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04:47, 1 September 2023: 217.165.139.205 (talk) triggered filter 61, performing the action "edit" on William Kamkwamba. Actions taken: Tag; Filter description: New user removing references (examine)

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Old page wikitext, before the edit (`old_wikitext`)	'{{update\|date=January 2023}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2019}} {{short description\|Malawian inventor}} {{Infobox person \| name = William Kamkwamba \| image = William Kamkwamba at TED in 2007.jpg \| alt = \| caption = Kamkwamba at [[TED (conference)\|TED]] in 2007 \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1987\|8\|5\|df=yes}} \| birth_place = [[Kasungu, Malawi\|Kasungu]], Malawi \| nationality = [[Malawi\|Malawian]] \| death_date = \| death_place = \| alma_mater = [[Dartmouth College\|Dartmouth College, New Hampshire]] \| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]] \| occupation = [[Inventor]] \| known_for = Constructing a wind turbine from scavenged parts }} [[File:William Kamkwambas old windmill.jpg\|thumb\|The first wind turbine]] '''William Kamkwamba''' (born August 5, 1987) is a [[Malawi]]an inventor, engineer, and author. He gained renown in his country in 2001 when he built a [[wind turbine]] to power multiple electrical appliances in his family's house in Wimbe, 23 km (14 mi) east of [[Kasungu]], using [[Eucalyptus globulus\|blue gum trees]], bicycle parts, and materials collected in a local scrapyard. Since then, he has built a solar-powered [[water pump]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/william_kamkwamba\|title=TED Speaker: William Kamkwamba — Inventor\|publisher=TED\|access-date=4 October 2020\|archive-date=21 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021112208/https://www.ted.com/speakers/william_kamkwamba\|url-status=live}}</ref> that supplies the first [[drinking water]] in his village and two other wind turbines, the tallest standing at 12 meters (39 ft), and has built two more, including one in [[Lilongwe]], the political capital of Malawi. ==Life and career== Kamkwamba was born in a family of relative poverty and relied primarily on farming to survive. William enjoyed playing with his friends using recycled materials.<ref> The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind {{ISBN\|0061730335}}, {{ISBN\|978-0061730337}}</ref> A crippling [[famine]] forced Kamkwamba to drop out of school, and he was not able to return to school because his family was unable to afford the tuition. In a desperate attempt to retain his education, Kamkwamba began to frequent the local school library; it was there that he discovered his love for electronics. Before, he had once set up a small business repairing his village's radios, but this work did not earn him much money.[[File: William Kamkwambas new windmill.jpg\|thumb\|left\|William Kamkwamba's new windmill]] Kamkwamba, after reading a book called ''Using Energy'',<ref>{{cite book \| last=Atwater \| first=Mary \| title=Using energy \| publisher=Macmillan/McGraw-Hill School Pub. Co \| publication-place=New York \| year=1995 \| isbn=978-0-02-276142-4 \| oclc=34171724 }}</ref> decided to create a makeshift wind turbine. He experimented with a small model using a cheap dynamo and eventually made a functioning wind turbine that powered some electrical appliances in his family's house. Local farmers and journalists investigated the spinning device and Kamkwamba's fame in international news skyrocketed. A blog about his accomplishments was written on Hacktivate and Kamkwamba took part in the first event celebrating his particular type of ingenuity called [[Maker Faire Africa]] in [[Ghana]] in August 2009.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/4282\|title=Technology & Culture Forum - The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind\|publisher=MIT TechTV\|access-date=21 December 2009\|archive-date=12 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023753/https://techtv.mit.edu/videos/4282\|url-status=live}} Kamkwamba is one of four recipients of the 2010 GO Ingenuity Award, a prize awarded by the [[Santa Monica]]–based nonprofit [[GO Campaign]] to inventors, artists, and makers to promote the sharing of their innovations and skills with marginalized youth in developing nations. With the grant, Kamkwamba will hold workshops for youth in his home village, teaching them how to make wind turbines and repair water pumps, both of which proved to be transformative skills for this young African leader. In 2007 Kamkwamba entered an intensive two-year academic program combining the Cambridge University A-levels curriculum with leadership, entrepreneurship, and African studies at the [http://www.africanleadershipacademy.org/ African Leadership Academy] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022202656/http://www.africanleadershipacademy.org/ \|date=22 October 2012 }} in Johannesburg, South Africa. He then went on to study at [[Dartmouth College]], Class of 2014.[http://thedartmouth.com/2011/01/13/news/kamkwamba Kamkwamba adapts to College life] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504235513/http://thedartmouth.com/2011/01/13/news/kamkwamba \|date=4 May 2012 }}</ref> ==Fame== [[File:Kamkwamba and Mealer.jpg\|thumb\|Kamkwamba at a book signing]] When ''[[The Daily Times (Malawi)\|The Daily Times]]'' in [[Blantyre, Malawi\|Blantyre]], the commercial capital of Malawi, wrote a story on Kamkwamba's wind turbine in November 2006,<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3312 \|last=Mwafulirwa \|first=Sangwani \|title=School dropout with a streak genius \|newspaper=[[The Daily Times (Malawi)\|The Daily Times]] \|location=Blantyre, Malawi \|date=20 November 2006 \|access-date=13 August 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128040746/http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3312 \|archive-date=28 November 2006 \|publisher=BNL Limited}}</ref> the story circulated through the [[blogosphere]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.vdomck.org/2006/11/23/malawian-windmill/ \|title=Malawian windmill \|work=Hacktivate \|publisher=Vdomck.org \|date=23 November 2006 \|access-date=30 October 2009 \|archive-date=27 September 2009 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927183841/http://www.vdomck.org/2006/11/23/malawian-windmill/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> and [[TED (conference)\|TED]] conference director [[Maker Faire Africa\|Emeka Okafor]] invited Kamkwamba to talk at TEDGlobal 2007 in [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]] as a guest.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/153 \|title=TED Talks: William Kamkwamba on building a windmill \|work=[[Ted.com]] \|date=July 2007 \|access-date=30 October 2009 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821001558/http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/153 \|archive-date=21 August 2007 \|url-status=live }}</ref> His speech moved the audience, and several [[venture capitalists]] at the conference pledged to help finance his secondary education. His story was covered by Sarah Childress for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119742696302722641 \|title=A Young Tinkerer Builds a Windmill, Electrifying a Nation \|first=Sarah \|last=Childress \|author-link=Sarah Childress \|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] \|date=12 December 2007 \|access-date=24 March 2019 \|publisher=[[Dow Jones & Company, Inc.]] \|archive-date=8 June 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608124541/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119742696302722641 \|url-status=live }}</ref> He became a student at [[African Bible College]] Christian Academy in Lilongwe. He then went on to receive a scholarship to the [[African Leadership Academy]] and in 2014 graduated from [[Dartmouth College]] in [[Hanover, New Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://thedartmouth.com/2009/10/20/boy-who-harnessed-the-wind-comes-to-college/ \|title='Boy who harnessed the wind' comes to College \|work=TheDartmouth.com \|date=20 October 2009 \|access-date=3 January 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193233/http://thedartmouth.com/2009/10/20/boy-who-harnessed-the-wind-comes-to-college/ \|archive-date=4 March 2016 \|first=Christy \|last=O'Keefe \|url-status=live }}</ref> Among other appearances, Kamkwamba was interviewed on ''[[The Daily Show]]'' on 7 October 2009 (during which he was playfully compared to the fictional hero [[Angus MacGyver]] for his impressive scientific ingenuity).