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==== Legislation and funding ====
==== Legislation and funding ====
On May 18, 1897, as the city moved [[History of New York City|toward consolidation]], the [[New York State Legislature]] reserved 39 acres (16&nbsp;ha) for a botanic garden.<ref name="McClure, Phillips and Company 1912 p. 339">{{cite book |last=Gager |first=C. Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCkKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA339 |title=The Brooklyn Botanic Garden |work=Popular Science Monthly |publisher=McClure, Phillips and Company |year=1912 |pages=339–340 |issue=v. 80}}</ref><ref name="Proceedings 1930 p.">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUofAQAAMAAJ |title=Proceedings |year=1930 |page= |access-date=July 24, 2023 |issue=v. 9}}</ref> The site became part of Institute Park in 1902.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /> The garden was to be run under the auspices of the [[Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences]], which until the 1970s included [[Brooklyn Museum]], [[Brooklyn Children's Museum]], and [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]].<ref name="bm">{{cite web |title=About the Brooklyn Museum's Building |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420183309/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |archive-date=April 20, 2013 |access-date=April 28, 2013 |website=Brooklyn Museum}}</ref> By 1901, the institute sought to acquire a site on the eastern side of Flatbush Avenue for the botanical garden.<ref name="n128728735">{{Cite news |date=1901-10-13 |title=The Work of the Institute |pages=18 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-the-work-of-the-ins/128728735/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref> This site had also been proposed as the location of a proposed Brooklyn university, but the institute wanted to establish a botanical garden on the site.<ref name="n128776497">{{Cite news |date=1906-02-08 |title=Dove of Peace Hovering Over University Project |pages=10 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dove-of-peace-h/128776497/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> Several of the institute's donors proposed in 1905 to give $25,000 for the upkeep of a "scientific botanic garden" next to the Brooklyn Museum.<ref name="n128728967">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-11 |title=Another $25,000 Gift to Brooklyn Institute |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-another-25000-gif/128728967/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref><ref name="n128776960">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-10 |title=Two Great Gifts to Brooklyn Institute |pages=4 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-two-great-gifts-to-brooklyn/128776960/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next year, the donors doubled this award to $50,000.<ref name="McClure, Phillips and Company 1912 p. 339" /> City officials endorsed the creation of the botanical garden in 1907,<ref name="n128777045">{{Cite news |date=1907-07-14 |title=City to Pay $25,000 a Year for Observatory in Prospect Park |pages=17 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-city-to-pay-25000-a/128777045/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="p847016120">{{Cite magazine |date=Oct 1, 1907 |title=Parks and Park Work: Many New Structures for Brooklyn's Parks |magazine=Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening |volume=17 |issue=8 |page=191 |id={{ProQuest|847016120}}}}</ref> and supporters of the institute donated thousands of dollars toward the botanical garden.<ref name="p572129951">{{cite news |date=13 Sep 1908 |title=Institute's Season: Brooklyn Organization Will Make Many Changes This Year |page=C6 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572129951}}}}</ref> [[Alfred Tredway White]], a trustee of the Brooklyn Institute, leased a {{Convert|40|acre|adj=on}} site behind the Brooklyn Museum from the city.<ref name="p1037915186">{{cite news |last=Hinton-Braaten |first=Kathleen |date=5 Apr 1983 |title=Roses and bonsai: Brooklyn's Botanic Garden |work=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0405/040538.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |id={{ProQuest|1037915186}}}}</ref>
On May 18, 1897, as the city moved [[History of New York City|toward consolidation]], the [[New York State Legislature]] reserved 39 acres (16&nbsp;ha) for a botanic garden.<ref name="Gager p. 339">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=340}}</ref><ref name="Proceedings 1930 p.">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUofAQAAMAAJ |title=Proceedings |year=1930 |page= |access-date=July 24, 2023 |issue=v. 9}}</ref> The site became part of Institute Park in 1902.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /> The garden was to be run under the auspices of the [[Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences]], which until the 1970s included [[Brooklyn Museum]], [[Brooklyn Children's Museum]], and [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]].<ref name="bm">{{cite web |title=About the Brooklyn Museum's Building |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420183309/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |archive-date=April 20, 2013 |access-date=April 28, 2013 |website=Brooklyn Museum}}</ref> By 1901, the institute sought to acquire a site on the eastern side of Flatbush Avenue for the botanical garden.<ref name="n128728735">{{Cite news |date=1901-10-13 |title=The Work of the Institute |pages=18 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-the-work-of-the-ins/128728735/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref> This site had also been proposed as the location of a proposed Brooklyn university, but the institute wanted to establish a botanical garden on the site.<ref name="n128776497">{{Cite news |date=1906-02-08 |title=Dove of Peace Hovering Over University Project |pages=10 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dove-of-peace-h/128776497/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> Several of the institute's donors proposed in 1905 to give $25,000 for the upkeep of a "scientific botanic garden" next to the Brooklyn Museum.<ref name="n128728967">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-11 |title=Another $25,000 Gift to Brooklyn Institute |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-another-25000-gif/128728967/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref><ref name="n128776960">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-10 |title=Two Great Gifts to Brooklyn Institute |pages=4 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-two-great-gifts-to-brooklyn/128776960/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next year, the donors doubled this award to $50,000.<ref name="Gager p. 340">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=340}}</ref> City officials endorsed the creation of the botanical garden in 1907,<ref name="n128777045">{{Cite news |date=1907-07-14 |title=City to Pay $25,000 a Year for Observatory in Prospect Park |pages=17 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-city-to-pay-25000-a/128777045/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="p847016120">{{Cite magazine |date=Oct 1, 1907 |title=Parks and Park Work: Many New Structures for Brooklyn's Parks |magazine=Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening |volume=17 |issue=8 |page=191 |id={{ProQuest|847016120}}}}</ref> and supporters of the institute donated thousands of dollars toward the botanical garden.<ref name="p572129951">{{cite news |date=13 Sep 1908 |title=Institute's Season: Brooklyn Organization Will Make Many Changes This Year |page=C6 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572129951}}}}</ref> [[Alfred Tredway White]], a trustee of the Brooklyn Institute, leased a {{Convert|40|acre|adj=on}} site behind the Brooklyn Museum from the city.<ref name="p1037915186">{{cite news |last=Hinton-Braaten |first=Kathleen |date=5 Apr 1983 |title=Roses and bonsai: Brooklyn's Botanic Garden |work=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0405/040538.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |id={{ProQuest|1037915186}}}}</ref>


Although the [[New York City Board of Estimate]] approved the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's creation in June 1909, it did not approve another agreement that would allow the Brooklyn Institute to maintain the botanical garden.<ref name="n128782433">{{Cite news |date=1909-12-11 |title=For a Botanic Garden |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-for-a-botanic-garde/128782433/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128782676">{{Cite news |date=1909-12-11 |title=For Botanic Garden and Arboretum in Park |pages=5 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-for-botanic-gar/128782676/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> By the end of that year, the [[Olmsted Brothers]] had been hired as landscape designers, while [[McKim, Mead & White]] had been hired as architects for the botanical garden's buildings.<ref name="n128782569">{{Cite news |date=1910-12-10 |title=Institute Trustees Meet |pages=21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128782569/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The Board of Estimate voted on December 10, 1909, to allow the city and the Brooklyn Institute to sign a maintenance agreement for the botanical garden.<ref name="n128782433" /><ref name="n128782676" /> New York City government and the Brooklyn Institute signed the maintenance agreement on December 28,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Biodiversity Heritage Library 1913 p. 77">{{cite book |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJvOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record |author2=Biodiversity Heritage Library |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |year=1913 |pages=75–79 |issue=v. 2, no. 2}}</ref><ref name="p572395107">{{cite news |date=17 Apr 1910 |title=Brooklyn Park Plans: to Begin Arboretum and Botanical Gardens July 1 |page=B8 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572395107}}}}</ref> and an endowment fund for the BBG was created three days later.<ref name="p572395107" /> [[C. Stuart Gager]] was hired as the BBG's first director in March 1910.<ref name="n128782203">{{Cite news |date=1910-03-04 |title=Director of Botanic Garden |pages=15 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-director-of-bot/128782203/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> At this point, the BBG was authorized to spend between $2,000 and $2,500 annually on plantings.<ref name="n7607461">{{Cite news |date=1910-04-11 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |pages=11 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-plans-for-garde/7607461/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="p194083330">{{cite news |date=21 May 1910 |title=Garden for Brooklyn Institute: Notable addition for pleasure grounds of the city. |page=5 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|194083330}}}}</ref> That June, the city government appropriated $25,000 for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's plant houses.<ref name="n128780494">{{Cite news |date=1910-06-11 |title=City Gives Thousands to Brooklyn Institute |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-gives-thou/128780494/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128780637">{{Cite news |date=1910-06-11 |title=Elect Roosevelt Honorary Member |pages=12 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-elect-roosevelt-honor/128780637/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>
Although the [[New York City Board of Estimate]] approved the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's creation in June 1909, it did not approve another agreement that would allow the Brooklyn Institute to maintain the botanical garden.<ref name="n128782433">{{Cite news |date=1909-12-11 |title=For a Botanic Garden |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-for-a-botanic-garde/128782433/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128782676">{{Cite news |date=1909-12-11 |title=For Botanic Garden and Arboretum in Park |pages=5 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-for-botanic-gar/128782676/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> By the end of that year, the [[Olmsted Brothers]] had been hired as landscape designers, while [[McKim, Mead & White]] had been hired as architects for the botanical garden's buildings.<ref name="n128782569">{{Cite news |date=1910-12-10 |title=Institute Trustees Meet |pages=21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128782569/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The Board of Estimate voted on December 10, 1909, to allow the city and the Brooklyn Institute to sign a maintenance agreement for the botanical garden.<ref name="n128782433" /><ref name="n128782676" /> New York City government and the Brooklyn Institute signed the maintenance agreement on December 28,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Biodiversity Heritage Library 1913 p. 77">{{cite book |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJvOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record |author2=Biodiversity Heritage Library |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |year=1913 |pages=75–79 |issue=v. 2, no. 2}}</ref><ref name="p572395107">{{cite news |date=17 Apr 1910 |title=Brooklyn Park Plans: to Begin Arboretum and Botanical Gardens July 1 |page=B8 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572395107}}}}</ref> and an endowment fund for the BBG was created three days later.<ref name="p572395107" /> [[C. Stuart Gager]] was hired as the BBG's first director in March 1910.<ref name="n128782203">{{Cite news |date=1910-03-04 |title=Director of Botanic Garden |pages=15 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-director-of-bot/128782203/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> At this point, the BBG was authorized to spend between $2,000 and $2,500 annually on plantings.<ref name="n7607461">{{Cite news |date=1910-04-11 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |pages=11 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-plans-for-garde/7607461/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="p194083330">{{cite news |date=21 May 1910 |title=Garden for Brooklyn Institute: Notable addition for pleasure grounds of the city. |page=5 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|194083330}}}}</ref> That June, the city government appropriated $25,000 for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's plant houses.<ref name="n128780494">{{Cite news |date=1910-06-11 |title=City Gives Thousands to Brooklyn Institute |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-gives-thou/128780494/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128780637">{{Cite news |date=1910-06-11 |title=Elect Roosevelt Honorary Member |pages=12 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-elect-roosevelt-honor/128780637/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>
==== Construction and opening ====
==== Construction and opening ====
[[File:Brooklyn_Botanical_Gardens_-_5924619217.jpg|thumb|The pond at the BBG]]
[[File:Brooklyn_Botanical_Gardens_-_5924619217.jpg|thumb|The pond at the BBG]]
Gager wanted to create "an animated textbook in botany", with a [[Palm house|Palm House]] and laboratories facing Washington Avenue, as well as a landscape with valleys, hills, a pond, and rocks.<ref name="p572338433">{{cite news |date=28 Aug 1910 |title=New Botanical Garden: Dr. Gager Outlines Broad Plan to Extend Educational Side |page=B3 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572338433}}}}</ref> In contrast to older botanical gardens, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was not arranged based solely on taxonomic classifications; the Olmsted Brothers sought to make the garden aesthetically pleasing as well.<ref name="BD p. 107">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=107}}</ref> McKim, Mead & White began drawing up plans in late 1910 for a laboratory and administration building with a 480-seat lecture hall, laboratories, and classrooms.<ref name="n128782235">{{Cite news |date=1910-12-23 |title=A New Park Building |pages=20 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-a-new-park-buil/128782235/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> Brooklyn Institute director [[Franklin Hooper|Franklin W. Hooper]] requested in February 1911 that the BBG be allowed to expand into space that had been designated for the Brooklyn Museum, [[Mount Prospect Park|Mount Prospect Reservoir]], or [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Brooklyn Central Library]].<ref name="n128783860">{{Cite news |date=1911-02-23 |title=Botanic Garden May Be Enlarged |pages=16 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-may-be/128783860/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The firm had completed plans for two wings of the Palm House and the first part of the Laboratory Administration Building that March.<ref name="n128783135">{{Cite news |date=1911-03-11 |title=Institute Trustees Hold Regular Meeting |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128783135/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next month, the institute decided to build only one part of the Palm House, as the botanical garden only had a $50,000 budget.<ref name="n128783521">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Institute Gets 692 New Members |pages=3 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-institute-gets-692-new-membe/128783521/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128783639">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Gifts to the Institute Announced by Trustees |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-gifts-to-the-in/128783639/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>{{Efn|The laboratory building was to cost $33,000, while the Palm House was to cost $17,000.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1911-10-14|title=Institute in Need of More Members|pages=16|work=The Standard Union|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-institute-in-need-of/128785163/|access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>}}
Gager wanted to create "an animated textbook in botany", with a [[Palm house|Palm House]] and laboratories facing Washington Avenue, as well as a landscape with valleys, hills, a pond, and rocks.<ref name="p572338433">{{cite news |date=28 Aug 1910 |title=New Botanical Garden: Dr. Gager Outlines Broad Plan to Extend Educational Side |page=B3 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572338433}}}}</ref> In contrast to older botanical gardens, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was not arranged based solely on taxonomic classifications; the Olmsted Brothers sought to make the garden aesthetically pleasing as well.<ref name="BD p. 107">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=107}}</ref> McKim, Mead & White began drawing up plans in late 1910 for a laboratory and administration building with a 480-seat lecture hall, laboratories, and classrooms.<ref name="n128782235">{{Cite news |date=1910-12-23 |title=A New Park Building |pages=20 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-a-new-park-buil/128782235/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The New York City government turned over {{Convert|43|acre}} to the Brooklyn Institute in February 1911,<ref name="Gager p. 340" /> and the institute's director [[Franklin Hooper|Franklin W. Hooper]] requested the same month that more land be allocated to the BBG.<ref name="n128783860">{{Cite news |date=1911-02-23 |title=Botanic Garden May Be Enlarged |pages=16 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-may-be/128783860/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> McKim, Mead & White had completed plans for two wings of the Palm House and the first part of the Laboratory Administration Building that March.<ref name="n128783135">{{Cite news |date=1911-03-11 |title=Institute Trustees Hold Regular Meeting |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128783135/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next month, the institute decided to build only one part of the Palm House, as the botanical garden only had a $50,000 budget.<ref name="n128783521">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Institute Gets 692 New Members |pages=3 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-institute-gets-692-new-membe/128783521/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128783639">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Gifts to the Institute Announced by Trustees |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-gifts-to-the-in/128783639/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>{{Efn|The laboratory building was to cost $33,000, while the Palm House was to cost $17,000.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1911-10-14|title=Institute in Need of More Members|pages=16|work=The Standard Union|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-institute-in-need-of/128785163/|access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>}}


The first section of the BBG, the Native Flora Garden, opened on May 13, 1911;<ref name="n128786039">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-14 |title=Many Persons Visit New Botanic Garden |pages=16 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-many-persons-visit-ne/128786039/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> the date was chosen to coincide with [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s birthday.<ref name="n128785950">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-12 |title=Botanic Garden Opens To-morrow |pages=2 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-opens/128785950/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128785650">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-12 |title=To Open Botanic Garden |pages=5 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-open-botanic/128785650/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>{{efn|Linnaeus's birthday was on May 13 according to the [[Swedish calendar]] or May 23 according to the [[Gregorian calendar]]. See {{cite book |last=Blunt |first=Wilfrid |title=Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3YOvgAACAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=[[Frances Lincoln]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7112-1841-3 |page=12}}}} At the time, the plants had temporary labels, and work on the Palm House and laboratory had not started.<ref name="n128785650" /> By late 1911, the Brooklyn Institute was planting shrubs and trees and were curating the BBG's lawn.<ref name="n128783296">{{Cite news |date=1911-09-24 |title=Scientific Soil Culture for Botanical Gardens |pages=55 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-scientific-soil/128783296/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The plantings included between 150 and 200 species of shrubs that grew within {{convert|100|mi}} of Brooklyn.<ref name="p846943851">{{Cite magazine |date=Jan 1, 1912 |title=Parks and Park Work: Park Building Under Way in Brooklyn |magazine=Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening |volume=21 |issue=11 |page=741 |id={{ProQuest|846943851}}}}</ref> BBG staff used a temporary headquarters in the Brooklyn Museum while the BBG was being completed.<ref name="The Record (1913) p. 25">{{harvnb|The Record|1913|ps=.|p=25}}</ref> [[Harold Caparn]] was appointed as the landscape architect in 1912, serving in that position until 1945.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /><ref name="BD p. 107" /> The BBG hired Cockerill & Little Co. to build the Laboratory Administration Building in January 1912 and began constructing the structure three months later.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=3}}</ref><ref name="The Record (1913) p. 26">{{harvnb|The Record|1913|ps=.|p=26}}</ref> That September, the city government gave the BBG an additional {{convert|3|acre}} of land, abutting the museum and reservoir.<ref name="n128786682">{{Cite news |date=1912-09-22 |title=City Presents Brooklyn Land for Botanic Garden |pages=38 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-presents-b/128786682/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>
The first section of the BBG, the Native Flora Garden, opened on May 13, 1911;<ref name="n128786039">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-14 |title=Many Persons Visit New Botanic Garden |pages=16 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-many-persons-visit-ne/128786039/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> the date was chosen to coincide with [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s birthday.<ref name="n128785950">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-12 |title=Botanic Garden Opens To-morrow |pages=2 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-opens/128785950/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128785650">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-12 |title=To Open Botanic Garden |pages=5 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-open-botanic/128785650/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>{{efn|Linnaeus's birthday was on May 13 according to the [[Swedish calendar]] or May 23 according to the [[Gregorian calendar]]. See {{cite book |last=Blunt |first=Wilfrid |title=Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3YOvgAACAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=[[Frances Lincoln]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7112-1841-3 |page=12}}}} At the time, the plants had temporary labels, and work on the Palm House and laboratory had not started.<ref name="n128785650" /> By late 1911, the Brooklyn Institute was planting shrubs and trees and were curating the BBG's lawn.<ref name="n128783296">{{Cite news |date=1911-09-24 |title=Scientific Soil Culture for Botanical Gardens |pages=55 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-scientific-soil/128783296/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The plantings included between 150 and 200 species of shrubs that grew within {{convert|100|mi}} of Brooklyn.<ref name="p846943851">{{Cite magazine |date=Jan 1, 1912 |title=Parks and Park Work: Park Building Under Way in Brooklyn |magazine=Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening |volume=21 |issue=11 |page=741 |id={{ProQuest|846943851}}}}</ref> BBG staff used a temporary headquarters in the Brooklyn Museum while the BBG was being completed.<ref name="The Record (1913) p. 25">{{harvnb|The Record|1913|ps=.|p=25}}</ref> [[Harold Caparn]] was appointed as the landscape architect in 1912, serving in that position until 1945.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /><ref name="BD p. 107" /> The BBG hired Cockerill & Little Co. to build the Laboratory Administration Building in January 1912 and began constructing the structure three months later.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=3}}</ref><ref name="The Record (1913) p. 26">{{harvnb|The Record|1913|ps=.|p=26}}</ref> That September, the city government gave the BBG an additional {{convert|3|acre}} of land, abutting the museum and reservoir.<ref name="n128786682">{{Cite news |date=1912-09-22 |title=City Presents Brooklyn Land for Botanic Garden |pages=38 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-presents-b/128786682/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is in the central part of the [[Boroughs of New York City|New York City borough]] of [[Brooklyn]], on the border of the [[Park Slope]], [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]], and [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] neighborhoods. It occupies much of the city block bounded by Eastern Parkway to the north, Washington Avenue to the east, Empire Boulevard to the south, and Flatbush Avenue to the southwest.<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web |title=1000 Flatbush Avenue, 11225 |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/3/1183/1 |access-date=March 20, 2020 |publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> The BBG shares a large city block with Brooklyn's [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Central Library]], [[Mount Prospect Park]], and the [[Brooklyn Museum]] to the west and north.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/01001446.pdf |title=Brooklyn Public Library, Central Building |date=January 11, 2002 |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]] |page=3 |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623201336/https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/01001446.pdf |archive-date=June 23, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The far southeastern corner of the block contains the Brooklyn Central Office, Bureau of Fire Communications, at 35 Empire Boulevard.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peck|first=Richard|date=1975-03-02|title=Old Firehouses Clang in the Past|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/02/archives/old-firehouses-clang-in-the-past-citys-old-firehouses-are-clanging.html|access-date=2023-07-31|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The BBG covers {{Convert|52|acre}},<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /><ref name="Durham National Geographic Society (U.S.) Shaw Hannafin 2015 p. 213">{{cite book |last=Durham |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBknBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |title=National Geographic Traveler - New York |author2=National Geographic Society (U.S.) |last3=Shaw |first3=P. |last4=Hannafin |first4=M. |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4262-1360-1 |series=National Geographic traveler |page=213}}</ref>{{Efn|The [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] gives a conflicting figure of {{convert|47.57|acre}},<ref name="New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 1911 a752"/> and some sources round the area to {{convert|50|acre}}.<ref name="n129144607" />}} making it much smaller than the [[New York Botanical Garden]], which covers {{Convert|250|acre}}.<ref name="n129144607" /> {{As of|2015}}, the BBG has over 14,000 plant species.<ref name="ENR 2015 l894">{{cite web |date=November 11, 2015 |title=Best Small Project: South Garden Undergoes Renovation |url=https://www.enr.com/articles/37913-best-small-project-south-garden-undergoes-renovation |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Engineering News-Record}}</ref>
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is in the central part of the [[Boroughs of New York City|New York City borough]] of [[Brooklyn]], on the border of the [[Park Slope]], [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]], and [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] neighborhoods. It occupies much of the city block bounded by Eastern Parkway to the north, Washington Avenue to the east, Empire Boulevard to the south, and Flatbush Avenue to the southwest.<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web |title=1000 Flatbush Avenue, 11225 |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/3/1183/1 |access-date=March 20, 2020 |publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> The BBG shares a large city block with Brooklyn's [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Central Library]], [[Mount Prospect Park]], and the [[Brooklyn Museum]] to the west and north.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/01001446.pdf |title=Brooklyn Public Library, Central Building |date=January 11, 2002 |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]] |page=3 |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623201336/https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/01001446.pdf |archive-date=June 23, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The far southeastern corner of the block contains the Brooklyn Central Office, Bureau of Fire Communications, at 35 Empire Boulevard.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peck|first=Richard|date=1975-03-02|title=Old Firehouses Clang in the Past|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/02/archives/old-firehouses-clang-in-the-past-citys-old-firehouses-are-clanging.html|access-date=2023-07-31|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The BBG covers {{Convert|52|acre}},<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /><ref name="Durham National Geographic Society (U.S.) Shaw Hannafin 2015 p. 213">{{cite book |last=Durham |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBknBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |title=National Geographic Traveler - New York |author2=National Geographic Society (U.S.) |last3=Shaw |first3=P. |last4=Hannafin |first4=M. |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4262-1360-1 |series=National Geographic traveler |page=213}}</ref>{{Efn|The [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] gives a conflicting figure of {{convert|47.57|acre}},<ref name="New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 1911 a752"/> and some sources round the area to {{convert|50|acre}}.<ref name="n129144607" />}} making it much smaller than the [[New York Botanical Garden]], which covers {{Convert|250|acre}}.<ref name="n129144607" /> {{As of|2015}}, the BBG has over 14,000 plant species.<ref name="ENR 2015 l894">{{cite web |date=November 11, 2015 |title=Best Small Project: South Garden Undergoes Renovation |url=https://www.enr.com/articles/37913-best-small-project-south-garden-undergoes-renovation |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Engineering News-Record}}</ref>


Approximately 17,000 years ago the [[terminal moraine]] of the receding [[Last glacial period#Wisconsin glaciation, in North America|Wisconsin Glacier]] that formed [[Long Island]], known as the [[Harbor Hill Moraine]], established a string of hills and [[Kettle (landform)|kettles]] as well as a lower lying [[outwash plain]].<ref name="nycsign">{{cite web |date=December 7, 2001 |title=Prospect Park: Wetlands of New York City |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11760 |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]}}</ref><ref name="USGS62">{{cite web |year=2004 |title=NYC Regional Geology: 62 Prospect Park |url=http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/parks/loc62.htm |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> Mount Prospect (or Prospect Hill), near the intersection of [[Flatbush Avenue (Brooklyn)|Flatbush Avenue]] and [[Eastern Parkway (Brooklyn)|Eastern Parkway]], is one of the tallest hills in Brooklyn, rising 200 feet (61&nbsp;m) above sea level.<ref name="Tate 2015 p. 220">{{cite book |last=Tate |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xPwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |title=Great City Parks |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-61298-8 |page=218 |access-date=January 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="USGS">{{cite map|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]|title=Brooklyn (NY) Topographical Map|url=https://prd-tnm.s3.amazonaws.com/StagedProducts/Maps/USTopo/PDF/NY/NY_Brooklyn_20130328_TM_geo.pdf|date=2013|access-date=January 19, 2019}}</ref> As a result of the Wisconsin glaciation, there were a large number of rock [[Outcropping|outcroppings]] on the site prior to the BBG's development. Boulders from the site were used for the BBG's rock garden, the native flora garden, four bridges and ten dams across the BBG's artificial brook, and pedestals for various memorial tablets.<ref name="n128966347">{{Cite news |date=1932-07-03 |title=Noah's Flood Missed Brooklyn, Says Botanic Garden Record |pages=7 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-noahs-flood-missed-brooklyn/128966347/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref>
Approximately 17,000 years ago the [[terminal moraine]] of the receding [[Last glacial period#Wisconsin glaciation, in North America|Wisconsin Glacier]] that formed [[Long Island]], known as the [[Harbor Hill Moraine]], established a string of hills and [[Kettle (landform)|kettles]] as well as a lower lying [[outwash plain]].<ref name="nycsign">{{cite web |date=December 7, 2001 |title=Prospect Park: Wetlands of New York City |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11760 |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]}}</ref><ref name="USGS62">{{cite web |year=2004 |title=NYC Regional Geology: 62 Prospect Park |url=http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/parks/loc62.htm |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> Mount Prospect (or Prospect Hill), near the intersection of [[Flatbush Avenue (Brooklyn)|Flatbush Avenue]] and [[Eastern Parkway (Brooklyn)|Eastern Parkway]], is one of the tallest hills in Brooklyn, rising 200 feet (61&nbsp;m) above sea level.<ref name="Tate 2015 p. 220">{{cite book |last=Tate |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xPwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |title=Great City Parks |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-61298-8 |page=218 |access-date=January 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="USGS">{{cite map|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]|title=Brooklyn (NY) Topographical Map|url=https://prd-tnm.s3.amazonaws.com/StagedProducts/Maps/USTopo/PDF/NY/NY_Brooklyn_20130328_TM_geo.pdf|date=2013|access-date=January 19, 2019}}</ref> As a result of the Wisconsin glaciation, there were a large number of rock [[Outcropping|outcroppings]] on the site prior to the BBG's development.<ref name="n128966347" /><ref name="Gager p. 341">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=341}}</ref> The northwestern and eastern edges of the site contained outcroppings, while the rest of the site was in an [[overwash]] plain.<ref name="Gager p. 341" /> Boulders from the site were used in the rock garden, the native flora garden, bridges and dams across the artificial brook, and pedestals for various memorial tablets.<ref name="n128966347">{{Cite news |date=1932-07-03 |title=Noah's Flood Missed Brooklyn, Says Botanic Garden Record |pages=7 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-noahs-flood-missed-brooklyn/128966347/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref>


A brook runs across the garden from the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden in the north to the Shelby White and Leon Levy Water Garden in the south. Water from the Water Garden flowed into a storm drain prior to 2019, when the Water Conservation Project was completed. As a result of the project, water from the Water Garden is recirculated to the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden.<ref name="MVVA 2020 s619">{{cite web |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.mvvainc.com/projects/brooklyn-botanic-garden |access-date=July 31, 2023 |publisher=Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates Inc}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt 2019 u669">{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Sarah |date=April 18, 2019 |title=The Water Conservation Project Is Open |url=https://www.bbg.org/article/water_conservation_project_is_open |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> This project was intended to save over {{Convert|21|e6gal|L|sp=us}} of water per year,<ref name="Mixson 2016 e375" /><ref name="wsj-2016-08-24" /> reducing by 95 percent the amount of water that the brook drew from the [[New York City water supply system]].<ref name="wsj-2016-08-24" />
A brook runs across the garden from the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden in the north to the Shelby White and Leon Levy Water Garden in the south. Water from the Water Garden flowed into a storm drain prior to 2019, when the Water Conservation Project was completed. As a result of the project, water from the Water Garden is recirculated to the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden.<ref name="MVVA 2020 s619">{{cite web |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.mvvainc.com/projects/brooklyn-botanic-garden |access-date=July 31, 2023 |publisher=Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates Inc}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt 2019 u669">{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Sarah |date=April 18, 2019 |title=The Water Conservation Project Is Open |url=https://www.bbg.org/article/water_conservation_project_is_open |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> This project was intended to save over {{Convert|21|e6gal|L|sp=us}} of water per year,<ref name="Mixson 2016 e375" /><ref name="wsj-2016-08-24" /> reducing by 95 percent the amount of water that the brook drew from the [[New York City water supply system]].<ref name="wsj-2016-08-24" />
=== Laboratory Administration Building ===
=== Laboratory Administration Building ===
[[File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_008.jpg|thumb|The Laboratory Administration Building]]
[[File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_008.jpg|thumb|The Laboratory Administration Building]]
[[William M. Kendall]] of McKim, Mead & White designed the Laboratory Administration Building (also known as the Laboratory Building or Administration Building), a [[New York City designated landmark]], in the [[Italianate architecture#Italianate style in the United States|Tuscan Revival]] style.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=1}}</ref> The structure measures {{Convert|240|by|50|ft}} across<ref name="n128786682" /> and was inspired by European churches, with a [[Greek cross]] layout as viewed from the air.<ref name="n128816577" /><ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=4}}</ref> The center section is topped by a terracotta [[cupola]] with round-arched windows, while the outer sections are topped by octagons with round-arched windows.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4" /> Outside the building is Magnolia Plaza, which contains a circular compass rose and bronze [[armillary sphere]].<ref name="n128966919" /><ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> Created in 1932, Magnolia Plaza was named for Judith D. Zuk in 2005.<ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" />
[[William M. Kendall]] of McKim, Mead & White designed the Laboratory Administration Building (also known as the Laboratory Building or Administration Building), a [[New York City designated landmark]], in the [[Italianate architecture#Italianate style in the United States|Tuscan Revival]] style.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=1}}</ref> The structure measures {{Convert|240|by|50|ft}} across<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 341" /> and was inspired by European churches, with a [[Greek cross]] layout as viewed from the air.<ref name="n128816577" /><ref name="landmarks"><nowiki>{{Cite landmarks|page=</nowiki>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Landmarks_of_New_York_Fifth_Edition/o8ym5NeiylkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA518&printsec=frontcover 518]</ref><ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=4}}</ref> The center section is topped by a terracotta [[cupola]] with round-arched windows, while the outer sections are topped by octagons with round-arched windows.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4" /> Outside the building is Magnolia Plaza, which contains a circular compass rose and bronze [[armillary sphere]].<ref name="n128966919" /><ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> Created in 1932, Magnolia Plaza was named for Judith D. Zuk in 2005.<ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" />


The Laboratory Administration Building's facade is made of reinforced concrete and brick, covered with stucco. The building has [[Hip roof|hip roofs]] with Spanish tiles.<ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 4–5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=4–5}}</ref> The names of 68 famous botanists are inscribed in a [[frieze]] running across the building's facade;<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=5}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2007-03-15" /> these names were selected through a vote in 1911.<ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 2–3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=2–3}}</ref> The original main entrance is on the second floor of the western facade, accessed by a staircase; the modern-day main entrance is on the first story. A [[portico]] provided a secondary entrance on Washington Avenue.<ref name="n128786682" />
The Laboratory Administration Building's facade is made of reinforced concrete and brick, covered with stucco. The building has [[Hip roof|hip roofs]] with Spanish tiles.<ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 4–5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=4–5}}</ref> The names of 68 famous botanists are inscribed in a [[frieze]] running across the building's facade;<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=5}}</ref><ref name="landmarks" /> these names were selected through a vote in 1911.<ref name="Gager p. 341" /><ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 2–3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=2–3}}</ref> The original main entrance is on the second floor of the western facade, accessed by a staircase.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 342">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=342}}</ref> The modern-day main entrance is on the first story. A [[portico]] provided a secondary entrance on Washington Avenue.<ref name="n128786682" />


The main entrance led to a rotunda, which connected with a library to the east. The northern pavilion was intended for the BBG's offices, the director's laboratory, and offices for various departments. The southern pavilion was intended to contain classrooms, instructor's room, and various other laboratory rooms, while the basement had service rooms and a lecture hall.<ref name="n128786682" />
When the Administration Building was completed, it was intended to contain laboratories and storage space.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="landmarks" /><ref name="Gager p. 342" /> The main entrance led to a rotunda, which connected with a library to the east. The northern pavilion was intended for the BBG's offices, the director's laboratory, and offices for various departments. The southern pavilion was intended to contain classrooms, instructor's room, and various other laboratory rooms.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 342" /> The basement had service rooms and a lecture hall.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 343">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=343}}</ref> By the 21st century, the Administration Building's second floor contained the BBG library,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library" /> while the rest of the building was used for offices and as a visitor center.<ref name="landmarks" />


=== Palm House ===
=== Palm House ===
The Palm House was built as the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's original conservatory<ref name="BD p. 107" /> and was designed by McKim, Mead & White.<ref name="nyt-1984-01-07" /><ref name="Durham National Geographic Society (U.S.) Shaw Hannafin 2015 p. 213" /> The central section of the Palm House measures {{convert|104|by|44|ft}} across and {{convert|36|ft}} high and was originally used for tropical plants.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1914 p. 91">{{cite magazine |date=July 1914 |title=Opening of the Tropical Economic House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JrOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91 |work=The Record |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=91 |ref=none}}</ref> The interior of the Palm House is climate-controlled by a steam heating system.<ref name="Curbed NY 2012 b074">{{cite web |date=May 10, 2012 |title=Architects Triumph With New Botanic Garden Visitor Center |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/5/10/10372354/architects-triumph-with-new-botanic-garden-visitor-center |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref>
The Palm House was built as the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's original conservatory<ref name="BD p. 107" /> and was designed by McKim, Mead & White.<ref name="nyt-1984-01-07" /><ref name="Durham National Geographic Society (U.S.) Shaw Hannafin 2015 p. 213" /> The central section of the Palm House measures {{convert|104|by|44|ft}} across and {{convert|36|ft}} high and was originally used for tropical plants.<ref name="Gager p. 343" /><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1914 p. 91">{{cite magazine |date=July 1914 |title=Opening of the Tropical Economic House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JrOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91 |work=The Record |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=91 |ref=none}}</ref> It is flanked by two wings each to the north and south, which each measure {{convert|50|by|22.5|ft}} across. Originally, the northeast wing had classrooms, while the southwest, southeast, and northwest wings contained greenhouses; there were stables and other rooms under the southern wings.<ref name="Gager p. 343" /> The interior of the Palm House is climate-controlled by a steam heating system.<ref name="Curbed NY 2012 b074">{{cite web |date=May 10, 2012 |title=Architects Triumph With New Botanic Garden Visitor Center |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/5/10/10372354/architects-triumph-with-new-botanic-garden-visitor-center |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref>


During the 1980s, the Palm House was converted to an education center and event space,<ref name="NY2000" /><ref name="nyt-1988-03-10" /> with a 300-seat restaurant.<ref name="p371465007" /> Part of the Palm House was also converted to host temporary exhibits.<ref name="p1832762678" /> Since 2017, one wing of the Palm House has contained the Yellow Magnolia Café.<ref name="nyt-2017-04-11" /> By the 21st century, the Palm House was frequently being used for weddings.<ref name="Curbed NY 2012 b074" />
During the 1980s, the Palm House was converted to an education center and event space,<ref name="NY2000" /><ref name="nyt-1988-03-10" /> with a 300-seat restaurant.<ref name="p371465007" /> Part of the Palm House was also converted to host temporary exhibits.<ref name="p1832762678" /> Since 2017, one wing of the Palm House has contained the Yellow Magnolia Café.<ref name="nyt-2017-04-11" /> By the 21st century, the Palm House was frequently being used for weddings.<ref name="Curbed NY 2012 b074" />
* {{cite magazine |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soUbnwL8HUYC&pg=PA104 |title=A Brief History of the Botanic Garden Idea in Brooklyn |work=The Record |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |year=Oct 1918 |volume=7 |issue=4}}
* {{cite magazine |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soUbnwL8HUYC&pg=PA104 |title=A Brief History of the Botanic Garden Idea in Brooklyn |work=The Record |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |year=Oct 1918 |volume=7 |issue=4}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Canty |first=Donald |date=Nov 1989 |title=Reconstructing a Victorian Legacy |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1989-11.pdf |work=Architectural Record |volume=177 |issue=13}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Canty |first=Donald |date=Nov 1989 |title=Reconstructing a Victorian Legacy |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1989-11.pdf |work=Architectural Record |volume=177 |issue=13}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Gager |first=C. Stuart |date=April 1912 |title=The Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA339 |work=Popular Science |publisher=Bonnier Corporation |issn=0161-7370}}
* {{cite report|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2214.pdf|title=Laboratory Administration Building, Brooklyn Botanic Garden|date=March 13, 2007|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{Harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007}}}}
* {{cite report|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2214.pdf|title=Laboratory Administration Building, Brooklyn Botanic Garden|date=March 13, 2007|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{Harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Rakow |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4mn5aWTCKsC&pg=PT423 |title=Public Garden Management: A Complete Guide to the Planning and Administration of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta |last2=Lee |first2=S. |last3=Raven |first3=P.H. |publisher=Wiley |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-470-90459-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Rakow |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4mn5aWTCKsC&pg=PT423 |title=Public Garden Management: A Complete Guide to the Planning and Administration of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta |last2=Lee |first2=S. |last3=Raven |first3=P.H. |publisher=Wiley |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-470-90459-6}}

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'{{short description|Botanical garden in New York City}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}} {{Infobox zoo |zoo_name = Brooklyn Botanic Garden |logo = Brooklyn Botanic Garden (logo).png |logo_width = 200px |logo_caption = Current logo |image = Brooklyn_botanic_garden_fragrance_garden_gate.jpg |image_caption= Brooklyn Botanic Garden |date_opened = May 13, 1911 |location = 990 Washington Avenue, [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]], [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]] 11225<br>[[United States]] |coordinates = {{coord|40|40|12|N|73|57|45|W|type:edu|display=inline,title}} |area = {{convert|52|acre|ha}} |num_species = 12,000<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbg.org/research/plant_collection | title=BBG's Plant Collection | access-date=May 2, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508105458/http://www.bbg.org/research/plant_collection | archive-date=May 8, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> |annual_visitors= 725,000<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbg.org/press/capital_campaign | title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Announces $7.5M Leon Levy Foundation Gift | access-date=May 2, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217044059/http://www.bbg.org/press/capital_campaign | archive-date=February 17, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> |publictransit = '''[[New York City Subway]]:'''{{bulleted list|{{NYCS Franklin-Botanic|time=bullets}} at [[Franklin Avenue/Botanic Garden (New York City Subway)|Franklin Avenue/Botanic Garden]]|{{NYCS Prospect Park|time=bullets}} at [[Prospect Park (BMT lines)|Prospect Park]]}}'''[[New York City Bus]]:''' {{NYC bus link|B16|B41|B43|B48}} |website = {{URL|https://www.bbg.org/}} }} The '''Brooklyn Botanic Garden''' ('''BBG''') is a [[botanical garden]] in the [[Borough (New York City)|borough]] of [[Brooklyn]] in [[New York City]]. The botanical garden occupies {{convert|52|acre|ha|adj=on}} in central Brooklyn, close to [[Mount Prospect Park]], [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]], and the [[Brooklyn Museum]]. Designed by the [[Olmsted Brothers]], the BBG holds over 14,000 taxa of plants and has over 800,000 visitors each year. It includes a number of specialty gardens, plant collections, and structures. The BBG hosts numerous educational programs, plant-science and conservation, and community horticulture initiatives, in addition to a herbarium collection and a horticulture and botany library. The site of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was first designated in 1897, following three proposals for botanic gardens in Brooklyn in the 19th century. The BBG opened in May 1911, on the site of an ash dump, and was initially operated by the Brooklyn Institute. Most of the BBG's expansions were carried out over the next three decades under the tenure of its first director, [[C. Stuart Gager]]. The BBG began operating three additional sites in the [[New York metropolitan area]] in the 1950s and 1960s, while its main garden in Brooklyn fell into decline. The original Brooklyn Botanic Garden was expanded and restored substantially starting in the 1980s, and additional structures were built through the 2010s. The BBG's landscape includes many specialty gardens and a group of buildings on its eastern boundary, accessed from three entrances. A brook flows from the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden in the north to the Water Garden in the south. The BBG's other specialty gardens include rose, native flora, [[Shakespeare garden|Shakespeare]], fragrance, and children's gardens. There are also more formal landscape features such as an overlook, a celebrity path, the Osborne Garden, and a cherry esplanade. The structures include the 1980s-era Steinhardt Conservatory, as well as the Laboratory Administration Building and a [[palm house]] dating from the 1910s. ==History== === Early proposals === Prior to the construction of the present Brooklyn Botanic Garden, there had been three proposals for botanic gardens in the then-independent city of [[Brooklyn]] in the 19th century,<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> though only one of these botanic gardens was ever built.<ref name="n128990345">{{Cite news |date=1941-10-26 |title=Botanic Garden Is Visited by Nearly 2 Million A Year |pages=102 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/128990345/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> [[André Parmentier (landscape architect)|André Parmentier]] had created the Horticultural and Botanic Garden of Brooklyn in October 1825 within [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]], on a plot bounded by Sixth, Atlantic, and Carleton Avenues and Bergen Street;<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences 1926 p. 14">{{cite book |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joxwInlf300C&pg=PA14 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record |author2=Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences |publisher=Published for the Garden |year=1926 |page=14 |issue=v. 15-16}}</ref> this garden only lasted until about 1830.<ref name="Mann 1993 p. 212">{{cite book |last=Mann |first=W.A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwbyMLolMcgC&pg=PA212 |title=Landscape Architecture: An Illustrated History in Timelines, Site Plans and Biography |publisher=Wiley |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-471-59465-9 |page=212}}</ref> Brooklyn resident Thomas Hunt granted $50,000 in 1855 for the establishment of a botanic garden in [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] (between Fifth Avenue, 57th Street, Sixth Avenue, and 60th Street).<ref name="Michels 1917 p. 648">{{cite book |last=Michels |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EM4OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA648 |title=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |year=1917 |series=Science |page=648 |issn=0036-8075 |issue=v. 45}}</ref><ref name="Stiles 1870 p. 924">{{cite book |last=Stiles |first=H.R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnQxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA924 |title=A History of the City of Brooklyn: Including the Old Town and Village of Brooklyn, the Town of Bushwick, and the Village and City of Williamsburgh |publisher=subscription |year=1870 |series=A History of the City of Brooklyn |page=924 |issue=v. 3}}</ref> The Hunt Horticultural and Botanical Garden sought to raise $150,000,<ref name="Stiles 1870 p. 924" /><ref name="BBG1918 p. 101">{{harvnb|Brooklyn Botanic Garden|1918|ps=.|p=101}}</ref> but the garden was never built at that location.<ref name="n128990345" /><ref name="BBG1918 p. 105">{{harvnb|Brooklyn Botanic Garden|1918|ps=.|p=105}}</ref> The third plan for a botanical garden in Brooklyn was included in the plans for [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]],<ref name="BBG1918 p. 106">{{harvnb|Brooklyn Botanic Garden|1918|ps=.|p=106}}</ref> which was approved in 1859.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBYZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1|title=Laws Relating to the Public Parks, Parkways, and Other Property Under the Care and Control of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners|last=Anderson|first=J.A.|year=1887|page=1|access-date=January 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/3137046/|title=Public Parks and Promenades|date=May 29, 1860|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=January 19, 2019|page=2|via=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref> In February 1860, a group of fifteen commissioners submitted suggestions for park locations in Brooklyn, including a {{convert|320|acre|km2|adj=on}} plot centered on present-day [[Mount Prospect Park]] and bounded by Warren Street to the north; [[Vanderbilt Avenue|Vanderbilt]], Ninth, and Tenth Avenues to the west; Third and Ninth Streets to the south; and [[Washington Avenue (Brooklyn, New York)|Washington Avenue]] to the east.<ref name="Lancaster">{{cite book|url=https://www.echonyc.com/~parks/books/handbook.html|title=Prospect Park Handbook|last=Lancaster|first=Clay|publisher=Long Island University Press|year=1972|isbn=978-0-913252-06-2|edition=2nd|location=New York|access-date=September 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001181824/https://www.echonyc.com/~parks/books/handbook.html|archive-date=October 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/27409545/|title=Prospect Park|date=May 19, 1861|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=January 19, 2019|page=2|via=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref> [[Egbert Viele]] began drawing plans for the park, which was to straddle [[Flatbush Avenue]] and include Prospect Hill and the land now occupied by the [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Brooklyn Public Library]], the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and the [[Brooklyn Museum]].<ref name="Lancaster" /><ref name="Bluestone 1987">{{cite journal|last=Bluestone|first=Daniel M.|year=1987|title=From Promenade to Park: The Gregarious Origins of Brooklyn's Park Movement|journal=American Quarterly|publisher=JSTOR|volume=39|issue=4|pages=529–550|doi=10.2307/2713123|issn=0003-0678|jstor=2713123}}</ref> The botanical garden was initially planned to be located along the shores of the park's lake.<ref name="BBG1918 p. 106" /> The onset of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] stopped further activity;<ref name="Bluestone 1987" /> following the war, the triangle of land to the east of Flatbush Avenue was excluded from the park.<ref name="Lancaster" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1868/12/15/archives/prospect-park-progress-of-the-workdescriptive-particulars.html|title=Prospect Park; Progress of the Work—Descriptive Particulars.|date=December 15, 1868|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=January 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129064330/https://www.nytimes.com/1868/12/15/archives/prospect-park-progress-of-the-workdescriptive-particulars.html|archive-date=January 29, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/annualreportsofb1873broo/annualreportsofb1873broo_djvu.txt|title=Annual reports of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners, 1861–1873|date=1873|publisher=Brooklyn Park Commissioners|page=127|access-date=January 28, 2019|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The botanical garden within Prospect Park was not built.<ref name="n128990345" /> The northeast portion of the triangle served as an [[Landfill|ash dump]]<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /><ref name="n128864452">{{Cite news |date=1921-05-07 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Arose From Dumping Spot |pages=96 |work=The Chat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-brooklyn-botanic-garden-arose-f/128864452/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> until just before the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was established.<ref name="p1113783092">{{cite news |date=23 Sep 1928 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden as Seen From the Air |page=A16 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1113783092}}}}</ref> === Creation === ==== Legislation and funding ==== On May 18, 1897, as the city moved [[History of New York City|toward consolidation]], the [[New York State Legislature]] reserved 39 acres (16&nbsp;ha) for a botanic garden.<ref name="McClure, Phillips and Company 1912 p. 339">{{cite book |last=Gager |first=C. Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCkKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA339 |title=The Brooklyn Botanic Garden |work=Popular Science Monthly |publisher=McClure, Phillips and Company |year=1912 |pages=339–340 |issue=v. 80}}</ref><ref name="Proceedings 1930 p.">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUofAQAAMAAJ |title=Proceedings |year=1930 |page= |access-date=July 24, 2023 |issue=v. 9}}</ref> The site became part of Institute Park in 1902.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /> The garden was to be run under the auspices of the [[Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences]], which until the 1970s included [[Brooklyn Museum]], [[Brooklyn Children's Museum]], and [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]].<ref name="bm">{{cite web |title=About the Brooklyn Museum's Building |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420183309/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |archive-date=April 20, 2013 |access-date=April 28, 2013 |website=Brooklyn Museum}}</ref> By 1901, the institute sought to acquire a site on the eastern side of Flatbush Avenue for the botanical garden.<ref name="n128728735">{{Cite news |date=1901-10-13 |title=The Work of the Institute |pages=18 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-the-work-of-the-ins/128728735/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref> This site had also been proposed as the location of a proposed Brooklyn university, but the institute wanted to establish a botanical garden on the site.<ref name="n128776497">{{Cite news |date=1906-02-08 |title=Dove of Peace Hovering Over University Project |pages=10 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dove-of-peace-h/128776497/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> Several of the institute's donors proposed in 1905 to give $25,000 for the upkeep of a "scientific botanic garden" next to the Brooklyn Museum.<ref name="n128728967">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-11 |title=Another $25,000 Gift to Brooklyn Institute |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-another-25000-gif/128728967/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref><ref name="n128776960">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-10 |title=Two Great Gifts to Brooklyn Institute |pages=4 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-two-great-gifts-to-brooklyn/128776960/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next year, the donors doubled this award to $50,000.<ref name="McClure, Phillips and Company 1912 p. 339" /> City officials endorsed the creation of the botanical garden in 1907,<ref name="n128777045">{{Cite news |date=1907-07-14 |title=City to Pay $25,000 a Year for Observatory in Prospect Park |pages=17 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-city-to-pay-25000-a/128777045/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="p847016120">{{Cite magazine |date=Oct 1, 1907 |title=Parks and Park Work: Many New Structures for Brooklyn's Parks |magazine=Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening |volume=17 |issue=8 |page=191 |id={{ProQuest|847016120}}}}</ref> and supporters of the institute donated thousands of dollars toward the botanical garden.<ref name="p572129951">{{cite news |date=13 Sep 1908 |title=Institute's Season: Brooklyn Organization Will Make Many Changes This Year |page=C6 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572129951}}}}</ref> [[Alfred Tredway White]], a trustee of the Brooklyn Institute, leased a {{Convert|40|acre|adj=on}} site behind the Brooklyn Museum from the city.<ref name="p1037915186">{{cite news |last=Hinton-Braaten |first=Kathleen |date=5 Apr 1983 |title=Roses and bonsai: Brooklyn's Botanic Garden |work=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0405/040538.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |id={{ProQuest|1037915186}}}}</ref> Although the [[New York City Board of Estimate]] approved the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's creation in June 1909, it did not approve another agreement that would allow the Brooklyn Institute to maintain the botanical garden.<ref name="n128782433">{{Cite news |date=1909-12-11 |title=For a Botanic Garden |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-for-a-botanic-garde/128782433/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128782676">{{Cite news |date=1909-12-11 |title=For Botanic Garden and Arboretum in Park |pages=5 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-for-botanic-gar/128782676/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> By the end of that year, the [[Olmsted Brothers]] had been hired as landscape designers, while [[McKim, Mead & White]] had been hired as architects for the botanical garden's buildings.<ref name="n128782569">{{Cite news |date=1910-12-10 |title=Institute Trustees Meet |pages=21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128782569/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The Board of Estimate voted on December 10, 1909, to allow the city and the Brooklyn Institute to sign a maintenance agreement for the botanical garden.<ref name="n128782433" /><ref name="n128782676" /> New York City government and the Brooklyn Institute signed the maintenance agreement on December 28,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Biodiversity Heritage Library 1913 p. 77">{{cite book |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJvOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record |author2=Biodiversity Heritage Library |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |year=1913 |pages=75–79 |issue=v. 2, no. 2}}</ref><ref name="p572395107">{{cite news |date=17 Apr 1910 |title=Brooklyn Park Plans: to Begin Arboretum and Botanical Gardens July 1 |page=B8 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572395107}}}}</ref> and an endowment fund for the BBG was created three days later.<ref name="p572395107" /> [[C. Stuart Gager]] was hired as the BBG's first director in March 1910.<ref name="n128782203">{{Cite news |date=1910-03-04 |title=Director of Botanic Garden |pages=15 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-director-of-bot/128782203/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> At this point, the BBG was authorized to spend between $2,000 and $2,500 annually on plantings.<ref name="n7607461">{{Cite news |date=1910-04-11 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |pages=11 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-plans-for-garde/7607461/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="p194083330">{{cite news |date=21 May 1910 |title=Garden for Brooklyn Institute: Notable addition for pleasure grounds of the city. |page=5 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|194083330}}}}</ref> That June, the city government appropriated $25,000 for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's plant houses.<ref name="n128780494">{{Cite news |date=1910-06-11 |title=City Gives Thousands to Brooklyn Institute |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-gives-thou/128780494/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128780637">{{Cite news |date=1910-06-11 |title=Elect Roosevelt Honorary Member |pages=12 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-elect-roosevelt-honor/128780637/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> ==== Construction and opening ==== [[File:Brooklyn_Botanical_Gardens_-_5924619217.jpg|thumb|The pond at the BBG]] Gager wanted to create "an animated textbook in botany", with a [[Palm house|Palm House]] and laboratories facing Washington Avenue, as well as a landscape with valleys, hills, a pond, and rocks.<ref name="p572338433">{{cite news |date=28 Aug 1910 |title=New Botanical Garden: Dr. Gager Outlines Broad Plan to Extend Educational Side |page=B3 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572338433}}}}</ref> In contrast to older botanical gardens, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was not arranged based solely on taxonomic classifications; the Olmsted Brothers sought to make the garden aesthetically pleasing as well.<ref name="BD p. 107">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=107}}</ref> McKim, Mead & White began drawing up plans in late 1910 for a laboratory and administration building with a 480-seat lecture hall, laboratories, and classrooms.<ref name="n128782235">{{Cite news |date=1910-12-23 |title=A New Park Building |pages=20 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-a-new-park-buil/128782235/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> Brooklyn Institute director [[Franklin Hooper|Franklin W. Hooper]] requested in February 1911 that the BBG be allowed to expand into space that had been designated for the Brooklyn Museum, [[Mount Prospect Park|Mount Prospect Reservoir]], or [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Brooklyn Central Library]].<ref name="n128783860">{{Cite news |date=1911-02-23 |title=Botanic Garden May Be Enlarged |pages=16 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-may-be/128783860/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The firm had completed plans for two wings of the Palm House and the first part of the Laboratory Administration Building that March.<ref name="n128783135">{{Cite news |date=1911-03-11 |title=Institute Trustees Hold Regular Meeting |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128783135/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next month, the institute decided to build only one part of the Palm House, as the botanical garden only had a $50,000 budget.<ref name="n128783521">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Institute Gets 692 New Members |pages=3 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-institute-gets-692-new-membe/128783521/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128783639">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Gifts to the Institute Announced by Trustees |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-gifts-to-the-in/128783639/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>{{Efn|The laboratory building was to cost $33,000, while the Palm House was to cost $17,000.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1911-10-14|title=Institute in Need of More Members|pages=16|work=The Standard Union|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-institute-in-need-of/128785163/|access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>}} The first section of the BBG, the Native Flora Garden, opened on May 13, 1911;<ref name="n128786039">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-14 |title=Many Persons Visit New Botanic Garden |pages=16 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-many-persons-visit-ne/128786039/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> the date was chosen to coincide with [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s birthday.<ref name="n128785950">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-12 |title=Botanic Garden Opens To-morrow |pages=2 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-opens/128785950/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128785650">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-12 |title=To Open Botanic Garden |pages=5 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-open-botanic/128785650/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>{{efn|Linnaeus's birthday was on May 13 according to the [[Swedish calendar]] or May 23 according to the [[Gregorian calendar]]. See {{cite book |last=Blunt |first=Wilfrid |title=Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3YOvgAACAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=[[Frances Lincoln]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7112-1841-3 |page=12}}}} At the time, the plants had temporary labels, and work on the Palm House and laboratory had not started.<ref name="n128785650" /> By late 1911, the Brooklyn Institute was planting shrubs and trees and were curating the BBG's lawn.<ref name="n128783296">{{Cite news |date=1911-09-24 |title=Scientific Soil Culture for Botanical Gardens |pages=55 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-scientific-soil/128783296/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The plantings included between 150 and 200 species of shrubs that grew within {{convert|100|mi}} of Brooklyn.<ref name="p846943851">{{Cite magazine |date=Jan 1, 1912 |title=Parks and Park Work: Park Building Under Way in Brooklyn |magazine=Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening |volume=21 |issue=11 |page=741 |id={{ProQuest|846943851}}}}</ref> BBG staff used a temporary headquarters in the Brooklyn Museum while the BBG was being completed.<ref name="The Record (1913) p. 25">{{harvnb|The Record|1913|ps=.|p=25}}</ref> [[Harold Caparn]] was appointed as the landscape architect in 1912, serving in that position until 1945.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /><ref name="BD p. 107" /> The BBG hired Cockerill & Little Co. to build the Laboratory Administration Building in January 1912 and began constructing the structure three months later.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=3}}</ref><ref name="The Record (1913) p. 26">{{harvnb|The Record|1913|ps=.|p=26}}</ref> That September, the city government gave the BBG an additional {{convert|3|acre}} of land, abutting the museum and reservoir.<ref name="n128786682">{{Cite news |date=1912-09-22 |title=City Presents Brooklyn Land for Botanic Garden |pages=38 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-presents-b/128786682/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> Workers began constructing the second section of the Palm House and landscaping the northern section of the botanical garden in early 1913.<ref name="n128812479">{{Cite news |date=1913-06-14 |title=Sums Up Work of Institute Season |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-sums-up-work-of/128812479/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="HathiTrust 2022 c330">{{cite magazine |date=July 1913 |title=Notes |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31210014609729?urlappend=%3Bseq=256 |work=The Record |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=106 |access-date=July 25, 2023 |via=HathiTrust}}</ref> The completion of the Laboratory Administration Building was postponed because of difficulties in obtaining roof tiles and structural steel.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 3" /><ref name="The Record (1913) p. 26" /> The first portions of the Laboratory Administration Building and the Palm House were being completed by mid-1913,<ref name="n128812745">{{Cite news |date=1913-05-20 |title=Rapid Progress Made on Brooklyn Botanic Garden Building |pages=19 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-rapid-progress/128812745/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> and these structures opened in December 1913.<ref name="n128813487">{{Cite news |date=1913-12-15 |title=Brooklyn Institute's Botanic Garden and Laboratory Building Opened |pages=21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-brooklyn-instit/128813487/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="n128815342">{{Cite news |date=1913-12-14 |title=Big Reception at Botanic Garden |pages=9 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-big-reception-at-bota/128815342/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> At the time, the Palm House had about 250 specimens from 140 species.<ref name="The Record (1914) pp. 29–30">{{harvnb|The Record|1914|ps=.|pp=29–30}}</ref> Dirt from the Brooklyn Botanical Garden was used to flatten land in Prospect Park,<ref name="n128814186">{{Cite news |date=1913-09-13 |title=New Museum Section |pages=14 |work=The Chat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-new-museum-section/128814186/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="The Record (1914) p. 31">{{harvnb|The Record|1914|ps=.|p=31}}</ref> and workers also landscaped the BBG's watercourses and laid out paths.<ref name="The Record (1914) p. 32">{{harvnb|The Record|1914|ps=.|p=32}}</ref> The ongoing work forced officials to close off about two-thirds of the botanical garden's area to the public.<ref name="The Record (1914) p. 31" /> The BBG launched a children's garden in 1914;<ref name="n128815980">{{Cite news |date=1914-09-25 |title=Children Exhibit Garden Products |pages=9 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-children-exhibi/128815980/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> it was one of the first of its kind in the world.<ref name="Oldfield 2010 p.">{{cite book |last=Oldfield |first=Sara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vi5FAQAAIAAJ |title=Botanic Gardens: Modern-day Arks |publisher=MIT Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-262-01516-5 |series=Mit Press |page=19}}</ref> By the end of that year, workers were constructing a Japanese garden and a rock garden.<ref name="HathiTrust 2023 b093">{{cite magazine |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Fourth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044103101101?urlappend=%3Bseq=442 |work=The Record |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=23-24 |via=HathiTrust}}</ref> [[File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_006.jpg|alt=Plaza in front of the Laboratory Building|left|thumb|The Laboratory Administration Building (in background) was dedicated in April 1917.]] The BBG's Japanese garden opened on the northeastern corner of the grounds in June 1915, next to the lake.<ref name="n128816577">{{Cite news |date=1915-07-11 |title=Institute Now Has $200,000 to Spend on Botanic Gardens |pages=17 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-now-h/128816577/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="n128856799">{{Cite news |date=1915-06-05 |title=Inspect Beauties of Botanic Garden |pages=12 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-inspect-beauties-of-b/128856799/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> At that time, the BBG started admitting visitors every day of the week; the grounds had been closed during the previous year because workers were regrading the paths.<ref name="n128856799" /> McKim, Mead & White filed plans for expansions of the Palm House and the Laboratory Administration Building in August 1915 at a projected cost of $150,000.<ref name="n128816433">{{Cite news |date=1915-08-21 |title=Submit Plans for Gardens |pages=3 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-submit-plans-for-gardens/128816433/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="n128858948">{{Cite news |date=1915-08-19 |title=To Enlarge Buildings |pages=7 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-enlarge-buil/128858948/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> The Board of Estimate approved the rock garden in March 1916,<ref name=n128862644>{{Cite news|date=1916-03-05|title=To Have a Rock Garden|pages=19|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-have-a-rock/128862644/|access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="The Record (1917) p. 30"/> and the Laboratory Administration Building's cornerstone was laid at a [[groundbreaking]] ceremony that April.<ref name="n128862471">{{Cite news |date=1916-04-21 |title=Cornerstone Laid at Botanic Garden |pages=10 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-cornerstone-laid-at-b/128862471/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}<br/>{{Cite news |date=1916-04-21 |title=Lay Botanic Cornerstone |pages=8 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-lay-botanic-cornerstone/128860476/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="The Record (1917) p. 27">{{harvnb|The Record|1917|ps=.|p=27}}</ref> The rock garden was completed in May 1916.<ref name="The Record (1917) p. 30">{{harvnb|The Record|1917|ps=.|p=30}}</ref> The same year, the third section of the Palm House was built,<ref name="The Record (1917) pp. 27–28">{{harvnb|The Record|1917|ps=.|pp=27–28}}</ref> and contracts for the Palm House's fourth section were awarded.<ref name="The Record (1917) p. 29">{{harvnb|The Record|1917|ps=.|p=29}}</ref> The Laboratory Administration Building and Palm House were nearly complete in early 1917<ref name="n128862992">{{Cite news |date=1917-02-09 |title=Institute Breaks Attendance Record |pages=8 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-break/128862992/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="n128864120">{{Cite news |date=1917-05-13 |title=Wonderful Growth of Brooklyn Botanic Garden Shown in Report |pages=32 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-wonderful-growt/128864120/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> and were dedicated on April 19–21, 1917.<ref name="n128863129">{{Cite news |date=1917-04-20 |title=Botanic Garden Is Dedicated |pages=3 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-garden-is-dedicated/128863129/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="n128863154">{{Cite news |date=1917-04-22 |title=Get Out and Plant, Says Prof. Button |pages=58 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-get-out-and-pla/128863154/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> The children's building was finished the same year.<ref name="n128864120" /><ref name="The Record (1917) p. 28">{{harvnb||The Record|1917|ps=.|p=28}}</ref> === Operation === Caparn designed most of the BBG's grounds in the botanical garden's first three decades of operation, including the Osborne Garden, Cranford Rose Garden, Magnolia Plaza, and Plant Collection.<ref name="tclf">{{cite web |title=Biography of Harold Caparn |url=http://tclf.org/pioneer/harold-caparn/biography-harold-caparn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031215452/http://tclf.org/pioneer/harold-caparn/biography-harold-caparn |archive-date=October 31, 2014 |access-date=April 28, 2013 |website=The Cultural Landscape Foundation}}</ref> For most of the 20th century, the BBG could not expand because of space constraints, as it spanned only {{Convert|52|acre}}. The BBG initially did not charge admission.<ref name="n128724987">{{Cite news |date=1988-05-15 |title=Glass Houses |pages=214 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-glass-houses/128724987/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref> ==== 1920s to 1940s ==== By the early 1920s, the BBG had 330,000 visitors a year,<ref name="n128864452" /> including over 15,000 students from across Brooklyn.<ref name="n128865358">{{Cite news |date=1920-06-07 |title=Botanic Garden's Work |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/128865358/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> During 1921, BBG staff planted 2,000 lily bulbs within its Lily Pool Terrace,<ref name="nyt-1921-12-11-1">{{Cite news |date=1921-12-11 |title=2,000 Lily Bulbs Planted; Sheltered by Azaleas in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1921/12/11/archives/2000-lily-bulbs-planted-sheltered-by-azaleas-in-the-brooklyn.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="n128865473">{{Cite news |date=1921-12-09 |title=To Cultivate Lilies in Botanic Garden |pages=11 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-to-cultivate-lilies-i/128865473/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> as well as thousands of daffodils and crocus bulbs.<ref name="n128865178">{{Cite news |date=1921-11-13 |title=Botanic Garden News |pages=19 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-news/128865178/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> The BBG also planted thousands of [[Aster (genus)|asters]] east of the Laboratory Administration Building.<ref name="n128865473" /><ref name="nyt-1921-12-11-3">{{Cite news |date=1921-12-11 |title=Our Asters Improved Upon; Brooklyn Botanic Garden to Plant American Shoots From England. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1921/12/11/archives/our-asters-improved-upon-brooklyn-botanic-garden-to-plant-american.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Daniel Chester French]] designed the [[Alfred Tredway White Memorial]] for the botanical garden in 1922 following White's death.<ref name="nyt-1922-12-07">{{Cite news |date=1922-12-07 |title=Show White Memorial; Daniel C. French Exhibits His Bas Relief of Brooklyn Philanthropist |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/12/07/archives/show-white-memorial-daniel-c-french-exhibits-his-bas-relief-of.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="n128875717">{{Cite news |date=1922-12-06 |title=Alfred T. White Memorial Model Finished; To Be Cast in Bronze and Placed in Botanic Gardens |pages=24 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-alfred-t-white/128875717/ |access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref> [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] offered to donate $250,000 to the BBG in 1925 on the condition that the botanical garden raise matching funds.<ref name="n128954209">{{Cite news |date=1925-12-05 |title=Conditional $250,000 Gift to Brooklyn Botanic Garden Pledged by Rockefeller, Jr. |pages=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-conditional-250000/128954258/ 2] |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-conditional-250000/128954209/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1925-12-05">{{Cite news |date=1925-12-05 |title=Rockefeller Pledges Botanic Garden Gift; Offers $250,000 for Permanent Fund if Equal Amount Is Raised by Dec. 31, 1926. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1925/12/05/archives/rockefeller-pledges-botanic-garden-gift-offers-250000-for-permanent.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By then, 500,000 people (including 50,000 students) visited the BBG annually, and the BBG gave lectures and classes to another 25,000 people per year.<ref name="p11757326">{{cite news |last=Shuler |first=Marjorie |date=7 Dec 1925 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Source of Both Pleasure and Instruction: Half a Million Persons Visit This Beauty Spot Each Year, While 50,000 School Children Are Taught of Flowers and Shrubs--fund of $250,000 Sought Even Has a Library Are Sure of Outcome Supplies Study Material |page=4A |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|11757326}}}}</ref> The same year, Ernest F. Coe donated 32 [[bonsai]] to allow the BBG to establish its Bonsai Collection,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /> and Henry C. Folger gave the BBG $500 to establish a Shakespeare garden,<ref name="n128956919">{{Cite news |date=1925-03-13 |title=Warmbath Named Taxidermist at Brooklyn Museum |pages=20 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-warmbath-named/128956919/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="n128957624">{{Cite news |date=1925-03-13 |title=Botanic Garden Draws 20,600 Persons in Feb. |pages=36 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-garden-draws-20600/128957624/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> which opened in May 1925.<ref name="n128957484">{{Cite news |date=1925-05-13 |title=Spring Inspection of Botanic Garden; Many New Exhibits |pages=8 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-spring-inspecti/128957484/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> Gager announced in 1927 that the BBG would create a rose garden,<ref name="n128957850">{{Cite news |date=1927-06-24 |title=Botanic Experts Plan Rose Garden |pages=69 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-experts-plan-rose-ga/128957850/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1927-05-22">{{Cite news |date=1927-05-22 |title=Plans New Rose Garden; Brooklyn Botanic Project Will Cover an Acre and Cost $10,000. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/05/22/archives/plans-new-rose-garden-brooklyn-botanic-project-will-cover-an-acre.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> following a $10,000 donation from Walter V. Cranford<ref name="n128957879">{{Cite news |date=1927-06-18 |title=Gift of $10,000 for New Rose Garden |pages=4 |work=Brooklyn Life and Activities of Long Island Society |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-life-and-activities-of-long-isl/128957879/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> (later increased to $15,000).<ref name="n128960567">{{Cite news |date=1928-06-12 |title=Get $15,000 for Big Rose Garden |pages=9 |work=The Herald Statesman |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-statesman-get-15000-for-big/128960567/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The rose garden opened on May 8, 1928,<ref name="nyt-1952-10-15">{{Cite news |date=1952-10-15 |title=Founder and 250 Enthusiasts Mark Cranford Rose Garden's 25th Year |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/10/15/archives/founder-and-250-enthusiasts-mark-cranford-rose-gardens-25th-year.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and was finished that June.<ref name="n128960398">{{Cite news |date=1928-06-17 |title=Open Rose Garden to Public June 24 |pages=62 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-open-rose-garden-to-public-j/128960398/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="n128960787">{{Cite news |date=1928-06-18 |title=Borough's New Rose Garden to Open for Visitors at Botanic Garden June 24; Said to Be One of Finest in the Country |pages=14 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-boroughs-new-rose/128960787/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> An anonymous donor contributed funds for a stone bridge at the BBG in 1928, replacing a wooden bridge across the botanical garden's lake.<ref name="n128961303">{{Cite news |date=1928-12-02 |title=Glacial Boulders Hold Bridge |pages=130 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-glacial-boulders-hold-bridge/128961303/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> [[File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_November_2016_006.jpg|alt=The torii in the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden, Brooklyn Botanic Garden|thumb|The Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was renovated in the early 1930s.]] Gager announced in June 1929 that an ornamental gate designed by McKim, Mead & White would be installed at the BBG's Flatbush Avenue entrance, following a donation from Richard Young.<ref name="n128961538">{{Cite news |date=1929-06-22 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden to Have New Gate |pages=2 |work=Brooklyn Life and Activities of Long Island Society |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-life-and-activities-of-long-isl/128961538/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="n128961709">{{Cite news |date=1929-06-28 |title=New Ornamental Gate for Botanic Garden |pages=33 |work=The Chat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-new-ornamental-gate-for-botanic/128961709/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The next month, BBG trustee Alfred W. Jenkins donated funds for two additional stone "rustic bridges".<ref name="p1111991058">{{cite news |date=14 Jul 1929 |title=Botanic Garden Starts Work on Rustic Bridges: Glacial Bowlder Structures Will Replace Temporary Crossings Over Brook 6 Weeks on Construction Plans Are Drawn for Three More New Entrance Gates |page=A11 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1111991058}}}}</ref><ref name="n128962576">{{Cite news |date=1929-07-14 |title=Botanic Garden Adds 2 Bridges |pages=11 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-garden-adds-2-bridge/128962576/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> By that October, the gate and several new bridges within the BBG were nearly finished;<ref name="n128961996">{{Cite news |date=1929-10-07 |title=New Spans at Boro Botanic Garden Ready |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-new-spans-at-boro-b/128961996/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="n128962106">{{Cite news |date=1929-10-06 |title=Bridges Rise in Garden |pages=96 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-bridges-rise-in-garden/128962106/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> the gate was dedicated in May 1930.<ref name="p1113243605">{{cite news |date=14 May 1930 |title=Brooklyn Receives $17,000 Gift Gate For Botanic Garden: Richard Young, Donor, Makes Presentation Before 1,200 at Spring Inspection |page=21 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1113243605}}}}</ref> During the same time, ten garden seats and eight drinking fountains were donated to the BBG,<ref name="p1113627988">{{cite news |date=23 Mar 1930 |title=Botanic Garden Open Museum, Says Director: Aim Is to Stimulate Interest in Plant Life; Park Use Secondary, He Adds School Service Increased 282.299 Pupils Reached by Brooklyn Institution Brooklyn Rose Garden and New Entrance Gate |page=B13 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1113627988}}}}</ref> and Jenkins agreed to donate a fountain and another rustic bridge in 1930,<ref name="n128963767">{{Cite news |date=1930-06-08 |title=Fountain Given to Botanic Garden |pages=39 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-fountain-given-to-botanic-ga/128963767/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="n128964099">{{Cite news |date=1930-06-09 |title=Botanic Garden Looks Ahead to 1935 With New Projects |pages=5 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-looks/128964099/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The BBG awarded contracts for the construction of a {{Convert|500|by|90|ft|adj=on}} plaza in front of the Laboratory Administration Building in April 1930, more than a decade after plans for the plaza had been drawn up.<ref name="nyt-1930-04-20">{{Cite news |date=1930-04-20 |title=To Build Botanic Plaza; Brooklyn Garden Lets Contract to Complete 10-Year-Old Plan. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/04/20/archives/to-build-botanic-plaza-brooklyn-garden-lets-contract-to-complete.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p1113650289">{{cite news |date=20 Apr 1930 |title=Hanging Plaza Under Way at Botanic Garden: Stone Stairs to Lead From Paths to Long Plot Facing Laboratory Building |page=A13 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1113650289}}}}</ref> Gager also planned to build three other gates, an overlook, a north addition next to the Brooklyn Museum, garden seats, and plantings within the Native Flora Garden.<ref name="n128964643">{{Cite news |date=1930-05-19 |title=Botanic Garden Pictured After Quarter of Century |pages=5 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-pictur/128964643/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The Japanese garden was expanded as well, reopening in 1931.<ref name="p1114478959">{{cite news |date=7 June 1931 |title=Brooklyn Adds Garden Units to Japanese Plot: Oriental Experts Assist in Work at Botanic Center; Bridge Built Over Lake Trees and Shrubs Treated Improved Area Reopened for Public Inspection |page=A13 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1114478959}}}}</ref><ref name="n128965290">{{Cite news |date=1931-06-08 |title=Japanese Garden Is Open Again |pages=7 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-japanese-garden-is-op/128965290/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> In 1933, a redesigned native wildflower garden, the Laboratory Administration Building plaza, and the overlook were completed,<ref name="n128966919">{{Cite news |date=1934-05-20 |title=Botanic Project Half Complete |pages=22 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-project-half-complet/128966919/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> and the BBG Women's Auxiliary donated magnolias to the garden's Magnolia Plaza.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /> [[Civil Works Administration]] (CWA) workers began landscaping the {{Convert|2.5|acre|ha|adj=on}} north addition next to the Brooklyn Museum the same year.<ref name="n128966919" /><ref name="p1114836300">{{cite news |date=20 May 1934 |title=Botanic Garden In Brooklyn to Get New Gate: Eastern Parkway Approach To Be Built for Large Addition, Half Completed C. W. A. Assists Project Annual Report Shows Gain in Attendance for 1933 |page=A20 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1114836300}}}}</ref> The CWA crew also constructed a new entrance to the BBG from Eastern Parkway.<ref name="p1114836300" /> Most of the north addition was completed in 1935; by then, the BBG had 1.35 million annual visitors.<ref name="p1221593147">{{cite news |date=14 Apr 1935 |title=Botanic Garden Income Drops As Needs Rise: Brooklyn Report Reveals 36,560 Gain in Visitors, $7,672 Cut, in Last Year Gager Warns of Crisis Situation Is Serious in Extreme, Says Director |page=26B |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1221593147}}}}</ref><ref name="n128967810">{{Cite news |date=1935-04-15 |title=Botanic Garden's Visitors Increase But Income Drops |pages=2 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-gardens-visitors-in/128967810/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> Afterward, BBG staff planted a formal garden along the north addition, as well as a "wall garden" next to Mount Prospect Park.<ref name="nyt-1935-08-11">{{Cite news |date=1935-08-11 |title=$144,000 WPA Grant Spurs Work in Botanical Garden; Improvement Program, Begun in 1930, Will Be Carried On With U.S. Funds -- Brooklyn Garden Keeps Pace in Development. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/08/11/archives/144000-wpa-grant-spurs-work-in-botanical-garden-improvement-program.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Mrs. Walter V. Cranford donated a Rose Arc Pool to the BBG in 1936.<ref name="n128968485">{{Cite news |date=1936-06-14 |title=Visit Botanic Garden to See New Rose Arc |pages=19 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-visit-botanic-garden-to-see/128968485/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The BBG's Japanese shrine burned down in January 1938;<ref name="nyt-1938-01-26">{{Cite news |date=1938-01-26 |title=Japanese Shrine is Razed by Fire; Enemy of Nation Suspected of Destroying Shinto Temple in Brooklyn Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/01/26/archives/japanese-shrine-is-razed-by-fire-enemy-of-nation-suspected-of.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p1243679687">{{cite news |date=26 Jan 1938 |title=Nippon Shrine Burns Down at Botanic Garden: Brooklyn Firemen Find No Arson, bill the Director Blames Enemy of Japan Blaze There Once Before Japanese Garden Structure Built by Oriental Labor Nippon Shrine in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Razed by Fire |page=3 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1243679687}}}}</ref> the herb garden at the northeast corner of the BBG, planted by the Women's Auxiliary, was dedicated that September.<ref name="n128968870">{{Cite news |date=1938-09-28 |title=Botanic's Herb Garden Opened |pages=11 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanics-herb/128968870/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1938-09-28">{{Cite news |date=1938-09-28 |title=Brooklyn Herb Garden Opens |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/09/28/archives/brooklyn-herb-garden-opens.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Sade Elisabeth Osborne dedicated the Dean Clay Osborne memorial at the BBG in April 1939.<ref name="n128969634">{{Cite news |date=1939-04-20 |title=Botanic Garden Gets Osborne Memorial |pages=10 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/128969634/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The BBG attracted about 1.8 million annual visitors at the beginning of the 1940s with an endowment fund of nearly $1.4 million.<ref name="n128990345" /> The Cherry Esplanade was created in 1941 after the Women's Auxiliary donated<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /> four rows of cherry trees.<ref name="n128989559">{{Cite news |date=1941-05-13 |title=600 Flower Lovers Enjoy 27th Tour of Botanic Garden |pages=8 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-600-flower-love/128989559/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2003-04-25">{{Cite news |last=Brawarsky |first=Sandee |date=2003-04-25 |title=A Beauty as Fleeting as Life |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/25/arts/a-beauty-as-fleeting-as-life.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> An ivy garden was also dedicated the same year.<ref name="n128989559" /><ref name="n128989609">{{Cite news |date=1941-05-14 |title=600 Nature Lovers Stage Inspection of Botanic Garden |pages=4 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-600-nature-love/128989609/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was closed from 1941 to 1947 because of anti-Japanese sentiment during World War II.<ref name="nyt-2003-04-25" /> The BBG rehired McKim, Mead & White in 1942 to design a $200,000 annex to the Laboratory Administration Building, but the annex was not completed because of financial shortfalls.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 3" /> Gager, the BBG's first director, died in 1943<ref name="p1282797944">{{cite news |date=10 Aug 1943 |title=Dr. C. S. Gager, Botanic Garden Director, Dies: Developed Brooklyn Plot From 'East Side Lands' to a National Landmark |page=16 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1282797944}}}}</ref> and was succeeded by [[George S. Avery Jr.]] the following year.<ref name="n129028681">{{Cite news |date=1944-04-20 |title=Dr. G. S. Avery to Direct Boro Botanic Garden |pages=13 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dr-g-s-avery/129028681/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref> Michael Tuch and his wife donated a [[wrought iron]] gate for the BBG's Eastern Parkway entrance in 1945,<ref name="n128993534">{{Cite news |date=1945-08-19 |title=Plans Golden Gate, Wired Music for Botanic Garden |pages=14 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-plans-golden-ga/128993534/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1945-08-12">{{Cite news |date=1945-08-12 |title=Gate Given to Botanic Garden |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1945/08/12/archives/gate-given-to-botanic-garden.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the gate was dedicated in March 1946.