Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Species of fish}}
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{{Speciesbox
| name = Smooth toadfish
| image = Smooth Toadfish-Tetractenos glaber.JPG
| image_caption =
| image_alt = A fish with brown spots and orange eyes looks into camera.
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Shao, K. |author2=Liu, M. |author3=Larson, H. |author4=Harwell, H. |author5=Leis, J.L. |author6=Matsuura, K. |date=2014 |title=''Tetractenos glaber'' |volume=2014 |page=e.T193661A2255857 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T193661A2255857.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Tetractenos
| species = glaber
| authority = ([[Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville|Fréminville]], 1813)
| range_map = Tetractenosglabermap.png
| range_map_caption = Smooth toadfish range
|synonyms=''Tetrodon glaber'' <small>Fréminville, 1813</small><br/>
''Aphanacanthe reticulatus'' <small>[[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], 1855</small><br/>
''Gastrophysus glaber'' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1855</small><br/>
''Tetrodon hamiltonii'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1870</small><br/>
''Sphaeroides hamiltoni'' <small>[[Edgar Ravenswood Waite|Waite]], 1906</small><br/>
''Sphaeroides liosomus'' <small>Waite, 1928</small><br/>
''Sphaeroides glaber'' <small>Whitley, 1953</small><br/>
''Aphanacanthus hamiltoni'' <small>[[Yseult Le Danois|Le Danois]], 1959</small><br/>
''Amblyrhynchotes glaber'' <small>Halstead, 1867</small><br/>
''Torquigener glaber'' <small>Robertson, 1980</small>
}}
The '''smooth toadfish''' ('''''Tetractenos glaber''''') is a species of fish in the pufferfish family [[Tetraodontidae]]. It is native to shallow coastal and estuarine waters of southeastern Australia, where it is widespread and abundant. French naturalist [[Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville]] described the species in 1813, though early records confused it with its close relative, the [[common toadfish]] (''T. hamiltonii''). The two are the only members of the genus ''[[Tetractenos]]'' after going through several [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] changes since discovery.
Up to {{convert|16|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} long with distinctive leopard-like dark markings on its dorsal side, the smooth toadfish has a rounded front and tapers to a narrow tail at the back. Unlike most of its relatives, it does not have prominent spines on its body. Like other pufferfish, it can inflate itself with water or air. It forages for its preferred foods—[[molluscs]] and [[crustaceans]]—in sand and mud of the bottom [[sediment]]. Often an [[Bycatch|unwanted catch]] by anglers, the smooth toadfish is highly poisonous because of the [[tetrodotoxin]] present in its body, and eating it may result in death.
==Taxonomy==
French naturalist [[Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville]] described the smooth toadfish in 1813 as ''Tetrodon glaber'',<ref>{{cite journal|last= de Fréminville|first=Christophe-Paulin de La Poix|date=1813|title=Description de Quelques Nouvelles Espèces des Poissons de l'ordre des Branchiosteges|journal=Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, Par la Société Philomatique de Paris|volume=3|issue=67|pages= 249–53 [251, pl. 4(4)]|language=French|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31775954}}</ref> based on a specimen collected in [[Adventure Bay, Tasmania|Adventure Bay]] in southeastern [[Tasmania]] by [[Claude Riche]]. This [[holotype]] was then catalogued in the collection of French naturalist [[Alexandre Brongniart]], but was subsequently lost; upon his death, Brongniart's collection was bequeathed to the Paris Museum and the specimen did not appear there nor at any other institution.<ref name=hardy83>{{cite journal| author=Hardy, Graham S. |title=Revision of Australian species of ''Torquigener'' Whitley (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae), and Two New Generic Names for Australian Puffer Fishes |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=13|issue=1/2|year= 1983 |pages=1–48 [9–11] | doi=10.1080/03036758.1983.10415335|bibcode=1983JRSNZ..13....1H |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''glaber'' is from the [[Latin]] adjective ''glăber'', meaning "bald".<ref name ="Cassell79">{{cite book | last = Simpson | first = D.P. | title = Cassell's Latin Dictionary | publisher = Cassell Ltd.| year = 1979 | edition = 5th | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-0-304-52257-6 | page = 265}}</ref> Fréminville's description was overlooked by many subsequent authorities, resulting in the confusion of this species with the closely related [[common toadfish]] (''Tetractenos hamiltoni''); it is unclear with many records which species was being referred to, though those from [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and Tasmania belong to this species.<ref name=hardy83/> This issue in the scientific literature was not fully resolved until 1983.<ref name="AFD"/>
French naturalist [[Auguste Duméril]] erected a new genus in publishing the species as ''Aphanacanthe reticulatus'' in 1855 from a description authored by his countryman [[Gabriel Bibron]],<ref name=Dumeril>{{cite journal|last1=Bibron|first1=Gabriel| last2=Duméril |first2=Auguste Henri André |date=1855|title=Note sur un Travail Inédit de Bibron Relatif aux Poissons Plectognathes Gymnodontes (Diodons et Tétrodons)|journal=Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Paris)|volume=7|pages=274–82 [278]|language=French|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2281141}}</ref> who had died suddenly.<ref name=hardy83/> Later Latinised to ''Aphanacanthus'', it was linked to a presumed type species ''Tetrodon reticulatus'', from a manuscript by Bibron. In 1959, [[Yseult Le Danois]] equated this species name to ''Tetractenos hamiltoni'', but New Zealand zoologist Graham Hardy later reviewed the specimens labelled as ''T. hamiltoni'' and found that they should be assigned to ''T. glaber''.<ref name=hardy83/> The genus name ''Aphanacanthe''—not ''Aphanacanthus'', as the original spelling takes priority—would have taken precedence over the current genus name ''Tetractenos''. However, it is a ''[[nomen nudum]]'' as it does not provide enough detail or information to diagnose or properly describe the species,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kottelat|first=Maurice |date=2001|title=Nomenclatural Status of Names of Tetraodontiform Fishes Based on Bibron's Unpublished Work|journal=Zoosystema|volume=23|issue=3|pages=605–18|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228487561}}</ref> since Duméril had only written a (French) translation of the genus name—αφανης ''qui nе parait pas'', ἃκανθα, ''épine'' ("with no thorns").<ref name=Dumeril/>
British ichthyologist [[Charles Tate Regan]] described ''Spheroides liosomus'' in 1909 from specimens collected in [[Melbourne]], [[Hobart]], [[Flinders Island]] and [[Port Phillip]]. He noted its lack of spines compared with specimens of ''T. hamiltonii'', and hence argued that it was a distinct and separate species.<ref name=regan09>{{cite journal| author=Regan, Charles Tate|year=1909 |title= Descriptions of New Marine Fishes from Australia and the Pacific |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series= 8|volume= 4|issue=51|pages= 438–40 [439] |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22097818|doi=10.1080/00222930908692695 }}</ref> Australian biologist [[Gilbert Percy Whitley|Gilbert Whitley]] equated Regan's description with Fréminville's original naming and gave it the [[Combinatio nova|combination]] ''Spheroides glaber'' in 1955,<ref name="Whitley 1955">{{cite journal|last=Whitley|first=Gilbert Percy|date=1955|title= Toadfish Poisoning|journal=Australian Museum Magazine|volume=11|issue=2|pages=60–65|url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/uploads/documents/30344/ams368_v11-2_lowres.pdf}}</ref> and later ''Gastrophysus glaber'' in 1964.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Whitley|first=Gilbert Percy|date=1964|title=A Survey of Australian Ichthyology|journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales|volume=89|issue=1|pages=11–127 [59]|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34904289}}</ref>
The smooth toadfish was assigned to the genera ''Tetrodon'' (now ''[[Tetraodon]]'') and ''Sphaeroides'', both of which became [[wastebasket taxon|wastebasket taxa]].<ref name=hardy83/> The smooth toadfish was assigned to several other genera after it became clear that it fell outside a more restricted definition of ''Tetr(a)odon'',<ref name=hardy83/> including ''[[Torquigener]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Green, Sarah L. |title=Ultrastructure and Innervation of the Swimbladder of ''Tetractenos glaber'' (Tetraodontidae)|journal=Cell and Tissue Research|volume =237|issue=2|year=1984|pages=277–84|doi=10.1007/BF00217146|pmid=6478495|s2cid=2581985}}</ref> Recognising that the smooth and common toadfish were distinct enough from other species to warrant their own genus and that no valid genus name existed, Hardy reassigned the two species to the new genus ''Tetractenos'' in 1983.<ref name=hardy83/>