<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-october-7-2009/william-kamkwamba \|title=William Kamkwamba \|date=7 October 2009 \|work=[[The Daily Show with Jon Stewart]] \|access-date=13 August 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722064038/http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-october-7-2009/william-kamkwamba \|archive-date=22 July 2011 \|publisher=[[Comedy Partners]] \|first=Jon \|last=Stewart \|author-link=Jon Stewart \|url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, he was invited to and attended the 2011 [[Google Science Fair]] introductory meeting, where he was a guest speaker.<ref>{{cite journal \|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/01/11/googles-global-online-science-fair-kicks-off-today/ \|title=Google's global, online science fair kicks off today \|last=Matson \|first=John \|date=11 January 2011 \|journal=[[Scientific American]] \|access-date=13 August 2011 \|archive-date=22 October 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022210425/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/01/11/googles-global-online-science-fair-kicks-off-today/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Kamkwamba's book, ''The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind'', was selected as the 2013 "1 Book, 1 Community" title for [[Loudoun County, Virginia]]'s Public Library system. "1book 1community is a countywide reading program that promotes community dialog and understanding through the shared experience of reading and discussing the same book." Copies of the book were purchased from the [[A.V. Symington]] and [[Irwin Uran Gift Fund]]s.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=115 \|title=Irwin Uran Gift Fund \|access-date=24 March 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924035552/http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=115 \|archive-date=24 September 2012 \|work=[[Loudoun County Public Library]] System \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=716 \|title=2013 1 Book, 1 Community \|work=[[Loudoun County Public Library]] System \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825074050/http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=716 \|archive-date=25 August 2013 \|access-date=24 March 2019 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Kamkwamba is the subject of the documentary film ''William and the Windmill'', which won the Grand Jury Prize for Best Documentary Feature<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://blog.ted.com/2013/03/13/william-and-the-windmill-wins-grand-jury-award-at-sxsw/ \|title=William And The Windmill \|date=13 March 2013 \|work=[[TED conference\|TED]] \|access-date=17 December 2013 \|first=Kate Torgovnick \|last=May \|archive-date=5 December 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205230639/http://blog.ted.com/2013/03/13/william-and-the-windmill-wins-grand-jury-award-at-sxsw/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> at the 2013 [[South by Southwest\|South By Southwest film festival]] in [[Austin, Texas]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Debruge \|first=Peter \|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/sxsw-review-william-and-the-windmill-1200324989/ \|title=SXSW Review: 'William and the Windmill' \|journal=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|date=17 March 2013 \|access-date=24 March 2019 \|publisher=[[Penske Business Media, LLC.]] \|archive-date=27 March 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327073950/https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/sxsw-review-william-and-the-windmill-1200324989/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, ''The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind'' was selected as the [[University of Florida]] and [[Boise State University]] common book, required for all incoming students to read.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://news.ufl.edu/archive/2011/01/harn-uf-common-reading-program-sponsor-contest-for-students-art.html \|title=Harn, UF Common Reading Program, sponsor contest for students' art \|date=25 January 2011 \|work=[[University of Florida]] \|access-date=2 June 2015 \|archive-date=28 April 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428183308/http://news.ufl.edu/archive/2011/01/harn-uf-common-reading-program-sponsor-contest-for-students-art.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, it was selected as the common book at [[Auburn University]] and [[University of Michigan College of Engineering]], as well. William made an appearance at each university to discuss his book and life. In 2013 ''[[Time (magazine)\|TIME]]'' magazine named Kamkwamba one of the "30 People Under 30 Changing The World."<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=http://ideas.time.com/2013/12/06/these-are-the-30-people-under-30-changing-the-world/slide/william-kamkwamba/ \|title=These Are the 30 People Under 30 Changing the World \|last=Rhodan \|first=Maya \|date=17 December 2013 \|magazine=[[TIME]] \|access-date=17 December 2013 \|archive-date=10 December 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210230915/http://ideas.time.com/2013/12/06/these-are-the-30-people-under-30-changing-the-world/slide/william-kamkwamba/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Kamkwamba is featured in the book ''Extraordinary People'' by [[Michael Hearst]] and is also the subject of a song from the companion album ''Songs For Extraordinary People.'' <ref>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0v5hBQAAQBAJ&dq=hearst+extraordinary+People+kamkwamba&pg=PA6 \|title=Extraordinary People \|last=Hearst \|first=Michael \|year=2015 \|publisher=[[Chronicle Books]]\|isbn=9781452133393 }}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/qf3IQfZFiKY Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200429232055/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qf3IQfZFiKY&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web\| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qf3IQfZFiKY\| title = William Kamkwamba \| website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2014, Kamkwamba received a bachelor of arts degree in [[Environmental Studies\|environmental studies]] from [[Dartmouth College]] in [[Hanover, New Hampshire]]<ref name="DNJan2019">{{cite news \|url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900052215/meet-the-man-whose-inspirational-life-story-is-about-to-open-sundance-in-salt-lake.html \|title=Meet the man whose inspirational life story is about to open Sundance in Salt Lake \|work=[[Deseret News]] \|access-date=1 March 2019 \|date=25 January 2019 \|last=Meiners \|first=Cristy \|publisher=[[Deseret News Publishing Company]] \|archive-date=2 March 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302211818/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900052215/meet-the-man-whose-inspirational-life-story-is-about-to-open-sundance-in-salt-lake.