<ref name="n128993816">{{Cite news |date=1946-05-15 |title=Dedicate New Gate to Botanic Garden |pages=7 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dedicate-new-ga/128993816/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref> ==== 1950s to 1970s ==== By the early 1950s, Avery planned to expand the BBG's children's garden by {{Convert|1|acre}} by covering the open-cut [[BMT Franklin Avenue Line|Franklin Avenue subway line]].<ref name="p1320079755">{{cite news |date=29 June 1952 |title=Vegetables Grow In Brooklyn, Too: Botanic Garden Seeks More Land for Child Farmers |page=C18 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1320079755}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1951-06-06">{{Cite news |date=1951-06-06 |title=City Urged to Give New Garden Plot; Appeal for Children Made by Botanic Garden's Head to Park Association Group |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/06/06/archives/city-urged-to-give-new-garden-plot-appeal-for-children-made-by.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At the time, the children's garden only had space for 250 plots, but a thousand children wanted to use the children's garden each year.<ref name="p1320079755" /> The BBG accommodated 1.35 million visitors annually, more than the larger [[New York Botanical Garden]] did, but received less funding from the city.<ref name="n129028868">{{Cite news |date=1952-07-06 |title=Botanic Garden Seen Relegated to Stepchild Role |pages=20 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/129028868/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref> The Women's Auxiliary proposed creating a "garden of fragrance" at the BBG in May 1954;<ref name="n129023142">{{Cite news |date=1954-05-16 |title=Blind to Have Own Garden |pages=442 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-blind-to-have-own-garden/129023142/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1954-05-18">{{Cite news |date=1954-05-18 |title=Garden for Blind Set; Project Planned for Brooklyn to Have Signs in Braille |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/05/18/archives/garden-for-blind-set-project-planned-for-brooklyn-to-have-signs-in.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the project was inspired by a British garden for the blind.<ref name="nyt-1954-05-18" /> Construction of the {{convert|1.5|acre|m2|adj=on}} garden, located just north of the Laboratory Administration Building, began in October 1954.<ref name="n129022267">{{Cite news |date=1954-10-15 |title=Start Work on Garden for Blind at Botanic |pages=3 |work=Brooklyn Record |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-record-start-work-on-garden-for/129022267/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref><ref name="p1313680457">{{cite news |date=17 Oct 1954 |title=A Garden For Blind In Brooklyn |page=D16 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1313680457}}}}</ref> The fragrance garden was dedicated in June 1955.<ref name="nyt-1955-06-10">{{Cite news |date=1955-06-10 |title=Garden for the Blind; Brooklyn Plot With Signs in Braille Is Dedicated |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/06/10/archives/garden-for-the-blind-brooklyn-plot-with-signs-in-braille-is.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Elizabeth Van Brunt sold {{convert|223|acre}} of forest at Kitchawan in [[Westchester County, New York]], to the BBG in 1956 for use as a research center.<ref name="nyt-1956-10-20">{{Cite news |date=1956-10-20 |title=Botanic Garden Gets a Big Tract; Westchester Site to Be Used for a Research Station on Cancer Antibiotics Three Goals Listed |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/10/20/archives/botanic-garden-gets-a-big-tract-westchester-site-to-be-used-for-a.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="n129028559">{{Cite news |date=1956-10-25 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Plans Field Station for Research |pages=8 |work=Brooklyn Daily |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-daily-brooklyn-botanic-garden-p/129028559/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref> The BBG planned to move its nursery to Westchester to make way for a {{convert|1|acre|adj=on}} expansion of the children's garden.<ref name="n129028559" /> The research center was dedicated in May 1960.<ref name="n129085727">{{Cite news |date=1960-05-26 |title=Botanic Garden Dedicates 'Lab' |pages=12 |work=The Reporter Dispatch |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-reporter-dispatch-botanic-garden-ded/129085727/ |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> Workers restored the BBG's paths, and added new trees and benches, in 1958 as part of a project designed by Clarence C. Combs.<ref name="nyt-1958-05-19">{{Cite news |last=Schumach |first=Murray |date=1958-05-19 |title=Botanic Garden's Beaten Paths Are Under Repair in Brooklyn |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/05/19/archives/botanic-gardens-beaten-paths-are-under-repair-in-brooklyn.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Local women also volunteered to cultivate the garden after BBG staff went on strike for several months in 1959.<ref name="nyt-1959-06-24">{{Cite news |date=1959-06-24 |title=Volunteers Keeping Struck Botanic Garden Green |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/06/24/archives/volunteers-keeping-struck-botanic-garden-green.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A [[Shinto shrine]] was dedicated at the BBG's Japanese Garden in 1960,<ref name="nyt-1960-05-02">{{Cite news |date=1960-05-02 |title=Governor of Tokyo Visits Shrine In Japanese Garden in Brooklyn |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/02/archives/governor-of-tokyo-visits-shrine-in-japanese-garden-in-brooklyn.html?searchResultPosition&#61;2 |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> replacing a shrine that vandals had burned down.<ref name="nyt-1975-04-20">{{Cite news |date=1975-04-20 |title=For Garden, a Celebration |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/20/archives/for-garden-a-celebration.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By that October, the BBG had recorded 50 million all-time visitors.<ref name="nyt-1960-10-07">{{Cite news |date=1960-10-07 |title=Botanic Garden Fetes 50,000,000th Visitor |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/10/07/archives/botanic-garden-fetes-50000000th-visitor.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Takuma Paul Tono designed a replica of a stone garden at [[Ryōan-ji]] after the BBG received a private donation in 1961.<ref name="nyt-1961-09-10">{{Cite news |last=Thach |first=Joanna May |date=1961-09-10 |title=Inspired by Japan; Botanic Garden Builds Replica of Ryoanji |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/09/10/archives/inspired-by-japan-botanic-garden-builds-replica-of-ryoanji.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="n129085879">{{Cite news |date=1961-10-13 |title=Search for Rocks to Complete Exhibition |pages=5 |work=Brooklyn Record |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-record-search-for-rocks-to-comp/129085879/ |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> The stone garden, dedicated in May 1963,<ref name="nyt-1963-05-29" /> contained 15 granite stones of varying colors and sizes.<ref name="nyt-1963-05-29">{{Cite news |date=1963-05-29 |title=Rites Inaugurate Japanese Garden; Zen Temple Bell is Sounded at Brooklyn Dedication |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/29/archives/rites-inaugurate-japanese-garden-zen-temple-bell-is-sounded-at.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p913625711">{{cite news |date=12 July 1963 |title=Copy of Ryoanji Temple Garden Opens in Brooklyn |page=17C |work=Newsday |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913625711}}}}</ref> The Native Flora Garden was closed in 1963 due to a lack of funding; it did not reopen for two decades.<ref name="n128728533" /> By the mid-1960s, Avery said the BBG's finances were in decline, as most of the garden's funding came from wealthy benefactors who were moving away from Brooklyn.<ref name="nyt-1965-12-11">{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Theodore |date=1965-12-11 |title=A Cultural Crisis in Brooklyn Is Depicted at Budget Hearing |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/11/archives/a-cultural-crisis-in-brooklyn-is-depicted-at-budget-hearing.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Furthermore, an increase in crime had caused BBG officials to close off most of the botanical garden's exits by the end of the decade,<ref name="nyt-1969-12-12">{{Cite news |last=Burks |first=Edward C. |date=1969-12-12 |title=Museums Seeking Guards To Stem Mounting Crime |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/12/12/archives/museums-seeking-guards-to-stem-mounting-crime.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and litter was beginning to accumulate in the surrounding area.<ref name="n129139888">{{Cite news |last=Ross |first=Edwin |last2=Ross |first2=Frank |date=1971-08-11 |title=Grouse at Garden's Garbage |pages=345 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-grouse-at-gardens-garbage/129139888/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> The BBG had an average of 5,000 daily visitors by the late 1960s.<ref name="nyt-1969-04-13">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Alfred E. |date=1969-04-13 |title=Money Pinch Delays Opening of Zoo |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/04/13/archives/money-pinch-delays-opening-of-zoo.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Avery served as the BBG's director until 1969,<ref name="American Rose Society 1969 p.">{{cite book |author=American Rose Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltRJAAAAYAAJ |title=The American Rose |publisher=American Rose Society |year=1969 |page=5 |issn=1078-5825 |issue=v. 20}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1994-08-082">{{Cite news |last=Pace |first=Eric |date=1994-08-08 |title=George Avery Jr., 92, Former Director Of Botanic Garden |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/08/obituaries/george-avery-jr-92-former-director-of-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and [[Louis B. Martin]] briefly served as the BBG's third director for the next two years, until the beginning of 1972.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1971 p.">{{cite book |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trlPAAAAYAAJ |title=Plants & Gardens |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |year=1971 |page= |access-date=July 30, 2023 |issue=v. 27-28}}</ref> As early as 1971, the city considered allowing the Brooklyn Botanic Garden to charge admission.<ref name="nyt-1971-01-25">{{Cite news |date=1971-01-25 |title=City Considering Zoo, Museum Fees |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/25/archives/city-considering-zoo-museum-fees-cultural-institutions-may-be.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Scholtz]], the BBG's assistant curator of instruction, was appointed as the garden's acting director in 1972<ref name="p148379523">{{cite news |last=Stevenson |first=Tom |date=14 Oct 1973 |title=The Brooklyn Botanic Garden ... 12,000 Plants and One Woman: The Brooklyn Botanic Garden ... 12,000 Plants and One Woman |page=K18 |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|148379523}}}}</ref><ref name="n129141063">{{cite news |date=March 24, 1972 |title=New Garden Director |page=135 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-new-garden-dire/129141063 |access-date=July 30, 2023}}</ref> and officially became the garden's fourth director the next year, making her the first woman to lead a large U.S. botanical garden.<ref name="nyt-1973-02-04">{{Cite news |date=1973-02-04 |title=Botanic Garden Gets Chief |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/04/archives/botanic-garden-gets-chief.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p920968896">{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Bea |date=24 Feb 1973 |title=Woman Director Will Guide Work at Botanic Gardens |page=2B |work=Newsday |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|920968896}}}}</ref> Under Scholtz's leadership, the BBG shifted its focus to its three "outreach stations" in Westchester County and on [[Long Island]], as there was very little space to expand the original garden in Brooklyn. Although public interest in the BBG had grown, the original garden in Brooklyn only employed seven full-time instructors and some part-time instructors.<ref name="nyt-1973-04-15">{{Cite news |last=Schuman |first=Wendy |date=1973-04-15 |title=Chief Gardener in Brooklyn |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/15/archives/chief-gardener-in-brooklyn.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Ryōan-ji stone garden, which had been closed for several years because of a lack of funds, reopened in 1973.<ref name="nyt-1973-06-24">{{Cite news |last=Fischer |first=Muriel |date=1973-06-24 |title=Zen Temple and Gardens Bloom Quietly in Brooklyn |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/06/24/archives/zen-temple-and-gardens-bloom-quietly-in-brooklyn-a-zen-temple-and.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The BBG split from the Brooklyn Institute during the 1970s.<ref name="BD p. 108">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=108}}</ref> The Women's Auxiliary of the BBG launched a docent program, Volunteer Garden Guide, in 1974.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /> Continuing financial problems forced the BBG to close on Mondays starting in 1975 for the first time in its history.<ref name="nyt-1975-06-20">{{Cite news |date=1975-06-20 |title=Metropolitan Briefs |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/20/archives/metropolitan-briefs-bronx-slayer-draws-30year-minimum-botanic.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The change was attributed to the fact that the BBG's annual operating budget had come to exceed $2 million, a two-thirds increase from the $1.2 million budget in 1970, but the city had committed to funding a smaller portion of the BBG's expenses.<ref name="nyt-1975-06-22">{{Cite news |date=1975-06-22 |title=Brooklyn Garden Closing Mondays |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/22/archives/brooklyn-pages-brooklyn-garden-closing-mondays.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The BBG had 800,000 annual visitors by the late 1970s; although this was half the number of visitors that the garden had recorded in the mid-20th century, the BBG was still more popular than comparable botanical gardens.<ref name="n129144607">{{Cite news |last=Forgang |first=Isabel |date=1977-06-06 |title=Globetrotting in Brooklyn's Botanic Garden |pages=249 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-globetrotting-in-brooklyns-b/129144607/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> The Shakespeare Garden reopened in June 1979<ref name="n129151586">{{Cite news |last=Shepard |first=Joan |date=1979-06-21 |title=Four from Bay Ridge graduate from LIU |pages=672 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-four-from-bay-ridge-graduate/129151586/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> after being relocated from its original location near the Children's Garden.<ref name="nyt-1980-06-022">{{Cite news |date=1980-06-02 |title=Shakespeare Gardens Flourish 'Under the Blossom That Hangs on the Bough'; Contains 80 Plants No Qualms About Choices |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/02/archives/shakespeare-gardens-flourish-under-the-blossom-that-hangs-on-the.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==== 1980s and 1990s ==== [[Donald E. Moore]] became the BBG's fifth leader in 1980.<ref name="nyt-1980-06-28">{{Cite news |date=1980-06-28 |title=Donald Moore Named Botanic Garden Head |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/28/archives/donald-moore-named-botanic-garden-head.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="n129152175">{{Cite news |date=1980-06-29 |title=CPR Course Is Offered |pages=202 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-cpr-course-is-offered/129152175/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> Under his tenure, the BBG was expanded, and its membership grew threefold to 25,000.<ref name="nyt-2018-10-11">{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Sam |date=2018-10-11 |title=Donald E. Moore, Who Expanded Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Dies at 90 |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/11/obituaries/donald-moore-dead.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The BBG began allowing events, such as parties and weddings, to be hosted on its grounds in 1982. In the first several months after the policy was implemented, the BBG hosted over 30 weddings.<ref name="nyt-1982-07-23">{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=Ron |date=1982-07-23 |title=City's Bucolic Havens Welcome Weddings |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/23/style/city-s-bucolic-havens-welcome-weddings.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1983, the BBG reopened its native flora garden, which had been closed for twenty years, after hiring a gardener and two assistants.<ref name="n128728533">{{Cite news |date=1983-09-15 |title=Species Go Public |pages=4 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-species-go-public/128728533/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref> By the mid-1980s, the botanical garden had over 600,000 annual visitors, as well as 11,000 members from around the world.<ref name="nyt-1984-05-19" /><ref name="n129154395">{{Cite news |date=1983-07-21 |title=News Briefs |pages=142 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-news-briefs/129154395/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> The BBG also had 15,000 specimens representing 2,000 species.<ref name="nyt-1986-11-14">{{Cite news |last=Yarrow |first=Andrew L. |date=1986-11-14 |title=Brooklyn's Best and Brightest; Woodlands and Exotic Gardens |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/14/arts/brooklyn-s-best-and-brightest-woodlands-and-exotic-gardens.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At that time, the BBG's Palm House and the adjacent wooden greenhouses had become severely deteriorated.<ref name="n129157133">{{Cite news |date=1984-01-09 |title=Garden blooms new showplace |pages=76 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-garden-blooms-new-showplace/129157133/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref><ref name="Canty p. 110">{{harvnb|Canty|1989|ps=.|p=110}}</ref> The Celebrity Path was created in 1985 following a donation from the [[Brooklyn Union Gas Company]].<ref name="New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 1911 a752" /><ref name="n129206258">{{Cite news |date=1987-08-09 |title=Garden Honors New Crop of Brooklyn's Elite |pages=646 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-garden-honors-new-crop-of-bro/129206258/ |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> The BBG announced in 1984 that it would construct a new conservatory and restore the Palm House for $16 million. The city and the BBG would each pay for half of the renovation.<ref name="n129157133" /><ref name="nyt-1984-01-07">{{Cite news |last=Carmody |first=Deirdre |date=1984-01-07 |title=Renovation Planned for Brooklyn Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/07/nyregion/renovation-planned-for-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The conservatory was to be designed by [[Davis Brody Bond|Davis, Brody & Associates]],<ref name="nyt-1988-07-03" /> who were also responsible for renovating the Palm House and Administration Building.<ref name="NY2000">{{cite NY2000|pages=1185}}</ref> Work on the new conservatory commenced in May 1984;<ref name="nyt-1984-05-19">{{Cite news |date=1984-05-19 |title=The City; Expansion Begins At Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/19/nyregion/the-city-expansion-begins-at-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> it was the first major building erected in the BBG since the 1910s.<ref name="nyt-1988-07-03" /> The conservatory replaced three smaller gardens, including the Ryōan-ji stone garden.<ref name="p1832762678">{{Cite magazine |last=Lyman |first=Rick |date=19 May 1988 |title=A $25 Million Garden Blooms in Brooklyn |work=  Philadelphia Inquirer |page=C.1 |id={{Pq|1832762678}}}}</ref> The conservatory's $25 million cost included $3 million from [[Michael Steinhardt|Michael]] and Judith Steinhardt and $11.65 million from the city government.<ref name="nyt-1988-07-03">{{Cite news |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |date=1988-07-03 |title=Architecture View; Glass Houses for Trees That Grow In Brooklyn |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/03/arts/architecture-view-glass-houses-for-trees-that-grow-in-brooklyn.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p277992233">{{cite news |last=Nerl |first=Daryl |date=15 Mar 1988 |title=Building Grows at Botanic Garden New Conservatory to Show Exotic Plants in Their Natural Environment |page=27 |work=Newsday |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|277992233}}}}</ref> The Steinhardt Conservatory was named for the couple in March 1988<ref name="p277992233" /> and opened on May 19, 1988.<ref name="p1832762678" /><ref name="n128724868">{{Cite news |last=Raver |first=Anne |date=1988-05-19 |title=A Trek Through Evolution |pages=234 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-a-trek-through/128724868/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref> The BBG also renovated the Palm House into an education center and event space,<ref name="NY2000" /><ref name="nyt-1988-03-10" /> and it erected an education building with greenhouses, displays, and classrooms.<ref name="p371465007">{{Cite news |date=11 June 1987 |title=Kresge Foundation awards grant to Brooklyn Botanic Garden |page=12 |work=Italian Voice |id={{pq|371465007}}}}</ref> The renovation added {{convert|80,000|ft2}}, more than doubling the amount of space dedicated to displaying plants and exhibits.<ref name="nyt-1988-03-10">{{Cite news |last=Morgan |first=Thomas |date=1988-03-10 |title=Brooklyn's Big Garden Is Growing Bigger |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/10/nyregion/brooklyn-s-big-garden-is-growing-bigger.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A gift shop opened next to the Steinhardt Conservatory in June 1989,<ref name="nyt-1989-06-29">{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Patricia Leigh |date=1989-06-29 |title=Currents; At the Brooklyn Garden, A Growers' Gift Shop |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/29/garden/currents-at-the-brooklyn-garden-a-growers-gift-shop.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and a discovery center sponsored by [[Chase Manhattan Bank]] opened in September 1989.<ref name="p278084191">{{cite news |last=Roach |first=Margaret |date=21 Sep 1989 |title=A New Discovery A Brooklyn Botanic Garden facility offers children an education in gardening and nature |page=5 |work=Newsday |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|278084191}}}}</ref> [[Judith D. Zuk|Judith Zuk]] was named as the BBG's president in 1990 after Moore resigned.<ref name="nyt-1990-07-05">{{Cite news |last=Howe |first=Marvine |date=1990-07-05 |title=Botanic Garden Loses a Leader, Gains a Legacy |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/05/nyregion/botanic-garden-loses-a-leader-gains-a-legacy.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Several of the BBG's gardens were renovated under Zuk's tenure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/06/nyregion/06zuk.html|title=Judith D. Zuk, 55, Who Ran the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Is Dead|last=Martin|first=Douglas|date=September 6, 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 9, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Discovery Garden opened next to the Discovery Center in September 1992,<ref name="n129194306">{{Cite news |date=1992-09-15 |title=Crown Heights/New Garden of Insights |pages=32 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-crown-heightsnew-garden-of-insi/129194306/ |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1992-09-25">{{Cite news |last=Leimbach |first=Dulcie |date=1992-09-25 |title=For Children |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/25/arts/for-children.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the viewing pavilion in the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was renovated in 1993 as part of a larger $1.5 million rehabilitation of the Japanese garden.<ref name="n129194932">{{Cite news |date=1993-08-10 |title=Spotlight |pages=61 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-spotlight/129194932/ |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> In 1996, the garden began charging admission of $3 per adult after cuts in public and private funding and increases in operating costs.<ref name="nyt-1996-01-26">{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=1996-01-26 |title=The Garden In Brooklyn Plans to Levy Entrance Fee |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/26/nyregion/the-garden-in-brooklyn-plans-to-levy-entrance-fee.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="New York Daily News 1996 v102">{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Laura |date=January 30, 1996 |title=A Fee Grows in Brooklyn; Botanic Garden to Charge Admission |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/boroughs/fee-grows-brooklyn-botanic-garden-charge-admission-article-1.722031 |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref> Community groups objected that the admission fee would negatively impact local residents,<ref name="p2632213670">{{Cite news |last=Baillou |first=Charles |date=6 Apr 1996 |title=Botanic Garden Admission Fee Rattles Brooklyn Activists Who Urge Rollback |page=9 |work=New York Amsterdam News |id={{proQuest|2632213670}}}}</ref> but Zuk said the fee would raise at least half a million dollars per year.<ref name="nyt-1996-01-26" /> To attract visitors during the winter, the BBG began hosting [[model train]] displays in late 1998.<ref name="nyt-1998-11-292">{{Cite news |last=Herszenhorn |first=David M. |date=1998-11-29 |title=Little Iron Horses Upstage the Garden Flora |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/29/nyregion/little-iron-horses-upstage-the-garden-flora.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was renovated starting in 1999; the project was supposed to cost $3 million and was funded mostly by the [[New York City Council]].<ref name="nyt-1999-02-21">{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=1999-02-21 |title=Restoring the Glory Of a Japanese Jewel |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/21/nyregion/restoring-the-glory-of-a-japanese-jewel.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The project included repainting the torii, restoring the viewing pavilion and Turtle Island, making the lower level accessible, and planting extra trees.<ref name="n129081764">{{Cite news |last=Shelby |first=Joyce |date=2000-05-24 |title=Japanese Hill & Pond Garden Reopening |pages=461 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-japanese-hill-pond-garden-r/129081764/ |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> The Japanese garden reopened in May 2000.<ref name="n129081764" /><ref name="nyt-2000-06-18">{{Cite news |last=Raver |first=Anne |date=2000-06-18 |title=Travel Advisory; Japanese Garden Restored |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/18/travel/travel-advisory-japanese-garden-restored.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==== 2000s to present ==== [[File:Entrance_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.JPG|alt=Facade of the visitor center on Washington Avenue|thumb|The visitor center on Washington Avenue opened in May 2012.]] When the entrance to the Brooklyn Museum was rebuilt in 2002, some of the BBG's cherry trees had to be cut down.<ref name="n129081556">{{Cite news |last=Allen |first=Michael O. |date=2002-01-24 |title=Museum plan takes root, minus trees |pages=101 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-museum-plan-takes-root-minus/129081556/ |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> The entrance on Eastern Parkway was rebuilt in 2003 at a cost of $2.5 million. The previous entrance had been too narrow and was set back from the street, making it difficult for visitors to see the entrance.<ref name="nyt-2003-11-16">{{Cite news |last=Hevesi |first=Dennis |date=2003-11-16 |title=Postings: A 50-Foot-High Glass Cone; New Entrance To Gardens In Brooklyn |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/16/realestate/postings-a-50-foot-high-glass-cone-new-entrance-to-gardens-in-brooklyn.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The new entrance opened in 2005.<ref name="p219168955">{{cite magazine |last=Kreinin Souccar |first=Miriam |date=Oct 3, 2005 |title=Brooklyn's green thumb |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=21 |issue=40 |page=37 |id={{ProQuest|219168955}}}}</ref> After Zuk retired in 2005,<ref name=":0" /> the Magnolia Plaza was named in her honor,<ref name="Paper 2008 x4152">{{cite web |date=May 2, 2008 |title=Magnificent magnolias – BBG marks 75th anniversary of Judith D. Zuk Plaza |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/magnificent-magnolias-bbg-marks-75th-anniversary-of-judith-d-zuk-plaza/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref><ref name="The New York Sun 2007 g963">{{cite web |date=September 5, 2007 |title=Judith Zuk, 55, President of Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/obituaries-judith-zuk-55-president-of-brooklyn-botanic-garden |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=The New York Sun}}</ref> and [[Scot Medbury]] was selected as president the same year.<ref name="Williamson 2019 l176">{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Alex |date=June 18, 2019 |title='A wild place:' Brooklyn Botanic president looks back on 14 years at the helm |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2019/06/18/scot-medbury-brooklyn-botanic/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref> Medbury planned to build a party room, restaurant, and visitor center; by then, the BBG had 700,000 annual visitors and an operating budget of nearly $15 million.<ref name="p219168955" /> The Cranford Rose Garden was restored in 2006, followed by the C.V. Starr Bonsai Museum the next year.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /> The BBG's Laboratory Building was designated as a city landmark in 2007.<ref name="nyt-2007-03-15">{{Cite web |last=McElroy |first=Steven |date=2007-03-15 |title=Arts, Briefly; Brooklyn Botanic Building Gets Landmark Status |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res&#61;9E00E4DC1E31F936A25750C0A9619C8B63 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> The same year, as part of the Campaign for the Next Century,<ref name="Croghan 2019 x985">{{cite web |last=Croghan |first=Lore |date=November 8, 2019 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden has a new selfie spot (and some new plants too) |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2019/11/08/brooklyn-botanic-garden-has-a-new-selfie-spot-and-some-new-plants-too/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref> the BBG started to raise money for new gardens, entrances, and a visitor center.<ref name="wsj-2011-05-26">{{Cite news |last=West |first=Melanie Grayce |date=2011-05-26 |title=Charlie Hamm's Gift Blooms for Brooklyn Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304520804576345642044521686.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Major donors to the campaign included Charlie and Irene Hamm,<ref name="wsj-2011-05-26" /> the [[Leon Levy Foundation]], the Brooklyn Community Foundation, and the Robert Wilson Charitable Trust.<ref name="Philanthropy News Digest (PND) 2023 g366">{{cite web |date=April 25, 2011 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Receives $7.5 Million Gift |url=https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/brooklyn-botanic-garden-receives-7.5-million-gift |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Philanthropy News Digest}}</ref> The BBG announced in 2009 that it would build a new entrance and visitor center on its northeastern corner, at the intersection of President Street and Washington Avenue. The botanical garden also planned to construct herb, woodland, and water gardens for its centennial.<ref name="Kleinman 2009 r692">{{cite web |last=Kleinman |first=Jacob |date=July 17, 2009 |title=Botanic Garden to get a new face • Brooklyn Paper |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/botanic-garden-to-get-a-new-face/ |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref> The visitor center was originally supposed to be located near the Cherry Walk but was moved to provide a better connection with the surrounding area.<ref name="Dailey 2012">{{cite web |last=Dailey |first=Jessica |date=May 9, 2012 |title=Inside the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's New Visitor Center |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/5/9/10372740/inside-the-brooklyn-botanic-gardens-new-visitor-center |access-date=March 1, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> The BBG relocated its herb garden in 2010,<ref name="Paper 2010 b662">{{cite web |date=February 23, 2010 |title=Festivities celebrating BBG centennial |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/festivities-celebrating-bbg-centennial/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref> and the visitor center opened in May 2012.<ref name="Clark 2012 k355">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Amy Sara |date=May 11, 2012 |title=Sneak Peek at Brooklyn Botanic Garden's Visitor Center |url=https://patch.com/new-york/windsorterrace/sneak-peek-at-brooklyn-botanic-gardens-visitor-center-86809022 |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=Windsor Terrace-Kensington, NY Patch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 17, 2012 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Visitor Center Opens to the Public |url=http://www.archdaily.com/235079/brooklyn-botanic-garden-visitor-center-opens-to-the-public |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119015610/http://www.archdaily.com/235079/brooklyn-botanic-garden-visitor-center-opens-to-the-public/ |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |access-date=December 23, 2012 |publisher=ArchDaily}}</ref> In June 2013, the BBG opened an expansion of its Native Flora Garden.<ref name="nyt-2013-06-12">{{Cite news |last=Raver |first=Anne |date=2013-06-12 |title=Native Flora Garden Opens at Brooklyn Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/13/garden/native-flora-garden-opens-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Geberer 2013 w950">{{cite web |last=Geberer |first=Raanan |date=June 4, 2013 |title=Botanic Garden creates pine barrens, prairie in Brooklyn |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2013/06/04/botanic-garden-creates-pine-barrens-prairie-in-brooklyn/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref> The BBG temporarily suspended its science program that year because of budget cuts and the severe deterioration of the BBG's science center at 109 Montgomery Street.<ref name="nyt-2013-09-22">{{Cite news |last=Foderaro |first=Lisa W. |date=2013-09-22 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Defends Decision to Suspend Science Program |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/23/nyregion/brooklyn-botanic-garden-defends-decision-to-suspend-science-program.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Brooklyn Botanic Garden was one of ten institutions that received the [[National Medal for Museum and Library Service]] in 2014, the centennial of its children's garden.<ref name=nyt-2014-05-08>{{Cite news|last=Schneider|first=Elena|date=2014-05-08|title=Hush Lifted Over Awards for Nation’s Libraries and Museums|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/us/hush-lifted-over-awards-for-nations-libraries-and-museums.html|access-date=2023-07-31|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=wsj-2014-05-16>{{Cite news|last=Bischof|first=Jackie|date=2014-05-16|title=A Century of Happy Weeding at Brooklyn Botanic Garden|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303409004579562232711084704.html|access-date=2023-07-31|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The BBG's Discovery Garden reopened in June 2015 after a renovation designed by [[Michael Van Valkenburgh]].<ref name="nyt-2015-06-11">{{Cite news |last=Raver |first=Anne |date=2015-06-11 |title=Brooklyn Botanic’s New Discovery Garden, Not Just for Kids |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/12/arts/design/brooklyn-botanics-new-discovery-garden-not-just-for-kids.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Hurowitz 2015 d775">{{cite web |last=Hurowitz |first=Noah |date=June 5, 2015 |title=Green day: Botanic Garden opens new and improved kids area |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/green-day-botanic-garden-opens-new-and-improved-kids-area/ |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref> The Water Garden, which was named for Shelby White and Leon Levy after they donated $7.5 million to the BBG,<ref name="wsj-2016-08-24">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Jennifer |date=2016-08-24 |title=Brooklyn’s Botanic Garden Goes on a Water Diet |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/brooklyns-botanic-garden-goes-on-a-water-diet-1472000802 |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> reopened in September 2016 following a restoration.<ref name="Mixson 2016 e375">{{cite web |last=Mixson |first=Colin |date=September 20, 2016 |title=Making the moist of it! Botanic Garden opens wetlands |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/making-the-moist-of-it-botanic-garden-opens-wetlands/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref> The Yellow Magnolia Café opened within the Palm House in 2017.<ref name="nyt-2017-04-11">{{Cite news |last=Fabricant |first=Florence |date=2017-04-11 |title=Yellow Magnolia Café Opens at Brooklyn Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/11/dining/yellow-magnolia-cafe-opens-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Sietsema 2017 n611">{{cite web |last=Sietsema |first=Robert |date=April 17, 2017 |title=Yellow Magnolia Cafe Raises the Bar for Museum Fare in Brooklyn |url=https://ny.eater.com/2017/4/17/15320966/yellow-magnolia-cafe-brooklyn-botanic-garden-rob-newton |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Eater NY}}</ref> In 2018, the BBG announced that it would re-landscape a hill leading to the Robert W. Wilson Overlook,<ref name="Mixson 2018 j381">{{cite web |last=Mixson |first=Colin |date=May 23, 2018 |title=Growing up: Botanic Garden will transform overlooked ‘Overlook’ into inviting incline |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/growing-up-botanic-garden-will-transform-overlooked-overlook-into-inviting-incline/ |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref><ref name="Wong 2018 c026">{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Pamela |date=June 7, 2018 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Breaks Ground On New Overlook |url=https://bklyner.com/brooklyn-botanic-garden-breaks-ground-on-new-overlook/ |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Bklyner}}</ref> which was rededicated in November 2019.<ref name="Croghan 2019 j063">{{cite web |last=Croghan |first=Lore |date=November 8, 2019 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden has a new selfie spot (and some new plants too) |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2019/11/08/brooklyn-botanic-garden-has-a-new-selfie-spot-and-some-new-plants-too/ |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref><ref name="Spivack 2019 r181">{{cite web |last=Spivack |first=Caroline |date=November 18, 2019 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden unveils sculptural path with scenic vista |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/11/18/20970823/brooklyn-botanic-garden-new-path-views |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> The Elizabeth Scholtz Woodland Garden, named in honor of the BBG's former director, also opened the same year.<ref name="Croghan 2019 j063" /><ref name="Davidson 2019 h862" /> After a high-rise tower development was announced next to the BBG at 960 Franklin Avenue, the BBG protested the project in 2019;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.amny.com/news/brooklyn-botanic-garden-shadows-1.34466573|title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden's 'Fight for Sunlight' protests Crown Heights building proposal|last=Brown|first=Nicole|date=July 31, 2019|work=AM New York|access-date=October 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026165833/https://www.amny.com/news/brooklyn-botanic-garden-shadows-1.34466573/|archive-date=October 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mixson 2019 u928">{{cite web |last=Mixson |first=Colin |date=February 27, 2019 |title=No grow: Botanic Garden bigwigs double down on opposition to proposed Franklin Ave megadevelopment |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/no-grow-botanic-garden-bigwigs-double-down-on-opposition-to-proposed-franklin-ave-megadevelopment/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref> the towers were canceled after city officials rejected the project.<ref name="Cifuentes 2022 g726">{{cite web |last=Cifuentes |first=Kevin |date=November 7, 2022 |title=960 Franklin Avenue Project by Brooklyn Botanic Garden Sold |url=https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2022/11/07/controversial-project-site-by-brooklyn-botanic-garden-sold/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=The Real Deal}}</ref> The BBG was closed temporarily from March to August 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City]].<ref name="Clark 2020 z244">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Roger |date=August 7, 2020 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden is Back in Business |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/brooklyn/coronavirus-blog/2020/08/06/brooklyn-botanic-garden-with-timed-entry-tickets--social-distancing-in-effect |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Spectrum News NY1}}</ref><ref name="Verde 2020 c336">{{cite web |last=Verde |first=Ben |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden to reopen August 7 |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/brooklyn-botanic-garden-to-reopen-august-7/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref> Former city parks commissioner [[Adrian Benepe]] was selected as the BBG's eighth president in late 2020, after Medbury resigned.<ref name="Verde 2020 y707">{{cite web |last=Verde |first=Ben |date=September 15, 2020 |title=Former Parks chief tapped to head Brooklyn Botanic Garden • Brooklyn Paper |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/brooklyn-botanic-garden-adrian-benepe/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref> == Location and geography == The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is in the central part of the [[Boroughs of New York City|New York City borough]] of [[Brooklyn]], on the border of the [[Park Slope]], [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]], and [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] neighborhoods. It occupies much of the city block bounded by Eastern Parkway to the north, Washington Avenue to the east, Empire Boulevard to the south, and Flatbush Avenue to the southwest.<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web |title=1000 Flatbush Avenue, 11225 |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/3/1183/1 |access-date=March 20, 2020 |publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> The BBG shares a large city block with Brooklyn's [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Central Library]], [[Mount Prospect Park]], and the [[Brooklyn Museum]] to the west and north.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/01001446.pdf |title=Brooklyn Public Library, Central Building |date=January 11, 2002 |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]] |page=3 |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623201336/https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/01001446.pdf |archive-date=June 23, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The far southeastern corner of the block contains the Brooklyn Central Office, Bureau of Fire Communications, at 35 Empire Boulevard.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peck|first=Richard|date=1975-03-02|title=Old Firehouses Clang in the Past|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/02/archives/old-firehouses-clang-in-the-past-citys-old-firehouses-are-clanging.html|access-date=2023-07-31|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The BBG covers {{Convert|52|acre}},<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /><ref name="Durham National Geographic Society (U.S.) Shaw Hannafin 2015 p. 213">{{cite book |last=Durham |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBknBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |title=National Geographic Traveler - New York |author2=National Geographic Society (U.S.) |last3=Shaw |first3=P. |last4=Hannafin |first4=M. |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4262-1360-1 |series=National Geographic traveler |page=213}}</ref>{{Efn|The [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] gives a conflicting figure of {{convert|47.57|acre}},<ref name="New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 1911 a752"/> and some sources round the area to {{convert|50|acre}}.<ref name="n129144607" />}} making it much smaller than the [[New York Botanical Garden]], which covers {{Convert|250|acre}}.<ref name="n129144607" /> {{As of|2015}}, the BBG has over 14,000 plant species.<ref name="ENR 2015 l894">{{cite web |date=November 11, 2015 |title=Best Small Project: South Garden Undergoes Renovation |url=https://www.enr.com/articles/37913-best-small-project-south-garden-undergoes-renovation |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Engineering News-Record}}</ref> Approximately 17,000 years ago the [[terminal moraine]] of the receding [[Last glacial period#Wisconsin glaciation, in North America|Wisconsin Glacier]] that formed [[Long Island]], known as the [[Harbor Hill Moraine]], established a string of hills and [[Kettle (landform)|kettles]] as well as a lower lying [[outwash plain]].<ref name="nycsign">{{cite web |date=December 7, 2001 |title=Prospect Park: Wetlands of New York City |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11760 |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]}}</ref><ref name="USGS62">{{cite web |year=2004 |title=NYC Regional Geology: 62 Prospect Park |url=http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/parks/loc62.htm |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> Mount Prospect (or Prospect Hill), near the intersection of [[Flatbush Avenue (Brooklyn)|Flatbush Avenue]] and [[Eastern Parkway (Brooklyn)|Eastern Parkway]], is one of the tallest hills in Brooklyn, rising 200 feet (61&nbsp;m) above sea level.<ref name="Tate 2015 p. 220">{{cite book |last=Tate |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xPwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |title=Great City Parks |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-61298-8 |page=218 |access-date=January 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="USGS">{{cite map|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]|title=Brooklyn (NY) Topographical Map|url=https://prd-tnm.s3.amazonaws.com/StagedProducts/Maps/USTopo/PDF/NY/NY_Brooklyn_20130328_TM_geo.pdf|date=2013|access-date=January 19, 2019}}</ref> As a result of the Wisconsin glaciation, there were a large number of rock [[Outcropping|outcroppings]] on the site prior to the BBG's development. Boulders from the site were used for the BBG's rock garden, the native flora garden, four bridges and ten dams across the BBG's artificial brook, and pedestals for various memorial tablets.<ref name="n128966347">{{Cite news |date=1932-07-03 |title=Noah's Flood Missed Brooklyn, Says Botanic Garden Record |pages=7 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-noahs-flood-missed-brooklyn/128966347/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> A brook runs across the garden from the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden in the north to the Shelby White and Leon Levy Water Garden in the south. Water from the Water Garden flowed into a storm drain prior to 2019, when the Water Conservation Project was completed. As a result of the project, water from the Water Garden is recirculated to the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden.<ref name="MVVA 2020 s619">{{cite web |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.mvvainc.com/projects/brooklyn-botanic-garden |access-date=July 31, 2023 |publisher=Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates Inc}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt 2019 u669">{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Sarah |date=April 18, 2019 |title=The Water Conservation Project Is Open |url=https://www.bbg.org/article/water_conservation_project_is_open |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> This project was intended to save over {{Convert|21|e6gal|L|sp=us}} of water per year,<ref name="Mixson 2016 e375" /><ref name="wsj-2016-08-24" /> reducing by 95 percent the amount of water that the brook drew from the [[New York City water supply system]].<ref name="wsj-2016-08-24" /> === Entrances === [[File:BBG_south_gate_jeh.jpg|left|thumb|Entrance on Flatbush Avenue]] The Brooklyn Botanic Garden contains three entrances.<ref name="nyt-2012-05-08">{{Cite news |last=Nobel |first=Philip |date=2012-05-08 |title=At Garden’s Visitor Center, a Welcome Transparency |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/09/arts/design/a-new-visitor-center-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The southwest entrance, at Flatbush Avenue near Empire Boulevard, is near the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[Prospect Park station (BMT lines)|Prospect Park station]].<ref name="BD p. 108">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=108}}</ref> McKim, Mead & White designed an Italian Renaissance Revival-style gate at Flatbush Avenue. The gate measures {{convert|20|ft}} tall by {{convert|23|ft}} wide and is made of brick and limestone. It contains three arches measuring {{convert|6.75|ft}} deep, with a large central arch flanked by smaller entry and exit arches.<ref name="n128961538" /><ref name="n128961709" /> Three similar arches were proposed, one on Eastern Parkway and two on Washington Avenue, but were never built.<ref name="n128961538" /><ref name="n128961709" /> In the early 21st century, a visitor center was added next to the Flatbush Avenue entrance.<ref name="ARO Architecture Research Office 2019 b321">{{cite web |date=January 8, 2019 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.aro.net/brooklyn-botanic-garden/ |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=ARO Architecture Research Office}}</ref> The northern entrance on Eastern Parkway is adjacent to the [[Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum station]]'s entrance.<ref name="BD p. 108" /> Prior to 2003,<ref name="nyt-2003-11-16" /> it contained a decorative metal gate dating from 1946.<ref name="n128993816" /><ref name="BD p. 108" /> The gate contained plaques symbolizing three major crops, namely rice, maize, and wheat. In addition, there were vertical reliefs that symbolize plant evolution.<ref name="BD p. 108" /> The entrance was rebuilt in 2003 with a {{convert|16|ft|m|-wide|adj=mid}} stainless-steel gate flanked by {{convert|12|ft|m|-high|adj=mid}} curved steel walls. The new entrance, designed by [[James Polshek]], also contains a {{convert|50|ft|m|-high|adj=mid}} cast-glass cone, as well as an embankment with information and ticket kiosks.<ref name="nyt-2003-11-16" /> Just within the entrance, there are boulders from New Jersey on either side of the path, as well as an overhanging birch branch.<ref name="BD p. 108" />[[File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_003.jpg|thumb|The deck above the visitor center on Washington Avenue]] The eastern entrance on Washington Avenue abuts the Brooklyn Museum's parking lot.<ref name="BD p. 108" /> This entrance contains the Diane H. and Joseph S. Steinberg Visitor Center, designed by Weiss/Manfredi,<ref name="wsj-2012-05-15">{{Cite news |last=Iovine |first=Julie V. |date=2012-05-15 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Visitor Center |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304192704577404233149416726.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref name="New York Magazine 2019 a329">{{cite web |last=Davidson |first=Justin |date=May 3, 2012 |title=When the House Is the Yard |url=https://nymag.com/arts/architecture/features/brooklyn-botanic-garden-2012-5/ |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=New York Magazine}}</ref> and faces the botanical garden's northeastern corner.<ref name="nyt-2012-05-08" /> The structure is accessed by a set of stairs, which lead to a concrete plaza with a rock garden on its northern border (abutting the Brooklyn Museum's parking lot).<ref name="nyt-2012-05-08" /> The visitor center's Washington Avenue facade is made of concrete and glass, with a [[Gable roof|gabled copper roof]], while the northern and southern facades of the visitor center are curved.<ref name="wsj-2012-05-15" /><ref name="nyt-2012-05-08" /> The interior consists of a rectangular pavilion to the east, which houses the gift shop, and a {{Convert|480|ft|4=-long|adj=mid}} curving pavilion to the west, with kitchens, event spaces, offices, and exhibits.<ref name="wsj-2012-05-15" /> The visitor center has a sloped [[green roof]],<ref name="New York Magazine 2019 a329" /> covering {{convert|10000|ft2}}.<ref name="Dailey 2012" /><ref name="nyt-2012-05-08" /> The structure is heated by a [[ground source heat pump]] system.<ref name="Dailey 2012" /> ==Specialty gardens and collections== === Osborne Garden === [[File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_20200911_-_03_-_Osborne_Garden.jpg|thumb|The Osborne Garden as seen from its southern end|left]] At the extreme north end of the BBG, just south of the Eastern Parkway entrance,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map">{{cite web |title=Garden Map |url=https://www.bbg.org/map |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> is the Osborne Garden, a {{convert|3|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[Italian garden|Italian-style garden]] that features pergolas.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Osborne Garden">{{cite web |title=Osborne Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/osborne_garden |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> The Osborne Garden also contains a memorial with four columns, a fountain, sinks, and seats.<ref name="n128969634" /><ref name="BD p. 108" /> The columns are arranged in two pairs, one each at the northern and southern end. Each set of columns is [[Fluted column|fluted]] and is {{Convert|35|ft}} high, with ginkgo leaves inscribed into the pedestals of each column. There is a stone flower bed between the northern and southern pairs of columns, which originally served as a reflecting pool.<ref name="BD pp. 108–110">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|pp=108–110}}</ref> The fountain is located near the southern pair of columns and is surrounded by limestone benches, which are arranged in a semicircle. The benches are nicknamed the "whispering chairs" because people sitting on the benches at either end can hear each other clearly when they whisper.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Osborne Garden" /><ref name="BD p. 110">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=110}}</ref> A staircase at the south end of the Osborne Garden descends to the Louisa Clark Spencer Lilac Collection.<ref name="BD p. 110" /> ===Native Flora Garden=== [[File:Fall In the Native Flora Garden.jpg|thumb|right|Native Flora Garden Expansion]] The Native Flora Garden, formerly the Local Flora Section,<ref name="nyt-1986-11-14" /> opened in 1911 and is located at the BBG's northwestern corner, just southwest of the Osborne Garden.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> It was the first of its kind in North America. It was originally a wildflower planting but was redesigned in 1931 as a woodland habitat with plants native to the New York metropolitan area.<ref name="n128728533" /><ref name="bbgnfg">{{cite web |title=Native Flora Garden History |url=http://www.bbg.org/discover/gardens/native_flora_garden#/tabs-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228114344/http://www.bbg.org/discover/gardens/native_flora_garden#/tabs-2 |archive-date=December 28, 2014 |access-date=December 9, 2014 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> The 1931 redesign divided the Native Flora Garden into eight sections, each corresponding to a different "ecological zone".<ref name="n128728533" /><ref name="BD pp. 112–114">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|pp=112–114}}</ref> The Native Flora Garden was closed from 1963 to 1983 due to a lack of funding.<ref name="n128728533" /> Until the 2000s, the Native Flora Garden's ecological zones consisted of a [[Serpentinite|serpentine]] rock formation, a [[kettle pond]] with dry meadow, a [[bog]], a limestone ledge, a [[pine barrens]], a wet meadow, and a deciduous woodland.<ref name="nyt-2013-06-12" /><ref name="BD pp. 112–114" /> The garden was expanded in the late 2000s and early 2010s to provide space for local plants that were shaded out by the original garden's mature canopy. In 2013, the Native Flora Garden was expanded with a new landscape that was designed by [[Darrel Morrison]].<ref name="nyt-2013-06-12" /><ref name="Geberer 2013 w950" /> The expansion has a [[tallgrass prairie]], dry meadow, pine barrens, kettle pond, and a wooden bridge.<ref name="bbgnfgnews">{{cite web |title=Native Flora Garden Expansion |url=http://www.bbg.org/news/native_flora_garden_expansion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318232340/http://www.bbg.org/news/native_flora_garden_expansion |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=December 9, 2014 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> There are over 15,000 specimens within the older Native Flora Garden and the expansion.<ref name="Geberer 2013 w950" /><ref name="Sharp 2013 y110">{{cite web |last=Sharp |first=Sonja |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Stresses 'Locally Grown' in Native Flora Expansion |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20130610/prospect-heights/brooklyn-botanic-garden-stresses-locally-grown-native-flora-expansion |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=DNAinfo New York}}</ref> ===Cranford Rose Garden=== [[File:Bbg Rosegarden.jpg|thumb|Cranford Rose Garden]]The Cranford Rose Garden is in the northern section of the BBG, between the Cherry Esplanade to the east and the Native Flora Garden to the west.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> In 1927, Walter V. Cranford, a [[construction engineer]] whose firm built many of Brooklyn's subway tunnels, donated $15,000 to BBG for a rose garden.<ref name="n128957879" /><ref name="n128959955">{{Cite news |date=1928-04-30 |title=Cranford Gift to Boro Ready for Inspection |pages=14 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-cranford-gift-to-bo/128959955/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The Cranford Rose Garden was designed by landscape architect Harold Caparn and BBG horticulturist Montague Free<ref name="n128960398" /> and was finished in 1928.<ref name="New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 1911 a752">{{cite web |date=May 13, 1911 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Highlights : NYC Parks |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/brooklynbotanicgarden/history |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation}}</ref> The garden originally measured {{convert|500|by|93|ft}} across and contained 15 beds with 3,000 total roses, each bed being surrounded by wooden trellis panels.<ref name="n128959955" /><ref name="wsj-2006-06-21">{{Cite news |last=Rossi |first=Lisa |date=2006-06-21 |title=A Glorious Garden of Roses Grows in Brooklyn |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115084404198585652 |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The varieties of roses were originally arranged in chronological order, with older varieties to the north and newer varieties to the south. There was also a pavilion and a pergola, as well as a triangle south of the pavilion with space for historical roses.<ref name="n128959955" /> During the late 20th century, it was the United States' third-largest rose garden that was open to the public.<ref name="p1037915186" /><ref name="n129144607" /> At the time, the Cranford Rose Garden had 5,000 bushes representing 900 varieties.<ref name="nyt-1976-07-14">{{Cite news |last=Langer |first=Richard W. |date=1976-07-14 |title=Two Botanical Remedies For New York's Tumult |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/14/archives/two-botanical-remedies-for-new-yorks-tumult.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Many of the original plants were still in the garden in the early 21st century.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Rose Garden">{{cite web |title=Rose Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/rose_garden |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref><ref name="BD p. 118">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=118}}</ref> A 2001 guidebook cited the Cranford Rose Garden as having 1,200 varieties of roses.<ref name="BD p. 118" /> The garden features many varieties of roses including the [[Rosa 'Knock Out'|Knock Out rose]], the [[Julia Child rose]], and the [[Rosa 'Harison's Yellow'|Yellow Rose of Texas]].<ref name="wsj-2006-06-21" /> In addition, there are numerous [[All-America Rose Selections]].<ref name="BD pp. 118–119">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|pp=118–119}}</ref> ===Cherry trees=== [[File:Bbg cherry esplande.jpg|thumb|Cherry Esplanade|left]] The Brooklyn Botanic Garden has more than 200 [[cherry]] trees of forty-two Asian species and cultivated varieties.<ref name="CherryWatch">{{cite web |title=Cherry Blossoms at BBG – CherryWatch |url=http://www.bbg.org/collections/cherries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324145416/http://www.bbg.org/collections/cherries |archive-date=March 24, 2016 |access-date=March 25, 2016 |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> Depending on weather conditions, the Asian flowering cherries bloom from late March or early April to mid-May. The many species flower at slightly different times.<ref name="CherryWatch" /> The BBG first planted cherry trees in 1921 as part of its Cherry Walk in the Hill-and-Pond Garden,<ref name="nyt-1995-04-20">{{Cite news |last=Yang |first=Linda |date=1995-04-20 |title=Garden Q.& A. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/20/garden/garden-q-a.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="NBC News 2013 c069">{{cite web |date=April 10, 2013 |title=How Cherry Blossoms Came into Budding US Popularity |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna51494836 |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=NBC News}}</ref> which had 30 trees.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1950 p.">{{cite book |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9c4AQAAIAAJ |title=Plants & Gardens |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |year=1950 |page=34 |issue=v. 6-7}}</ref> The Cherry Esplanade, in the north-central portion of the BBG,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> features two rows of cherry trees.<ref name="p285383018">{{cite news |last=Himmel |first=Eric |date=8 Aug 1986 |title=Gardens Of Earthly Delight |page=1 |work=Newsday |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|285383018}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2003-04-25" /> There are 76 trees on the Cherry Esplanade, which were planted in 1941.<ref name="nyt-2003-04-25" /> There is a {{Convert|7.25|ft|adj=on}}-high limestone fountain in the Cherry Esplanade, which consists of a circular limestone bowl above a {{convert|28.5|ft|m|-wide|adj=mid}} concrete water basin.<ref name="n128964486">{{Cite news |date=1930-06-08 |title=Fountain and Span to Botanic Garden |pages=7 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-fountain-and-span-to-botanic/128964486/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="n128964099" /> The southern end of the esplanade contains the Rose Arc Pool, consisting of three beds of roses arranged in a semicircle.<ref name="n128968485" /> ===Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden=== [[File: Bridge to Eden.jpg|thumb|Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden]] BBG's Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden is at the northeast corner, east of the Cherry Esplanade.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> It was one of the first [[Japanese garden]]s to be created in an American botanic garden, and reportedly the first one to be accessible free of charge.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1">{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of BBG |url=https://www.bbg.org/about/history |access-date=January 13, 2020 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0jRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT117|title=Quiet Beauty: The Japanese Gardens of North America|last1=Brown|first1=K.H.|last2=Cobb|first2=D.M.|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4629-1186-8|series=NONE|pages=117–118|access-date=January 13, 2020}}</ref> It was constructed for $13,000, a gift of early BBG benefactor and trustee [[Alfred Tredway White]],<ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117" /> and it first opened to the public in June 1915.<ref name="n128816577" /><ref name="n128856799" /> The garden was created by Japanese landscape designer [[Takeo Shiota]].<ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117" /><ref name="BBG 2015 e949">{{cite web |date=November 24, 2015 |title=BBG’s Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden: A History |url=https://www.bbg.org/article/bbgs_japanese_hill_and_pond_garden_a_history |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref><ref name="BD p. 129">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=129}}</ref> Shiota never fully documented his design before his death in 1943, and various renovations over the years have modified Shiota's original plans for the Japanese Garden.<ref name="nyt-1999-02-21" /><ref name="BD p. 132">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=132}}</ref> The {{convert|3|acre|ha|adj=on}} garden contains three hills signifying earth, heaven, and humanity; a waterfall; and an island, all of which were artificially constructed. There are also rocks.<ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Japanese Garden at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden|date=July 26, 1930|work=Brooklyn Life|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-life-and-activities-of-long-isl/42222209/ |pages=5, [https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/42222130/ 12] |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1928-11-04">{{Cite news |date=1928-11-04 |title=A Japanese Garden in Brooklyn |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/11/04/archives/a-japanese-garden-in-brooklyn.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The garden also contains a curved pond; although it is commonly cited as being shaped after the Chinese character for "heart", the pond predates the BBG.<ref name="nyt-2000-05-18">{{Cite news |last=Raver |first=Anne |date=2000-05-18 |title=Human Nature; Revealing a Japanese Garden As Serene Melting Pot |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/18/garden/human-nature-revealing-a-japanese-garden-as-serene-melting-pot.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Among the architectural elements of the garden are wooden bridges, [[stone lantern]]s, a viewing pavilion, a ''[[torii]]'' (gateway), and a [[Shinto]] shrine.<ref name="BBG 2015 e949" /><ref name="BD p. 132" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/42219429/|title=Replica of Japanese Garden a Feature of Brooklyn Botanical Display|date=July 10, 1915|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=January 13, 2020|page=13|via=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com}}</ref> The pond is filled with hundreds of Japanese [[koi fish]] that visitors can view at the torii or along the garden's trail.<ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117" /> The center of the pond contains Turtle Island, a small rock that contains a granite lantern.<ref name="BD p. 132" /> There is also a Japanese temple dedicated to [[Inari (god)|Inari]], the fox [[kami]].<ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117" /><ref name="BD p. 129" /> A {{convert|10|ft|m|-high|adj=mid}} [[shogun]] lantern, installed in 1980, celebrates the fact that Tokyo is a [[List of sister cities in New York#N|sister city of New York City]].<ref name="BD p. 129" /> The brook from this garden leads through several other parts of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, terminating at the Water Garden.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens|title=Gardens & Conservatories|website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden|language=en|access-date=January 13, 2020}}</ref> The shrine was burned down in 1938<ref name="nyt-1938-01-26" /><ref name="p1243679687" /> and rebuilt in the 1960s.<ref name="nyt-2003-04-25" /><ref name="BD p. 132" /> The viewing pavilion, burned down in 1948, was rebuilt in 1963.<ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117" /> The Japanese Garden was renamed the Oriental Garden during World War II<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/42223591/|title=Jaunt Along the Waterfront|date=May 9, 1951|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=January 13, 2020|page=21|via=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com}}</ref> and restored in 1950.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42223516/|title=Crown Queen Tomorrow in Botanic Garden|date=April 30, 1950|work=New York Daily News|access-date=January 13, 2020|page=613|via=newspapers.com}}</ref> The Japanese Garden was restored again in 2000 for $3&nbsp;million;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/18/travel/travel-advisory-japanese-garden-restored.html|title=TRAVEL ADVISORY; Japanese Garden Restored|last=Raver|first=Anne|date=June 18, 2000|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 13, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117" /> the project was recognized with the [[New York Landmark Conservancy]]'s 2001 Preservation Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/about/awards.page|title=Awards - Department of Design and Construction|website=www1.nyc.gov|access-date=January 13, 2020}}</ref> ===Shakespeare Garden=== A donation from [[Henry Clay Folger]], founder of the [[Folger Shakespeare Library]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], led to the construction of BBG's original [[Shakespeare garden|Shakespeare Garden]] in 1925.<ref name="New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 1911 a752" /><ref name="Nast 2016 o969">{{cite web |last=Borrelli-Persson |first=Laird |date=June 24, 2016 |title=How to Plant Your Own Shakespeare Garden to Mark the Bard's 400th Anniversary |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/william-shakespeare-garden-anniversary |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=Vogue}}</ref> The Shakespeare Garden was relocated in 1979 because the original garden had been overshadowed by [[Austrian pine|Austrian pines]].<ref name="BD p. 127">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=127}}</ref> The modern-day Shakespeare Garden, sited just east of the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> is one of two in New York City, the other being in [[Central Park]].<ref name="Nast 2016 o969" /><ref name="nyt-1980-06-02">{{Cite news |date=1980-06-02 |title=Shakespeare Gardens Flourish 'Under the Blossom That Hangs on the Bough'; Contains 80 Plants No Qualms About Choices |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/02/archives/shakespeare-gardens-flourish-under-the-blossom-that-hangs-on-the.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This English [[cottage garden]] has more than 80 plants that are mentioned in [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays and poems.<ref name="nyt-1980-06-02" /><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Shakespeare Garden">{{cite web |title=Shakespeare Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/shakespeare_garden |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> Plants are labeled with their labels common, Latin and Shakespearean names, relevant quotations, and in some cases a graphic representation of the plant. Some of the specimens in the BBG's Shakespeare Garden were not mentioned in Shakespeare's work but were planted because they were suited to the [[climate of New York City]].<ref name="BD pp. 126–127">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|pp=126–127}}</ref> ===Alice Recknagel Ireys Fragrance Garden=== [[File:Fragrance_Garden_-_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_Brooklyn,_NY_-_DSC07926.JPG|left|thumb|The Fragrance Garden]] Next to the Shakespeare Garden, just north of the Laboratory Administration Building, is the Fragrance Garden, which has [[braille]] information signs for visitors with [[vision impaired|impaired vision]].<ref name="p1037915186" /><ref name="BD p. 127" /> It was created in 1955<ref name="nyt-1955-06-10" /> by landscape architect [[Alice Recknagel Ireys]].<ref name="nyt-2000-12-17">{{Cite news |last=Deitz |first=Paula |date=2000-12-17 |title=Alice Ireys, 89, Dies; Designed Elegant Landscapes Bridging Traditions |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/17/nyregion/alice-ireys-89-dies-designed-elegant-landscapes-bridging-traditions.html |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Dümpelmann Beardsley 2015 p. 265">{{cite book |last=Dümpelmann |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7WgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT265 |title=Women, Modernity, and Landscape Architecture |last2=Beardsley |first2=J. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-55654-1 |page=265 |access-date=July 28, 2023}}</ref> The Fragrance Garden was the first in the U.S. to be designed for the vision-impaired.<ref name="TCLF 2013 o798">{{cite web |date=May 6, 2013 |title=Alice Recknagel Ireys |url=https://www.tclf.org/pioneer/alice-recknagel-ireys |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=TCLF}}</ref> Visitors are encouraged to rub the fragrant or pleasingly textured leaves of the plants between their fingers.<ref name="BD p. 127" /><ref name="n129025124">{{Cite news |date=1955-10-04 |title=Sorority Party Will Benefit Garden for Sightless People |pages=29 |work=Newsday (Nassau Edition) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-sorority-party/129025124/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref> There are four themed sections in the garden; plants to touch, plants with scented leaves, plants with fragrant flowers, and kitchen herbs. The garden is wheelchair-accessible, and all planting beds are at high enough for people in wheelchairs to touch. There is also a fountain that is used as a washbasin.<ref name="BD pp. 127–128">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|pp=127–128}}</ref> ===Children's Garden=== [[File:BBG Children's Garden.jpg|thumb|Children's Garden at Brooklyn Botanic Garden]]The BBG Children's Garden, at the southeastern corner,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> is one of the world's oldest children's gardens.<ref name="Oldfield 2010 p." /> It was opened in 1914 under the direction of BBG educator [[Ellen Eddy Shaw]]<ref name="n128815980" /> and was initially divided into plots measuring {{cvt|8|by|10|ft}} or {{Cvt|10|by|12|ft}}.<ref name="p511580475">{{cite news |date=4 May 1925 |title=Gardening Taught Brooklyn Children |page=13 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|511580475}}}}</ref> The Children's Garden has historically taught 200 to 300 children per season.<ref name="n129144607" /><ref name="nyt-1971-07-11" /> Youth grow vegetables rather than flowers. A BBG staff member quoted in 1971 said that "a variety of vegetables provides a greater range of examples of plant growth than flowers; many kinds grow quickly; and they provide a substantial and tangible reward for a child's labor".<ref name="nyt-1971-07-11">{{Cite news |date=1971-07-11 |title=Green Thumbs Grow in the Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/11/archives/green-thumbs-grow-in-the-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By the 2010s, the Children's Garden attracted 1,000 youth per year.<ref name="wsj-2014-05-16" /> The Children's Garden continues to operate as a [[community garden]] for children<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Childrens Garden">{{cite web |title=Children’s Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/childrens_garden |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> and is open to GAP interns and to children between 2 and 17 years of age.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Childrens Garden" /> It also has a [[compost]] area that is maintained by the GAP interns and staff.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Composting">{{cite web |title=BBG’s Guide to Composting |url=https://www.bbg.org/gardening/composting |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> === Water Garden === Located in the south-central section of the BBG,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> the Shelby White and Leon Levy Water Garden is a {{Convert|1.5|acre|ha|adj=on|abbr=out}} [[wetland]] and [[riparian]] environment with numerous sustainability features. It contains a pond that serves as the terminus of the brook that flows from the Japanese Garden.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Water Garden">{{cite web |title=Water Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/water_garden |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> A redesign of the Water Garden was completed in 2016.<ref name="Mixson 2016 e375" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archpaper.com/2016/10/brooklyn-botanic-garden-water-garden/|title=New Brooklyn Botanic Garden water garden inspired by NY wetlands|date=October 24, 2016|website=Archpaper.com|language=en-US|access-date=January 13, 2020}}</ref> Designed by landscape architecture firm [[Michael Van Valkenburgh|Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates]], the renovated Water Garden contains plants such as black tupelo, sedges and rushes.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Water Garden" /> === Discovery Garden === The Discovery Garden, designed for children, is at the southwest corner of the BBG, next to the Flatbush Avenue entrance.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> It covers about {{convert|1|acre}} and contains 250 trees, 2,600 grass specimens, and 9,500 perennials. It is divided into three portions that contain meadows, marshes, and woodlands.<ref name="Smith 2015 t049">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Rachel Holliday |date=January 27, 2015 |title=Rebuilt Children's Garden to Open at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in June |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150127/prospect-heights/rebuilt-childrens-garden-open-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden-june |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=DNAinfo New York}}</ref> Among the garden's features is a boardwalk that winds around four large trees.<ref name="nyt-2015-06-11" /> ===Other gardens=== [[File:Peach Glow water-lily at Brooklyn Botanic Garden.jpg|thumb|left|A ''[[Nymphaea]]'' 'Peach Glow' water-lily in one of the lily pools]] The Lily Pool Terrace, in front of the Laboratory Administration Building to the east, has two large display pools of lilies and koi fish<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Lily Pool Terrace and Borders">{{cite web |title=Lily Pool Terrace and Borders |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/lily_pool_terrace_and_borders |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> and is surrounded by over 6,000 annuals and perennials.<ref name="Lyons 2015 s108">{{cite web |last=Lyons |first=Bill |date=May 2, 2015 |title=NYC-area day trips by ferry & train: Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.silive.com/seen/2015/05/nyc-area_day_trips_by_ferry_an_1.html |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=silive}}</ref> The Elizabeth Scholtz Woodland Garden, at the BBG's northwest corner,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /><ref name="MVVA 2021 d643">{{cite web |date=September 17, 2021 |title=The Woodland Garden at Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.mvvainc.com/projects/the-woodland-garden-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden-copy |access-date=July 28, 2023 |publisher=Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates Inc}}</ref> contains an open-air "walled garden" surrounded by ruins which is intended to resemble a forest in the Northeastern U.S.<ref name="nyt-2020-10-22">{{Cite news |last=Russell |first=James S. |date=2020-10-22 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Turns Over a New Leaf |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/arts/design/brooklyn-botanic-garden-reopen.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Woodland Garden">{{cite web |title=Woodland Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/woodland_garden |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> The Louisa Clark Spencer Lilac Collection, also at the northwest corner near the Osborne Garden, contains 150 lilac bushes, which represent 20 species of lilacs.<ref name="BD pp. 110–111">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|pp=110–111}}</ref> The Rock Garden, on the western boundary of the BBG, contains alpine plants<ref name="nyt-1986-11-14" /> around 18 boulders left behind by glaciers during the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]].<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Rock Garden">{{cite web |title=Rock Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/rock_garden |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> The Herb Garden, also on the western boundary, contains fruit trees, corn stalks, cabbages, and other medicinal and agricultural plants.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Herb Garden">{{cite web |title=Herb Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/herb_garden |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> A Celebrity Path. added in 1985, honors famous Brooklynites such as [[Barbra Streisand]], [[Woody Allen]], and [[Walt Whitman]] with a trail of engraved paving stones.<ref name="BD pp. 132–133" /><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Celebrity Path">{{cite web |title=Celebrity Path |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/celebrity_path |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> The Celebrity Path consists of {{convert|18|by|24|in|adj=on}} concrete blocks and leads from a hill south of the Japanese Garden to the [[Alfred Tredway White Memorial|Alfred T. White Amphitheater]].<ref name="n129206258" /><ref name="BD pp. 132–133">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|pp=132–133}}</ref> Outlines of leaves surround each of the names, which are laid in bronze letters.<ref name="n129206258" /> After [[Marty Markowitz]] became Brooklyn's borough president in 2002, he stopped adding names to the path,<ref name="nyt-2004-05-12">{{Cite news |last=Barry |first=Dan |date=2004-05-12 |title=About New York; A Path Of Glory, So Fleeting |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/12/nyregion/about-new-york-a-path-of-glory-so-fleeting.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but names are added from time to time.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Celebrity Path" /> The Plant Family Collection, within the center of the BBG, includes plants and trees arranged by [[Family (biology)|family]] to show their evolution. The groupings include primitive plants (ferns and conifers) and composite plants,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Plant Family Collection">{{cite web |title=Plant Family Collection |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/plant_family_collection |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> which are separated by a small stream.<ref name="p285383018" /> BBG also has an overlook along its northern border, known as the Robert W. Wilson Overlook.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Ocerlook">{{cite web |title=OverlookBrooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/overlook |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref><ref name="Architect 2018 n680">{{cite web |date=May 22, 2018 |title=Robert W. Wilson Overlook |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/robert-w-wilson-overlook_o |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Architect}}</ref> The overlook was built on a hill that was created using dirt excavated from the site of the neighboring Brooklyn Museum.<ref name="nyt-2020-10-22" /><ref name="Davidson 2019 h862">{{cite web |last=Davidson |first=Justin |date=November 20, 2019 |title=The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Renovates, and Faces an Existential Threat |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/11/review-new-visitor-center-at-the-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=Intelligencer}}</ref> Originally, the hill was intended as a terrace abutting the unbuilt southern wing of the Brooklyn Museum. The modern-day overlook sits atop the BBG's visitor center.<ref name="Davidson 2019 h862" /> The top of the overlook is {{Convert|26|ft}} above the rest of the BBG. After the overlook was redesigned by [[Weiss/Manfredi]] in 2019, the hill was rebuilt with a curving {{Convert|680|ft|4=-long|adj=mid}} path lined by retaining walls.<ref name="nyt-2020-10-22" /> The overlook has over 40,000 total specimens of plants.<ref name="Spivack 2019 k011">{{cite web |last=Spivack |first=Caroline |date=November 18, 2019 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden unveils sculptural path with scenic vista |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/11/18/20970823/brooklyn-botanic-garden-new-path-views |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> == Structures == Because of the limited space available, most of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's buildings are located on the eastern edge of the site.<ref name="Canty p. 110" /><ref name="nyt-2012-05-08" /> These structures include the Steinhardt Conservatory, the Laboratory Administration Building, the Palm House, and a house for the Children's Garden.<ref name="nyt-2012-05-08" /> === Steinhardt Conservatory === [[Image:BBGIndoor.JPG|thumb|Steinhardt Conservatory desert collection]]The '''Steinhardt Conservatory''' occupies the eastern portion of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, just south of the Laboratory Administration Building.<ref name="n128724987" /> The conservatory consists of four structures: a main wing along Washington Avenue to the east, as well as three octagonal pavilions.<ref name="n128724987" /><ref name="nyt-1988-07-03" /> These structures, each measuring up to {{Convert|60|ft}} tall,<ref name="p371465007" /> cover {{Convert|40000|ft2}} and are connected internally via tunnels. The facade of the conservatory is clad with {{convert|60000|ft2}} of glass panes measuring {{convert|3|by|7|ft}}.<ref name="n128724987" /> The metal on the exterior of the conservatory's structures is painted green to match the color of the Laboratory Administration Building's facade.<ref name="Canty p. 110" /><ref name="nyt-1988-07-03" /> The main conservatory building. measuring {{Convert|245|ft}} long,<ref name="p371465007" /> contains a bonsai museum, an aquatic greenhouse, and the Trail of Evolution exhibit.<ref name="n128724987" /><ref name="nyt-1988-07-03" /> The lower part of the main wing has a stucco facade that is only visible from Washington Avenue,<ref name="Canty p. 110" /><ref name="nyt-1988-07-03" /> as well as a gabled entrance.<ref name="Canty p. 114">{{harvnb|Canty|1989|ps=.|p=114}}</ref> The C. V. Starr Bonsai Museum is one of the oldest collections of the dwarf potted trees in the country.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Bonsai Museum">{{cite web |title=Bonsai Museum |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/bonsai_museum |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> Originally composed of 32 bonsai, the collection had grown to over 2,000 bonsai by the 1970s.<ref name="n129144607" /> The Robert W. Wilson Aquatic House has a collections of tropical water plants, insect-eating plants, and [[orchid]]s.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Aquatic House and Orchid Collection">{{cite web |title=Aquatic House and Orchid Collection |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/aquatic_house_and_orchid_collection |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> The Trail of Evolution, originally named for BBG botanist Stephen K-M Tim,<ref name="nyt-1998-11-29">{{Cite news |last=Fountain |first=Henry |date=1998-11-29 |title=Stephen Tim, 61, Plant Expert At Brooklyn Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/29/nyregion/stephen-tim-61-plant-expert-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> measures {{convert|100|by|17|ft}}<ref name="p1832762678" /><ref name="nyt-1988-04-10">{{Cite news |last=Fan |first=Maureen |date=1989-11-29 |title=North Hempstead Will Tend Garden |pages=17 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-north-hempstead/129192599/ |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> and traces the history of plant evolution and the effects of climate change over 3.5 billion years.<ref name="nyt-1988-04-10" /><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Trail of Plant Evolution">{{cite web |title=Trail of Plant Evolution |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/trail_of_plant_evolution |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> A stairway descends beneath the main structure's exterior terrace to the basements of the three octagonal pavilions.<ref name="nyt-1988-07-03" /><ref name="Canty p. 113">{{harvnb|Canty|1989|ps=.|p=113}}</ref> Each pavilion is accessed by a stairway leading from the basement, as well as stairways from the garden's paths.<ref name="Canty p. 113" /> The pavilions are themed to different climates and showcase tropical, warm temperate, and desert flora.<ref name="n128724987" /><ref name="n128724868" /><ref name="Canty p. 113" /> The tropical pavilion contains tropical plants, the desert pavilion hosts plants from American and North African deserts, and the temperate pavilion includes Mediterranean plants.<ref name="p1832762678" /> Each pavilion has different theming; for example, the desert pavilion contains an actual desert,<ref name="Canty p. 114" /> while the tropical pavilion has a waterfall.<ref name="n128724987" /><ref name="p1832762678" /> The tops of each pavilion contain cupolas with ventilation openings.<ref name="Canty p. 114" /> === Laboratory Administration Building === [[File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_008.jpg|thumb|The Laboratory Administration Building]] [[William M. Kendall]] of McKim, Mead & White designed the Laboratory Administration Building (also known as the Laboratory Building or Administration Building), a [[New York City designated landmark]], in the [[Italianate architecture#Italianate style in the United States|Tuscan Revival]] style.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=1}}</ref> The structure measures {{Convert|240|by|50|ft}} across<ref name="n128786682" /> and was inspired by European churches, with a [[Greek cross]] layout as viewed from the air.<ref name="n128816577" /><ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=4}}</ref> The center section is topped by a terracotta [[cupola]] with round-arched windows, while the outer sections are topped by octagons with round-arched windows.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4" /> Outside the building is Magnolia Plaza, which contains a circular compass rose and bronze [[armillary sphere]].<ref name="n128966919" /><ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> Created in 1932, Magnolia Plaza was named for Judith D. Zuk in 2005.<ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> The Laboratory Administration Building's facade is made of reinforced concrete and brick, covered with stucco. The building has [[Hip roof|hip roofs]] with Spanish tiles.<ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 4–5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=4–5}}</ref> The names of 68 famous botanists are inscribed in a [[frieze]] running across the building's facade;<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=5}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2007-03-15" /> these names were selected through a vote in 1911.<ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 2–3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=2–3}}</ref> The original main entrance is on the second floor of the western facade, accessed by a staircase; the modern-day main entrance is on the first story. A [[portico]] provided a secondary entrance on Washington Avenue.<ref name="n128786682" /> The main entrance led to a rotunda, which connected with a library to the east. The northern pavilion was intended for the BBG's offices, the director's laboratory, and offices for various departments. The southern pavilion was intended to contain classrooms, instructor's room, and various other laboratory rooms, while the basement had service rooms and a lecture hall.<ref name="n128786682" /> === Palm House === The Palm House was built as the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's original conservatory<ref name="BD p. 107" /> and was designed by McKim, Mead & White.<ref name="nyt-1984-01-07" /><ref name="Durham National Geographic Society (U.S.) Shaw Hannafin 2015 p. 213" /> The central section of the Palm House measures {{convert|104|by|44|ft}} across and {{convert|36|ft}} high and was originally used for tropical plants.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1914 p. 91">{{cite magazine |date=July 1914 |title=Opening of the Tropical Economic House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JrOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91 |work=The Record |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=91 |ref=none}}</ref> The interior of the Palm House is climate-controlled by a steam heating system.<ref name="Curbed NY 2012 b074">{{cite web |date=May 10, 2012 |title=Architects Triumph With New Botanic Garden Visitor Center |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/5/10/10372354/architects-triumph-with-new-botanic-garden-visitor-center |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> During the 1980s, the Palm House was converted to an education center and event space,<ref name="NY2000" /><ref name="nyt-1988-03-10" /> with a 300-seat restaurant.<ref name="p371465007" /> Part of the Palm House was also converted to host temporary exhibits.<ref name="p1832762678" /> Since 2017, one wing of the Palm House has contained the Yellow Magnolia Café.<ref name="nyt-2017-04-11" /> By the 21st century, the Palm House was frequently being used for weddings.<ref name="Curbed NY 2012 b074" /> ==Programs== ===Education programs=== [[File:Redwood bonsai.JPG|thumb|left|A [[bonsai]] [[Sequoia sempervirens|redwood]] in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's Bonsai Museum]]From its inception in the early 20th century, the BBG offered free lectures and classes to local students.<ref name="n128864452" /> In the 21st century, the BBG has continued to operate programs in youth education, conservation, and community horticulture. The BBG, Prospect Park Alliance, and [[New York City Department of Education]] operate the [[Brooklyn Academy of Science and the Environment]] (BASE), a small public high school dedicated to science, environmental studies, and urban ecology.<ref>{{harvnb|Rakow|Lee|Raven|2011|ps=.|p=332}}</ref> Since 2004,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /> the BBG's Garden Apprentice Program has provided internships for students in grades 8 through 12 in gardening, science education, and environmental issues.<ref>{{harvnb|Rakow|Lee|Raven|2011|ps=.|p=423}}</ref><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden GAP">{{cite web |title=Garden Apprentice Program |url=https://www.bbg.org/learn/gap |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> The Discovery Garden hosts weekly workshops for children, with interactive exhibits and a small plot with a variety of vegetables.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Discovery Garden">{{cite web |title=Discovery Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/discovery_garden |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> [[Project Green Reach]], launched in 1990, is a science-focused school outreach program for teachers and students in grades K through 8 in underserved neighborhoods.<ref name="Morgan2010">{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Susan Conlon |last2=Hamilton |first2=Susan L. |last3=Bentley |first3=Michael L. |last4=Myrie |first4=Sharon |date=July 2009 |title=Environmental Education in Botanic Gardens: Exploring Brooklyn Botanic Garden's Project Green Reach |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/JOEE.40.4.35-52 |journal=The Journal of Environmental Education |language=en |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=35–52 |doi=10.3200/JOEE.40.4.35-52 |issn=0095-8964}}</ref> ===Plant science and conservation=== [[File:Greenery at Brooklyn Botanic Gardens IMG 0649.JPG|thumb|The [[Monocotyledon|Monocot Border]] in early July at Brooklyn Botanic Garden]]In the BBG's early years, officials hosted annual "spring inspections" for BBG members and invited guests.<ref name="p1221960668">{{cite news |date=12 May 1935 |title=25th Birthday To Be Observed By Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Many Notables to Take Part in Four-Day Program Beginning Tomorrow |page=30B |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1221960668}}}}</ref> Scientists at Brooklyn Botanic Garden launched the New York Metropolitan Flora project, a comprehensive study of the plants of metropolitan New York City, in 1990.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden NYMF">{{cite web |title=New York Metropolitan Flora ProjectBrooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/nymf |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1998-09-13">{{Cite news |last=Stamler |first=Bernard |date=1998-09-13 |title=Neighborhood Report: New York on Line; Going Green on Screen |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/13/nyregion/neighborhood-report-new-york-on-line-going-green-on-screen.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The study was intended to catalog and describe all [[vascular plant]]s growing in the region.<ref name="WNYC 2010 l839">{{cite web |date=April 2, 2010 |title=The New York Metropolitan Flora Project |url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/60370-the-new-york-metropolitan-flora-project/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=WNYC}}</ref> The BBG started creating magnolia cultivars in the 1950s.<ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> Among the species cultivated there were [[Magnolia × brooklynensis|''Magnolia × brooklynensis'']], three magnolia hybrid cultivars grown by the BBG, as well as [[Magnolia 'Elizabeth'|''Magnolia'' 'Elizabeth']], a yellow magnolia hybrid cultivar for which the BBG received a patent in 1977.<ref name="Flint Lyverse 1997 p. 355">{{cite book |last=Flint |first=H.L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1_fAywb_bkC&pg=PA355 |title=Landscape Plants for Eastern North America: Exclusive of Florida and the Immediate Gulf Coast |last2=Lyverse |first2=J.M. |publisher=Wiley |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-471-59919-7 |pages=355-356}}</ref> The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Herbarium collection holds over 300,000 specimens representing over 1,400 species of preserved plants.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Herbarium">{{cite web |title=Herbarium |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/herbarium |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref><ref name="Global Plants on JSTOR k298">{{cite web |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Global Plants on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/partner/BKL |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Global Plants on JSTOR}}</ref> These specimens, some from as early as 1818, aid scientists in tracking species, analyzing the spread of [[invasive plant]]s, and modeling changes in the New York metropolitan area's vegetation. There are also holdings from the western United States, the [[Galapagos Islands]], Bolivia, and Mauritius.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Herbarium" /> The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library, which is housed in the Laboratory Administration Building, holds a collection of books on horticulture and botany that is available to home gardeners, professionals, and staff.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library">{{cite web |title=BBG Library |url=https://www.bbg.org/gardening/library |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> ===Community horticulture=== Since 1993,<ref name="Rakow (2020) p. 16">{{harvnb|Rakow|2020|ps=.|p=16}}</ref> the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has run the Community Greening program (formerly known as Brooklyn GreenBridge<ref name="Go Green Brooklyn 2016 d422">{{cite web |date=April 23, 2016 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden - Go Green Brooklyn |url=https://gogreenbk.org/brooklyn-botanic-garden-greenbridge/ |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Go Green Brooklyn}}</ref><ref name="Rakow (2020) p. 16" />), which offers residential and commercial gardening programs to [[Block (district subdivision)|block]] associations, [[community garden]]s, [[community center]]s, and other groups.<ref name="Rakow (2020) p. 16" /> Under the Community Greening program, the BBG has run the annual Greenest Block in Brooklyn contest since 1994,<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle 2022 w009">{{cite web |date=August 10, 2022 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden makes Brooklyn greener far beyond its own walls |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2022/08/10/brooklyn-botanic-garden-makes-brooklyn-greener-far-beyond-its-own-walls/ |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref> which gives awards in various categories.<ref name="Ricciulli 2019 c237">{{cite web |last=Ricciulli |first=Valeria |date=August 9, 2019 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden crowns the borough’s greenest block |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/8/9/20798757/crown-heights-greenest-block-brooklyn-botanic-garden |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2022-08-10">{{Cite news |date=2022-08-10 |title=The Greenest Block Grows in Brooklyn |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/nyregion/urban-garden-award-brooklyn.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Rakow (2020) p. 17">{{harvnb|Rakow|2020|ps=.|p=17}}</ref> Since 1982, the BBG has hosted Making Brooklyn Bloom,<ref name="nyt-1986-02-13">{{Cite news |last=Klockenbrink |first=Myra |date=1986-02-13 |title=Learning the Care of Street Trees |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/13/garden/learning-the-care-of-street-trees.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> an annual event with various workshops and activities.<ref name="Rakow (2020) p. 17" /> The Community Greening program also includes the Community Garden Alliance, for community gardens in Brooklyn,<ref name="Rakow (2020) p. 16" /><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden CGA">{{cite web |title=Community Garden Alliance |url=https://www.bbg.org/community/cga |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> and the Street Tree Stewardship program, for individual trees on streets.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Street Tree">{{cite web |title=Street Tree Stewardship |url=https://www.bbg.org/community/street_trees |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref><ref name="Benfield 2020 p. 132">{{cite book |last=Benfield |first=Richard W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3cREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |title=New Directions in Garden Tourism |publisher=CABI |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-78924-176-1 |page=132}}</ref><ref name="Rakow (2020) pp. 16–17">{{harvnb|Rakow|2020|ps=.|pp=16–17}}</ref> The NYC Compost Project (formerly the Urban Composting Project<ref name="p278838327">{{cite news |last=Bazzi |first=Mohamed |date=10 Feb 1995 |title=Green Movement Gets the Blues Composting projects by funding cuts |page=B15 |work=Newsday |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|278838327}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2001-06-16">{{Cite news |last=Raver |first=Anne |date=2001-06-16 |title=Cuttings: A Land Rush for Compost in the City |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/16/living/cuttings-a-land-rush-for-compost-in-the-city.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>), supported by the [[New York City Department of Sanitation]], offers composting assistance and resources, as well as information on composting in residential backyards.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Composting2">{{cite web |title=BBG’s Guide to Composting |url=https://www.bbg.org/gardening/composting |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> ==Publications and resources== The BBG began publishing a magazine, the ''Record'', in February 1912;<ref name="n128786590">{{Cite news |date=1912-02-18 |title=Botanic Garden Scheme Outlined in 'Record' |pages=42 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/128786590/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> members received the publication for free.<ref name="n128787008">{{Cite news |date=1912-02-10 |title=Institute Is in Favor of Endowed Theatre |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-institute-is-in-fav/128787008/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The BBG's director C. Stuart Gager was editor of the ''Record'' until his death in 1943.<ref name="p1282797944" /> The last edition of the ''Record'' was published in 1944.