Common names include smooth toadfish, smooth toado,<ref name="AFD">{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Tetractenos_glaber|title=Species ''Tetractenos glaber'' (Fréminville, 1813)|author=Australian Biological Resources Study|date=12 February 2010|work=Australian Faunal Directory|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government|access-date=29 March 2015|location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402203135/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Tetractenos_glaber|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> slimey toadfish or smooth blowie.<ref name="Australian Fish Guide">{{cite book|author1=Prokop, Francis Bernard |author2=Hawkins, Trevor |author3=Wilson, Geoff |title=Australian Fish Guide|publisher=Australian Fishing Network|location=Croydon, Victoria|date=2006|page=139|isbn=978-1-86513-107-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmN0rfM0V4IC&q=Smooth+toadfish+glaber&pg=PT141}}</ref> Along with related toadfish species, the smooth toadfish is known in Australia as a "toadie".<ref name=euv>{{cite web|url=http://www.exploreunderwatervictoria.org.au/assets/Uploads/backgrounders/Smooth-Toadfish.pdf|title=Smooth Toadfish ''Tetractenos glaber'' |author=Victorian National Parks Association (VNPA)|date=2015|work=Explore Underwater Victoria|publisher=VNPA and Museum Victoria|access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref> ''Gaguni'' is a [[Tharawal language|Tharawal]] name for toadfish in the [[Sydney]] region,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Thieberger, Nick|author2=McGregor, William|title=Macquarie Aboriginal Words: A Dictionary of Words from Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages|publisher=Macquarie Library|date=1994|pages=[https://archive.org/details/macquarieaborigi00thie/page/70 70, 437]|isbn=978-0-949757-79-1|location=Sydney, New South Wales|url=https://archive.org/details/macquarieaborigi00thie/page/70}}</ref> the word recorded by [[William Dawes (British Marines officer)|William Dawes]] as ''ca-gone'' in his 1791 diaries of the Sydney language.<ref name="Dawes">{{cite web|url=http://www.williamdawes.org/ms/msview.php?image-id=book-c-page-11|title=Book C, Page 11|last=Dawes|first=William|date=1791|work=The Notebooks of William Dawes on the Aboriginal Language of Sydney|access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref>
==Description==
[[File:Tetractenosglaber2.jpg|left|thumb|A pair of smooth toadfish (''Tetractenos glaber'') in New South Wales waters|alt=Two fish with brown markings swim in shallow water.]]
With a [[Fish measurement|total]] adult length of anywhere from {{convert|3|to(-)|16|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}},<ref name=hardy83/><ref name="Australian Fish Guide"/> the smooth toadfish has an elongate body with a rounded back and flattened belly. The body narrows posteriorly to the slender tail, and its fins are all elongate and rounded. The [[dorsal fin]] has 9 to 11 rays. The [[Fish fin#AnchPectoral|pectoral fin]] has 15 to 18 rays, the first of which is very short. It arises well below the level of the eye. The [[Fish fin#AnchAnal|anal fin]] has 7–9 rays and [[Fish fin#AnchCaudal|caudal fin]] has 11. The smooth toadfish has a small mouth with thin lips at its apex and a tiny chin. The round eyes are [[wikt:adnate|adnate]] (unable to rotate), their upper border level with the profile of the back and their lower border well above the mouth. In a slightly depressed area just in front of the eyes are two small nipple-shaped structures (papillae) that are the nasal organs. The openings face to the rear of the fish and are closed by flaps attached to the walls closest to the fish's midline. The first [[Branchial arch|pharyngobranchial gill arch]] is elongated and narrow with many tiny teeth. The smooth toadfish has tiny spines that are entirely within the skin layer; these run along its back from the nasal organs almost to the dorsal fin, and along its sides from the eye to the pectoral fine, and along its underparts from behind its mouth to its vent. The skin is smooth even when the fish is fully inflated.<ref name=hardy83/> It swallows water or air via a flap in its throat to swell itself up.<ref name=euv/>
The base colour of the upperparts is pale tan to yellow-green, heavily marked with irregular brown spots in a reticulated pattern, and several broad dark brown bands, including ones between the eyes, between the pectoral fins and at the level of the dorsal fin.<ref name=hardy83/> Reminiscent of a leopard's spots,<ref name=euv/> the reticulated pattern continues on the upper lateral side along the body of the fish, becoming silver-white on the lower lateral parts. The chin and belly are white. The fins have a faint yellow-orange tinge, more noticeably in the tail fin.<ref name=hardy83/> Fieldwork in Sydney waters found females to be larger and heavier than males.<ref name=Alquezar2/> Smooth toadfish grow [[Indeterminate growth|steadily larger]] as they grow older, with one {{convert|16|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} long individual calculated to be 13 years old from examination of its [[otolith]]s. Their [[gonad]]s develop when they reach a total length of about {{convert|7-8|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}}.<ref name="Booth 1999"/> The smooth toadfish can be distinguished from the otherwise similar common toadfish by its lack of spines and its larger- and bolder-patterned markings on its upperparts.<ref name=hardy83/>
==Distribution and habitat==
The smooth toadfish is found along [[Australia]]'s eastern and southeast coast, from [[Moreton Bay]] in southeastern [[Queensland]] to [[Port Lincoln]] in [[South Australia]] as well as [[Kangaroo Island]] and Tasmania.<ref name="AFD"/> It is one of the most abundant fishes in the muddy areas of [[Port Philip Bay]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Melbourne's Wildlife: A Field Guide to the Fauna of Greater Melbourne |publisher= Museum Victoria & CSIRO|location=Melbourne, Victoria |year= 2006 |page= 324|isbn=978-0-643-09254-9}}</ref> It generally lives in shallow water less than 3 m (10 ft) deep,<ref name=hardy83/> often over mudflats in estuaries.<ref name="Booth 1999"/> In areas of [[seagrass]] beds, smooth toadfish are more commonly found in sand areas bordering on the seagrass patches.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jenkins, Gregory P. |author2=Connolly, Rod M. |author3=Keough, Michael J. |author4=Hindell, Jeremy S. |author5=Smith, Timothy M. |date=2011 |title=Edge Effects in Patchy Seagrass Landscapes: The Role of Predation in Determining Fish Distribution|journal= Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=399|issue=1|pages=8–16 |doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2011.01.010}}</ref> They are more commonly found in seagrass patches in water less than 1.5 m (5 ft) deep rather than deeper water of 3.5–6 m (11–20 ft).<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Smith, Timothy M. |author2=Jenkins, Gregory P. |author3=Hutchinson, Neil |date=2012|title=Seagrass Edge Effects on Fish Assemblages in Deep and Shallow Habitats | volume=115 | pages =291–99| journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science | doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2012.09.013|bibcode=2012ECSS..115..291S}}</ref> A South Australian field study on [[Wrack (seaweed)|wrack]] and associated fauna found that the smooth toadfish was associated with larger volumes and aggregations containing [[green algae]].<ref>{{cite journal|author= Baring, Ryan J.|author2= Fairweather, Peter G.|author3= Lester, Rebecca E. | title=Storm versus Calm: Variation in Fauna Associated with Drifting Macrophytes in Sandy Beach Surf Zones | date=2014 | volume=461 |pages = 397–406 |journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2014.09.011}}</ref>
Although its movements are poorly known, tagging patterns indicate that the smooth toadfish spends most of its life cycle and reproduces in estuaries.<ref name="Booth 1999">{{cite journal|author1=Booth, David J. |author2=Schultz, D.L. |date=1999|title=Seasonal Ecology, Condition and Reproductive Patterns of the Smooth Toadfish ''Tetractenos glaber'' (Freminville) in the Hawkesbury Estuarine System, Australia|journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales|volume=121|pages=71–84|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34941872}}</ref> It can venture well into freshwater past [[Brackish water|brackish]] areas. In 1964 a school of toadfish were found in the [[Lang Lang River]] at the [[South Gippsland Highway]]—34 km (21 mi) from [[Western Port]] Bay and well beyond tidal areas.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Parrish, Richard Henry |year=1966 |title= Occurrence of the Smooth Toad Fish ''Sphaeroides glaber'' (Freminville) in Freshwater |journal= Victorian Naturalist |volume= 83 |pages= 103–04}}</ref>
===Conservation===
Its large range, abundance and stable population mean the smooth toadfish is classified as ''Least Concern'' on the [[IUCN Red List]]. Although no decline in numbers has been recorded, the effects of disappearance of its habitat—[[mangrove]]s and seagrass beds—is unknown.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />
==Breeding==
The breeding habits of estuary-dwelling pufferfish have been little researched in general.<ref name="Mat Piah">{{cite journal |last1=Mat Piah |first1=Rumaeida |last2=Bucher |first2=Daniel J. |date=2014 |title=Reproductive Biology of Estuarine Pufferfish, ''Marilyna pleurosticta'' and ''Tetractenos hamiltoni'' (Teleostei: Tetraodontidae) in Northern New South Wales: Implications for Biomonitoring |journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales |volume=136 |pages=219–29 |issn=1839-7263 |url=http://openjournals.library.usyd.edu.au/index.php/LIN/article/view/7954/8130}}</ref> Fieldwork in the [[Hawkesbury River]] and tributaries north of Sydney found that the smooth toadfish breeds between April and July, building up fat stores in its liver from February to April beforehand.<ref name="Booth 1999"/>
==Feeding==
[[File:Tetractenos glaber.JPG|thumb|right|View from above, showing pattern on back (dorsum)|alt=A brown spotted fish swims in shallow water seen from above.]]