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> where he was elected to the Sphinx Senior Honor Society. In 2019, ''[[The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind]]'' was adapted into [[The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind\|a film]], starring [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]], who also wrote and directed.<ref name="DNJan2019" /> ==References== {{reflist\|30em}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/ William Kamkwamba's blog] ** ''[http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/williamkamkwamba/book.html The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind : Creating Currents of Electricity and Hope]'' * [http://movingwindmills.org/ Moving Windmills] * {{Twitter}} * {{TED speaker}} * [http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/4282 William Kamkwamba talks at MIT] * {{IMDb name\|3919523}} {{Authority control}} . {{DEFAULTSORT:Kamkwamba, William}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:21st-century inventors]] [[Category:Autobiographers]] [[Category:Dartmouth College alumni]] [[Category:Innovation]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Malawian engineers]] [[Category:Malawian expatriates in the United States]] [[Category:Malawian innovators]] [[Category:Malawian inventors]] [[Category:People from Kasungu District]] [[Category:Utility]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (`new_wikitext`)	'Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop ==Life and career== Kamkwamba was born in a family of relative poverty and relied primarily on farming to survive. William enjoyed playing with his friends using recycled materials.<ref> The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind {{ISBN\|0061730335}}, {{ISBN\|978-0061730337}}</ref> A crippling [[famine]] forced Kamkwamba to drop out of school, and he was not able to return to school because his family was unable to afford the tuition. In a desperate attempt to retain his education, Kamkwamba began to frequent the local school library; it was there that he discovered his love for electronics. Before, he had once set up a small business repairing his village's radios, but this work did not earn him much money.[[File: William Kamkwambas new windmill.jpg\|thumb\|left\|William Kamkwamba's new windmill]] Kamkwamba, after reading a book called ''Using Energy'',<ref>{{cite book \| last=Atwater \| first=Mary \| title=Using energy \| publisher=Macmillan/McGraw-Hill School Pub. Co \| publication-place=New York \| year=1995 \| isbn=978-0-02-276142-4 \| oclc=34171724 }}</ref> decided to create a makeshift wind turbine. He experimented with a small model using a cheap dynamo and eventually made a functioning wind turbine that powered some electrical appliances in his family's house. Local farmers and journalists investigated the spinning device and Kamkwamba's fame in international news skyrocketed. A blog about his accomplishments was written on Hacktivate and Kamkwamba took part in the first event celebrating his particular type of ingenuity called [[Maker Faire Africa]] in [[Ghana]] in August 2009.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/4282\|title=Technology & Culture Forum - The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind\|publisher=MIT TechTV\|access-date=21 December 2009\|archive-date=12 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023753/https://techtv.mit.edu/videos/4282\|url-status=live}} Kamkwamba is one of four recipients of the 2010 GO Ingenuity Award, a prize awarded by the [[Santa Monica]]–based nonprofit [[GO Campaign]] to inventors, artists, and makers to promote the sharing of their innovations and skills with marginalized youth in developing nations. With the grant, Kamkwamba will hold workshops for youth in his home village, teaching them how to make wind turbines and repair water pumps, both of which proved to be transformative skills for this young African leader. In 2007 Kamkwamba entered an intensive two-year academic program combining the Cambridge University A-levels curriculum with leadership, entrepreneurship, and African studies at the [http://www.africanleadershipacademy.org/ African Leadership Academy] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022202656/http://www.africanleadershipacademy.org/ \|date=22 October 2012 }} in Johannesburg, South Africa. He then went on to study at [[Dartmouth College]], Class of 2014.[http://thedartmouth.com/2011/01/13/news/kamkwamba Kamkwamba adapts to College life] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504235513/http://thedartmouth.com/2011/01/13/news/kamkwamba \|date=4 May 2012 }}</ref> ==Fame== [[File:Kamkwamba and Mealer.jpg\|thumb\|Kamkwamba at a book signing]] When ''[[The Daily Times (Malawi)\|The Daily Times]]'' in [[Blantyre, Malawi\|Blantyre]], the commercial capital of Malawi, wrote a story on Kamkwamba's wind turbine in November 2006,<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3312 \|last=Mwafulirwa \|first=Sangwani \|title=School dropout with a streak genius \|newspaper=[[The Daily Times (Malawi)\|The Daily Times]] \|location=Blantyre, Malawi \|date=20 November 2006 \|access-date=13 August 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128040746/http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3312 \|archive-date=28 November 2006 \|publisher=BNL Limited}}</ref> the story circulated through the [[blogosphere]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.vdomck.org/2006/11/23/malawian-windmill/ \|title=Malawian windmill \|work=Hacktivate \|publisher=Vdomck.org \|date=23 November 2006 \|access-date=30 October 2009 \|archive-date=27 September 2009 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927183841/http://www.vdomck.org/2006/11/23/malawian-windmill/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> and [[TED (conference)\|TED]] conference director [[Maker Faire Africa\|Emeka Okafor]] invited Kamkwamba to talk at TEDGlobal 2007 in [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]] as a guest.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/153 \|title=TED Talks: William Kamkwamba on building a windmill \|work=[[Ted.com]] \|date=July 2007 \|access-date=30 October 2009 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821001558/http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/153 \|archive-date=21 August 2007 \|url-status=live }}</ref> His speech moved the audience, and several [[venture capitalists]] at the conference pledged to help finance his secondary education. His story was covered by Sarah Childress for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119742696302722641 \|title=A Young Tinkerer Builds a Windmill, Electrifying a Nation \|first=Sarah \|last=Childress \|author-link=Sarah Childress \|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] \|date=12 December 2007 \|access-date=24 March 2019 \|publisher=[[Dow Jones & Company, Inc.]] \|archive-date=8 June 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608124541/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119742696302722641 \|url-status=live }}</ref> He became a student at [[African Bible College]] Christian Academy in Lilongwe. He then went on to receive a scholarship to the [[African Leadership Academy]] and in 2014 graduated from [[Dartmouth College]] in [[Hanover, New Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://thedartmouth.com/2009/10/20/boy-who-harnessed-the-wind-comes-to-college/ \|title='Boy who harnessed the wind' comes to College \|work=TheDartmouth.com \|date=20 October 2009 \|access-date=3 January 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193233/http://thedartmouth.com/2009/10/20/boy-who-harnessed-the-wind-comes-to-college/ \|archive-date=4 March 2016 \|first=Christy \|last=O'Keefe \|url-status=live }}</ref> Among other appearances, Kamkwamba was interviewed on ''[[The Daily Show]]'' on 7 October 2009 (during which he was playfully compared to the fictional hero [[Angus MacGyver]] for his impressive scientific ingenuity).