<ref name="The Online Books Page h615">{{cite web |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record archives |url=https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=bklynbotgardrec |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=The Online Books Page}}</ref> The BBG launched a series of gardening handbooks in 1945;<ref name="Hartford Courant 1998 y964">{{cite web |date=November 28, 1998 |title=The Holly & the Ivy: Holiday Books |url=https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1998-11-28-9811280447-story.html/ |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Hartford Courant}}</ref> the first volume in the series was ''Lilies and Their Culture: Use in the Garden''.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /> The Brooklyn Botanic Garden's ''Guides to a Greener Planet'' contain information on garden design, sustainability, and native plants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imprints - Sterling Publishing |url=https://www.sterlingpublishing.com/imprints/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830235239/https://www.sterlingpublishing.com/imprints/ |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=September 17, 2017}}</ref> In addition, the botanical garden has published reference books such as the ''Brooklyn'' ''Botanic'' ''Garden'' ''Gardener's Desk Reference'' (1998).<ref name="p1842458051">{{Cite magazine |last=Hansell |first=Betsey |date=18 Dec 1998 |title=Reference is Designed to Delight a Browser: 816 Pages of Data Gleaned From the Brooklyn Botanic Garden |work=Philadelphia Inquirer |page=E.1 |id={{Pq|1842458051}}}}</ref> The BBG launched its website in 1996.<ref name="nyt-1998-09-13" /> The website features events, classes, and information on its gardens and collections. It also publishes a Garden News Blog and practical gardening advice.<ref name="CherryWatch" /> The BBG's collection of historic photographs and [[lantern slide]]s is also available online.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Historic Images">{{cite web |title=Historic Images |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/historicimages |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> Other pages on the website include CherryWatch, an interactive map that tracks when each cherry blossom tree blooms during the spring.<ref name="nyt-2023-03-20">{{Cite news |last=Solis |first=Marie |date=2023-03-20 |title=When Cherry Blossom Heads Know It’s ‘Game Time’ |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/20/style/cherry-blossom-trackers.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Laboratory Administration Building has a Gardener's Resource Center that provides reference services.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Volunteer">{{cite web |title=Volunteer |url=https://www.bbg.org/support/volunteer |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref><ref name="Spencer Russell 2005 p. 256">{{cite book |last=Spencer |first=T.S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWWY9pXjKmUC&pg=PA256 |title=Gardens Across America: The American Horticultural Society's Guide to American Public Gardens and Arboreta |last2=Russell |first2=J.J. |publisher=Taylor Trade Pub. |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-58979-102-2 |series=G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series |page=256 |issue=v. 1}}</ref> == Former BBG properties == The BBG formerly operated three other sites in the [[New York metropolitan area]]. The first to open was a {{Convert|223|acre|km2|adj=on}} research facility at Kitchawan Preserve in Westchester County,<ref name="nyt-1982-07-11">{{Cite news |last=Faust |first=Joan Lee |date=1982-07-11 |title=Botanic Study Unit Takes a New Name |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/11/nyregion/botanic-study-unit-takes-a-new-name.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> on land that it purchased from Elizabeth Van Brunt in 1956.<ref name="nyt-1956-10-20" /><ref name="n129028559" /> [[Yorktown, New York]], officials approved the research center in early 1959;<ref name="n129083724">{{Cite news |date=1959-01-13 |title=$10,000,000 IBM Laboratory at Yorktown Waits Approval |pages=76 |work=The Daily Item |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-item-10000000-ibm-laborator/129083724/ |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> the complex included a double-level laboratory near an abandoned railroad station on the [[New York and Putnam Railroad]].<ref name="nyt-1958-10-17">{{Cite news |date=1958-10-17 |title=Research Unit Set by Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/10/17/archives/research-unit-set-by-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p13240492842">{{cite news |last=Dade |first=Denslow M. |date=9 Nov 1958 |title=Botanic Garden Starts Work on Antibiotics Lab |page=33 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1324049284}}}}</ref> After the research center opened in 1960,<ref name="n129085727" /> it was described as "the most important single development since the founding of the Botanic Garden 50 years ago".<ref name="n129108983">{{Cite news |date=1962-05-20 |title=Big Nursery Boon to Botanic Garden |pages=546 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-big-nursery-boon-to-botanic-g/129108983/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> The research center was originally known as the Kitchawan Research Laboratory.<ref name="nyt-1982-07-11" /> A herb garden and perennial border garden were dedicated at Kitchawan in 1981,<ref name="nyt-1981-09-27">{{Cite news |last=Ames |first=Lynne |date=1981-09-27 |title=Kitchawan Honoring 2 Hardy Perennials |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/27/nyregion/kitchawan-honoring-2-hardy-pe-rennials.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the research center was renamed the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Research Center in 1982.<ref name="nyt-1982-07-11" /> The BBG sold off most of Kitchawan to the Westchester County government in 1988.<ref name="nyt-1988-07-31">{{Cite news |last=Ames |first=Lynne |date=1988-07-31 |title=The View From: The Kitchawan Field Station; A Shrinking World of Microscopes Still Broadens Horizons |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/31/nyregion/the-view-from-the-kitchawan-field-station-a-shrinking-world-of.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[File:Tea_Town_Lake.jpg|alt=Teatown Lake Reservation in Westchester County, New York|thumb|The BBG co-produced programming at the [[Teatown Lake Reservation]] until 1980.]] A second property in Westchester County, the [[Teatown Lake Reservation]], was established in 1963, a year after Gerard Swope Sr. bequeathed {{convert|250|acre|sqkm|spell=}} to the BBG.<ref name="nyt-1977-05-06">{{Cite news |last=Bryant |first=Nelson |date=1977-05-06 |title=Out of Doors |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/06/archives/out-of-doors.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Yonkers Times 2018 l705">{{cite web |date=May 30, 2018 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Transfers 245 Acres to Teatown |url=http://yonkerstimes.com/brooklyn-botanic-garden-transfers-245-acres-to-teatown/ |access-date=July 29, 2023 |website=Yonkers Times}}</ref> Over the years, the reservation grew through additional bequests.<ref name="nyt-1977-05-06" /> BBG and Teatown staff co-produced programming at the reservation until 1980, when Teatown began leasing the land from the BBG,<ref name="Yonkers Times 2018 l705" /><ref name="McKinney 2018 f885">{{cite web |last=McKinney |first=Michael P. |date=May 22, 2018 |title=No worries, Teatown hikers and visitors: Land will be protected |url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/ossining/2018/05/22/teatown-hikers-visitors-land-protected/632409002/ |access-date=July 29, 2023 |website=lohud.com}}</ref> and the Teatown Lake Reservation became a legally separate entity in 1984.<ref name="nyt-1988-06-05">{{Cite news |last=Faust |first=Joan Lee |date=1988-06-05 |title=An Island of Sequestered Wildflowers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/05/nyregion/an-island-of-sequestered-wildflowers.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The BBG continued to own a {{convert|245|acre|km2|adj=on}} portion of the Teatown Lake Reservation until May 2018.<ref name="Yonkers Times 2018 l705" /><ref name="McKinney 2018 f885" /> The BBG retains a [[conservation easement]] on the Teatown site.<ref name="McKinney 2018 f885" /> The lawyer [[Grenville Clark]] donated the {{Convert|12|acre|adj=on}} [[Clark Botanic Garden]] in [[Albertson, New York|Albertson]], on [[Long Island]], to the BBG in 1966.<ref name="nyt-1966-06-11">{{Cite news |date=1966-06-11 |title=Botanic Garden Given 12-Acre Estate on L.I. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/06/11/archives/botanic-garden-given-12acre-estate-on-li.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p915503393">{{cite news |date=18 June 1966 |title=Memorial Garden to Open in '68 |page=35W |work=Newsday |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|915503393}}}}</ref> The BBG's Fanny Dwight Clark Memorial Garden opened on the site in 1969,<ref name="Hendrixson 2019 k787">{{cite web |last=Hendrixson |first=Jed |date=January 8, 2019 |title=Town's Clark Botanic Garden to receive renovations in 50th year - News |url=https://theisland360.com/news-98/towns-clark-botanic-garden-to-receive-renovations-in-50th-year/ |access-date=July 29, 2023 |website=The Island 360}}</ref><ref name="n129109329">{{Cite news |date=1969-10-04 |title=Garden Notes |pages=38 |work=Newsday (Nassau Edition) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-garden-notes/129109329/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> and the BBG used the Clark Botanic Garden as an outreach station, with instructors from the Brooklyn Museum.<ref name="nyt-1975-05-18">{{Cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Phyllis |date=1975-05-18 |title=Brooklyn Garden Touches Nassau |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/18/archives/brooklyn-garden-touches-nassau-early-harvest.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Clark Botanic Garden had three small lakes, as well as a children's garden and a rock garden, which were similar to those in the original BBG.<ref name="nyt-1975-05-18" /><ref name="p920923343">{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Bea |date=1 May 1975 |title=Clark Memorial Garden-- Brooklyn's oasis on LI |page=13A |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-clark-memorial/129143970/ |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|920923343}}}}</ref> Although the Clark Botanic Garden was operated by the BBG, the two gardens were legally separate entities, and the Clark Garden charged admission, whereas the original garden did not.<ref name="nyt-1975-05-18" /> The [[North Hempstead, New York|North Hempstead]] town government acquired Clark Botanic Garden from the BBG in 1989.<ref name="The Island Now The Island Now 2018 d782">{{cite web |date=December 10, 2018 |title=Clark Botanic Garden to celebrate 50 years in 2019 |url=https://theislandnow.com/clark-botanic-garden-to-celebrate-50-years-in-2019/ |access-date=July 29, 2023 |website=The Island Now}}</ref><ref name="n129192599">{{Cite news |last=Fan |first=Maureen |date=1989-11-29 |title=North Hempstead Will Tend Garden |pages=17 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-north-hempstead/129192599/ |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> == Membership and events == {{As of|2023}}, BBG membership starts at $75 for individuals. Members can attend events in the spring and summer months, including themed sunset picnic nights.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden 2023">{{cite web | title=Membership Rate Change | website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden | date=January 3, 2023 | url=https://www.bbg.org/support/membership_rate_change | access-date=March 1, 2023}}</ref> Each spring, a month-long cherry blossom viewing festival called ''[[Hanami]]'' is held at the Cherry Esplanade, culminating in a weekend celebration called ''[[Sakura Matsuri]]'', although this event has not been held since the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="nyt-2023-04-13">{{Cite news |last=Carmel |first=Julia |last2=Meko |first2=Hurubie |date=2023-04-13 |title=Where to See New York City’s Cherry Blossoms |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/nyc-cherry-blossoms.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Other events include the Chile Pepper Festival, which has been held annually since the 1990s.<ref name="Sprung 2017 f456">{{cite web |last=Sprung |first=Shlomo |date=October 3, 2017 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden holds 25th Annual Chile Pepper Festival |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2017/10/03/brooklyn-botanic-garden-holds-25th-annual-chile-pepper-festival/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref> == Operations == {{As of|2019}}, the BBG had an annual operating budget of $23 million.<ref name="Kadet 2019 l500">{{cite web |last=Kadet |first=Anne |date=June 4, 2019 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Draws Visitors in Spades on a Modest Budget |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/brooklyn-botanic-garden-draws-visitors-in-spades-on-a-modest-budget-11559656801 |access-date=July 31, 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The BBG recorded $20,869,967 in revenue and $20,988,655 in expenses for fiscal year 2020, meaning its net income was negative $118,688.<ref name="Suozzo Schwencke Tigas Wei 2013 a551">{{cite web |last=Suozzo |first=Andrea |last2=Schwencke |first2=Ken |last3=Tigas |first3=Mike |last4=Wei |first4=Sisi |last5=Glassford |first5=Alec |last6=Roberts |first6=Brandon |date=May 9, 2013 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Corporation - Nonprofit Explorer |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/112417338 |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=ProPublica}}</ref> The BBG had more than 800,000 annual visitors {{As of|2015|lc=y}}.<ref name="ENR 2015 l894" /> == See also == * [[List of botanical gardens in the United States]] * [[List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City]] == References == === Notes === {{Notelist}} === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Sources === * {{cite book |last1=Berenson |first1=Richard J. |url=https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000bere |title=The Complete Illustrated Guidebook to Prospect Park and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden |last2=DeMause |first2=Neil |publisher=Silver Lining Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7607-2213-8 |pages=102–155 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite magazine |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soUbnwL8HUYC&pg=PA104 |title=A Brief History of the Botanic Garden Idea in Brooklyn |work=The Record |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |year=Oct 1918 |volume=7 |issue=4}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Canty |first=Donald |date=Nov 1989 |title=Reconstructing a Victorian Legacy |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1989-11.pdf |work=Architectural Record |volume=177 |issue=13}} * {{cite report|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2214.pdf|title=Laboratory Administration Building, Brooklyn Botanic Garden|date=March 13, 2007|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{Harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007}}}} * {{cite book |last=Rakow |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4mn5aWTCKsC&pg=PT423 |title=Public Garden Management: A Complete Guide to the Planning and Administration of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta |last2=Lee |first2=S. |last3=Raven |first3=P.H. |publisher=Wiley |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-470-90459-6}} * {{cite book |last=Rakow |first=D.A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjPRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |title=Public Gardens and Livable Cities: Partnerships Connecting People, Plants, and Place |last2=Gough |first2=M.Z. |last3=Lee |first3=S.A. |last4=Medbury |first4=S. |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5017-5176-9 |ref={{harvid|Rakow|2020}}}} * {{cite magazine |date=April 1913 |title=Second Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1912 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435055901862&seq=37 |work=The Record |volume=2 |issue=2 |ref={{sfnref|The Record|1913}} |via=HathiTrust}} * {{cite magazine |date=April 1917 |title=Sixth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1916 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nnc1.cu06176500?urlappend=%3Bseq=39 |work=The Record |volume=6 |issue=2 |ref={{sfnref|The Record|1917}} |via=HathiTrust}} * {{cite magazine |date=April 1914 |title=Third Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1913 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435055901912&seq=41 |work=The Record |volume=3 |issue=2 |ref={{sfnref|The Record|1914}} |via=HathiTrust}} == External links == {{commons and category|Brooklyn Botanic Garden|Brooklyn Botanic Garden}} * [https://www.bbg.org/ Brooklyn Botanic Garden website] * [https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/brooklyn-botanic-garden Brooklyn Botanic Garden at Google Cultural Institute] {{Protected areas of New York City}} {{authority control}} [[Category:1911 establishments in New York City]] [[Category:Art museums and galleries in Brooklyn]] [[Category:Botanical gardens in New York City]] [[Category:Environmental organizations based in New York City]] [[Category:Japanese gardens in the United States]] [[Category:Japanese-American culture in New York City]] [[Category:Museums in Brooklyn]] [[Category:Museums established in 1911]]'
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'{{short description|Botanical garden in New York City}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}} {{Infobox zoo |zoo_name = Brooklyn Botanic Garden |logo = Brooklyn Botanic Garden (logo).png |logo_width = 200px |logo_caption = Current logo |image = Brooklyn_botanic_garden_fragrance_garden_gate.jpg |image_caption= Brooklyn Botanic Garden |date_opened = May 13, 1911 |location = 990 Washington Avenue, [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]], [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]] 11225<br>[[United States]] |coordinates = {{coord|40|40|12|N|73|57|45|W|type:edu|display=inline,title}} |area = {{convert|52|acre|ha}} |num_species = 12,000<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbg.org/research/plant_collection | title=BBG's Plant Collection | access-date=May 2, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508105458/http://www.bbg.org/research/plant_collection | archive-date=May 8, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> |annual_visitors= 725,000<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbg.org/press/capital_campaign | title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Announces $7.5M Leon Levy Foundation Gift | access-date=May 2, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217044059/http://www.bbg.org/press/capital_campaign | archive-date=February 17, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> |publictransit = '''[[New York City Subway]]:'''{{bulleted list|{{NYCS Franklin-Botanic|time=bullets}} at [[Franklin Avenue/Botanic Garden (New York City Subway)|Franklin Avenue/Botanic Garden]]|{{NYCS Prospect Park|time=bullets}} at [[Prospect Park (BMT lines)|Prospect Park]]}}'''[[New York City Bus]]:''' {{NYC bus link|B16|B41|B43|B48}} |website = {{URL|https://www.bbg.org/}} }} The '''Brooklyn Botanic Garden''' ('''BBG''') is a [[botanical garden]] in the [[Borough (New York City)|borough]] of [[Brooklyn]] in [[New York City]]. The botanical garden occupies {{convert|52|acre|ha|adj=on}} in central Brooklyn, close to [[Mount Prospect Park]], [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]], and the [[Brooklyn Museum]]. Designed by the [[Olmsted Brothers]], the BBG holds over 14,000 taxa of plants and has over 800,000 visitors each year. It includes a number of specialty gardens, plant collections, and structures. The BBG hosts numerous educational programs, plant-science and conservation, and community horticulture initiatives, in addition to a herbarium collection and a horticulture and botany library. The site of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was first designated in 1897, following three proposals for botanic gardens in Brooklyn in the 19th century. The BBG opened in May 1911, on the site of an ash dump, and was initially operated by the Brooklyn Institute. Most of the BBG's expansions were carried out over the next three decades under the tenure of its first director, [[C. Stuart Gager]]. The BBG began operating three additional sites in the [[New York metropolitan area]] in the 1950s and 1960s, while its main garden in Brooklyn fell into decline. The original Brooklyn Botanic Garden was expanded and restored substantially starting in the 1980s, and additional structures were built through the 2010s. The BBG's landscape includes many specialty gardens and a group of buildings on its eastern boundary, accessed from three entrances. A brook flows from the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden in the north to the Water Garden in the south. The BBG's other specialty gardens include rose, native flora, [[Shakespeare garden|Shakespeare]], fragrance, and children's gardens. There are also more formal landscape features such as an overlook, a celebrity path, the Osborne Garden, and a cherry esplanade. The structures include the 1980s-era Steinhardt Conservatory, as well as the Laboratory Administration Building and a [[palm house]] dating from the 1910s. ==History== === Early proposals === Prior to the construction of the present Brooklyn Botanic Garden, there had been three proposals for botanic gardens in the then-independent city of [[Brooklyn]] in the 19th century,<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> though only one of these botanic gardens was ever built.<ref name="n128990345">{{Cite news |date=1941-10-26 |title=Botanic Garden Is Visited by Nearly 2 Million A Year |pages=102 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/128990345/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> [[André Parmentier (landscape architect)|André Parmentier]] had created the Horticultural and Botanic Garden of Brooklyn in October 1825 within [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]], on a plot bounded by Sixth, Atlantic, and Carleton Avenues and Bergen Street;<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences 1926 p. 14">{{cite book |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joxwInlf300C&pg=PA14 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record |author2=Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences |publisher=Published for the Garden |year=1926 |page=14 |issue=v. 15-16}}</ref> this garden only lasted until about 1830.<ref name="Mann 1993 p. 212">{{cite book |last=Mann |first=W.A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwbyMLolMcgC&pg=PA212 |title=Landscape Architecture: An Illustrated History in Timelines, Site Plans and Biography |publisher=Wiley |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-471-59465-9 |page=212}}</ref> Brooklyn resident Thomas Hunt granted $50,000 in 1855 for the establishment of a botanic garden in [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] (between Fifth Avenue, 57th Street, Sixth Avenue, and 60th Street).<ref name="Michels 1917 p. 648">{{cite book |last=Michels |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EM4OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA648 |title=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |year=1917 |series=Science |page=648 |issn=0036-8075 |issue=v. 45}}</ref><ref name="Stiles 1870 p. 924">{{cite book |last=Stiles |first=H.R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnQxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA924 |title=A History of the City of Brooklyn: Including the Old Town and Village of Brooklyn, the Town of Bushwick, and the Village and City of Williamsburgh |publisher=subscription |year=1870 |series=A History of the City of Brooklyn |page=924 |issue=v. 3}}</ref> The Hunt Horticultural and Botanical Garden sought to raise $150,000,<ref name="Stiles 1870 p. 924" /><ref name="BBG1918 p. 101">{{harvnb|Brooklyn Botanic Garden|1918|ps=.|p=101}}</ref> but the garden was never built at that location.<ref name="n128990345" /><ref name="BBG1918 p. 105">{{harvnb|Brooklyn Botanic Garden|1918|ps=.|p=105}}</ref> The third plan for a botanical garden in Brooklyn was included in the plans for [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]],<ref name="BBG1918 p. 106">{{harvnb|Brooklyn Botanic Garden|1918|ps=.|p=106}}</ref> which was approved in 1859.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBYZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1|title=Laws Relating to the Public Parks, Parkways, and Other Property Under the Care and Control of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners|last=Anderson|first=J.A.|year=1887|page=1|access-date=January 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/3137046/|title=Public Parks and Promenades|date=May 29, 1860|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=January 19, 2019|page=2|via=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref> In February 1860, a group of fifteen commissioners submitted suggestions for park locations in Brooklyn, including a {{convert|320|acre|km2|adj=on}} plot centered on present-day [[Mount Prospect Park]] and bounded by Warren Street to the north; [[Vanderbilt Avenue|Vanderbilt]], Ninth, and Tenth Avenues to the west; Third and Ninth Streets to the south; and [[Washington Avenue (Brooklyn, New York)|Washington Avenue]] to the east.<ref name="Lancaster">{{cite book|url=https://www.echonyc.com/~parks/books/handbook.html|title=Prospect Park Handbook|last=Lancaster|first=Clay|publisher=Long Island University Press|year=1972|isbn=978-0-913252-06-2|edition=2nd|location=New York|access-date=September 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001181824/https://www.echonyc.com/~parks/books/handbook.html|archive-date=October 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/27409545/|title=Prospect Park|date=May 19, 1861|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=January 19, 2019|page=2|via=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref> [[Egbert Viele]] began drawing plans for the park, which was to straddle [[Flatbush Avenue]] and include Prospect Hill and the land now occupied by the [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Brooklyn Public Library]], the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and the [[Brooklyn Museum]].<ref name="Lancaster" /><ref name="Bluestone 1987">{{cite journal|last=Bluestone|first=Daniel M.|year=1987|title=From Promenade to Park: The Gregarious Origins of Brooklyn's Park Movement|journal=American Quarterly|publisher=JSTOR|volume=39|issue=4|pages=529–550|doi=10.2307/2713123|issn=0003-0678|jstor=2713123}}</ref> The botanical garden was initially planned to be located along the shores of the park's lake.<ref name="BBG1918 p. 106" /> The onset of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] stopped further activity;<ref name="Bluestone 1987" /> following the war, the triangle of land to the east of Flatbush Avenue was excluded from the park.<ref name="Lancaster" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1868/12/15/archives/prospect-park-progress-of-the-workdescriptive-particulars.html|title=Prospect Park; Progress of the Work—Descriptive Particulars.|date=December 15, 1868|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=January 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129064330/https://www.nytimes.com/1868/12/15/archives/prospect-park-progress-of-the-workdescriptive-particulars.html|archive-date=January 29, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/annualreportsofb1873broo/annualreportsofb1873broo_djvu.txt|title=Annual reports of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners, 1861–1873|date=1873|publisher=Brooklyn Park Commissioners|page=127|access-date=January 28, 2019|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The botanical garden within Prospect Park was not built.<ref name="n128990345" /> The northeast portion of the triangle served as an [[Landfill|ash dump]]<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /><ref name="n128864452">{{Cite news |date=1921-05-07 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Arose From Dumping Spot |pages=96 |work=The Chat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-brooklyn-botanic-garden-arose-f/128864452/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> until just before the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was established.<ref name="p1113783092">{{cite news |date=23 Sep 1928 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden as Seen From the Air |page=A16 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1113783092}}}}</ref> === Creation === ==== Legislation and funding ==== On May 18, 1897, as the city moved [[History of New York City|toward consolidation]], the [[New York State Legislature]] reserved 39 acres (16&nbsp;ha) for a botanic garden.<ref name="Gager p. 339">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=340}}</ref><ref name="Proceedings 1930 p.">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUofAQAAMAAJ |title=Proceedings |year=1930 |page= |access-date=July 24, 2023 |issue=v. 9}}</ref> The site became part of Institute Park in 1902.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /> The garden was to be run under the auspices of the [[Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences]], which until the 1970s included [[Brooklyn Museum]], [[Brooklyn Children's Museum]], and [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]].<ref name="bm">{{cite web |title=About the Brooklyn Museum's Building |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420183309/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |archive-date=April 20, 2013 |access-date=April 28, 2013 |website=Brooklyn Museum}}</ref> By 1901, the institute sought to acquire a site on the eastern side of Flatbush Avenue for the botanical garden.<ref name="n128728735">{{Cite news |date=1901-10-13 |title=The Work of the Institute |pages=18 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-the-work-of-the-ins/128728735/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref> This site had also been proposed as the location of a proposed Brooklyn university, but the institute wanted to establish a botanical garden on the site.<ref name="n128776497">{{Cite news |date=1906-02-08 |title=Dove of Peace Hovering Over University Project |pages=10 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dove-of-peace-h/128776497/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> Several of the institute's donors proposed in 1905 to give $25,000 for the upkeep of a "scientific botanic garden" next to the Brooklyn Museum.<ref name="n128728967">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-11 |title=Another $25,000 Gift to Brooklyn Institute |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-another-25000-gif/128728967/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref><ref name="n128776960">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-10 |title=Two Great Gifts to Brooklyn Institute |pages=4 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-two-great-gifts-to-brooklyn/128776960/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next year, the donors doubled this award to $50,000.<ref name="Gager p. 340">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=340}}</ref> City officials endorsed the creation of the botanical garden in 1907,<ref name="n128777045">{{Cite news |date=1907-07-14 |title=City to Pay $25,000 a Year for Observatory in Prospect Park |pages=17 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-city-to-pay-25000-a/128777045/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="p847016120">{{Cite magazine |date=Oct 1, 1907 |title=Parks and Park Work: Many New Structures for Brooklyn's Parks |magazine=Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening |volume=17 |issue=8 |page=191 |id={{ProQuest|847016120}}}}</ref> and supporters of the institute donated thousands of dollars toward the botanical garden.<ref name="p572129951">{{cite news |date=13 Sep 1908 |title=Institute's Season: Brooklyn Organization Will Make Many Changes This Year |page=C6 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572129951}}}}</ref> [[Alfred Tredway White]], a trustee of the Brooklyn Institute, leased a {{Convert|40|acre|adj=on}} site behind the Brooklyn Museum from the city.<ref name="p1037915186">{{cite news |last=Hinton-Braaten |first=Kathleen |date=5 Apr 1983 |title=Roses and bonsai: Brooklyn's Botanic Garden |work=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0405/040538.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |id={{ProQuest|1037915186}}}}</ref> Although the [[New York City Board of Estimate]] approved the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's creation in June 1909, it did not approve another agreement that would allow the Brooklyn Institute to maintain the botanical garden.<ref name="n128782433">{{Cite news |date=1909-12-11 |title=For a Botanic Garden |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-for-a-botanic-garde/128782433/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128782676">{{Cite news |date=1909-12-11 |title=For Botanic Garden and Arboretum in Park |pages=5 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-for-botanic-gar/128782676/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> By the end of that year, the [[Olmsted Brothers]] had been hired as landscape designers, while [[McKim, Mead & White]] had been hired as architects for the botanical garden's buildings.<ref name="n128782569">{{Cite news |date=1910-12-10 |title=Institute Trustees Meet |pages=21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128782569/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The Board of Estimate voted on December 10, 1909, to allow the city and the Brooklyn Institute to sign a maintenance agreement for the botanical garden.<ref name="n128782433" /><ref name="n128782676" /> New York City government and the Brooklyn Institute signed the maintenance agreement on December 28,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Biodiversity Heritage Library 1913 p. 77">{{cite book |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJvOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record |author2=Biodiversity Heritage Library |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |year=1913 |pages=75–79 |issue=v. 2, no. 2}}</ref><ref name="p572395107">{{cite news |date=17 Apr 1910 |title=Brooklyn Park Plans: to Begin Arboretum and Botanical Gardens July 1 |page=B8 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572395107}}}}</ref> and an endowment fund for the BBG was created three days later.<ref name="p572395107" /> [[C. Stuart Gager]] was hired as the BBG's first director in March 1910.<ref name="n128782203">{{Cite news |date=1910-03-04 |title=Director of Botanic Garden |pages=15 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-director-of-bot/128782203/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> At this point, the BBG was authorized to spend between $2,000 and $2,500 annually on plantings.<ref name="n7607461">{{Cite news |date=1910-04-11 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |pages=11 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-plans-for-garde/7607461/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="p194083330">{{cite news |date=21 May 1910 |title=Garden for Brooklyn Institute: Notable addition for pleasure grounds of the city. |page=5 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|194083330}}}}</ref> That June, the city government appropriated $25,000 for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's plant houses.<ref name="n128780494">{{Cite news |date=1910-06-11 |title=City Gives Thousands to Brooklyn Institute |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-gives-thou/128780494/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128780637">{{Cite news |date=1910-06-11 |title=Elect Roosevelt Honorary Member |pages=12 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-elect-roosevelt-honor/128780637/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> ==== Construction and opening ==== [[File:Brooklyn_Botanical_Gardens_-_5924619217.jpg|thumb|The pond at the BBG]] Gager wanted to create "an animated textbook in botany", with a [[Palm house|Palm House]] and laboratories facing Washington Avenue, as well as a landscape with valleys, hills, a pond, and rocks.<ref name="p572338433">{{cite news |date=28 Aug 1910 |title=New Botanical Garden: Dr. Gager Outlines Broad Plan to Extend Educational Side |page=B3 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572338433}}}}</ref> In contrast to older botanical gardens, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was not arranged based solely on taxonomic classifications; the Olmsted Brothers sought to make the garden aesthetically pleasing as well.<ref name="BD p. 107">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=107}}</ref> McKim, Mead & White began drawing up plans in late 1910 for a laboratory and administration building with a 480-seat lecture hall, laboratories, and classrooms.<ref name="n128782235">{{Cite news |date=1910-12-23 |title=A New Park Building |pages=20 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-a-new-park-buil/128782235/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The New York City government turned over {{Convert|43|acre}} to the Brooklyn Institute in February 1911,<ref name="Gager p. 340" /> and the institute's director [[Franklin Hooper|Franklin W. Hooper]] requested the same month that more land be allocated to the BBG.<ref name="n128783860">{{Cite news |date=1911-02-23 |title=Botanic Garden May Be Enlarged |pages=16 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-may-be/128783860/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> McKim, Mead & White had completed plans for two wings of the Palm House and the first part of the Laboratory Administration Building that March.<ref name="n128783135">{{Cite news |date=1911-03-11 |title=Institute Trustees Hold Regular Meeting |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128783135/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next month, the institute decided to build only one part of the Palm House, as the botanical garden only had a $50,000 budget.<ref name="n128783521">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Institute Gets 692 New Members |pages=3 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-institute-gets-692-new-membe/128783521/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128783639">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Gifts to the Institute Announced by Trustees |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-gifts-to-the-in/128783639/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>{{Efn|The laboratory building was to cost $33,000, while the Palm House was to cost $17,000.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1911-10-14|title=Institute in Need of More Members|pages=16|work=The Standard Union|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-institute-in-need-of/128785163/|access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>}} The first section of the BBG, the Native Flora Garden, opened on May 13, 1911;<ref name="n128786039">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-14 |title=Many Persons Visit New Botanic Garden |pages=16 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-many-persons-visit-ne/128786039/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> the date was chosen to coincide with [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s birthday.<ref name="n128785950">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-12 |title=Botanic Garden Opens To-morrow |pages=2 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-opens/128785950/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128785650">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-12 |title=To Open Botanic Garden |pages=5 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-open-botanic/128785650/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>{{efn|Linnaeus's birthday was on May 13 according to the [[Swedish calendar]] or May 23 according to the [[Gregorian calendar]]. See {{cite book |last=Blunt |first=Wilfrid |title=Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3YOvgAACAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=[[Frances Lincoln]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7112-1841-3 |page=12}}}} At the time, the plants had temporary labels, and work on the Palm House and laboratory had not started.<ref name="n128785650" /> By late 1911, the Brooklyn Institute was planting shrubs and trees and were curating the BBG's lawn.<ref name="n128783296">{{Cite news |date=1911-09-24 |title=Scientific Soil Culture for Botanical Gardens |pages=55 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-scientific-soil/128783296/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The plantings included between 150 and 200 species of shrubs that grew within {{convert|100|mi}} of Brooklyn.<ref name="p846943851">{{Cite magazine |date=Jan 1, 1912 |title=Parks and Park Work: Park Building Under Way in Brooklyn |magazine=Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening |volume=21 |issue=11 |page=741 |id={{ProQuest|846943851}}}}</ref> BBG staff used a temporary headquarters in the Brooklyn Museum while the BBG was being completed.<ref name="The Record (1913) p. 25">{{harvnb|The Record|1913|ps=.|p=25}}</ref> [[Harold Caparn]] was appointed as the landscape architect in 1912, serving in that position until 1945.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /><ref name="BD p. 107" /> The BBG hired Cockerill & Little Co. to build the Laboratory Administration Building in January 1912 and began constructing the structure three months later.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=3}}</ref><ref name="The Record (1913) p. 26">{{harvnb|The Record|1913|ps=.|p=26}}</ref> That September, the city government gave the BBG an additional {{convert|3|acre}} of land, abutting the museum and reservoir.<ref name="n128786682">{{Cite news |date=1912-09-22 |title=City Presents Brooklyn Land for Botanic Garden |pages=38 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-presents-b/128786682/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> Workers began constructing the second section of the Palm House and landscaping the northern section of the botanical garden in early 1913.<ref name="n128812479">{{Cite news |date=1913-06-14 |title=Sums Up Work of Institute Season |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-sums-up-work-of/128812479/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="HathiTrust 2022 c330">{{cite magazine |date=July 1913 |title=Notes |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31210014609729?urlappend=%3Bseq=256 |work=The Record |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=106 |access-date=July 25, 2023 |via=HathiTrust}}</ref> The completion of the Laboratory Administration Building was postponed because of difficulties in obtaining roof tiles and structural steel.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 3" /><ref name="The Record (1913) p. 26" /> The first portions of the Laboratory Administration Building and the Palm House were being completed by mid-1913,<ref name="n128812745">{{Cite news |date=1913-05-20 |title=Rapid Progress Made on Brooklyn Botanic Garden Building |pages=19 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-rapid-progress/128812745/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> and these structures opened in December 1913.<ref name="n128813487">{{Cite news |date=1913-12-15 |title=Brooklyn Institute's Botanic Garden and Laboratory Building Opened |pages=21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-brooklyn-instit/128813487/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="n128815342">{{Cite news |date=1913-12-14 |title=Big Reception at Botanic Garden |pages=9 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-big-reception-at-bota/128815342/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> At the time, the Palm House had about 250 specimens from 140 species.<ref name="The Record (1914) pp. 29–30">{{harvnb|The Record|1914|ps=.|pp=29–30}}</ref> Dirt from the Brooklyn Botanical Garden was used to flatten land in Prospect Park,<ref name="n128814186">{{Cite news |date=1913-09-13 |title=New Museum Section |pages=14 |work=The Chat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-new-museum-section/128814186/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="The Record (1914) p. 31">{{harvnb|The Record|1914|ps=.|p=31}}</ref> and workers also landscaped the BBG's watercourses and laid out paths.<ref name="The Record (1914) p. 32">{{harvnb|The Record|1914|ps=.|p=32}}</ref> The ongoing work forced officials to close off about two-thirds of the botanical garden's area to the public.<ref name="The Record (1914) p. 31" /> The BBG launched a children's garden in 1914;<ref name="n128815980">{{Cite news |date=1914-09-25 |title=Children Exhibit Garden Products |pages=9 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-children-exhibi/128815980/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> it was one of the first of its kind in the world.<ref name="Oldfield 2010 p.">{{cite book |last=Oldfield |first=Sara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vi5FAQAAIAAJ |title=Botanic Gardens: Modern-day Arks |publisher=MIT Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-262-01516-5 |series=Mit Press |page=19}}</ref> By the end of that year, workers were constructing a Japanese garden and a rock garden.<ref name="HathiTrust 2023 b093">{{cite magazine |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Fourth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044103101101?urlappend=%3Bseq=442 |work=The Record |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=23-24 |via=HathiTrust}}</ref> [[File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_006.jpg|alt=Plaza in front of the Laboratory Building|left|thumb|The Laboratory Administration Building (in background) was dedicated in April 1917.]] The BBG's Japanese garden opened on the northeastern corner of the grounds in June 1915, next to the lake.<ref name="n128816577">{{Cite news |date=1915-07-11 |title=Institute Now Has $200,000 to Spend on Botanic Gardens |pages=17 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-now-h/128816577/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="n128856799">{{Cite news |date=1915-06-05 |title=Inspect Beauties of Botanic Garden |pages=12 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-inspect-beauties-of-b/128856799/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> At that time, the BBG started admitting visitors every day of the week; the grounds had been closed during the previous year because workers were regrading the paths.<ref name="n128856799" /> McKim, Mead & White filed plans for expansions of the Palm House and the Laboratory Administration Building in August 1915 at a projected cost of $150,000.<ref name="n128816433">{{Cite news |date=1915-08-21 |title=Submit Plans for Gardens |pages=3 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-submit-plans-for-gardens/128816433/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="n128858948">{{Cite news |date=1915-08-19 |title=To Enlarge Buildings |pages=7 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-enlarge-buil/128858948/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> The Board of Estimate approved the rock garden in March 1916,<ref name=n128862644>{{Cite news|date=1916-03-05|title=To Have a Rock Garden|pages=19|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-have-a-rock/128862644/|access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="The Record (1917) p. 30"/> and the Laboratory Administration Building's cornerstone was laid at a [[groundbreaking]] ceremony that April.<ref name="n128862471">{{Cite news |date=1916-04-21 |title=Cornerstone Laid at Botanic Garden |pages=10 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-cornerstone-laid-at-b/128862471/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}<br/>{{Cite news |date=1916-04-21 |title=Lay Botanic Cornerstone |pages=8 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-lay-botanic-cornerstone/128860476/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="The Record (1917) p. 27">{{harvnb|The Record|1917|ps=.|p=27}}</ref> The rock garden was completed in May 1916.<ref name="The Record (1917) p. 30">{{harvnb|The Record|1917|ps=.|p=30}}</ref> The same year, the third section of the Palm House was built,<ref name="The Record (1917) pp. 27–28">{{harvnb|The Record|1917|ps=.|pp=27–28}}</ref> and contracts for the Palm House's fourth section were awarded.<ref name="The Record (1917) p. 29">{{harvnb|The Record|1917|ps=.|p=29}}</ref> The Laboratory Administration Building and Palm House were nearly complete in early 1917<ref name="n128862992">{{Cite news |date=1917-02-09 |title=Institute Breaks Attendance Record |pages=8 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-break/128862992/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="n128864120">{{Cite news |date=1917-05-13 |title=Wonderful Growth of Brooklyn Botanic Garden Shown in Report |pages=32 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-wonderful-growt/128864120/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> and were dedicated on April 19–21, 1917.<ref name="n128863129">{{Cite news |date=1917-04-20 |title=Botanic Garden Is Dedicated |pages=3 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-garden-is-dedicated/128863129/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref name="n128863154">{{Cite news |date=1917-04-22 |title=Get Out and Plant, Says Prof. Button |pages=58 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-get-out-and-pla/128863154/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> The children's building was finished the same year.<ref name="n128864120" /><ref name="The Record (1917) p. 28">{{harvnb||The Record|1917|ps=.|p=28}}</ref> === Operation === Caparn designed most of the BBG's grounds in the botanical garden's first three decades of operation, including the Osborne Garden, Cranford Rose Garden, Magnolia Plaza, and Plant Collection.<ref name="tclf">{{cite web |title=Biography of Harold Caparn |url=http://tclf.org/pioneer/harold-caparn/biography-harold-caparn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031215452/http://tclf.org/pioneer/harold-caparn/biography-harold-caparn |archive-date=October 31, 2014 |access-date=April 28, 2013 |website=The Cultural Landscape Foundation}}</ref> For most of the 20th century, the BBG could not expand because of space constraints, as it spanned only {{Convert|52|acre}}. The BBG initially did not charge admission.<ref name="n128724987">{{Cite news |date=1988-05-15 |title=Glass Houses |pages=214 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-glass-houses/128724987/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref> ==== 1920s to 1940s ==== By the early 1920s, the BBG had 330,000 visitors a year,<ref name="n128864452" /> including over 15,000 students from across Brooklyn.<ref name="n128865358">{{Cite news |date=1920-06-07 |title=Botanic Garden's Work |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/128865358/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> During 1921, BBG staff planted 2,000 lily bulbs within its Lily Pool Terrace,<ref name="nyt-1921-12-11-1">{{Cite news |date=1921-12-11 |title=2,000 Lily Bulbs Planted; Sheltered by Azaleas in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1921/12/11/archives/2000-lily-bulbs-planted-sheltered-by-azaleas-in-the-brooklyn.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="n128865473">{{Cite news |date=1921-12-09 |title=To Cultivate Lilies in Botanic Garden |pages=11 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-to-cultivate-lilies-i/128865473/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> as well as thousands of daffodils and crocus bulbs.<ref name="n128865178">{{Cite news |date=1921-11-13 |title=Botanic Garden News |pages=19 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-news/128865178/ |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> The BBG also planted thousands of [[Aster (genus)|asters]] east of the Laboratory Administration Building.<ref name="n128865473" /><ref name="nyt-1921-12-11-3">{{Cite news |date=1921-12-11 |title=Our Asters Improved Upon; Brooklyn Botanic Garden to Plant American Shoots From England. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1921/12/11/archives/our-asters-improved-upon-brooklyn-botanic-garden-to-plant-american.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Daniel Chester French]] designed the [[Alfred Tredway White Memorial]] for the botanical garden in 1922 following White's death.<ref name="nyt-1922-12-07">{{Cite news |date=1922-12-07 |title=Show White Memorial; Daniel C. French Exhibits His Bas Relief of Brooklyn Philanthropist |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/12/07/archives/show-white-memorial-daniel-c-french-exhibits-his-bas-relief-of.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="n128875717">{{Cite news |date=1922-12-06 |title=Alfred T. White Memorial Model Finished; To Be Cast in Bronze and Placed in Botanic Gardens |pages=24 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-alfred-t-white/128875717/ |access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref> [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] offered to donate $250,000 to the BBG in 1925 on the condition that the botanical garden raise matching funds.<ref name="n128954209">{{Cite news |date=1925-12-05 |title=Conditional $250,000 Gift to Brooklyn Botanic Garden Pledged by Rockefeller, Jr. |pages=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-conditional-250000/128954258/ 2] |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-conditional-250000/128954209/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1925-12-05">{{Cite news |date=1925-12-05 |title=Rockefeller Pledges Botanic Garden Gift; Offers $250,000 for Permanent Fund if Equal Amount Is Raised by Dec. 31, 1926. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1925/12/05/archives/rockefeller-pledges-botanic-garden-gift-offers-250000-for-permanent.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By then, 500,000 people (including 50,000 students) visited the BBG annually, and the BBG gave lectures and classes to another 25,000 people per year.<ref name="p11757326">{{cite news |last=Shuler |first=Marjorie |date=7 Dec 1925 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Source of Both Pleasure and Instruction: Half a Million Persons Visit This Beauty Spot Each Year, While 50,000 School Children Are Taught of Flowers and Shrubs--fund of $250,000 Sought Even Has a Library Are Sure of Outcome Supplies Study Material |page=4A |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|11757326}}}}</ref> The same year, Ernest F. Coe donated 32 [[bonsai]] to allow the BBG to establish its Bonsai Collection,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /> and Henry C. Folger gave the BBG $500 to establish a Shakespeare garden,<ref name="n128956919">{{Cite news |date=1925-03-13 |title=Warmbath Named Taxidermist at Brooklyn Museum |pages=20 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-warmbath-named/128956919/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="n128957624">{{Cite news |date=1925-03-13 |title=Botanic Garden Draws 20,600 Persons in Feb. |pages=36 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-garden-draws-20600/128957624/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> which opened in May 1925.<ref name="n128957484">{{Cite news |date=1925-05-13 |title=Spring Inspection of Botanic Garden; Many New Exhibits |pages=8 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-spring-inspecti/128957484/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> Gager announced in 1927 that the BBG would create a rose garden,<ref name="n128957850">{{Cite news |date=1927-06-24 |title=Botanic Experts Plan Rose Garden |pages=69 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-experts-plan-rose-ga/128957850/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1927-05-22">{{Cite news |date=1927-05-22 |title=Plans New Rose Garden; Brooklyn Botanic Project Will Cover an Acre and Cost $10,000. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/05/22/archives/plans-new-rose-garden-brooklyn-botanic-project-will-cover-an-acre.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> following a $10,000 donation from Walter V. Cranford<ref name="n128957879">{{Cite news |date=1927-06-18 |title=Gift of $10,000 for New Rose Garden |pages=4 |work=Brooklyn Life and Activities of Long Island Society |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-life-and-activities-of-long-isl/128957879/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> (later increased to $15,000).<ref name="n128960567">{{Cite news |date=1928-06-12 |title=Get $15,000 for Big Rose Garden |pages=9 |work=The Herald Statesman |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-statesman-get-15000-for-big/128960567/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The rose garden opened on May 8, 1928,<ref name="nyt-1952-10-15">{{Cite news |date=1952-10-15 |title=Founder and 250 Enthusiasts Mark Cranford Rose Garden's 25th Year |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/10/15/archives/founder-and-250-enthusiasts-mark-cranford-rose-gardens-25th-year.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and was finished that June.<ref name="n128960398">{{Cite news |date=1928-06-17 |title=Open Rose Garden to Public June 24 |pages=62 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-open-rose-garden-to-public-j/128960398/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="n128960787">{{Cite news |date=1928-06-18 |title=Borough's New Rose Garden to Open for Visitors at Botanic Garden June 24; Said to Be One of Finest in the Country |pages=14 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-boroughs-new-rose/128960787/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> An anonymous donor contributed funds for a stone bridge at the BBG in 1928, replacing a wooden bridge across the botanical garden's lake.<ref name="n128961303">{{Cite news |date=1928-12-02 |title=Glacial Boulders Hold Bridge |pages=130 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-glacial-boulders-hold-bridge/128961303/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> [[File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_November_2016_006.jpg|alt=The torii in the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden, Brooklyn Botanic Garden|thumb|The Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was renovated in the early 1930s.]] Gager announced in June 1929 that an ornamental gate designed by McKim, Mead & White would be installed at the BBG's Flatbush Avenue entrance, following a donation from Richard Young.<ref name="n128961538">{{Cite news |date=1929-06-22 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden to Have New Gate |pages=2 |work=Brooklyn Life and Activities of Long Island Society |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-life-and-activities-of-long-isl/128961538/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="n128961709">{{Cite news |date=1929-06-28 |title=New Ornamental Gate for Botanic Garden |pages=33 |work=The Chat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-new-ornamental-gate-for-botanic/128961709/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The next month, BBG trustee Alfred W. Jenkins donated funds for two additional stone "rustic bridges".<ref name="p1111991058">{{cite news |date=14 Jul 1929 |title=Botanic Garden Starts Work on Rustic Bridges: Glacial Bowlder Structures Will Replace Temporary Crossings Over Brook 6 Weeks on Construction Plans Are Drawn for Three More New Entrance Gates |page=A11 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1111991058}}}}</ref><ref name="n128962576">{{Cite news |date=1929-07-14 |title=Botanic Garden Adds 2 Bridges |pages=11 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-garden-adds-2-bridge/128962576/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> By that October, the gate and several new bridges within the BBG were nearly finished;<ref name="n128961996">{{Cite news |date=1929-10-07 |title=New Spans at Boro Botanic Garden Ready |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-new-spans-at-boro-b/128961996/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="n128962106">{{Cite news |date=1929-10-06 |title=Bridges Rise in Garden |pages=96 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-bridges-rise-in-garden/128962106/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> the gate was dedicated in May 1930.<ref name="p1113243605">{{cite news |date=14 May 1930 |title=Brooklyn Receives $17,000 Gift Gate For Botanic Garden: Richard Young, Donor, Makes Presentation Before 1,200 at Spring Inspection |page=21 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1113243605}}}}</ref> During the same time, ten garden seats and eight drinking fountains were donated to the BBG,<ref name="p1113627988">{{cite news |date=23 Mar 1930 |title=Botanic Garden Open Museum, Says Director: Aim Is to Stimulate Interest in Plant Life; Park Use Secondary, He Adds School Service Increased 282.299 Pupils Reached by Brooklyn Institution Brooklyn Rose Garden and New Entrance Gate |page=B13 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1113627988}}}}</ref> and Jenkins agreed to donate a fountain and another rustic bridge in 1930,<ref name="n128963767">{{Cite news |date=1930-06-08 |title=Fountain Given to Botanic Garden |pages=39 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-fountain-given-to-botanic-ga/128963767/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="n128964099">{{Cite news |date=1930-06-09 |title=Botanic Garden Looks Ahead to 1935 With New Projects |pages=5 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-looks/128964099/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The BBG awarded contracts for the construction of a {{Convert|500|by|90|ft|adj=on}} plaza in front of the Laboratory Administration Building in April 1930, more than a decade after plans for the plaza had been drawn up.<ref name="nyt-1930-04-20">{{Cite news |date=1930-04-20 |title=To Build Botanic Plaza; Brooklyn Garden Lets Contract to Complete 10-Year-Old Plan. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/04/20/archives/to-build-botanic-plaza-brooklyn-garden-lets-contract-to-complete.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p1113650289">{{cite news |date=20 Apr 1930 |title=Hanging Plaza Under Way at Botanic Garden: Stone Stairs to Lead From Paths to Long Plot Facing Laboratory Building |page=A13 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1113650289}}}}</ref> Gager also planned to build three other gates, an overlook, a north addition next to the Brooklyn Museum, garden seats, and plantings within the Native Flora Garden.<ref name="n128964643">{{Cite news |date=1930-05-19 |title=Botanic Garden Pictured After Quarter of Century |pages=5 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-pictur/128964643/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The Japanese garden was expanded as well, reopening in 1931.<ref name="p1114478959">{{cite news |date=7 June 1931 |title=Brooklyn Adds Garden Units to Japanese Plot: Oriental Experts Assist in Work at Botanic Center; Bridge Built Over Lake Trees and Shrubs Treated Improved Area Reopened for Public Inspection |page=A13 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1114478959}}}}</ref><ref name="n128965290">{{Cite news |date=1931-06-08 |title=Japanese Garden Is Open Again |pages=7 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-japanese-garden-is-op/128965290/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> In 1933, a redesigned native wildflower garden, the Laboratory Administration Building plaza, and the overlook were completed,<ref name="n128966919">{{Cite news |date=1934-05-20 |title=Botanic Project Half Complete |pages=22 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-project-half-complet/128966919/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> and the BBG Women's Auxiliary donated magnolias to the garden's Magnolia Plaza.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /> [[Civil Works Administration]] (CWA) workers began landscaping the {{Convert|2.5|acre|ha|adj=on}} north addition next to the Brooklyn Museum the same year.<ref name="n128966919" /><ref name="p1114836300">{{cite news |date=20 May 1934 |title=Botanic Garden In Brooklyn to Get New Gate: Eastern Parkway Approach To Be Built for Large Addition, Half Completed C. W. A. Assists Project Annual Report Shows Gain in Attendance for 1933 |page=A20 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1114836300}}}}</ref> The CWA crew also constructed a new entrance to the BBG from Eastern Parkway.<ref name="p1114836300" /> Most of the north addition was completed in 1935; by then, the BBG had 1.35 million annual visitors.<ref name="p1221593147">{{cite news |date=14 Apr 1935 |title=Botanic Garden Income Drops As Needs Rise: Brooklyn Report Reveals 36,560 Gain in Visitors, $7,672 Cut, in Last Year Gager Warns of Crisis Situation Is Serious in Extreme, Says Director |page=26B |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1221593147}}}}</ref><ref name="n128967810">{{Cite news |date=1935-04-15 |title=Botanic Garden's Visitors Increase But Income Drops |pages=2 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-gardens-visitors-in/128967810/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> Afterward, BBG staff planted a formal garden along the north addition, as well as a "wall garden" next to Mount Prospect Park.<ref name="nyt-1935-08-11">{{Cite news |date=1935-08-11 |title=$144,000 WPA Grant Spurs Work in Botanical Garden; Improvement Program, Begun in 1930, Will Be Carried On With U.S. Funds -- Brooklyn Garden Keeps Pace in Development. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/08/11/archives/144000-wpa-grant-spurs-work-in-botanical-garden-improvement-program.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Mrs. Walter V. Cranford donated a Rose Arc Pool to the BBG in 1936.<ref name="n128968485">{{Cite news |date=1936-06-14 |title=Visit Botanic Garden to See New Rose Arc |pages=19 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-visit-botanic-garden-to-see/128968485/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The BBG's Japanese shrine burned down in January 1938;<ref name="nyt-1938-01-26">{{Cite news |date=1938-01-26 |title=Japanese Shrine is Razed by Fire; Enemy of Nation Suspected of Destroying Shinto Temple in Brooklyn Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/01/26/archives/japanese-shrine-is-razed-by-fire-enemy-of-nation-suspected-of.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p1243679687">{{cite news |date=26 Jan 1938 |title=Nippon Shrine Burns Down at Botanic Garden: Brooklyn Firemen Find No Arson, bill the Director Blames Enemy of Japan Blaze There Once Before Japanese Garden Structure Built by Oriental Labor Nippon Shrine in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Razed by Fire |page=3 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1243679687}}}}</ref> the herb garden at the northeast corner of the BBG, planted by the Women's Auxiliary, was dedicated that September.<ref name="n128968870">{{Cite news |date=1938-09-28 |title=Botanic's Herb Garden Opened |pages=11 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanics-herb/128968870/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1938-09-28">{{Cite news |date=1938-09-28 |title=Brooklyn Herb Garden Opens |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/09/28/archives/brooklyn-herb-garden-opens.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Sade Elisabeth Osborne dedicated the Dean Clay Osborne memorial at the BBG in April 1939.<ref name="n128969634">{{Cite news |date=1939-04-20 |title=Botanic Garden Gets Osborne Memorial |pages=10 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/128969634/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The BBG attracted about 1.8 million annual visitors at the beginning of the 1940s with an endowment fund of nearly $1.4 million.<ref name="n128990345" /> The Cherry Esplanade was created in 1941 after the Women's Auxiliary donated<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /> four rows of cherry trees.<ref name="n128989559">{{Cite news |date=1941-05-13 |title=600 Flower Lovers Enjoy 27th Tour of Botanic Garden |pages=8 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-600-flower-love/128989559/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2003-04-25">{{Cite news |last=Brawarsky |first=Sandee |date=2003-04-25 |title=A Beauty as Fleeting as Life |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/25/arts/a-beauty-as-fleeting-as-life.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> An ivy garden was also dedicated the same year.<ref name="n128989559" /><ref name="n128989609">{{Cite news |date=1941-05-14 |title=600 Nature Lovers Stage Inspection of Botanic Garden |pages=4 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-600-nature-love/128989609/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was closed from 1941 to 1947 because of anti-Japanese sentiment during World War II.<ref name="nyt-2003-04-25" /> The BBG rehired McKim, Mead & White in 1942 to design a $200,000 annex to the Laboratory Administration Building, but the annex was not completed because of financial shortfalls.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 3" /> Gager, the BBG's first director, died in 1943<ref name="p1282797944">{{cite news |date=10 Aug 1943 |title=Dr. C. S. Gager, Botanic Garden Director, Dies: Developed Brooklyn Plot From 'East Side Lands' to a National Landmark |page=16 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1282797944}}}}</ref> and was succeeded by [[George S. Avery Jr.]] the following year.<ref name="n129028681">{{Cite news |date=1944-04-20 |title=Dr. G. S. Avery to Direct Boro Botanic Garden |pages=13 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dr-g-s-avery/129028681/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref> Michael Tuch and his wife donated a [[wrought iron]] gate for the BBG's Eastern Parkway entrance in 1945,<ref name="n128993534">{{Cite news |date=1945-08-19 |title=Plans Golden Gate, Wired Music for Botanic Garden |pages=14 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-plans-golden-ga/128993534/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1945-08-12">{{Cite news |date=1945-08-12 |title=Gate Given to Botanic Garden |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1945/08/12/archives/gate-given-to-botanic-garden.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the gate was dedicated in March 1946.<ref name="n128993816">{{Cite news |date=1946-05-15 |title=Dedicate New Gate to Botanic Garden |pages=7 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dedicate-new-ga/128993816/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref> ==== 1950s to 1970s ==== By the early 1950s, Avery planned to expand the BBG's children's garden by {{Convert|1|acre}} by covering the open-cut [[BMT Franklin Avenue Line|Franklin Avenue subway line]].<ref name="p1320079755">{{cite news |date=29 June 1952 |title=Vegetables Grow In Brooklyn, Too: Botanic Garden Seeks More Land for Child Farmers |page=C18 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1320079755}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1951-06-06">{{Cite news |date=1951-06-06 |title=City Urged to Give New Garden Plot; Appeal for Children Made by Botanic Garden's Head to Park Association Group |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/06/06/archives/city-urged-to-give-new-garden-plot-appeal-for-children-made-by.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At the time, the children's garden only had space for 250 plots, but a thousand children wanted to use the children's garden each year.<ref name="p1320079755" /> The BBG accommodated 1.35 million visitors annually, more than the larger [[New York Botanical Garden]] did, but received less funding from the city.<ref name="n129028868">{{Cite news |date=1952-07-06 |title=Botanic Garden Seen Relegated to Stepchild Role |pages=20 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/129028868/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref> The Women's Auxiliary proposed creating a "garden of fragrance" at the BBG in May 1954;<ref name="n129023142">{{Cite news |date=1954-05-16 |title=Blind to Have Own Garden |pages=442 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-blind-to-have-own-garden/129023142/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1954-05-18">{{Cite news |date=1954-05-18 |title=Garden for Blind Set; Project Planned for Brooklyn to Have Signs in Braille |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/05/18/archives/garden-for-blind-set-project-planned-for-brooklyn-to-have-signs-in.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the project was inspired by a British garden for the blind.<ref name="nyt-1954-05-18" /> Construction of the {{convert|1.5|acre|m2|adj=on}} garden, located just north of the Laboratory Administration Building, began in October 1954.<ref name="n129022267">{{Cite news |date=1954-10-15 |title=Start Work on Garden for Blind at Botanic |pages=3 |work=Brooklyn Record |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-record-start-work-on-garden-for/129022267/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref><ref name="p1313680457">{{cite news |date=17 Oct 1954 |title=A Garden For Blind In Brooklyn |page=D16 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1313680457}}}}</ref> The fragrance garden was dedicated in June 1955.<ref name="nyt-1955-06-10">{{Cite news |date=1955-06-10 |title=Garden for the Blind; Brooklyn Plot With Signs in Braille Is Dedicated |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/06/10/archives/garden-for-the-blind-brooklyn-plot-with-signs-in-braille-is.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Elizabeth Van Brunt sold {{convert|223|acre}} of forest at Kitchawan in [[Westchester County, New York]], to the BBG in 1956 for use as a research center.<ref name="nyt-1956-10-20">{{Cite news |date=1956-10-20 |title=Botanic Garden Gets a Big Tract; Westchester Site to Be Used for a Research Station on Cancer Antibiotics Three Goals Listed |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/10/20/archives/botanic-garden-gets-a-big-tract-westchester-site-to-be-used-for-a.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="n129028559">{{Cite news |date=1956-10-25 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Plans Field Station for Research |pages=8 |work=Brooklyn Daily |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-daily-brooklyn-botanic-garden-p/129028559/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref> The BBG planned to move its nursery to Westchester to make way for a {{convert|1|acre|adj=on}} expansion of the children's garden.<ref name="n129028559" /> The research center was dedicated in May 1960.<ref name="n129085727">{{Cite news |date=1960-05-26 |title=Botanic Garden Dedicates 'Lab' |pages=12 |work=The Reporter Dispatch |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-reporter-dispatch-botanic-garden-ded/129085727/ |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> Workers restored the BBG's paths, and added new trees and benches, in 1958 as part of a project designed by Clarence C. Combs.<ref name="nyt-1958-05-19">{{Cite news |last=Schumach |first=Murray |date=1958-05-19 |title=Botanic Garden's Beaten Paths Are Under Repair in Brooklyn |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/05/19/archives/botanic-gardens-beaten-paths-are-under-repair-in-brooklyn.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Local women also volunteered to cultivate the garden after BBG staff went on strike for several months in 1959.<ref name="nyt-1959-06-24">{{Cite news |date=1959-06-24 |title=Volunteers Keeping Struck Botanic Garden Green |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/06/24/archives/volunteers-keeping-struck-botanic-garden-green.html?searchResultPosition&#61;1 |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A [[Shinto shrine]] was dedicated at the BBG's Japanese Garden in 1960,<ref name="nyt-1960-05-02">{{Cite news |date=1960-05-02 |title=Governor of Tokyo Visits Shrine In Japanese Garden in Brooklyn |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/02/archives/governor-of-tokyo-visits-shrine-in-japanese-garden-in-brooklyn.html?searchResultPosition&#61;2 |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> replacing a shrine that vandals had burned down.<ref name="nyt-1975-04-20">{{Cite news |date=1975-04-20 |title=For Garden, a Celebration |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/20/archives/for-garden-a-celebration.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By that October, the BBG had recorded 50 million all-time visitors.<ref name="nyt-1960-10-07">{{Cite news |date=1960-10-07 |title=Botanic Garden Fetes 50,000,000th Visitor |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/10/07/archives/botanic-garden-fetes-50000000th-visitor.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Takuma Paul Tono designed a replica of a stone garden at [[Ryōan-ji]] after the BBG received a private donation in 1961.<ref name="nyt-1961-09-10">{{Cite news |last=Thach |first=Joanna May |date=1961-09-10 |title=Inspired by Japan; Botanic Garden Builds Replica of Ryoanji |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/09/10/archives/inspired-by-japan-botanic-garden-builds-replica-of-ryoanji.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="n129085879">{{Cite news |date=1961-10-13 |title=Search for Rocks to Complete Exhibition |pages=5 |work=Brooklyn Record |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-record-search-for-rocks-to-comp/129085879/ |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> The stone garden, dedicated in May 1963,<ref name="nyt-1963-05-29" /> contained 15 granite stones of varying colors and sizes.<ref name="nyt-1963-05-29">{{Cite news |date=1963-05-29 |title=Rites Inaugurate Japanese Garden; Zen Temple Bell is Sounded at Brooklyn Dedication |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/29/archives/rites-inaugurate-japanese-garden-zen-temple-bell-is-sounded-at.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p913625711">{{cite news |date=12 July 1963 |title=Copy of Ryoanji Temple Garden Opens in Brooklyn |page=17C |work=Newsday |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913625711}}}}</ref> The Native Flora Garden was closed in 1963 due to a lack of funding; it did not reopen for two decades.<ref name="n128728533" /> By the mid-1960s, Avery said the BBG's finances were in decline, as most of the garden's funding came from wealthy benefactors who were moving away from Brooklyn.<ref name="nyt-1965-12-11">{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Theodore |date=1965-12-11 |title=A Cultural Crisis in Brooklyn Is Depicted at Budget Hearing |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/11/archives/a-cultural-crisis-in-brooklyn-is-depicted-at-budget-hearing.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Furthermore, an increase in crime had caused BBG officials to close off most of the botanical garden's exits by the end of the decade,<ref name="nyt-1969-12-12">{{Cite news |last=Burks |first=Edward C. |date=1969-12-12 |title=Museums Seeking Guards To Stem Mounting Crime |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/12/12/archives/museums-seeking-guards-to-stem-mounting-crime.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and litter was beginning to accumulate in the surrounding area.<ref name="n129139888">{{Cite news |last=Ross |first=Edwin |last2=Ross |first2=Frank |date=1971-08-11 |title=Grouse at Garden's Garbage |pages=345 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-grouse-at-gardens-garbage/129139888/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> The BBG had an average of 5,000 daily visitors by the late 1960s.<ref name="nyt-1969-04-13">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Alfred E. |date=1969-04-13 |title=Money Pinch Delays Opening of Zoo |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/04/13/archives/money-pinch-delays-opening-of-zoo.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Avery served as the BBG's director until 1969,<ref name="American Rose Society 1969 p.">{{cite book |author=American Rose Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltRJAAAAYAAJ |title=The American Rose |publisher=American Rose Society |year=1969 |page=5 |issn=1078-5825 |issue=v. 20}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1994-08-082">{{Cite news |last=Pace |first=Eric |date=1994-08-08 |title=George Avery Jr., 92, Former Director Of Botanic Garden |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/08/obituaries/george-avery-jr-92-former-director-of-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and [[Louis B. Martin]] briefly served as the BBG's third director for the next two years, until the beginning of 1972.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1971 p.">{{cite book |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trlPAAAAYAAJ |title=Plants & Gardens |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |year=1971 |page= |access-date=July 30, 2023 |issue=v. 27-28}}</ref> As early as 1971, the city considered allowing the Brooklyn Botanic Garden to charge admission.<ref name="nyt-1971-01-25">{{Cite news |date=1971-01-25 |title=City Considering Zoo, Museum Fees |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/25/archives/city-considering-zoo-museum-fees-cultural-institutions-may-be.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Scholtz]], the BBG's assistant curator of instruction, was appointed as the garden's acting director in 1972<ref name="p148379523">{{cite news |last=Stevenson |first=Tom |date=14 Oct 1973 |title=The Brooklyn Botanic Garden ... 12,000 Plants and One Woman: The Brooklyn Botanic Garden ... 12,000 Plants and One Woman |page=K18 |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|148379523}}}}</ref><ref name="n129141063">{{cite news |date=March 24, 1972 |title=New Garden Director |page=135 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-new-garden-dire/129141063 |access-date=July 30, 2023}}</ref> and officially became the garden's fourth director the next year, making her the first woman to lead a large U.S. botanical garden.<ref name="nyt-1973-02-04">{{Cite news |date=1973-02-04 |title=Botanic Garden Gets Chief |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/04/archives/botanic-garden-gets-chief.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p920968896">{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Bea |date=24 Feb 1973 |title=Woman Director Will Guide Work at Botanic Gardens |page=2B |work=Newsday |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|920968896}}}}</ref> Under Scholtz's leadership, the BBG shifted its focus to its three "outreach stations" in Westchester County and on [[Long Island]], as there was very little space to expand the original garden in Brooklyn. Although public interest in the BBG had grown, the original garden in Brooklyn only employed seven full-time instructors and some part-time instructors.<ref name="nyt-1973-04-15">{{Cite news |last=Schuman |first=Wendy |date=1973-04-15 |title=Chief Gardener in Brooklyn |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/15/archives/chief-gardener-in-brooklyn.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Ryōan-ji stone garden, which had been closed for several years because of a lack of funds, reopened in 1973.<ref name="nyt-1973-06-24">{{Cite news |last=Fischer |first=Muriel |date=1973-06-24 |title=Zen Temple and Gardens Bloom Quietly in Brooklyn |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/06/24/archives/zen-temple-and-gardens-bloom-quietly-in-brooklyn-a-zen-temple-and.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The BBG split from the Brooklyn Institute during the 1970s.<ref name="BD p. 108">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=108}}</ref> The Women's Auxiliary of the BBG launched a docent program, Volunteer Garden Guide, in 1974.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /> Continuing financial problems forced the BBG to close on Mondays starting in 1975 for the first time in its history.<ref name="nyt-1975-06-20">{{Cite news |date=1975-06-20 |title=Metropolitan Briefs |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/20/archives/metropolitan-briefs-bronx-slayer-draws-30year-minimum-botanic.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The change was attributed to the fact that the BBG's annual operating budget had come to exceed $2 million, a two-thirds increase from the $1.2 million budget in 1970, but the city had committed to funding a smaller portion of the BBG's expenses.<ref name="nyt-1975-06-22">{{Cite news |date=1975-06-22 |title=Brooklyn Garden Closing Mondays |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/22/archives/brooklyn-pages-brooklyn-garden-closing-mondays.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The BBG had 800,000 annual visitors by the late 1970s; although this was half the number of visitors that the garden had recorded in the mid-20th century, the BBG was still more popular than comparable botanical gardens.<ref name="n129144607">{{Cite news |last=Forgang |first=Isabel |date=1977-06-06 |title=Globetrotting in Brooklyn's Botanic Garden |pages=249 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-globetrotting-in-brooklyns-b/129144607/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> The Shakespeare Garden reopened in June 1979<ref name="n129151586">{{Cite news |last=Shepard |first=Joan |date=1979-06-21 |title=Four from Bay Ridge graduate from LIU |pages=672 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-four-from-bay-ridge-graduate/129151586/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> after being relocated from its original location near the Children's Garden.<ref name="nyt-1980-06-022">{{Cite news |date=1980-06-02 |title=Shakespeare Gardens Flourish 'Under the Blossom That Hangs on the Bough'; Contains 80 Plants No Qualms About Choices |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/02/archives/shakespeare-gardens-flourish-under-the-blossom-that-hangs-on-the.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==== 1980s and 1990s ==== [[Donald E. Moore]] became the BBG's fifth leader in 1980.<ref name="nyt-1980-06-28">{{Cite news |date=1980-06-28 |title=Donald Moore Named Botanic Garden Head |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/28/archives/donald-moore-named-botanic-garden-head.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="n129152175">{{Cite news |date=1980-06-29 |title=CPR Course Is Offered |pages=202 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-cpr-course-is-offered/129152175/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> Under his tenure, the BBG was expanded, and its membership grew threefold to 25,000.<ref name="nyt-2018-10-11">{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Sam |date=2018-10-11 |title=Donald E. Moore, Who Expanded Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Dies at 90 |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/11/obituaries/donald-moore-dead.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The BBG began allowing events, such as parties and weddings, to be hosted on its grounds in 1982. In the first several months after the policy was implemented, the BBG hosted over 30 weddings.<ref name="nyt-1982-07-23">{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=Ron |date=1982-07-23 |title=City's Bucolic Havens Welcome Weddings |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/23/style/city-s-bucolic-havens-welcome-weddings.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1983, the BBG reopened its native flora garden, which had been closed for twenty years, after hiring a gardener and two assistants.<ref name="n128728533">{{Cite news |date=1983-09-15 |title=Species Go Public |pages=4 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-species-go-public/128728533/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref> By the mid-1980s, the botanical garden had over 600,000 annual visitors, as well as 11,000 members from around the world.<ref name="nyt-1984-05-19" /><ref name="n129154395">{{Cite news |date=1983-07-21 |title=News Briefs |pages=142 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-news-briefs/129154395/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> The BBG also had 15,000 specimens representing 2,000 species.<ref name="nyt-1986-11-14">{{Cite news |last=Yarrow |first=Andrew L. |date=1986-11-14 |title=Brooklyn's Best and Brightest; Woodlands and Exotic Gardens |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/14/arts/brooklyn-s-best-and-brightest-woodlands-and-exotic-gardens.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At that time, the BBG's Palm House and the adjacent wooden greenhouses had become severely deteriorated.<ref name="n129157133">{{Cite news |date=1984-01-09 |title=Garden blooms new showplace |pages=76 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-garden-blooms-new-showplace/129157133/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref><ref name="Canty p. 110">{{harvnb|Canty|1989|ps=.|p=110}}</ref> The Celebrity Path was created in 1985 following a donation from the [[Brooklyn Union Gas Company]].<ref name="New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 1911 a752" /><ref name="n129206258">{{Cite news |date=1987-08-09 |title=Garden Honors New Crop of Brooklyn's Elite |pages=646 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-garden-honors-new-crop-of-bro/129206258/ |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> The BBG announced in 1984 that it would construct a new conservatory and restore the Palm House for $16 million. The city and the BBG would each pay for half of the renovation.<ref name="n129157133" /><ref name="nyt-1984-01-07">{{Cite news |last=Carmody |first=Deirdre |date=1984-01-07 |title=Renovation Planned for Brooklyn Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/07/nyregion/renovation-planned-for-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The conservatory was to be designed by [[Davis Brody Bond|Davis, Brody & Associates]],<ref name="nyt-1988-07-03" /> who were also responsible for renovating the Palm House and Administration Building.<ref name="NY2000">{{cite NY2000|pages=1185}}</ref> Work on the new conservatory commenced in May 1984;<ref name="nyt-1984-05-19">{{Cite news |date=1984-05-19 |title=The City; Expansion Begins At Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/19/nyregion/the-city-expansion-begins-at-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> it was the first major building erected in the BBG since the 1910s.<ref name="nyt-1988-07-03" /> The conservatory replaced three smaller gardens, including the Ryōan-ji stone garden.<ref name="p1832762678">{{Cite magazine |last=Lyman |first=Rick |date=19 May 1988 |title=A $25 Million Garden Blooms in Brooklyn |work=  Philadelphia Inquirer |page=C.1 |id={{Pq|1832762678}}}}</ref> The conservatory's $25 million cost included $3 million from [[Michael Steinhardt|Michael]] and Judith Steinhardt and $11.65 million from the city government.<ref name="nyt-1988-07-03">{{Cite news |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |date=1988-07-03 |title=Architecture View; Glass Houses for Trees That Grow In Brooklyn |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/03/arts/architecture-view-glass-houses-for-trees-that-grow-in-brooklyn.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p277992233">{{cite news |last=Nerl |first=Daryl |date=15 Mar 1988 |title=Building Grows at Botanic Garden New Conservatory to Show Exotic Plants in Their Natural Environment |page=27 |work=Newsday |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|277992233}}}}</ref> The Steinhardt Conservatory was named for the couple in March 1988<ref name="p277992233" /> and opened on May 19, 1988.<ref name="p1832762678" /><ref name="n128724868">{{Cite news |last=Raver |first=Anne |date=1988-05-19 |title=A Trek Through Evolution |pages=234 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-a-trek-through/128724868/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref> The BBG also renovated the Palm House into an education center and event space,<ref name="NY2000" /><ref name="nyt-1988-03-10" /> and it erected an education building with greenhouses, displays, and classrooms.<ref name="p371465007">{{Cite news |date=11 June 1987 |title=Kresge Foundation awards grant to Brooklyn Botanic Garden |page=12 |work=Italian Voice |id={{pq|371465007}}}}</ref> The renovation added {{convert|80,000|ft2}}, more than doubling the amount of space dedicated to displaying plants and exhibits.<ref name="nyt-1988-03-10">{{Cite news |last=Morgan |first=Thomas |date=1988-03-10 |title=Brooklyn's Big Garden Is Growing Bigger |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/10/nyregion/brooklyn-s-big-garden-is-growing-bigger.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A gift shop opened next to the Steinhardt Conservatory in June 1989,<ref name="nyt-1989-06-29">{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Patricia Leigh |date=1989-06-29 |title=Currents; At the Brooklyn Garden, A Growers' Gift Shop |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/29/garden/currents-at-the-brooklyn-garden-a-growers-gift-shop.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and a discovery center sponsored by [[Chase Manhattan Bank]] opened in September 1989.<ref name="p278084191">{{cite news |last=Roach |first=Margaret |date=21 Sep 1989 |title=A New Discovery A Brooklyn Botanic Garden facility offers children an education in gardening and nature |page=5 |work=Newsday |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|278084191}}}}</ref> [[Judith D. Zuk|Judith Zuk]] was named as the BBG's president in 1990 after Moore resigned.<ref name="nyt-1990-07-05">{{Cite news |last=Howe |first=Marvine |date=1990-07-05 |title=Botanic Garden Loses a Leader, Gains a Legacy |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/05/nyregion/botanic-garden-loses-a-leader-gains-a-legacy.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Several of the BBG's gardens were renovated under Zuk's tenure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/06/nyregion/06zuk.html|title=Judith D. Zuk, 55, Who Ran the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Is Dead|last=Martin|first=Douglas|date=September 6, 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 9, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Discovery Garden opened next to the Discovery Center in September 1992,<ref name="n129194306">{{Cite news |date=1992-09-15 |title=Crown Heights/New Garden of Insights |pages=32 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-crown-heightsnew-garden-of-insi/129194306/ |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1992-09-25">{{Cite news |last=Leimbach |first=Dulcie |date=1992-09-25 |title=For Children |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/25/arts/for-children.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the viewing pavilion in the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was renovated in 1993 as part of a larger $1.5 million rehabilitation of the Japanese garden.<ref name="n129194932">{{Cite news |date=1993-08-10 |title=Spotlight |pages=61 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-spotlight/129194932/ |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> In 1996, the garden began charging admission of $3 per adult after cuts in public and private funding and increases in operating costs.<ref name="nyt-1996-01-26">{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=1996-01-26 |title=The Garden In Brooklyn Plans to Levy Entrance Fee |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/26/nyregion/the-garden-in-brooklyn-plans-to-levy-entrance-fee.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="New York Daily News 1996 v102">{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Laura |date=January 30, 1996 |title=A Fee Grows in Brooklyn; Botanic Garden to Charge Admission |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/boroughs/fee-grows-brooklyn-botanic-garden-charge-admission-article-1.722031 |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref> Community groups objected that the admission fee would negatively impact local residents,<ref name="p2632213670">{{Cite news |last=Baillou |first=Charles |date=6 Apr 1996 |title=Botanic Garden Admission Fee Rattles Brooklyn Activists Who Urge Rollback |page=9 |work=New York Amsterdam News |id={{proQuest|2632213670}}}}</ref> but Zuk said the fee would raise at least half a million dollars per year.<ref name="nyt-1996-01-26" /> To attract visitors during the winter, the BBG began hosting [[model train]] displays in late 1998.<ref name="nyt-1998-11-292">{{Cite news |last=Herszenhorn |first=David M. |date=1998-11-29 |title=Little Iron Horses Upstage the Garden Flora |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/29/nyregion/little-iron-horses-upstage-the-garden-flora.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was renovated starting in 1999; the project was supposed to cost $3 million and was funded mostly by the [[New York City Council]].<ref name="nyt-1999-02-21">{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=1999-02-21 |title=Restoring the Glory Of a Japanese Jewel |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/21/nyregion/restoring-the-glory-of-a-japanese-jewel.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The project included repainting the torii, restoring the viewing pavilion and Turtle Island, making the lower level accessible, and planting extra trees.<ref name="n129081764">{{Cite news |last=Shelby |first=Joyce |date=2000-05-24 |title=Japanese Hill & Pond Garden Reopening |pages=461 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-japanese-hill-pond-garden-r/129081764/ |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> The Japanese garden reopened in May 2000.<ref name="n129081764" /><ref name="nyt-2000-06-18">{{Cite news |last=Raver |first=Anne |date=2000-06-18 |title=Travel Advisory; Japanese Garden Restored |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/18/travel/travel-advisory-japanese-garden-restored.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==== 2000s to present ==== [[File:Entrance_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.JPG|alt=Facade of the visitor center on Washington Avenue|thumb|The visitor center on Washington Avenue opened in May 2012.]] When the entrance to the Brooklyn Museum was rebuilt in 2002, some of the BBG's cherry trees had to be cut down.<ref name="n129081556">{{Cite news |last=Allen |first=Michael O. |date=2002-01-24 |title=Museum plan takes root, minus trees |pages=101 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-museum-plan-takes-root-minus/129081556/ |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> The entrance on Eastern Parkway was rebuilt in 2003 at a cost of $2.5 million. The previous entrance had been too narrow and was set back from the street, making it difficult for visitors to see the entrance.<ref name="nyt-2003-11-16">{{Cite news |last=Hevesi |first=Dennis |date=2003-11-16 |title=Postings: A 50-Foot-High Glass Cone; New Entrance To Gardens In Brooklyn |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/16/realestate/postings-a-50-foot-high-glass-cone-new-entrance-to-gardens-in-brooklyn.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The new entrance opened in 2005.<ref name="p219168955">{{cite magazine |last=Kreinin Souccar |first=Miriam |date=Oct 3, 2005 |title=Brooklyn's green thumb |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=21 |issue=40 |page=37 |id={{ProQuest|219168955}}}}</ref> After Zuk retired in 2005,<ref name=":0" /> the Magnolia Plaza was named in her honor,<ref name="Paper 2008 x4152">{{cite web |date=May 2, 2008 |title=Magnificent magnolias – BBG marks 75th anniversary of Judith D. Zuk Plaza |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/magnificent-magnolias-bbg-marks-75th-anniversary-of-judith-d-zuk-plaza/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref><ref name="The New York Sun 2007 g963">{{cite web |date=September 5, 2007 |title=Judith Zuk, 55, President of Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/obituaries-judith-zuk-55-president-of-brooklyn-botanic-garden |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=The New York Sun}}</ref> and [[Scot Medbury]] was selected as president the same year.<ref name="Williamson 2019 l176">{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Alex |date=June 18, 2019 |title='A wild place:' Brooklyn Botanic president looks back on 14 years at the helm |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2019/06/18/scot-medbury-brooklyn-botanic/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref> Medbury planned to build a party room, restaurant, and visitor center; by then, the BBG had 700,000 annual visitors and an operating budget of nearly $15 million.<ref name="p219168955" /> The Cranford Rose Garden was restored in 2006, followed by the C.V. Starr Bonsai Museum the next year.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /> The BBG's Laboratory Building was designated as a city landmark in 2007.<ref name="nyt-2007-03-15">{{Cite web |last=McElroy |first=Steven |date=2007-03-15 |title=Arts, Briefly; Brooklyn Botanic Building Gets Landmark Status |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res&#61;9E00E4DC1E31F936A25750C0A9619C8B63 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> The same year, as part of the Campaign for the Next Century,<ref name="Croghan 2019 x985">{{cite web |last=Croghan |first=Lore |date=November 8, 2019 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden has a new selfie spot (and some new plants too) |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2019/11/08/brooklyn-botanic-garden-has-a-new-selfie-spot-and-some-new-plants-too/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref> the BBG started to raise money for new gardens, entrances, and a visitor center.<ref name="wsj-2011-05-26">{{Cite news |last=West |first=Melanie Grayce |date=2011-05-26 |title=Charlie Hamm's Gift Blooms for Brooklyn Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304520804576345642044521686.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Major donors to the campaign included Charlie and Irene Hamm,<ref name="wsj-2011-05-26" /> the [[Leon Levy Foundation]], the Brooklyn Community Foundation, and the Robert Wilson Charitable Trust.<ref name="Philanthropy News Digest (PND) 2023 g366">{{cite web |date=April 25, 2011 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Receives $7.5 Million Gift |url=https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/brooklyn-botanic-garden-receives-7.5-million-gift |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Philanthropy News Digest}}</ref> The BBG announced in 2009 that it would build a new entrance and visitor center on its northeastern corner, at the intersection of President Street and Washington Avenue. The botanical garden also planned to construct herb, woodland, and water gardens for its centennial.<ref name="Kleinman 2009 r692">{{cite web |last=Kleinman |first=Jacob |date=July 17, 2009 |title=Botanic Garden to get a new face • Brooklyn Paper |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/botanic-garden-to-get-a-new-face/ |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref> The visitor center was originally supposed to be located near the Cherry Walk but was moved to provide a better connection with the surrounding area.<ref name="Dailey 2012">{{cite web |last=Dailey |first=Jessica |date=May 9, 2012 |title=Inside the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's New Visitor Center |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/5/9/10372740/inside-the-brooklyn-botanic-gardens-new-visitor-center |access-date=March 1, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> The BBG relocated its herb garden in 2010,<ref name="Paper 2010 b662">{{cite web |date=February 23, 2010 |title=Festivities celebrating BBG centennial |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/festivities-celebrating-bbg-centennial/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref> and the visitor center opened in May 2012.<ref name="Clark 2012 k355">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Amy Sara |date=May 11, 2012 |title=Sneak Peek at Brooklyn Botanic Garden's Visitor Center |url=https://patch.com/new-york/windsorterrace/sneak-peek-at-brooklyn-botanic-gardens-visitor-center-86809022 |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=Windsor Terrace-Kensington, NY Patch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 17, 2012 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Visitor Center Opens to the Public |url=http://www.archdaily.com/235079/brooklyn-botanic-garden-visitor-center-opens-to-the-public |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119015610/http://www.archdaily.com/235079/brooklyn-botanic-garden-visitor-center-opens-to-the-public/ |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |access-date=December 23, 2012 |publisher=ArchDaily}}</ref> In June 2013, the BBG opened an expansion of its Native Flora Garden.<ref name="nyt-2013-06-12">{{Cite news |last=Raver |first=Anne |date=2013-06-12 |title=Native Flora Garden Opens at Brooklyn Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/13/garden/native-flora-garden-opens-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Geberer 2013 w950">{{cite web |last=Geberer |first=Raanan |date=June 4, 2013 |title=Botanic Garden creates pine barrens, prairie in Brooklyn |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2013/06/04/botanic-garden-creates-pine-barrens-prairie-in-brooklyn/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref> The BBG temporarily suspended its science program that year because of budget cuts and the severe deterioration of the BBG's science center at 109 Montgomery Street.<ref name="nyt-2013-09-22">{{Cite news |last=Foderaro |first=Lisa W. |date=2013-09-22 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Defends Decision to Suspend Science Program |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/23/nyregion/brooklyn-botanic-garden-defends-decision-to-suspend-science-program.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Brooklyn Botanic Garden was one of ten institutions that received the [[National Medal for Museum and Library Service]] in 2014, the centennial of its children's garden.