The smooth toadfish has strong jaws that readily crush [[shellfish]] and crustaceans. It feeds predominantly on [[Benthos|benthic]] (bottom-dwelling) organisms in the [[Substrate (marine biology)|substrate]] of the bodies of water in which it forages.<ref name="Booth 1999"/> Its diet includes molluscs such as [[black mussel]]s, [[Plebidonax deltoides|pipis]],<ref name=Alquezar2/> white sunset shells (''[[Soletellina alba]]'') and oysters (''[[Crassostrea]]''),<ref name="Booth 1999"/> crustaceans such as [[Heloecius|semaphore crab]]s and [[shrimp]], and [[brown algae]].<ref name=Alquezar2>{{cite journal | author=Alquezar, Ralph|author2= Markich, Scott J.|author3= Booth, David J. |title=Effects of Metals on Condition and Reproductive Output of the Smooth Toadfish in Sydney Estuaries, South-eastern Australia |journal=Environmental Pollution | volume=142 |issue= 1 |year= 2006 |pages= 116–22 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2005.09.009|pmid=16297513}}</ref> The proportions of crustaceans to molluscs can vary widely depending on the abundance of food items; hence in a 1999 field study, the soldier crab (''[[Mictyris longicarpus]]'') predominated in [[Cowan Creek]] while the black mussel did so in nearby [[Berowra Creek]].<ref name="Booth 1999"/> Field experiments showed it was a consumer of oysters and the gastropod ''[[Bembicium auratum]]'', and had a major impact on their numbers.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Connell, S.D. |author2=Anderson, M. |year=1999|title= Predation by Fish on Assemblages of Intertidal Epibiota: Effects of Predator Size and Patch Size |journal= Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |volume=241|issue=1 | pages=15–29 | doi=10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00067-2}}</ref>
Because it is a common [[estuarine fish]], it has been used in studies of [[Heavy metal (chemistry)|heavy metal]] contamination in coastal waters. Fish tested around Sydney showed uptake was highest in the gonads, then muscle, gills and liver. It is unclear why metal concentrations were lower in toadfish livers (compared with studies of contamination in other fish) but their [[hepatocyte|liver cells]] may be more effective at removing these elements. [[Lead]], [[cadmium]] and [[nickel]] levels corresponded with those in the [[sediment]] from which the fish were taken, suggesting dietary intake. The gonads of male fish had twenty times as much [[arsenic]] as those of females, while the gills of female fish contained thirty times as much lead as those of males. Raised levels of arsenic, [[cobalt]], cadmium and lead in gills suggested the fish absorbed these from the surrounding water.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Alquezar, Ralph |author2=Markich, Scott J. |author3=Booth, David J. |title=Metal Accumulation in the Smooth Toadfish, ''Tetractenos glaber'', in Estuaries around Sydney, Australia |journal=Environmental Pollution | volume=142 |issue= 1 |year= 2006 |pages= 123–31 | doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2005.09.010 |pmid= 16497420}}</ref> An experiment exposing smooth toadfish to radioactive cadmium and [[selenium]] in either food or water found that cadmium in food was taken up in and excreted by the liver, while cadmium in water was taken up in the gut lining and excreted in liver, gills and kidney, indicating the fish were consuming a lot of water. Selenium was taken up in the gills, kidneys and liver regardless of whether it was in food or water.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Alquezar, Ralph |author2=Markich, Scott J. |author3=Twining, John | volume=99|issue= 1|year=2008 |pages= 167–80 | title=Comparative Accumulation of <sup>109</sup>Cd and <sup>75</sup>Se from Water and Food by an Estuarine Fish (''Tetractenos glaber'') | journal=[[Journal of Environmental Radioactivity]]| doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.07.012| pmid=17884259}}</ref> Fieldwork in Sydney waterways showed that higher arsenic, lead, cadmium and cobalt corresponded with decreased [[lipid]] levels in liver and gonadal tissue, and raised cobalt and nickel correspond to increased protein levels in muscle, liver and gonadal tissue. Raised lead levels were consistent with smaller egg size.<ref name=Alquezar2/> A study of asymmetry of fish bones in smooth toadfish in various parts of Sydney and Hawkesbury River estuaries showed a relationship between exposure to [[organochloride|organochlorine]] pesticides but not heavy metals, indicating the finding may correlate to stress from organic toxicity.<ref>{{cite journal | journal= Marine Pollution Bulletin |author1=Lajus, D |author2=Yurtseva, A. |author3=Birch, G. |author4=Booth, David J. | title=Fluctuating Asymmetry as a Pollution Monitor: The Australian Estuarine Smooth Toadfish ''Tetractenos glaber'' (Teleostei: Tetraodontidae) | volume = 101| issue= 3 |pages=758–67 | pmid= 26443385 | doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.038| year= 2015 |bibcode=2015MarPB.101..758L }}</ref>
==Toxicity==
Notorious for taking bait from [[fish hook]]s, the smooth toadfish is an [[Bycatch|unwanted catch]] for anglers as its flesh is highly poisonous and unfit for human consumption. Its lack of spines makes it easier to handle than other toadfish when it inflates itself after being caught.<ref name="Australian Fish Guide"/><!-- cites previous 2 sentences --> Its toxicity had been reported by local Aboriginal people in Sydney to William Dawes in the late 18th century.<ref name="Dawes"/> A man named John Buff was fatally poisoned after catching and eating toadfish in [[Duck River (New South Wales)|Duck River]] in 1821 near Parramatta; his case and subsequent coroner's inquest were published in the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]''. The smooth toadfish was responsible for the deaths of the wife and two children of Captain Bell of [[New Town, Tasmania|New Town]] near Hobart in a widely publicised case in March 1831.<ref name="Whitley 1955"/><!-- cites previous 2 sentences --> Colonial surgeon James Scott wrote,
{{quote|The melancholy and dreadful effect produced by eating it was lately instanced in the neighbourhood of Hobart town ... The poison is of a powerful sedative nature, producing stupor, loss of speech, [[deglutition]], vision and the power of the voluntary muscles, and ultimately an entire deprivation of nervous power and death.<ref name=scott1833>{{cite journal|last=Scott|first=James|date=1833|title=The Poisonous, or Toadfish of Van Diemen's Land|journal=The Medico-chirurgical Review and Journal of Practical Medicine|volume=18|pages=273–74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBcCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA273}}</ref>}}
An inquest into the deaths took place on 29 March 1831. The family's three servants, one of whom appeared to have been poisoned as well and was ill, were placed in custody separately to stop them communicating with each other while the investigation proceeded.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8645744|title=Coroner's Inquest|date=29 March 1831|work=Colonial Times|access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> The jury replicated the effects by feeding the fish to (and poisoning) two cats.<ref name=scott1833/> The jury learnt that the servant, Speed, had caught the 20 or so fish and taken them home to eat. A neighbour called out to him not to eat the fish as they were "no good", but he took it as a joke. The inquest concluded with a finding of accidental death, with some deliberation over whether Speed should have been charged with manslaughter or even murder after hearing the warning.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8645768?searchTerm=(cat%20OR%20fish)%20NOT%20dog&searchLimits=l-decade=183%7C%7C%7Cl-year=1831 |title=Resumed Coroner's Inquest|date=8 April 1831|work=Colonial Times|access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> Warnings about toadfish were subsequently issued.<ref name="Whitley 1955"/>
Its toxicity is due to [[tetrodotoxin]], which is concentrated particularly in the liver, ovaries, intestines and skin.<ref name="isbister02">{{cite journal |url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_11_021202/isb10423_fm.html |title=Puffer Fish Poisoning: a Potentially Life-threatening Condition |pmid=12463990 |author1=Isbister, Geoffrey K |author2=Son, Julie |author3=Wang, Frank |author4=Maclean, Catriona J. |author5=Lin, Cindy S.-Y. |author6=Ujma, Josef |author7=Balit, Corrine R. |author8=Smith, Brendon |author9=Milder, D.G. |author10=Kiernan, Matthew C. |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |year=2002 |volume=177 |issue=11 | pages=650–53|doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04999.x |s2cid=14468659 }}</ref> Many species of pufferfish bear this toxin, obtaining it from tetrodotoxin-containing bacteria in their diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Noguchi |first1=Tamao |last2=Arakawa |first2=Osamu |date=2008 |title=Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication |journal=Marine Drugs |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=220–42 |doi=10.3390/md20080011|pmid=18728726 |pmc=2525488|doi-access=free }}</ref> Eating the fish can have fatal consequences. The symptoms of poisoning, which are predominantly neurological, include [[ataxia]], in addition to numbness and/or [[paresthesia|paraesthesia]] (tingling) around the mouth, lips, and limb extremities.<ref name="isbister02"/> Cases of pets being poisoned have occurred when the fish have been left where they can eat them.<ref name="Australian Fish Guide"/>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Tetractenos glaber|''Tetractenos glaber''}}
