevgeny Prigozhin">Yevgeny Prigozhin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic"><img alt="Donetsk People's Republic" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denis_Pushilin" title="Denis Pushilin">Denis Pushilin</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic"><img alt="Luhansk People's Republic" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonid_Pasechnik" title="Leonid Pasechnik">Leonid Pasechnik</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Anti-Russian sentiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Anti-Ukrainian sentiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya" title="Antonov An-225 Mriya">Antonov An-225 Mriya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azovstal_Iron_and_Steel_Works" title="Azovstal Iron and Steel Works">Azovstal Iron and Steel Works</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Belgorod_accidental_bombing" title="2023 Belgorod accidental bombing">Belgorod accidental bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Brovary_helicopter_crash" title="2023 Brovary helicopter crash">Brovary helicopter crash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=13_May_2023_Bryansk_Oblast_military_aircraft_crashes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13 May 2023 Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes (page does not exist)">Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Падения летательных аппаратов России в Брянской области">ru</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Derussification_in_Ukraine" title="Derussification in Ukraine">Derussification in Ukraine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Alexander_Pushkin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine">Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_serving_heads_of_state_and_government_that_have_visited_Ukraine_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="List of serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Irkutsk_military_aircraft_crash" title="2022 Irkutsk military aircraft crash">Irkutsk military aircraft crash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident"><i>Lady R</i> incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nord_Stream_2" title="Nord Stream 2">Nord Stream 2</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_Transnistria" title="Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria">Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punisher_(drone)" title="Punisher (drone)">Punisher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Russia and weapons of mass destruction">Russian nuclear weapons</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/RS-28_Sarmat" title="RS-28 Sarmat">Sarmat</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_military_presence_in_Transnistria" title="Russian military presence in Transnistria">Russian military presence in Transnistria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Russian_Air_Force_Ilyushin_Il-76_crash" title="2022 Russian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 crash">Ryazan military aircraft crash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Siberian_wildfires" title="2022 Siberian wildfires">Siberian wildfires</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soloti_military_training_ground_shooting" title="Soloti military training ground shooting">Soloti military training ground shooting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_imagery_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Soviet imagery during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Soviet imagery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U-24_(association)" title="U-24 (association)">U-24 association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Russian_Aerospace_Forces_An-26_crash" title="2022 Russian Aerospace Forces An-26 crash">Voronezh military aircraft crash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Yeysk_military_aircraft_crash" title="2022 Yeysk military aircraft crash">Yeysk military aircraft crash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Moldovan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt_allegations" title="2023 Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations">Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_visit_by_Joe_Biden_to_Ukraine" title="2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine">2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Russia" title="2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia">2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_visit_by_Fumio_Kishida_to_Ukraine" title="2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine">2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Russian invasion of Ukraine">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>niggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggererniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerniggerv
</p></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1690329334' |