<ref name=nyt-2014-05-08>{{Cite news|last=Schneider|first=Elena|date=2014-05-08|title=Hush Lifted Over Awards for Nation’s Libraries and Museums|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/us/hush-lifted-over-awards-for-nations-libraries-and-museums.html|access-date=2023-07-31|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=wsj-2014-05-16>{{Cite news|last=Bischof|first=Jackie|date=2014-05-16|title=A Century of Happy Weeding at Brooklyn Botanic Garden|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303409004579562232711084704.html|access-date=2023-07-31|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The BBG's Discovery Garden reopened in June 2015 after a renovation designed by [[Michael Van Valkenburgh]].<ref name="nyt-2015-06-11">{{Cite news |last=Raver |first=Anne |date=2015-06-11 |title=Brooklyn Botanic’s New Discovery Garden, Not Just for Kids |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/12/arts/design/brooklyn-botanics-new-discovery-garden-not-just-for-kids.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Hurowitz 2015 d775">{{cite web |last=Hurowitz |first=Noah |date=June 5, 2015 |title=Green day: Botanic Garden opens new and improved kids area |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/green-day-botanic-garden-opens-new-and-improved-kids-area/ |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref> The Water Garden, which was named for Shelby White and Leon Levy after they donated $7.5 million to the BBG,<ref name="wsj-2016-08-24">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Jennifer |date=2016-08-24 |title=Brooklyn’s Botanic Garden Goes on a Water Diet |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/brooklyns-botanic-garden-goes-on-a-water-diet-1472000802 |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> reopened in September 2016 following a restoration.<ref name="Mixson 2016 e375">{{cite web |last=Mixson |first=Colin |date=September 20, 2016 |title=Making the moist of it! Botanic Garden opens wetlands |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/making-the-moist-of-it-botanic-garden-opens-wetlands/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref> The Yellow Magnolia Café opened within the Palm House in 2017.<ref name="nyt-2017-04-11">{{Cite news |last=Fabricant |first=Florence |date=2017-04-11 |title=Yellow Magnolia Café Opens at Brooklyn Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/11/dining/yellow-magnolia-cafe-opens-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Sietsema 2017 n611">{{cite web |last=Sietsema |first=Robert |date=April 17, 2017 |title=Yellow Magnolia Cafe Raises the Bar for Museum Fare in Brooklyn |url=https://ny.eater.com/2017/4/17/15320966/yellow-magnolia-cafe-brooklyn-botanic-garden-rob-newton |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Eater NY}}</ref> In 2018, the BBG announced that it would re-landscape a hill leading to the Robert W. Wilson Overlook,<ref name="Mixson 2018 j381">{{cite web |last=Mixson |first=Colin |date=May 23, 2018 |title=Growing up: Botanic Garden will transform overlooked ‘Overlook’ into inviting incline |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/growing-up-botanic-garden-will-transform-overlooked-overlook-into-inviting-incline/ |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref><ref name="Wong 2018 c026">{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Pamela |date=June 7, 2018 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Breaks Ground On New Overlook |url=https://bklyner.com/brooklyn-botanic-garden-breaks-ground-on-new-overlook/ |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Bklyner}}</ref> which was rededicated in November 2019.<ref name="Croghan 2019 j063">{{cite web |last=Croghan |first=Lore |date=November 8, 2019 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden has a new selfie spot (and some new plants too) |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2019/11/08/brooklyn-botanic-garden-has-a-new-selfie-spot-and-some-new-plants-too/ |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref><ref name="Spivack 2019 r181">{{cite web |last=Spivack |first=Caroline |date=November 18, 2019 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden unveils sculptural path with scenic vista |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/11/18/20970823/brooklyn-botanic-garden-new-path-views |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> The Elizabeth Scholtz Woodland Garden, named in honor of the BBG's former director, also opened the same year.<ref name="Croghan 2019 j063" /><ref name="Davidson 2019 h862" /> After a high-rise tower development was announced next to the BBG at 960 Franklin Avenue, the BBG protested the project in 2019;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.amny.com/news/brooklyn-botanic-garden-shadows-1.34466573|title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden's 'Fight for Sunlight' protests Crown Heights building proposal|last=Brown|first=Nicole|date=July 31, 2019|work=AM New York|access-date=October 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026165833/https://www.amny.com/news/brooklyn-botanic-garden-shadows-1.34466573/|archive-date=October 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mixson 2019 u928">{{cite web |last=Mixson |first=Colin |date=February 27, 2019 |title=No grow: Botanic Garden bigwigs double down on opposition to proposed Franklin Ave megadevelopment |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/no-grow-botanic-garden-bigwigs-double-down-on-opposition-to-proposed-franklin-ave-megadevelopment/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref> the towers were canceled after city officials rejected the project.<ref name="Cifuentes 2022 g726">{{cite web |last=Cifuentes |first=Kevin |date=November 7, 2022 |title=960 Franklin Avenue Project by Brooklyn Botanic Garden Sold |url=https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2022/11/07/controversial-project-site-by-brooklyn-botanic-garden-sold/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=The Real Deal}}</ref> The BBG was closed temporarily from March to August 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City]].<ref name="Clark 2020 z244">{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Roger |date=August 7, 2020 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden is Back in Business |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/brooklyn/coronavirus-blog/2020/08/06/brooklyn-botanic-garden-with-timed-entry-tickets--social-distancing-in-effect |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Spectrum News NY1}}</ref><ref name="Verde 2020 c336">{{cite web |last=Verde |first=Ben |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden to reopen August 7 |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/brooklyn-botanic-garden-to-reopen-august-7/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref> Former city parks commissioner [[Adrian Benepe]] was selected as the BBG's eighth president in late 2020, after Medbury resigned.<ref name="Verde 2020 y707">{{cite web |last=Verde |first=Ben |date=September 15, 2020 |title=Former Parks chief tapped to head Brooklyn Botanic Garden • Brooklyn Paper |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/brooklyn-botanic-garden-adrian-benepe/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Paper}}</ref> == Location and geography == The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is in the central part of the [[Boroughs of New York City|New York City borough]] of [[Brooklyn]], on the border of the [[Park Slope]], [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]], and [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] neighborhoods. It occupies much of the city block bounded by Eastern Parkway to the north, Washington Avenue to the east, Empire Boulevard to the south, and Flatbush Avenue to the southwest.<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web |title=1000 Flatbush Avenue, 11225 |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/3/1183/1 |access-date=March 20, 2020 |publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> The BBG shares a large city block with Brooklyn's [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Central Library]], [[Mount Prospect Park]], and the [[Brooklyn Museum]] to the west and north.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/01001446.pdf |title=Brooklyn Public Library, Central Building |date=January 11, 2002 |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]] |page=3 |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623201336/https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/01001446.pdf |archive-date=June 23, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The far southeastern corner of the block contains the Brooklyn Central Office, Bureau of Fire Communications, at 35 Empire Boulevard.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peck|first=Richard|date=1975-03-02|title=Old Firehouses Clang in the Past|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/02/archives/old-firehouses-clang-in-the-past-citys-old-firehouses-are-clanging.html|access-date=2023-07-31|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The BBG covers {{Convert|52|acre}},<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /><ref name="Durham National Geographic Society (U.S.) Shaw Hannafin 2015 p. 213">{{cite book |last=Durham |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBknBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |title=National Geographic Traveler - New York |author2=National Geographic Society (U.S.) |last3=Shaw |first3=P. |last4=Hannafin |first4=M. |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4262-1360-1 |series=National Geographic traveler |page=213}}</ref>{{Efn|The [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] gives a conflicting figure of {{convert|47.57|acre}},<ref name="New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 1911 a752"/> and some sources round the area to {{convert|50|acre}}.<ref name="n129144607" />}} making it much smaller than the [[New York Botanical Garden]], which covers {{Convert|250|acre}}.<ref name="n129144607" /> {{As of|2015}}, the BBG has over 14,000 plant species.<ref name="ENR 2015 l894">{{cite web |date=November 11, 2015 |title=Best Small Project: South Garden Undergoes Renovation |url=https://www.enr.com/articles/37913-best-small-project-south-garden-undergoes-renovation |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Engineering News-Record}}</ref> Approximately 17,000 years ago the [[terminal moraine]] of the receding [[Last glacial period#Wisconsin glaciation, in North America|Wisconsin Glacier]] that formed [[Long Island]], known as the [[Harbor Hill Moraine]], established a string of hills and [[Kettle (landform)|kettles]] as well as a lower lying [[outwash plain]].<ref name="nycsign">{{cite web |date=December 7, 2001 |title=Prospect Park: Wetlands of New York City |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11760 |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]}}</ref><ref name="USGS62">{{cite web |year=2004 |title=NYC Regional Geology: 62 Prospect Park |url=http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/parks/loc62.htm |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> Mount Prospect (or Prospect Hill), near the intersection of [[Flatbush Avenue (Brooklyn)|Flatbush Avenue]] and [[Eastern Parkway (Brooklyn)|Eastern Parkway]], is one of the tallest hills in Brooklyn, rising 200 feet (61&nbsp;m) above sea level.<ref name="Tate 2015 p. 220">{{cite book |last=Tate |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xPwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |title=Great City Parks |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-61298-8 |page=218 |access-date=January 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="USGS">{{cite map|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]|title=Brooklyn (NY) Topographical Map|url=https://prd-tnm.s3.amazonaws.com/StagedProducts/Maps/USTopo/PDF/NY/NY_Brooklyn_20130328_TM_geo.pdf|date=2013|access-date=January 19, 2019}}</ref> As a result of the Wisconsin glaciation, there were a large number of rock [[Outcropping|outcroppings]] on the site prior to the BBG's development.<ref name="n128966347" /><ref name="Gager p. 341">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=341}}</ref> The northwestern and eastern edges of the site contained outcroppings, while the rest of the site was in an [[overwash]] plain.<ref name="Gager p. 341" /> Boulders from the site were used in the rock garden, the native flora garden, bridges and dams across the artificial brook, and pedestals for various memorial tablets.<ref name="n128966347">{{Cite news |date=1932-07-03 |title=Noah's Flood Missed Brooklyn, Says Botanic Garden Record |pages=7 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-noahs-flood-missed-brooklyn/128966347/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> A brook runs across the garden from the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden in the north to the Shelby White and Leon Levy Water Garden in the south. Water from the Water Garden flowed into a storm drain prior to 2019, when the Water Conservation Project was completed. As a result of the project, water from the Water Garden is recirculated to the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden.<ref name="MVVA 2020 s619">{{cite web |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.mvvainc.com/projects/brooklyn-botanic-garden |access-date=July 31, 2023 |publisher=Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates Inc}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt 2019 u669">{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Sarah |date=April 18, 2019 |title=The Water Conservation Project Is Open |url=https://www.bbg.org/article/water_conservation_project_is_open |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> This project was intended to save over {{Convert|21|e6gal|L|sp=us}} of water per year,<ref name="Mixson 2016 e375" /><ref name="wsj-2016-08-24" /> reducing by 95 percent the amount of water that the brook drew from the [[New York City water supply system]].<ref name="wsj-2016-08-24" /> === Entrances === [[File:BBG_south_gate_jeh.jpg|left|thumb|Entrance on Flatbush Avenue]] The Brooklyn Botanic Garden contains three entrances.<ref name="nyt-2012-05-08">{{Cite news |last=Nobel |first=Philip |date=2012-05-08 |title=At Garden’s Visitor Center, a Welcome Transparency |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/09/arts/design/a-new-visitor-center-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The southwest entrance, at Flatbush Avenue near Empire Boulevard, is near the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[Prospect Park station (BMT lines)|Prospect Park station]].<ref name="BD p. 108">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=108}}</ref> McKim, Mead & White designed an Italian Renaissance Revival-style gate at Flatbush Avenue. The gate measures {{convert|20|ft}} tall by {{convert|23|ft}} wide and is made of brick and limestone. It contains three arches measuring {{convert|6.75|ft}} deep, with a large central arch flanked by smaller entry and exit arches.<ref name="n128961538" /><ref name="n128961709" /> Three similar arches were proposed, one on Eastern Parkway and two on Washington Avenue, but were never built.<ref name="n128961538" /><ref name="n128961709" /> In the early 21st century, a visitor center was added next to the Flatbush Avenue entrance.<ref name="ARO Architecture Research Office 2019 b321">{{cite web |date=January 8, 2019 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.aro.net/brooklyn-botanic-garden/ |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=ARO Architecture Research Office}}</ref> The northern entrance on Eastern Parkway is adjacent to the [[Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum station]]'s entrance.<ref name="BD p. 108" /> Prior to 2003,<ref name="nyt-2003-11-16" /> it contained a decorative metal gate dating from 1946.<ref name="n128993816" /><ref name="BD p. 108" /> The gate contained plaques symbolizing three major crops, namely rice, maize, and wheat. In addition, there were vertical reliefs that symbolize plant evolution.<ref name="BD p. 108" /> The entrance was rebuilt in 2003 with a {{convert|16|ft|m|-wide|adj=mid}} stainless-steel gate flanked by {{convert|12|ft|m|-high|adj=mid}} curved steel walls. The new entrance, designed by [[James Polshek]], also contains a {{convert|50|ft|m|-high|adj=mid}} cast-glass cone, as well as an embankment with information and ticket kiosks.<ref name="nyt-2003-11-16" /> Just within the entrance, there are boulders from New Jersey on either side of the path, as well as an overhanging birch branch.<ref name="BD p. 108" />[[File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_003.jpg|thumb|The deck above the visitor center on Washington Avenue]] The eastern entrance on Washington Avenue abuts the Brooklyn Museum's parking lot.<ref name="BD p. 108" /> This entrance contains the Diane H. and Joseph S. Steinberg Visitor Center, designed by Weiss/Manfredi,<ref name="wsj-2012-05-15">{{Cite news |last=Iovine |first=Julie V. |date=2012-05-15 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Visitor Center |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304192704577404233149416726.html |access-date=2023-07-26 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref name="New York Magazine 2019 a329">{{cite web |last=Davidson |first=Justin |date=May 3, 2012 |title=When the House Is the Yard |url=https://nymag.com/arts/architecture/features/brooklyn-botanic-garden-2012-5/ |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=New York Magazine}}</ref> and faces the botanical garden's northeastern corner.<ref name="nyt-2012-05-08" /> The structure is accessed by a set of stairs, which lead to a concrete plaza with a rock garden on its northern border (abutting the Brooklyn Museum's parking lot).<ref name="nyt-2012-05-08" /> The visitor center's Washington Avenue facade is made of concrete and glass, with a [[Gable roof|gabled copper roof]], while the northern and southern facades of the visitor center are curved.<ref name="wsj-2012-05-15" /><ref name="nyt-2012-05-08" /> The interior consists of a rectangular pavilion to the east, which houses the gift shop, and a {{Convert|480|ft|4=-long|adj=mid}} curving pavilion to the west, with kitchens, event spaces, offices, and exhibits.<ref name="wsj-2012-05-15" /> The visitor center has a sloped [[green roof]],<ref name="New York Magazine 2019 a329" /> covering {{convert|10000|ft2}}.<ref name="Dailey 2012" /><ref name="nyt-2012-05-08" /> The structure is heated by a [[ground source heat pump]] system.<ref name="Dailey 2012" /> ==Specialty gardens and collections== === Osborne Garden === [[File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_20200911_-_03_-_Osborne_Garden.jpg|thumb|The Osborne Garden as seen from its southern end|left]] At the extreme north end of the BBG, just south of the Eastern Parkway entrance,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map">{{cite web |title=Garden Map |url=https://www.bbg.org/map |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> is the Osborne Garden, a {{convert|3|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[Italian garden|Italian-style garden]] that features pergolas.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Osborne Garden">{{cite web |title=Osborne Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/osborne_garden |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> The Osborne Garden also contains a memorial with four columns, a fountain, sinks, and seats.<ref name="n128969634" /><ref name="BD p. 108" /> The columns are arranged in two pairs, one each at the northern and southern end. Each set of columns is [[Fluted column|fluted]] and is {{Convert|35|ft}} high, with ginkgo leaves inscribed into the pedestals of each column. There is a stone flower bed between the northern and southern pairs of columns, which originally served as a reflecting pool.<ref name="BD pp. 108–110">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|pp=108–110}}</ref> The fountain is located near the southern pair of columns and is surrounded by limestone benches, which are arranged in a semicircle. The benches are nicknamed the "whispering chairs" because people sitting on the benches at either end can hear each other clearly when they whisper.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Osborne Garden" /><ref name="BD p. 110">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=110}}</ref> A staircase at the south end of the Osborne Garden descends to the Louisa Clark Spencer Lilac Collection.<ref name="BD p. 110" /> ===Native Flora Garden=== [[File:Fall In the Native Flora Garden.jpg|thumb|right|Native Flora Garden Expansion]] The Native Flora Garden, formerly the Local Flora Section,<ref name="nyt-1986-11-14" /> opened in 1911 and is located at the BBG's northwestern corner, just southwest of the Osborne Garden.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> It was the first of its kind in North America. It was originally a wildflower planting but was redesigned in 1931 as a woodland habitat with plants native to the New York metropolitan area.<ref name="n128728533" /><ref name="bbgnfg">{{cite web |title=Native Flora Garden History |url=http://www.bbg.org/discover/gardens/native_flora_garden#/tabs-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228114344/http://www.bbg.org/discover/gardens/native_flora_garden#/tabs-2 |archive-date=December 28, 2014 |access-date=December 9, 2014 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> The 1931 redesign divided the Native Flora Garden into eight sections, each corresponding to a different "ecological zone".<ref name="n128728533" /><ref name="BD pp. 112–114">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|pp=112–114}}</ref> The Native Flora Garden was closed from 1963 to 1983 due to a lack of funding.<ref name="n128728533" /> Until the 2000s, the Native Flora Garden's ecological zones consisted of a [[Serpentinite|serpentine]] rock formation, a [[kettle pond]] with dry meadow, a [[bog]], a limestone ledge, a [[pine barrens]], a wet meadow, and a deciduous woodland.<ref name="nyt-2013-06-12" /><ref name="BD pp. 112–114" /> The garden was expanded in the late 2000s and early 2010s to provide space for local plants that were shaded out by the original garden's mature canopy. In 2013, the Native Flora Garden was expanded with a new landscape that was designed by [[Darrel Morrison]].<ref name="nyt-2013-06-12" /><ref name="Geberer 2013 w950" /> The expansion has a [[tallgrass prairie]], dry meadow, pine barrens, kettle pond, and a wooden bridge.<ref name="bbgnfgnews">{{cite web |title=Native Flora Garden Expansion |url=http://www.bbg.org/news/native_flora_garden_expansion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318232340/http://www.bbg.org/news/native_flora_garden_expansion |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=December 9, 2014 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> There are over 15,000 specimens within the older Native Flora Garden and the expansion.<ref name="Geberer 2013 w950" /><ref name="Sharp 2013 y110">{{cite web |last=Sharp |first=Sonja |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Stresses 'Locally Grown' in Native Flora Expansion |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20130610/prospect-heights/brooklyn-botanic-garden-stresses-locally-grown-native-flora-expansion |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=DNAinfo New York}}</ref> ===Cranford Rose Garden=== [[File:Bbg Rosegarden.jpg|thumb|Cranford Rose Garden]]The Cranford Rose Garden is in the northern section of the BBG, between the Cherry Esplanade to the east and the Native Flora Garden to the west.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> In 1927, Walter V. Cranford, a [[construction engineer]] whose firm built many of Brooklyn's subway tunnels, donated $15,000 to BBG for a rose garden.<ref name="n128957879" /><ref name="n128959955">{{Cite news |date=1928-04-30 |title=Cranford Gift to Boro Ready for Inspection |pages=14 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-cranford-gift-to-bo/128959955/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> The Cranford Rose Garden was designed by landscape architect Harold Caparn and BBG horticulturist Montague Free<ref name="n128960398" /> and was finished in 1928.<ref name="New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 1911 a752">{{cite web |date=May 13, 1911 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Highlights : NYC Parks |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/brooklynbotanicgarden/history |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation}}</ref> The garden originally measured {{convert|500|by|93|ft}} across and contained 15 beds with 3,000 total roses, each bed being surrounded by wooden trellis panels.<ref name="n128959955" /><ref name="wsj-2006-06-21">{{Cite news |last=Rossi |first=Lisa |date=2006-06-21 |title=A Glorious Garden of Roses Grows in Brooklyn |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115084404198585652 |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The varieties of roses were originally arranged in chronological order, with older varieties to the north and newer varieties to the south. There was also a pavilion and a pergola, as well as a triangle south of the pavilion with space for historical roses.<ref name="n128959955" /> During the late 20th century, it was the United States' third-largest rose garden that was open to the public.<ref name="p1037915186" /><ref name="n129144607" /> At the time, the Cranford Rose Garden had 5,000 bushes representing 900 varieties.<ref name="nyt-1976-07-14">{{Cite news |last=Langer |first=Richard W. |date=1976-07-14 |title=Two Botanical Remedies For New York's Tumult |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/14/archives/two-botanical-remedies-for-new-yorks-tumult.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Many of the original plants were still in the garden in the early 21st century.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Rose Garden">{{cite web |title=Rose Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/rose_garden |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref><ref name="BD p. 118">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=118}}</ref> A 2001 guidebook cited the Cranford Rose Garden as having 1,200 varieties of roses.<ref name="BD p. 118" /> The garden features many varieties of roses including the [[Rosa 'Knock Out'|Knock Out rose]], the [[Julia Child rose]], and the [[Rosa 'Harison's Yellow'|Yellow Rose of Texas]].<ref name="wsj-2006-06-21" /> In addition, there are numerous [[All-America Rose Selections]].<ref name="BD pp. 118–119">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|pp=118–119}}</ref> ===Cherry trees=== [[File:Bbg cherry esplande.jpg|thumb|Cherry Esplanade|left]] The Brooklyn Botanic Garden has more than 200 [[cherry]] trees of forty-two Asian species and cultivated varieties.<ref name="CherryWatch">{{cite web |title=Cherry Blossoms at BBG – CherryWatch |url=http://www.bbg.org/collections/cherries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324145416/http://www.bbg.org/collections/cherries |archive-date=March 24, 2016 |access-date=March 25, 2016 |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> Depending on weather conditions, the Asian flowering cherries bloom from late March or early April to mid-May. The many species flower at slightly different times.<ref name="CherryWatch" /> The BBG first planted cherry trees in 1921 as part of its Cherry Walk in the Hill-and-Pond Garden,<ref name="nyt-1995-04-20">{{Cite news |last=Yang |first=Linda |date=1995-04-20 |title=Garden Q.& A. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/20/garden/garden-q-a.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="NBC News 2013 c069">{{cite web |date=April 10, 2013 |title=How Cherry Blossoms Came into Budding US Popularity |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna51494836 |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=NBC News}}</ref> which had 30 trees.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1950 p.">{{cite book |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9c4AQAAIAAJ |title=Plants & Gardens |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |year=1950 |page=34 |issue=v. 6-7}}</ref> The Cherry Esplanade, in the north-central portion of the BBG,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> features two rows of cherry trees.<ref name="p285383018">{{cite news |last=Himmel |first=Eric |date=8 Aug 1986 |title=Gardens Of Earthly Delight |page=1 |work=Newsday |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|285383018}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2003-04-25" /> There are 76 trees on the Cherry Esplanade, which were planted in 1941.<ref name="nyt-2003-04-25" /> There is a {{Convert|7.25|ft|adj=on}}-high limestone fountain in the Cherry Esplanade, which consists of a circular limestone bowl above a {{convert|28.5|ft|m|-wide|adj=mid}} concrete water basin.<ref name="n128964486">{{Cite news |date=1930-06-08 |title=Fountain and Span to Botanic Garden |pages=7 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-fountain-and-span-to-botanic/128964486/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="n128964099" /> The southern end of the esplanade contains the Rose Arc Pool, consisting of three beds of roses arranged in a semicircle.<ref name="n128968485" /> ===Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden=== [[File: Bridge to Eden.jpg|thumb|Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden]] BBG's Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden is at the northeast corner, east of the Cherry Esplanade.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> It was one of the first [[Japanese garden]]s to be created in an American botanic garden, and reportedly the first one to be accessible free of charge.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1">{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of BBG |url=https://www.bbg.org/about/history |access-date=January 13, 2020 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0jRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT117|title=Quiet Beauty: The Japanese Gardens of North America|last1=Brown|first1=K.H.|last2=Cobb|first2=D.M.|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4629-1186-8|series=NONE|pages=117–118|access-date=January 13, 2020}}</ref> It was constructed for $13,000, a gift of early BBG benefactor and trustee [[Alfred Tredway White]],<ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117" /> and it first opened to the public in June 1915.<ref name="n128816577" /><ref name="n128856799" /> The garden was created by Japanese landscape designer [[Takeo Shiota]].<ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117" /><ref name="BBG 2015 e949">{{cite web |date=November 24, 2015 |title=BBG’s Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden: A History |url=https://www.bbg.org/article/bbgs_japanese_hill_and_pond_garden_a_history |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref><ref name="BD p. 129">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=129}}</ref> Shiota never fully documented his design before his death in 1943, and various renovations over the years have modified Shiota's original plans for the Japanese Garden.<ref name="nyt-1999-02-21" /><ref name="BD p. 132">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=132}}</ref> The {{convert|3|acre|ha|adj=on}} garden contains three hills signifying earth, heaven, and humanity; a waterfall; and an island, all of which were artificially constructed. There are also rocks.<ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Japanese Garden at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden|date=July 26, 1930|work=Brooklyn Life|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-life-and-activities-of-long-isl/42222209/ |pages=5, [https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/42222130/ 12] |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1928-11-04">{{Cite news |date=1928-11-04 |title=A Japanese Garden in Brooklyn |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/11/04/archives/a-japanese-garden-in-brooklyn.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The garden also contains a curved pond; although it is commonly cited as being shaped after the Chinese character for "heart", the pond predates the BBG.<ref name="nyt-2000-05-18">{{Cite news |last=Raver |first=Anne |date=2000-05-18 |title=Human Nature; Revealing a Japanese Garden As Serene Melting Pot |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/18/garden/human-nature-revealing-a-japanese-garden-as-serene-melting-pot.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Among the architectural elements of the garden are wooden bridges, [[stone lantern]]s, a viewing pavilion, a ''[[torii]]'' (gateway), and a [[Shinto]] shrine.<ref name="BBG 2015 e949" /><ref name="BD p. 132" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/42219429/|title=Replica of Japanese Garden a Feature of Brooklyn Botanical Display|date=July 10, 1915|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=January 13, 2020|page=13|via=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com}}</ref> The pond is filled with hundreds of Japanese [[koi fish]] that visitors can view at the torii or along the garden's trail.<ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117" /> The center of the pond contains Turtle Island, a small rock that contains a granite lantern.<ref name="BD p. 132" /> There is also a Japanese temple dedicated to [[Inari (god)|Inari]], the fox [[kami]].<ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117" /><ref name="BD p. 129" /> A {{convert|10|ft|m|-high|adj=mid}} [[shogun]] lantern, installed in 1980, celebrates the fact that Tokyo is a [[List of sister cities in New York#N|sister city of New York City]].<ref name="BD p. 129" /> The brook from this garden leads through several other parts of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, terminating at the Water Garden.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens|title=Gardens & Conservatories|website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden|language=en|access-date=January 13, 2020}}</ref> The shrine was burned down in 1938<ref name="nyt-1938-01-26" /><ref name="p1243679687" /> and rebuilt in the 1960s.<ref name="nyt-2003-04-25" /><ref name="BD p. 132" /> The viewing pavilion, burned down in 1948, was rebuilt in 1963.<ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117" /> The Japanese Garden was renamed the Oriental Garden during World War II<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/42223591/|title=Jaunt Along the Waterfront|date=May 9, 1951|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=January 13, 2020|page=21|via=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com}}</ref> and restored in 1950.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42223516/|title=Crown Queen Tomorrow in Botanic Garden|date=April 30, 1950|work=New York Daily News|access-date=January 13, 2020|page=613|via=newspapers.com}}</ref> The Japanese Garden was restored again in 2000 for $3&nbsp;million;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/18/travel/travel-advisory-japanese-garden-restored.html|title=TRAVEL ADVISORY; Japanese Garden Restored|last=Raver|first=Anne|date=June 18, 2000|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 13, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Brown Cobb 2013 p. 117" /> the project was recognized with the [[New York Landmark Conservancy]]'s 2001 Preservation Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/about/awards.page|title=Awards - Department of Design and Construction|website=www1.nyc.gov|access-date=January 13, 2020}}</ref> ===Shakespeare Garden=== A donation from [[Henry Clay Folger]], founder of the [[Folger Shakespeare Library]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], led to the construction of BBG's original [[Shakespeare garden|Shakespeare Garden]] in 1925.<ref name="New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 1911 a752" /><ref name="Nast 2016 o969">{{cite web |last=Borrelli-Persson |first=Laird |date=June 24, 2016 |title=How to Plant Your Own Shakespeare Garden to Mark the Bard's 400th Anniversary |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/william-shakespeare-garden-anniversary |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=Vogue}}</ref> The Shakespeare Garden was relocated in 1979 because the original garden had been overshadowed by [[Austrian pine|Austrian pines]].<ref name="BD p. 127">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=127}}</ref> The modern-day Shakespeare Garden, sited just east of the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> is one of two in New York City, the other being in [[Central Park]].<ref name="Nast 2016 o969" /><ref name="nyt-1980-06-02">{{Cite news |date=1980-06-02 |title=Shakespeare Gardens Flourish 'Under the Blossom That Hangs on the Bough'; Contains 80 Plants No Qualms About Choices |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/02/archives/shakespeare-gardens-flourish-under-the-blossom-that-hangs-on-the.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This English [[cottage garden]] has more than 80 plants that are mentioned in [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays and poems.<ref name="nyt-1980-06-02" /><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Shakespeare Garden">{{cite web |title=Shakespeare Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/shakespeare_garden |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> Plants are labeled with their labels common, Latin and Shakespearean names, relevant quotations, and in some cases a graphic representation of the plant. Some of the specimens in the BBG's Shakespeare Garden were not mentioned in Shakespeare's work but were planted because they were suited to the [[climate of New York City]].<ref name="BD pp. 126–127">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|pp=126–127}}</ref> ===Alice Recknagel Ireys Fragrance Garden=== [[File:Fragrance_Garden_-_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_Brooklyn,_NY_-_DSC07926.JPG|left|thumb|The Fragrance Garden]] Next to the Shakespeare Garden, just north of the Laboratory Administration Building, is the Fragrance Garden, which has [[braille]] information signs for visitors with [[vision impaired|impaired vision]].<ref name="p1037915186" /><ref name="BD p. 127" /> It was created in 1955<ref name="nyt-1955-06-10" /> by landscape architect [[Alice Recknagel Ireys]].<ref name="nyt-2000-12-17">{{Cite news |last=Deitz |first=Paula |date=2000-12-17 |title=Alice Ireys, 89, Dies; Designed Elegant Landscapes Bridging Traditions |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/17/nyregion/alice-ireys-89-dies-designed-elegant-landscapes-bridging-traditions.html |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Dümpelmann Beardsley 2015 p. 265">{{cite book |last=Dümpelmann |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7WgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT265 |title=Women, Modernity, and Landscape Architecture |last2=Beardsley |first2=J. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-55654-1 |page=265 |access-date=July 28, 2023}}</ref> The Fragrance Garden was the first in the U.S. to be designed for the vision-impaired.<ref name="TCLF 2013 o798">{{cite web |date=May 6, 2013 |title=Alice Recknagel Ireys |url=https://www.tclf.org/pioneer/alice-recknagel-ireys |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=TCLF}}</ref> Visitors are encouraged to rub the fragrant or pleasingly textured leaves of the plants between their fingers.<ref name="BD p. 127" /><ref name="n129025124">{{Cite news |date=1955-10-04 |title=Sorority Party Will Benefit Garden for Sightless People |pages=29 |work=Newsday (Nassau Edition) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-sorority-party/129025124/ |access-date=2023-07-28}}</ref> There are four themed sections in the garden; plants to touch, plants with scented leaves, plants with fragrant flowers, and kitchen herbs. The garden is wheelchair-accessible, and all planting beds are at high enough for people in wheelchairs to touch. There is also a fountain that is used as a washbasin.<ref name="BD pp. 127–128">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|pp=127–128}}</ref> ===Children's Garden=== [[File:BBG Children's Garden.jpg|thumb|Children's Garden at Brooklyn Botanic Garden]]The BBG Children's Garden, at the southeastern corner,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> is one of the world's oldest children's gardens.<ref name="Oldfield 2010 p." /> It was opened in 1914 under the direction of BBG educator [[Ellen Eddy Shaw]]<ref name="n128815980" /> and was initially divided into plots measuring {{cvt|8|by|10|ft}} or {{Cvt|10|by|12|ft}}.<ref name="p511580475">{{cite news |date=4 May 1925 |title=Gardening Taught Brooklyn Children |page=13 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|511580475}}}}</ref> The Children's Garden has historically taught 200 to 300 children per season.<ref name="n129144607" /><ref name="nyt-1971-07-11" /> Youth grow vegetables rather than flowers. A BBG staff member quoted in 1971 said that "a variety of vegetables provides a greater range of examples of plant growth than flowers; many kinds grow quickly; and they provide a substantial and tangible reward for a child's labor".<ref name="nyt-1971-07-11">{{Cite news |date=1971-07-11 |title=Green Thumbs Grow in the Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/11/archives/green-thumbs-grow-in-the-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By the 2010s, the Children's Garden attracted 1,000 youth per year.<ref name="wsj-2014-05-16" /> The Children's Garden continues to operate as a [[community garden]] for children<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Childrens Garden">{{cite web |title=Children’s Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/childrens_garden |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> and is open to GAP interns and to children between 2 and 17 years of age.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Childrens Garden" /> It also has a [[compost]] area that is maintained by the GAP interns and staff.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Composting">{{cite web |title=BBG’s Guide to Composting |url=https://www.bbg.org/gardening/composting |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> === Water Garden === Located in the south-central section of the BBG,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> the Shelby White and Leon Levy Water Garden is a {{Convert|1.5|acre|ha|adj=on|abbr=out}} [[wetland]] and [[riparian]] environment with numerous sustainability features. It contains a pond that serves as the terminus of the brook that flows from the Japanese Garden.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Water Garden">{{cite web |title=Water Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/water_garden |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> A redesign of the Water Garden was completed in 2016.<ref name="Mixson 2016 e375" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archpaper.com/2016/10/brooklyn-botanic-garden-water-garden/|title=New Brooklyn Botanic Garden water garden inspired by NY wetlands|date=October 24, 2016|website=Archpaper.com|language=en-US|access-date=January 13, 2020}}</ref> Designed by landscape architecture firm [[Michael Van Valkenburgh|Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates]], the renovated Water Garden contains plants such as black tupelo, sedges and rushes.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Water Garden" /> === Discovery Garden === The Discovery Garden, designed for children, is at the southwest corner of the BBG, next to the Flatbush Avenue entrance.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /> It covers about {{convert|1|acre}} and contains 250 trees, 2,600 grass specimens, and 9,500 perennials. It is divided into three portions that contain meadows, marshes, and woodlands.<ref name="Smith 2015 t049">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Rachel Holliday |date=January 27, 2015 |title=Rebuilt Children's Garden to Open at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in June |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150127/prospect-heights/rebuilt-childrens-garden-open-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden-june |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=DNAinfo New York}}</ref> Among the garden's features is a boardwalk that winds around four large trees.<ref name="nyt-2015-06-11" /> ===Other gardens=== [[File:Peach Glow water-lily at Brooklyn Botanic Garden.jpg|thumb|left|A ''[[Nymphaea]]'' 'Peach Glow' water-lily in one of the lily pools]] The Lily Pool Terrace, in front of the Laboratory Administration Building to the east, has two large display pools of lilies and koi fish<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Lily Pool Terrace and Borders">{{cite web |title=Lily Pool Terrace and Borders |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/lily_pool_terrace_and_borders |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> and is surrounded by over 6,000 annuals and perennials.<ref name="Lyons 2015 s108">{{cite web |last=Lyons |first=Bill |date=May 2, 2015 |title=NYC-area day trips by ferry & train: Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.silive.com/seen/2015/05/nyc-area_day_trips_by_ferry_an_1.html |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=silive}}</ref> The Elizabeth Scholtz Woodland Garden, at the BBG's northwest corner,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Map" /><ref name="MVVA 2021 d643">{{cite web |date=September 17, 2021 |title=The Woodland Garden at Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.mvvainc.com/projects/the-woodland-garden-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden-copy |access-date=July 28, 2023 |publisher=Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates Inc}}</ref> contains an open-air "walled garden" surrounded by ruins which is intended to resemble a forest in the Northeastern U.S.<ref name="nyt-2020-10-22">{{Cite news |last=Russell |first=James S. |date=2020-10-22 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Turns Over a New Leaf |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/arts/design/brooklyn-botanic-garden-reopen.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Woodland Garden">{{cite web |title=Woodland Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/woodland_garden |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> The Louisa Clark Spencer Lilac Collection, also at the northwest corner near the Osborne Garden, contains 150 lilac bushes, which represent 20 species of lilacs.<ref name="BD pp. 110–111">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|pp=110–111}}</ref> The Rock Garden, on the western boundary of the BBG, contains alpine plants<ref name="nyt-1986-11-14" /> around 18 boulders left behind by glaciers during the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]].<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Rock Garden">{{cite web |title=Rock Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/rock_garden |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> The Herb Garden, also on the western boundary, contains fruit trees, corn stalks, cabbages, and other medicinal and agricultural plants.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Herb Garden">{{cite web |title=Herb Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/herb_garden |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> A Celebrity Path. added in 1985, honors famous Brooklynites such as [[Barbra Streisand]], [[Woody Allen]], and [[Walt Whitman]] with a trail of engraved paving stones.<ref name="BD pp. 132–133" /><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Celebrity Path">{{cite web |title=Celebrity Path |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/celebrity_path |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> The Celebrity Path consists of {{convert|18|by|24|in|adj=on}} concrete blocks and leads from a hill south of the Japanese Garden to the [[Alfred Tredway White Memorial|Alfred T. White Amphitheater]].<ref name="n129206258" /><ref name="BD pp. 132–133">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|pp=132–133}}</ref> Outlines of leaves surround each of the names, which are laid in bronze letters.<ref name="n129206258" /> After [[Marty Markowitz]] became Brooklyn's borough president in 2002, he stopped adding names to the path,<ref name="nyt-2004-05-12">{{Cite news |last=Barry |first=Dan |date=2004-05-12 |title=About New York; A Path Of Glory, So Fleeting |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/12/nyregion/about-new-york-a-path-of-glory-so-fleeting.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but names are added from time to time.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Celebrity Path" /> The Plant Family Collection, within the center of the BBG, includes plants and trees arranged by [[Family (biology)|family]] to show their evolution. The groupings include primitive plants (ferns and conifers) and composite plants,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Plant Family Collection">{{cite web |title=Plant Family Collection |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/plant_family_collection |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> which are separated by a small stream.<ref name="p285383018" /> BBG also has an overlook along its northern border, known as the Robert W. Wilson Overlook.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Ocerlook">{{cite web |title=OverlookBrooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/overlook |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref><ref name="Architect 2018 n680">{{cite web |date=May 22, 2018 |title=Robert W. Wilson Overlook |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/robert-w-wilson-overlook_o |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=Architect}}</ref> The overlook was built on a hill that was created using dirt excavated from the site of the neighboring Brooklyn Museum.<ref name="nyt-2020-10-22" /><ref name="Davidson 2019 h862">{{cite web |last=Davidson |first=Justin |date=November 20, 2019 |title=The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Renovates, and Faces an Existential Threat |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/11/review-new-visitor-center-at-the-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html |access-date=July 26, 2023 |website=Intelligencer}}</ref> Originally, the hill was intended as a terrace abutting the unbuilt southern wing of the Brooklyn Museum. The modern-day overlook sits atop the BBG's visitor center.<ref name="Davidson 2019 h862" /> The top of the overlook is {{Convert|26|ft}} above the rest of the BBG. After the overlook was redesigned by [[Weiss/Manfredi]] in 2019, the hill was rebuilt with a curving {{Convert|680|ft|4=-long|adj=mid}} path lined by retaining walls.<ref name="nyt-2020-10-22" /> The overlook has over 40,000 total specimens of plants.<ref name="Spivack 2019 k011">{{cite web |last=Spivack |first=Caroline |date=November 18, 2019 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden unveils sculptural path with scenic vista |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/11/18/20970823/brooklyn-botanic-garden-new-path-views |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> == Structures == Because of the limited space available, most of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's buildings are located on the eastern edge of the site.<ref name="Canty p. 110" /><ref name="nyt-2012-05-08" /> These structures include the Steinhardt Conservatory, the Laboratory Administration Building, the Palm House, and a house for the Children's Garden.<ref name="nyt-2012-05-08" /> === Steinhardt Conservatory === [[Image:BBGIndoor.JPG|thumb|Steinhardt Conservatory desert collection]]The '''Steinhardt Conservatory''' occupies the eastern portion of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, just south of the Laboratory Administration Building.<ref name="n128724987" /> The conservatory consists of four structures: a main wing along Washington Avenue to the east, as well as three octagonal pavilions.<ref name="n128724987" /><ref name="nyt-1988-07-03" /> These structures, each measuring up to {{Convert|60|ft}} tall,<ref name="p371465007" /> cover {{Convert|40000|ft2}} and are connected internally via tunnels. The facade of the conservatory is clad with {{convert|60000|ft2}} of glass panes measuring {{convert|3|by|7|ft}}.<ref name="n128724987" /> The metal on the exterior of the conservatory's structures is painted green to match the color of the Laboratory Administration Building's facade.<ref name="Canty p. 110" /><ref name="nyt-1988-07-03" /> The main conservatory building. measuring {{Convert|245|ft}} long,<ref name="p371465007" /> contains a bonsai museum, an aquatic greenhouse, and the Trail of Evolution exhibit.<ref name="n128724987" /><ref name="nyt-1988-07-03" /> The lower part of the main wing has a stucco facade that is only visible from Washington Avenue,<ref name="Canty p. 110" /><ref name="nyt-1988-07-03" /> as well as a gabled entrance.<ref name="Canty p. 114">{{harvnb|Canty|1989|ps=.|p=114}}</ref> The C. V. Starr Bonsai Museum is one of the oldest collections of the dwarf potted trees in the country.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Bonsai Museum">{{cite web |title=Bonsai Museum |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/bonsai_museum |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> Originally composed of 32 bonsai, the collection had grown to over 2,000 bonsai by the 1970s.<ref name="n129144607" /> The Robert W. Wilson Aquatic House has a collections of tropical water plants, insect-eating plants, and [[orchid]]s.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Aquatic House and Orchid Collection">{{cite web |title=Aquatic House and Orchid Collection |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/aquatic_house_and_orchid_collection |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> The Trail of Evolution, originally named for BBG botanist Stephen K-M Tim,<ref name="nyt-1998-11-29">{{Cite news |last=Fountain |first=Henry |date=1998-11-29 |title=Stephen Tim, 61, Plant Expert At Brooklyn Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/29/nyregion/stephen-tim-61-plant-expert-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> measures {{convert|100|by|17|ft}}<ref name="p1832762678" /><ref name="nyt-1988-04-10">{{Cite news |last=Fan |first=Maureen |date=1989-11-29 |title=North Hempstead Will Tend Garden |pages=17 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-north-hempstead/129192599/ |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> and traces the history of plant evolution and the effects of climate change over 3.5 billion years.<ref name="nyt-1988-04-10" /><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Trail of Plant Evolution">{{cite web |title=Trail of Plant Evolution |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/trail_of_plant_evolution |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> A stairway descends beneath the main structure's exterior terrace to the basements of the three octagonal pavilions.<ref name="nyt-1988-07-03" /><ref name="Canty p. 113">{{harvnb|Canty|1989|ps=.|p=113}}</ref> Each pavilion is accessed by a stairway leading from the basement, as well as stairways from the garden's paths.<ref name="Canty p. 113" /> The pavilions are themed to different climates and showcase tropical, warm temperate, and desert flora.<ref name="n128724987" /><ref name="n128724868" /><ref name="Canty p. 113" /> The tropical pavilion contains tropical plants, the desert pavilion hosts plants from American and North African deserts, and the temperate pavilion includes Mediterranean plants.<ref name="p1832762678" /> Each pavilion has different theming; for example, the desert pavilion contains an actual desert,<ref name="Canty p. 114" /> while the tropical pavilion has a waterfall.<ref name="n128724987" /><ref name="p1832762678" /> The tops of each pavilion contain cupolas with ventilation openings.<ref name="Canty p. 114" /> === Laboratory Administration Building === [[File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_008.jpg|thumb|The Laboratory Administration Building]] [[William M. Kendall]] of McKim, Mead & White designed the Laboratory Administration Building (also known as the Laboratory Building or Administration Building), a [[New York City designated landmark]], in the [[Italianate architecture#Italianate style in the United States|Tuscan Revival]] style.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=1}}</ref> The structure measures {{Convert|240|by|50|ft}} across<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 341" /> and was inspired by European churches, with a [[Greek cross]] layout as viewed from the air.<ref name="n128816577" /><ref name="landmarks"><nowiki>{{Cite landmarks|page=</nowiki>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Landmarks_of_New_York_Fifth_Edition/o8ym5NeiylkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA518&printsec=frontcover 518]</ref><ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=4}}</ref> The center section is topped by a terracotta [[cupola]] with round-arched windows, while the outer sections are topped by octagons with round-arched windows.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4" /> Outside the building is Magnolia Plaza, which contains a circular compass rose and bronze [[armillary sphere]].<ref name="n128966919" /><ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> Created in 1932, Magnolia Plaza was named for Judith D. Zuk in 2005.<ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> The Laboratory Administration Building's facade is made of reinforced concrete and brick, covered with stucco. The building has [[Hip roof|hip roofs]] with Spanish tiles.<ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 4–5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=4–5}}</ref> The names of 68 famous botanists are inscribed in a [[frieze]] running across the building's facade;<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=5}}</ref><ref name="landmarks" /> these names were selected through a vote in 1911.<ref name="Gager p. 341" /><ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 2–3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=2–3}}</ref> The original main entrance is on the second floor of the western facade, accessed by a staircase.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 342">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=342}}</ref> The modern-day main entrance is on the first story. A [[portico]] provided a secondary entrance on Washington Avenue.<ref name="n128786682" /> When the Administration Building was completed, it was intended to contain laboratories and storage space.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="landmarks" /><ref name="Gager p. 342" /> The main entrance led to a rotunda, which connected with a library to the east. The northern pavilion was intended for the BBG's offices, the director's laboratory, and offices for various departments. The southern pavilion was intended to contain classrooms, instructor's room, and various other laboratory rooms.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 342" /> The basement had service rooms and a lecture hall.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 343">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=343}}</ref> By the 21st century, the Administration Building's second floor contained the BBG library,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library" /> while the rest of the building was used for offices and as a visitor center.<ref name="landmarks" /> === Palm House === The Palm House was built as the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's original conservatory<ref name="BD p. 107" /> and was designed by McKim, Mead & White.<ref name="nyt-1984-01-07" /><ref name="Durham National Geographic Society (U.S.) Shaw Hannafin 2015 p. 213" /> The central section of the Palm House measures {{convert|104|by|44|ft}} across and {{convert|36|ft}} high and was originally used for tropical plants.<ref name="Gager p. 343" /><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1914 p. 91">{{cite magazine |date=July 1914 |title=Opening of the Tropical Economic House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JrOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91 |work=The Record |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=91 |ref=none}}</ref> It is flanked by two wings each to the north and south, which each measure {{convert|50|by|22.5|ft}} across. Originally, the northeast wing had classrooms, while the southwest, southeast, and northwest wings contained greenhouses; there were stables and other rooms under the southern wings.<ref name="Gager p. 343" /> The interior of the Palm House is climate-controlled by a steam heating system.<ref name="Curbed NY 2012 b074">{{cite web |date=May 10, 2012 |title=Architects Triumph With New Botanic Garden Visitor Center |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/5/10/10372354/architects-triumph-with-new-botanic-garden-visitor-center |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> During the 1980s, the Palm House was converted to an education center and event space,<ref name="NY2000" /><ref name="nyt-1988-03-10" /> with a 300-seat restaurant.<ref name="p371465007" /> Part of the Palm House was also converted to host temporary exhibits.<ref name="p1832762678" /> Since 2017, one wing of the Palm House has contained the Yellow Magnolia Café.<ref name="nyt-2017-04-11" /> By the 21st century, the Palm House was frequently being used for weddings.<ref name="Curbed NY 2012 b074" /> ==Programs== ===Education programs=== [[File:Redwood bonsai.JPG|thumb|left|A [[bonsai]] [[Sequoia sempervirens|redwood]] in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's Bonsai Museum]]From its inception in the early 20th century, the BBG offered free lectures and classes to local students.<ref name="n128864452" /> In the 21st century, the BBG has continued to operate programs in youth education, conservation, and community horticulture. The BBG, Prospect Park Alliance, and [[New York City Department of Education]] operate the [[Brooklyn Academy of Science and the Environment]] (BASE), a small public high school dedicated to science, environmental studies, and urban ecology.<ref>{{harvnb|Rakow|Lee|Raven|2011|ps=.|p=332}}</ref> Since 2004,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /> the BBG's Garden Apprentice Program has provided internships for students in grades 8 through 12 in gardening, science education, and environmental issues.<ref>{{harvnb|Rakow|Lee|Raven|2011|ps=.|p=423}}</ref><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden GAP">{{cite web |title=Garden Apprentice Program |url=https://www.bbg.org/learn/gap |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> The Discovery Garden hosts weekly workshops for children, with interactive exhibits and a small plot with a variety of vegetables.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Discovery Garden">{{cite web |title=Discovery Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/discovery_garden |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> [[Project Green Reach]], launched in 1990, is a science-focused school outreach program for teachers and students in grades K through 8 in underserved neighborhoods.<ref name="Morgan2010">{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Susan Conlon |last2=Hamilton |first2=Susan L. |last3=Bentley |first3=Michael L. |last4=Myrie |first4=Sharon |date=July 2009 |title=Environmental Education in Botanic Gardens: Exploring Brooklyn Botanic Garden's Project Green Reach |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/JOEE.40.4.35-52 |journal=The Journal of Environmental Education |language=en |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=35–52 |doi=10.3200/JOEE.40.4.35-52 |issn=0095-8964}}</ref> ===Plant science and conservation=== [[File:Greenery at Brooklyn Botanic Gardens IMG 0649.JPG|thumb|The [[Monocotyledon|Monocot Border]] in early July at Brooklyn Botanic Garden]]In the BBG's early years, officials hosted annual "spring inspections" for BBG members and invited guests.<ref name="p1221960668">{{cite news |date=12 May 1935 |title=25th Birthday To Be Observed By Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Many Notables to Take Part in Four-Day Program Beginning Tomorrow |page=30B |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1221960668}}}}</ref> Scientists at Brooklyn Botanic Garden launched the New York Metropolitan Flora project, a comprehensive study of the plants of metropolitan New York City, in 1990.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden NYMF">{{cite web |title=New York Metropolitan Flora ProjectBrooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/nymf |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1998-09-13">{{Cite news |last=Stamler |first=Bernard |date=1998-09-13 |title=Neighborhood Report: New York on Line; Going Green on Screen |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/13/nyregion/neighborhood-report-new-york-on-line-going-green-on-screen.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The study was intended to catalog and describe all [[vascular plant]]s growing in the region.<ref name="WNYC 2010 l839">{{cite web |date=April 2, 2010 |title=The New York Metropolitan Flora Project |url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/60370-the-new-york-metropolitan-flora-project/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=WNYC}}</ref> The BBG started creating magnolia cultivars in the 1950s.<ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> Among the species cultivated there were [[Magnolia × brooklynensis|''Magnolia × brooklynensis'']], three magnolia hybrid cultivars grown by the BBG, as well as [[Magnolia 'Elizabeth'|''Magnolia'' 'Elizabeth']], a yellow magnolia hybrid cultivar for which the BBG received a patent in 1977.<ref name="Flint Lyverse 1997 p. 355">{{cite book |last=Flint |first=H.L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1_fAywb_bkC&pg=PA355 |title=Landscape Plants for Eastern North America: Exclusive of Florida and the Immediate Gulf Coast |last2=Lyverse |first2=J.M. |publisher=Wiley |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-471-59919-7 |pages=355-356}}</ref> The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Herbarium collection holds over 300,000 specimens representing over 1,400 species of preserved plants.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Herbarium">{{cite web |title=Herbarium |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/herbarium |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref><ref name="Global Plants on JSTOR k298">{{cite web |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Global Plants on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/partner/BKL |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Global Plants on JSTOR}}</ref> These specimens, some from as early as 1818, aid scientists in tracking species, analyzing the spread of [[invasive plant]]s, and modeling changes in the New York metropolitan area's vegetation. There are also holdings from the western United States, the [[Galapagos Islands]], Bolivia, and Mauritius.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Herbarium" /> The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library, which is housed in the Laboratory Administration Building, holds a collection of books on horticulture and botany that is available to home gardeners, professionals, and staff.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library">{{cite web |title=BBG Library |url=https://www.bbg.org/gardening/library |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> ===Community horticulture=== Since 1993,<ref name="Rakow (2020) p. 16">{{harvnb|Rakow|2020|ps=.|p=16}}</ref> the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has run the Community Greening program (formerly known as Brooklyn GreenBridge<ref name="Go Green Brooklyn 2016 d422">{{cite web |date=April 23, 2016 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden - Go Green Brooklyn |url=https://gogreenbk.org/brooklyn-botanic-garden-greenbridge/ |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Go Green Brooklyn}}</ref><ref name="Rakow (2020) p. 16" />), which offers residential and commercial gardening programs to [[Block (district subdivision)|block]] associations, [[community garden]]s, [[community center]]s, and other groups.<ref name="Rakow (2020) p. 16" /> Under the Community Greening program, the BBG has run the annual Greenest Block in Brooklyn contest since 1994,<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle 2022 w009">{{cite web |date=August 10, 2022 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden makes Brooklyn greener far beyond its own walls |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2022/08/10/brooklyn-botanic-garden-makes-brooklyn-greener-far-beyond-its-own-walls/ |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref> which gives awards in various categories.<ref name="Ricciulli 2019 c237">{{cite web |last=Ricciulli |first=Valeria |date=August 9, 2019 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden crowns the borough’s greenest block |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/8/9/20798757/crown-heights-greenest-block-brooklyn-botanic-garden |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2022-08-10">{{Cite news |date=2022-08-10 |title=The Greenest Block Grows in Brooklyn |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/nyregion/urban-garden-award-brooklyn.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Rakow (2020) p. 17">{{harvnb|Rakow|2020|ps=.|p=17}}</ref> Since 1982, the BBG has hosted Making Brooklyn Bloom,<ref name="nyt-1986-02-13">{{Cite news |last=Klockenbrink |first=Myra |date=1986-02-13 |title=Learning the Care of Street Trees |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/13/garden/learning-the-care-of-street-trees.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> an annual event with various workshops and activities.<ref name="Rakow (2020) p. 17" /> The Community Greening program also includes the Community Garden Alliance, for community gardens in Brooklyn,<ref name="Rakow (2020) p. 16" /><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden CGA">{{cite web |title=Community Garden Alliance |url=https://www.bbg.org/community/cga |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> and the Street Tree Stewardship program, for individual trees on streets.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Street Tree">{{cite web |title=Street Tree Stewardship |url=https://www.bbg.org/community/street_trees |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref><ref name="Benfield 2020 p. 132">{{cite book |last=Benfield |first=Richard W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3cREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |title=New Directions in Garden Tourism |publisher=CABI |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-78924-176-1 |page=132}}</ref><ref name="Rakow (2020) pp. 16–17">{{harvnb|Rakow|2020|ps=.|pp=16–17}}</ref> The NYC Compost Project (formerly the Urban Composting Project<ref name="p278838327">{{cite news |last=Bazzi |first=Mohamed |date=10 Feb 1995 |title=Green Movement Gets the Blues Composting projects by funding cuts |page=B15 |work=Newsday |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|278838327}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2001-06-16">{{Cite news |last=Raver |first=Anne |date=2001-06-16 |title=Cuttings: A Land Rush for Compost in the City |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/16/living/cuttings-a-land-rush-for-compost-in-the-city.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>), supported by the [[New York City Department of Sanitation]], offers composting assistance and resources, as well as information on composting in residential backyards.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Composting2">{{cite web |title=BBG’s Guide to Composting |url=https://www.bbg.org/gardening/composting |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> ==Publications and resources== The BBG began publishing a magazine, the ''Record'', in February 1912;<ref name="n128786590">{{Cite news |date=1912-02-18 |title=Botanic Garden Scheme Outlined in 'Record' |pages=42 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/128786590/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> members received the publication for free.<ref name="n128787008">{{Cite news |date=1912-02-10 |title=Institute Is in Favor of Endowed Theatre |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-institute-is-in-fav/128787008/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The BBG's director C. Stuart Gager was editor of the ''Record'' until his death in 1943.<ref name="p1282797944" /> The last edition of the ''Record'' was published in 1944.<ref name="The Online Books Page h615">{{cite web |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record archives |url=https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=bklynbotgardrec |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=The Online Books Page}}</ref> The BBG launched a series of gardening handbooks in 1945;<ref name="Hartford Courant 1998 y964">{{cite web |date=November 28, 1998 |title=The Holly & the Ivy: Holiday Books |url=https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1998-11-28-9811280447-story.html/ |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Hartford Courant}}</ref> the first volume in the series was ''Lilies and Their Culture: Use in the Garden''.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /> The Brooklyn Botanic Garden's ''Guides to a Greener Planet'' contain information on garden design, sustainability, and native plants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imprints - Sterling Publishing |url=https://www.sterlingpublishing.com/imprints/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830235239/https://www.sterlingpublishing.com/imprints/ |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=September 17, 2017}}</ref> In addition, the botanical garden has published reference books such as the ''Brooklyn'' ''Botanic'' ''Garden'' ''Gardener's Desk Reference'' (1998).<ref name="p1842458051">{{Cite magazine |last=Hansell |first=Betsey |date=18 Dec 1998 |title=Reference is Designed to Delight a Browser: 816 Pages of Data Gleaned From the Brooklyn Botanic Garden |work=Philadelphia Inquirer |page=E.1 |id={{Pq|1842458051}}}}</ref> The BBG launched its website in 1996.<ref name="nyt-1998-09-13" /> The website features events, classes, and information on its gardens and collections. It also publishes a Garden News Blog and practical gardening advice.<ref name="CherryWatch" /> The BBG's collection of historic photographs and [[lantern slide]]s is also available online.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Historic Images">{{cite web |title=Historic Images |url=https://www.bbg.org/collections/historicimages |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> Other pages on the website include CherryWatch, an interactive map that tracks when each cherry blossom tree blooms during the spring.<ref name="nyt-2023-03-20">{{Cite news |last=Solis |first=Marie |date=2023-03-20 |title=When Cherry Blossom Heads Know It’s ‘Game Time’ |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/20/style/cherry-blossom-trackers.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Laboratory Administration Building has a Gardener's Resource Center that provides reference services.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Volunteer">{{cite web |title=Volunteer |url=https://www.bbg.org/support/volunteer |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref><ref name="Spencer Russell 2005 p. 256">{{cite book |last=Spencer |first=T.S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWWY9pXjKmUC&pg=PA256 |title=Gardens Across America: The American Horticultural Society's Guide to American Public Gardens and Arboreta |last2=Russell |first2=J.J. |publisher=Taylor Trade Pub. |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-58979-102-2 |series=G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series |page=256 |issue=v. 1}}</ref> == Former BBG properties == The BBG formerly operated three other sites in the [[New York metropolitan area]]. The first to open was a {{Convert|223|acre|km2|adj=on}} research facility at Kitchawan Preserve in Westchester County,<ref name="nyt-1982-07-11">{{Cite news |last=Faust |first=Joan Lee |date=1982-07-11 |title=Botanic Study Unit Takes a New Name |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/11/nyregion/botanic-study-unit-takes-a-new-name.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> on land that it purchased from Elizabeth Van Brunt in 1956.<ref name="nyt-1956-10-20" /><ref name="n129028559" /> [[Yorktown, New York]], officials approved the research center in early 1959;<ref name="n129083724">{{Cite news |date=1959-01-13 |title=$10,000,000 IBM Laboratory at Yorktown Waits Approval |pages=76 |work=The Daily Item |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-item-10000000-ibm-laborator/129083724/ |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref> the complex included a double-level laboratory near an abandoned railroad station on the [[New York and Putnam Railroad]].<ref name="nyt-1958-10-17">{{Cite news |date=1958-10-17 |title=Research Unit Set by Botanic Garden |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/10/17/archives/research-unit-set-by-botanic-garden.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p13240492842">{{cite news |last=Dade |first=Denslow M. |date=9 Nov 1958 |title=Botanic Garden Starts Work on Antibiotics Lab |page=33 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1324049284}}}}</ref> After the research center opened in 1960,<ref name="n129085727" /> it was described as "the most important single development since the founding of the Botanic Garden 50 years ago".<ref name="n129108983">{{Cite news |date=1962-05-20 |title=Big Nursery Boon to Botanic Garden |pages=546 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-big-nursery-boon-to-botanic-g/129108983/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> The research center was originally known as the Kitchawan Research Laboratory.<ref name="nyt-1982-07-11" /> A herb garden and perennial border garden were dedicated at Kitchawan in 1981,<ref name="nyt-1981-09-27">{{Cite news |last=Ames |first=Lynne |date=1981-09-27 |title=Kitchawan Honoring 2 Hardy Perennials |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/27/nyregion/kitchawan-honoring-2-hardy-pe-rennials.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the research center was renamed the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Research Center in 1982.<ref name="nyt-1982-07-11" /> The BBG sold off most of Kitchawan to the Westchester County government in 1988.<ref name="nyt-1988-07-31">{{Cite news |last=Ames |first=Lynne |date=1988-07-31 |title=The View From: The Kitchawan Field Station; A Shrinking World of Microscopes Still Broadens Horizons |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/31/nyregion/the-view-from-the-kitchawan-field-station-a-shrinking-world-of.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[File:Tea_Town_Lake.jpg|alt=Teatown Lake Reservation in Westchester County, New York|thumb|The BBG co-produced programming at the [[Teatown Lake Reservation]] until 1980.]] A second property in Westchester County, the [[Teatown Lake Reservation]], was established in 1963, a year after Gerard Swope Sr. bequeathed {{convert|250|acre|sqkm|spell=}} to the BBG.<ref name="nyt-1977-05-06">{{Cite news |last=Bryant |first=Nelson |date=1977-05-06 |title=Out of Doors |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/06/archives/out-of-doors.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Yonkers Times 2018 l705">{{cite web |date=May 30, 2018 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Transfers 245 Acres to Teatown |url=http://yonkerstimes.com/brooklyn-botanic-garden-transfers-245-acres-to-teatown/ |access-date=July 29, 2023 |website=Yonkers Times}}</ref> Over the years, the reservation grew through additional bequests.<ref name="nyt-1977-05-06" /> BBG and Teatown staff co-produced programming at the reservation until 1980, when Teatown began leasing the land from the BBG,<ref name="Yonkers Times 2018 l705" /><ref name="McKinney 2018 f885">{{cite web |last=McKinney |first=Michael P. |date=May 22, 2018 |title=No worries, Teatown hikers and visitors: Land will be protected |url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/ossining/2018/05/22/teatown-hikers-visitors-land-protected/632409002/ |access-date=July 29, 2023 |website=lohud.com}}</ref> and the Teatown Lake Reservation became a legally separate entity in 1984.<ref name="nyt-1988-06-05">{{Cite news |last=Faust |first=Joan Lee |date=1988-06-05 |title=An Island of Sequestered Wildflowers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/05/nyregion/an-island-of-sequestered-wildflowers.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The BBG continued to own a {{convert|245|acre|km2|adj=on}} portion of the Teatown Lake Reservation until May 2018.<ref name="Yonkers Times 2018 l705" /><ref name="McKinney 2018 f885" /> The BBG retains a [[conservation easement]] on the Teatown site.<ref name="McKinney 2018 f885" /> The lawyer [[Grenville Clark]] donated the {{Convert|12|acre|adj=on}} [[Clark Botanic Garden]] in [[Albertson, New York|Albertson]], on [[Long Island]], to the BBG in 1966.<ref name="nyt-1966-06-11">{{Cite news |date=1966-06-11 |title=Botanic Garden Given 12-Acre Estate on L.I. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/06/11/archives/botanic-garden-given-12acre-estate-on-li.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p915503393">{{cite news |date=18 June 1966 |title=Memorial Garden to Open in '68 |page=35W |work=Newsday |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|915503393}}}}</ref> The BBG's Fanny Dwight Clark Memorial Garden opened on the site in 1969,<ref name="Hendrixson 2019 k787">{{cite web |last=Hendrixson |first=Jed |date=January 8, 2019 |title=Town's Clark Botanic Garden to receive renovations in 50th year - News |url=https://theisland360.com/news-98/towns-clark-botanic-garden-to-receive-renovations-in-50th-year/ |access-date=July 29, 2023 |website=The Island 360}}</ref><ref name="n129109329">{{Cite news |date=1969-10-04 |title=Garden Notes |pages=38 |work=Newsday (Nassau Edition) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-garden-notes/129109329/ |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> and the BBG used the Clark Botanic Garden as an outreach station, with instructors from the Brooklyn Museum.<ref name="nyt-1975-05-18">{{Cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Phyllis |date=1975-05-18 |title=Brooklyn Garden Touches Nassau |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/18/archives/brooklyn-garden-touches-nassau-early-harvest.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Clark Botanic Garden had three small lakes, as well as a children's garden and a rock garden, which were similar to those in the original BBG.<ref name="nyt-1975-05-18" /><ref name="p920923343">{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Bea |date=1 May 1975 |title=Clark Memorial Garden-- Brooklyn's oasis on LI |page=13A |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-clark-memorial/129143970/ |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|920923343}}}}</ref> Although the Clark Botanic Garden was operated by the BBG, the two gardens were legally separate entities, and the Clark Garden charged admission, whereas the original garden did not.<ref name="nyt-1975-05-18" /> The [[North Hempstead, New York|North Hempstead]] town government acquired Clark Botanic Garden from the BBG in 1989.<ref name="The Island Now The Island Now 2018 d782">{{cite web |date=December 10, 2018 |title=Clark Botanic Garden to celebrate 50 years in 2019 |url=https://theislandnow.com/clark-botanic-garden-to-celebrate-50-years-in-2019/ |access-date=July 29, 2023 |website=The Island Now}}</ref><ref name="n129192599">{{Cite news |last=Fan |first=Maureen |date=1989-11-29 |title=North Hempstead Will Tend Garden |pages=17 |work=Newsday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-north-hempstead/129192599/ |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> == Membership and events == {{As of|2023}}, BBG membership starts at $75 for individuals. Members can attend events in the spring and summer months, including themed sunset picnic nights.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden 2023">{{cite web | title=Membership Rate Change | website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden | date=January 3, 2023 | url=https://www.bbg.org/support/membership_rate_change | access-date=March 1, 2023}}</ref> Each spring, a month-long cherry blossom viewing festival called ''[[Hanami]]'' is held at the Cherry Esplanade, culminating in a weekend celebration called ''[[Sakura Matsuri]]'', although this event has not been held since the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="nyt-2023-04-13">{{Cite news |last=Carmel |first=Julia |last2=Meko |first2=Hurubie |date=2023-04-13 |title=Where to See New York City’s Cherry Blossoms |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/nyc-cherry-blossoms.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Other events include the Chile Pepper Festival, which has been held annually since the 1990s.<ref name="Sprung 2017 f456">{{cite web |last=Sprung |first=Shlomo |date=October 3, 2017 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden holds 25th Annual Chile Pepper Festival |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2017/10/03/brooklyn-botanic-garden-holds-25th-annual-chile-pepper-festival/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref> == Operations == {{As of|2019}}, the BBG had an annual operating budget of $23 million.<ref name="Kadet 2019 l500">{{cite web |last=Kadet |first=Anne |date=June 4, 2019 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Draws Visitors in Spades on a Modest Budget |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/brooklyn-botanic-garden-draws-visitors-in-spades-on-a-modest-budget-11559656801 |access-date=July 31, 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The BBG recorded $20,869,967 in revenue and $20,988,655 in expenses for fiscal year 2020, meaning its net income was negative $118,688.<ref name="Suozzo Schwencke Tigas Wei 2013 a551">{{cite web |last=Suozzo |first=Andrea |last2=Schwencke |first2=Ken |last3=Tigas |first3=Mike |last4=Wei |first4=Sisi |last5=Glassford |first5=Alec |last6=Roberts |first6=Brandon |date=May 9, 2013 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Corporation - Nonprofit Explorer |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/112417338 |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=ProPublica}}</ref> The BBG had more than 800,000 annual visitors {{As of|2015|lc=y}}.<ref name="ENR 2015 l894" /> == See also == * [[List of botanical gardens in the United States]] * [[List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City]] == References == === Notes === {{Notelist}} === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Sources === * {{cite book |last1=Berenson |first1=Richard J. |url=https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000bere |title=The Complete Illustrated Guidebook to Prospect Park and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden |last2=DeMause |first2=Neil |publisher=Silver Lining Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7607-2213-8 |pages=102–155 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite magazine |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soUbnwL8HUYC&pg=PA104 |title=A Brief History of the Botanic Garden Idea in Brooklyn |work=The Record |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |year=Oct 1918 |volume=7 |issue=4}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Canty |first=Donald |date=Nov 1989 |title=Reconstructing a Victorian Legacy |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1989-11.pdf |work=Architectural Record |volume=177 |issue=13}} * {{cite magazine |last=Gager |first=C. Stuart |date=April 1912 |title=The Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA339 |work=Popular Science |publisher=Bonnier Corporation |issn=0161-7370}} * {{cite report|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2214.pdf|title=Laboratory Administration Building, Brooklyn Botanic Garden|date=March 13, 2007|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{Harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007}}}} * {{cite book |last=Rakow |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4mn5aWTCKsC&pg=PT423 |title=Public Garden Management: A Complete Guide to the Planning and Administration of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta |last2=Lee |first2=S. |last3=Raven |first3=P.H. |publisher=Wiley |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-470-90459-6}} * {{cite book |last=Rakow |first=D.A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjPRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |title=Public Gardens and Livable Cities: Partnerships Connecting People, Plants, and Place |last2=Gough |first2=M.Z. |last3=Lee |first3=S.A. |last4=Medbury |first4=S. |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5017-5176-9 |ref={{harvid|Rakow|2020}}}} * {{cite magazine |date=April 1913 |title=Second Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1912 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435055901862&seq=37 |work=The Record |volume=2 |issue=2 |ref={{sfnref|The Record|1913}} |via=HathiTrust}} * {{cite magazine |date=April 1917 |title=Sixth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1916 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nnc1.cu06176500?urlappend=%3Bseq=39 |work=The Record |volume=6 |issue=2 |ref={{sfnref|The Record|1917}} |via=HathiTrust}} * {{cite magazine |date=April 1914 |title=Third Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1913 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435055901912&seq=41 |work=The Record |volume=3 |issue=2 |ref={{sfnref|The Record|1914}} |via=HathiTrust}} == External links == {{commons and category|Brooklyn Botanic Garden|Brooklyn Botanic Garden}} * [https://www.bbg.org/ Brooklyn Botanic Garden website] * [https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/brooklyn-botanic-garden Brooklyn Botanic Garden at Google Cultural Institute] {{Protected areas of New York City}} {{authority control}} [[Category:1911 establishments in New York City]] [[Category:Art museums and galleries in Brooklyn]] [[Category:Botanical gardens in New York City]] [[Category:Environmental organizations based in New York City]] [[Category:Japanese gardens in the United States]] [[Category:Japanese-American culture in New York City]] [[Category:Museums in Brooklyn]] [[Category:Museums established in 1911]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ ==== Legislation and funding ==== -On May 18, 1897, as the city moved [[History of New York City|toward consolidation]], the [[New York State Legislature]] reserved 39 acres (16&nbsp;ha) for a botanic garden.<ref name="McClure, Phillips and Company 1912 p. 339">{{cite book |last=Gager |first=C. Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCkKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA339 |title=The Brooklyn Botanic Garden |work=Popular Science Monthly |publisher=McClure, Phillips and Company |year=1912 |pages=339–340 |issue=v. 80}}</ref><ref name="Proceedings 1930 p.">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUofAQAAMAAJ |title=Proceedings |year=1930 |page= |access-date=July 24, 2023 |issue=v. 9}}</ref> The site became part of Institute Park in 1902.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /> The garden was to be run under the auspices of the [[Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences]], which until the 1970s included [[Brooklyn Museum]], [[Brooklyn Children's Museum]], and [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]].<ref name="bm">{{cite web |title=About the Brooklyn Museum's Building |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420183309/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |archive-date=April 20, 2013 |access-date=April 28, 2013 |website=Brooklyn Museum}}</ref> By 1901, the institute sought to acquire a site on the eastern side of Flatbush Avenue for the botanical garden.<ref name="n128728735">{{Cite news |date=1901-10-13 |title=The Work of the Institute |pages=18 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-the-work-of-the-ins/128728735/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref> This site had also been proposed as the location of a proposed Brooklyn university, but the institute wanted to establish a botanical garden on the site.<ref name="n128776497">{{Cite news |date=1906-02-08 |title=Dove of Peace Hovering Over University Project |pages=10 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dove-of-peace-h/128776497/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> Several of the institute's donors proposed in 1905 to give $25,000 for the upkeep of a "scientific botanic garden" next to the Brooklyn Museum.<ref name="n128728967">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-11 |title=Another $25,000 Gift to Brooklyn Institute |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-another-25000-gif/128728967/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref><ref name="n128776960">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-10 |title=Two Great Gifts to Brooklyn Institute |pages=4 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-two-great-gifts-to-brooklyn/128776960/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next year, the donors doubled this award to $50,000.<ref name="McClure, Phillips and Company 1912 p. 339" /> City officials endorsed the creation of the botanical garden in 1907,<ref name="n128777045">{{Cite news |date=1907-07-14 |title=City to Pay $25,000 a Year for Observatory in Prospect Park |pages=17 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-city-to-pay-25000-a/128777045/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="p847016120">{{Cite magazine |date=Oct 1, 1907 |title=Parks and Park Work: Many New Structures for Brooklyn's Parks |magazine=Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening |volume=17 |issue=8 |page=191 |id={{ProQuest|847016120}}}}</ref> and supporters of the institute donated thousands of dollars toward the botanical garden.<ref name="p572129951">{{cite news |date=13 Sep 1908 |title=Institute's Season: Brooklyn Organization Will Make Many Changes This Year |page=C6 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572129951}}}}</ref> [[Alfred Tredway White]], a trustee of the Brooklyn Institute, leased a {{Convert|40|acre|adj=on}} site behind the Brooklyn Museum from the city.<ref name="p1037915186">{{cite news |last=Hinton-Braaten |first=Kathleen |date=5 Apr 1983 |title=Roses and bonsai: Brooklyn's Botanic Garden |work=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0405/040538.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |id={{ProQuest|1037915186}}}}</ref> +On May 18, 1897, as the city moved [[History of New York City|toward consolidation]], the [[New York State Legislature]] reserved 39 acres (16&nbsp;ha) for a botanic garden.<ref name="Gager p. 339">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=340}}</ref><ref name="Proceedings 1930 p.">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUofAQAAMAAJ |title=Proceedings |year=1930 |page= |access-date=July 24, 2023 |issue=v. 9}}</ref> The site became part of Institute Park in 1902.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /> The garden was to be run under the auspices of the [[Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences]], which until the 1970s included [[Brooklyn Museum]], [[Brooklyn Children's Museum]], and [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]].<ref name="bm">{{cite web |title=About the Brooklyn Museum's Building |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420183309/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |archive-date=April 20, 2013 |access-date=April 28, 2013 |website=Brooklyn Museum}}</ref> By 1901, the institute sought to acquire a site on the eastern side of Flatbush Avenue for the botanical garden.<ref name="n128728735">{{Cite news |date=1901-10-13 |title=The Work of the Institute |pages=18 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-the-work-of-the-ins/128728735/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref> This site had also been proposed as the location of a proposed Brooklyn university, but the institute wanted to establish a botanical garden on the site.<ref name="n128776497">{{Cite news |date=1906-02-08 |title=Dove of Peace Hovering Over University Project |pages=10 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dove-of-peace-h/128776497/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> Several of the institute's donors proposed in 1905 to give $25,000 for the upkeep of a "scientific botanic garden" next to the Brooklyn Museum.<ref name="n128728967">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-11 |title=Another $25,000 Gift to Brooklyn Institute |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-another-25000-gif/128728967/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref><ref name="n128776960">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-10 |title=Two Great Gifts to Brooklyn Institute |pages=4 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-two-great-gifts-to-brooklyn/128776960/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next year, the donors doubled this award to $50,000.<ref name="Gager p. 340">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=340}}</ref> City officials endorsed the creation of the botanical garden in 1907,<ref name="n128777045">{{Cite news |date=1907-07-14 |title=City to Pay $25,000 a Year for Observatory in Prospect Park |pages=17 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-city-to-pay-25000-a/128777045/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="p847016120">{{Cite magazine |date=Oct 1, 1907 |title=Parks and Park Work: Many New Structures for Brooklyn's Parks |magazine=Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening |volume=17 |issue=8 |page=191 |id={{ProQuest|847016120}}}}</ref> and supporters of the institute donated thousands of dollars toward the botanical garden.<ref name="p572129951">{{cite news |date=13 Sep 1908 |title=Institute's Season: Brooklyn Organization Will Make Many Changes This Year |page=C6 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572129951}}}}</ref> [[Alfred Tredway White]], a trustee of the Brooklyn Institute, leased a {{Convert|40|acre|adj=on}} site behind the Brooklyn Museum from the city.<ref name="p1037915186">{{cite news |last=Hinton-Braaten |first=Kathleen |date=5 Apr 1983 |title=Roses and bonsai: Brooklyn's Botanic Garden |work=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0405/040538.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |id={{ProQuest|1037915186}}}}</ref> Although the [[New York City Board of Estimate]] approved the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's creation in June 1909, it did not approve another agreement that would allow the Brooklyn Institute to maintain the botanical garden.<ref name="n128782433">{{Cite news |date=1909-12-11 |title=For a Botanic Garden |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-for-a-botanic-garde/128782433/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128782676">{{Cite news |date=1909-12-11 |title=For Botanic Garden and Arboretum in Park |pages=5 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-for-botanic-gar/128782676/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> By the end of that year, the [[Olmsted Brothers]] had been hired as landscape designers, while [[McKim, Mead & White]] had been hired as architects for the botanical garden's buildings.<ref name="n128782569">{{Cite news |date=1910-12-10 |title=Institute Trustees Meet |pages=21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128782569/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The Board of Estimate voted on December 10, 1909, to allow the city and the Brooklyn Institute to sign a maintenance agreement for the botanical garden.<ref name="n128782433" /><ref name="n128782676" /> New York City government and the Brooklyn Institute signed the maintenance agreement on December 28,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Biodiversity Heritage Library 1913 p. 77">{{cite book |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJvOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record |author2=Biodiversity Heritage Library |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |year=1913 |pages=75–79 |issue=v. 2, no. 2}}</ref><ref name="p572395107">{{cite news |date=17 Apr 1910 |title=Brooklyn Park Plans: to Begin Arboretum and Botanical Gardens July 1 |page=B8 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572395107}}}}</ref> and an endowment fund for the BBG was created three days later.<ref name="p572395107" /> [[C. Stuart Gager]] was hired as the BBG's first director in March 1910.<ref name="n128782203">{{Cite news |date=1910-03-04 |title=Director of Botanic Garden |pages=15 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-director-of-bot/128782203/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> At this point, the BBG was authorized to spend between $2,000 and $2,500 annually on plantings.<ref name="n7607461">{{Cite news |date=1910-04-11 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |pages=11 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-plans-for-garde/7607461/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="p194083330">{{cite news |date=21 May 1910 |title=Garden for Brooklyn Institute: Notable addition for pleasure grounds of the city. |page=5 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|194083330}}}}</ref> That June, the city government appropriated $25,000 for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's plant houses.<ref name="n128780494">{{Cite news |date=1910-06-11 |title=City Gives Thousands to Brooklyn Institute |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-gives-thou/128780494/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128780637">{{Cite news |date=1910-06-11 |title=Elect Roosevelt Honorary Member |pages=12 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-elect-roosevelt-honor/128780637/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> @@ -40,5 +40,5 @@ ==== Construction and opening ==== [[File:Brooklyn_Botanical_Gardens_-_5924619217.jpg|thumb|The pond at the BBG]] -Gager wanted to create "an animated textbook in botany", with a [[Palm house|Palm House]] and laboratories facing Washington Avenue, as well as a landscape with valleys, hills, a pond, and rocks.<ref name="p572338433">{{cite news |date=28 Aug 1910 |title=New Botanical Garden: Dr. Gager Outlines Broad Plan to Extend Educational Side |page=B3 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572338433}}}}</ref> In contrast to older botanical gardens, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was not arranged based solely on taxonomic classifications; the Olmsted Brothers sought to make the garden aesthetically pleasing as well.<ref name="BD p. 107">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=107}}</ref> McKim, Mead & White began drawing up plans in late 1910 for a laboratory and administration building with a 480-seat lecture hall, laboratories, and classrooms.<ref name="n128782235">{{Cite news |date=1910-12-23 |title=A New Park Building |pages=20 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-a-new-park-buil/128782235/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> Brooklyn Institute director [[Franklin Hooper|Franklin W. Hooper]] requested in February 1911 that the BBG be allowed to expand into space that had been designated for the Brooklyn Museum, [[Mount Prospect Park|Mount Prospect Reservoir]], or [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Brooklyn Central Library]].<ref name="n128783860">{{Cite news |date=1911-02-23 |title=Botanic Garden May Be Enlarged |pages=16 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-may-be/128783860/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The firm had completed plans for two wings of the Palm House and the first part of the Laboratory Administration Building that March.<ref name="n128783135">{{Cite news |date=1911-03-11 |title=Institute Trustees Hold Regular Meeting |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128783135/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next month, the institute decided to build only one part of the Palm House, as the botanical garden only had a $50,000 budget.<ref name="n128783521">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Institute Gets 692 New Members |pages=3 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-institute-gets-692-new-membe/128783521/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128783639">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Gifts to the Institute Announced by Trustees |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-gifts-to-the-in/128783639/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>{{Efn|The laboratory building was to cost $33,000, while the Palm House was to cost $17,000.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1911-10-14|title=Institute in Need of More Members|pages=16|work=The Standard Union|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-institute-in-need-of/128785163/|access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>}} +Gager wanted to create "an animated textbook in botany", with a [[Palm house|Palm House]] and laboratories facing Washington Avenue, as well as a landscape with valleys, hills, a pond, and rocks.<ref name="p572338433">{{cite news |date=28 Aug 1910 |title=New Botanical Garden: Dr. Gager Outlines Broad Plan to Extend Educational Side |page=B3 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572338433}}}}</ref> In contrast to older botanical gardens, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was not arranged based solely on taxonomic classifications; the Olmsted Brothers sought to make the garden aesthetically pleasing as well.<ref name="BD p. 107">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=107}}</ref> McKim, Mead & White began drawing up plans in late 1910 for a laboratory and administration building with a 480-seat lecture hall, laboratories, and classrooms.<ref name="n128782235">{{Cite news |date=1910-12-23 |title=A New Park Building |pages=20 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-a-new-park-buil/128782235/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The New York City government turned over {{Convert|43|acre}} to the Brooklyn Institute in February 1911,<ref name="Gager p. 340" /> and the institute's director [[Franklin Hooper|Franklin W. Hooper]] requested the same month that more land be allocated to the BBG.