{{Portal bar|Fish|Marine Life|Animals|Biology|Australia}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2180766}}
[[Category:Tetractenos|smooth toadfish]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Australia]]
[[Category:Fish of Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Southern Australia]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1813|smooth toadfish]]' |
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{{Featured article}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Smooth toadfish
| image = Smooth Toadfish-Tetractenos glaber.JPG
| image_caption =
| image_alt = A fish with brown spots and orange eyes looks into camera.
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Shao, K. |author2=Liu, M. |author3=Larson, H. |author4=Harwell, H. |author5=Leis, J.L. |author6=Matsuura, K. |date=2014 |title=''Tetractenos glaber'' |volume=2014 |page=e.T193661A2255857 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T193661A2255857.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Tetractenos
| species = glaber
| authority = ([[Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville|Fréminville]], 1813)
| range_map = Tetractenosglabermap.png
| range_map_caption = Smooth toadfish range
|synonyms=''Tetrodon glaber'' <small>Fréminville, 1813</small><br/>
''Aphanacanthe reticulatus'' <small>[[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], 1855</small><br/>
''Gastrophysus glaber'' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1855</small><br/>
''Tetrodon hamiltonii'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1870</small><br/>
''Sphaeroides hamiltoni'' <small>[[Edgar Ravenswood Waite|Waite]], 1906</small><br/>
''Sphaeroides liosomus'' <small>Waite, 1928</small><br/>
''Sphaeroides glaber'' <small>Whitley, 1953</small><br/>
''Aphanacanthus hamiltoni'' <small>[[Yseult Le Danois|Le Danois]], 1959</small><br/>
''Amblyrhynchotes glaber'' <small>Halstead, 1867</small><br/>
''Torquigener glaber'' <small>Robertson, 1980</small>
}}
The '''smooth toadfish''' ('''''Tetractenos glaber''''') is a species of fish in the pufferfish family [[Tetraodontidae]]. It is native to shallow coastal and estuarine waters of southeastern Australia, where it is widespread and abundant. French naturalist [[Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville]] described the species in 1813, though early records confused it with its close relative, the [[common toadfish]] (''T. hamiltonii''). The two are the only members of the genus ''[[Tetractenos]]'' after going through several [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] changes since discovery.
Up to {{convert|16|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} long with distinctive leopard-like dark markings on its dorsal side, the smooth toadfish has a rounded front and tapers to a narrow tail at the back. Unlike most of its relatives, it does not have prominent spines on its body. Like other pufferfish, it can inflate itself with water or air. It forages for its preferred foods—[[molluscs]] and [[crustaceans]]—in sand and mud of the bottom [[sediment]]. Often an [[Bycatch|unwanted catch]] by anglers, the smooth toadfish is highly poisonous because of the [[tetrodotoxin]] present in its body, and eating it may result in death.
==Taxonomy==
French naturalist [[Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville]] described the smooth toadfish in 1813 as ''Tetrodon glaber'',<ref>{{cite journal|last= de Fréminville|first=Christophe-Paulin de La Poix|date=1813|title=Description de Quelques Nouvelles Espèces des Poissons de l'ordre des Branchiosteges|journal=Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, Par la Société Philomatique de Paris|volume=3|issue=67|pages= 249–53 [251, pl. 4(4)]|language=French|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31775954}}</ref> based on a specimen collected in [[Adventure Bay, Tasmania|Adventure Bay]] in southeastern [[Tasmania]] by [[Claude Riche]]. This [[holotype]] was then catalogued in the collection of French naturalist [[Alexandre Brongniart]], but was subsequently lost; upon his death, Brongniart's collection was bequeathed to the Paris Museum and the specimen did not appear there nor at any other institution.<ref name=hardy83>{{cite journal| author=Hardy, Graham S. |title=Revision of Australian species of ''Torquigener'' Whitley (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae), and Two New Generic Names for Australian Puffer Fishes |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=13|issue=1/2|year= 1983 |pages=1–48 [9–11] | doi=10.1080/03036758.1983.10415335|bibcode=1983JRSNZ..13....1H |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''glaber'' is from the [[Latin]] adjective ''glăber'', meaning "bald".<ref name ="Cassell79">{{cite book | last = Simpson | first = D.P. | title = Cassell's Latin Dictionary | publisher = Cassell Ltd.| year = 1979 | edition = 5th | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-0-304-52257-6 | page = 265}}</ref> Fréminville's description was overlooked by many subsequent authorities, resulting in the confusion of this species with the closely related [[common toadfish]] (''Tetractenos hamiltoni''); it is unclear with many records which species was being referred to, though those from [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and Tasmania belong to this species.<ref name=hardy83/> This issue in the scientific literature was not fully resolved until 1983.<ref name="AFD"/>
French naturalist [[Auguste Duméril]] erected a new genus in publishing the species as ''Aphanacanthe reticulatus'' in 1855 from a description authored by his countryman [[Gabriel Bibron]],<ref name=Dumeril>{{cite journal|last1=Bibron|first1=Gabriel| last2=Duméril |first2=Auguste Henri André |date=1855|title=Note sur un Travail Inédit de Bibron Relatif aux Poissons Plectognathes Gymnodontes (Diodons et Tétrodons)|journal=Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Paris)|volume=7|pages=274–82 [278]|language=French|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2281141}}</ref> who had died suddenly.<ref name=hardy83/> Later Latinised to ''Aphanacanthus'', it was linked to a presumed type species ''Tetrodon reticulatus'', from a manuscript by Bibron. In 1959, [[Yseult Le Danois]] equated this species name to ''Tetractenos hamiltoni'', but New Zealand zoologist Graham Hardy later reviewed the specimens labelled as ''T. hamiltoni'' and found that they should be assigned to ''T. glaber''.<ref name=hardy83/> The genus name ''Aphanacanthe''—not ''Aphanacanthus'', as the original spelling takes priority—would have taken precedence over the current genus name ''Tetractenos''. However, it is a ''[[nomen nudum]]'' as it does not provide enough detail or information to diagnose or properly describe the species,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kottelat|first=Maurice |date=2001|title=Nomenclatural Status of Names of Tetraodontiform Fishes Based on Bibron's Unpublished Work|journal=Zoosystema|volume=23|issue=3|pages=605–18|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228487561}}</ref> since Duméril had only written a (French) translation of the genus name—αφανης ''qui nе parait pas'', ἃκανθα, ''épine'' ("with no thorns").<ref name=Dumeril/>
British ichthyologist [[Charles Tate Regan]] described ''Spheroides liosomus'' in 1909 from specimens collected in [[Melbourne]], [[Hobart]], [[Flinders Island]] and [[Port Phillip]]. He noted its lack of spines compared with specimens of ''T. hamiltonii'', and hence argued that it was a distinct and separate species.<ref name=regan09>{{cite journal| author=Regan, Charles Tate|year=1909 |title= Descriptions of New Marine Fishes from Australia and the Pacific |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series= 8|volume= 4|issue=51|pages= 438–40 [439] |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22097818|doi=10.1080/00222930908692695 }}</ref> Australian biologist [[Gilbert Percy Whitley|Gilbert Whitley]] equated Regan's description with Fréminville's original naming and gave it the [[Combinatio nova|combination]] ''Spheroides glaber'' in 1955,<ref name="Whitley 1955">{{cite journal|last=Whitley|first=Gilbert Percy|date=1955|title= Toadfish Poisoning|journal=Australian Museum Magazine|volume=11|issue=2|pages=60–65|url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/uploads/documents/30344/ams368_v11-2_lowres.pdf}}</ref> and later ''Gastrophysus glaber'' in 1964.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Whitley|first=Gilbert Percy|date=1964|title=A Survey of Australian Ichthyology|journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales|volume=89|issue=1|pages=11–127 [59]|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34904289}}</ref>