<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-october-7-2009/william-kamkwamba \|title=William Kamkwamba \|date=7 October 2009 \|work=[[The Daily Show with Jon Stewart]] \|access-date=13 August 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722064038/http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-october-7-2009/william-kamkwamba \|archive-date=22 July 2011 \|publisher=[[Comedy Partners]] \|first=Jon \|last=Stewart \|author-link=Jon Stewart \|url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, he was invited to and attended the 2011 [[Google Science Fair]] introductory meeting, where he was a guest speaker.<ref>{{cite journal \|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/01/11/googles-global-online-science-fair-kicks-off-today/ \|title=Google's global, online science fair kicks off today \|last=Matson \|first=John \|date=11 January 2011 \|journal=[[Scientific American]] \|access-date=13 August 2011 \|archive-date=22 October 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022210425/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/01/11/googles-global-online-science-fair-kicks-off-today/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Kamkwamba's book, ''The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind'', was selected as the 2013 "1 Book, 1 Community" title for [[Loudoun County, Virginia]]'s Public Library system. "1book 1community is a countywide reading program that promotes community dialog and understanding through the shared experience of reading and discussing the same book." Copies of the book were purchased from the [[A.V. Symington]] and [[Irwin Uran Gift Fund]]s.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=115 \|title=Irwin Uran Gift Fund \|access-date=24 March 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924035552/http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=115 \|archive-date=24 September 2012 \|work=[[Loudoun County Public Library]] System \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=716 \|title=2013 1 Book, 1 Community \|work=[[Loudoun County Public Library]] System \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825074050/http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=716 \|archive-date=25 August 2013 \|access-date=24 March 2019 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Kamkwamba is the subject of the documentary film ''William and the Windmill'', which won the Grand Jury Prize for Best Documentary Feature<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://blog.ted.com/2013/03/13/william-and-the-windmill-wins-grand-jury-award-at-sxsw/ \|title=William And The Windmill \|date=13 March 2013 \|work=[[TED conference\|TED]] \|access-date=17 December 2013 \|first=Kate Torgovnick \|last=May \|archive-date=5 December 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205230639/http://blog.ted.com/2013/03/13/william-and-the-windmill-wins-grand-jury-award-at-sxsw/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> at the 2013 [[South by Southwest\|South By Southwest film festival]] in [[Austin, Texas]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Debruge \|first=Peter \|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/sxsw-review-william-and-the-windmill-1200324989/ \|title=SXSW Review: 'William and the Windmill' \|journal=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|date=17 March 2013 \|access-date=24 March 2019 \|publisher=[[Penske Business Media, LLC.]] \|archive-date=27 March 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327073950/https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/sxsw-review-william-and-the-windmill-1200324989/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, ''The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind'' was selected as the [[University of Florida]] and [[Boise State University]] common book, required for all incoming students to read.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://news.ufl.edu/archive/2011/01/harn-uf-common-reading-program-sponsor-contest-for-students-art.html \|title=Harn, UF Common Reading Program, sponsor contest for students' art \|date=25 January 2011 \|work=[[University of Florida]] \|access-date=2 June 2015 \|archive-date=28 April 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428183308/http://news.ufl.edu/archive/2011/01/harn-uf-common-reading-program-sponsor-contest-for-students-art.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, it was selected as the common book at [[Auburn University]] and [[University of Michigan College of Engineering]], as well. William made an appearance at each university to discuss his book and life. In 2013 ''[[Time (magazine)\|TIME]]'' magazine named Kamkwamba one of the "30 People Under 30 Changing The World."<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=http://ideas.time.com/2013/12/06/these-are-the-30-people-under-30-changing-the-world/slide/william-kamkwamba/ \|title=These Are the 30 People Under 30 Changing the World \|last=Rhodan \|first=Maya \|date=17 December 2013 \|magazine=[[TIME]] \|access-date=17 December 2013 \|archive-date=10 December 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210230915/http://ideas.time.com/2013/12/06/these-are-the-30-people-under-30-changing-the-world/slide/william-kamkwamba/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Kamkwamba is featured in the book ''Extraordinary People'' by [[Michael Hearst]] and is also the subject of a song from the companion album ''Songs For Extraordinary People.'' <ref>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0v5hBQAAQBAJ&dq=hearst+extraordinary+People+kamkwamba&pg=PA6 \|title=Extraordinary People \|last=Hearst \|first=Michael \|year=2015 \|publisher=[[Chronicle Books]]\|isbn=9781452133393 }}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/qf3IQfZFiKY Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200429232055/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qf3IQfZFiKY&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web\| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qf3IQfZFiKY\| title = William Kamkwamba \| website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2014, Kamkwamba received a bachelor of arts degree in [[Environmental Studies\|environmental studies]] from [[Dartmouth College]] in [[Hanover, New Hampshire]]<ref name="DNJan2019">{{cite news \|url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900052215/meet-the-man-whose-inspirational-life-story-is-about-to-open-sundance-in-salt-lake.html \|title=Meet the man whose inspirational life story is about to open Sundance in Salt Lake \|work=[[Deseret News]] \|access-date=1 March 2019 \|date=25 January 2019 \|last=Meiners \|first=Cristy \|publisher=[[Deseret News Publishing Company]] \|archive-date=2 March 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302211818/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900052215/meet-the-man-whose-inspirational-life-story-is-about-to-open-sundance-in-salt-lake.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> where he was elected to the Sphinx Senior Honor Society. In 2019, ''[[The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind]]'' was adapted into [[The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind\|a film]], starring [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]], who also wrote and directed.