<ref name="n128783860">{{Cite news |date=1911-02-23 |title=Botanic Garden May Be Enlarged |pages=16 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-may-be/128783860/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> McKim, Mead & White had completed plans for two wings of the Palm House and the first part of the Laboratory Administration Building that March.<ref name="n128783135">{{Cite news |date=1911-03-11 |title=Institute Trustees Hold Regular Meeting |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128783135/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next month, the institute decided to build only one part of the Palm House, as the botanical garden only had a $50,000 budget.<ref name="n128783521">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Institute Gets 692 New Members |pages=3 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-institute-gets-692-new-membe/128783521/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128783639">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Gifts to the Institute Announced by Trustees |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-gifts-to-the-in/128783639/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>{{Efn|The laboratory building was to cost $33,000, while the Palm House was to cost $17,000.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1911-10-14|title=Institute in Need of More Members|pages=16|work=The Standard Union|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-institute-in-need-of/128785163/|access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>}} The first section of the BBG, the Native Flora Garden, opened on May 13, 1911;<ref name="n128786039">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-14 |title=Many Persons Visit New Botanic Garden |pages=16 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-many-persons-visit-ne/128786039/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> the date was chosen to coincide with [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s birthday.<ref name="n128785950">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-12 |title=Botanic Garden Opens To-morrow |pages=2 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-opens/128785950/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128785650">{{Cite news |date=1911-05-12 |title=To Open Botanic Garden |pages=5 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-open-botanic/128785650/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>{{efn|Linnaeus's birthday was on May 13 according to the [[Swedish calendar]] or May 23 according to the [[Gregorian calendar]]. See {{cite book |last=Blunt |first=Wilfrid |title=Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3YOvgAACAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=[[Frances Lincoln]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7112-1841-3 |page=12}}}} At the time, the plants had temporary labels, and work on the Palm House and laboratory had not started.<ref name="n128785650" /> By late 1911, the Brooklyn Institute was planting shrubs and trees and were curating the BBG's lawn.<ref name="n128783296">{{Cite news |date=1911-09-24 |title=Scientific Soil Culture for Botanical Gardens |pages=55 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-scientific-soil/128783296/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The plantings included between 150 and 200 species of shrubs that grew within {{convert|100|mi}} of Brooklyn.<ref name="p846943851">{{Cite magazine |date=Jan 1, 1912 |title=Parks and Park Work: Park Building Under Way in Brooklyn |magazine=Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening |volume=21 |issue=11 |page=741 |id={{ProQuest|846943851}}}}</ref> BBG staff used a temporary headquarters in the Brooklyn Museum while the BBG was being completed.<ref name="The Record (1913) p. 25">{{harvnb|The Record|1913|ps=.|p=25}}</ref> [[Harold Caparn]] was appointed as the landscape architect in 1912, serving in that position until 1945.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /><ref name="BD p. 107" /> The BBG hired Cockerill & Little Co. to build the Laboratory Administration Building in January 1912 and began constructing the structure three months later.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=3}}</ref><ref name="The Record (1913) p. 26">{{harvnb|The Record|1913|ps=.|p=26}}</ref> That September, the city government gave the BBG an additional {{convert|3|acre}} of land, abutting the museum and reservoir.<ref name="n128786682">{{Cite news |date=1912-09-22 |title=City Presents Brooklyn Land for Botanic Garden |pages=38 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-presents-b/128786682/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> @@ -88,5 +88,5 @@ The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is in the central part of the [[Boroughs of New York City|New York City borough]] of [[Brooklyn]], on the border of the [[Park Slope]], [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]], and [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] neighborhoods. It occupies much of the city block bounded by Eastern Parkway to the north, Washington Avenue to the east, Empire Boulevard to the south, and Flatbush Avenue to the southwest.<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web |title=1000 Flatbush Avenue, 11225 |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/3/1183/1 |access-date=March 20, 2020 |publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> The BBG shares a large city block with Brooklyn's [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Central Library]], [[Mount Prospect Park]], and the [[Brooklyn Museum]] to the west and north.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/01001446.pdf |title=Brooklyn Public Library, Central Building |date=January 11, 2002 |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]] |page=3 |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623201336/https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/01001446.pdf |archive-date=June 23, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The far southeastern corner of the block contains the Brooklyn Central Office, Bureau of Fire Communications, at 35 Empire Boulevard.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peck|first=Richard|date=1975-03-02|title=Old Firehouses Clang in the Past|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/02/archives/old-firehouses-clang-in-the-past-citys-old-firehouses-are-clanging.html|access-date=2023-07-31|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The BBG covers {{Convert|52|acre}},<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden1" /><ref name="Durham National Geographic Society (U.S.) Shaw Hannafin 2015 p. 213">{{cite book |last=Durham |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBknBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |title=National Geographic Traveler - New York |author2=National Geographic Society (U.S.) |last3=Shaw |first3=P. |last4=Hannafin |first4=M. |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4262-1360-1 |series=National Geographic traveler |page=213}}</ref>{{Efn|The [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] gives a conflicting figure of {{convert|47.57|acre}},<ref name="New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 1911 a752"/> and some sources round the area to {{convert|50|acre}}.<ref name="n129144607" />}} making it much smaller than the [[New York Botanical Garden]], which covers {{Convert|250|acre}}.<ref name="n129144607" /> {{As of|2015}}, the BBG has over 14,000 plant species.<ref name="ENR 2015 l894">{{cite web |date=November 11, 2015 |title=Best Small Project: South Garden Undergoes Renovation |url=https://www.enr.com/articles/37913-best-small-project-south-garden-undergoes-renovation |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Engineering News-Record}}</ref> -Approximately 17,000 years ago the [[terminal moraine]] of the receding [[Last glacial period#Wisconsin glaciation, in North America|Wisconsin Glacier]] that formed [[Long Island]], known as the [[Harbor Hill Moraine]], established a string of hills and [[Kettle (landform)|kettles]] as well as a lower lying [[outwash plain]].<ref name="nycsign">{{cite web |date=December 7, 2001 |title=Prospect Park: Wetlands of New York City |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11760 |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]}}</ref><ref name="USGS62">{{cite web |year=2004 |title=NYC Regional Geology: 62 Prospect Park |url=http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/parks/loc62.htm |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> Mount Prospect (or Prospect Hill), near the intersection of [[Flatbush Avenue (Brooklyn)|Flatbush Avenue]] and [[Eastern Parkway (Brooklyn)|Eastern Parkway]], is one of the tallest hills in Brooklyn, rising 200 feet (61&nbsp;m) above sea level.<ref name="Tate 2015 p. 220">{{cite book |last=Tate |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xPwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |title=Great City Parks |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-61298-8 |page=218 |access-date=January 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="USGS">{{cite map|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]|title=Brooklyn (NY) Topographical Map|url=https://prd-tnm.s3.amazonaws.com/StagedProducts/Maps/USTopo/PDF/NY/NY_Brooklyn_20130328_TM_geo.pdf|date=2013|access-date=January 19, 2019}}</ref> As a result of the Wisconsin glaciation, there were a large number of rock [[Outcropping|outcroppings]] on the site prior to the BBG's development. Boulders from the site were used for the BBG's rock garden, the native flora garden, four bridges and ten dams across the BBG's artificial brook, and pedestals for various memorial tablets.<ref name="n128966347">{{Cite news |date=1932-07-03 |title=Noah's Flood Missed Brooklyn, Says Botanic Garden Record |pages=7 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-noahs-flood-missed-brooklyn/128966347/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> +Approximately 17,000 years ago the [[terminal moraine]] of the receding [[Last glacial period#Wisconsin glaciation, in North America|Wisconsin Glacier]] that formed [[Long Island]], known as the [[Harbor Hill Moraine]], established a string of hills and [[Kettle (landform)|kettles]] as well as a lower lying [[outwash plain]].<ref name="nycsign">{{cite web |date=December 7, 2001 |title=Prospect Park: Wetlands of New York City |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11760 |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]}}</ref><ref name="USGS62">{{cite web |year=2004 |title=NYC Regional Geology: 62 Prospect Park |url=http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/parks/loc62.htm |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> Mount Prospect (or Prospect Hill), near the intersection of [[Flatbush Avenue (Brooklyn)|Flatbush Avenue]] and [[Eastern Parkway (Brooklyn)|Eastern Parkway]], is one of the tallest hills in Brooklyn, rising 200 feet (61&nbsp;m) above sea level.<ref name="Tate 2015 p. 220">{{cite book |last=Tate |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xPwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |title=Great City Parks |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-61298-8 |page=218 |access-date=January 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="USGS">{{cite map|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]|title=Brooklyn (NY) Topographical Map|url=https://prd-tnm.s3.amazonaws.com/StagedProducts/Maps/USTopo/PDF/NY/NY_Brooklyn_20130328_TM_geo.pdf|date=2013|access-date=January 19, 2019}}</ref> As a result of the Wisconsin glaciation, there were a large number of rock [[Outcropping|outcroppings]] on the site prior to the BBG's development.<ref name="n128966347" /><ref name="Gager p. 341">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=341}}</ref> The northwestern and eastern edges of the site contained outcroppings, while the rest of the site was in an [[overwash]] plain.<ref name="Gager p. 341" /> Boulders from the site were used in the rock garden, the native flora garden, bridges and dams across the artificial brook, and pedestals for various memorial tablets.<ref name="n128966347">{{Cite news |date=1932-07-03 |title=Noah's Flood Missed Brooklyn, Says Botanic Garden Record |pages=7 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-noahs-flood-missed-brooklyn/128966347/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref> A brook runs across the garden from the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden in the north to the Shelby White and Leon Levy Water Garden in the south. Water from the Water Garden flowed into a storm drain prior to 2019, when the Water Conservation Project was completed. As a result of the project, water from the Water Garden is recirculated to the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden.<ref name="MVVA 2020 s619">{{cite web |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://www.mvvainc.com/projects/brooklyn-botanic-garden |access-date=July 31, 2023 |publisher=Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates Inc}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt 2019 u669">{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Sarah |date=April 18, 2019 |title=The Water Conservation Project Is Open |url=https://www.bbg.org/article/water_conservation_project_is_open |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> This project was intended to save over {{Convert|21|e6gal|L|sp=us}} of water per year,<ref name="Mixson 2016 e375" /><ref name="wsj-2016-08-24" /> reducing by 95 percent the amount of water that the brook drew from the [[New York City water supply system]].<ref name="wsj-2016-08-24" /> @@ -174,12 +174,12 @@ === Laboratory Administration Building === [[File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_008.jpg|thumb|The Laboratory Administration Building]] -[[William M. Kendall]] of McKim, Mead & White designed the Laboratory Administration Building (also known as the Laboratory Building or Administration Building), a [[New York City designated landmark]], in the [[Italianate architecture#Italianate style in the United States|Tuscan Revival]] style.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=1}}</ref> The structure measures {{Convert|240|by|50|ft}} across<ref name="n128786682" /> and was inspired by European churches, with a [[Greek cross]] layout as viewed from the air.<ref name="n128816577" /><ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=4}}</ref> The center section is topped by a terracotta [[cupola]] with round-arched windows, while the outer sections are topped by octagons with round-arched windows.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4" /> Outside the building is Magnolia Plaza, which contains a circular compass rose and bronze [[armillary sphere]].<ref name="n128966919" /><ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> Created in 1932, Magnolia Plaza was named for Judith D. Zuk in 2005.<ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> +[[William M. Kendall]] of McKim, Mead & White designed the Laboratory Administration Building (also known as the Laboratory Building or Administration Building), a [[New York City designated landmark]], in the [[Italianate architecture#Italianate style in the United States|Tuscan Revival]] style.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=1}}</ref> The structure measures {{Convert|240|by|50|ft}} across<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 341" /> and was inspired by European churches, with a [[Greek cross]] layout as viewed from the air.<ref name="n128816577" /><ref name="landmarks"><nowiki>{{Cite landmarks|page=</nowiki>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Landmarks_of_New_York_Fifth_Edition/o8ym5NeiylkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA518&printsec=frontcover 518]</ref><ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=4}}</ref> The center section is topped by a terracotta [[cupola]] with round-arched windows, while the outer sections are topped by octagons with round-arched windows.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4" /> Outside the building is Magnolia Plaza, which contains a circular compass rose and bronze [[armillary sphere]].<ref name="n128966919" /><ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> Created in 1932, Magnolia Plaza was named for Judith D. Zuk in 2005.<ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> -The Laboratory Administration Building's facade is made of reinforced concrete and brick, covered with stucco. The building has [[Hip roof|hip roofs]] with Spanish tiles.<ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 4–5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=4–5}}</ref> The names of 68 famous botanists are inscribed in a [[frieze]] running across the building's facade;<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=5}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2007-03-15" /> these names were selected through a vote in 1911.<ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 2–3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=2–3}}</ref> The original main entrance is on the second floor of the western facade, accessed by a staircase; the modern-day main entrance is on the first story. A [[portico]] provided a secondary entrance on Washington Avenue.<ref name="n128786682" /> +The Laboratory Administration Building's facade is made of reinforced concrete and brick, covered with stucco. The building has [[Hip roof|hip roofs]] with Spanish tiles.<ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 4–5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=4–5}}</ref> The names of 68 famous botanists are inscribed in a [[frieze]] running across the building's facade;<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=5}}</ref><ref name="landmarks" /> these names were selected through a vote in 1911.<ref name="Gager p. 341" /><ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 2–3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=2–3}}</ref> The original main entrance is on the second floor of the western facade, accessed by a staircase.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 342">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=342}}</ref> The modern-day main entrance is on the first story. A [[portico]] provided a secondary entrance on Washington Avenue.<ref name="n128786682" /> -The main entrance led to a rotunda, which connected with a library to the east. The northern pavilion was intended for the BBG's offices, the director's laboratory, and offices for various departments. The southern pavilion was intended to contain classrooms, instructor's room, and various other laboratory rooms, while the basement had service rooms and a lecture hall.<ref name="n128786682" /> +When the Administration Building was completed, it was intended to contain laboratories and storage space.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="landmarks" /><ref name="Gager p. 342" /> The main entrance led to a rotunda, which connected with a library to the east. The northern pavilion was intended for the BBG's offices, the director's laboratory, and offices for various departments. The southern pavilion was intended to contain classrooms, instructor's room, and various other laboratory rooms.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 342" /> The basement had service rooms and a lecture hall.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 343">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=343}}</ref> By the 21st century, the Administration Building's second floor contained the BBG library,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library" /> while the rest of the building was used for offices and as a visitor center.<ref name="landmarks" /> === Palm House === -The Palm House was built as the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's original conservatory<ref name="BD p. 107" /> and was designed by McKim, Mead & White.<ref name="nyt-1984-01-07" /><ref name="Durham National Geographic Society (U.S.) Shaw Hannafin 2015 p. 213" /> The central section of the Palm House measures {{convert|104|by|44|ft}} across and {{convert|36|ft}} high and was originally used for tropical plants.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1914 p. 91">{{cite magazine |date=July 1914 |title=Opening of the Tropical Economic House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JrOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91 |work=The Record |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=91 |ref=none}}</ref> The interior of the Palm House is climate-controlled by a steam heating system.<ref name="Curbed NY 2012 b074">{{cite web |date=May 10, 2012 |title=Architects Triumph With New Botanic Garden Visitor Center |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/5/10/10372354/architects-triumph-with-new-botanic-garden-visitor-center |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> +The Palm House was built as the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's original conservatory<ref name="BD p. 107" /> and was designed by McKim, Mead & White.<ref name="nyt-1984-01-07" /><ref name="Durham National Geographic Society (U.S.) Shaw Hannafin 2015 p. 213" /> The central section of the Palm House measures {{convert|104|by|44|ft}} across and {{convert|36|ft}} high and was originally used for tropical plants.<ref name="Gager p. 343" /><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1914 p. 91">{{cite magazine |date=July 1914 |title=Opening of the Tropical Economic House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JrOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91 |work=The Record |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=91 |ref=none}}</ref> It is flanked by two wings each to the north and south, which each measure {{convert|50|by|22.5|ft}} across. Originally, the northeast wing had classrooms, while the southwest, southeast, and northwest wings contained greenhouses; there were stables and other rooms under the southern wings.<ref name="Gager p. 343" /> The interior of the Palm House is climate-controlled by a steam heating system.<ref name="Curbed NY 2012 b074">{{cite web |date=May 10, 2012 |title=Architects Triumph With New Botanic Garden Visitor Center |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/5/10/10372354/architects-triumph-with-new-botanic-garden-visitor-center |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> During the 1980s, the Palm House was converted to an education center and event space,<ref name="NY2000" /><ref name="nyt-1988-03-10" /> with a 300-seat restaurant.<ref name="p371465007" /> Part of the Palm House was also converted to host temporary exhibits.<ref name="p1832762678" /> Since 2017, one wing of the Palm House has contained the Yellow Magnolia Café.<ref name="nyt-2017-04-11" /> By the 21st century, the Palm House was frequently being used for weddings.<ref name="Curbed NY 2012 b074" /> @@ -234,4 +234,5 @@ * {{cite magazine |author=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soUbnwL8HUYC&pg=PA104 |title=A Brief History of the Botanic Garden Idea in Brooklyn |work=The Record |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden |year=Oct 1918 |volume=7 |issue=4}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Canty |first=Donald |date=Nov 1989 |title=Reconstructing a Victorian Legacy |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1989-11.pdf |work=Architectural Record |volume=177 |issue=13}} +* {{cite magazine |last=Gager |first=C. Stuart |date=April 1912 |title=The Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA339 |work=Popular Science |publisher=Bonnier Corporation |issn=0161-7370}} * {{cite report|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2214.pdf|title=Laboratory Administration Building, Brooklyn Botanic Garden|date=March 13, 2007|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{Harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007}}}} * {{cite book |last=Rakow |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4mn5aWTCKsC&pg=PT423 |title=Public Garden Management: A Complete Guide to the Planning and Administration of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta |last2=Lee |first2=S. |last3=Raven |first3=P.H. |publisher=Wiley |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-470-90459-6}} '
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[ 0 => 'On May 18, 1897, as the city moved [[History of New York City|toward consolidation]], the [[New York State Legislature]] reserved 39 acres (16&nbsp;ha) for a botanic garden.<ref name="Gager p. 339">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=340}}</ref><ref name="Proceedings 1930 p.">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUofAQAAMAAJ |title=Proceedings |year=1930 |page= |access-date=July 24, 2023 |issue=v. 9}}</ref> The site became part of Institute Park in 1902.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /> The garden was to be run under the auspices of the [[Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences]], which until the 1970s included [[Brooklyn Museum]], [[Brooklyn Children's Museum]], and [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]].<ref name="bm">{{cite web |title=About the Brooklyn Museum's Building |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420183309/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |archive-date=April 20, 2013 |access-date=April 28, 2013 |website=Brooklyn Museum}}</ref> By 1901, the institute sought to acquire a site on the eastern side of Flatbush Avenue for the botanical garden.<ref name="n128728735">{{Cite news |date=1901-10-13 |title=The Work of the Institute |pages=18 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-the-work-of-the-ins/128728735/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref> This site had also been proposed as the location of a proposed Brooklyn university, but the institute wanted to establish a botanical garden on the site.<ref name="n128776497">{{Cite news |date=1906-02-08 |title=Dove of Peace Hovering Over University Project |pages=10 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dove-of-peace-h/128776497/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> Several of the institute's donors proposed in 1905 to give $25,000 for the upkeep of a "scientific botanic garden" next to the Brooklyn Museum.<ref name="n128728967">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-11 |title=Another $25,000 Gift to Brooklyn Institute |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-another-25000-gif/128728967/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref><ref name="n128776960">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-10 |title=Two Great Gifts to Brooklyn Institute |pages=4 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-two-great-gifts-to-brooklyn/128776960/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next year, the donors doubled this award to $50,000.<ref name="Gager p. 340">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=340}}</ref> City officials endorsed the creation of the botanical garden in 1907,<ref name="n128777045">{{Cite news |date=1907-07-14 |title=City to Pay $25,000 a Year for Observatory in Prospect Park |pages=17 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-city-to-pay-25000-a/128777045/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="p847016120">{{Cite magazine |date=Oct 1, 1907 |title=Parks and Park Work: Many New Structures for Brooklyn's Parks |magazine=Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening |volume=17 |issue=8 |page=191 |id={{ProQuest|847016120}}}}</ref> and supporters of the institute donated thousands of dollars toward the botanical garden.<ref name="p572129951">{{cite news |date=13 Sep 1908 |title=Institute's Season: Brooklyn Organization Will Make Many Changes This Year |page=C6 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572129951}}}}</ref> [[Alfred Tredway White]], a trustee of the Brooklyn Institute, leased a {{Convert|40|acre|adj=on}} site behind the Brooklyn Museum from the city.<ref name="p1037915186">{{cite news |last=Hinton-Braaten |first=Kathleen |date=5 Apr 1983 |title=Roses and bonsai: Brooklyn's Botanic Garden |work=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0405/040538.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |id={{ProQuest|1037915186}}}}</ref> ', 1 => 'Gager wanted to create "an animated textbook in botany", with a [[Palm house|Palm House]] and laboratories facing Washington Avenue, as well as a landscape with valleys, hills, a pond, and rocks.<ref name="p572338433">{{cite news |date=28 Aug 1910 |title=New Botanical Garden: Dr. Gager Outlines Broad Plan to Extend Educational Side |page=B3 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572338433}}}}</ref> In contrast to older botanical gardens, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was not arranged based solely on taxonomic classifications; the Olmsted Brothers sought to make the garden aesthetically pleasing as well.<ref name="BD p. 107">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=107}}</ref> McKim, Mead & White began drawing up plans in late 1910 for a laboratory and administration building with a 480-seat lecture hall, laboratories, and classrooms.<ref name="n128782235">{{Cite news |date=1910-12-23 |title=A New Park Building |pages=20 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-a-new-park-buil/128782235/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The New York City government turned over {{Convert|43|acre}} to the Brooklyn Institute in February 1911,<ref name="Gager p. 340" /> and the institute's director [[Franklin Hooper|Franklin W. Hooper]] requested the same month that more land be allocated to the BBG.<ref name="n128783860">{{Cite news |date=1911-02-23 |title=Botanic Garden May Be Enlarged |pages=16 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-may-be/128783860/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> McKim, Mead & White had completed plans for two wings of the Palm House and the first part of the Laboratory Administration Building that March.<ref name="n128783135">{{Cite news |date=1911-03-11 |title=Institute Trustees Hold Regular Meeting |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128783135/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next month, the institute decided to build only one part of the Palm House, as the botanical garden only had a $50,000 budget.<ref name="n128783521">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Institute Gets 692 New Members |pages=3 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-institute-gets-692-new-membe/128783521/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128783639">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Gifts to the Institute Announced by Trustees |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-gifts-to-the-in/128783639/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>{{Efn|The laboratory building was to cost $33,000, while the Palm House was to cost $17,000.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1911-10-14|title=Institute in Need of More Members|pages=16|work=The Standard Union|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-institute-in-need-of/128785163/|access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>}} ', 2 => 'Approximately 17,000 years ago the [[terminal moraine]] of the receding [[Last glacial period#Wisconsin glaciation, in North America|Wisconsin Glacier]] that formed [[Long Island]], known as the [[Harbor Hill Moraine]], established a string of hills and [[Kettle (landform)|kettles]] as well as a lower lying [[outwash plain]].<ref name="nycsign">{{cite web |date=December 7, 2001 |title=Prospect Park: Wetlands of New York City |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11760 |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]}}</ref><ref name="USGS62">{{cite web |year=2004 |title=NYC Regional Geology: 62 Prospect Park |url=http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/parks/loc62.htm |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> Mount Prospect (or Prospect Hill), near the intersection of [[Flatbush Avenue (Brooklyn)|Flatbush Avenue]] and [[Eastern Parkway (Brooklyn)|Eastern Parkway]], is one of the tallest hills in Brooklyn, rising 200 feet (61&nbsp;m) above sea level.<ref name="Tate 2015 p. 220">{{cite book |last=Tate |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xPwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |title=Great City Parks |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-61298-8 |page=218 |access-date=January 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="USGS">{{cite map|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]|title=Brooklyn (NY) Topographical Map|url=https://prd-tnm.s3.amazonaws.com/StagedProducts/Maps/USTopo/PDF/NY/NY_Brooklyn_20130328_TM_geo.pdf|date=2013|access-date=January 19, 2019}}</ref> As a result of the Wisconsin glaciation, there were a large number of rock [[Outcropping|outcroppings]] on the site prior to the BBG's development.<ref name="n128966347" /><ref name="Gager p. 341">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=341}}</ref> The northwestern and eastern edges of the site contained outcroppings, while the rest of the site was in an [[overwash]] plain.<ref name="Gager p. 341" /> Boulders from the site were used in the rock garden, the native flora garden, bridges and dams across the artificial brook, and pedestals for various memorial tablets.<ref name="n128966347">{{Cite news |date=1932-07-03 |title=Noah's Flood Missed Brooklyn, Says Botanic Garden Record |pages=7 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-noahs-flood-missed-brooklyn/128966347/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref>', 3 => '[[William M. Kendall]] of McKim, Mead & White designed the Laboratory Administration Building (also known as the Laboratory Building or Administration Building), a [[New York City designated landmark]], in the [[Italianate architecture#Italianate style in the United States|Tuscan Revival]] style.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=1}}</ref> The structure measures {{Convert|240|by|50|ft}} across<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 341" /> and was inspired by European churches, with a [[Greek cross]] layout as viewed from the air.<ref name="n128816577" /><ref name="landmarks"><nowiki>{{Cite landmarks|page=</nowiki>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Landmarks_of_New_York_Fifth_Edition/o8ym5NeiylkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA518&printsec=frontcover 518]</ref><ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=4}}</ref> The center section is topped by a terracotta [[cupola]] with round-arched windows, while the outer sections are topped by octagons with round-arched windows.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4" /> Outside the building is Magnolia Plaza, which contains a circular compass rose and bronze [[armillary sphere]].<ref name="n128966919" /><ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> Created in 1932, Magnolia Plaza was named for Judith D. Zuk in 2005.<ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> ', 4 => 'The Laboratory Administration Building's facade is made of reinforced concrete and brick, covered with stucco. The building has [[Hip roof|hip roofs]] with Spanish tiles.<ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 4–5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=4–5}}</ref> The names of 68 famous botanists are inscribed in a [[frieze]] running across the building's facade;<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=5}}</ref><ref name="landmarks" /> these names were selected through a vote in 1911.<ref name="Gager p. 341" /><ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 2–3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=2–3}}</ref> The original main entrance is on the second floor of the western facade, accessed by a staircase.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 342">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=342}}</ref> The modern-day main entrance is on the first story. A [[portico]] provided a secondary entrance on Washington Avenue.<ref name="n128786682" />', 5 => 'When the Administration Building was completed, it was intended to contain laboratories and storage space.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="landmarks" /><ref name="Gager p. 342" /> The main entrance led to a rotunda, which connected with a library to the east. The northern pavilion was intended for the BBG's offices, the director's laboratory, and offices for various departments. The southern pavilion was intended to contain classrooms, instructor's room, and various other laboratory rooms.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 342" /> The basement had service rooms and a lecture hall.<ref name="n128786682" /><ref name="Gager p. 343">{{harvnb|Gager|1912|ps=.|p=343}}</ref> By the 21st century, the Administration Building's second floor contained the BBG library,<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library" /> while the rest of the building was used for offices and as a visitor center.<ref name="landmarks" />', 6 => 'The Palm House was built as the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's original conservatory<ref name="BD p. 107" /> and was designed by McKim, Mead & White.<ref name="nyt-1984-01-07" /><ref name="Durham National Geographic Society (U.S.) Shaw Hannafin 2015 p. 213" /> The central section of the Palm House measures {{convert|104|by|44|ft}} across and {{convert|36|ft}} high and was originally used for tropical plants.<ref name="Gager p. 343" /><ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1914 p. 91">{{cite magazine |date=July 1914 |title=Opening of the Tropical Economic House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JrOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91 |work=The Record |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=91 |ref=none}}</ref> It is flanked by two wings each to the north and south, which each measure {{convert|50|by|22.5|ft}} across. Originally, the northeast wing had classrooms, while the southwest, southeast, and northwest wings contained greenhouses; there were stables and other rooms under the southern wings.<ref name="Gager p. 343" /> The interior of the Palm House is climate-controlled by a steam heating system.<ref name="Curbed NY 2012 b074">{{cite web |date=May 10, 2012 |title=Architects Triumph With New Botanic Garden Visitor Center |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/5/10/10372354/architects-triumph-with-new-botanic-garden-visitor-center |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref>', 7 => '* {{cite magazine |last=Gager |first=C. Stuart |date=April 1912 |title=The Brooklyn Botanic Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA339 |work=Popular Science |publisher=Bonnier Corporation |issn=0161-7370}}' ]
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[ 0 => 'On May 18, 1897, as the city moved [[History of New York City|toward consolidation]], the [[New York State Legislature]] reserved 39 acres (16&nbsp;ha) for a botanic garden.<ref name="McClure, Phillips and Company 1912 p. 339">{{cite book |last=Gager |first=C. Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCkKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA339 |title=The Brooklyn Botanic Garden |work=Popular Science Monthly |publisher=McClure, Phillips and Company |year=1912 |pages=339–340 |issue=v. 80}}</ref><ref name="Proceedings 1930 p.">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUofAQAAMAAJ |title=Proceedings |year=1930 |page= |access-date=July 24, 2023 |issue=v. 9}}</ref> The site became part of Institute Park in 1902.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 2" /> The garden was to be run under the auspices of the [[Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences]], which until the 1970s included [[Brooklyn Museum]], [[Brooklyn Children's Museum]], and [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]].<ref name="bm">{{cite web |title=About the Brooklyn Museum's Building |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420183309/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php |archive-date=April 20, 2013 |access-date=April 28, 2013 |website=Brooklyn Museum}}</ref> By 1901, the institute sought to acquire a site on the eastern side of Flatbush Avenue for the botanical garden.<ref name="n128728735">{{Cite news |date=1901-10-13 |title=The Work of the Institute |pages=18 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-the-work-of-the-ins/128728735/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref> This site had also been proposed as the location of a proposed Brooklyn university, but the institute wanted to establish a botanical garden on the site.<ref name="n128776497">{{Cite news |date=1906-02-08 |title=Dove of Peace Hovering Over University Project |pages=10 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dove-of-peace-h/128776497/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> Several of the institute's donors proposed in 1905 to give $25,000 for the upkeep of a "scientific botanic garden" next to the Brooklyn Museum.<ref name="n128728967">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-11 |title=Another $25,000 Gift to Brooklyn Institute |pages=6 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-another-25000-gif/128728967/ |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref><ref name="n128776960">{{Cite news |date=1905-06-10 |title=Two Great Gifts to Brooklyn Institute |pages=4 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-two-great-gifts-to-brooklyn/128776960/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next year, the donors doubled this award to $50,000.<ref name="McClure, Phillips and Company 1912 p. 339" /> City officials endorsed the creation of the botanical garden in 1907,<ref name="n128777045">{{Cite news |date=1907-07-14 |title=City to Pay $25,000 a Year for Observatory in Prospect Park |pages=17 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-city-to-pay-25000-a/128777045/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="p847016120">{{Cite magazine |date=Oct 1, 1907 |title=Parks and Park Work: Many New Structures for Brooklyn's Parks |magazine=Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening |volume=17 |issue=8 |page=191 |id={{ProQuest|847016120}}}}</ref> and supporters of the institute donated thousands of dollars toward the botanical garden.<ref name="p572129951">{{cite news |date=13 Sep 1908 |title=Institute's Season: Brooklyn Organization Will Make Many Changes This Year |page=C6 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572129951}}}}</ref> [[Alfred Tredway White]], a trustee of the Brooklyn Institute, leased a {{Convert|40|acre|adj=on}} site behind the Brooklyn Museum from the city.<ref name="p1037915186">{{cite news |last=Hinton-Braaten |first=Kathleen |date=5 Apr 1983 |title=Roses and bonsai: Brooklyn's Botanic Garden |work=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0405/040538.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |id={{ProQuest|1037915186}}}}</ref> ', 1 => 'Gager wanted to create "an animated textbook in botany", with a [[Palm house|Palm House]] and laboratories facing Washington Avenue, as well as a landscape with valleys, hills, a pond, and rocks.<ref name="p572338433">{{cite news |date=28 Aug 1910 |title=New Botanical Garden: Dr. Gager Outlines Broad Plan to Extend Educational Side |page=B3 |work=New-York Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572338433}}}}</ref> In contrast to older botanical gardens, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was not arranged based solely on taxonomic classifications; the Olmsted Brothers sought to make the garden aesthetically pleasing as well.<ref name="BD p. 107">{{harvnb|Berenson|DeMause|2001|ps=.|p=107}}</ref> McKim, Mead & White began drawing up plans in late 1910 for a laboratory and administration building with a 480-seat lecture hall, laboratories, and classrooms.<ref name="n128782235">{{Cite news |date=1910-12-23 |title=A New Park Building |pages=20 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-a-new-park-buil/128782235/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> Brooklyn Institute director [[Franklin Hooper|Franklin W. Hooper]] requested in February 1911 that the BBG be allowed to expand into space that had been designated for the Brooklyn Museum, [[Mount Prospect Park|Mount Prospect Reservoir]], or [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Brooklyn Central Library]].<ref name="n128783860">{{Cite news |date=1911-02-23 |title=Botanic Garden May Be Enlarged |pages=16 |work=The Standard Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-may-be/128783860/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The firm had completed plans for two wings of the Palm House and the first part of the Laboratory Administration Building that March.<ref name="n128783135">{{Cite news |date=1911-03-11 |title=Institute Trustees Hold Regular Meeting |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128783135/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> The next month, the institute decided to build only one part of the Palm House, as the botanical garden only had a $50,000 budget.<ref name="n128783521">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Institute Gets 692 New Members |pages=3 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-institute-gets-692-new-membe/128783521/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref name="n128783639">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-15 |title=Gifts to the Institute Announced by Trustees |pages=3 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-gifts-to-the-in/128783639/ |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>{{Efn|The laboratory building was to cost $33,000, while the Palm House was to cost $17,000.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1911-10-14|title=Institute in Need of More Members|pages=16|work=The Standard Union|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-institute-in-need-of/128785163/|access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>}} ', 2 => 'Approximately 17,000 years ago the [[terminal moraine]] of the receding [[Last glacial period#Wisconsin glaciation, in North America|Wisconsin Glacier]] that formed [[Long Island]], known as the [[Harbor Hill Moraine]], established a string of hills and [[Kettle (landform)|kettles]] as well as a lower lying [[outwash plain]].<ref name="nycsign">{{cite web |date=December 7, 2001 |title=Prospect Park: Wetlands of New York City |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11760 |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]}}</ref><ref name="USGS62">{{cite web |year=2004 |title=NYC Regional Geology: 62 Prospect Park |url=http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/parks/loc62.htm |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> Mount Prospect (or Prospect Hill), near the intersection of [[Flatbush Avenue (Brooklyn)|Flatbush Avenue]] and [[Eastern Parkway (Brooklyn)|Eastern Parkway]], is one of the tallest hills in Brooklyn, rising 200 feet (61&nbsp;m) above sea level.<ref name="Tate 2015 p. 220">{{cite book |last=Tate |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xPwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |title=Great City Parks |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-61298-8 |page=218 |access-date=January 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="USGS">{{cite map|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]|title=Brooklyn (NY) Topographical Map|url=https://prd-tnm.s3.amazonaws.com/StagedProducts/Maps/USTopo/PDF/NY/NY_Brooklyn_20130328_TM_geo.pdf|date=2013|access-date=January 19, 2019}}</ref> As a result of the Wisconsin glaciation, there were a large number of rock [[Outcropping|outcroppings]] on the site prior to the BBG's development. Boulders from the site were used for the BBG's rock garden, the native flora garden, four bridges and ten dams across the BBG's artificial brook, and pedestals for various memorial tablets.<ref name="n128966347">{{Cite news |date=1932-07-03 |title=Noah's Flood Missed Brooklyn, Says Botanic Garden Record |pages=7 |work=Times Union |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-noahs-flood-missed-brooklyn/128966347/ |access-date=2023-07-27}}</ref>', 3 => '[[William M. Kendall]] of McKim, Mead & White designed the Laboratory Administration Building (also known as the Laboratory Building or Administration Building), a [[New York City designated landmark]], in the [[Italianate architecture#Italianate style in the United States|Tuscan Revival]] style.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=1}}</ref> The structure measures {{Convert|240|by|50|ft}} across<ref name="n128786682" /> and was inspired by European churches, with a [[Greek cross]] layout as viewed from the air.<ref name="n128816577" /><ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=4}}</ref> The center section is topped by a terracotta [[cupola]] with round-arched windows, while the outer sections are topped by octagons with round-arched windows.<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 4" /> Outside the building is Magnolia Plaza, which contains a circular compass rose and bronze [[armillary sphere]].<ref name="n128966919" /><ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> Created in 1932, Magnolia Plaza was named for Judith D. Zuk in 2005.<ref name="Paper 2008 x4152" /> ', 4 => 'The Laboratory Administration Building's facade is made of reinforced concrete and brick, covered with stucco. The building has [[Hip roof|hip roofs]] with Spanish tiles.<ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 4–5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=4–5}}</ref> The names of 68 famous botanists are inscribed in a [[frieze]] running across the building's facade;<ref name="NYCL (2007) p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|p=5}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2007-03-15" /> these names were selected through a vote in 1911.<ref name="NYCL (2007) pp. 2–3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2007|ps=.|pp=2–3}}</ref> The original main entrance is on the second floor of the western facade, accessed by a staircase; the modern-day main entrance is on the first story. A [[portico]] provided a secondary entrance on Washington Avenue.<ref name="n128786682" />', 5 => 'The main entrance led to a rotunda, which connected with a library to the east. The northern pavilion was intended for the BBG's offices, the director's laboratory, and offices for various departments. The southern pavilion was intended to contain classrooms, instructor's room, and various other laboratory rooms, while the basement had service rooms and a lecture hall.<ref name="n128786682" />', 6 => 'The Palm House was built as the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's original conservatory<ref name="BD p. 107" /> and was designed by McKim, Mead & White.<ref name="nyt-1984-01-07" /><ref name="Durham National Geographic Society (U.S.) Shaw Hannafin 2015 p. 213" /> The central section of the Palm House measures {{convert|104|by|44|ft}} across and {{convert|36|ft}} high and was originally used for tropical plants.<ref name="Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1914 p. 91">{{cite magazine |date=July 1914 |title=Opening of the Tropical Economic House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JrOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91 |work=The Record |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden. |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=91 |ref=none}}</ref> The interior of the Palm House is climate-controlled by a steam heating system.<ref name="Curbed NY 2012 b074">{{cite web |date=May 10, 2012 |title=Architects Triumph With New Botanic Garden Visitor Center |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2012/5/10/10372354/architects-triumph-with-new-botanic-garden-visitor-center |access-date=July 30, 2023 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref>' ]
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'<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Botanical garden in New York City</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Brooklyn Botanic Garden</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_(logo).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/f/f6/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_%28logo%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="174" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Current logo</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Brooklyn_botanic_garden_fragrance_garden_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Brooklyn_botanic_garden_fragrance_garden_gate.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_botanic_garden_fragrance_garden_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Brooklyn_botanic_garden_fragrance_garden_gate.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_botanic_garden_fragrance_garden_gate.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Brooklyn_botanic_garden_fragrance_garden_gate.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_botanic_garden_fragrance_garden_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="367" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Brooklyn Botanic Garden</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="12" data-lat="40.67" data-lon="-73.9625" data-overlays="[&quot;_b3946d065b4f11b7a3330c1e171c33a501c6d7ab&quot;]" href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:Map/12/40.67/-73.9625/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,40.67,-73.9625,250x200.png?lang=en&amp;domain=en.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;groups=_b3946d065b4f11b7a3330c1e171c33a501c6d7ab" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,40.67,-73.9625,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&amp;domain=en.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;groups=_b3946d065b4f11b7a3330c1e171c33a501c6d7ab 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;params=40_40_12_N_73_57_45_W_type:edu"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°40′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°57′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.67000°N 73.96250°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">40.67000; -73.96250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date opened</th><td class="infobox-data">May 13, 1911</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">990 Washington Avenue, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> 11225<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Land area</th><td class="infobox-data">52 acres (21&#160;ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of species</th><td class="infobox-data">12,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">725,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public transit access</th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>:</b><div><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="2 (New York City Subway service)"><img alt="&quot;2&quot; train" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NYCS-bull-trans-2-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-2-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NYCS-bull-trans-2-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-2-Std.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NYCS-bull-trans-2-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-2-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span>&#8203;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/3_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="3 (New York City Subway service)"><img alt="&quot;3&quot; train" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NYCS-bull-trans-3-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-3-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NYCS-bull-trans-3-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-3-Std.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NYCS-bull-trans-3-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-3-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span>&#8203;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/4_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="4 (New York City Subway service)"><img alt="&quot;4&quot; train" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NYCS-bull-trans-4-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-4-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NYCS-bull-trans-4-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-4-Std.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NYCS-bull-trans-4-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-4-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span>&#8203;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/5_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="5 (New York City Subway service)"><img alt="&quot;5&quot; train" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NYCS-bull-trans-5-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-5-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NYCS-bull-trans-5-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-5-Std.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NYCS-bull-trans-5-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-5-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span>&#8203;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_Avenue_Shuttle" title="Franklin Avenue Shuttle"><img alt="Franklin Avenue Shuttle" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_Avenue/Botanic_Garden_(New_York_City_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Avenue/Botanic Garden (New York City Subway)">Franklin Avenue/Botanic Garden</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="B (New York City Subway service)"><img alt="&quot;B&quot; train" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NYCS-bull-trans-B-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-B-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NYCS-bull-trans-B-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-B-Std.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NYCS-bull-trans-B-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-B-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span>&#8203;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Q_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="Q (New York City Subway service)"><img alt="&quot;Q&quot; train" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NYCS-bull-trans-Q-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-Q-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NYCS-bull-trans-Q-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-Q-Std.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NYCS-bull-trans-Q-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-Q-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span>&#8203;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_Avenue_Shuttle" title="Franklin Avenue Shuttle"><img alt="Franklin Avenue Shuttle" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-S-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prospect_Park_(BMT_lines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospect Park (BMT lines)">Prospect Park</a></li></ul></div><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Bus">New York City Bus</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/B16_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="B16 (New York City bus)">B16</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/B41_(New_York_City_bus)" title="B41 (New York City bus)">B41</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/B43_(New_York_City_bus)" title="B43 (New York City bus)">B43</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/B48_(New_York_City_bus)" title="B48 (New York City bus)">B48</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/">www<wbr />.bbg<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</b> (<b>BBG</b>) is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough (New York City)">borough</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The botanical garden occupies 52-acre (21&#160;ha) in central Brooklyn, close to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Prospect_Park" title="Mount Prospect Park">Mount Prospect Park</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Prospect Park (Brooklyn)">Prospect Park</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>. Designed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olmsted_Brothers" title="Olmsted Brothers">Olmsted Brothers</a>, the BBG holds over 14,000 taxa of plants and has over 800,000 visitors each year. It includes a number of specialty gardens, plant collections, and structures. The BBG hosts numerous educational programs, plant-science and conservation, and community horticulture initiatives, in addition to a herbarium collection and a horticulture and botany library. </p><p>The site of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was first designated in 1897, following three proposals for botanic gardens in Brooklyn in the 19th century. The BBG opened in May 1911, on the site of an ash dump, and was initially operated by the Brooklyn Institute. Most of the BBG's expansions were carried out over the next three decades under the tenure of its first director, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C._Stuart_Gager" title="C. Stuart Gager">C. Stuart Gager</a>. The BBG began operating three additional sites in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a> in the 1950s and 1960s, while its main garden in Brooklyn fell into decline. The original Brooklyn Botanic Garden was expanded and restored substantially starting in the 1980s, and additional structures were built through the 2010s. </p><p>The BBG's landscape includes many specialty gardens and a group of buildings on its eastern boundary, accessed from three entrances. A brook flows from the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden in the north to the Water Garden in the south. The BBG's other specialty gardens include rose, native flora, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a>, fragrance, and children's gardens. There are also more formal landscape features such as an overlook, a celebrity path, the Osborne Garden, and a cherry esplanade. The structures include the 1980s-era Steinhardt Conservatory, as well as the Laboratory Administration Building and a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palm_house" title="Palm house">palm house</a> dating from the 1910s. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_proposals"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early proposals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Creation"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Creation</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Legislation_and_funding"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Legislation and funding</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Construction_and_opening"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Construction and opening</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Operation"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Operation</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#1920s_to_1940s"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">1920s to 1940s</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#1950s_to_1970s"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">1950s to 1970s</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#1980s_and_1990s"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">1980s and 1990s</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#2000s_to_present"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">2000s to present</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Location_and_geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Location and geography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Entrances"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Entrances</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Specialty_gardens_and_collections"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Specialty gardens and collections</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Osborne_Garden"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Osborne Garden</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Native_Flora_Garden"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Native Flora Garden</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Cranford_Rose_Garden"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cranford Rose Garden</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Cherry_trees"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Cherry trees</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Japanese_Hill-and-Pond_Garden"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Shakespeare_Garden"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Shakespeare Garden</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Alice_Recknagel_Ireys_Fragrance_Garden"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Alice Recknagel Ireys Fragrance Garden</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Children&#39;s_Garden"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Children's Garden</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Water_Garden"><span class="tocnumber">3.9</span> <span class="toctext">Water Garden</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Discovery_Garden"><span class="tocnumber">3.10</span> <span class="toctext">Discovery Garden</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Other_gardens"><span class="tocnumber">3.11</span> <span class="toctext">Other gardens</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Structures"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Structures</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Steinhardt_Conservatory"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Steinhardt Conservatory</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Laboratory_Administration_Building"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Laboratory Administration Building</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Palm_House"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Palm House</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Programs"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Programs</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Education_programs"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Education programs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Plant_science_and_conservation"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Plant science and conservation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Community_horticulture"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Community horticulture</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Publications_and_resources"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Publications and resources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Former_BBG_properties"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Former BBG properties</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Membership_and_events"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Membership and events</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Operations"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Operations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: History">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_proposals">Early proposals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Early proposals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Early proposals">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Prior to the construction of the present Brooklyn Botanic Garden, there had been three proposals for botanic gardens in the then-independent city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> in the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._2-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> though only one of these botanic gardens was ever built.<sup id="cite_ref-n128990345_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128990345-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Parmentier_(landscape_architect)" title="André Parmentier (landscape architect)">André Parmentier</a> had created the Horticultural and Botanic Garden of Brooklyn in October 1825 within <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prospect_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Prospect Heights, Brooklyn">Prospect Heights</a>, on a plot bounded by Sixth, Atlantic, and Carleton Avenues and Bergen Street;<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Brooklyn_Institute_of_Arts_and_Sciences_1926_p._14_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Brooklyn_Institute_of_Arts_and_Sciences_1926_p._14-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> this garden only lasted until about 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_1993_p._212_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann_1993_p._212-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> Brooklyn resident Thomas Hunt granted $50,000 in 1855 for the establishment of a botanic garden in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Sunset Park, Brooklyn">Sunset Park</a> (between Fifth Avenue, 57th Street, Sixth Avenue, and 60th Street).<sup id="cite_ref-Michels_1917_p._648_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michels_1917_p._648-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stiles_1870_p._924_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stiles_1870_p._924-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> The Hunt Horticultural and Botanical Garden sought to raise $150,000,<sup id="cite_ref-Stiles_1870_p._924_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stiles_1870_p._924-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBG1918_p._101_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBG1918_p._101-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> but the garden was never built at that location.<sup id="cite_ref-n128990345_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128990345-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBG1918_p._105_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBG1918_p._105-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The third plan for a botanical garden in Brooklyn was included in the plans for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Prospect Park (Brooklyn)">Prospect Park</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBG1918_p._106_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBG1918_p._106-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> which was approved in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> In February 1860, a group of fifteen commissioners submitted suggestions for park locations in Brooklyn, including a 320-acre (1.3&#160;km<sup>2</sup>) plot centered on present-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Prospect_Park" title="Mount Prospect Park">Mount Prospect Park</a> and bounded by Warren Street to the north; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vanderbilt_Avenue" title="Vanderbilt Avenue">Vanderbilt</a>, Ninth, and Tenth Avenues to the west; Third and Ninth Streets to the south; and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington_Avenue_(Brooklyn,_New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Avenue (Brooklyn, New York)">Washington Avenue</a> to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancaster_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancaster-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egbert_Viele" class="mw-redirect" title="Egbert Viele">Egbert Viele</a> began drawing plans for the park, which was to straddle <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flatbush_Avenue" title="Flatbush Avenue">Flatbush Avenue</a> and include Prospect Hill and the land now occupied by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Library_(Brooklyn_Public_Library)" title="Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)">Brooklyn Public Library</a>, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancaster_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancaster-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bluestone_1987_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bluestone_1987-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> The botanical garden was initially planned to be located along the shores of the park's lake.<sup id="cite_ref-BBG1918_p._106_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBG1918_p._106-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> The onset of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> stopped further activity;<sup id="cite_ref-Bluestone_1987_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bluestone_1987-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> following the war, the triangle of land to the east of Flatbush Avenue was excluded from the park.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancaster_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancaster-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> The botanical garden within Prospect Park was not built.<sup id="cite_ref-n128990345_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128990345-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> The northeast portion of the triangle served as an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">ash dump</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._2-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128864452_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128864452-19">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> until just before the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was established.<sup id="cite_ref-p1113783092_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1113783092-20">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Creation">Creation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Creation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Creation">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Legislation_and_funding">Legislation and funding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Legislation and funding">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Legislation and funding">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>On May 18, 1897, as the city moved <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">toward consolidation</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a> reserved 39 acres (16&#160;ha) for a botanic garden.<sup id="cite_ref-Gager_p._339_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gager_p._339-21">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Proceedings_1930_p._22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proceedings_1930_p.-22">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> The site became part of Institute Park in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._2-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> The garden was to be run under the auspices of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn_Institute_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences">Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences</a>, which until the 1970s included <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn_Children%27s_Museum" title="Brooklyn Children&#39;s Museum">Brooklyn Children's Museum</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bm_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bm-23">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup> By 1901, the institute sought to acquire a site on the eastern side of Flatbush Avenue for the botanical garden.<sup id="cite_ref-n128728735_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128728735-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> This site had also been proposed as the location of a proposed Brooklyn university, but the institute wanted to establish a botanical garden on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-n128776497_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128776497-25">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> Several of the institute's donors proposed in 1905 to give $25,000 for the upkeep of a "scientific botanic garden" next to the Brooklyn Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-n128728967_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128728967-26">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128776960_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128776960-27">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup> The next year, the donors doubled this award to $50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Gager_p._340_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gager_p._340-28">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> City officials endorsed the creation of the botanical garden in 1907,<sup id="cite_ref-n128777045_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128777045-29">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p847016120_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p847016120-30">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup> and supporters of the institute donated thousands of dollars toward the botanical garden.<sup id="cite_ref-p572129951_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p572129951-31">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Tredway_White" title="Alfred Tredway White">Alfred Tredway White</a>, a trustee of the Brooklyn Institute, leased a 40-acre (16&#160;ha) site behind the Brooklyn Museum from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-p1037915186_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1037915186-32">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Although the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Estimate" title="New York City Board of Estimate">New York City Board of Estimate</a> approved the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's creation in June 1909, it did not approve another agreement that would allow the Brooklyn Institute to maintain the botanical garden.<sup id="cite_ref-n128782433_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128782433-33">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128782676_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128782676-34">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup> By the end of that year, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olmsted_Brothers" title="Olmsted Brothers">Olmsted Brothers</a> had been hired as landscape designers, while <a href="/enwiki/wiki/McKim,_Mead_%26_White" title="McKim, Mead &amp; White">McKim, Mead &amp; White</a> had been hired as architects for the botanical garden's buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-n128782569_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128782569-35">&#91;35&#93;</a></sup> The Board of Estimate voted on December 10, 1909, to allow the city and the Brooklyn Institute to sign a maintenance agreement for the botanical garden.<sup id="cite_ref-n128782433_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128782433-33">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128782676_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128782676-34">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup> New York City government and the Brooklyn Institute signed the maintenance agreement on December 28,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_1913_p._77_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_1913_p._77-36">&#91;36&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p572395107_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p572395107-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup> and an endowment fund for the BBG was created three days later.<sup id="cite_ref-p572395107_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p572395107-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C._Stuart_Gager" title="C. Stuart Gager">C. Stuart Gager</a> was hired as the BBG's first director in March 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-n128782203_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128782203-38">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup> At this point, the BBG was authorized to spend between $2,000 and $2,500 annually on plantings.<sup id="cite_ref-n7607461_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n7607461-39">&#91;39&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p194083330_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p194083330-40">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup> That June, the city government appropriated $25,000 for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's plant houses.<sup id="cite_ref-n128780494_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128780494-41">&#91;41&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128780637_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128780637-42">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Construction_and_opening">Construction and opening</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Construction and opening">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Construction and opening">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Botanical_Gardens_-_5924619217.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Brooklyn_Botanical_Gardens_-_5924619217.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Botanical_Gardens_-_5924619217.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Brooklyn_Botanical_Gardens_-_5924619217.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Botanical_Gardens_-_5924619217.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Brooklyn_Botanical_Gardens_-_5924619217.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Botanical_Gardens_-_5924619217.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>The pond at the BBG</figcaption></figure> <p>Gager wanted to create "an animated textbook in botany", with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palm_house" title="Palm house">Palm House</a> and laboratories facing Washington Avenue, as well as a landscape with valleys, hills, a pond, and rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-p572338433_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p572338433-43">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup> In contrast to older botanical gardens, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was not arranged based solely on taxonomic classifications; the Olmsted Brothers sought to make the garden aesthetically pleasing as well.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._107_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._107-44">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup> McKim, Mead &amp; White began drawing up plans in late 1910 for a laboratory and administration building with a 480-seat lecture hall, laboratories, and classrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-n128782235_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128782235-45">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup> The New York City government turned over 43 acres (17&#160;ha) to the Brooklyn Institute in February 1911,<sup id="cite_ref-Gager_p._340_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gager_p._340-28">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> and the institute's director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_Hooper" title="Franklin Hooper">Franklin W. Hooper</a> requested the same month that more land be allocated to the BBG.<sup id="cite_ref-n128783860_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128783860-46">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup> McKim, Mead &amp; White had completed plans for two wings of the Palm House and the first part of the Laboratory Administration Building that March.<sup id="cite_ref-n128783135_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128783135-47">&#91;47&#93;</a></sup> The next month, the institute decided to build only one part of the Palm House, as the botanical garden only had a $50,000 budget.<sup id="cite_ref-n128783521_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128783521-48">&#91;48&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128783639_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128783639-49">&#91;49&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">&#91;a&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The first section of the BBG, the Native Flora Garden, opened on May 13, 1911;<sup id="cite_ref-n128786039_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128786039-52">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> the date was chosen to coincide with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>'s birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-n128785950_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128785950-53">&#91;52&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128785650_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128785650-54">&#91;53&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">&#91;b&#93;</a></sup> At the time, the plants had temporary labels, and work on the Palm House and laboratory had not started.<sup id="cite_ref-n128785650_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128785650-54">&#91;53&#93;</a></sup> By late 1911, the Brooklyn Institute was planting shrubs and trees and were curating the BBG's lawn.<sup id="cite_ref-n128783296_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128783296-56">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup> The plantings included between 150 and 200 species of shrubs that grew within 100 miles (160&#160;km) of Brooklyn.<sup id="cite_ref-p846943851_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p846943851-57">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup> BBG staff used a temporary headquarters in the Brooklyn Museum while the BBG was being completed.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Record_(1913)_p._25_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Record_(1913)_p._25-58">&#91;56&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Harold_Caparn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Caparn (page does not exist)">Harold Caparn</a> was appointed as the landscape architect in 1912, serving in that position until 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._2-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._107_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._107-44">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup> The BBG hired Cockerill &amp; Little Co. to build the Laboratory Administration Building in January 1912 and began constructing the structure three months later.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._3-59">&#91;57&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Record_(1913)_p._26_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Record_(1913)_p._26-60">&#91;58&#93;</a></sup> That September, the city government gave the BBG an additional 3 acres (1.2&#160;ha) of land, abutting the museum and reservoir.<sup id="cite_ref-n128786682_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128786682-61">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Workers began constructing the second section of the Palm House and landscaping the northern section of the botanical garden in early 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-n128812479_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128812479-62">&#91;60&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HathiTrust_2022_c330_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HathiTrust_2022_c330-63">&#91;61&#93;</a></sup> The completion of the Laboratory Administration Building was postponed because of difficulties in obtaining roof tiles and structural steel.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._3_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._3-59">&#91;57&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Record_(1913)_p._26_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Record_(1913)_p._26-60">&#91;58&#93;</a></sup> The first portions of the Laboratory Administration Building and the Palm House were being completed by mid-1913,<sup id="cite_ref-n128812745_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128812745-64">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup> and these structures opened in December 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-n128813487_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128813487-65">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128815342_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128815342-66">&#91;64&#93;</a></sup> At the time, the Palm House had about 250 specimens from 140 species.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Record_(1914)_pp._29–30_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Record_(1914)_pp._29–30-67">&#91;65&#93;</a></sup> Dirt from the Brooklyn Botanical Garden was used to flatten land in Prospect Park,<sup id="cite_ref-n128814186_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128814186-68">&#91;66&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Record_(1914)_p._31_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Record_(1914)_p._31-69">&#91;67&#93;</a></sup> and workers also landscaped the BBG's watercourses and laid out paths.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Record_(1914)_p._32_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Record_(1914)_p._32-70">&#91;68&#93;</a></sup> The ongoing work forced officials to close off about two-thirds of the botanical garden's area to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Record_(1914)_p._31_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Record_(1914)_p._31-69">&#91;67&#93;</a></sup> The BBG launched a children's garden in 1914;<sup id="cite_ref-n128815980_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128815980-71">&#91;69&#93;</a></sup> it was one of the first of its kind in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Oldfield_2010_p._72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldfield_2010_p.-72">&#91;70&#93;</a></sup> By the end of that year, workers were constructing a Japanese garden and a rock garden.<sup id="cite_ref-HathiTrust_2023_b093_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HathiTrust_2023_b093-73">&#91;71&#93;</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plaza in front of the Laboratory Building" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_006.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_006.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_006.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_006.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The Laboratory Administration Building (in background) was dedicated in April 1917.</figcaption></figure> <p>The BBG's Japanese garden opened on the northeastern corner of the grounds in June 1915, next to the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-n128816577_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128816577-74">&#91;72&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128856799_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128856799-75">&#91;73&#93;</a></sup> At that time, the BBG started admitting visitors every day of the week; the grounds had been closed during the previous year because workers were regrading the paths.<sup id="cite_ref-n128856799_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128856799-75">&#91;73&#93;</a></sup> McKim, Mead &amp; White filed plans for expansions of the Palm House and the Laboratory Administration Building in August 1915 at a projected cost of $150,000.<sup id="cite_ref-n128816433_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128816433-76">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128858948_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128858948-77">&#91;75&#93;</a></sup> The Board of Estimate approved the rock garden in March 1916,<sup id="cite_ref-n128862644_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128862644-78">&#91;76&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Record_(1917)_p._30_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Record_(1917)_p._30-79">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup> and the Laboratory Administration Building's cornerstone was laid at a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Groundbreaking" title="Groundbreaking">groundbreaking</a> ceremony that April.<sup id="cite_ref-n128862471_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128862471-80">&#91;78&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Record_(1917)_p._27_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Record_(1917)_p._27-81">&#91;79&#93;</a></sup> The rock garden was completed in May 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Record_(1917)_p._30_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Record_(1917)_p._30-79">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup> The same year, the third section of the Palm House was built,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Record_(1917)_pp._27–28_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Record_(1917)_pp._27–28-82">&#91;80&#93;</a></sup> and contracts for the Palm House's fourth section were awarded.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Record_(1917)_p._29_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Record_(1917)_p._29-83">&#91;81&#93;</a></sup> The Laboratory Administration Building and Palm House were nearly complete in early 1917<sup id="cite_ref-n128862992_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128862992-84">&#91;82&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128864120_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128864120-85">&#91;83&#93;</a></sup> and were dedicated on April 19–21, 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-n128863129_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128863129-86">&#91;84&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128863154_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128863154-87">&#91;85&#93;</a></sup> The children's building was finished the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-n128864120_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128864120-85">&#91;83&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Record_(1917)_p._28_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Record_(1917)_p._28-88">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Operation">Operation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Operation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Operation">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Caparn designed most of the BBG's grounds in the botanical garden's first three decades of operation, including the Osborne Garden, Cranford Rose Garden, Magnolia Plaza, and Plant Collection.<sup id="cite_ref-tclf_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tclf-89">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup> For most of the 20th century, the BBG could not expand because of space constraints, as it spanned only 52 acres (21&#160;ha). The BBG initially did not charge admission.<sup id="cite_ref-n128724987_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128724987-90">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="1920s_to_1940s">1920s to 1940s</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: 1920s to 1940s">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1920s to 1940s">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>By the early 1920s, the BBG had 330,000 visitors a year,<sup id="cite_ref-n128864452_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128864452-19">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> including over 15,000 students from across Brooklyn.<sup id="cite_ref-n128865358_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128865358-91">&#91;89&#93;</a></sup> During 1921, BBG staff planted 2,000 lily bulbs within its Lily Pool Terrace,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1921-12-11-1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1921-12-11-1-92">&#91;90&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128865473_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128865473-93">&#91;91&#93;</a></sup> as well as thousands of daffodils and crocus bulbs.<sup id="cite_ref-n128865178_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128865178-94">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup> The BBG also planted thousands of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aster_(genus)" title="Aster (genus)">asters</a> east of the Laboratory Administration Building.<sup id="cite_ref-n128865473_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128865473-93">&#91;91&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1921-12-11-3_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1921-12-11-3-95">&#91;93&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a> designed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Tredway_White_Memorial" title="Alfred Tredway White Memorial">Alfred Tredway White Memorial</a> for the botanical garden in 1922 following White's death.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1922-12-07_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1922-12-07-96">&#91;94&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128875717_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128875717-97">&#91;95&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr." title="John D. Rockefeller Jr.">John D. Rockefeller Jr.</a> offered to donate $250,000 to the BBG in 1925 on the condition that the botanical garden raise matching funds.<sup id="cite_ref-n128954209_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128954209-98">&#91;96&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1925-12-05_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1925-12-05-99">&#91;97&#93;</a></sup> By then, 500,000 people (including 50,000 students) visited the BBG annually, and the BBG gave lectures and classes to another 25,000 people per year.<sup id="cite_ref-p11757326_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p11757326-100">&#91;98&#93;</a></sup> The same year, Ernest F. Coe donated 32 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a> to allow the BBG to establish its Bonsai Collection,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1-101">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup> and Henry C. Folger gave the BBG $500 to establish a Shakespeare garden,<sup id="cite_ref-n128956919_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128956919-102">&#91;100&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128957624_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128957624-103">&#91;101&#93;</a></sup> which opened in May 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-n128957484_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128957484-104">&#91;102&#93;</a></sup> Gager announced in 1927 that the BBG would create a rose garden,<sup id="cite_ref-n128957850_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128957850-105">&#91;103&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1927-05-22_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1927-05-22-106">&#91;104&#93;</a></sup> following a $10,000 donation from Walter V. Cranford<sup id="cite_ref-n128957879_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128957879-107">&#91;105&#93;</a></sup> (later increased to $15,000).<sup id="cite_ref-n128960567_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128960567-108">&#91;106&#93;</a></sup> The rose garden opened on May 8, 1928,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1952-10-15_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1952-10-15-109">&#91;107&#93;</a></sup> and was finished that June.<sup id="cite_ref-n128960398_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128960398-110">&#91;108&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128960787_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128960787-111">&#91;109&#93;</a></sup> An anonymous donor contributed funds for a stone bridge at the BBG in 1928, replacing a wooden bridge across the botanical garden's lake.<sup id="cite_ref-n128961303_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128961303-112">&#91;110&#93;</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_November_2016_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The torii in the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden, Brooklyn Botanic Garden" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_November_2016_006.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_November_2016_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_November_2016_006.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_November_2016_006.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_November_2016_006.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_November_2016_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was renovated in the early 1930s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gager announced in June 1929 that an ornamental gate designed by McKim, Mead &amp; White would be installed at the BBG's Flatbush Avenue entrance, following a donation from Richard Young.<sup id="cite_ref-n128961538_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128961538-113">&#91;111&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128961709_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128961709-114">&#91;112&#93;</a></sup> The next month, BBG trustee Alfred W. Jenkins donated funds for two additional stone "rustic bridges".<sup id="cite_ref-p1111991058_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1111991058-115">&#91;113&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128962576_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128962576-116">&#91;114&#93;</a></sup> By that October, the gate and several new bridges within the BBG were nearly finished;<sup id="cite_ref-n128961996_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128961996-117">&#91;115&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128962106_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128962106-118">&#91;116&#93;</a></sup> the gate was dedicated in May 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-p1113243605_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1113243605-119">&#91;117&#93;</a></sup> During the same time, ten garden seats and eight drinking fountains were donated to the BBG,<sup id="cite_ref-p1113627988_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1113627988-120">&#91;118&#93;</a></sup> and Jenkins agreed to donate a fountain and another rustic bridge in 1930,<sup id="cite_ref-n128963767_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128963767-121">&#91;119&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128964099_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128964099-122">&#91;120&#93;</a></sup> The BBG awarded contracts for the construction of a 500-by-90-foot (152 by 27&#160;m) plaza in front of the Laboratory Administration Building in April 1930, more than a decade after plans for the plaza had been drawn up.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1930-04-20_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1930-04-20-123">&#91;121&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p1113650289_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1113650289-124">&#91;122&#93;</a></sup> Gager also planned to build three other gates, an overlook, a north addition next to the Brooklyn Museum, garden seats, and plantings within the Native Flora Garden.<sup id="cite_ref-n128964643_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128964643-125">&#91;123&#93;</a></sup> The Japanese garden was expanded as well, reopening in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-p1114478959_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1114478959-126">&#91;124&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128965290_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128965290-127">&#91;125&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, a redesigned native wildflower garden, the Laboratory Administration Building plaza, and the overlook were completed,<sup id="cite_ref-n128966919_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128966919-128">&#91;126&#93;</a></sup> and the BBG Women's Auxiliary donated magnolias to the garden's Magnolia Plaza.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1-101">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a> (CWA) workers began landscaping the 2.5-acre (1.0&#160;ha) north addition next to the Brooklyn Museum the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-n128966919_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128966919-128">&#91;126&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p1114836300_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1114836300-129">&#91;127&#93;</a></sup> The CWA crew also constructed a new entrance to the BBG from Eastern Parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-p1114836300_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1114836300-129">&#91;127&#93;</a></sup> Most of the north addition was completed in 1935; by then, the BBG had 1.35 million annual visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-p1221593147_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1221593147-130">&#91;128&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128967810_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128967810-131">&#91;129&#93;</a></sup> Afterward, BBG staff planted a formal garden along the north addition, as well as a "wall garden" next to Mount Prospect Park.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1935-08-11_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1935-08-11-132">&#91;130&#93;</a></sup> Mrs. Walter V. Cranford donated a Rose Arc Pool to the BBG in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-n128968485_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128968485-133">&#91;131&#93;</a></sup> The BBG's Japanese shrine burned down in January 1938;<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1938-01-26_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1938-01-26-134">&#91;132&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p1243679687_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1243679687-135">&#91;133&#93;</a></sup> the herb garden at the northeast corner of the BBG, planted by the Women's Auxiliary, was dedicated that September.