The smooth toadfish was assigned to the genera ''Tetrodon'' (now ''[[Tetraodon]]'') and ''Sphaeroides'', both of which became [[wastebasket taxon|wastebasket taxa]].<ref name=hardy83/> The smooth toadfish was assigned to several other genera after it became clear that it fell outside a more restricted definition of ''Tetr(a)odon'',<ref name=hardy83/> including ''[[Torquigener]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Green, Sarah L. |title=Ultrastructure and Innervation of the Swimbladder of ''Tetractenos glaber'' (Tetraodontidae)|journal=Cell and Tissue Research|volume =237|issue=2|year=1984|pages=277–84|doi=10.1007/BF00217146|pmid=6478495|s2cid=2581985}}</ref> Recognising that the smooth and common toadfish were distinct enough from other species to warrant their own genus and that no valid genus name existed, Hardy reassigned the two species to the new genus ''Tetractenos'' in 1983.<ref name=hardy83/>
Common names include smooth toadfish, smooth toado,<ref name="AFD">{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Tetractenos_glaber|title=Species ''Tetractenos glaber'' (Fréminville, 1813)|author=Australian Biological Resources Study|date=12 February 2010|work=Australian Faunal Directory|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government|access-date=29 March 2015|location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402203135/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Tetractenos_glaber|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> slimey toadfish or smooth blowie.<ref name="Australian Fish Guide">{{cite book|author1=Prokop, Francis Bernard |author2=Hawkins, Trevor |author3=Wilson, Geoff |title=Australian Fish Guide|publisher=Australian Fishing Network|location=Croydon, Victoria|date=2006|page=139|isbn=978-1-86513-107-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmN0rfM0V4IC&q=Smooth+toadfish+glaber&pg=PT141}}</ref> Along with related toadfish species, the smooth toadfish is known in Australia as a "toadie".<ref name=euv>{{cite web|url=http://www.exploreunderwatervictoria.org.au/assets/Uploads/backgrounders/Smooth-Toadfish.pdf|title=Smooth Toadfish ''Tetractenos glaber'' |author=Victorian National Parks Association (VNPA)|date=2015|work=Explore Underwater Victoria|publisher=VNPA and Museum Victoria|access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref> ''Gaguni'' is a [[Tharawal language|Tharawal]] name for toadfish in the [[Sydney]] region,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Thieberger, Nick|author2=McGregor, William|title=Macquarie Aboriginal Words: A Dictionary of Words from Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages|publisher=Macquarie Library|date=1994|pages=[https://archive.org/details/macquarieaborigi00thie/page/70 70, 437]|isbn=978-0-949757-79-1|location=Sydney, New South Wales|url=https://archive.org/details/macquarieaborigi00thie/page/70}}</ref> the word recorded by [[William Dawes (British Marines officer)|William Dawes]] as ''ca-gone'' in his 1791 diaries of the Sydney language.<ref name="Dawes">{{cite web|url=http://www.williamdawes.org/ms/msview.php?image-id=book-c-page-11|title=Book C, Page 11|last=Dawes|first=William|date=1791|work=The Notebooks of William Dawes on the Aboriginal Language of Sydney|access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref>
==Description==
[[File:Tetractenosglaber2.jpg|left|thumb|A pair of smooth toadfish (''Tetractenos glaber'') in New South Wales waters|alt=Two fish with brown markings swim in shallow water.]]
With a [[Fish measurement|total]] adult length of anywhere from {{convert|3|to(-)|16|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}},<ref name=hardy83/><ref name="Australian Fish Guide"/> the smooth toadfish has an elongate body with a rounded back and flattened belly. The body narrows posteriorly to the slender tail, and its fins are all elongate and rounded. The [[dorsal fin]] has 9 to 11 rays. The [[Fish fin#AnchPectoral|pectoral fin]] has 15 to 18 rays, the first of which is very short. It arises well below the level of the eye. The [[Fish fin#AnchAnal|anal fin]] has 7–9 rays and [[Fish fin#AnchCaudal|caudal fin]] has 11. The smooth toadfish has a small mouth with thin lips at its apex and a tiny chin. The round eyes are [[wikt:adnate|adnate]] (unable to rotate), their upper border level with the profile of the back and their lower border well above the mouth. In a slightly depressed area just in front of the eyes are two small nipple-shaped structures (papillae) that are the nasal organs. The openings face to the rear of the fish and are closed by flaps attached to the walls closest to the fish's midline. The first [[Branchial arch|pharyngobranchial gill arch]] is elongated and narrow with many tiny teeth. The smooth toadfish has tiny spines that are entirely within the skin layer; these run along its back from the nasal organs almost to the dorsal fin, and along its sides from the eye to the pectoral fine, and along its underparts from behind its mouth to its vent. The skin is smooth even when the fish is fully inflated.<ref name=hardy83/> It swallows water or air via a flap in its throat to swell itself up.<ref name=euv/>
The base colour of the upperparts is pale tan to yellow-green, heavily marked with irregular brown spots in a reticulated pattern, and several broad dark brown bands, including ones between the eyes, between the pectoral fins and at the level of the dorsal fin.<ref name=hardy83/> Reminiscent of a leopard's spots,<ref name=euv/> the reticulated pattern continues on the upper lateral side along the body of the fish, becoming silver-white on the lower lateral parts. The chin and belly are white. The fins have a faint yellow-orange tinge, more noticeably in the tail fin.<ref name=hardy83/> Fieldwork in Sydney waters found females to be larger and heavier than males.<ref name=Alquezar2/> Smooth toadfish grow [[Indeterminate growth|steadily larger]] as they grow older, with one {{convert|16|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} long individual calculated to be 13 years old from examination of its [[otolith]]s. Their [[gonad]]s develop when they reach a total length of about {{convert|7-8|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}}.<ref name="Booth 1999"/> The smooth toadfish can be distinguished from the otherwise similar common toadfish by its lack of spines and its larger- and bolder-patterned markings on its upperparts.<ref name=hardy83/>
==Distribution and habitat==
The smooth toadfish is found along [[Australia]]'s eastern and southeast coast, from [[Moreton Bay]] in southeastern [[Queensland]] to [[Port Lincoln]] in [[South Australia]] as well as [[Kangaroo Island]] and Tasmania.<ref name="AFD"/> It is one of the most abundant fishes in the muddy areas of [[Port Philip Bay]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Melbourne's Wildlife: A Field Guide to the Fauna of Greater Melbourne |publisher= Museum Victoria & CSIRO|location=Melbourne, Victoria |year= 2006 |page= 324|isbn=978-0-643-09254-9}}</ref> It generally lives in shallow water less than 3 m (10 ft) deep,<ref name=hardy83/> often over mudflats in estuaries.<ref name="Booth 1999"/> In areas of [[seagrass]] beds, smooth toadfish are more commonly found in sand areas bordering on the seagrass patches.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jenkins, Gregory P. |author2=Connolly, Rod M. |author3=Keough, Michael J. |author4=Hindell, Jeremy S. |author5=Smith, Timothy M. |date=2011 |title=Edge Effects in Patchy Seagrass Landscapes: The Role of Predation in Determining Fish Distribution|journal= Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=399|issue=1|pages=8–16 |doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2011.01.010}}</ref> They are more commonly found in seagrass patches in water less than 1.5 m (5 ft) deep rather than deeper water of 3.5–6 m (11–20 ft).<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Smith, Timothy M. |author2=Jenkins, Gregory P. |author3=Hutchinson, Neil |date=2012|title=Seagrass Edge Effects on Fish Assemblages in Deep and Shallow Habitats | volume=115 | pages =291–99| journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science | doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2012.09.013|bibcode=2012ECSS..115..291S}}</ref> A South Australian field study on [[Wrack (seaweed)|wrack]] and associated fauna found that the smooth toadfish was associated with larger volumes and aggregations containing [[green algae]].<ref>{{cite journal|author= Baring, Ryan J.|author2= Fairweather, Peter G.|author3= Lester, Rebecca E. | title=Storm versus Calm: Variation in Fauna Associated with Drifting Macrophytes in Sandy Beach Surf Zones | date=2014 | volume=461 |pages = 397–406 |journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2014.09.011}}</ref>