<ref name="DNJan2019" /> ==References== {{reflist\|30em}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/ William Kamkwamba's blog] ** ''[http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/williamkamkwamba/book.html The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind : Creating Currents of Electricity and Hope]'' * [http://movingwindmills.org/ Moving Windmills] * {{Twitter}} * {{TED speaker}} * [http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/4282 William Kamkwamba talks at MIT] * {{IMDb name\|3919523}} {{Authority control}} . {{DEFAULTSORT:Kamkwamba, William}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:21st-century inventors]] [[Category:Autobiographers]] [[Category:Dartmouth College alumni]] [[Category:Innovation]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Malawian engineers]] [[Category:Malawian expatriates in the United States]] [[Category:Malawian innovators]] [[Category:Malawian inventors]] [[Category:People from Kasungu District]] [[Category:Utility]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (`edit_diff`)	'@@ -1,23 +1,3 @@ -{{update\|date=January 2023}} -{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2019}} -{{short description\|Malawian inventor}} -{{Infobox person -\| name = William Kamkwamba -\| image = William Kamkwamba at TED in 2007.jpg -\| alt = -\| caption = Kamkwamba at [[TED (conference)\|TED]] in 2007 -\| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1987\|8\|5\|df=yes}} -\| birth_place = [[Kasungu, Malawi\|Kasungu]], Malawi -\| nationality = [[Malawi\|Malawian]] -\| death_date = -\| death_place = -\| alma_mater = [[Dartmouth College\|Dartmouth College, New Hampshire]] -\| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]] -\| occupation = [[Inventor]] -\| known_for = Constructing a wind turbine from scavenged parts -}} -[[File:William Kamkwambas old windmill.jpg\|thumb\|The first wind turbine]] - -'''William Kamkwamba''' (born August 5, 1987) is a [[Malawi]]an inventor, engineer, and author. He gained renown in his country in 2001 when he built a [[wind turbine]] to power multiple electrical appliances in his family's house in Wimbe, 23 km (14 mi) east of [[Kasungu]], using [[Eucalyptus globulus\|blue gum trees]], bicycle parts, and materials collected in a local scrapyard. Since then, he has built a solar-powered [[water pump]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/william_kamkwamba\|title=TED Speaker: William Kamkwamba — Inventor\|publisher=TED\|access-date=4 October 2020\|archive-date=21 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021112208/https://www.ted.com/speakers/william_kamkwamba\|url-status=live}}</ref> that supplies the first [[drinking water]] in his village and two other wind turbines, the tallest standing at 12 meters (39 ft), and has built two more, including one in [[Lilongwe]], the political capital of Malawi. +Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop ==Life and career== '
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Lines removed in edit (`removed_lines`)	[ 0 => '{{update\|date=January 2023}}', 1 => '{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2019}}', 2 => '{{short description\|Malawian inventor}}', 3 => '{{Infobox person', 4 => '\| name = William Kamkwamba', 5 => '\| image = William Kamkwamba at TED in 2007.jpg', 6 => '\| alt = ', 7 => '\| caption = Kamkwamba at [[TED (conference)\|TED]] in 2007', 8 => '\| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1987\|8\|5\|df=yes}}', 9 => '\| birth_place = [[Kasungu, Malawi\|Kasungu]], Malawi', 10 => '\| nationality = [[Malawi\|Malawian]]', 11 => '\| death_date = ', 12 => '\| death_place =', 13 => '\| alma_mater = [[Dartmouth College\|Dartmouth College, New Hampshire]] ', 14 => '\| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]', 15 => '\| occupation = [[Inventor]]', 16 => '\| known_for = Constructing a wind turbine from scavenged parts', 17 => '}}', 18 => '[[File:William Kamkwambas old windmill.jpg\|thumb\|The first wind turbine]]', 19 => '', 20 => ''''William Kamkwamba''' (born August 5, 1987) is a [[Malawi]]an inventor, engineer, and author. He gained renown in his country in 2001 when he built a [[wind turbine]] to power multiple electrical appliances in his family's house in Wimbe, 23 km (14 mi) east of [[Kasungu]], using [[Eucalyptus globulus\|blue gum trees]], bicycle parts, and materials collected in a local scrapyard. Since then, he has built a solar-powered [[water pump]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/william_kamkwamba\|title=TED Speaker: William Kamkwamba — Inventor\|publisher=TED\|access-date=4 October 2020\|archive-date=21 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021112208/https://www.ted.com/speakers/william_kamkwamba\|url-status=live}}</ref> that supplies the first [[drinking water]] in his village and two other wind turbines, the tallest standing at 12 meters (39 ft), and has built two more, including one in [[Lilongwe]], the political capital of Malawi.' ]
All external links added in the edit (`added_links`)	[]
All external links removed in the edit (`removed_links`)	[ 0 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201021112208/https://www.ted.com/speakers/william_kamkwamba' ]
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (`new_html`)	'<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop Poop poop </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life_and_career"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life and career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Fame"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Fame</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Life_and_career">Life and career</span></h2><p> Kamkwamba was born in a family of relative poverty and relied primarily on farming to survive. William enjoyed playing with his friends using recycled materials.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> A crippling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> forced Kamkwamba to drop out of school, and he was not able to return to school because his family was unable to afford the tuition. In a desperate attempt to retain his education, Kamkwamba began to frequent the local school library; it was there that he discovered his love for electronics. Before, he had once set up a small business repairing his village's radios, but this work did not earn him much money.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:William_Kamkwambas_new_windmill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/William_Kamkwambas_new_windmill.jpg/220px-William_Kamkwambas_new_windmill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/William_Kamkwambas_new_windmill.jpg/330px-William_Kamkwambas_new_windmill.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/William_Kamkwambas_new_windmill.jpg/440px-William_Kamkwambas_new_windmill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>William Kamkwamba's new windmill</figcaption></figure> <p>Kamkwamba, after reading a book called <i>Using Energy</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> decided to create a makeshift wind turbine. He experimented with a small model using a cheap dynamo and eventually made a functioning wind turbine that powered some electrical appliances in his family's house. Local farmers and journalists investigated the spinning device and Kamkwamba's fame in international news skyrocketed. A blog about his accomplishments was written on Hacktivate and Kamkwamba took part in the first event celebrating his particular type of ingenuity called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maker_Faire_Africa" title="Maker Faire Africa">Maker Faire Africa</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> in August 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Fame">Fame</span></h2> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kamkwamba_and_Mealer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kamkwamba_and_Mealer.jpg/220px-Kamkwamba_and_Mealer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kamkwamba_and_Mealer.jpg/330px-Kamkwamba_and_Mealer.