<sup id="cite_ref-n128968870_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128968870-136">&#91;134&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1938-09-28_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1938-09-28-137">&#91;135&#93;</a></sup> Sade Elisabeth Osborne dedicated the Dean Clay Osborne memorial at the BBG in April 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-n128969634_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128969634-138">&#91;136&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The BBG attracted about 1.8 million annual visitors at the beginning of the 1940s with an endowment fund of nearly $1.4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-n128990345_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128990345-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> The Cherry Esplanade was created in 1941 after the Women's Auxiliary donated<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1-101">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup> four rows of cherry trees.<sup id="cite_ref-n128989559_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128989559-139">&#91;137&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2003-04-25_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2003-04-25-140">&#91;138&#93;</a></sup> An ivy garden was also dedicated the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-n128989559_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128989559-139">&#91;137&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128989609_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128989609-141">&#91;139&#93;</a></sup> The Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was closed from 1941 to 1947 because of anti-Japanese sentiment during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2003-04-25_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2003-04-25-140">&#91;138&#93;</a></sup> The BBG rehired McKim, Mead &amp; White in 1942 to design a $200,000 annex to the Laboratory Administration Building, but the annex was not completed because of financial shortfalls.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._3_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._3-59">&#91;57&#93;</a></sup> Gager, the BBG's first director, died in 1943<sup id="cite_ref-p1282797944_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1282797944-142">&#91;140&#93;</a></sup> and was succeeded by <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_S._Avery_Jr.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George S. Avery Jr. (page does not exist)">George S. Avery Jr.</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-n129028681_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129028681-143">&#91;141&#93;</a></sup> Michael Tuch and his wife donated a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> gate for the BBG's Eastern Parkway entrance in 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-n128993534_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128993534-144">&#91;142&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1945-08-12_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1945-08-12-145">&#91;143&#93;</a></sup> and the gate was dedicated in March 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-n128993816_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128993816-146">&#91;144&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="1950s_to_1970s">1950s to 1970s</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: 1950s to 1970s">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1950s to 1970s">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>By the early 1950s, Avery planned to expand the BBG's children's garden by 1 acre (0.40&#160;ha) by covering the open-cut <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMT_Franklin_Avenue_Line" title="BMT Franklin Avenue Line">Franklin Avenue subway line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p1320079755_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1320079755-147">&#91;145&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1951-06-06_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1951-06-06-148">&#91;146&#93;</a></sup> At the time, the children's garden only had space for 250 plots, but a thousand children wanted to use the children's garden each year.<sup id="cite_ref-p1320079755_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1320079755-147">&#91;145&#93;</a></sup> The BBG accommodated 1.35 million visitors annually, more than the larger <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden" title="New York Botanical Garden">New York Botanical Garden</a> did, but received less funding from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-n129028868_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129028868-149">&#91;147&#93;</a></sup> The Women's Auxiliary proposed creating a "garden of fragrance" at the BBG in May 1954;<sup id="cite_ref-n129023142_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129023142-150">&#91;148&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1954-05-18_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1954-05-18-151">&#91;149&#93;</a></sup> the project was inspired by a British garden for the blind.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1954-05-18_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1954-05-18-151">&#91;149&#93;</a></sup> Construction of the 1.5-acre (6,100&#160;m<sup>2</sup>) garden, located just north of the Laboratory Administration Building, began in October 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-n129022267_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129022267-152">&#91;150&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p1313680457_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1313680457-153">&#91;151&#93;</a></sup> The fragrance garden was dedicated in June 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1955-06-10_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1955-06-10-154">&#91;152&#93;</a></sup> Elizabeth Van Brunt sold 223 acres (90&#160;ha) of forest at Kitchawan in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a>, to the BBG in 1956 for use as a research center.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1956-10-20_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1956-10-20-155">&#91;153&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n129028559_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129028559-156">&#91;154&#93;</a></sup> The BBG planned to move its nursery to Westchester to make way for a 1-acre (0.40&#160;ha) expansion of the children's garden.<sup id="cite_ref-n129028559_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129028559-156">&#91;154&#93;</a></sup> The research center was dedicated in May 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-n129085727_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129085727-157">&#91;155&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Workers restored the BBG's paths, and added new trees and benches, in 1958 as part of a project designed by Clarence C. Combs.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1958-05-19_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1958-05-19-158">&#91;156&#93;</a></sup> Local women also volunteered to cultivate the garden after BBG staff went on strike for several months in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1959-06-24_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1959-06-24-159">&#91;157&#93;</a></sup> A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrine</a> was dedicated at the BBG's Japanese Garden in 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1960-05-02_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1960-05-02-160">&#91;158&#93;</a></sup> replacing a shrine that vandals had burned down.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1975-04-20_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1975-04-20-161">&#91;159&#93;</a></sup> By that October, the BBG had recorded 50 million all-time visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1960-10-07_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1960-10-07-162">&#91;160&#93;</a></sup> Takuma Paul Tono designed a replica of a stone garden at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dan-ji" title="Ryōan-ji">Ryōan-ji</a> after the BBG received a private donation in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1961-09-10_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1961-09-10-163">&#91;161&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n129085879_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129085879-164">&#91;162&#93;</a></sup> The stone garden, dedicated in May 1963,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1963-05-29_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1963-05-29-165">&#91;163&#93;</a></sup> contained 15 granite stones of varying colors and sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1963-05-29_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1963-05-29-165">&#91;163&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p913625711_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p913625711-166">&#91;164&#93;</a></sup> The Native Flora Garden was closed in 1963 due to a lack of funding; it did not reopen for two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-n128728533_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128728533-167">&#91;165&#93;</a></sup> By the mid-1960s, Avery said the BBG's finances were in decline, as most of the garden's funding came from wealthy benefactors who were moving away from Brooklyn.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1965-12-11_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1965-12-11-168">&#91;166&#93;</a></sup> Furthermore, an increase in crime had caused BBG officials to close off most of the botanical garden's exits by the end of the decade,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1969-12-12_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1969-12-12-169">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup> and litter was beginning to accumulate in the surrounding area.<sup id="cite_ref-n129139888_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129139888-170">&#91;168&#93;</a></sup> The BBG had an average of 5,000 daily visitors by the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1969-04-13_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1969-04-13-171">&#91;169&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Avery served as the BBG's director until 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-American_Rose_Society_1969_p._172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Rose_Society_1969_p.-172">&#91;170&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1994-08-082_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1994-08-082-173">&#91;171&#93;</a></sup> and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Martin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis B. Martin (page does not exist)">Louis B. Martin</a> briefly served as the BBG's third director for the next two years, until the beginning of 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_1971_p._174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_1971_p.-174">&#91;172&#93;</a></sup> As early as 1971, the city considered allowing the Brooklyn Botanic Garden to charge admission.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1971-01-25_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1971-01-25-175">&#91;173&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elizabeth_Scholtz" title="Elizabeth Scholtz">Elizabeth Scholtz</a>, the BBG's assistant curator of instruction, was appointed as the garden's acting director in 1972<sup id="cite_ref-p148379523_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p148379523-176">&#91;174&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n129141063_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129141063-177">&#91;175&#93;</a></sup> and officially became the garden's fourth director the next year, making her the first woman to lead a large U.S. botanical garden.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1973-02-04_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1973-02-04-178">&#91;176&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p920968896_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p920968896-179">&#91;177&#93;</a></sup> Under Scholtz's leadership, the BBG shifted its focus to its three "outreach stations" in Westchester County and on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, as there was very little space to expand the original garden in Brooklyn. Although public interest in the BBG had grown, the original garden in Brooklyn only employed seven full-time instructors and some part-time instructors.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1973-04-15_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1973-04-15-180">&#91;178&#93;</a></sup> The Ryōan-ji stone garden, which had been closed for several years because of a lack of funds, reopened in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1973-06-24_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1973-06-24-181">&#91;179&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The BBG split from the Brooklyn Institute during the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._108_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._108-182">&#91;180&#93;</a></sup> The Women's Auxiliary of the BBG launched a docent program, Volunteer Garden Guide, in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1-101">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup> Continuing financial problems forced the BBG to close on Mondays starting in 1975 for the first time in its history.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1975-06-20_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1975-06-20-183">&#91;181&#93;</a></sup> The change was attributed to the fact that the BBG's annual operating budget had come to exceed $2 million, a two-thirds increase from the $1.2 million budget in 1970, but the city had committed to funding a smaller portion of the BBG's expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1975-06-22_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1975-06-22-184">&#91;182&#93;</a></sup> The BBG had 800,000 annual visitors by the late 1970s; although this was half the number of visitors that the garden had recorded in the mid-20th century, the BBG was still more popular than comparable botanical gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-n129144607_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129144607-185">&#91;183&#93;</a></sup> The Shakespeare Garden reopened in June 1979<sup id="cite_ref-n129151586_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129151586-186">&#91;184&#93;</a></sup> after being relocated from its original location near the Children's Garden.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1980-06-022_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1980-06-022-187">&#91;185&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="1980s_and_1990s">1980s and 1990s</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: 1980s and 1990s">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1980s and 1990s">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Donald_E._Moore&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald E. Moore (page does not exist)">Donald E. Moore</a> became the BBG's fifth leader in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1980-06-28_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1980-06-28-188">&#91;186&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n129152175_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129152175-189">&#91;187&#93;</a></sup> Under his tenure, the BBG was expanded, and its membership grew threefold to 25,000.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2018-10-11_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2018-10-11-190">&#91;188&#93;</a></sup> The BBG began allowing events, such as parties and weddings, to be hosted on its grounds in 1982. In the first several months after the policy was implemented, the BBG hosted over 30 weddings.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1982-07-23_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1982-07-23-191">&#91;189&#93;</a></sup> In 1983, the BBG reopened its native flora garden, which had been closed for twenty years, after hiring a gardener and two assistants.<sup id="cite_ref-n128728533_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128728533-167">&#91;165&#93;</a></sup> By the mid-1980s, the botanical garden had over 600,000 annual visitors, as well as 11,000 members from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1984-05-19_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1984-05-19-192">&#91;190&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n129154395_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129154395-193">&#91;191&#93;</a></sup> The BBG also had 15,000 specimens representing 2,000 species.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1986-11-14_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-11-14-194">&#91;192&#93;</a></sup> At that time, the BBG's Palm House and the adjacent wooden greenhouses had become severely deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-n129157133_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129157133-195">&#91;193&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canty_p._110_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canty_p._110-196">&#91;194&#93;</a></sup> The Celebrity Path was created in 1985 following a donation from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn_Union_Gas_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Union Gas Company">Brooklyn Union Gas Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_&amp;_Recreation_1911_a752_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_&amp;_Recreation_1911_a752-197">&#91;195&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n129206258_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129206258-198">&#91;196&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The BBG announced in 1984 that it would construct a new conservatory and restore the Palm House for $16 million. The city and the BBG would each pay for half of the renovation.<sup id="cite_ref-n129157133_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129157133-195">&#91;193&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1984-01-07_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1984-01-07-199">&#91;197&#93;</a></sup> The conservatory was to be designed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Davis_Brody_Bond" title="Davis Brody Bond">Davis, Brody &amp; Associates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-07-03-200">&#91;198&#93;</a></sup> who were also responsible for renovating the Palm House and Administration Building.<sup id="cite_ref-NY2000_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY2000-201">&#91;199&#93;</a></sup> Work on the new conservatory commenced in May 1984;<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1984-05-19_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1984-05-19-192">&#91;190&#93;</a></sup> it was the first major building erected in the BBG since the 1910s.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-07-03-200">&#91;198&#93;</a></sup> The conservatory replaced three smaller gardens, including the Ryōan-ji stone garden.<sup id="cite_ref-p1832762678_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1832762678-202">&#91;200&#93;</a></sup> The conservatory's $25 million cost included $3 million from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Steinhardt" title="Michael Steinhardt">Michael</a> and Judith Steinhardt and $11.65 million from the city government.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-07-03-200">&#91;198&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p277992233_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p277992233-203">&#91;201&#93;</a></sup> The Steinhardt Conservatory was named for the couple in March 1988<sup id="cite_ref-p277992233_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p277992233-203">&#91;201&#93;</a></sup> and opened on May 19, 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-p1832762678_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1832762678-202">&#91;200&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128724868_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128724868-204">&#91;202&#93;</a></sup> The BBG also renovated the Palm House into an education center and event space,<sup id="cite_ref-NY2000_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY2000-201">&#91;199&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-03-10_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-03-10-205">&#91;203&#93;</a></sup> and it erected an education building with greenhouses, displays, and classrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-p371465007_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p371465007-206">&#91;204&#93;</a></sup> The renovation added 80,000 square feet (7,400&#160;m<sup>2</sup>), more than doubling the amount of space dedicated to displaying plants and exhibits.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-03-10_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-03-10-205">&#91;203&#93;</a></sup> A gift shop opened next to the Steinhardt Conservatory in June 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1989-06-29_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1989-06-29-207">&#91;205&#93;</a></sup> and a discovery center sponsored by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chase_Manhattan_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Manhattan Bank">Chase Manhattan Bank</a> opened in September 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-p278084191_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p278084191-208">&#91;206&#93;</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judith_D._Zuk" title="Judith D. Zuk">Judith Zuk</a> was named as the BBG's president in 1990 after Moore resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1990-07-05_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1990-07-05-209">&#91;207&#93;</a></sup> Several of the BBG's gardens were renovated under Zuk's tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-210">&#91;208&#93;</a></sup> The Discovery Garden opened next to the Discovery Center in September 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-n129194306_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129194306-211">&#91;209&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1992-09-25_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1992-09-25-212">&#91;210&#93;</a></sup> and the viewing pavilion in the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was renovated in 1993 as part of a larger $1.5 million rehabilitation of the Japanese garden.<sup id="cite_ref-n129194932_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129194932-213">&#91;211&#93;</a></sup> In 1996, the garden began charging admission of $3 per adult after cuts in public and private funding and increases in operating costs.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1996-01-26_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1996-01-26-214">&#91;212&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Daily_News_1996_v102_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Daily_News_1996_v102-215">&#91;213&#93;</a></sup> Community groups objected that the admission fee would negatively impact local residents,<sup id="cite_ref-p2632213670_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p2632213670-216">&#91;214&#93;</a></sup> but Zuk said the fee would raise at least half a million dollars per year.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1996-01-26_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1996-01-26-214">&#91;212&#93;</a></sup> To attract visitors during the winter, the BBG began hosting <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Model_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Model train">model train</a> displays in late 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1998-11-292_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1998-11-292-217">&#91;215&#93;</a></sup> The Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was renovated starting in 1999; the project was supposed to cost $3 million and was funded mostly by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City_Council" title="New York City Council">New York City Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1999-02-21_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1999-02-21-218">&#91;216&#93;</a></sup> The project included repainting the torii, restoring the viewing pavilion and Turtle Island, making the lower level accessible, and planting extra trees.<sup id="cite_ref-n129081764_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129081764-219">&#91;217&#93;</a></sup> The Japanese garden reopened in May 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-n129081764_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129081764-219">&#91;217&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2000-06-18_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2000-06-18-220">&#91;218&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="2000s_to_present">2000s to present</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: 2000s to present">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 2000s to present">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Entrance_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Facade of the visitor center on Washington Avenue" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Entrance_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.JPG/220px-Entrance_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Entrance_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.JPG/330px-Entrance_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Entrance_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.JPG/440px-Entrance_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The visitor center on Washington Avenue opened in May 2012.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the entrance to the Brooklyn Museum was rebuilt in 2002, some of the BBG's cherry trees had to be cut down.<sup id="cite_ref-n129081556_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129081556-221">&#91;219&#93;</a></sup> The entrance on Eastern Parkway was rebuilt in 2003 at a cost of $2.5 million. The previous entrance had been too narrow and was set back from the street, making it difficult for visitors to see the entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2003-11-16_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2003-11-16-222">&#91;220&#93;</a></sup> The new entrance opened in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-p219168955_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p219168955-223">&#91;221&#93;</a></sup> After Zuk retired in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-210">&#91;208&#93;</a></sup> the Magnolia Plaza was named in her honor,<sup id="cite_ref-Paper_2008_x4152_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paper_2008_x4152-224">&#91;222&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Sun_2007_g963_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Sun_2007_g963-225">&#91;223&#93;</a></sup> and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Scot_Medbury&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Scot Medbury (page does not exist)">Scot Medbury</a> was selected as president the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_2019_l176_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson_2019_l176-226">&#91;224&#93;</a></sup> Medbury planned to build a party room, restaurant, and visitor center; by then, the BBG had 700,000 annual visitors and an operating budget of nearly $15 million.<sup id="cite_ref-p219168955_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p219168955-223">&#91;221&#93;</a></sup> The Cranford Rose Garden was restored in 2006, followed by the C.V. Starr Bonsai Museum the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1-101">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The BBG's Laboratory Building was designated as a city landmark in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2007-03-15_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2007-03-15-227">&#91;225&#93;</a></sup> The same year, as part of the Campaign for the Next Century,<sup id="cite_ref-Croghan_2019_x985_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croghan_2019_x985-228">&#91;226&#93;</a></sup> the BBG started to raise money for new gardens, entrances, and a visitor center.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj-2011-05-26_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2011-05-26-229">&#91;227&#93;</a></sup> Major donors to the campaign included Charlie and Irene Hamm,<sup id="cite_ref-wsj-2011-05-26_229-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2011-05-26-229">&#91;227&#93;</a></sup> the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leon_Levy_Foundation" title="Leon Levy Foundation">Leon Levy Foundation</a>, the Brooklyn Community Foundation, and the Robert Wilson Charitable Trust.<sup id="cite_ref-Philanthropy_News_Digest_(PND)_2023_g366_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philanthropy_News_Digest_(PND)_2023_g366-230">&#91;228&#93;</a></sup> The BBG announced in 2009 that it would build a new entrance and visitor center on its northeastern corner, at the intersection of President Street and Washington Avenue. The botanical garden also planned to construct herb, woodland, and water gardens for its centennial.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinman_2009_r692_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinman_2009_r692-231">&#91;229&#93;</a></sup> The visitor center was originally supposed to be located near the Cherry Walk but was moved to provide a better connection with the surrounding area.<sup id="cite_ref-Dailey_2012_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dailey_2012-232">&#91;230&#93;</a></sup> The BBG relocated its herb garden in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-Paper_2010_b662_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paper_2010_b662-233">&#91;231&#93;</a></sup> and the visitor center opened in May 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_2012_k355_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_2012_k355-234">&#91;232&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">&#91;233&#93;</a></sup> In June 2013, the BBG opened an expansion of its Native Flora Garden.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2013-06-12_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2013-06-12-236">&#91;234&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geberer_2013_w950_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geberer_2013_w950-237">&#91;235&#93;</a></sup> The BBG temporarily suspended its science program that year because of budget cuts and the severe deterioration of the BBG's science center at 109 Montgomery Street.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2013-09-22_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2013-09-22-238">&#91;236&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The Brooklyn Botanic Garden was one of ten institutions that received the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Medal_for_Museum_and_Library_Service" title="National Medal for Museum and Library Service">National Medal for Museum and Library Service</a> in 2014, the centennial of its children's garden.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2014-05-08_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2014-05-08-239">&#91;237&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj-2014-05-16_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2014-05-16-240">&#91;238&#93;</a></sup> The BBG's Discovery Garden reopened in June 2015 after a renovation designed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Van_Valkenburgh" title="Michael Van Valkenburgh">Michael Van Valkenburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2015-06-11_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2015-06-11-241">&#91;239&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hurowitz_2015_d775_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurowitz_2015_d775-242">&#91;240&#93;</a></sup> The Water Garden, which was named for Shelby White and Leon Levy after they donated $7.5 million to the BBG,<sup id="cite_ref-wsj-2016-08-24_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2016-08-24-243">&#91;241&#93;</a></sup> reopened in September 2016 following a restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-Mixson_2016_e375_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mixson_2016_e375-244">&#91;242&#93;</a></sup> The Yellow Magnolia Café opened within the Palm House in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2017-04-11_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2017-04-11-245">&#91;243&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sietsema_2017_n611_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sietsema_2017_n611-246">&#91;244&#93;</a></sup> In 2018, the BBG announced that it would re-landscape a hill leading to the Robert W. Wilson Overlook,<sup id="cite_ref-Mixson_2018_j381_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mixson_2018_j381-247">&#91;245&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wong_2018_c026_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong_2018_c026-248">&#91;246&#93;</a></sup> which was rededicated in November 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Croghan_2019_j063_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croghan_2019_j063-249">&#91;247&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spivack_2019_r181_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spivack_2019_r181-250">&#91;248&#93;</a></sup> The Elizabeth Scholtz Woodland Garden, named in honor of the BBG's former director, also opened the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Croghan_2019_j063_249-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croghan_2019_j063-249">&#91;247&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2019_h862_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2019_h862-251">&#91;249&#93;</a></sup> After a high-rise tower development was announced next to the BBG at 960 Franklin Avenue, the BBG protested the project in 2019;<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">&#91;250&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mixson_2019_u928_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mixson_2019_u928-253">&#91;251&#93;</a></sup> the towers were canceled after city officials rejected the project.<sup id="cite_ref-Cifuentes_2022_g726_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cifuentes_2022_g726-254">&#91;252&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The BBG was closed temporarily from March to August 2020 due to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York City">COVID-19 pandemic in New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_2020_z244_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_2020_z244-255">&#91;253&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Verde_2020_c336_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verde_2020_c336-256">&#91;254&#93;</a></sup> Former city parks commissioner <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adrian_Benepe" title="Adrian Benepe">Adrian Benepe</a> was selected as the BBG's eighth president in late 2020, after Medbury resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-Verde_2020_y707_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verde_2020_y707-257">&#91;255&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Location_and_geography">Location and geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Location and geography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Location and geography">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is in the central part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">New York City borough</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, on the border of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Park_Slope" title="Park Slope">Park Slope</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prospect_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Prospect Heights, Brooklyn">Prospect Heights</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a> neighborhoods. It occupies much of the city block bounded by Eastern Parkway to the north, Washington Avenue to the east, Empire Boulevard to the south, and Flatbush Avenue to the southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-ZoLa_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZoLa-258">&#91;256&#93;</a></sup> The BBG shares a large city block with Brooklyn's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Library_(Brooklyn_Public_Library)" title="Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)">Central Library</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Prospect_Park" title="Mount Prospect Park">Mount Prospect Park</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a> to the west and north.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259">&#91;257&#93;</a></sup> The far southeastern corner of the block contains the Brooklyn Central Office, Bureau of Fire Communications, at 35 Empire Boulevard.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260">&#91;258&#93;</a></sup> The BBG covers 52 acres (21&#160;ha),<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1-101">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Durham_National_Geographic_Society_(U.S.)_Shaw_Hannafin_2015_p._213_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durham_National_Geographic_Society_(U.S.)_Shaw_Hannafin_2015_p._213-261">&#91;259&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262">&#91;c&#93;</a></sup> making it much smaller than the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden" title="New York Botanical Garden">New York Botanical Garden</a>, which covers 250 acres (100&#160;ha).<sup id="cite_ref-n129144607_185-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129144607-185">&#91;183&#93;</a></sup> As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, the BBG has over 14,000 plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-ENR_2015_l894_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENR_2015_l894-263">&#91;260&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 17,000 years ago the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terminal_moraine" title="Terminal moraine">terminal moraine</a> of the receding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Last_glacial_period#Wisconsin_glaciation,_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">Wisconsin Glacier</a> that formed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harbor_Hill_Moraine" title="Harbor Hill Moraine">Harbor Hill Moraine</a>, established a string of hills and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">kettles</a> as well as a lower lying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outwash_plain" title="Outwash plain">outwash plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nycsign_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nycsign-264">&#91;261&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS62_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS62-265">&#91;262&#93;</a></sup> Mount Prospect (or Prospect Hill), near the intersection of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flatbush_Avenue_(Brooklyn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatbush Avenue (Brooklyn)">Flatbush Avenue</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Parkway_(Brooklyn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Parkway (Brooklyn)">Eastern Parkway</a>, is one of the tallest hills in Brooklyn, rising 200 feet (61&#160;m) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-Tate_2015_p._220_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate_2015_p._220-266">&#91;263&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-267">&#91;264&#93;</a></sup> As a result of the Wisconsin glaciation, there were a large number of rock <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outcropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Outcropping">outcroppings</a> on the site prior to the BBG's development.<sup id="cite_ref-n128966347_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128966347-268">&#91;265&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gager_p._341_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gager_p._341-269">&#91;266&#93;</a></sup> The northwestern and eastern edges of the site contained outcroppings, while the rest of the site was in an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overwash" title="Overwash">overwash</a> plain.<sup id="cite_ref-Gager_p._341_269-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gager_p._341-269">&#91;266&#93;</a></sup> Boulders from the site were used in the rock garden, the native flora garden, bridges and dams across the artificial brook, and pedestals for various memorial tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-n128966347_268-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128966347-268">&#91;265&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>A brook runs across the garden from the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden in the north to the Shelby White and Leon Levy Water Garden in the south. Water from the Water Garden flowed into a storm drain prior to 2019, when the Water Conservation Project was completed. As a result of the project, water from the Water Garden is recirculated to the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden.<sup id="cite_ref-MVVA_2020_s619_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVVA_2020_s619-270">&#91;267&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_2019_u669_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2019_u669-271">&#91;268&#93;</a></sup> This project was intended to save over 21&#160;million U.S. gallons (79,000,000&#160;L) of water per year,<sup id="cite_ref-Mixson_2016_e375_244-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mixson_2016_e375-244">&#91;242&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj-2016-08-24_243-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2016-08-24-243">&#91;241&#93;</a></sup> reducing by 95 percent the amount of water that the brook drew from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City_water_supply_system" title="New York City water supply system">New York City water supply system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj-2016-08-24_243-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2016-08-24-243">&#91;241&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Entrances">Entrances</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Entrances">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Entrances">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:BBG_south_gate_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/BBG_south_gate_jeh.jpg/220px-BBG_south_gate_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/BBG_south_gate_jeh.jpg/330px-BBG_south_gate_jeh.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/BBG_south_gate_jeh.jpg/440px-BBG_south_gate_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption>Entrance on Flatbush Avenue</figcaption></figure> <p>The Brooklyn Botanic Garden contains three entrances.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2012-05-08_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2012-05-08-272">&#91;269&#93;</a></sup> The southwest entrance, at Flatbush Avenue near Empire Boulevard, is near the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prospect_Park_station_(BMT_lines)" title="Prospect Park station (BMT lines)">Prospect Park station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._108_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._108-182">&#91;180&#93;</a></sup> McKim, Mead &amp; White designed an Italian Renaissance Revival-style gate at Flatbush Avenue. The gate measures 20 feet (6.1&#160;m) tall by 23 feet (7.0&#160;m) wide and is made of brick and limestone. It contains three arches measuring 6.75 feet (2.06&#160;m) deep, with a large central arch flanked by smaller entry and exit arches.<sup id="cite_ref-n128961538_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128961538-113">&#91;111&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128961709_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128961709-114">&#91;112&#93;</a></sup> Three similar arches were proposed, one on Eastern Parkway and two on Washington Avenue, but were never built.<sup id="cite_ref-n128961538_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128961538-113">&#91;111&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128961709_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128961709-114">&#91;112&#93;</a></sup> In the early 21st century, a visitor center was added next to the Flatbush Avenue entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-ARO_Architecture_Research_Office_2019_b321_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARO_Architecture_Research_Office_2019_b321-273">&#91;270&#93;</a></sup> </p><p> The northern entrance on Eastern Parkway is adjacent to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Parkway%E2%80%93Brooklyn_Museum_station" title="Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum station">Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum station</a>'s entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._108_182-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._108-182">&#91;180&#93;</a></sup> Prior to 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2003-11-16_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2003-11-16-222">&#91;220&#93;</a></sup> it contained a decorative metal gate dating from 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-n128993816_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128993816-146">&#91;144&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._108_182-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._108-182">&#91;180&#93;</a></sup> The gate contained plaques symbolizing three major crops, namely rice, maize, and wheat. In addition, there were vertical reliefs that symbolize plant evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._108_182-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._108-182">&#91;180&#93;</a></sup> The entrance was rebuilt in 2003 with a 16-foot-wide (4.9&#160;m) stainless-steel gate flanked by 12-foot-high (3.7&#160;m) curved steel walls. The new entrance, designed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Polshek" title="James Polshek">James Polshek</a>, also contains a 50-foot-high (15&#160;m) cast-glass cone, as well as an embankment with information and ticket kiosks.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2003-11-16_222-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2003-11-16-222">&#91;220&#93;</a></sup> Just within the entrance, there are boulders from New Jersey on either side of the path, as well as an overhanging birch branch.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._108_182-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._108-182">&#91;180&#93;</a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_003.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_003.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_003.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_003.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The deck above the visitor center on Washington Avenue</figcaption></figure> <p>The eastern entrance on Washington Avenue abuts the Brooklyn Museum's parking lot.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._108_182-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._108-182">&#91;180&#93;</a></sup> This entrance contains the Diane H. and Joseph S. Steinberg Visitor Center, designed by Weiss/Manfredi,<sup id="cite_ref-wsj-2012-05-15_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2012-05-15-274">&#91;271&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Magazine_2019_a329_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Magazine_2019_a329-275">&#91;272&#93;</a></sup> and faces the botanical garden's northeastern corner.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2012-05-08_272-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2012-05-08-272">&#91;269&#93;</a></sup> The structure is accessed by a set of stairs, which lead to a concrete plaza with a rock garden on its northern border (abutting the Brooklyn Museum's parking lot).<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2012-05-08_272-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2012-05-08-272">&#91;269&#93;</a></sup> The visitor center's Washington Avenue facade is made of concrete and glass, with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gable_roof" title="Gable roof">gabled copper roof</a>, while the northern and southern facades of the visitor center are curved.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj-2012-05-15_274-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2012-05-15-274">&#91;271&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2012-05-08_272-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2012-05-08-272">&#91;269&#93;</a></sup> The interior consists of a rectangular pavilion to the east, which houses the gift shop, and a 480-foot-long (150&#160;m) curving pavilion to the west, with kitchens, event spaces, offices, and exhibits.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj-2012-05-15_274-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2012-05-15-274">&#91;271&#93;</a></sup> The visitor center has a sloped <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roof</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Magazine_2019_a329_275-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Magazine_2019_a329-275">&#91;272&#93;</a></sup> covering 10,000 square feet (930&#160;m<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Dailey_2012_232-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dailey_2012-232">&#91;230&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2012-05-08_272-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2012-05-08-272">&#91;269&#93;</a></sup> The structure is heated by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">ground source heat pump</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-Dailey_2012_232-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dailey_2012-232">&#91;230&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Specialty_gardens_and_collections">Specialty gardens and collections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Specialty gardens and collections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Specialty gardens and collections">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Osborne_Garden">Osborne Garden</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Osborne Garden">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Osborne Garden">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_20200911_-_03_-_Osborne_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_20200911_-_03_-_Osborne_Garden.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_20200911_-_03_-_Osborne_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_20200911_-_03_-_Osborne_Garden.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_20200911_-_03_-_Osborne_Garden.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_20200911_-_03_-_Osborne_Garden.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_20200911_-_03_-_Osborne_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3747" data-file-height="2810" /></a><figcaption>The Osborne Garden as seen from its southern end</figcaption></figure> <p>At the extreme north end of the BBG, just south of the Eastern Parkway entrance,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map-276">&#91;273&#93;</a></sup> is the Osborne Garden, a 3-acre (1.2&#160;ha) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_garden" title="Italian garden">Italian-style garden</a> that features pergolas.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Osborne_Garden_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Osborne_Garden-277">&#91;274&#93;</a></sup> The Osborne Garden also contains a memorial with four columns, a fountain, sinks, and seats.<sup id="cite_ref-n128969634_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128969634-138">&#91;136&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._108_182-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._108-182">&#91;180&#93;</a></sup> The columns are arranged in two pairs, one each at the northern and southern end. Each set of columns is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fluted_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluted column">fluted</a> and is 35 feet (11&#160;m) high, with ginkgo leaves inscribed into the pedestals of each column. There is a stone flower bed between the northern and southern pairs of columns, which originally served as a reflecting pool.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_pp._108–110_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_pp._108–110-278">&#91;275&#93;</a></sup> The fountain is located near the southern pair of columns and is surrounded by limestone benches, which are arranged in a semicircle. The benches are nicknamed the "whispering chairs" because people sitting on the benches at either end can hear each other clearly when they whisper.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Osborne_Garden_277-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Osborne_Garden-277">&#91;274&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._110_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._110-279">&#91;276&#93;</a></sup> A staircase at the south end of the Osborne Garden descends to the Louisa Clark Spencer Lilac Collection.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._110_279-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._110-279">&#91;276&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Native_Flora_Garden">Native Flora Garden</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Native Flora Garden">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Native Flora Garden">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Fall_In_the_Native_Flora_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fall_In_the_Native_Flora_Garden.jpg/220px-Fall_In_the_Native_Flora_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fall_In_the_Native_Flora_Garden.jpg/330px-Fall_In_the_Native_Flora_Garden.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fall_In_the_Native_Flora_Garden.jpg/440px-Fall_In_the_Native_Flora_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4124" data-file-height="2772" /></a><figcaption>Native Flora Garden Expansion</figcaption></figure> <p>The Native Flora Garden, formerly the Local Flora Section,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1986-11-14_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-11-14-194">&#91;192&#93;</a></sup> opened in 1911 and is located at the BBG's northwestern corner, just southwest of the Osborne Garden.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map_276-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map-276">&#91;273&#93;</a></sup> It was the first of its kind in North America. It was originally a wildflower planting but was redesigned in 1931 as a woodland habitat with plants native to the New York metropolitan area.<sup id="cite_ref-n128728533_167-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128728533-167">&#91;165&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbgnfg_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbgnfg-280">&#91;277&#93;</a></sup> The 1931 redesign divided the Native Flora Garden into eight sections, each corresponding to a different "ecological zone".<sup id="cite_ref-n128728533_167-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128728533-167">&#91;165&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD_pp._112–114_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_pp._112–114-281">&#91;278&#93;</a></sup> The Native Flora Garden was closed from 1963 to 1983 due to a lack of funding.<sup id="cite_ref-n128728533_167-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128728533-167">&#91;165&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Until the 2000s, the Native Flora Garden's ecological zones consisted of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentine</a> rock formation, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kettle_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle pond">kettle pond</a> with dry meadow, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bog</a>, a limestone ledge, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pine_barrens" title="Pine barrens">pine barrens</a>, a wet meadow, and a deciduous woodland.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2013-06-12_236-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2013-06-12-236">&#91;234&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD_pp._112–114_281-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_pp._112–114-281">&#91;278&#93;</a></sup> The garden was expanded in the late 2000s and early 2010s to provide space for local plants that were shaded out by the original garden's mature canopy. In 2013, the Native Flora Garden was expanded with a new landscape that was designed by <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Darrel_Morrison&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Darrel Morrison (page does not exist)">Darrel Morrison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2013-06-12_236-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2013-06-12-236">&#91;234&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geberer_2013_w950_237-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geberer_2013_w950-237">&#91;235&#93;</a></sup> The expansion has a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tallgrass_prairie" title="Tallgrass prairie">tallgrass prairie</a>, dry meadow, pine barrens, kettle pond, and a wooden bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-bbgnfgnews_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbgnfgnews-282">&#91;279&#93;</a></sup> There are over 15,000 specimens within the older Native Flora Garden and the expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-Geberer_2013_w950_237-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geberer_2013_w950-237">&#91;235&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_2013_y110_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_2013_y110-283">&#91;280&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cranford_Rose_Garden">Cranford Rose Garden</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Cranford Rose Garden">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Cranford Rose Garden">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bbg_Rosegarden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bbg_Rosegarden.jpg/220px-Bbg_Rosegarden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bbg_Rosegarden.jpg/330px-Bbg_Rosegarden.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Bbg_Rosegarden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Cranford Rose Garden</figcaption></figure><p>The Cranford Rose Garden is in the northern section of the BBG, between the Cherry Esplanade to the east and the Native Flora Garden to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map_276-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map-276">&#91;273&#93;</a></sup> In 1927, Walter V. Cranford, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Construction_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction engineer">construction engineer</a> whose firm built many of Brooklyn's subway tunnels, donated $15,000 to BBG for a rose garden.<sup id="cite_ref-n128957879_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128957879-107">&#91;105&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128959955_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128959955-284">&#91;281&#93;</a></sup> The Cranford Rose Garden was designed by landscape architect Harold Caparn and BBG horticulturist Montague Free<sup id="cite_ref-n128960398_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128960398-110">&#91;108&#93;</a></sup> and was finished in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_&amp;_Recreation_1911_a752_197-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_&amp;_Recreation_1911_a752-197">&#91;195&#93;</a></sup> The garden originally measured 500 by 93 feet (152 by 28&#160;m) across and contained 15 beds with 3,000 total roses, each bed being surrounded by wooden trellis panels.<sup id="cite_ref-n128959955_284-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128959955-284">&#91;281&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj-2006-06-21_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2006-06-21-285">&#91;282&#93;</a></sup> The varieties of roses were originally arranged in chronological order, with older varieties to the north and newer varieties to the south. There was also a pavilion and a pergola, as well as a triangle south of the pavilion with space for historical roses.<sup id="cite_ref-n128959955_284-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128959955-284">&#91;281&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>During the late 20th century, it was the United States' third-largest rose garden that was open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-p1037915186_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1037915186-32">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n129144607_185-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129144607-185">&#91;183&#93;</a></sup> At the time, the Cranford Rose Garden had 5,000 bushes representing 900 varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1976-07-14_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1976-07-14-286">&#91;283&#93;</a></sup> Many of the original plants were still in the garden in the early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Rose_Garden_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Rose_Garden-287">&#91;284&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._118_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._118-288">&#91;285&#93;</a></sup> A 2001 guidebook cited the Cranford Rose Garden as having 1,200 varieties of roses.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._118_288-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._118-288">&#91;285&#93;</a></sup> The garden features many varieties of roses including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosa_%27Knock_Out%27" title="Rosa &#39;Knock Out&#39;">Knock Out rose</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julia_Child_rose" title="Julia Child rose">Julia Child rose</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosa_%27Harison%27s_Yellow%27" title="Rosa &#39;Harison&#39;s Yellow&#39;">Yellow Rose of Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj-2006-06-21_285-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2006-06-21-285">&#91;282&#93;</a></sup> In addition, there are numerous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/All-America_Rose_Selections" title="All-America Rose Selections">All-America Rose Selections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_pp._118–119_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_pp._118–119-289">&#91;286&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cherry_trees">Cherry trees</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Cherry trees">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Cherry trees">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg/220px-Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg/330px-Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg/440px-Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Cherry Esplanade</figcaption></figure> <p>The Brooklyn Botanic Garden has more than 200 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a> trees of forty-two Asian species and cultivated varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-CherryWatch_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CherryWatch-290">&#91;287&#93;</a></sup> Depending on weather conditions, the Asian flowering cherries bloom from late March or early April to mid-May. The many species flower at slightly different times.<sup id="cite_ref-CherryWatch_290-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CherryWatch-290">&#91;287&#93;</a></sup> The BBG first planted cherry trees in 1921 as part of its Cherry Walk in the Hill-and-Pond Garden,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1995-04-20_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-04-20-291">&#91;288&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NBC_News_2013_c069_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC_News_2013_c069-292">&#91;289&#93;</a></sup> which had 30 trees.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_1950_p._293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_1950_p.-293">&#91;290&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The Cherry Esplanade, in the north-central portion of the BBG,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map_276-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map-276">&#91;273&#93;</a></sup> features two rows of cherry trees.<sup id="cite_ref-p285383018_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p285383018-294">&#91;291&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2003-04-25_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2003-04-25-140">&#91;138&#93;</a></sup> There are 76 trees on the Cherry Esplanade, which were planted in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2003-04-25_140-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2003-04-25-140">&#91;138&#93;</a></sup> There is a 7.25-foot (2.21&#160;m)-high limestone fountain in the Cherry Esplanade, which consists of a circular limestone bowl above a 28.5-foot-wide (8.7&#160;m) concrete water basin.<sup id="cite_ref-n128964486_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128964486-295">&#91;292&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128964099_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128964099-122">&#91;120&#93;</a></sup> The southern end of the esplanade contains the Rose Arc Pool, consisting of three beds of roses arranged in a semicircle.<sup id="cite_ref-n128968485_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128968485-133">&#91;131&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Japanese_Hill-and-Pond_Garden">Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bridge_to_Eden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bridge_to_Eden.jpg/220px-Bridge_to_Eden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bridge_to_Eden.jpg/330px-Bridge_to_Eden.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bridge_to_Eden.jpg/440px-Bridge_to_Eden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden</figcaption></figure> <p>BBG's Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden is at the northeast corner, east of the Cherry Esplanade.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map_276-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map-276">&#91;273&#93;</a></sup> It was one of the first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese gardens</a> to be created in an American botanic garden, and reportedly the first one to be accessible free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1-101">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117-296">&#91;293&#93;</a></sup> It was constructed for $13,000, a gift of early BBG benefactor and trustee <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Tredway_White" title="Alfred Tredway White">Alfred Tredway White</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117-296">&#91;293&#93;</a></sup> and it first opened to the public in June 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-n128816577_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128816577-74">&#91;72&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128856799_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128856799-75">&#91;73&#93;</a></sup> The garden was created by Japanese landscape designer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Takeo_Shiota" title="Takeo Shiota">Takeo Shiota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117-296">&#91;293&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBG_2015_e949_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBG_2015_e949-297">&#91;294&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._129_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._129-298">&#91;295&#93;</a></sup> Shiota never fully documented his design before his death in 1943, and various renovations over the years have modified Shiota's original plans for the Japanese Garden.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1999-02-21_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1999-02-21-218">&#91;216&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._132_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._132-299">&#91;296&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The 3-acre (1.2&#160;ha) garden contains three hills signifying earth, heaven, and humanity; a waterfall; and an island, all of which were artificially constructed. There are also rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117-296">&#91;293&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300">&#91;297&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1928-11-04_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1928-11-04-301">&#91;298&#93;</a></sup> The garden also contains a curved pond; although it is commonly cited as being shaped after the Chinese character for "heart", the pond predates the BBG.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2000-05-18_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2000-05-18-302">&#91;299&#93;</a></sup> Among the architectural elements of the garden are wooden bridges, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stone_lantern" title="Stone lantern">stone lanterns</a>, a viewing pavilion, a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">torii</a></i> (gateway), and a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-BBG_2015_e949_297-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBG_2015_e949-297">&#91;294&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._132_299-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._132-299">&#91;296&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303">&#91;300&#93;</a></sup> The pond is filled with hundreds of Japanese <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koi_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Koi fish">koi fish</a> that visitors can view at the torii or along the garden's trail.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117-296">&#91;293&#93;</a></sup> The center of the pond contains Turtle Island, a small rock that contains a granite lantern.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._132_299-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._132-299">&#91;296&#93;</a></sup> There is also a Japanese temple dedicated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inari_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inari (god)">Inari</a>, the fox <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117-296">&#91;293&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._129_298-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._129-298">&#91;295&#93;</a></sup> A 10-foot-high (3.0&#160;m) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shogun</a> lantern, installed in 1980, celebrates the fact that Tokyo is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_New_York#N" title="List of sister cities in New York">sister city of New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._129_298-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._129-298">&#91;295&#93;</a></sup> The brook from this garden leads through several other parts of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, terminating at the Water Garden.<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304">&#91;301&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The shrine was burned down in 1938<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1938-01-26_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1938-01-26-134">&#91;132&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p1243679687_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1243679687-135">&#91;133&#93;</a></sup> and rebuilt in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2003-04-25_140-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2003-04-25-140">&#91;138&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._132_299-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._132-299">&#91;296&#93;</a></sup> The viewing pavilion, burned down in 1948, was rebuilt in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117-296">&#91;293&#93;</a></sup> The Japanese Garden was renamed the Oriental Garden during World War II<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305">&#91;302&#93;</a></sup> and restored in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306">&#91;303&#93;</a></sup> The Japanese Garden was restored again in 2000 for $3&#160;million;<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307">&#91;304&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117-296">&#91;293&#93;</a></sup> the project was recognized with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_Landmark_Conservancy" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Landmark Conservancy">New York Landmark Conservancy</a>'s 2001 Preservation Award.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308">&#91;305&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Shakespeare_Garden">Shakespeare Garden</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Shakespeare Garden">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Shakespeare Garden">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>A donation from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Clay_Folger" title="Henry Clay Folger">Henry Clay Folger</a>, founder of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folger_Shakespeare_Library" title="Folger Shakespeare Library">Folger Shakespeare Library</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, led to the construction of BBG's original <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare Garden</a> in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_&amp;_Recreation_1911_a752_197-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_&amp;_Recreation_1911_a752-197">&#91;195&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nast_2016_o969_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nast_2016_o969-309">&#91;306&#93;</a></sup> The Shakespeare Garden was relocated in 1979 because the original garden had been overshadowed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austrian_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian pine">Austrian pines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._127_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._127-310">&#91;307&#93;</a></sup> The modern-day Shakespeare Garden, sited just east of the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map_276-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map-276">&#91;273&#93;</a></sup> is one of two in New York City, the other being in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nast_2016_o969_309-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nast_2016_o969-309">&#91;306&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1980-06-02_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1980-06-02-311">&#91;308&#93;</a></sup> This English <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">cottage garden</a> has more than 80 plants that are mentioned in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s plays and poems.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1980-06-02_311-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1980-06-02-311">&#91;308&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Shakespeare_Garden_312-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Shakespeare_Garden-312">&#91;309&#93;</a></sup> Plants are labeled with their labels common, Latin and Shakespearean names, relevant quotations, and in some cases a graphic representation of the plant. Some of the specimens in the BBG's Shakespeare Garden were not mentioned in Shakespeare's work but were planted because they were suited to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_of_New_York_City" title="Climate of New York City">climate of New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_pp._126–127_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_pp._126–127-313">&#91;310&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Alice_Recknagel_Ireys_Fragrance_Garden">Alice Recknagel Ireys Fragrance Garden</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Alice Recknagel Ireys Fragrance Garden">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Alice Recknagel Ireys Fragrance Garden">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Fragrance_Garden_-_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_Brooklyn,_NY_-_DSC07926.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fragrance_Garden_-_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_Brooklyn%2C_NY_-_DSC07926.JPG/220px-Fragrance_Garden_-_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_Brooklyn%2C_NY_-_DSC07926.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fragrance_Garden_-_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_Brooklyn%2C_NY_-_DSC07926.JPG/330px-Fragrance_Garden_-_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_Brooklyn%2C_NY_-_DSC07926.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fragrance_Garden_-_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_Brooklyn%2C_NY_-_DSC07926.JPG/440px-Fragrance_Garden_-_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_-_Brooklyn%2C_NY_-_DSC07926.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The Fragrance Garden</figcaption></figure> <p>Next to the Shakespeare Garden, just north of the Laboratory Administration Building, is the Fragrance Garden, which has <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">braille</a> information signs for visitors with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vision_impaired" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision impaired">impaired vision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p1037915186_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1037915186-32">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._127_310-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._127-310">&#91;307&#93;</a></sup> It was created in 1955<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1955-06-10_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1955-06-10-154">&#91;152&#93;</a></sup> by landscape architect <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alice_Recknagel_Ireys" title="Alice Recknagel Ireys">Alice Recknagel Ireys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2000-12-17_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2000-12-17-314">&#91;311&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dümpelmann_Beardsley_2015_p._265_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dümpelmann_Beardsley_2015_p._265-315">&#91;312&#93;</a></sup> The Fragrance Garden was the first in the U.S. to be designed for the vision-impaired.<sup id="cite_ref-TCLF_2013_o798_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCLF_2013_o798-316">&#91;313&#93;</a></sup> Visitors are encouraged to rub the fragrant or pleasingly textured leaves of the plants between their fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._127_310-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._127-310">&#91;307&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n129025124_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129025124-317">&#91;314&#93;</a></sup> There are four themed sections in the garden; plants to touch, plants with scented leaves, plants with fragrant flowers, and kitchen herbs. The garden is wheelchair-accessible, and all planting beds are at high enough for people in wheelchairs to touch. There is also a fountain that is used as a washbasin.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_pp._127–128_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_pp._127–128-318">&#91;315&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Children.27s_Garden"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Children's_Garden">Children's Garden</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Children&#039;s Garden">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Children&#039;s Garden">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:BBG_Children%27s_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BBG_Children%27s_Garden.jpg/220px-BBG_Children%27s_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BBG_Children%27s_Garden.jpg/330px-BBG_Children%27s_Garden.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BBG_Children%27s_Garden.jpg/440px-BBG_Children%27s_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Children's Garden at Brooklyn Botanic Garden</figcaption></figure><p>The BBG Children's Garden, at the southeastern corner,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map_276-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map-276">&#91;273&#93;</a></sup> is one of the world's oldest children's gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-Oldfield_2010_p._72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldfield_2010_p.-72">&#91;70&#93;</a></sup> It was opened in 1914 under the direction of BBG educator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ellen_Eddy_Shaw" title="Ellen Eddy Shaw">Ellen Eddy Shaw</a><sup id="cite_ref-n128815980_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128815980-71">&#91;69&#93;</a></sup> and was initially divided into plots measuring 8 by 10&#160;ft (2.4 by 3.0&#160;m) or 10 by 12&#160;ft (3.0 by 3.7&#160;m).<sup id="cite_ref-p511580475_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p511580475-319">&#91;316&#93;</a></sup> The Children's Garden has historically taught 200 to 300 children per season.<sup id="cite_ref-n129144607_185-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129144607-185">&#91;183&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1971-07-11_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1971-07-11-320">&#91;317&#93;</a></sup> Youth grow vegetables rather than flowers. A BBG staff member quoted in 1971 said that "a variety of vegetables provides a greater range of examples of plant growth than flowers; many kinds grow quickly; and they provide a substantial and tangible reward for a child's labor".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1971-07-11_320-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1971-07-11-320">&#91;317&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>By the 2010s, the Children's Garden attracted 1,000 youth per year.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj-2014-05-16_240-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-2014-05-16-240">&#91;238&#93;</a></sup> The Children's Garden continues to operate as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Community garden">community garden</a> for children<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Childrens_Garden_321-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Childrens_Garden-321">&#91;318&#93;</a></sup> and is open to GAP interns and to children between 2 and 17 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Childrens_Garden_321-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Childrens_Garden-321">&#91;318&#93;</a></sup> It also has a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a> area that is maintained by the GAP interns and staff.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Composting_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Composting-322">&#91;319&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Water_Garden">Water Garden</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Water Garden">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Water Garden">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Located in the south-central section of the BBG,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map_276-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map-276">&#91;273&#93;</a></sup> the Shelby White and Leon Levy Water Garden is a 1.5-acre (0.61&#160;ha) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">riparian</a> environment with numerous sustainability features. It contains a pond that serves as the terminus of the brook that flows from the Japanese Garden.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Water_Garden_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Water_Garden-323">&#91;320&#93;</a></sup> A redesign of the Water Garden was completed in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Mixson_2016_e375_244-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mixson_2016_e375-244">&#91;242&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324">&#91;321&#93;</a></sup> Designed by landscape architecture firm <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Van_Valkenburgh" title="Michael Van Valkenburgh">Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates</a>, the renovated Water Garden contains plants such as black tupelo, sedges and rushes.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Water_Garden_323-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Water_Garden-323">&#91;320&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Discovery_Garden">Discovery Garden</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Discovery Garden">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Discovery Garden">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Discovery Garden, designed for children, is at the southwest corner of the BBG, next to the Flatbush Avenue entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map_276-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map-276">&#91;273&#93;</a></sup> It covers about 1 acre (0.40&#160;ha) and contains 250 trees, 2,600 grass specimens, and 9,500 perennials. It is divided into three portions that contain meadows, marshes, and woodlands.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2015_t049_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2015_t049-325">&#91;322&#93;</a></sup> Among the garden's features is a boardwalk that winds around four large trees.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2015-06-11_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2015-06-11-241">&#91;239&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_gardens">Other gardens</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Other gardens">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Other gardens">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Peach_Glow_water-lily_at_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Peach_Glow_water-lily_at_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.jpg/220px-Peach_Glow_water-lily_at_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Peach_Glow_water-lily_at_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.jpg/330px-Peach_Glow_water-lily_at_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Peach_Glow_water-lily_at_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.jpg/440px-Peach_Glow_water-lily_at_Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2418" data-file-height="2418" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nymphaea" title="Nymphaea">Nymphaea</a></i> 'Peach Glow' water-lily in one of the lily pools</figcaption></figure> <p>The Lily Pool Terrace, in front of the Laboratory Administration Building to the east, has two large display pools of lilies and koi fish<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Lily_Pool_Terrace_and_Borders_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Lily_Pool_Terrace_and_Borders-326">&#91;323&#93;</a></sup> and is surrounded by over 6,000 annuals and perennials.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyons_2015_s108_327-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyons_2015_s108-327">&#91;324&#93;</a></sup> The Elizabeth Scholtz Woodland Garden, at the BBG's northwest corner,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map_276-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Map-276">&#91;273&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MVVA_2021_d643_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVVA_2021_d643-328">&#91;325&#93;</a></sup> contains an open-air "walled garden" surrounded by ruins which is intended to resemble a forest in the Northeastern U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2020-10-22_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2020-10-22-329">&#91;326&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Woodland_Garden_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Woodland_Garden-330">&#91;327&#93;</a></sup> The Louisa Clark Spencer Lilac Collection, also at the northwest corner near the Osborne Garden, contains 150 lilac bushes, which represent 20 species of lilacs.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_pp._110–111_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_pp._110–111-331">&#91;328&#93;</a></sup> The Rock Garden, on the western boundary of the BBG, contains alpine plants<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1986-11-14_194-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-11-14-194">&#91;192&#93;</a></sup> around 18 boulders left behind by glaciers during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Rock_Garden_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Rock_Garden-332">&#91;329&#93;</a></sup> The Herb Garden, also on the western boundary, contains fruit trees, corn stalks, cabbages, and other medicinal and agricultural plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Herb_Garden_333-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Herb_Garden-333">&#91;330&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>A Celebrity Path. added in 1985, honors famous Brooklynites such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> with a trail of engraved paving stones.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_pp._132–133_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_pp._132–133-334">&#91;331&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Celebrity_Path_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Celebrity_Path-335">&#91;332&#93;</a></sup> The Celebrity Path consists of 18-by-24-inch (460 by 610&#160;mm) concrete blocks and leads from a hill south of the Japanese Garden to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Tredway_White_Memorial" title="Alfred Tredway White Memorial">Alfred T. White Amphitheater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-n129206258_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129206258-198">&#91;196&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BD_pp._132–133_334-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_pp._132–133-334">&#91;331&#93;</a></sup> Outlines of leaves surround each of the names, which are laid in bronze letters.<sup id="cite_ref-n129206258_198-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129206258-198">&#91;196&#93;</a></sup> After <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marty_Markowitz" title="Marty Markowitz">Marty Markowitz</a> became Brooklyn's borough president in 2002, he stopped adding names to the path,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2004-05-12_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2004-05-12-336">&#91;333&#93;</a></sup> but names are added from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Celebrity_Path_335-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Celebrity_Path-335">&#91;332&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The Plant Family Collection, within the center of the BBG, includes plants and trees arranged by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> to show their evolution. The groupings include primitive plants (ferns and conifers) and composite plants,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Plant_Family_Collection_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Plant_Family_Collection-337">&#91;334&#93;</a></sup> which are separated by a small stream.<sup id="cite_ref-p285383018_294-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p285383018-294">&#91;291&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>BBG also has an overlook along its northern border, known as the Robert W. Wilson Overlook.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Ocerlook_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Ocerlook-338">&#91;335&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Architect_2018_n680_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Architect_2018_n680-339">&#91;336&#93;</a></sup> The overlook was built on a hill that was created using dirt excavated from the site of the neighboring Brooklyn Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2020-10-22_329-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2020-10-22-329">&#91;326&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2019_h862_251-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2019_h862-251">&#91;249&#93;</a></sup> Originally, the hill was intended as a terrace abutting the unbuilt southern wing of the Brooklyn Museum. The modern-day overlook sits atop the BBG's visitor center.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2019_h862_251-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2019_h862-251">&#91;249&#93;</a></sup> The top of the overlook is 26 feet (7.9&#160;m) above the rest of the BBG. After the overlook was redesigned by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weiss/Manfredi" title="Weiss/Manfredi">Weiss/Manfredi</a> in 2019, the hill was rebuilt with a curving 680-foot-long (210&#160;m) path lined by retaining walls.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2020-10-22_329-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2020-10-22-329">&#91;326&#93;</a></sup> The overlook has over 40,000 total specimens of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Spivack_2019_k011_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spivack_2019_k011-340">&#91;337&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Structures">Structures</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Structures">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Structures">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Because of the limited space available, most of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's buildings are located on the eastern edge of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Canty_p._110_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canty_p._110-196">&#91;194&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2012-05-08_272-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2012-05-08-272">&#91;269&#93;</a></sup> These structures include the Steinhardt Conservatory, the Laboratory Administration Building, the Palm House, and a house for the Children's Garden.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2012-05-08_272-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2012-05-08-272">&#91;269&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Steinhardt_Conservatory">Steinhardt Conservatory</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Steinhardt Conservatory">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Steinhardt Conservatory">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:BBGIndoor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BBGIndoor.JPG/220px-BBGIndoor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BBGIndoor.JPG/330px-BBGIndoor.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BBGIndoor.JPG/440px-BBGIndoor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Steinhardt Conservatory desert collection</figcaption></figure><p>The <b>Steinhardt Conservatory</b> occupies the eastern portion of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, just south of the Laboratory Administration Building.<sup id="cite_ref-n128724987_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128724987-90">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup> The conservatory consists of four structures: a main wing along Washington Avenue to the east, as well as three octagonal pavilions.<sup id="cite_ref-n128724987_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128724987-90">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-07-03-200">&#91;198&#93;</a></sup> These structures, each measuring up to 60 feet (18&#160;m) tall,<sup id="cite_ref-p371465007_206-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p371465007-206">&#91;204&#93;</a></sup> cover 40,000 square feet (3,700&#160;m<sup>2</sup>) and are connected internally via tunnels. The facade of the conservatory is clad with 60,000 square feet (5,600&#160;m<sup>2</sup>) of glass panes measuring 3 by 7 feet (0.91 by 2.13&#160;m).<sup id="cite_ref-n128724987_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128724987-90">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup> The metal on the exterior of the conservatory's structures is painted green to match the color of the Laboratory Administration Building's facade.<sup id="cite_ref-Canty_p._110_196-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canty_p._110-196">&#91;194&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-07-03-200">&#91;198&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The main conservatory building. measuring 245 feet (75&#160;m) long,<sup id="cite_ref-p371465007_206-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p371465007-206">&#91;204&#93;</a></sup> contains a bonsai museum, an aquatic greenhouse, and the Trail of Evolution exhibit.<sup id="cite_ref-n128724987_90-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128724987-90">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-07-03-200">&#91;198&#93;</a></sup> The lower part of the main wing has a stucco facade that is only visible from Washington Avenue,<sup id="cite_ref-Canty_p._110_196-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canty_p._110-196">&#91;194&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-07-03-200">&#91;198&#93;</a></sup> as well as a gabled entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-Canty_p._114_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canty_p._114-341">&#91;338&#93;</a></sup> The C. V. Starr Bonsai Museum is one of the oldest collections of the dwarf potted trees in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Bonsai_Museum_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Bonsai_Museum-342">&#91;339&#93;</a></sup> Originally composed of 32 bonsai, the collection had grown to over 2,000 bonsai by the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-n129144607_185-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129144607-185">&#91;183&#93;</a></sup> The Robert W. Wilson Aquatic House has a collections of tropical water plants, insect-eating plants, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Aquatic_House_and_Orchid_Collection_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Aquatic_House_and_Orchid_Collection-343">&#91;340&#93;</a></sup> The Trail of Evolution, originally named for BBG botanist Stephen K-M Tim,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1998-11-29_344-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1998-11-29-344">&#91;341&#93;</a></sup> measures 100 by 17 feet (30.5 by 5.2&#160;m)<sup id="cite_ref-p1832762678_202-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1832762678-202">&#91;200&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-04-10_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-04-10-345">&#91;342&#93;</a></sup> and traces the history of plant evolution and the effects of climate change over 3.5 billion years.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-04-10_345-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-04-10-345">&#91;342&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Trail_of_Plant_Evolution_346-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Trail_of_Plant_Evolution-346">&#91;343&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>A stairway descends beneath the main structure's exterior terrace to the basements of the three octagonal pavilions.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-07-03-200">&#91;198&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canty_p._113_347-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canty_p._113-347">&#91;344&#93;</a></sup> Each pavilion is accessed by a stairway leading from the basement, as well as stairways from the garden's paths.<sup id="cite_ref-Canty_p._113_347-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canty_p._113-347">&#91;344&#93;</a></sup> The pavilions are themed to different climates and showcase tropical, warm temperate, and desert flora.<sup id="cite_ref-n128724987_90-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128724987-90">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n128724868_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128724868-204">&#91;202&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canty_p._113_347-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canty_p._113-347">&#91;344&#93;</a></sup> The tropical pavilion contains tropical plants, the desert pavilion hosts plants from American and North African deserts, and the temperate pavilion includes Mediterranean plants.<sup id="cite_ref-p1832762678_202-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1832762678-202">&#91;200&#93;</a></sup> Each pavilion has different theming; for example, the desert pavilion contains an actual desert,<sup id="cite_ref-Canty_p._114_341-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canty_p._114-341">&#91;338&#93;</a></sup> while the tropical pavilion has a waterfall.<sup id="cite_ref-n128724987_90-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128724987-90">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p1832762678_202-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1832762678-202">&#91;200&#93;</a></sup> The tops of each pavilion contain cupolas with ventilation openings.<sup id="cite_ref-Canty_p._114_341-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canty_p._114-341">&#91;338&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Laboratory_Administration_Building">Laboratory Administration Building</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Laboratory Administration Building">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Laboratory Administration Building">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_008.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_008.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_008.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_008.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_October_2016_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The Laboratory Administration Building</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_M._Kendall" title="William M. Kendall">William M. Kendall</a> of McKim, Mead &amp; White designed the Laboratory Administration Building (also known as the Laboratory Building or Administration Building), a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City_designated_landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City designated landmark">New York City designated landmark</a>, in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italianate_architecture#Italianate_style_in_the_United_States" title="Italianate architecture">Tuscan Revival</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._1_348-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._1-348">&#91;345&#93;</a></sup> The structure measures 240 by 50 feet (73 by 15&#160;m) across<sup id="cite_ref-n128786682_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128786682-61">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gager_p._341_269-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gager_p._341-269">&#91;266&#93;</a></sup> and was inspired by European churches, with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek cross">Greek cross</a> layout as viewed from the air.<sup id="cite_ref-n128816577_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128816577-74">&#91;72&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-landmarks_349-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landmarks-349">&#91;346&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._4_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._4-350">&#91;347&#93;</a></sup> The center section is topped by a terracotta <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a> with round-arched windows, while the outer sections are topped by octagons with round-arched windows.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._4_350-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._4-350">&#91;347&#93;</a></sup> Outside the building is Magnolia Plaza, which contains a circular compass rose and bronze <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">armillary sphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-n128966919_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128966919-128">&#91;126&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paper_2008_x4152_224-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paper_2008_x4152-224">&#91;222&#93;</a></sup> Created in 1932, Magnolia Plaza was named for Judith D. Zuk in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Paper_2008_x4152_224-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paper_2008_x4152-224">&#91;222&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The Laboratory Administration Building's facade is made of reinforced concrete and brick, covered with stucco. The building has <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hip_roof" title="Hip roof">hip roofs</a> with Spanish tiles.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_pp._4–5_351-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_pp._4–5-351">&#91;348&#93;</a></sup> The names of 68 famous botanists are inscribed in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> running across the building's facade;<sup id="cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._5_352-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._5-352">&#91;349&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-landmarks_349-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landmarks-349">&#91;346&#93;</a></sup> these names were selected through a vote in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-Gager_p._341_269-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gager_p._341-269">&#91;266&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_pp._2–3_353-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_pp._2–3-353">&#91;350&#93;</a></sup> The original main entrance is on the second floor of the western facade, accessed by a staircase.