Although its movements are poorly known, tagging patterns indicate that the smooth toadfish spends most of its life cycle and reproduces in estuaries.<ref name="Booth 1999">{{cite journal|author1=Booth, David J. |author2=Schultz, D.L. |date=1999|title=Seasonal Ecology, Condition and Reproductive Patterns of the Smooth Toadfish ''Tetractenos glaber'' (Freminville) in the Hawkesbury Estuarine System, Australia|journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales|volume=121|pages=71–84|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34941872}}</ref> It can venture well into freshwater past [[Brackish water|brackish]] areas. In 1964 a school of toadfish were found in the [[Lang Lang River]] at the [[South Gippsland Highway]]—34 km (21 mi) from [[Western Port]] Bay and well beyond tidal areas.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Parrish, Richard Henry |year=1966 |title= Occurrence of the Smooth Toad Fish ''Sphaeroides glaber'' (Freminville) in Freshwater |journal= Victorian Naturalist |volume= 83 |pages= 103–04}}</ref>
===Conservation===
Its large range, abundance and stable population mean the smooth toadfish is classified as ''Least Concern'' on the [[IUCN Red List]]. Although no decline in numbers has been recorded, the effects of disappearance of its habitat—[[mangrove]]s and seagrass beds—is unknown.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />
==Breeding==
The breeding habits of estuary-dwelling pufferfish have been little researched in general.<ref name="Mat Piah">{{cite journal |last1=Mat Piah |first1=Rumaeida |last2=Bucher |first2=Daniel J. |date=2014 |title=Reproductive Biology of Estuarine Pufferfish, ''Marilyna pleurosticta'' and ''Tetractenos hamiltoni'' (Teleostei: Tetraodontidae) in Northern New South Wales: Implications for Biomonitoring |journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales |volume=136 |pages=219–29 |issn=1839-7263 |url=http://openjournals.library.usyd.edu.au/index.php/LIN/article/view/7954/8130}}</ref> Fieldwork in the [[Hawkesbury River]] and tributaries north of Sydney found that the smooth toadfish breeds between April and July, building up fat stores in its liver from February to April beforehand.<ref name="Booth 1999"/>
==Feeding==
[[File:Tetractenos glaber.JPG|thumb|right|View from above, showing pattern on back (dorsum)|alt=A brown spotted fish swims in shallow water seen from above.]]
The smooth toadfish has strong jaws that readily crush [[shellfish]] and crustaceans. It feeds predominantly on [[Benthos|benthic]] (bottom-dwelling) organisms in the [[Substrate (marine biology)|substrate]] of the bodies of water in which it forages.<ref name="Booth 1999"/> Its diet includes molluscs such as [[black mussel]]s, [[Plebidonax deltoides|pipis]],<ref name=Alquezar2/> white sunset shells (''[[Soletellina alba]]'') and oysters (''[[Crassostrea]]''),<ref name="Booth 1999"/> crustaceans such as [[Heloecius|semaphore crab]]s and [[shrimp]], and [[brown algae]].<ref name=Alquezar2>{{cite journal | author=Alquezar, Ralph|author2= Markich, Scott J.|author3= Booth, David J. |title=Effects of Metals on Condition and Reproductive Output of the Smooth Toadfish in Sydney Estuaries, South-eastern Australia |journal=Environmental Pollution | volume=142 |issue= 1 |year= 2006 |pages= 116–22 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2005.09.009|pmid=16297513}}</ref> The proportions of crustaceans to molluscs can vary widely depending on the abundance of food items; hence in a 1999 field study, the soldier crab (''[[Mictyris longicarpus]]'') predominated in [[Cowan Creek]] while the black mussel did so in nearby [[Berowra Creek]].<ref name="Booth 1999"/> Field experiments showed it was a consumer of oysters and the gastropod ''[[Bembicium auratum]]'', and had a major impact on their numbers.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Connell, S.D. |author2=Anderson, M. |year=1999|title= Predation by Fish on Assemblages of Intertidal Epibiota: Effects of Predator Size and Patch Size |journal= Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |volume=241|issue=1 | pages=15–29 | doi=10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00067-2}}</ref>
Because it is a common [[estuarine fish]], it has been used in studies of [[Heavy metal (chemistry)|heavy metal]] contamination in coastal waters. Fish tested around Sydney showed uptake was highest in the gonads, then muscle, gills and liver. It is unclear why metal concentrations were lower in toadfish livers (compared with studies of contamination in other fish) but their [[hepatocyte|liver cells]] may be more effective at removing these elements. [[Lead]], [[cadmium]] and [[nickel]] levels corresponded with those in the [[sediment]] from which the fish were taken, suggesting dietary intake. The gonads of male fish had twenty times as much [[arsenic]] as those of females, while the gills of female fish contained thirty times as much lead as those of males. Raised levels of arsenic, [[cobalt]], cadmium and lead in gills suggested the fish absorbed these from the surrounding water.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Alquezar, Ralph |author2=Markich, Scott J. |author3=Booth, David J. |title=Metal Accumulation in the Smooth Toadfish, ''Tetractenos glaber'', in Estuaries around Sydney, Australia |journal=Environmental Pollution | volume=142 |issue= 1 |year= 2006 |pages= 123–31 | doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2005.09.010 |pmid= 16497420}}</ref> An experiment exposing smooth toadfish to radioactive cadmium and [[selenium]] in either food or water found that cadmium in food was taken up in and excreted by the liver, while cadmium in water was taken up in the gut lining and excreted in liver, gills and kidney, indicating the fish were consuming a lot of water. Selenium was taken up in the gills, kidneys and liver regardless of whether it was in food or water.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Alquezar, Ralph |author2=Markich, Scott J. |author3=Twining, John | volume=99|issue= 1|year=2008 |pages= 167–80 | title=Comparative Accumulation of <sup>109</sup>Cd and <sup>75</sup>Se from Water and Food by an Estuarine Fish (''Tetractenos glaber'') | journal=[[Journal of Environmental Radioactivity]]| doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.07.012| pmid=17884259}}</ref> Fieldwork in Sydney waterways showed that higher arsenic, lead, cadmium and cobalt corresponded with decreased [[lipid]] levels in liver and gonadal tissue, and raised cobalt and nickel correspond to increased protein levels in muscle, liver and gonadal tissue. Raised lead levels were consistent with smaller egg size.<ref name=Alquezar2/> A study of asymmetry of fish bones in smooth toadfish in various parts of Sydney and Hawkesbury River estuaries showed a relationship between exposure to [[organochloride|organochlorine]] pesticides but not heavy metals, indicating the finding may correlate to stress from organic toxicity.<ref>{{cite journal | journal= Marine Pollution Bulletin |author1=Lajus, D |author2=Yurtseva, A. |author3=Birch, G. |author4=Booth, David J. | title=Fluctuating Asymmetry as a Pollution Monitor: The Australian Estuarine Smooth Toadfish ''Tetractenos glaber'' (Teleostei: Tetraodontidae) | volume = 101| issue= 3 |pages=758–67 | pmid= 26443385 | doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.038| year= 2015 |bibcode=2015MarPB.101..758L }}</ref>
==Toxicity==
Notorious for taking bait from [[fish hook]]s, the smooth toadfish is an [[Bycatch|unwanted catch]] for anglers as its flesh is highly poisonous and unfit for human consumption. Its lack of spines makes it easier to handle than other toadfish when it inflates itself after being caught.<ref name="Australian Fish Guide"/><!-- cites previous 2 sentences --> Its toxicity had been reported by local Aboriginal people in Sydney to William Dawes in the late 18th century.<ref name="Dawes"/> A man named John Buff was fatally poisoned after catching and eating toadfish in [[Duck River (New South Wales)|Duck River]] in 1821 near Parramatta; his case and subsequent coroner's inquest were published in the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]''. The smooth toadfish was responsible for the deaths of the wife and two children of Captain Bell of [[New Town, Tasmania|New Town]] near Hobart in a widely publicised case in March 1831.<ref name="Whitley 1955"/><!-- cites previous 2 sentences --> Colonial surgeon James Scott wrote,
{{quote|The melancholy and dreadful effect produced by eating it was lately instanced in the neighbourhood of Hobart town ... The poison is of a powerful sedative nature, producing stupor, loss of speech, [[deglutition]], vision and the power of the voluntary muscles, and ultimately an entire deprivation of nervous power and death.<ref name=scott1833>{{cite journal|last=Scott|first=James|date=1833|title=The Poisonous, or Toadfish of Van Diemen's Land|journal=The Medico-chirurgical Review and Journal of Practical Medicine|volume=18|pages=273–74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBcCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA273}}</ref>}}