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kamkwamba_and_Mealer.jpg/440px-Kamkwamba_and_Mealer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Kamkwamba at a book signing</figcaption></figure> <p>When <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Daily_Times_(Malawi)" title="The Daily Times (Malawi)">The Daily Times</a></i> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blantyre,_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Blantyre, Malawi">Blantyre</a>, the commercial capital of Malawi, wrote a story on Kamkwamba's wind turbine in November 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> the story circulated through the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blogosphere" title="Blogosphere">blogosphere</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> conference director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maker_Faire_Africa" title="Maker Faire Africa">Emeka Okafor</a> invited Kamkwamba to talk at TEDGlobal 2007 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arusha" title="Arusha">Arusha</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> as a guest.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> His speech moved the audience, and several <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venture_capitalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capitalists">venture capitalists</a> at the conference pledged to help finance his secondary education. His story was covered by Sarah Childress for <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> He became a student at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Bible_College" class="mw-redirect" title="African Bible College">African Bible College</a> Christian Academy in Lilongwe. He then went on to receive a scholarship to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy" title="African Leadership Academy">African Leadership Academy</a> and in 2014 graduated from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire" title="Hanover, New Hampshire">Hanover, New Hampshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>Among other appearances, Kamkwamba was interviewed on <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i> on 7 October 2009 (during which he was playfully compared to the fictional hero <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angus_MacGyver" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus MacGyver">Angus MacGyver</a> for his impressive scientific ingenuity).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> In addition, he was invited to and attended the 2011 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Google_Science_Fair" title="Google Science Fair">Google Science Fair</a> introductory meeting, where he was a guest speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> </p><p>Kamkwamba's book, <i>The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind</i>, was selected as the 2013 "1 Book, 1 Community" title for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia" title="Loudoun County, Virginia">Loudoun County, Virginia</a>'s Public Library system. "1book 1community is a countywide reading program that promotes community dialog and understanding through the shared experience of reading and discussing the same book." Copies of the book were purchased from the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=A.V._Symington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A.V. Symington (page does not exist)">A.V. Symington</a> and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Irwin_Uran_Gift_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irwin Uran Gift Fund (page does not exist)">Irwin Uran Gift Funds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>Kamkwamba is the subject of the documentary film <i>William and the Windmill</i>, which won the Grand Jury Prize for Best Documentary Feature<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> at the 2013 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_by_Southwest" title="South by Southwest">South By Southwest film festival</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, <i>The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind</i> was selected as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boise_State_University" title="Boise State University">Boise State University</a> common book, required for all incoming students to read.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> In 2014, it was selected as the common book at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Michigan_College_of_Engineering" title="University of Michigan College of Engineering">University of Michigan College of Engineering</a>, as well. William made an appearance at each university to discuss his book and life. </p><p>In 2013 <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a></i> magazine named Kamkwamba one of the "30 People Under 30 Changing The World."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> </p><p>Kamkwamba is featured in the book <i>Extraordinary People</i> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Hearst" title="Michael Hearst">Michael Hearst</a> and is also the subject of a song from the companion album <i>Songs For Extraordinary People.</i> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Kamkwamba received a bachelor of arts degree in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Studies">environmental studies</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire" title="Hanover, New Hampshire">Hanover, New Hampshire</a><sup id="cite_ref-DNJan2019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNJan2019-19">[19]</a></sup> where he was elected to the Sphinx Senior Honor Society. </p><p>In 2019, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Boy_Who_Harnessed_the_Wind" title="The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind">The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind</a></i> was adapted into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Boy_Who_Harnessed_the_Wind" title="The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind">a film</a>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chiwetel_Ejiofor" title="Chiwetel Ejiofor">Chiwetel Ejiofor</a>, who also wrote and directed.<sup id="cite_ref-DNJan2019_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNJan2019-19">[19]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0061730335" title="Special:BookSources/0061730335">0061730335</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061730337" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061730337">978-0061730337</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAtwater1995" class="citation book cs1">Atwater, Mary (1995). <i>Using energy</i>. New York: Macmillan/McGraw-Hill School Pub. Co. