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'no Jews in Dagestan The '''Jewish community of [[Makhachkala]] ''' are Jews who have ever lived on the territory of modern Makhachkala, a city in the Russian [[Republic of Dagestan]]. During the [[Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723 |Persian campaign in 1722]] in Makhachkala was a camp for the troops of the [[Peter the Great|Russian Emperor Peter I]]. [[Mountain Jews]] and [[Ashkenazi Jews]] were allowed to settle there.<ref name='rafael'>Hana Rafael. [https://stmegi.com/posts/16421/na_rodine_predkov_evrei_makhachkaly_8397/ In the homeland of our ancestors: the Jews of Makhachkala]. 2013.</ref> ==History== [[File:Makhachkala Synagogue.jpg|thumb|260px|The Makhachkala Synagogue]] Islam (Arabic: الإسلام — "submission"[3], "surrender to [One] God"[3]) is the youngest [4] and the second largest number of adherents, after Christianity, the world, as well as the monotheistic Abrahamic religion[3]. The number of adherents is about 1.8 billion people (2015) living in more than 125 countries around the world[1]. Islam originated in the VII century. The founder of Islam is the Prophet Muhammad[3] (570-632). The Holy Book is the Koran[3]. The second most important source of Islamic doctrine and law is the Sunnah, which is a collection of traditions (hadith) about the sayings and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad. The five pillars of Islam are shahada (confession of faith), prayer, fasting, alms and pilgrimage[3]. ===Russian empire=== In 1862, the first synagogue was built in the city, in which both Ashkenazi Jews and merchants Mountain Jews prayed there (including 61 artisans and 20 soldiers of the local garrison).<ref name='rafael' /> * The city's rabbi in the 1860s was Rabbi Benjamin ben Rabi.<ref name='makhachkala'>[https://www.rujen.ru/index.php/МАХАЧКАЛА Makhachkala]</ref> * In 1880, 93 Mountain Jews lived here.<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In 1886, ethnographer Ilya Sherebetovich Anisimov registered 15 Jewish families consisting of 123 people. There was a Jewish school in the city. Jews owned 4 manufacturing shops and 7 grocery stores.<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In 1890, there were 143-230 Jews living in the city.<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In 1895 there were 436 Jews. There were 2 synagogues.<ref name='makhachkala' /> * According to the 1897 census, there were 97 thousand inhabitants in the district, among them 2,795 Jews; including in Makhachkala (Petrovskoye) 9,753 inhabitants, among them 563 Jews (5.8%).<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In 1899 there were 739 Jews here. There was a school at the synagogue (9 male students). The rabbi of the Ashkenazim was Abram Movshovich Lozner, the rabbi of the Mountain Jews was Morduchai Iliazarov.<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In 1910, 379 Jews lived (11.8%), there were 3 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, and a Jewish public elementary school.<ref name='encyclopedia'>"Petrovskoye." Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. Russia, St. Petersburg, 1906—1913</ref> * In 1912, 453 Mountain Jews lived in Makhachkala.<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In 1914, a men's gymnasium was established.<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In 1917, the group "Kings of Zion" was organized.<ref name='makhachkala' /> ===Soviet Union=== * In 1919, the "House of the Jewish People" opened, in which work was carried out among the youth of Mountain and Ashkenazi Jews.<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In the 1920s, a "[[Judeo-Tat]]" school operated in the city (the director until the 2nd half of the 1920s was Rabbi Meir Rafailov), and a drama club for Mountain Jews. At the same time, in the 1920s, during the Soviet Union, 2 synagogues were closed.<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In 1925, there were 222 Jewish.<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In 1926, 3,481 Jews lived in the city (including 2,050 Mountain Jews), approximately 11% of the population of Makhachkala.<ref name='makhachkala' /> Also in 1926, a Jewish pogrom took place in Makhachkala, provoked by a blood libel. In the fall of that year, a rumor spread in several villages of Dagestan that supposedly Mountain Jews had killed a Muslim boy (or two) for some "ritual purposes." The angry mob organized several pogroms in Makhachkala, Derbent and other populated areas of Dagestan.<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In 1930, a viticultural artel named after [[Joseph Stalin]] operated (about 26 farms, including 22 farms of Mountain Jews).<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In 1939, 1,930 Jews lived in the city.<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In 1959, there were 2,692 Jews, including 1,900 Mountain Jews (1.6% of the city's population). * In 1970, 5,213 Jews (including 1,684 Mountain Jews) and 4 [[Crimean Karaites|Karaites]] lived in the city. That year, the synagogue building in Makhachkala was requisitioned, and the community was given a smaller building on the outskirts of the city.<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In 1971, Bobi Iosifovich Ashurov was appointed rabbi.<ref name='makhachkala' /> * In 1979, 4,226 Jews lived in the city.<ref name='makhachkala' /> ===Russia=== * In the 1990s, Shimi Migirovich Dibiyaev was appointed chairman of the Jewish religious community of Makhachkala.<ref name='rafael' /> * In the late 1990s, a Jewish Sunday school was opened.<ref name='makhachkala' /> During the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] in 1998−1999, several representatives of the Jewish community were kidnapped for ransom. Many Jews of Makhachkala left for Israel and other countries and regions.<ref>[http://old.nasledie.ru/terror/25_4/article.php?art=10 Jewish hostages]</ref> * In 2002, according to the census, there were 430 Jews in the city (0.08%), there were 61 Mountain Jews (0.01%), and 417 [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Muslim Tats]] (0.08%).<ref name='makhachkala' /> * On the night of December 24, 2007, in Makhachkala, anti-Semites broke the windows in the synagogue building. Anti-Semites also desecrated a Jewish cemetery and distributed anti-Jewish leaflets in the 2000s.<ref>[https://www.newsru.com/background/18apr2005/antisem0405.html Anti-Semitic incidents in Russia]</ref><ref>[https://www.sova-center.ru/religion/news/extremism/vandalism/2007/12/d12309/ Attack on a synagogue in Makhachkala]</ref><ref>[https://ami-moy.narod.ru/A279/A279-022.htm A sharp outbreak of anti-Semitism in Dagestan]</ref> * In the 2020s, the city had a synagogue, a Jewish cultural center, a Sunday school, and a club for older people. The size of the community, according to some sources, ranges from 2000 to 2,500 Jews.<ref name='rafael' /> === Notable Jews of Makhachkala=== * [[Eduard Akuvaev]] (1945-2015), artist * [[Hizgil Avshalumov]] (1913-2001), novelist, poet, playwright * [[Mishi Bakhshiev]] (1910-1972), writer and poet * [[Iosif Prigozhin]], music producer * [[Eduard Puterbrot]] (1940-1993), artist * [[Anatoly Yagudaev]] (1935-2014), sculptor * [[Gavril Yushvaev]], businessman and investor ==See also== * [[Judeo-Tat]] * [[Judeo-Tat literature]] * [[Judeo-Tat Theatre]] * [[Mountain Jews]] * [[Judaism in Dagestan]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category}} {{Jews and Judaism}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mountain Jews]] [[Category:Jewish communities in Russia]] [[Category:Jewish Russian and Soviet history]] [[Category:Makhachkala]] [[Category:Jewish history by city]]'