An inquest into the deaths took place on 29 March 1831. The family's three servants, one of whom appeared to have been poisoned as well and was ill, were placed in custody separately to stop them communicating with each other while the investigation proceeded.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8645744|title=Coroner's Inquest|date=29 March 1831|work=Colonial Times|access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> The jury replicated the effects by feeding the fish to (and poisoning) two cats.<ref name=scott1833/> The jury learnt that the servant, Speed, had caught the 20 or so fish and taken them home to eat. A neighbour called out to him not to eat the fish as they were "no good", but he took it as a joke. The inquest concluded with a finding of accidental death, with some deliberation over whether Speed should have been charged with manslaughter or even murder after hearing the warning.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8645768?searchTerm=(cat%20OR%20fish)%20NOT%20dog&searchLimits=l-decade=183%7C%7C%7Cl-year=1831 |title=Resumed Coroner's Inquest|date=8 April 1831|work=Colonial Times|access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> Warnings about toadfish were subsequently issued.<ref name="Whitley 1955"/>
Its toxicity is due to [[tetrodotoxin]], which is concentrated particularly in the liver, ovaries, intestines and skin.<ref name="isbister02">{{cite journal |url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_11_021202/isb10423_fm.html |title=Puffer Fish Poisoning: a Potentially Life-threatening Condition |pmid=12463990 |author1=Isbister, Geoffrey K |author2=Son, Julie |author3=Wang, Frank |author4=Maclean, Catriona J. |author5=Lin, Cindy S.-Y. |author6=Ujma, Josef |author7=Balit, Corrine R. |author8=Smith, Brendon |author9=Milder, D.G. |author10=Kiernan, Matthew C. |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |year=2002 |volume=177 |issue=11 | pages=650–53|doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04999.x |s2cid=14468659 }}</ref> Many species of pufferfish bear this toxin, obtaining it from tetrodotoxin-containing bacteria in their diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Noguchi |first1=Tamao |last2=Arakawa |first2=Osamu |date=2008 |title=Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication |journal=Marine Drugs |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=220–42 |doi=10.3390/md20080011|pmid=18728726 |pmc=2525488|doi-access=free }}</ref> Eating the fish can have fatal consequences. The symptoms of poisoning, which are predominantly neurological, include [[ataxia]], in addition to numbness and/or [[paresthesia|paraesthesia]] (tingling) around the mouth, lips, and limb extremities.<ref name="isbister02"/> Cases of pets being poisoned have occurred when the fish have been left where they can eat them.<ref name="Australian Fish Guide"/>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Tetractenos glaber|''Tetractenos glaber''}}
{{Portal bar|Fish|Marine Life|Animals|Biology|Australia}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2180766}}
[[Category:Tetractenos|smooth toadfish]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Australia]]
[[Category:Fish of Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Southern Australia]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1813|smooth toadfish]]' |
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<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Smooth toadfish
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Smooth_Toadfish-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A fish with brown spots and orange eyes looks into camera." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Smooth_Toadfish-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG/220px-Smooth_Toadfish-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Smooth_Toadfish-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG/330px-Smooth_Toadfish-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Smooth_Toadfish-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG/440px-Smooth_Toadfish-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1072" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">
<th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a><small> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1">[1]</a></sup></small></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Tetractenos" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span>
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<td>Domain:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a>
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<td>Kingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
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<tr>
<td>Phylum:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>
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<tr>
<td>Class:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a>
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<tr>
<td>Order:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetraodontiformes" title="Tetraodontiformes">Tetraodontiformes</a>
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<tr>
<td>Family:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae">Tetraodontidae</a>
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<tr>
<td>Genus:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetractenos" title="Tetractenos"><i>Tetractenos</i></a>
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<tr>
<td>Species:
</td>
<td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>T. glaber</b></i></div>
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<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Tetractenos glaber</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christophe-Paulin_de_La_Poix_de_Fr%C3%A9minville" title="Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville">Fréminville</a>, 1813)</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tetractenosglabermap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tetractenosglabermap.png/220px-Tetractenosglabermap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tetractenosglabermap.png/330px-Tetractenosglabermap.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tetractenosglabermap.png/440px-Tetractenosglabermap.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="903" /></a></span>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Smooth toadfish range
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<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<p><i>Tetrodon glaber</i> <small>Fréminville, 1813</small><br />
<i>Aphanacanthe reticulatus</i> <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel_Bibron" title="Gabriel Bibron">Bibron</a>, 1855</small><br />
<i>Gastrophysus glaber</i> <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pieter_Bleeker" title="Pieter Bleeker">Bleeker</a>, 1855</small><br />
<i>Tetrodon hamiltonii</i> <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_G%C3%BCnther" title="Albert Günther">Günther</a>, 1870</small><br />
<i>Sphaeroides hamiltoni</i> <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edgar_Ravenswood_Waite" title="Edgar Ravenswood Waite">Waite</a>, 1906</small><br />
<i>Sphaeroides liosomus</i> <small>Waite, 1928</small><br />
<i>Sphaeroides glaber</i> <small>Whitley, 1953</small><br />
<i>Aphanacanthus hamiltoni</i> <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yseult_Le_Danois" title="Yseult Le Danois">Le Danois</a>, 1959</small><br />
<i>Amblyrhynchotes glaber</i> <small>Halstead, 1867</small><br />
<i>Torquigener glaber</i> <small>Robertson, 1980</small>
</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>The <b>smooth toadfish</b> (<i><b>Tetractenos glaber</b></i>) is a species of fish in the pufferfish family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae">Tetraodontidae</a>. It is native to shallow coastal and estuarine waters of southeastern Australia, where it is widespread and abundant. French naturalist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christophe-Paulin_de_La_Poix_de_Fr%C3%A9minville" title="Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville">Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville</a> described the species in 1813, though early records confused it with its close relative, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_toadfish" title="Common toadfish">common toadfish</a> (<i>T. hamiltonii</i>). The two are the only members of the genus <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetractenos" title="Tetractenos">Tetractenos</a></i> after going through several <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> changes since discovery.