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-276142-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-276142-4"><bdi>978-0-02-276142-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34171724">34171724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+energy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan%2FMcGraw-Hill+School+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34171724&rft.isbn=978-0-02-276142-4&rft.aulast=Atwater&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/4282">"Technology & Culture Forum - The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind"</a>. MIT TechTV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023753/https://techtv.mit.edu/videos/4282">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technology+%26+Culture+Forum+-+The+Boy+Who+Harnessed+the+Wind&rft.pub=MIT+TechTV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechtv.mit.edu%2Fvideos%2F4282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span> Kamkwamba is one of four recipients of the 2010 GO Ingenuity Award, a prize awarded by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santa_Monica" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Monica">Santa Monica</a>–based nonprofit <a href="/enwiki/wiki/GO_Campaign" title="GO Campaign">GO Campaign</a> to inventors, artists, and makers to promote the sharing of their innovations and skills with marginalized youth in developing nations. With the grant, Kamkwamba will hold workshops for youth in his home village, teaching them how to make wind turbines and repair water pumps, both of which proved to be transformative skills for this young African leader. In 2007 Kamkwamba entered an intensive two-year academic program combining the Cambridge University A-levels curriculum with leadership, entrepreneurship, and African studies at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanleadershipacademy.org/">African Leadership Academy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022202656/http://www.africanleadershipacademy.org/">Archived</a> 22 October 2012 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Johannesburg, South Africa. He then went on to study at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, Class of 2014.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thedartmouth.com/2011/01/13/news/kamkwamba">Kamkwamba adapts to College life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504235513/http://thedartmouth.com/2011/01/13/news/kamkwamba">Archived</a> 4 May 2012 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMwafulirwa2006" class="citation news cs1">Mwafulirwa, Sangwani (20 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061128040746/http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3312">"School dropout with a streak genius"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Daily_Times_(Malawi)" title="The Daily Times (Malawi)">The Daily Times</a></i>. Blantyre, Malawi: BNL Limited. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3312">the original</a> on 28 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Times&rft.atitle=School+dropout+with+a+streak+genius&rft.date=2006-11-20&rft.aulast=Mwafulirwa&rft.aufirst=Sangwani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.bppmw.com%2Farticle.asp%3FArticleID%3D3312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vdomck.org/2006/11/23/malawian-windmill/">"Malawian windmill"</a>. <i>Hacktivate</i>. Vdomck.org. 23 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927183841/http://www.vdomck.org/2006/11/23/malawian-windmill/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hacktivate&rft.atitle=Malawian+windmill&rft.date=2006-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vdomck.org%2F2006%2F11%2F23%2Fmalawian-windmill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/153">"TED Talks: William Kamkwamba on building a windmill"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ted.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Ted.com">Ted.com</a></i>. July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070821001558/http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/153">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ted.com&rft.atitle=TED+Talks%3A+William+Kamkwamba+on+building+a+windmill&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Ftalks%2Fview%2Fid%2F153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChildress2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarah_Childress" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Childress">Childress, Sarah</a> (12 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119742696302722641">"A Young Tinkerer Builds a Windmill, Electrifying a Nation"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dow_Jones_%26_Company,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Dow Jones & Company, Inc.">Dow Jones & Company, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608124541/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119742696302722641">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheDartmouth.com&rft.atitle=%27Boy+who+harnessed+the+wind%27+comes+to+College&rft.date=2009-10-20&rft.aulast=O%27Keefe&rft.aufirst=Christy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedartmouth.com%2F2009%2F10%2F20%2Fboy-who-harnessed-the-wind-comes-to-college%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart, Jon</a> (7 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-october-7-2009/william-kamkwamba">"William Kamkwamba"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Daily_Show_with_Jon_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Show with Jon Stewart">The Daily Show with Jon Stewart</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comedy_Partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy Partners">Comedy Partners</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722064038/http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-october-7-2009/william-kamkwamba">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Show+with+Jon+Stewart&rft.atitle=William+Kamkwamba&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailyshow.com%2Fwatch%2Fwed-october-7-2009%2Fwilliam-kamkwamba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMatson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Matson, John (11 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/01/11/googles-global-online-science-fair-kicks-off-today/">"Google's global, online science fair kicks off today"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111022210425/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/01/11/googles-global-online-science-fair-kicks-off-today/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Google%27s+global%2C+online+science+fair+kicks+off+today&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft.aulast=Matson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fobservations%2F2011%2F01%2F11%2Fgoogles-global-online-science-fair-kicks-off-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=115">"Irwin Uran Gift Fund"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loudoun_County_Public_Library" title="Loudoun County Public Library">Loudoun County Public Library</a> System</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924035552/http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=115">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loudoun+County+Public+Library+System&rft.atitle=Irwin+Uran+Gift+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.loudoun.gov%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=716">"2013 1 Book, 1 Community"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loudoun_County_Public_Library" title="Loudoun County Public Library">Loudoun County Public Library</a> System</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825074050/http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=716">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loudoun+County+Public+Library+System&rft.atitle=2013+1+Book%2C+1+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.loudoun.gov%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMay2013" class="citation web cs1">May, Kate Torgovnick (13 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.ted.com/2013/03/13/william-and-the-windmill-wins-grand-jury-award-at-sxsw/">"William And The Windmill"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TED_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="TED conference">TED</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205230639/http://blog.ted.com/2013/03/13/william-and-the-windmill-wins-grand-jury-award-at-sxsw/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TED&rft.atitle=William+And+The+Windmill&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Kate+Torgovnick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.ted.com%2F2013%2F03%2F13%2Fwilliam-and-the-windmill-wins-grand-jury-award-at-sxsw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDebruge2013" class="citation journal cs1">Debruge, Peter (17 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/sxsw-review-william-and-the-windmill-1200324989/">"SXSW Review: 'William and the Windmill'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penske_Business_Media,_LLC." class="mw-redirect" title="Penske Business Media, LLC.">Penske Business Media, LLC.