<sup id="cite_ref-n128786682_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128786682-61">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gager_p._342_354-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gager_p._342-354">&#91;351&#93;</a></sup> The modern-day main entrance is on the first story. A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a> provided a secondary entrance on Washington Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-n128786682_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128786682-61">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>When the Administration Building was completed, it was intended to contain laboratories and storage space.<sup id="cite_ref-n128786682_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128786682-61">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-landmarks_349-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landmarks-349">&#91;346&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gager_p._342_354-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gager_p._342-354">&#91;351&#93;</a></sup> The main entrance led to a rotunda, which connected with a library to the east. The northern pavilion was intended for the BBG's offices, the director's laboratory, and offices for various departments. The southern pavilion was intended to contain classrooms, instructor's room, and various other laboratory rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-n128786682_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128786682-61">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gager_p._342_354-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gager_p._342-354">&#91;351&#93;</a></sup> The basement had service rooms and a lecture hall.<sup id="cite_ref-n128786682_61-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128786682-61">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gager_p._343_355-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gager_p._343-355">&#91;352&#93;</a></sup> By the 21st century, the Administration Building's second floor contained the BBG library,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Library_356-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Library-356">&#91;353&#93;</a></sup> while the rest of the building was used for offices and as a visitor center.<sup id="cite_ref-landmarks_349-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landmarks-349">&#91;346&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Palm_House">Palm House</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Palm House">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Palm House">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Palm House was built as the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's original conservatory<sup id="cite_ref-BD_p._107_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD_p._107-44">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup> and was designed by McKim, Mead &amp; White.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1984-01-07_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1984-01-07-199">&#91;197&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Durham_National_Geographic_Society_(U.S.)_Shaw_Hannafin_2015_p._213_261-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durham_National_Geographic_Society_(U.S.)_Shaw_Hannafin_2015_p._213-261">&#91;259&#93;</a></sup> The central section of the Palm House measures 104 by 44 feet (32 by 13&#160;m) across and 36 feet (11&#160;m) high and was originally used for tropical plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Gager_p._343_355-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gager_p._343-355">&#91;352&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_1914_p._91_357-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_1914_p._91-357">&#91;354&#93;</a></sup> It is flanked by two wings each to the north and south, which each measure 50 by 22.5 feet (15.2 by 6.9&#160;m) across. Originally, the northeast wing had classrooms, while the southwest, southeast, and northwest wings contained greenhouses; there were stables and other rooms under the southern wings.<sup id="cite_ref-Gager_p._343_355-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gager_p._343-355">&#91;352&#93;</a></sup> The interior of the Palm House is climate-controlled by a steam heating system.<sup id="cite_ref-Curbed_NY_2012_b074_358-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curbed_NY_2012_b074-358">&#91;355&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>During the 1980s, the Palm House was converted to an education center and event space,<sup id="cite_ref-NY2000_201-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY2000-201">&#91;199&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-03-10_205-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-03-10-205">&#91;203&#93;</a></sup> with a 300-seat restaurant.<sup id="cite_ref-p371465007_206-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p371465007-206">&#91;204&#93;</a></sup> Part of the Palm House was also converted to host temporary exhibits.<sup id="cite_ref-p1832762678_202-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1832762678-202">&#91;200&#93;</a></sup> Since 2017, one wing of the Palm House has contained the Yellow Magnolia Café.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2017-04-11_245-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2017-04-11-245">&#91;243&#93;</a></sup> By the 21st century, the Palm House was frequently being used for weddings.<sup id="cite_ref-Curbed_NY_2012_b074_358-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curbed_NY_2012_b074-358">&#91;355&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Programs">Programs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Programs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Programs">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Education_programs">Education programs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Education programs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Education programs">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Redwood_bonsai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Redwood_bonsai.JPG/220px-Redwood_bonsai.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Redwood_bonsai.JPG/330px-Redwood_bonsai.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Redwood_bonsai.JPG/440px-Redwood_bonsai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">redwood</a> in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden's Bonsai Museum</figcaption></figure><p>From its inception in the early 20th century, the BBG offered free lectures and classes to local students.<sup id="cite_ref-n128864452_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128864452-19">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> In the 21st century, the BBG has continued to operate programs in youth education, conservation, and community horticulture. The BBG, Prospect Park Alliance, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Education" title="New York City Department of Education">New York City Department of Education</a> operate the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Science_and_the_Environment" title="Brooklyn Academy of Science and the Environment">Brooklyn Academy of Science and the Environment</a> (BASE), a small public high school dedicated to science, environmental studies, and urban ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-359" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-359">&#91;356&#93;</a></sup> Since 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1-101">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup> the BBG's Garden Apprentice Program has provided internships for students in grades 8 through 12 in gardening, science education, and environmental issues.<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360">&#91;357&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_GAP_361-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_GAP-361">&#91;358&#93;</a></sup> The Discovery Garden hosts weekly workshops for children, with interactive exhibits and a small plot with a variety of vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Discovery_Garden_362-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Discovery_Garden-362">&#91;359&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Project_Green_Reach" title="Project Green Reach">Project Green Reach</a>, launched in 1990, is a science-focused school outreach program for teachers and students in grades K through 8 in underserved neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan2010_363-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan2010-363">&#91;360&#93;</a></sup> </p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Plant_science_and_conservation">Plant science and conservation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Plant science and conservation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Plant science and conservation">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Greenery_at_Brooklyn_Botanic_Gardens_IMG_0649.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Greenery_at_Brooklyn_Botanic_Gardens_IMG_0649.JPG/220px-Greenery_at_Brooklyn_Botanic_Gardens_IMG_0649.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Greenery_at_Brooklyn_Botanic_Gardens_IMG_0649.JPG/330px-Greenery_at_Brooklyn_Botanic_Gardens_IMG_0649.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Greenery_at_Brooklyn_Botanic_Gardens_IMG_0649.JPG/440px-Greenery_at_Brooklyn_Botanic_Gardens_IMG_0649.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocot Border</a> in early July at Brooklyn Botanic Garden</figcaption></figure><p>In the BBG's early years, officials hosted annual "spring inspections" for BBG members and invited guests.<sup id="cite_ref-p1221960668_364-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1221960668-364">&#91;361&#93;</a></sup> Scientists at Brooklyn Botanic Garden launched the New York Metropolitan Flora project, a comprehensive study of the plants of metropolitan New York City, in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_NYMF_365-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_NYMF-365">&#91;362&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1998-09-13_366-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1998-09-13-366">&#91;363&#93;</a></sup> The study was intended to catalog and describe all <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> growing in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-WNYC_2010_l839_367-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WNYC_2010_l839-367">&#91;364&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The BBG started creating magnolia cultivars in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Paper_2008_x4152_224-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paper_2008_x4152-224">&#91;222&#93;</a></sup> Among the species cultivated there were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnolia_%C3%97_brooklynensis" title="Magnolia × brooklynensis"><i>Magnolia × brooklynensis</i></a>, three magnolia hybrid cultivars grown by the BBG, as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnolia_%27Elizabeth%27" title="Magnolia &#39;Elizabeth&#39;"><i>Magnolia</i> 'Elizabeth'</a>, a yellow magnolia hybrid cultivar for which the BBG received a patent in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint_Lyverse_1997_p._355_368-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint_Lyverse_1997_p._355-368">&#91;365&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Herbarium collection holds over 300,000 specimens representing over 1,400 species of preserved plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Herbarium_369-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Herbarium-369">&#91;366&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Global_Plants_on_JSTOR_k298_370-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Plants_on_JSTOR_k298-370">&#91;367&#93;</a></sup> These specimens, some from as early as 1818, aid scientists in tracking species, analyzing the spread of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasive_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive plant">invasive plants</a>, and modeling changes in the New York metropolitan area's vegetation. There are also holdings from the western United States, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galapagos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a>, Bolivia, and Mauritius.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Herbarium_369-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Herbarium-369">&#91;366&#93;</a></sup> The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library, which is housed in the Laboratory Administration Building, holds a collection of books on horticulture and botany that is available to home gardeners, professionals, and staff.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Library_356-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Library-356">&#91;353&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Community_horticulture">Community horticulture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Community horticulture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Community horticulture">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Since 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-Rakow_(2020)_p._16_371-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rakow_(2020)_p._16-371">&#91;368&#93;</a></sup> the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has run the Community Greening program (formerly known as Brooklyn GreenBridge<sup id="cite_ref-Go_Green_Brooklyn_2016_d422_372-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Go_Green_Brooklyn_2016_d422-372">&#91;369&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rakow_(2020)_p._16_371-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rakow_(2020)_p._16-371">&#91;368&#93;</a></sup>), which offers residential and commercial gardening programs to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Block_(district_subdivision)" title="Block (district subdivision)">block</a> associations, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Community garden">community gardens</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Community center">community centers</a>, and other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Rakow_(2020)_p._16_371-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rakow_(2020)_p._16-371">&#91;368&#93;</a></sup> Under the Community Greening program, the BBG has run the annual Greenest Block in Brooklyn contest since 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Eagle_2022_w009_373-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Eagle_2022_w009-373">&#91;370&#93;</a></sup> which gives awards in various categories.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricciulli_2019_c237_374-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricciulli_2019_c237-374">&#91;371&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2022-08-10_375-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2022-08-10-375">&#91;372&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rakow_(2020)_p._17_376-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rakow_(2020)_p._17-376">&#91;373&#93;</a></sup> Since 1982, the BBG has hosted Making Brooklyn Bloom,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1986-02-13_377-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-02-13-377">&#91;374&#93;</a></sup> an annual event with various workshops and activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Rakow_(2020)_p._17_376-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rakow_(2020)_p._17-376">&#91;373&#93;</a></sup> The Community Greening program also includes the Community Garden Alliance, for community gardens in Brooklyn,<sup id="cite_ref-Rakow_(2020)_p._16_371-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rakow_(2020)_p._16-371">&#91;368&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_CGA_378-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_CGA-378">&#91;375&#93;</a></sup> and the Street Tree Stewardship program, for individual trees on streets.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Street_Tree_379-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Street_Tree-379">&#91;376&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benfield_2020_p._132_380-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benfield_2020_p._132-380">&#91;377&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rakow_(2020)_pp._16–17_381-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rakow_(2020)_pp._16–17-381">&#91;378&#93;</a></sup> The NYC Compost Project (formerly the Urban Composting Project<sup id="cite_ref-p278838327_382-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p278838327-382">&#91;379&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2001-06-16_383-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2001-06-16-383">&#91;380&#93;</a></sup>), supported by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Sanitation" title="New York City Department of Sanitation">New York City Department of Sanitation</a>, offers composting assistance and resources, as well as information on composting in residential backyards.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Composting2_384-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Composting2-384">&#91;381&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Publications_and_resources">Publications and resources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Publications and resources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Publications and resources">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The BBG began publishing a magazine, the <i>Record</i>, in February 1912;<sup id="cite_ref-n128786590_385-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128786590-385">&#91;382&#93;</a></sup> members received the publication for free.<sup id="cite_ref-n128787008_386-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n128787008-386">&#91;383&#93;</a></sup> The BBG's director C. Stuart Gager was editor of the <i>Record</i> until his death in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-p1282797944_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1282797944-142">&#91;140&#93;</a></sup> The last edition of the <i>Record</i> was published in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Online_Books_Page_h615_387-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Online_Books_Page_h615-387">&#91;384&#93;</a></sup> The BBG launched a series of gardening handbooks in 1945;<sup id="cite_ref-Hartford_Courant_1998_y964_388-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartford_Courant_1998_y964-388">&#91;385&#93;</a></sup> the first volume in the series was <i>Lilies and Their Culture: Use in the Garden</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1-101">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup> The Brooklyn Botanic Garden's <i>Guides to a Greener Planet</i> contain information on garden design, sustainability, and native plants.<sup id="cite_ref-389" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-389">&#91;386&#93;</a></sup> In addition, the botanical garden has published reference books such as the <i>Brooklyn</i> <i>Botanic</i> <i>Garden</i> <i>Gardener's Desk Reference</i> (1998).<sup id="cite_ref-p1842458051_390-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1842458051-390">&#91;387&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The BBG launched its website in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1998-09-13_366-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1998-09-13-366">&#91;363&#93;</a></sup> The website features events, classes, and information on its gardens and collections. It also publishes a Garden News Blog and practical gardening advice.<sup id="cite_ref-CherryWatch_290-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CherryWatch-290">&#91;287&#93;</a></sup> The BBG's collection of historic photographs and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lantern_slide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lantern slide">lantern slides</a> is also available online.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Historic_Images_391-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Historic_Images-391">&#91;388&#93;</a></sup> Other pages on the website include CherryWatch, an interactive map that tracks when each cherry blossom tree blooms during the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2023-03-20_392-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2023-03-20-392">&#91;389&#93;</a></sup> The Laboratory Administration Building has a Gardener's Resource Center that provides reference services.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Volunteer_393-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Volunteer-393">&#91;390&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spencer_Russell_2005_p._256_394-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer_Russell_2005_p._256-394">&#91;391&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Former_BBG_properties">Former BBG properties</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Former BBG properties">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Former BBG properties">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The BBG formerly operated three other sites in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a>. The first to open was a 223-acre (0.90&#160;km<sup>2</sup>) research facility at Kitchawan Preserve in Westchester County,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1982-07-11_395-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1982-07-11-395">&#91;392&#93;</a></sup> on land that it purchased from Elizabeth Van Brunt in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1956-10-20_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1956-10-20-155">&#91;153&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n129028559_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129028559-156">&#91;154&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yorktown,_New_York" title="Yorktown, New York">Yorktown, New York</a>, officials approved the research center in early 1959;<sup id="cite_ref-n129083724_396-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129083724-396">&#91;393&#93;</a></sup> the complex included a double-level laboratory near an abandoned railroad station on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_and_Putnam_Railroad" title="New York and Putnam Railroad">New York and Putnam Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1958-10-17_397-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1958-10-17-397">&#91;394&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p13240492842_398-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p13240492842-398">&#91;395&#93;</a></sup> After the research center opened in 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-n129085727_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129085727-157">&#91;155&#93;</a></sup> it was described as "the most important single development since the founding of the Botanic Garden 50 years ago".<sup id="cite_ref-n129108983_399-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129108983-399">&#91;396&#93;</a></sup> The research center was originally known as the Kitchawan Research Laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1982-07-11_395-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1982-07-11-395">&#91;392&#93;</a></sup> A herb garden and perennial border garden were dedicated at Kitchawan in 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1981-09-27_400-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1981-09-27-400">&#91;397&#93;</a></sup> and the research center was renamed the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Research Center in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1982-07-11_395-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1982-07-11-395">&#91;392&#93;</a></sup> The BBG sold off most of Kitchawan to the Westchester County government in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-31_401-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-07-31-401">&#91;398&#93;</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tea_Town_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Teatown Lake Reservation in Westchester County, New York" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tea_Town_Lake.jpg/220px-Tea_Town_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tea_Town_Lake.jpg/330px-Tea_Town_Lake.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tea_Town_Lake.jpg/440px-Tea_Town_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2932" /></a><figcaption>The BBG co-produced programming at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teatown_Lake_Reservation" title="Teatown Lake Reservation">Teatown Lake Reservation</a> until 1980.</figcaption></figure> <p>A second property in Westchester County, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teatown_Lake_Reservation" title="Teatown Lake Reservation">Teatown Lake Reservation</a>, was established in 1963, a year after Gerard Swope Sr. bequeathed 250 acres (1.0&#160;km<sup>2</sup>) to the BBG.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1977-05-06_402-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1977-05-06-402">&#91;399&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yonkers_Times_2018_l705_403-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yonkers_Times_2018_l705-403">&#91;400&#93;</a></sup> Over the years, the reservation grew through additional bequests.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1977-05-06_402-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1977-05-06-402">&#91;399&#93;</a></sup> BBG and Teatown staff co-produced programming at the reservation until 1980, when Teatown began leasing the land from the BBG,<sup id="cite_ref-Yonkers_Times_2018_l705_403-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yonkers_Times_2018_l705-403">&#91;400&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_2018_f885_404-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_2018_f885-404">&#91;401&#93;</a></sup> and the Teatown Lake Reservation became a legally separate entity in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1988-06-05_405-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1988-06-05-405">&#91;402&#93;</a></sup> The BBG continued to own a 245-acre (0.99&#160;km<sup>2</sup>) portion of the Teatown Lake Reservation until May 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Yonkers_Times_2018_l705_403-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yonkers_Times_2018_l705-403">&#91;400&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_2018_f885_404-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_2018_f885-404">&#91;401&#93;</a></sup> The BBG retains a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_easement" title="Conservation easement">conservation easement</a> on the Teatown site.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_2018_f885_404-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_2018_f885-404">&#91;401&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The lawyer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grenville_Clark" title="Grenville Clark">Grenville Clark</a> donated the 12-acre (4.9&#160;ha) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clark_Botanic_Garden" title="Clark Botanic Garden">Clark Botanic Garden</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albertson,_New_York" title="Albertson, New York">Albertson</a>, on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, to the BBG in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1966-06-11_406-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1966-06-11-406">&#91;403&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p915503393_407-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p915503393-407">&#91;404&#93;</a></sup> The BBG's Fanny Dwight Clark Memorial Garden opened on the site in 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-Hendrixson_2019_k787_408-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrixson_2019_k787-408">&#91;405&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n129109329_409-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129109329-409">&#91;406&#93;</a></sup> and the BBG used the Clark Botanic Garden as an outreach station, with instructors from the Brooklyn Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1975-05-18_410-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1975-05-18-410">&#91;407&#93;</a></sup> The Clark Botanic Garden had three small lakes, as well as a children's garden and a rock garden, which were similar to those in the original BBG.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1975-05-18_410-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1975-05-18-410">&#91;407&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p920923343_411-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p920923343-411">&#91;408&#93;</a></sup> Although the Clark Botanic Garden was operated by the BBG, the two gardens were legally separate entities, and the Clark Garden charged admission, whereas the original garden did not.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1975-05-18_410-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1975-05-18-410">&#91;407&#93;</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Hempstead,_New_York" title="North Hempstead, New York">North Hempstead</a> town government acquired Clark Botanic Garden from the BBG in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Island_Now_The_Island_Now_2018_d782_412-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Island_Now_The_Island_Now_2018_d782-412">&#91;409&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n129192599_413-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129192599-413">&#91;410&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Membership_and_events">Membership and events</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Membership and events">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Membership and events">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, BBG membership starts at $75 for individuals. Members can attend events in the spring and summer months, including themed sunset picnic nights.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_2023_414-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_2023-414">&#91;411&#93;</a></sup> Each spring, a month-long cherry blossom viewing festival called <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></i> is held at the Cherry Esplanade, culminating in a weekend celebration called <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakura_Matsuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakura Matsuri">Sakura Matsuri</a></i>, although this event has not been held since the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2023-04-13_415-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2023-04-13-415">&#91;412&#93;</a></sup> Other events include the Chile Pepper Festival, which has been held annually since the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprung_2017_f456_416-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprung_2017_f456-416">&#91;413&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Operations">Operations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Operations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Operations">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, the BBG had an annual operating budget of $23 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadet_2019_l500_417-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadet_2019_l500-417">&#91;414&#93;</a></sup> The BBG recorded $20,869,967 in revenue and $20,988,655 in expenses for fiscal year 2020, meaning its net income was negative $118,688.<sup id="cite_ref-Suozzo_Schwencke_Tigas_Wei_2013_a551_418-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suozzo_Schwencke_Tigas_Wei_2013_a551-418">&#91;415&#93;</a></sup> The BBG had more than 800,000 annual visitors as of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-ENR_2015_l894_263-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENR_2015_l894-263">&#91;260&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=37" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: See also">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of botanical gardens in the United States">List of botanical gardens in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_New_York_City" title="List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City">List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=38" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: References">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=39" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Notes">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The laboratory building was to cost $33,000, while the Palm House was to cost $17,000.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">&#91;50&#93;</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linnaeus's birthday was on May 13 according to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish calendar</a> or May 23 according to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlunt2001" class="citation book cs1">Blunt, Wilfrid (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3YOvgAACAAJ"><i>Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist</i></a>. London: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frances_Lincoln" title="Frances Lincoln">Frances Lincoln</a>. p.&#160;12. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-1841-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-1841-3"><bdi>978-0-7112-1841-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Linnaeus%3A+the+compleat+naturalist&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=12&amp;rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7112-1841-3&amp;rft.aulast=Blunt&amp;rft.aufirst=Wilfrid&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB3YOvgAACAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" title="New York City Department of Parks and Recreation">New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</a> gives a conflicting figure of 47.57 acres (19.25&#160;ha),<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_&amp;_Recreation_1911_a752_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_&amp;_Recreation_1911_a752-197">&#91;195&#93;</a></sup> and some sources round the area to 50 acres (20&#160;ha).<sup id="cite_ref-n129144607_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n129144607-185">&#91;183&#93;</a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=40" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Citations">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/research/plant_collection">"BBG's Plant Collection"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508105458/http://www.bbg.org/research/plant_collection">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=BBG%27s+Plant+Collection&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fresearch%2Fplant_collection&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/press/capital_campaign">"Brooklyn Botanic Garden Announces $7.5M Leon Levy Foundation Gift"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217044059/http://www.bbg.org/press/capital_campaign">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+Announces+%247.5M+Leon+Levy+Foundation+Gift&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fpress%2Fcapital_campaign&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandmarks_Preservation_Commission2007">Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007</a>, p.&#160;2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128990345-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n128990345_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n128990345_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n128990345_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n128990345_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/128990345/">"Botanic Garden Is Visited by Nearly 2 Million A Year"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. October 26, 1941. p.&#160;102<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&amp;rft.atitle=Botanic+Garden+Is+Visited+by+Nearly+2+Million+A+Year&amp;rft.pages=102&amp;rft.date=1941-10-26&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden%2F128990345%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Brooklyn_Institute_of_Arts_and_Sciences_1926_p._14-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Brooklyn_Institute_of_Arts_and_Sciences_1926_p._14_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrooklyn_Botanic_GardenBrooklyn_Institute_of_Arts_and_Sciences1926" class="citation book cs1">Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=joxwInlf300C&amp;pg=PA14"><i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record</i></a>. Published for the Garden. p.&#160;14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+Record&amp;rft.pages=14&amp;rft.pub=Published+for+the+Garden&amp;rft.date=1926&amp;rft.au=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.au=Brooklyn+Institute+of+Arts+and+Sciences&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjoxwInlf300C%26pg%3DPA14&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann_1993_p._212-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mann_1993_p._212_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMann1993" class="citation book cs1">Mann, W.A. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwbyMLolMcgC&amp;pg=PA212"><i>Landscape Architecture: An Illustrated History in Timelines, Site Plans and Biography</i></a>. Wiley. p.&#160;212. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-59465-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-59465-9"><bdi>978-0-471-59465-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Landscape+Architecture%3A+An+Illustrated+History+in+Timelines%2C+Site+Plans+and+Biography&amp;rft.pages=212&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-59465-9&amp;rft.aulast=Mann&amp;rft.aufirst=W.A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpwbyMLolMcgC%26pg%3DPA212&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michels_1917_p._648-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michels_1917_p._648_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMichels1917" class="citation book cs1">Michels, J. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EM4OAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA648"><i>Science</i></a>. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. p.&#160;648. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Science&amp;rft.series=Science&amp;rft.pages=648&amp;rft.pub=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&amp;rft.date=1917&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.aulast=Michels&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEM4OAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA648&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stiles_1870_p._924-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stiles_1870_p._924_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stiles_1870_p._924_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStiles1870" class="citation book cs1">Stiles, H.R. (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnQxAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA924"><i>A History of the City of Brooklyn: Including the Old Town and Village of Brooklyn, the Town of Bushwick, and the Village and City of Williamsburgh</i></a>. A History of the City of Brooklyn. subscription. p.&#160;924.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+City+of+Brooklyn%3A+Including+the+Old+Town+and+Village+of+Brooklyn%2C+the+Town+of+Bushwick%2C+and+the+Village+and+City+of+Williamsburgh&amp;rft.series=A+History+of+the+City+of+Brooklyn&amp;rft.pages=924&amp;rft.pub=subscription&amp;rft.date=1870&amp;rft.aulast=Stiles&amp;rft.aufirst=H.R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnQxAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA924&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBG1918_p._101-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBG1918_p._101_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooklyn_Botanic_Garden1918">Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1918</a>, p.&#160;101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBG1918_p._105-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBG1918_p._105_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooklyn_Botanic_Garden1918">Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1918</a>, p.&#160;105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBG1918_p._106-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBG1918_p._106_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBG1918_p._106_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooklyn_Botanic_Garden1918">Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1918</a>, p.&#160;106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1887" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, J.A. (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBYZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA1"><i>Laws Relating to the Public Parks, Parkways, and Other Property Under the Care and Control of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners</i></a>. p.&#160;1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Laws+Relating+to+the+Public+Parks%2C+Parkways%2C+and+Other+Property+Under+the+Care+and+Control+of+the+Brooklyn+Park+Commissioners&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.date=1887&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson&amp;rft.aufirst=J.A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBYZAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/3137046/">"Public Parks and Promenades"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. May 29, 1860. p.&#160;2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2019</span> &#8211; via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&amp;rft.atitle=Public+Parks+and+Promenades&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.date=1860-05-29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbklyn.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F3137046%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="open access" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancaster-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lancaster_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancaster_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancaster_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLancaster1972" class="citation book cs1">Lancaster, Clay (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echonyc.com/~parks/books/handbook.html"><i>Prospect Park Handbook</i></a> (2nd&#160;ed.). New York: Long Island University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913252-06-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913252-06-2"><bdi>978-0-913252-06-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001181824/https://www.echonyc.com/~parks/books/handbook.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Prospect+Park+Handbook&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Long+Island+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-913252-06-2&amp;rft.aulast=Lancaster&amp;rft.aufirst=Clay&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echonyc.com%2F~parks%2Fbooks%2Fhandbook.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/27409545/">"Prospect Park"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. May 19, 1861. p.&#160;2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2019</span> &#8211; via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&amp;rft.atitle=Prospect+Park&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.date=1861-05-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbklyn.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F27409545%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="open access" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bluestone_1987-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bluestone_1987_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bluestone_1987_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBluestone1987" class="citation journal cs1">Bluestone, Daniel M. 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JSTOR. <b>39</b> (4): 529–550. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2713123">10.2307/2713123</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0678">0003-0678</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713123">2713123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&amp;rft.atitle=From+Promenade+to+Park%3A+The+Gregarious+Origins+of+Brooklyn%27s+Park+Movement&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=529-550&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.issn=0003-0678&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2713123%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2713123&amp;rft.aulast=Bluestone&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1868/12/15/archives/prospect-park-progress-of-the-workdescriptive-particulars.html">"Prospect Park; Progress of the Work—Descriptive Particulars"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. December 15, 1868. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129064330/https://www.nytimes.com/1868/12/15/archives/prospect-park-progress-of-the-workdescriptive-particulars.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Prospect+Park%3B+Progress+of+the+Work%E2%80%94Descriptive+Particulars.&amp;rft.date=1868-12-15&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1868%2F12%2F15%2Farchives%2Fprospect-park-progress-of-the-workdescriptive-particulars.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/annualreportsofb1873broo/annualreportsofb1873broo_djvu.txt"><i>Annual reports of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners, 1861–1873</i></a>. Brooklyn Park Commissioners. 1873. p.&#160;127<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2019</span> &#8211; via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Annual+reports+of+the+Brooklyn+Park+Commissioners%2C+1861%E2%80%931873&amp;rft.pages=127&amp;rft.pub=Brooklyn+Park+Commissioners&amp;rft.date=1873&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fannualreportsofb1873broo%2Fannualreportsofb1873broo_djvu.txt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128864452-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n128864452_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n128864452_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n128864452_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-brooklyn-botanic-garden-arose-f/128864452/">"Brooklyn Botanic Garden Arose From Dumping Spot"</a>. <i>The Chat</i>. May 7, 1921. p.&#160;96<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Chat&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+Arose+From+Dumping+Spot&amp;rft.pages=96&amp;rft.date=1921-05-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-chat-brooklyn-botanic-garden-arose-f%2F128864452%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1113783092-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p1113783092_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Brooklyn Botanic Garden as Seen From the Air". <i>New York Herald Tribune</i>. September 23, 1928. p.&#160;A16. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1113783092">1113783092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+as+Seen+From+the+Air&amp;rft.pages=A16&amp;rft.date=1928-09-23&amp;rft.issn=1941-0646&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gager_p._339-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gager_p._339_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGager1912">Gager 1912</a>, p.&#160;340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proceedings_1930_p.-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Proceedings_1930_p._22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XUofAQAAMAAJ"><i>Proceedings</i></a>. 1930<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings&amp;rft.date=1930&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXUofAQAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bm-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bm_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php">"About the Brooklyn Museum's Building"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420183309/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Museum&amp;rft.atitle=About+the+Brooklyn+Museum%27s+Building&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklynmuseum.org%2Fabout%2Fbuilding.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128728735-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n128728735_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-the-work-of-the-ins/128728735/">"The Work of the Institute"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Citizen</i>. October 13, 1901. p.&#160;18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=The+Work+of+the+Institute&amp;rft.pages=18&amp;rft.date=1901-10-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-citizen-the-work-of-the-ins%2F128728735%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128776497-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n128776497_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dove-of-peace-h/128776497/">"Dove of Peace Hovering Over University Project"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. February 8, 1906. p.&#160;10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&amp;rft.atitle=Dove+of+Peace+Hovering+Over+University+Project&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.date=1906-02-08&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dove-of-peace-h%2F128776497%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128728967-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n128728967_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-another-25000-gif/128728967/">"Another $25,000 Gift to Brooklyn Institute"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Citizen</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=Another+%2425%2C000+Gift+to+Brooklyn+Institute&amp;rft.pages=6&amp;rft.date=1905-06-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-citizen-another-25000-gif%2F128728967%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128776960-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n128776960_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-two-great-gifts-to-brooklyn/128776960/">"Two Great Gifts to Brooklyn Institute"</a>. <i>Times Union</i>. June 10, 1905. p.&#160;4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Times+Union&amp;rft.atitle=Two+Great+Gifts+to+Brooklyn+Institute&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.date=1905-06-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Ftimes-union-two-great-gifts-to-brooklyn%2F128776960%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gager_p._340-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gager_p._340_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gager_p._340_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGager1912">Gager 1912</a>, p.&#160;340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128777045-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n128777045_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-city-to-pay-25000-a/128777045/">"City to Pay $25,000 a Year for Observatory in Prospect Park"</a>. <i>The Standard Union</i>. July 14, 1907. p.&#160;17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Standard+Union&amp;rft.atitle=City+to+Pay+%2425%2C000+a+Year+for+Observatory+in+Prospect+Park&amp;rft.pages=17&amp;rft.date=1907-07-14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-standard-union-city-to-pay-25000-a%2F128777045%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p847016120-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p847016120_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty">"Parks and Park Work: Many New Structures for Brooklyn's Parks". <i>Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening</i>. Vol.&#160;17, no.&#160;8. 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September 13, 1908. p.&#160;C6. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/572129951">572129951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New-York+Tribune&amp;rft.atitle=Institute%27s+Season%3A+Brooklyn+Organization+Will+Make+Many+Changes+This+Year&amp;rft.pages=C6&amp;rft.date=1908-09-13&amp;rft.issn=1941-0646&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1037915186-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p1037915186_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1037915186_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1037915186_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHinton-Braaten1983" class="citation news cs1">Hinton-Braaten, Kathleen (April 5, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0405/040538.html">"Roses and bonsai: Brooklyn's Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1037915186">1037915186</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&amp;rft.atitle=Roses+and+bonsai%3A+Brooklyn%27s+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.date=1983-04-05&amp;rft.aulast=Hinton-Braaten&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathleen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1983%2F0405%2F040538.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128782433-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n128782433_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n128782433_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-for-a-botanic-garde/128782433/">"For a Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Citizen</i>. December 11, 1909. p.&#160;6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=For+a+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.pages=6&amp;rft.date=1909-12-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-citizen-for-a-botanic-garde%2F128782433%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128782676-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n128782676_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n128782676_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-for-botanic-gar/128782676/">"For Botanic Garden and Arboretum in Park"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. December 11, 1909. p.&#160;5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&amp;rft.atitle=For+Botanic+Garden+and+Arboretum+in+Park&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.date=1909-12-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-daily-eagle-for-botanic-gar%2F128782676%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128782569-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n128782569_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128782569/">"Institute Trustees Meet"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. December 10, 1910. p.&#160;21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&amp;rft.atitle=Institute+Trustees+Meet&amp;rft.pages=21&amp;rft.date=1910-12-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust%2F128782569%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_1913_p._77-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_1913_p._77_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrooklyn_Botanic_GardenBiodiversity_Heritage_Library1913" class="citation book cs1">Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Biodiversity Heritage Library (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJvOAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA77"><i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record</i></a>. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. pp.&#160;75–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+Record&amp;rft.pages=75-79&amp;rft.pub=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden.&amp;rft.date=1913&amp;rft.au=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.au=Biodiversity+Heritage+Library&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJvOAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA77&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p572395107-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p572395107_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p572395107_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty">"Brooklyn Park Plans: to Begin Arboretum and Botanical Gardens July 1". <i>New-York Tribune</i>. April 17, 1910. p.&#160;B8. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/572395107">572395107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New-York+Tribune&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Park+Plans%3A+to+Begin+Arboretum+and+Botanical+Gardens+July+1&amp;rft.pages=B8&amp;rft.date=1910-04-17&amp;rft.issn=1941-0646&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128782203-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n128782203_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-director-of-bot/128782203/">"Director of Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. March 4, 1910. p.&#160;15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&amp;rft.atitle=Director+of+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.pages=15&amp;rft.date=1910-03-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-daily-eagle-director-of-bot%2F128782203%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n7607461-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n7607461_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-plans-for-garde/7607461/">"Brooklyn Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. April 11, 1910. p.&#160;11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.pages=11&amp;rft.date=1910-04-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-daily-eagle-plans-for-garde%2F7607461%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p194083330-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p194083330_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty">"Garden for Brooklyn Institute: Notable addition for pleasure grounds of the city". <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>. May 21, 1910. p.&#160;5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/194083330">194083330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&amp;rft.atitle=Garden+for+Brooklyn+Institute%3A+Notable+addition+for+pleasure+grounds+of+the+city.&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.date=1910-05-21&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128780494-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n128780494_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-gives-thou/128780494/">"City Gives Thousands to Brooklyn Institute"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. June 11, 1910. p.&#160;3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&amp;rft.atitle=City+Gives+Thousands+to+Brooklyn+Institute&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.date=1910-06-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-gives-thou%2F128780494%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128780637-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n128780637_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-elect-roosevelt-honor/128780637/">"Elect Roosevelt Honorary Member"</a>. <i>The Standard Union</i>. June 11, 1910. p.&#160;12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Standard+Union&amp;rft.atitle=Elect+Roosevelt+Honorary+Member&amp;rft.pages=12&amp;rft.date=1910-06-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-standard-union-elect-roosevelt-honor%2F128780637%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p572338433-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p572338433_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty">"New Botanical Garden: Dr. Gager Outlines Broad Plan to Extend Educational Side". <i>New-York Tribune</i>. August 28, 1910. p.&#160;B3. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/572338433">572338433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New-York+Tribune&amp;rft.atitle=New+Botanical+Garden%3A+Dr.+Gager+Outlines+Broad+Plan+to+Extend+Educational+Side&amp;rft.pages=B3&amp;rft.date=1910-08-28&amp;rft.issn=1941-0646&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BD_p._107-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BD_p._107_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BD_p._107_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BD_p._107_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerensonDeMause2001">Berenson &amp; DeMause 2001</a>, p.&#160;107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128782235-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n128782235_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-a-new-park-buil/128782235/">"A New Park Building"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. December 23, 1910. p.&#160;20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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September 25, 1914. p.&#160;9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&amp;rft.atitle=Children+Exhibit+Garden+Products&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.date=1914-09-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-daily-eagle-children-exhibi%2F128815980%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldfield_2010_p.-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oldfield_2010_p._72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oldfield_2010_p._72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOldfield2010" class="citation book cs1">Oldfield, Sara (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vi5FAQAAIAAJ"><i>Botanic Gardens: Modern-day Arks</i></a>. Mit Press. MIT Press. p.&#160;19. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01516-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01516-5"><bdi>978-0-262-01516-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Botanic+Gardens%3A+Modern-day+Arks&amp;rft.series=Mit+Press&amp;rft.pages=19&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-01516-5&amp;rft.aulast=Oldfield&amp;rft.aufirst=Sara&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvi5FAQAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HathiTrust_2023_b093-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HathiTrust_2023_b093_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044103101101?urlappend=%3Bseq=442">"Fourth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>The Record</i>. 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August 21, 1915. p.&#160;3<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Brooklyn Botanic Garden Source of Both Pleasure and Instruction: Half a Million Persons Visit This Beauty Spot Each Year, While 50,000 School Children Are Taught of Flowers and Shrubs--fund of $250,000 Sought Even Has a Library Are Sure of Outcome Supplies Study Material". <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>. p.&#160;4A. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/11757326">11757326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+Source+of+Both+Pleasure+and+Instruction%3A+Half+a+Million+Persons+Visit+This+Beauty+Spot+Each+Year%2C+While+50%2C000+School+Children+Are+Taught+of+Flowers+and+Shrubs--fund+of+%24250%2C000+Sought+Even+Has+a+Library+Are+Sure+of+Outcome+Supplies+Study+Material&amp;rft.pages=4A&amp;rft.date=1925-12-07&amp;rft.aulast=Shuler&amp;rft.aufirst=Marjorie&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden1_101-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/about/history">"A Brief History of BBG"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Chat&amp;rft.atitle=New+Ornamental+Gate+for+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.pages=33&amp;rft.date=1929-06-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-chat-new-ornamental-gate-for-botanic%2F128961709%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1111991058-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p1111991058_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Botanic Garden Starts Work on Rustic Bridges: Glacial Bowlder Structures Will Replace Temporary Crossings Over Brook 6 Weeks on Construction Plans Are Drawn for Three More New Entrance Gates". <i>New York Herald Tribune</i>. July 14, 1929. p.&#160;A11. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1111991058">1111991058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft.atitle=Botanic+Garden+Starts+Work+on+Rustic+Bridges%3A+Glacial+Bowlder+Structures+Will+Replace+Temporary+Crossings+Over+Brook+6+Weeks+on+Construction+Plans+Are+Drawn+for+Three+More+New+Entrance+Gates&amp;rft.pages=A11&amp;rft.date=1929-07-14&amp;rft.issn=1941-0646&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128962576-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n128962576_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-garden-adds-2-bridge/128962576/">"Botanic Garden Adds 2 Bridges"</a>. <i>Times Union</i>. 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October 7, 1929. p.&#160;3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=New+Spans+at+Boro+Botanic+Garden+Ready&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.date=1929-10-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-citizen-new-spans-at-boro-b%2F128961996%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128962106-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n128962106_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-bridges-rise-in-garden/128962106/">"Bridges Rise in Garden"</a>. <i>Times Union</i>. October 6, 1929. p.&#160;96<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Times+Union&amp;rft.atitle=Bridges+Rise+in+Garden&amp;rft.pages=96&amp;rft.date=1929-10-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Ftimes-union-bridges-rise-in-garden%2F128962106%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1113243605-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p1113243605_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Brooklyn Receives $17,000 Gift Gate For Botanic Garden: Richard Young, Donor, Makes Presentation Before 1,200 at Spring Inspection". <i>New York Herald Tribune</i>. May 14, 1930. p.&#160;21. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1113243605">1113243605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Receives+%2417%2C000+Gift+Gate+For+Botanic+Garden%3A+Richard+Young%2C+Donor%2C+Makes+Presentation+Before+1%2C200+at+Spring+Inspection&amp;rft.pages=21&amp;rft.date=1930-05-14&amp;rft.issn=1941-0646&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1113627988-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p1113627988_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Botanic Garden Open Museum, Says Director: Aim Is to Stimulate Interest in Plant Life; Park Use Secondary, He Adds School Service Increased 282.299 Pupils Reached by Brooklyn Institution Brooklyn Rose Garden and New Entrance Gate". <i>New York Herald Tribune</i>. March 23, 1930. p.&#160;B13. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1113627988">1113627988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft.atitle=Botanic+Garden+Open+Museum%2C+Says+Director%3A+Aim+Is+to+Stimulate+Interest+in+Plant+Life%3B+Park+Use+Secondary%2C+He+Adds+School+Service+Increased+282.299+Pupils+Reached+by+Brooklyn+Institution+Brooklyn+Rose+Garden+and+New+Entrance+Gate&amp;rft.pages=B13&amp;rft.date=1930-03-23&amp;rft.issn=1941-0646&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128963767-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n128963767_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-fountain-given-to-botanic-ga/128963767/">"Fountain Given to Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>Times Union</i>. June 8, 1930. p.&#160;39<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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June 9, 1930. p.&#160;5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Standard+Union&amp;rft.atitle=Botanic+Garden+Looks+Ahead+to+1935+With+New+Projects&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.date=1930-06-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-standard-union-botanic-garden-looks%2F128964099%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1930-04-20-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1930-04-20_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1930/04/20/archives/to-build-botanic-plaza-brooklyn-garden-lets-contract-to-complete.html">"To Build Botanic Plaza; Brooklyn Garden Lets Contract to Complete 10-Year-Old Plan"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. April 20, 1930. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=To+Build+Botanic+Plaza%3B+Brooklyn+Garden+Lets+Contract+to+Complete+10-Year-Old+Plan.&amp;rft.date=1930-04-20&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1930%2F04%2F20%2Farchives%2Fto-build-botanic-plaza-brooklyn-garden-lets-contract-to-complete.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1113650289-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p1113650289_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Hanging Plaza Under Way at Botanic Garden: Stone Stairs to Lead From Paths to Long Plot Facing Laboratory Building". <i>New York Herald Tribune</i>. 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August 11, 1935. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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January 26, 1938. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Japanese+Shrine+is+Razed+by+Fire%3B+Enemy+of+Nation+Suspected+of+Destroying+Shinto+Temple+in+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.date=1938-01-26&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1938%2F01%2F26%2Farchives%2Fjapanese-shrine-is-razed-by-fire-enemy-of-nation-suspected-of.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1243679687-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p1243679687_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1243679687_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Nippon Shrine Burns Down at Botanic Garden: Brooklyn Firemen Find No Arson, bill the Director Blames Enemy of Japan Blaze There Once Before Japanese Garden Structure Built by Oriental Labor Nippon Shrine in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Razed by Fire". <i>New York Herald Tribune</i>. 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August 12, 1945. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Gate+Given+to+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.date=1945-08-12&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1945%2F08%2F12%2Farchives%2Fgate-given-to-botanic-garden.html%3FsearchResultPosition%26%2361%3B1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128993816-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n128993816_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n128993816_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dedicate-new-ga/128993816/">"Dedicate New Gate to Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&amp;rft.atitle=Dedicate+New+Gate+to+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.pages=7&amp;rft.date=1946-05-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dedicate-new-ga%2F128993816%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1320079755-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p1320079755_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1320079755_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Vegetables Grow In Brooklyn, Too: Botanic Garden Seeks More Land for Child Farmers". <i>New York Herald Tribune</i>. June 29, 1952. p.&#160;C18. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1320079755">1320079755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft.atitle=Vegetables+Grow+In+Brooklyn%2C+Too%3A+Botanic+Garden+Seeks+More+Land+for+Child+Farmers&amp;rft.pages=C18&amp;rft.date=1952-06-29&amp;rft.issn=1941-0646&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1951-06-06-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1951-06-06_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1951/06/06/archives/city-urged-to-give-new-garden-plot-appeal-for-children-made-by.html?searchResultPosition=1">"City Urged to Give New Garden Plot; Appeal for Children Made by Botanic Garden's Head to Park Association Group"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 6, 1951. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=City+Urged+to+Give+New+Garden+Plot%3B+Appeal+for+Children+Made+by+Botanic+Garden%27s+Head+to+Park+Association+Group&amp;rft.date=1951-06-06&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1951%2F06%2F06%2Farchives%2Fcity-urged-to-give-new-garden-plot-appeal-for-children-made-by.html%3FsearchResultPosition%26%2361%3B1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n129028868-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n129028868_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/129028868/">"Botanic Garden Seen Relegated to Stepchild Role"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. 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May 16, 1954. p.&#160;442<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 18, 1954. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Garden+for+Blind+Set%3B+Project+Planned+for+Brooklyn+to+Have+Signs+in+Braille&amp;rft.date=1954-05-18&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1954%2F05%2F18%2Farchives%2Fgarden-for-blind-set-project-planned-for-brooklyn-to-have-signs-in.html%3FsearchResultPosition%26%2361%3B1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n129022267-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n129022267_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-record-start-work-on-garden-for/129022267/">"Start Work on Garden for Blind at Botanic"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Record</i>. 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June 10, 1955. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Botanic+Garden%27s+Beaten+Paths+Are+Under+Repair+in+Brooklyn&amp;rft.date=1958-05-19&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Schumach&amp;rft.aufirst=Murray&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1958%2F05%2F19%2Farchives%2Fbotanic-gardens-beaten-paths-are-under-repair-in-brooklyn.html%3FsearchResultPosition%26%2361%3B1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1959-06-24-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1959-06-24_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1959/06/24/archives/volunteers-keeping-struck-botanic-garden-green.html?searchResultPosition=1">"Volunteers Keeping Struck Botanic Garden Green"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 24, 1959. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 2, 1960. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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April 20, 1975. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Botanic+Garden+Fetes+50%2C000%2C000th+Visitor&amp;rft.date=1960-10-07&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1960%2F10%2F07%2Farchives%2Fbotanic-garden-fetes-50000000th-visitor.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1961-09-10-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1961-09-10_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFThach1961" class="citation news cs1">Thach, Joanna May (September 10, 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1961/09/10/archives/inspired-by-japan-botanic-garden-builds-replica-of-ryoanji.html">"Inspired by Japan; Botanic Garden Builds Replica of Ryoanji"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Museums+Seeking+Guards+To+Stem+Mounting+Crime&amp;rft.date=1969-12-12&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Burks&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1969%2F12%2F12%2Farchives%2Fmuseums-seeking-guards-to-stem-mounting-crime.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n129139888-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n129139888_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRossRoss1971" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Edwin; Ross, Frank (August 11, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-grouse-at-gardens-garbage/129139888/">"Grouse at Garden's Garbage"</a>. <i>Daily News</i>. p.&#160;345<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Daily+News&amp;rft.atitle=Grouse+at+Garden%27s+Garbage&amp;rft.pages=345&amp;rft.date=1971-08-11&amp;rft.aulast=Ross&amp;rft.aufirst=Edwin&amp;rft.au=Ross%2C+Frank&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fdaily-news-grouse-at-gardens-garbage%2F129139888%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1969-04-13-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1969-04-13_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFClark1969" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Alfred E. (April 13, 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1969/04/13/archives/money-pinch-delays-opening-of-zoo.html">"Money Pinch Delays Opening of Zoo"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Money+Pinch+Delays+Opening+of+Zoo&amp;rft.date=1969-04-13&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.aufirst=Alfred+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1969%2F04%2F13%2Farchives%2Fmoney-pinch-delays-opening-of-zoo.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Rose_Society_1969_p.-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-American_Rose_Society_1969_p._172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Rose_Society1969" class="citation book cs1">American Rose Society (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ltRJAAAAYAAJ"><i>The American Rose</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=George+Avery+Jr.%2C+92%2C+Former+Director+Of+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.date=1994-08-08&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Pace&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F08%2F08%2Fobituaries%2Fgeorge-avery-jr-92-former-director-of-botanic-garden.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_1971_p.-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_1971_p._174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrooklyn_Botanic_Garden1971" class="citation book cs1">Brooklyn Botanic Garden (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=trlPAAAAYAAJ"><i>Plants &amp; Gardens</i></a>. Brooklyn Botanic Garden<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Plants+%26+Gardens&amp;rft.pub=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.au=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtrlPAAAAYAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1971-01-25-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1971-01-25_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/25/archives/city-considering-zoo-museum-fees-cultural-institutions-may-be.html">"City Considering Zoo, Museum Fees"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 25, 1971. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=City+Considering+Zoo%2C+Museum+Fees&amp;rft.date=1971-01-25&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F01%2F25%2Farchives%2Fcity-considering-zoo-museum-fees-cultural-institutions-may-be.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p148379523-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p148379523_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1973" class="citation news cs1">Stevenson, Tom (October 14, 1973). "The Brooklyn Botanic Garden ... 12,000 Plants and One Woman: The Brooklyn Botanic Garden ... 12,000 Plants and One Woman". <i>The Washington Post, Times Herald</i>. p.&#160;K18. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/148379523">148379523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post%2C+Times+Herald&amp;rft.atitle=The+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+...+12%2C000+Plants+and+One+Woman%3A+The+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+...+12%2C000+Plants+and+One+Woman&amp;rft.pages=K18&amp;rft.date=1973-10-14&amp;rft.issn=0190-8286&amp;rft.aulast=Stevenson&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n129141063-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n129141063_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-new-garden-dire/129141063">"New Garden Director"</a>. <i>Newsday</i>. March 24, 1972. p.&#160;135<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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February 4, 1973. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Botanic+Garden+Gets+Chief&amp;rft.date=1973-02-04&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F02%2F04%2Farchives%2Fbotanic-garden-gets-chief.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p920968896-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p920968896_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJones1973" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Bea (February 24, 1973). "Woman Director Will Guide Work at Botanic Gardens". <i>Newsday</i>. p.&#160;2B. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2574-5298">2574-5298</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/920968896">920968896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsday&amp;rft.atitle=Woman+Director+Will+Guide+Work+at+Botanic+Gardens&amp;rft.pages=2B&amp;rft.date=1973-02-24&amp;rft.issn=2574-5298&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Bea&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1973-04-15-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1973-04-15_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchuman1973" class="citation news cs1">Schuman, Wendy (April 15, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/15/archives/chief-gardener-in-brooklyn.html">"Chief Gardener in Brooklyn"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Chief+Gardener+in+Brooklyn&amp;rft.date=1973-04-15&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Schuman&amp;rft.aufirst=Wendy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F04%2F15%2Farchives%2Fchief-gardener-in-brooklyn.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1973-06-24-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1973-06-24_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1973" class="citation news cs1">Fischer, Muriel (June 24, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/06/24/archives/zen-temple-and-gardens-bloom-quietly-in-brooklyn-a-zen-temple-and.html">"Zen Temple and Gardens Bloom Quietly in Brooklyn"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Daily+News&amp;rft.atitle=Garden+Honors+New+Crop+of+Brooklyn%27s+Elite&amp;rft.pages=646&amp;rft.date=1987-08-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fdaily-news-garden-honors-new-crop-of-bro%2F129206258%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1984-01-07-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1984-01-07_199-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1984-01-07_199-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCarmody1984" class="citation news cs1">Carmody, Deirdre (January 7, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/07/nyregion/renovation-planned-for-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html">"Renovation Planned for Brooklyn Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Renovation+Planned+for+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.date=1984-01-07&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Carmody&amp;rft.aufirst=Deirdre&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F01%2F07%2Fnyregion%2Frenovation-planned-for-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1988-07-03-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1988-07-03_200-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberger1988" class="citation news cs1">Goldberger, Paul (July 3, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/03/arts/architecture-view-glass-houses-for-trees-that-grow-in-brooklyn.html">"Architecture View; Glass Houses for Trees That Grow In Brooklyn"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Architecture+View%3B+Glass+Houses+for+Trees+That+Grow+In+Brooklyn&amp;rft.date=1988-07-03&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Goldberger&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F07%2F03%2Farts%2Farchitecture-view-glass-houses-for-trees-that-grow-in-brooklyn.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NY2000-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NY2000_201-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY2000_201-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY2000_201-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSternFishmanTilove2006" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Robert A. 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New York: Monacelli Press. p.&#160;1185. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58093-177-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58093-177-9"><bdi>978-1-58093-177-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70267065">70267065</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22741487M">22741487M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=New+York+2000%3A+Architecture+and+Urbanism+Between+the+Bicentennial+and+the+Millennium&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=1185&amp;rft.pub=Monacelli+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70267065&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL22741487M%23id-name%3DOL&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-58093-177-9&amp;rft.aulast=Stern&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+A.+M.&amp;rft.au=Fishman%2C+David&amp;rft.au=Tilove%2C+Jacob&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyork2000archi0000ster&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1832762678-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p1832762678_202-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1832762678_202-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1832762678_202-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1832762678_202-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1832762678_202-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1832762678_202-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLyman1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Lyman, Rick (May 19, 1988). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Garden+Map&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fmap&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Osborne_Garden-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Osborne_Garden_277-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Osborne_Garden_277-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/osborne_garden">"Osborne Garden"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Native+Flora+Garden+History&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fdiscover%2Fgardens%2Fnative_flora_garden%23%2Ftabs-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BD_pp._112–114-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BD_pp._112–114_281-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BD_pp._112–114_281-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerensonDeMause2001">Berenson &amp; DeMause 2001</a>, pp.&#160;112–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbgnfgnews-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbgnfgnews_282-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/news/native_flora_garden_expansion">"Native Flora Garden Expansion"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318232340/http://www.bbg.org/news/native_flora_garden_expansion">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Native+Flora+Garden+Expansion&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fnews%2Fnative_flora_garden_expansion&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp_2013_y110-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_2013_y110_283-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2013" class="citation web cs1">Sharp, Sonja (June 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20130610/prospect-heights/brooklyn-botanic-garden-stresses-locally-grown-native-flora-expansion">"Brooklyn Botanic Garden Stresses 'Locally Grown' in Native Flora Expansion"</a>. <i>DNAinfo New York</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=DNAinfo+New+York&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+Stresses+%27Locally+Grown%27+in+Native+Flora+Expansion&amp;rft.date=2013-06-10&amp;rft.aulast=Sharp&amp;rft.aufirst=Sonja&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnainfo.com%2Fnew-york%2F20130610%2Fprospect-heights%2Fbrooklyn-botanic-garden-stresses-locally-grown-native-flora-expansion&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128959955-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n128959955_284-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n128959955_284-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-n128959955_284-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-cranford-gift-to-bo/128959955/">"Cranford Gift to Boro Ready for Inspection"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Citizen</i>. April 30, 1928. p.&#160;14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=Cranford+Gift+to+Boro+Ready+for+Inspection&amp;rft.pages=14&amp;rft.date=1928-04-30&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-citizen-cranford-gift-to-bo%2F128959955%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj-2006-06-21-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsj-2006-06-21_285-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj-2006-06-21_285-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRossi2006" class="citation news cs1">Rossi, Lisa (June 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115084404198585652">"A Glorious Garden of Roses Grows in Brooklyn"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=A+Glorious+Garden+of+Roses+Grows+in+Brooklyn&amp;rft.date=2006-06-21&amp;rft.issn=0099-9660&amp;rft.aulast=Rossi&amp;rft.aufirst=Lisa&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB115084404198585652&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1976-07-14-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1976-07-14_286-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLanger1976" class="citation news cs1">Langer, Richard W. (July 14, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/14/archives/two-botanical-remedies-for-new-yorks-tumult.html">"Two Botanical Remedies For New York's Tumult"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Two+Botanical+Remedies+For+New+York%27s+Tumult&amp;rft.date=1976-07-14&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Langer&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F07%2F14%2Farchives%2Ftwo-botanical-remedies-for-new-yorks-tumult.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Rose_Garden-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Rose_Garden_287-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/rose_garden">"Rose Garden"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Rose+Garden&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fgardens%2Frose_garden&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BD_p._118-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BD_p._118_288-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BD_p._118_288-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerensonDeMause2001">Berenson &amp; DeMause 2001</a>, p.&#160;118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BD_pp._118–119-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BD_pp._118–119_289-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerensonDeMause2001">Berenson &amp; DeMause 2001</a>, pp.&#160;118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CherryWatch-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CherryWatch_290-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CherryWatch_290-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CherryWatch_290-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/cherries">"Cherry Blossoms at BBG – CherryWatch"</a>. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324145416/http://www.bbg.org/collections/cherries">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cherry+Blossoms+at+BBG+%E2%80%93+CherryWatch&amp;rft.pub=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fcherries&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1995-04-20-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995-04-20_291-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFYang1995" class="citation news cs1">Yang, Linda (April 20, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/20/garden/garden-q-a.html">"Garden Q.&amp; A."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Garden+Q.%26+A.&amp;rft.date=1995-04-20&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Yang&amp;rft.aufirst=Linda&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F04%2F20%2Fgarden%2Fgarden-q-a.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBC_News_2013_c069-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBC_News_2013_c069_292-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna51494836">"How Cherry Blossoms Came into Budding US Popularity"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. April 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=How+Cherry+Blossoms+Came+into+Budding+US+Popularity&amp;rft.date=2013-04-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna51494836&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_1950_p.-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_1950_p._293-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrooklyn_Botanic_Garden1950" class="citation book cs1">Brooklyn Botanic Garden (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9c4AQAAIAAJ"><i>Plants &amp; Gardens</i></a>. 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"Gardens Of Earthly Delight". <i>Newsday</i>. p.&#160;1. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2574-5298">2574-5298</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/285383018">285383018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsday&amp;rft.atitle=Gardens+Of+Earthly+Delight&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.date=1986-08-08&amp;rft.issn=2574-5298&amp;rft.aulast=Himmel&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n128964486-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n128964486_295-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-fountain-and-span-to-botanic/128964486/">"Fountain and Span to Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>Times Union</i>. June 8, 1930. p.&#160;7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Times+Union&amp;rft.atitle=Fountain+and+Span+to+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.pages=7&amp;rft.date=1930-06-08&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Ftimes-union-fountain-and-span-to-botanic%2F128964486%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_Cobb_2013_p._117_296-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrownCobb2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, K.H.; Cobb, D.M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0jRAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT117"><i>Quiet Beauty: The Japanese Gardens of North America</i></a>. NONE. Tuttle Publishing. pp.&#160;117–118. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1186-8"><bdi>978-1-4629-1186-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Quiet+Beauty%3A+The+Japanese+Gardens+of+North+America&amp;rft.series=NONE&amp;rft.pages=117-118&amp;rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4629-1186-8&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=K.H.&amp;rft.au=Cobb%2C+D.M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN0jRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT117&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBG_2015_e949-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBG_2015_e949_297-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBG_2015_e949_297-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/article/bbgs_japanese_hill_and_pond_garden_a_history">"BBG's Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden: A History"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=A+Japanese+Garden+in+Brooklyn&amp;rft.date=1928-11-04&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1928%2F11%2F04%2Farchives%2Fa-japanese-garden-in-brooklyn.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-2000-05-18-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-2000-05-18_302-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRaver2000" class="citation news cs1">Raver, Anne (May 18, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/18/garden/human-nature-revealing-a-japanese-garden-as-serene-melting-pot.html">"Human Nature; Revealing a Japanese Garden As Serene Melting Pot"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Human+Nature%3B+Revealing+a+Japanese+Garden+As+Serene+Melting+Pot&amp;rft.date=2000-05-18&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Raver&amp;rft.aufirst=Anne&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F05%2F18%2Fgarden%2Fhuman-nature-revealing-a-japanese-garden-as-serene-melting-pot.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/42219429/">"Replica of Japanese Garden a Feature of Brooklyn Botanical Display"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Vogue&amp;rft.atitle=How+to+Plant+Your+Own+Shakespeare+Garden+to+Mark+the+Bard%27s+400th+Anniversary&amp;rft.date=2016-06-24&amp;rft.aulast=Borrelli-Persson&amp;rft.aufirst=Laird&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2Farticle%2Fwilliam-shakespeare-garden-anniversary&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BD_p._127-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BD_p._127_310-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BD_p._127_310-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BD_p._127_310-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerensonDeMause2001">Berenson &amp; DeMause 2001</a>, p.&#160;127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1980-06-02-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1980-06-02_311-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1980-06-02_311-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/02/archives/shakespeare-gardens-flourish-under-the-blossom-that-hangs-on-the.html">"Shakespeare Gardens Flourish 'Under the Blossom That Hangs on the Bough'; Contains 80 Plants No Qualms About Choices"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 2, 1980. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Shakespeare+Gardens+Flourish+%27Under+the+Blossom+That+Hangs+on+the+Bough%27%3B+Contains+80+Plants+No+Qualms+About+Choices&amp;rft.date=1980-06-02&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1980%2F06%2F02%2Farchives%2Fshakespeare-gardens-flourish-under-the-blossom-that-hangs-on-the.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Shakespeare_Garden-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Shakespeare_Garden_312-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/shakespeare_garden">"Shakespeare Garden"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Shakespeare+Garden&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fgardens%2Fshakespeare_garden&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BD_pp._126–127-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BD_pp._126–127_313-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerensonDeMause2001">Berenson &amp; DeMause 2001</a>, pp.&#160;126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-2000-12-17-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-2000-12-17_314-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDeitz2000" class="citation news cs1">Deitz, Paula (December 17, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/17/nyregion/alice-ireys-89-dies-designed-elegant-landscapes-bridging-traditions.html">"Alice Ireys, 89, Dies; Designed Elegant Landscapes Bridging Traditions"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Alice+Ireys%2C+89%2C+Dies%3B+Designed+Elegant+Landscapes+Bridging+Traditions&amp;rft.date=2000-12-17&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Deitz&amp;rft.aufirst=Paula&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F12%2F17%2Fnyregion%2Falice-ireys-89-dies-designed-elegant-landscapes-bridging-traditions.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dümpelmann_Beardsley_2015_p._265-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dümpelmann_Beardsley_2015_p._265_315-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDümpelmannBeardsley2015" class="citation book cs1">Dümpelmann, S.; Beardsley, J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7WgBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT265"><i>Women, Modernity, and Landscape Architecture</i></a>. Taylor &amp; Francis. p.&#160;265. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55654-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55654-1"><bdi>978-1-317-55654-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=TCLF&amp;rft.atitle=Alice+Recknagel+Ireys&amp;rft.date=2013-05-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tclf.org%2Fpioneer%2Falice-recknagel-ireys&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n129025124-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n129025124_317-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-sorority-party/129025124/">"Sorority Party Will Benefit Garden for Sightless People"</a>. <i>Newsday (Nassau Edition)</i>. October 4, 1955. p.&#160;29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsday+%28Nassau+Edition%29&amp;rft.atitle=Sorority+Party+Will+Benefit+Garden+for+Sightless+People&amp;rft.pages=29&amp;rft.date=1955-10-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fnewsday-nassau-edition-sorority-party%2F129025124%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BD_pp._127–128-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BD_pp._127–128_318-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerensonDeMause2001">Berenson &amp; DeMause 2001</a>, pp.&#160;127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p511580475-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p511580475_319-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty">"Gardening Taught Brooklyn Children". <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>. May 4, 1925. p.&#160;13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/511580475">511580475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&amp;rft.atitle=Gardening+Taught+Brooklyn+Children&amp;rft.pages=13&amp;rft.date=1925-05-04&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1971-07-11-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1971-07-11_320-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1971-07-11_320-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/11/archives/green-thumbs-grow-in-the-botanic-garden.html">"Green Thumbs Grow in the Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 11, 1971. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Green+Thumbs+Grow+in+the+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.date=1971-07-11&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F07%2F11%2Farchives%2Fgreen-thumbs-grow-in-the-botanic-garden.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Childrens_Garden-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Childrens_Garden_321-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Childrens_Garden_321-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/childrens_garden">"Children's Garden"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Children%E2%80%99s+Garden&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fgardens%2Fchildrens_garden&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Composting-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Composting_322-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/gardening/composting">"BBG's Guide to Composting"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=DNAinfo+New+York&amp;rft.atitle=Rebuilt+Children%27s+Garden+to+Open+at+the+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+in+June&amp;rft.date=2015-01-27&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel+Holliday&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnainfo.com%2Fnew-york%2F20150127%2Fprospect-heights%2Frebuilt-childrens-garden-open-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden-june&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Lily_Pool_Terrace_and_Borders-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Lily_Pool_Terrace_and_Borders_326-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/lily_pool_terrace_and_borders">"Lily Pool Terrace and Borders"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Lily+Pool+Terrace+and+Borders&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fgardens%2Flily_pool_terrace_and_borders&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyons_2015_s108-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lyons_2015_s108_327-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2015" class="citation web cs1">Lyons, Bill (May 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silive.com/seen/2015/05/nyc-area_day_trips_by_ferry_an_1.html">"NYC-area day trips by ferry &amp; train: Brooklyn Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>silive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=silive&amp;rft.atitle=NYC-area+day+trips+by+ferry+%26+train%3A+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.date=2015-05-02&amp;rft.aulast=Lyons&amp;rft.aufirst=Bill&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silive.com%2Fseen%2F2015%2F05%2Fnyc-area_day_trips_by_ferry_an_1.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MVVA_2021_d643-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MVVA_2021_d643_328-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mvvainc.com/projects/the-woodland-garden-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden-copy">"The Woodland Garden at Brooklyn Botanic Garden"</a>. Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates Inc. September 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Woodland+Garden+at+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.pub=Michael+Van+Valkenburgh+Associates+Inc&amp;rft.date=2021-09-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvvainc.com%2Fprojects%2Fthe-woodland-garden-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden-copy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-2020-10-22-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-2020-10-22_329-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-2020-10-22_329-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-2020-10-22_329-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2020" class="citation news cs1">Russell, James S. (October 22, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/arts/design/brooklyn-botanic-garden-reopen.html">"Brooklyn Botanic Garden Turns Over a New Leaf"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+Turns+Over+a+New+Leaf&amp;rft.date=2020-10-22&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=James+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F10%2F22%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fbrooklyn-botanic-garden-reopen.