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327073950/https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/sxsw-review-william-and-the-windmill-1200324989/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=SXSW+Review%3A+%27William+and+the+Windmill%27&rft.date=2013-03-17&rft.aulast=Debruge&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2013%2Ffilm%2Freviews%2Fsxsw-review-william-and-the-windmill-1200324989%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ufl.edu/archive/2011/01/harn-uf-common-reading-program-sponsor-contest-for-students-art.html">"Harn, UF Common Reading Program, sponsor contest for students' art"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a></i>. 25 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428183308/http://news.ufl.edu/archive/2011/01/harn-uf-common-reading-program-sponsor-contest-for-students-art.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Florida&rft.atitle=Harn%2C+UF+Common+Reading+Program%2C+sponsor+contest+for+students%27+art&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ufl.edu%2Farchive%2F2011%2F01%2Fharn-uf-common-reading-program-sponsor-contest-for-students-art.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRhodan2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Rhodan, Maya (17 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideas.time.com/2013/12/06/these-are-the-30-people-under-30-changing-the-world/slide/william-kamkwamba/">"These Are the 30 People Under 30 Changing the World"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TIME" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME">TIME</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210230915/http://ideas.time.com/2013/12/06/these-are-the-30-people-under-30-changing-the-world/slide/william-kamkwamba/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=These+Are+the+30+People+Under+30+Changing+the+World&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft.aulast=Rhodan&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fideas.time.com%2F2013%2F12%2F06%2Fthese-are-the-30-people-under-30-changing-the-world%2Fslide%2Fwilliam-kamkwamba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHearst2015" class="citation book cs1">Hearst, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0v5hBQAAQBAJ&dq=hearst+extraordinary+People+kamkwamba&pg=PA6"><i>Extraordinary People</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chronicle_Books" title="Chronicle Books">Chronicle Books</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452133393" title="Special:BookSources/9781452133393"><bdi>9781452133393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extraordinary+People&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781452133393&rft.aulast=Hearst&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0v5hBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhearst%2Bextraordinary%2BPeople%2Bkamkwamba%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/qf3IQfZFiKY">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429232055/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qf3IQfZFiKY&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qf3IQfZFiKY">"William Kamkwamba"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=William+Kamkwamba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dqf3IQfZFiKY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNJan2019-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNJan2019_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNJan2019_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMeiners2019" class="citation news cs1">Meiners, Cristy (25 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900052215/meet-the-man-whose-inspirational-life-story-is-about-to-open-sundance-in-salt-lake.html">"Meet the man whose inspirational life story is about to open Sundance in Salt Lake"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deseret_News_Publishing_Company" title="Deseret News Publishing Company">Deseret News Publishing Company</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302211818/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900052215/meet-the-man-whose-inspirational-life-story-is-about-to-open-sundance-in-salt-lake.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Meet+the+man+whose+inspirational+life+story+is+about+to+open+Sundance+in+Salt+Lake&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.aulast=Meiners&rft.aufirst=Cristy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F900052215%2Fmeet-the-man-whose-inspirational-life-story-is-about-to-open-sundance-in-salt-lake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Kamkwamba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1134653256">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_Kamkwamba" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:William Kamkwamba">William Kamkwamba</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/">William Kamkwamba's blog</a> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/williamkamkwamba/book.html">The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind : Creating Currents of Electricity and Hope</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://movingwindmills.org/">Moving Windmills</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/wkamkwamba">William Kamkwamba</a> on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448964#P2002" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/william_kamkwamba">William Kamkwamba</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448964#P2611" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/4282">William Kamkwamba talks at MIT</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3919523/">William Kamkwamba</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448964#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448964#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448964#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1914592/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109290196">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100841227">VIAF</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9063381">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5370227">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16195891k">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16195891k">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/140768122">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007314713505171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009154476">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01215451">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2016911581&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200907066">Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p322513782">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810623263905606">Poland</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/145591662">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>. </p></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (`tor_exit_node`)	false
Unix timestamp of change (`timestamp`)	'1693543631'