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Woodland_Garden-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Woodland_Garden_330-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/woodland_garden">"Woodland Garden"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Woodland+Garden&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fgardens%2Fwoodland_garden&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BD_pp._110–111-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BD_pp._110–111_331-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerensonDeMause2001">Berenson &amp; DeMause 2001</a>, pp.&#160;110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Rock_Garden-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Rock_Garden_332-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/rock_garden">"Rock Garden"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Rock+Garden&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fgardens%2Frock_garden&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Herb_Garden-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Herb_Garden_333-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/herb_garden">"Herb Garden"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Herb+Garden&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fgardens%2Fherb_garden&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BD_pp._132–133-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BD_pp._132–133_334-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BD_pp._132–133_334-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerensonDeMause2001">Berenson &amp; DeMause 2001</a>, pp.&#160;132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Celebrity_Path-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Celebrity_Path_335-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Celebrity_Path_335-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/celebrity_path">"Celebrity Path"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Celebrity+Path&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fgardens%2Fcelebrity_path&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-2004-05-12-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-2004-05-12_336-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2004" class="citation news cs1">Barry, Dan (May 12, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/12/nyregion/about-new-york-a-path-of-glory-so-fleeting.html">"About New York; A Path Of Glory, So Fleeting"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=About+New+York%3B+A+Path+Of+Glory%2C+So+Fleeting&amp;rft.date=2004-05-12&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Barry&amp;rft.aufirst=Dan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F05%2F12%2Fnyregion%2Fabout-new-york-a-path-of-glory-so-fleeting.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Plant_Family_Collection-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Plant_Family_Collection_337-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/plant_family_collection">"Plant Family Collection"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Plant+Family+Collection&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fgardens%2Fplant_family_collection&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Ocerlook-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Ocerlook_338-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/overlook">"OverlookBrooklyn Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=OverlookBrooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fgardens%2Foverlook&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Architect_2018_n680-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Architect_2018_n680_339-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/robert-w-wilson-overlook_o">"Robert W. Wilson Overlook"</a>. <i>Architect</i>. May 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Architect&amp;rft.atitle=Robert+W.+Wilson+Overlook&amp;rft.date=2018-05-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architectmagazine.com%2Fproject-gallery%2Frobert-w-wilson-overlook_o&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spivack_2019_k011-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spivack_2019_k011_340-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSpivack2019" class="citation web cs1">Spivack, Caroline (November 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ny.curbed.com/2019/11/18/20970823/brooklyn-botanic-garden-new-path-views">"Brooklyn Botanic Garden unveils sculptural path with scenic vista"</a>. <i>Curbed NY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Aquatic+House+and+Orchid+Collection&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fgardens%2Faquatic_house_and_orchid_collection&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1998-11-29-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1998-11-29_344-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFountain1998" class="citation news cs1">Fountain, Henry (November 29, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/29/nyregion/stephen-tim-61-plant-expert-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html">"Stephen Tim, 61, Plant Expert At Brooklyn Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Stephen+Tim%2C+61%2C+Plant+Expert+At+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.date=1998-11-29&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Fountain&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F11%2F29%2Fnyregion%2Fstephen-tim-61-plant-expert-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1988-04-10-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1988-04-10_345-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1988-04-10_345-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFan1989" class="citation news cs1">Fan, Maureen (November 29, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-north-hempstead/129192599/">"North Hempstead Will Tend Garden"</a>. <i>Newsday</i>. p.&#160;17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsday&amp;rft.atitle=North+Hempstead+Will+Tend+Garden&amp;rft.pages=17&amp;rft.date=1989-11-29&amp;rft.aulast=Fan&amp;rft.aufirst=Maureen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fnewsday-nassau-edition-north-hempstead%2F129192599%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Trail_of_Plant_Evolution-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Trail_of_Plant_Evolution_346-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/trail_of_plant_evolution">"Trail of Plant Evolution"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Trail+of+Plant+Evolution&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fgardens%2Ftrail_of_plant_evolution&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canty_p._113-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canty_p._113_347-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canty_p._113_347-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canty_p._113_347-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanty1989">Canty 1989</a>, p.&#160;113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._1-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._1_348-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandmarks_Preservation_Commission2007">Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007</a>, p.&#160;1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landmarks-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-landmarks_349-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landmarks_349-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landmarks_349-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landmarks_349-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">{{Cite landmarks|page=<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Landmarks_of_New_York_Fifth_Edition/o8ym5NeiylkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA518&amp;printsec=frontcover">518</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._4-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._4_350-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._4_350-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandmarks_Preservation_Commission2007">Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007</a>, p.&#160;4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_pp._4–5-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_pp._4–5_351-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandmarks_Preservation_Commission2007">Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007</a>, pp.&#160;4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_p._5-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_p._5_352-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandmarks_Preservation_Commission2007">Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007</a>, p.&#160;5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL_(2007)_pp._2–3-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_(2007)_pp._2–3_353-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandmarks_Preservation_Commission2007">Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007</a>, pp.&#160;2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gager_p._342-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gager_p._342_354-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gager_p._342_354-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gager_p._342_354-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGager1912">Gager 1912</a>, p.&#160;342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gager_p._343-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gager_p._343_355-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gager_p._343_355-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gager_p._343_355-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGager1912">Gager 1912</a>, p.&#160;343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Library-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Library_356-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Library_356-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/gardening/library">"BBG Library"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=BBG+Library&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fgardening%2Flibrary&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_1914_p._91-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_1914_p._91_357-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0JrOAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA91">"Opening of the Tropical Economic House"</a>. <i>The Record</i>. Vol.&#160;3, no.&#160;3. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. July 1914. p.&#160;91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Record&amp;rft.atitle=Opening+of+the+Tropical+Economic+House&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=91&amp;rft.date=1914-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0JrOAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA91&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curbed_NY_2012_b074-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curbed_NY_2012_b074_358-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curbed_NY_2012_b074_358-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ny.curbed.com/2012/5/10/10372354/architects-triumph-with-new-botanic-garden-visitor-center">"Architects Triumph With New Botanic Garden Visitor Center"</a>. <i>Curbed NY</i>. May 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Curbed+NY&amp;rft.atitle=Architects+Triumph+With+New+Botanic+Garden+Visitor+Center&amp;rft.date=2012-05-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fny.curbed.com%2F2012%2F5%2F10%2F10372354%2Farchitects-triumph-with-new-botanic-garden-visitor-center&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRakowLeeRaven2011">Rakow, Lee &amp; Raven 2011</a>, p.&#160;332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRakowLeeRaven2011">Rakow, Lee &amp; Raven 2011</a>, p.&#160;423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_GAP-361"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_GAP_361-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/learn/gap">"Garden Apprentice Program"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 12, 1935. p.&#160;30B. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1221960668">1221960668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft.atitle=25th+Birthday+To+Be+Observed+By+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden%3A+Many+Notables+to+Take+Part+in+Four-Day+Program+Beginning+Tomorrow&amp;rft.pages=30B&amp;rft.date=1935-05-12&amp;rft.issn=1941-0646&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_NYMF-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_NYMF_365-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/nymf">"New York Metropolitan Flora ProjectBrooklyn Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=New+York+Metropolitan+Flora+ProjectBrooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fnymf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1998-09-13-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1998-09-13_366-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1998-09-13_366-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStamler1998" class="citation news cs1">Stamler, Bernard (September 13, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/13/nyregion/neighborhood-report-new-york-on-line-going-green-on-screen.html">"Neighborhood Report: New York on Line; Going Green on Screen"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Neighborhood+Report%3A+New+York+on+Line%3B+Going+Green+on+Screen&amp;rft.date=1998-09-13&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Stamler&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F09%2F13%2Fnyregion%2Fneighborhood-report-new-york-on-line-going-green-on-screen.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WNYC_2010_l839-367"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WNYC_2010_l839_367-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wnyc.org/story/60370-the-new-york-metropolitan-flora-project/">"The New York Metropolitan Flora Project"</a>. <i>WNYC</i>. April 2, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=WNYC&amp;rft.atitle=The+New+York+Metropolitan+Flora+Project&amp;rft.date=2010-04-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnyc.org%2Fstory%2F60370-the-new-york-metropolitan-flora-project%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flint_Lyverse_1997_p._355-368"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flint_Lyverse_1997_p._355_368-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFlintLyverse1997" class="citation book cs1">Flint, H.L.; Lyverse, J.M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1_fAywb_bkC&amp;pg=PA355"><i>Landscape Plants for Eastern North America: Exclusive of Florida and the Immediate Gulf Coast</i></a>. Wiley. pp.&#160;355–356. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-59919-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-59919-7"><bdi>978-0-471-59919-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Landscape+Plants+for+Eastern+North+America%3A+Exclusive+of+Florida+and+the+Immediate+Gulf+Coast&amp;rft.pages=355-356&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-59919-7&amp;rft.aulast=Flint&amp;rft.aufirst=H.L.&amp;rft.au=Lyverse%2C+J.M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1_fAywb_bkC%26pg%3DPA355&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Herbarium-369"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Herbarium_369-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Herbarium_369-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/collections/herbarium">"Herbarium"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Herbarium&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcollections%2Fherbarium&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_Plants_on_JSTOR_k298-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Global_Plants_on_JSTOR_k298_370-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.jstor.org/partner/BKL">"Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Global Plants on JSTOR"</a>. <i>Global Plants on JSTOR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+Plants+on+JSTOR&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden%2C+Global+Plants+on+JSTOR&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplants.jstor.org%2Fpartner%2FBKL&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rakow_(2020)_p._16-371"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rakow_(2020)_p._16_371-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rakow_(2020)_p._16_371-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rakow_(2020)_p._16_371-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rakow_(2020)_p._16_371-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRakow2020">Rakow 2020</a>, p.&#160;16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Go_Green_Brooklyn_2016_d422-372"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Go_Green_Brooklyn_2016_d422_372-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gogreenbk.org/brooklyn-botanic-garden-greenbridge/">"Brooklyn Botanic Garden - Go Green Brooklyn"</a>. <i>Go Green Brooklyn</i>. April 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Go+Green+Brooklyn&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+-+Go+Green+Brooklyn&amp;rft.date=2016-04-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgogreenbk.org%2Fbrooklyn-botanic-garden-greenbridge%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Eagle_2022_w009-373"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Eagle_2022_w009_373-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2022/08/10/brooklyn-botanic-garden-makes-brooklyn-greener-far-beyond-its-own-walls/">"Brooklyn Botanic Garden makes Brooklyn greener far beyond its own walls"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Eagle</i>. August 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Eagle&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+makes+Brooklyn+greener+far+beyond+its+own+walls&amp;rft.date=2022-08-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrooklyneagle.com%2Farticles%2F2022%2F08%2F10%2Fbrooklyn-botanic-garden-makes-brooklyn-greener-far-beyond-its-own-walls%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricciulli_2019_c237-374"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ricciulli_2019_c237_374-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRicciulli2019" class="citation web cs1">Ricciulli, Valeria (August 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ny.curbed.com/2019/8/9/20798757/crown-heights-greenest-block-brooklyn-botanic-garden">"Brooklyn Botanic Garden crowns the borough's greenest block"</a>. <i>Curbed NY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Curbed+NY&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+crowns+the+borough%E2%80%99s+greenest+block&amp;rft.date=2019-08-09&amp;rft.aulast=Ricciulli&amp;rft.aufirst=Valeria&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fny.curbed.com%2F2019%2F8%2F9%2F20798757%2Fcrown-heights-greenest-block-brooklyn-botanic-garden&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-2022-08-10-375"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-2022-08-10_375-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/nyregion/urban-garden-award-brooklyn.html">"The Greenest Block Grows in Brooklyn"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 10, 2022. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=The+Greenest+Block+Grows+in+Brooklyn&amp;rft.date=2022-08-10&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F08%2F10%2Fnyregion%2Furban-garden-award-brooklyn.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rakow_(2020)_p._17-376"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rakow_(2020)_p._17_376-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rakow_(2020)_p._17_376-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRakow2020">Rakow 2020</a>, p.&#160;17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1986-02-13-377"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1986-02-13_377-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKlockenbrink1986" class="citation news cs1">Klockenbrink, Myra (February 13, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/13/garden/learning-the-care-of-street-trees.html">"Learning the Care of Street Trees"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Learning+the+Care+of+Street+Trees&amp;rft.date=1986-02-13&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Klockenbrink&amp;rft.aufirst=Myra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F02%2F13%2Fgarden%2Flearning-the-care-of-street-trees.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_CGA-378"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_CGA_378-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/community/cga">"Community Garden Alliance"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Community+Garden+Alliance&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcommunity%2Fcga&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Street_Tree-379"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_Street_Tree_379-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/community/street_trees">"Street Tree Stewardship"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Street+Tree+Stewardship&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fcommunity%2Fstreet_trees&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benfield_2020_p._132-380"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benfield_2020_p._132_380-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBenfield2020" class="citation book cs1">Benfield, Richard W. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3cREAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA132"><i>New Directions in Garden Tourism</i></a>. CABI. p.&#160;132. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78924-176-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78924-176-1"><bdi>978-1-78924-176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=New+Directions+in+Garden+Tourism&amp;rft.pages=132&amp;rft.pub=CABI&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-78924-176-1&amp;rft.aulast=Benfield&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3cREAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA132&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rakow_(2020)_pp._16–17-381"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rakow_(2020)_pp._16–17_381-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRakow2020">Rakow 2020</a>, pp.&#160;16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p278838327-382"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p278838327_382-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBazzi1995" class="citation news cs1">Bazzi, Mohamed (February 10, 1995). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Garden+Touches+Nassau&amp;rft.date=1975-05-18&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Bernstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Phyllis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F05%2F18%2Farchives%2Fbrooklyn-garden-touches-nassau-early-harvest.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p920923343-411"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p920923343_411-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJones1975" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Bea (May 1, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-clark-memorial/129143970/">"Clark Memorial Garden-- Brooklyn's oasis on LI"</a>. <i>Newsday</i>. p.&#160;13A. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2574-5298">2574-5298</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/920923343">920923343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsday&amp;rft.atitle=Clark+Memorial+Garden--+Brooklyn%27s+oasis+on+LI&amp;rft.pages=13A&amp;rft.date=1975-05-01&amp;rft.issn=2574-5298&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Bea&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fnewsday-suffolk-edition-clark-memorial%2F129143970%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Island_Now_The_Island_Now_2018_d782-412"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Island_Now_The_Island_Now_2018_d782_412-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theislandnow.com/clark-botanic-garden-to-celebrate-50-years-in-2019/">"Clark Botanic Garden to celebrate 50 years in 2019"</a>. <i>The Island Now</i>. December 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Island+Now&amp;rft.atitle=Clark+Botanic+Garden+to+celebrate+50+years+in+2019&amp;rft.date=2018-12-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheislandnow.com%2Fclark-botanic-garden-to-celebrate-50-years-in-2019%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n129192599-413"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n129192599_413-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFan1989" class="citation news cs1">Fan, Maureen (November 29, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-north-hempstead/129192599/">"North Hempstead Will Tend Garden"</a>. <i>Newsday</i>. p.&#160;17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsday&amp;rft.atitle=North+Hempstead+Will+Tend+Garden&amp;rft.pages=17&amp;rft.date=1989-11-29&amp;rft.aulast=Fan&amp;rft.aufirst=Maureen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fnewsday-nassau-edition-north-hempstead%2F129192599%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_2023-414"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_2023_414-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbg.org/support/membership_rate_change">"Membership Rate Change"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i>. January 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.atitle=Membership+Rate+Change&amp;rft.date=2023-01-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbg.org%2Fsupport%2Fmembership_rate_change&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-2023-04-13-415"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-2023-04-13_415-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCarmelMeko2023" class="citation news cs1">Carmel, Julia; Meko, Hurubie (April 13, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/article/nyc-cherry-blossoms.html">"Where to See New York City's Cherry Blossoms"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Where+to+See+New+York+City%E2%80%99s+Cherry+Blossoms&amp;rft.date=2023-04-13&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Carmel&amp;rft.aufirst=Julia&amp;rft.au=Meko%2C+Hurubie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Farticle%2Fnyc-cherry-blossoms.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sprung_2017_f456-416"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sprung_2017_f456_416-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSprung2017" class="citation web cs1">Sprung, Shlomo (October 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2017/10/03/brooklyn-botanic-garden-holds-25th-annual-chile-pepper-festival/">"Brooklyn Botanic Garden holds 25th Annual Chile Pepper Festival"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Eagle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Eagle&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+holds+25th+Annual+Chile+Pepper+Festival&amp;rft.date=2017-10-03&amp;rft.aulast=Sprung&amp;rft.aufirst=Shlomo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrooklyneagle.com%2Farticles%2F2017%2F10%2F03%2Fbrooklyn-botanic-garden-holds-25th-annual-chile-pepper-festival%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kadet_2019_l500-417"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kadet_2019_l500_417-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKadet2019" class="citation web cs1">Kadet, Anne (June 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/brooklyn-botanic-garden-draws-visitors-in-spades-on-a-modest-budget-11559656801">"Brooklyn Botanic Garden Draws Visitors in Spades on a Modest Budget"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+Draws+Visitors+in+Spades+on+a+Modest+Budget&amp;rft.date=2019-06-04&amp;rft.issn=0099-9660&amp;rft.aulast=Kadet&amp;rft.aufirst=Anne&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fbrooklyn-botanic-garden-draws-visitors-in-spades-on-a-modest-budget-11559656801&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suozzo_Schwencke_Tigas_Wei_2013_a551-418"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suozzo_Schwencke_Tigas_Wei_2013_a551_418-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSuozzoSchwenckeTigasWei2013" class="citation web cs1">Suozzo, Andrea; Schwencke, Ken; Tigas, Mike; Wei, Sisi; Glassford, Alec; Roberts, Brandon (May 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/112417338">"Brooklyn Botanic Garden Corporation - Nonprofit Explorer"</a>. <i>ProPublica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ProPublica&amp;rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden+Corporation+-+Nonprofit+Explorer&amp;rft.date=2013-05-09&amp;rft.aulast=Suozzo&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrea&amp;rft.au=Schwencke%2C+Ken&amp;rft.au=Tigas%2C+Mike&amp;rft.au=Wei%2C+Sisi&amp;rft.au=Glassford%2C+Alec&amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+Brandon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.propublica.org%2Fnonprofits%2Forganizations%2F112417338&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=41" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sources">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBerensonDeMause2001" class="citation book cs1">Berenson, Richard J.; DeMause, Neil (2001). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000bere"><i>The Complete Illustrated Guidebook to Prospect Park and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden</i></a></span>. Silver Lining Books. pp.&#160;102–155. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-2213-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-2213-8"><bdi>978-0-7607-2213-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Complete+Illustrated+Guidebook+to+Prospect+Park+and+the+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.pages=102-155&amp;rft.pub=Silver+Lining+Books&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7607-2213-8&amp;rft.aulast=Berenson&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=DeMause%2C+Neil&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteillustra0000bere&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrooklyn_Botanic_Garden1918" class="citation magazine cs1">Brooklyn Botanic Garden (October 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=soUbnwL8HUYC&amp;pg=PA104">"A Brief History of the Botanic Garden Idea in Brooklyn"</a>. <i>The Record</i>. Vol.&#160;7, no.&#160;4. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Record&amp;rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Botanic+Garden+Idea+in+Brooklyn&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.date=1918-10&amp;rft.au=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsoUbnwL8HUYC%26pg%3DPA104&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCanty1989" class="citation magazine cs1">Canty, Donald (November 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1989-11.pdf">"Reconstructing a Victorian Legacy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Architectural Record</i>. Vol.&#160;177, no.&#160;13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Architectural+Record&amp;rft.atitle=Reconstructing+a+Victorian+Legacy&amp;rft.volume=177&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.date=1989-11&amp;rft.aulast=Canty&amp;rft.aufirst=Donald&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusmodernist.org%2FAR%2FAR-1989-11.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGager1912" class="citation magazine cs1">Gager, C. Stuart (April 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uCIDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA339">"The Brooklyn Botanic Garden"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. Bonnier Corporation. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&amp;rft.atitle=The+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.date=1912-04&amp;rft.issn=0161-7370&amp;rft.aulast=Gager&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+Stuart&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuCIDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA339&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLandmarks_Preservation_Commission2007" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2214.pdf">Laboratory Administration Building, Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission</a>. March 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=Laboratory+Administration+Building%2C+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&amp;rft.pub=New+York+City+Landmarks+Preservation+Commission&amp;rft.date=2007-03-13&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-media.nyc.gov%2Fagencies%2Flpc%2Flp%2F2214.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRakowLeeRaven2011" class="citation book cs1">Rakow, D.; Lee, S.; Raven, P.H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O4mn5aWTCKsC&amp;pg=PT423"><i>Public Garden Management: A Complete Guide to the Planning and Administration of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-90459-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-90459-6"><bdi>978-0-470-90459-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Public+Garden+Management%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+the+Planning+and+Administration+of+Botanical+Gardens+and+Arboreta&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-470-90459-6&amp;rft.aulast=Rakow&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Raven%2C+P.H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO4mn5aWTCKsC%26pg%3DPT423&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRakow2020" class="citation book cs1">Rakow, D.A.; Gough, M.Z.; Lee, S.A.; Medbury, S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sjPRDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA16"><i>Public Gardens and Livable Cities: Partnerships Connecting People, Plants, and Place</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-5176-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-5176-9"><bdi>978-1-5017-5176-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Public+Gardens+and+Livable+Cities%3A+Partnerships+Connecting+People%2C+Plants%2C+and+Place&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-5017-5176-9&amp;rft.aulast=Rakow&amp;rft.aufirst=D.A.&amp;rft.au=Gough%2C+M.Z.&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C+S.A.&amp;rft.au=Medbury%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsjPRDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Record1913" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435055901862&amp;seq=37">"Second Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1912"</a>. <i>The Record</i>. Vol.&#160;2, no.&#160;2. April 1913 &#8211; via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Record&amp;rft.atitle=Second+Annual+Report+of+the+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden%2C+1912&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.date=1913-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dosu.32435055901862%26seq%3D37&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Record1917" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nnc1.cu06176500?urlappend=%3Bseq=39">"Sixth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1916"</a>. <i>The Record</i>. Vol.&#160;6, no.&#160;2. April 1917 &#8211; via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Record&amp;rft.atitle=Sixth+Annual+Report+of+the+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden%2C+1916&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.date=1917-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fnnc1.cu06176500%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D39&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Record1914" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435055901912&amp;seq=41">"Third Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1913"</a>. <i>The Record</i>. Vol.&#160;3, no.&#160;2. April 1914 &#8211; via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Record&amp;rft.atitle=Third+Annual+Report+of+the+Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden%2C+1913&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.date=1914-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dosu.32435055901912%26seq%3D41&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn+Botanic+Garden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=42" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 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Preservation">State Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bayswater_Point_State_Park" title="Bayswater Point State Park">Bayswater Point</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clay_Pit_Ponds_State_Park_Preserve" title="Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve">Clay Pit Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Four_Freedoms_Park" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park">Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gantry_Plaza_State_Park" title="Gantry Plaza State Park">Gantry Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marsha_P._Johnson_State_Park" title="Marsha P. Johnson State Park">Marsha P. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riverbank_State_Park" title="Riverbank State Park">Riverbank</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roberto_Clemente_State_Park" title="Roberto Clemente State Park">Roberto Clemente</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm_State_Park" title="Shirley Chisholm State Park">Shirley Chisholm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation" title="New York State Department of Environmental Conservation">State recreation lands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Loretto_Unique_Area" title="Mount Loretto Unique Area">Mount Loretto Unique Area</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Udalls_Cove" title="Udalls Cove">Udalls Cove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#88C65A;"><div id="City_parks_and_preserves" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_parks" title="List of New York City parks">City parks and preserves</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/79th_Street_Boat_Basin" title="79th Street Boat Basin">79th Street Boat Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abingdon_Square_Park" title="Abingdon Square Park">Abingdon Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Capsouto_Park" title="Albert Capsouto Park">Albert Capsouto</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Municipal_Asphalt_Plant" title="Municipal Asphalt Plant">Asphalt Green</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asser_Levy_Recreation_Center" title="Asser Levy Recreation Center">Asser Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Battery_(Manhattan)" title="The Battery (Manhattan)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hudson_Park_and_Boulevard" title="Hudson Park and Boulevard">Bella Abzug (Hudson)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bellevue_South_Park" title="Bellevue South Park">Bellevue South</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bennett_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Bennett Park (New York City)">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_September_11th_Garden" title="Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden">British Garden at Hanover Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bowling_Green_(New_York_City)" title="Bowling Green (New York City)">Bowling Green</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bryant_Park" title="Bryant Park">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captain_Patrick_J._Brown_Walk" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk">Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carl_Schurz_Park" title="Carl Schurz Park">Carl Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diana_Ross_Playground" title="Diana Ross Playground">Diana Ross Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Lawn_and_Turtle_Pond" title="Great Lawn and Turtle Pond">Great Lawn Rec Center</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heckscher_Playground" title="Heckscher Playground">Heckscher Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Woods_and_North_Meadow" title="North Woods and North Meadow">North Meadow Rec Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chelsea_Park" title="Chelsea Park">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_Hall_Park" title="City Hall Park">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coleman_Playground" title="Coleman Playground">Coleman Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collect_Pond" title="Collect Pond">Collect</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbus_Park_(Manhattan)" title="Columbus Park (Manhattan)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corlears_Hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Corlears Hook">Corlears Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Plaza" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza">Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Damrosch_Park" title="Damrosch Park">Damrosch</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dante_Park" title="Dante Park">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DeSalvio_Playground" title="DeSalvio Playground">DeSalvio Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_Park" title="DeWitt Clinton Park">DeWitt Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drumgoole_Plaza" title="Drumgoole Plaza">Drumgoole Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duane_Park" title="Duane Park">Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_River_Greenway" title="East River Greenway">East River Greenway</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_River_Esplanade" class="mw-redirect" title="East River Esplanade">East River Esplanade</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_River_Park" title="East River Park">East River</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pier_42_(East_River)" title="Pier 42 (East River)">Pier 42</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stuyvesant_Cove_Park" title="Stuyvesant Cove Park">Stuyvesant Cove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elizabeth_H._Berger_Plaza" title="Elizabeth H. Berger Plaza">Elizabeth H. Berger Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Father_Demo_Square" title="Father Demo Square">Father Demo Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Finn_Square&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Finn Square (page does not exist)">Finn Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foley_Square" title="Foley Square">Foley Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Tryon_Park" title="Fort Tryon Park">Fort Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Washington_Park_(Manhattan)" title="Fort Washington Park (Manhattan)">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorman_Park" title="Gorman Park">Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governors_Island" title="Governors Island">Governors Island</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gramercy_Park" title="Gramercy Park">Gramercy</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenacre_Park" title="Greenacre Park">Greenacre</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_Park" title="Hamilton Fish Park">Hamilton Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanover_Square_(Manhattan)" title="Hanover Square (Manhattan)">Hanover Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harlem_River_Park" title="Harlem River Park">Harlem River</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen_Park" title="Hell&#39;s Kitchen Park">Hell's Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herald_Square" title="Herald Square">Herald Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_Line" title="High Line">High Line</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Highbridge_Park" title="Highbridge Park">Highbridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_George_Amusement_Park" title="Fort George Amusement Park">Fort George Seating Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Holcombe_Rucker_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Holcombe Rucker Park (page does not exist)">Holcombe Rucker</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hudson_River_Park" title="Hudson River Park">Hudson River</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ilka_Tanya_Pay%C3%A1n_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilka Tanya Payán Park">Ilka Tanya Payán</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imagination_Playground" title="Imagination Playground">Imagination Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park" title="Inwood Hill Park">Inwood Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isham_Park" title="Isham Park">Isham</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jay_Hood_Wright_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Hood Wright Park">J. Hood Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Park" title="Jackie Robinson Park">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jackson_Square_Park" title="Jackson Square Park">Jackson Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Jay_Park" title="John Jay Park">John Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberty_Park" title="Liberty Park">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Island_at_Pier_55" title="Little Island at Pier 55">Little Island</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Cuvillier_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Cuvillier Park">Louis Cuvillier</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madison_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Madison Square">Madison Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manhattan_Waterfront_Greenway" title="Manhattan Waterfront Greenway">Manhattan Waterfront Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MacArthur_Playground" title="MacArthur Playground">MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marcus_Garvey_Park" title="Marcus Garvey Park">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/McKenna_Square" title="McKenna Square">McKenna Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Millennium_Park_(Manhattan)" title="Millennium Park (Manhattan)">Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mill_Rock" title="Mill Rock">Mill Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitchell_Square_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitchell Square Park">Mitchell Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morningside_Park_(Manhattan)" title="Morningside Park (Manhattan)">Morningside</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Murphy%27s_Brother%27s_Playground&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Murphy&#39;s Brother&#39;s Playground (page does not exist)">Murphy's Brother's Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscota_Marsh" title="Muscota Marsh">Muscota Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_Road_Park" title="Open Road Park">Open Road</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paley_Park" title="Paley Park">Paley</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peretz_Square" title="Peretz Square">Peretz Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Peter_Cooper_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Cooper Park (page does not exist)">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Detmold_Park" title="Peter Detmold Park">Peter Detmold</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plaza_Lafayette" title="Plaza Lafayette">Plaza Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_September_11th_Garden" title="Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden">Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ralph_Bunche_Park" title="Ralph Bunche Park">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Randalls_and_Wards_Islands" title="Randalls and Wards Islands">Randalls Island</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Richard_Tucker_Square&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Tucker Square (page does not exist)">Richard Tucker Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riverside_Park_(Manhattan)" title="Riverside Park (Manhattan)">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Moses_Playground" title="Robert Moses Playground">Robert Moses Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Roosevelt_Triangle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Roosevelt Triangle (page does not exist)">Roosevelt Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rucker_Park" title="Rucker Park">Rucker</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakura_Park" title="Sakura Park">Sakura</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Samuel_N._Bennerson_2nd_Playground&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground (page does not exist)">Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sara_Delano_Roosevelt_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Sara Delano Roosevelt Park">Sara Delano Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Septuagesimo_Uno" title="Septuagesimo Uno">Septuagesimo Uno</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seward_Park_(Manhattan)" title="Seward Park (Manhattan)">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheridan_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheridan Square">Sheridan Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherman_Square" title="Sherman Square">Sherman Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spring_Street_Park" title="Spring Street Park">Spring Street</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._John%27s_Park" title="St. John&#39;s Park">St. John's</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Nicholas_Park" title="St. Nicholas Park">St. Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Vartan_Park" title="St. Vartan Park">St. Vartan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Straus_Park" title="Straus Park">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stuyvesant_Square" title="Stuyvesant Square">Stuyvesant Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swindler_Cove_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Swindler Cove Park (page does not exist)">Swindler Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teardrop_Park" title="Teardrop Park">Teardrop</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Park,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Roosevelt Park, Manhattan">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Park" title="Thomas Jefferson Park">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Paine_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Paine Park">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tompkins_Square_Park" title="Tompkins Square Park">Tompkins Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tribeca_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribeca Park (page does not exist)">Tribeca</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trygve_Lie_Plaza" title="Trygve Lie Plaza">Trygve Lie</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan" title="Union Square, Manhattan">Union Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Verdi_Square" title="Verdi Square">Verdi Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vesuvio_Playground" title="Vesuvio Playground">Vesuvio Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Plaza" title="Vietnam Veterans Plaza">Vietnam Veterans Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vincent_F._Albano_Jr._Playground" title="Vincent F. Albano Jr. Playground">Vincent F. Albano Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wagner_Park" title="Wagner Park">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Randalls_and_Wards_Islands" title="Randalls and Wards Islands">Wards Island</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington_Market_Park" title="Washington Market Park">Washington Market</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Side_Community_Garden" title="West Side Community Garden">West Side Community Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_A._Harris_Garden" title="William A. Harris Garden">William A. Harris Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winston_Churchill_Square" title="Winston Churchill Square">Winston Churchill Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zuccotti_Park" title="Zuccotti Park">Zuccotti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Bronx" title="East Bronx">East Bronx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bicentennial_Veterans_Memorial_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bicentennial Veterans Memorial Park (page does not exist)">Bicentennial Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Castle_Hill_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Castle Hill Park (page does not exist)">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=City_Island_Wetlands&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="City Island Wetlands (page does not exist)">City Island Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferry_Point_Park" title="Ferry Point Park">Ferry Point</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Givans_Creek_Woods" title="Givans Creek Woods">Givans Creek Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Haffen_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Haffen Park (page does not exist)">Haffen</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Harding_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Harding Park (page does not exist)">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hart_Island" title="Hart Island">Hart Island</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magenta_Playground" title="Magenta Playground">Magenta Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park" title="Pelham Bay Park">Pelham Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunter_Island_(Bronx)" title="Hunter Island (Bronx)">Hunter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orchard_Beach_(Bronx)" title="Orchard Beach (Bronx)">Orchard Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rodman%27s_Neck" title="Rodman&#39;s Neck">Rodman's Neck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelham_Parkway" title="Pelham Parkway">Pelham Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pugsley_Creek_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Pugsley Creek Park">Pugsley Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Richman_(Echo)_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richman (Echo) Park (page does not exist)">Richman</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seton_Falls_Park" title="Seton Falls Park">Seton Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Seton_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Seton Park (page does not exist)">Seton</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soundview_Park" title="Soundview Park">Soundview</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Starlight_Park" title="Starlight Park">Starlight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">West Bronx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aqueduct_Walk" title="Aqueduct Walk">Aqueduct Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bridge_Park_(Bronx)" title="Bridge Park (Bronx)">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronx_Park" title="Bronx Park">Bronx</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronx_Skate_Park" title="Bronx Skate Park">Bronx Skate Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Devoe_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Devoe Park (page does not exist)">Devoe</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ewen_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewen Park (page does not exist)">Ewen</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Harris_Park_(Bronx)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Harris Park (Bronx) (page does not exist)">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Park" title="Henry Hudson Park">Henry Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerome_Park" title="Jerome Park">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mosholu_Parkway" title="Mosholu Parkway">Mosholu Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Poe_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Poe Park (page does not exist)">Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg_Forest" title="Raoul Wallenberg Forest">Raoul Wallenberg Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riverdale_Park_(Bronx)" title="Riverdale Park (Bronx)">Riverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Spuyten_Duyvil_Shorefront_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront Park (page does not exist)">Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._James_Park_(Bronx)" title="St. James Park (Bronx)">St. James</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_Woods" title="University Woods">University Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">Van Cortlandt</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Vidalia_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidalia Park (page does not exist)">Vidalia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vinmont_Veteran_Park" title="Vinmont Veteran Park">Vinmont Veteran</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Washington%27s_Walk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington&#39;s Walk (page does not exist)">Washington's Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Williamsbridge_Oval" title="Williamsbridge Oval">Williamsbridge Oval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barretto_Point_Park" title="Barretto Point Park">Baretto Point</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bill_Rainey_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Rainey Park (page does not exist)">Bill Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Carlos_J._Lozada_Playground&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos J. Lozada Playground (page does not exist)">Carlos J. Lozada Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claremont_Park" title="Claremont Park">Claremont</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concrete_Plant_Park" title="Concrete Plant Park">Concrete Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crotona_Park" title="Crotona Park">Crotona</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estella_Diggs_Park" title="Estella Diggs Park">Estella Diggs</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Grant_Park_(Bronx)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grant Park (Bronx) (page does not exist)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunts_Point_Riverside_Park" title="Hunts Point Riverside Park">Hunts Point Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Rodman_Drake_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Rodman Drake Park">Joseph Rodman Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joyce_Kilmer_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Joyce Kilmer Park">Joyce Kilmer</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Julius_Richman_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Richman Park (page does not exist)">Julius Richman</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macombs_Dam_Park" title="Macombs Dam Park">Macombs Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mill_Pond_Park" title="Mill Pond Park">Mill Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mullaly_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullaly Park">Mullaly</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_and_South_Brother_Islands,_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="North and South Brother Islands, New York City">North and South Brother Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Playground_52" title="Playground 52">Playground 52</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Printer%27s_Park" title="Printer&#39;s Park">Printer's</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Richman_(Echo)_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richman (Echo) Park (page does not exist)">Richman</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Park_(Bronx)" title="St. Mary&#39;s Park (Bronx)">St. Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taqwa_Community_Farm" title="Taqwa Community Farm">Taqwa Community Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tremont_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremont Park">Tremont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alben_Square" title="Alben Square">Alben Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=American_Veterans_Memorial_Pier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="American Veterans Memorial Pier (page does not exist)">American Veterans Memorial Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Amersfort_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amersfort Park (page does not exist)">Amersfort</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthony_Catanzaro_Square" title="Anthony Catanzaro Square">Anthony Catanzaro Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Asser_Levy_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asser Levy Park (page does not exist)">Asser Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ascenzi_Square" title="Ascenzi Square">Ascenzi Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bath_Beach_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bath Beach Park (page does not exist)">Bath Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Betsy_Head_Park" title="Betsy Head Park">Betsy Head</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bensonhurst_Park" title="Bensonhurst Park">Bensonhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bocchino-Dente_Memorial_Plaza" title="Bocchino-Dente Memorial Plaza">Bocchino-Dente Memorial Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Breukelen_Ballfields_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Breukelen Ballfields Park (page does not exist)">Breukelen Ballfields</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge_Park" title="Brooklyn Bridge Park">Brooklyn Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights_Promenade" title="Brooklyn Heights Promenade">Brooklyn Heights Promenade</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Queens_Greenway" title="Brooklyn–Queens Greenway">Brooklyn–Queens Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Waterfront_Greenway&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooklyn Waterfront Greenway (page does not exist)">Brooklyn Waterfront Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brower_Park" title="Brower Park">Brower</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bushwick_Inlet_Park" title="Bushwick Inlet Park">Bushwick</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Byrne_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Byrne Park (page does not exist)">Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cadman_Plaza" title="Cadman Plaza">Cadman Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canarsie_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Canarsie Park (page does not exist)">Canarsie</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Park_(Brooklyn)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carroll Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calvert_Vaux_Park" title="Calvert Vaux Park">Calvert Vaux</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chief_Charles_A._Joshua_Plaza" title="Chief Charles A. Joshua Plaza">Chief Charles A. Joshua Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=City_Line_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="City Line Park (page does not exist)">City Line</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Coffey_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Coffey Park (page does not exist)">Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbus_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Columbus Park (Brooklyn)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commodore_Barry_Park" title="Commodore Barry Park">Commodore Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riegelmann_Boardwalk" title="Riegelmann Boardwalk">Coney Island Beach &amp; Boardwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coney_Island_Creek_Park" title="Coney Island Creek Park">Coney Island Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coney_Island_Cyclone" title="Coney Island Cyclone">Coney Island Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Continental_Army_Plaza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Continental Army Plaza (page does not exist)">Continental Army Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooper_Park" title="Cooper Park">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domino_Park" title="Domino Park">Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dyker_Beach_Park_and_Golf_Course" title="Dyker Beach Park and Golf Course">Dyker Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Parkway" title="Eastern Parkway">Eastern Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Greene_Park" title="Fort Greene Park">Fort Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Four_Sparrow_Marsh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Four Sparrow Marsh (page does not exist)">Four Sparrow Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Frank_M._Charles_Memorial_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank M. Charles Memorial Park (page does not exist)">Frank M. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fresh_Creek_Nature_Preserve&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fresh Creek Nature Preserve (page does not exist)">Fresh Creek Nature Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Friends_Field&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Friends Field (page does not exist)">Friends Field</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fulton_Park" title="Fulton Park">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golconda_Skate_Park" title="Golconda Skate Park">Golconda Skate Park</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravesend Park (page does not exist)">Gravesend</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Green_Central_Knoll&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Green Central Knoll (page does not exist)">Green Central Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herbert_Von_King_Park" title="Herbert Von King Park">Herbert Von King</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Highland_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Highland Park (Brooklyn)">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Irving_Square_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Square Park (page does not exist)">Irving Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Stone_House_(Brooklyn)" title="Old Stone House (Brooklyn)">JJ Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamaica_Bay" title="Jamaica Bay">Jamaica Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_J._Carty_Park" title="John J. Carty Park">John J. Carty</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_Park" title="John Paul Jones Park">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaiser_Park" title="Kaiser Park">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Park_(Brooklyn)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelly Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leif_Ericson_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Leif Ericson Park">Leif Ericson</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leon_S._Kaiser_Playground" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon S. Kaiser Playground">Leon S. Kaiser Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lieutenant_Joseph_Petrosino_Park" title="Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Park">Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Terrace_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lincoln Terrace Park (page does not exist)">Lincoln Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Linden_Park_(Brooklyn)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Linden Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Linden</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lindower_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lindower Park (page does not exist)">Lindower</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Linton_Park_(Brooklyn)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Linton Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Linton</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macri_Triangle" title="Macri Triangle">Macri Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Manhattan_Beach_Park_(Brooklyn)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Manhattan Beach Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Manhattan Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maria_Hernandez_Park" title="Maria Hernandez Park">Maria Hernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_Park_(Brooklyn_park)" title="Marine Park (Brooklyn park)">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/McCarren_Park" title="McCarren Park">McCarren</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/McGolrick_Park" title="McGolrick Park">McGolrick</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=McKinley_Park_(Brooklyn)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="McKinley Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Prospect_Park" title="Mount Prospect Park">Mt. Prospect</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adventurer%27s_Park" title="Adventurer&#39;s Park">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_Parkway_(Brooklyn)" title="Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn)">Ocean Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Owl%27s_Head_Park" title="Owl&#39;s Head Park">Owl's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Paerdegat_Basin_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paerdegat Basin Park (page does not exist)">Paerdegat Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Paerdegat_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paerdegat Park (page does not exist)">Paerdegat</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Prospect Park (Brooklyn)">Prospect</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Hook_Park" title="Red Hook Park">Red Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Venable_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. Venable Park (page does not exist)">Robert E. Venable</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russell_D._Ramsey_Triangle" title="Russell D. Ramsey Triangle">Russell D. Ramsey Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saratoga_Park" title="Saratoga Park">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Scarangella_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Scarangella Park (page does not exist)">Scarangella</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Seaside_Park_(Brooklyn)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Seaside Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Seaside</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seth_Low_Playground" title="Seth Low Playground">Seth Low</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shore_Boulevard_Mall" title="Shore Boulevard Mall">Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spring_Creek_Park" title="Spring Creek Park">Spring Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steeplechase_Park" title="Steeplechase Park">Steeplechase</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sternberg_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sternberg Park (page does not exist)">Sternberg</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=St._Johns_Park_(Brooklyn)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Johns Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunset_Park_(Brooklyn_park)" title="Sunset Park (Brooklyn park)">Sunset</a></li> <li>Tompkins</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Park_(Brooklyn)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinity Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Van_Voorhees_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Van Voorhees Park (page does not exist)">Van Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Walt Whitman Park (Brooklyn)">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wingate_Park_(Brooklyn)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wingate Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Wingate</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/WNYC_Transmitter_Park" title="WNYC Transmitter Park">WNYC Transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zion_Triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Zion Triangle">Zion Triangle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Admiral_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Admiral Park (page does not exist)">Admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alley_Pond_Park" title="Alley Pond Park">Alley Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Andrews_Grove&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrews Grove (page does not exist)">Andrews Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astoria_Park" title="Astoria Park">Astoria</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baisley_Pond_Park" title="Baisley Pond Park">Baisley Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bayside_Fields&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayside Fields (page does not exist)">Bayside Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bayswater_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayswater Park (page does not exist)">Bayswater</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Beach_Channel_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Beach Channel Park (page does not exist)">Beach Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Big_Bush_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Big Bush Park (page does not exist)">Big Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bowne_Park" title="Bowne Park">Bowne</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brant_Point_Wildlife_Sanctuary&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary (page does not exist)">Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Breininger_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Breininger Park (page does not exist)">Breininger</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Broad_Channel_American_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Broad Channel American Park (page does not exist)">Broad Channel American</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Broad_Channel_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Broad Channel Park (page does not exist)">Broad Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Broad_Channel_Wetlands&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Broad Channel Wetlands (page does not exist)">Broad Channel Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Queens_Greenway" title="Brooklyn–Queens Greenway">Brooklyn–Queens Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brookville_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brookville Park (page does not exist)">Brookville</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bulova_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulova Park (page does not exist)">Bulova</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captain_Tilly_Park" title="Captain Tilly Park">Captain Tilly</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_War_Veterans_Triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic War Veterans Triangle">Catholic War Veterans Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chris_Postiglione_Triangle" title="Chris Postiglione Triangle">Chris Postiglione Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/College_Point_Fields" title="College Point Fields">College Point Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crocheron_Park" title="Crocheron Park">Crocheron</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cunningham_Park" title="Cunningham Park">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Detective_Keith_L_Williams_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Detective Keith L Williams Park (page does not exist)">Det. Keith L. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Detective_William_T._Gunn_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Detective William T. Gunn Park (page does not exist)">Det. William T. Gunn</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dr._Charles_R._Drew_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dr. Charles R. Drew Park (page does not exist)">Dr. Charles R. Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dubos_Point_Wildlife_Sanctuary&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary (page does not exist)">Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doughboy_Park" title="Doughboy Park">Doughboy</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douglaston_Park" title="Douglaston Park">Douglaston</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elmhurst_Park" title="Elmhurst Park">Elmhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Evergreen_Park_(Queens)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evergreen Park (Queens) (page does not exist)">Evergreen</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Far_Rockaway_Skate_Park" title="Far Rockaway Skate Park">Far Rockaway Skate Park</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feehan_Triangle" title="Feehan Triangle">Feehan Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flushing_Fields" title="Flushing Fields">Flushing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flushing_Meadows%E2%80%93Corona_Park" title="Flushing Meadows–Corona Park">Flushing Meadows-Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foch_Sitting_Area" title="Foch Sitting Area">Foch Sitting Area</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forest_Park_(Queens)" title="Forest Park (Queens)">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Tilden" title="Fort Tilden">Fort Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Totten_(Queens)" title="Fort Totten (Queens)">Fort Totten</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Francis_Lewis_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Lewis Park (page does not exist)">Francis Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Frank_Golden_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Golden Park (page does not exist)">Frank Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Frank_Principe_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Principe Park (page does not exist)">Frank Principe</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Haggerty_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Haggerty Park (page does not exist)">Haggerty</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Harvey_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvey Park (page does not exist)">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Highland_Park_(Queens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Park (Queens)">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hillcrest_Veterans_Square" title="Hillcrest Veterans Square">Hillcrest Veterans Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hinton_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinton Park (page does not exist)">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hoffman_Park_(Queens)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoffman Park (Queens) (page does not exist)">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hook_Creek_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hook Creek Park (page does not exist)">Hook Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hunter%27s_Point_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunter&#39;s Point Park (page does not exist)">Hunter's Point</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Idlewild_Park_(Queens)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Idlewild Park (Queens) (page does not exist)">Idlewild</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamaica_Bay_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica Bay Park">Jamaica Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=John_Golden_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Golden Park (page does not exist)">John Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judge_Moses_Weinstein_Playground" title="Judge Moses Weinstein Playground">Judge Moses Weinstein Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juniper_Valley_Park" title="Juniper Valley Park">Juniper Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kissena_Park" title="Kissena Park">Kissena</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kohlreiter_Square" title="Kohlreiter Square">Kohlreiter Square</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kopytko_Triangle" title="Kopytko Triangle">Kopytko Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libra_Triangle" title="Libra Triangle">Libra Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linden_Park_(Queens)" title="Linden Park (Queens)">Linden</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Linnaeus_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Linnaeus Park (page does not exist)">Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Little_Bay_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Bay Park (page does not exist)">Little Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LoCicero_Triangle" title="LoCicero Triangle">LoCicero Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Pasteur Park (page does not exist)">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynch_Triangle" title="Lynch Triangle">Lynch Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mafera_Park" title="Mafera Park">Mafera</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Macneil_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Macneil Park (page does not exist)">Macneil</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Marconi_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Marconi Park (page does not exist)">Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Marie_Curie_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Curie Park (page does not exist)">Marie Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Montbellier_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Montbellier Park (page does not exist)">Montbellier</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/O%27Donohue_Park" title="O&#39;Donohue Park">O'Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/One_Room_Schoolhouse_Park" title="One Room Schoolhouse Park">One Room Schoolhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Overlook_Park_(Queens)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Overlook Park (Queens) (page does not exist)">Overlook</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Park_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Park of the Americas">Park of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Phil_%22Scooter%22_Rizzuto_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Phil &quot;Scooter&quot; Rizzuto Park (page does not exist)">Phil "Scooter" Rizzuto</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Playground_Seventy_Five" title="Playground Seventy Five">Playground Seventy Five</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Police_Officer_Edward_Byrne_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Officer Edward Byrne Park (page does not exist)">Ofc. Edward Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Powell%27s_Cove_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Powell&#39;s Cove Park (page does not exist)">Powell's Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proctor-Hopson_Circle" title="Proctor-Hopson Circle">Proctor-Hopson Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queens_County_Farm_Museum" title="Queens County Farm Museum">Queens County Farm Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensbridge_Park" title="Queensbridge Park">Queensbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rachel_Carson_Playground" title="Rachel Carson Playground">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Railroad_Park_(Queens)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Railroad Park (Queens) (page does not exist)">Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Demarco_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Demarco Park (page does not exist)">Ralph Demarco</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remsen_Cemetery" title="Remsen Cemetery">Remsen Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rochdale_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rochdale Park (page does not exist)">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rockaway_Beach_and_Boardwalk" title="Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk">Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rockaway_Community_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockaway Community Park">Rockaway Community</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roy_Wilkins_Park" title="Roy Wilkins Park">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rufus_King_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufus King Park">Rufus King</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Seagirt_Avenue_Wetlands&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Seagirt Avenue Wetlands (page does not exist)">Seagirt Avenue Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socrates_Sculpture_Park" title="Socrates Sculpture Park">Socrates Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spring_Creek_Park" title="Spring Creek Park">Spring Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Springfield_Park_(Queens)" title="Springfield Park (Queens)">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=St._Albans_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Albans Park (page does not exist)">St. Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Travers_Park" title="Travers Park">Travers</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Travis_Triangle" title="Travis Triangle">Travis Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triangle_54" title="Triangle 54">Triangle 54</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tribute_Park" title="Tribute Park">Tribute</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tudor_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tudor Park (page does not exist)">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle_Playground_(Queens)" title="Turtle Playground (Queens)">Turtle Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underbridge_Dog_Run" title="Underbridge Dog Run">Underbridge Dog Run</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vleigh_Playground" title="Vleigh Playground">Vleigh Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_J._Wetzel_Triangle" title="Walter J. Wetzel Triangle">Walter J. Wetzel Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wayanda_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayanda Park (page does not exist)">Wayanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Shore,_Staten_Island" title="North Shore, Staten Island">North Shore</a> <br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staten_Island_Community_Board_1" title="Staten Island Community Board 1">Community District 1</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Allison_Pond_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Allison Pond Park (page does not exist)">Allison Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alice_Austen_House" title="Alice Austen House">Austen House</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buono_Beach" title="Buono Beach">Buono Beach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Barrett_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barrett Park (page does not exist)">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clove_Lakes_Park" title="Clove Lakes Park">Clove Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Clove%27s_Tail&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Clove&#39;s Tail (page does not exist)">Clove's Tail</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Corporal_Thompson_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporal Thompson Park (page does not exist)">Corporal Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eibs_Pond_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eibs Pond Park (page does not exist)">Eibs Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Faber_Pool_and_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Faber Pool and Park (page does not exist)">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Forest_Grove_(Staten_Island)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Forest Grove (Staten Island) (page does not exist)">Forest Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Hill_Park" title="Fort Hill Park">Fort Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gaeta_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaeta Park (page does not exist)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graniteville_Quarry_Park" title="Graniteville Quarry Park">Graniteville Quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Graniteville_Swamp_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Graniteville Swamp Park (page does not exist)">Graniteville Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hero_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hero Park (page does not exist)">Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ingram_Woods" title="Ingram Woods">Ingram Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jones_Woods_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jones Woods Park (page does not exist)">Jones Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Manna_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Manna Park (page does not exist)">Joseph Manna</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Maple_Woods_(Staten_Island)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maple Woods (Staten Island) (page does not exist)">Maple Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northerleigh_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Northerleigh Park (page does not exist)">Northerleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Richmond_Terrace_Wetlands&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richmond Terrace Wetlands (page does not exist)">Richmond Terrace Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sailors%27_Snug_Harbor" title="Sailors&#39; Snug Harbor">Sailors' Snug Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shooters_Island" title="Shooters Island">Shooters Island</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silver_Lake,_Staten_Island" title="Silver Lake, Staten Island">Silver Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sobel_Court_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobel Court Park (page does not exist)">Sobel Court</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tappen_Park" title="Tappen Park">Tappen</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tompkinsville_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tompkinsville Park (page does not exist)">Tompkinsville</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Von_Briesen_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Von Briesen Park (page does not exist)">Von Briesen</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Walker_Park_(Staten_Island)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Walker Park (Staten Island) (page does not exist)">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Westerleigh_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Westerleigh Park (page does not exist)">Westerleigh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mid-Island,_Staten_Island" title="Mid-Island, Staten Island">Mid-Island</a> <br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staten_Island_Community_Board_2" title="Staten Island Community Board 2">Community District 2</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Blood_Root_Valley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Blood Root Valley (page does not exist)">Blood Root Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bradys_Pond_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bradys Pond Park (page does not exist)">Bradys Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deere_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deere Park (page does not exist)">Deere</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Father_Macris_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Father Macris Park (page does not exist)">Father Macris</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Beach%E2%80%93Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Boardwalk" title="South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk">FDR Boardwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=General_Douglas_MacArthur_Park_(Staten_Island)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="General Douglas MacArthur Park (Staten Island) (page does not exist)">Gen. MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=High_Rock_Park_Preserve&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="High Rock Park Preserve (page does not exist)">High Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Last_Chance_Pond_Park" title="Last Chance Pond Park">Last Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Midland_Field&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Midland Field (page does not exist)">Midland Field</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ocean_Breeze_Park_(Staten_Island)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocean Breeze Park (Staten Island) (page does not exist)">Ocean Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Old_Place_Creek_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Place Creek Park (page does not exist)">Old Place Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prall%27s_Island" title="Prall&#39;s Island">Prall's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saw_Mill_Creek_Marsh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saw Mill Creek Marsh (page does not exist)">Saw Mill Creek Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Schmul_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Schmul Park (page does not exist)">Schmul</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=South_Beach_Wetlands&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="South Beach Wetlands (page does not exist)">South Beach Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=St._George_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="St. George Park (page does not exist)">St. George</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Staten_Island_Industrial_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Staten Island Industrial Park (page does not exist)">Staten Island Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Westwood_Park_(Staten_Island)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Westwood Park (Staten Island) (page does not exist)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Willowbrook_Park" title="Willowbrook Park">Willowbrook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Mid-Island &amp; South Shore <br />(Community Districts <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staten_Island_Community_Board_2" title="Staten Island Community Board 2">2</a> &amp; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staten_Island_Community_Board_3" title="Staten Island Community Board 3"> 3</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freshkills_Park" title="Freshkills Park">Freshkills</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=LaTourette_Park_and_Golf_Course&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="LaTourette Park and Golf Course (page does not exist)">LaTourette</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Meredith_Woods&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Meredith Woods (page does not exist)">Meredith Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_T._Davis_Wildlife_Refuge" title="William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge">William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Shore,_Staten_Island" title="South Shore, Staten Island">South Shore</a> <br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staten_Island_Community_Board_3" title="Staten Island Community Board 3">Community District 3</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Aesop_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aesop Park (page does not exist)">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amundsen_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Amundsen Circle">Amundsen Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Annadale_Green&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Annadale Green (page does not exist)">Annadale</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arbutus_Woods_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbutus Woods Park (page does not exist)">Arbutus Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arden_Woods&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arden Woods (page does not exist)">Arden Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bayview_Terrace_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayview Terrace Park (page does not exist)">Bayview Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bloomingdale_Park" title="Bloomingdale Park">Bloomingdale</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_Heron_Park" title="Blue Heron Park">Blue Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Blueberry_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Blueberry Park (page does not exist)">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bunker_Ponds_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunker Ponds Park (page does not exist)">Bunker Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Carlton_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlton Park (page does not exist)">Carlton</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conference_House_Park" title="Conference House Park">Conference House</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Crescent_Beach_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Crescent Beach Park (page does not exist)">Crescent Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fairview_Park_(Staten_Island)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fairview Park (Staten Island) (page does not exist)">Fairview</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Kills_Park" title="Great Kills Park">Great Kills</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Huguenot_Ponds_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Huguenot Ponds Park (page does not exist)">Huguenot Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Oak_Woods_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hybrid Oak Woods Park (page does not exist)">Hybrid Oak Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isle_of_Meadows" title="Isle of Meadows">Isle of Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=King_Fisher_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="King Fisher Park (page does not exist)">King Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_Pond_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom Pond Park (page does not exist)">Kingdom Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lemon_Creek_(Staten_Island)#Parks" title="Lemon Creek (Staten Island)">Lemon Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_Pond_Park" title="Long Pond Park">Long Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Olmsted-Beil_House_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Olmsted-Beil House Park (page does not exist)">Olmstead-Beil House</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Reed%27s_Basket_Willow_Swamp_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reed&#39;s Basket Willow Swamp Park (page does not exist)">Reed's Basket Willow Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Seaside_Wildlife_Nature_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Seaside Wildlife Nature Park (page does not exist)">Seaside Wildlife Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Siedenburg_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Siedenburg Park (page does not exist)">Siedenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tottenville_Shore_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tottenville Shore Park (page does not exist)">Tottenville Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wegener_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wegener Park (page does not exist)">Wegener</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolfe%27s_Pond_Park" title="Wolfe&#39;s Pond Park">Wolfe's Pond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#88C65A;"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature centers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alley_Pond_Park" title="Alley Pond Park">Alley Pond </a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belvedere_Castle" title="Belvedere Castle">Belvedere Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_Heron_Park_Preserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Heron Park Preserve">Blue Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crotona_Park" title="Crotona Park">Crotona</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dana_Discovery_Center&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dana Discovery Center (page does not exist)">Dana Discovery Center</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forest_Park_(Queens,_New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Park (Queens, New York)">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Greene_Park" title="Fort Greene Park">Fort Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Totten_(Queens)" title="Fort Totten (Queens)">Fort Totten</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Greenbelt_Nature_Center&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenbelt Nature Center (page does not exist)">Greenbelt</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=High_Rock_Nature_Center&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="High Rock Nature Center (page does not exist)">High Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park" title="Inwood Hill Park">Inwood Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orchard_Beach_(Bronx)" title="Orchard Beach (Bronx)">Orchard Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Prospect Park (Brooklyn)">Prospect</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_Park_(Brooklyn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Park (Brooklyn)">Salt Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">Van Cortlandt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Park_Zoo" title="Central Park Zoo">Central Park</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prospect_Park_Zoo" title="Prospect Park Zoo">Prospect Park</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queens_Zoo" title="Queens Zoo">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staten_Island_Zoo" title="Staten Island Zoo">Staten Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brooklyn Botanic</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservatory_Garden" title="Conservatory Garden">Conservatory</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden" title="New York Botanical Garden">New York Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queens_Botanical_Garden" title="Queens Botanical Garden">Queens Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staten_Island_Botanical_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Staten Island Botanical Garden">Staten Island Botanical</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_Chinese_Scholar%27s_Garden" title="New York Chinese Scholar&#39;s Garden">New York Chinese Scholar's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_Hill" title="Wave Hill">Wave Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blackwell_Island_Light" title="Blackwell Island Light">Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southpoint_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Southpoint Park">Southpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_parks_relating_to_World_War_I" title="List of New York City parks relating to World War I">World War I-related parks</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_parks_relating_to_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of New York City parks relating to the Vietnam War">Vietnam War-related parks</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_parks_relating_to_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="List of New York City parks relating to Hispanic and Latino American culture">Hispanic and Latino-related parks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#88C65A;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_New_York_City" title="Category:Protected areas of New York City">Category</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" title="New York City Department of Parks and Recreation">Department of Parks and Recreation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_New_York" title="Template:Protected areas of New York">New York State</a></i></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_New_York_City" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Protected areas of New York City">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1360424#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1360424#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1360424#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121728082">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/142521487">VIAF</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1025584-9">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007605499005171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50066764">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ko2002148997&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgci.org/garden.php?id=636">BGCI garden</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01428218?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/063239248">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1690852294'
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog/35620746"