</p><p>Up to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>16 cm (<span class="frac" role="math">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) long with distinctive leopard-like dark markings on its dorsal side, the smooth toadfish has a rounded front and tapers to a narrow tail at the back. Unlike most of its relatives, it does not have prominent spines on its body. Like other pufferfish, it can inflate itself with water or air. It forages for its preferred foods—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molluscs" class="mw-redirect" title="Molluscs">molluscs</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crustaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustaceans">crustaceans</a>—in sand and mud of the bottom <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>. Often an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">unwanted catch</a> by anglers, the smooth toadfish is highly poisonous because of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">tetrodotoxin</a> present in its body, and eating it may result in death.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Taxonomy"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Taxonomy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Distribution_and_habitat"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Distribution and habitat</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Conservation"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Conservation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Breeding"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Breeding</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Feeding"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Feeding</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Toxicity"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Toxicity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Smooth_toadfish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>French naturalist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christophe-Paulin_de_La_Poix_de_Fr%C3%A9minville" title="Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville">Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville</a> described the smooth toadfish in 1813 as <i>Tetrodon glaber</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> based on a specimen collected in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adventure_Bay,_Tasmania" title="Adventure Bay, Tasmania">Adventure Bay</a> in southeastern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claude_Riche" title="Claude Riche">Claude Riche</a>. This <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> was then catalogued in the collection of French naturalist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexandre_Brongniart" title="Alexandre Brongniart">Alexandre Brongniart</a>, but was subsequently lost; upon his death, Brongniart's collection was bequeathed to the Paris Museum and the specimen did not appear there nor at any other institution.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy83_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy83-3">[3]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific name</a> <i>glaber</i> is from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> adjective <i>glăber</i>, meaning "bald".<sup id="cite_ref-Cassell79_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassell79-4">[4]</a></sup> Fréminville's description was overlooked by many subsequent authorities, resulting in the confusion of this species with the closely related <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_toadfish" title="Common toadfish">common toadfish</a> (<i>Tetractenos hamiltoni</i>); it is unclear with many records which species was being referred to, though those from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and Tasmania belong to this species.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy83_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy83-3">[3]</a></sup> This issue in the scientific literature was not fully resolved until 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-AFD_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFD-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>French naturalist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auguste_Dum%C3%A9ril" title="Auguste Duméril">Auguste Duméril</a> erected a new genus in publishing the species as <i>Aphanacanthe reticulatus</i> in 1855 from a description authored by his countryman <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel_Bibron" title="Gabriel Bibron">Gabriel Bibron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dumeril_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumeril-6">[6]</a></sup> who had died suddenly.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy83_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy83-3">[3]</a></sup> Later Latinised to <i>Aphanacanthus</i>, it was linked to a presumed type species <i>Tetrodon reticulatus</i>, from a manuscript by Bibron. In 1959, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yseult_Le_Danois" title="Yseult Le Danois">Yseult Le Danois</a> equated this species name to <i>Tetractenos hamiltoni</i>, but New Zealand zoologist Graham Hardy later reviewed the specimens labelled as <i>T. hamiltoni</i> and found that they should be assigned to <i>T. glaber</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy83_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy83-3">[3]</a></sup> The genus name <i>Aphanacanthe</i>—not <i>Aphanacanthus</i>, as the original spelling takes priority—would have taken precedence over the current genus name <i>Tetractenos</i>. However, it is a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nomen_nudum" title="Nomen nudum">nomen nudum</a></i> as it does not provide enough detail or information to diagnose or properly describe the species,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> since Duméril had only written a (French) translation of the genus name—αφανης <i>qui nе parait pas</i>, ἃκανθα, <i>épine</i> ("with no thorns").<sup id="cite_ref-Dumeril_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumeril-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>British ichthyologist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Tate_Regan" title="Charles Tate Regan">Charles Tate Regan</a> described <i>Spheroides liosomus</i> in 1909 from specimens collected in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flinders_Island" title="Flinders Island">Flinders Island</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Phillip" title="Port Phillip">Port Phillip</a>. He noted its lack of spines compared with specimens of <i>T. hamiltonii</i>, and hence argued that it was a distinct and separate species.<sup id="cite_ref-regan09_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regan09-8">[8]</a></sup> Australian biologist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilbert_Percy_Whitley" title="Gilbert Percy Whitley">Gilbert Whitley</a> equated Regan's description with Fréminville's original naming and gave it the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Combinatio_nova" title="Combinatio nova">combination</a> <i>Spheroides glaber</i> in 1955,<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_1955_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_1955-9">[9]</a></sup> and later <i>Gastrophysus glaber</i> in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>The smooth toadfish was assigned to the genera <i>Tetrodon</i> (now <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetraodon" title="Tetraodon">Tetraodon</a></i>) and <i>Sphaeroides</i>, both of which became <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wastebasket_taxon" title="Wastebasket taxon">wastebasket taxa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy83_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy83-3">[3]</a></sup> The smooth toadfish was assigned to several other genera after it became clear that it fell outside a more restricted definition of <i>Tetr(a)odon</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-hardy83_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy83-3">[3]</a></sup> including <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torquigener" title="Torquigener">Torquigener</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Recognising that the smooth and common toadfish were distinct enough from other species to warrant their own genus and that no valid genus name existed, Hardy reassigned the two species to the new genus <i>Tetractenos</i> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy83_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy83-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Common names include smooth toadfish, smooth toado,<sup id="cite_ref-AFD_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFD-5">[5]</a></sup> slimey toadfish or smooth blowie.<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_Fish_Guide_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_Fish_Guide-12">[12]</a></sup> Along with related toadfish species, the smooth toadfish is known in Australia as a "toadie".<sup id="cite_ref-euv_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euv-13">[13]</a></sup> <i>Gaguni</i> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tharawal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharawal language">Tharawal</a> name for toadfish in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> region,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> the word recorded by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Dawes_(British_Marines_officer)" title="William Dawes (British Marines officer)">William Dawes</a> as <i>ca-gone</i> in his 1791 diaries of the Sydney language.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawes_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawes-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Smooth_toadfish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tetractenosglaber2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two fish with brown markings swim in shallow water." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tetractenosglaber2.jpg/220px-Tetractenosglaber2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tetractenosglaber2.jpg/330px-Tetractenosglaber2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tetractenosglaber2.jpg/440px-Tetractenosglaber2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption>A pair of smooth toadfish (<i>Tetractenos glaber</i>) in New South Wales waters</figcaption></figure>
<p>With a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_measurement" title="Fish measurement">total</a> adult length of anywhere from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3 to 16 cm (<span class="frac" role="math">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac" role="math">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in),<sup id="cite_ref-hardy83_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy83-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Australian_Fish_Guide_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_Fish_Guide-12">[12]</a></sup> the smooth toadfish has an elongate body with a rounded back and flattened belly. The body narrows posteriorly to the slender tail, and its fins are all elongate and rounded. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a> has 9 to 11 rays. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_fin#AnchPectoral" title="Fish fin">pectoral fin</a> has 15 to 18 rays, the first of which is very short. It arises well below the level of the eye. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_fin#AnchAnal" title="Fish fin">anal fin</a> has 7–9 rays and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_fin#AnchCaudal" title="Fish fin">caudal fin</a> has 11. The smooth toadfish has a small mouth with thin lips at its apex and a tiny chin. The round eyes are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adnate" class="extiw" title="wikt:adnate">adnate</a> (unable to rotate), their upper border level with the profile of the back and their lower border well above the mouth. In a slightly depressed area just in front of the eyes are two small nipple-shaped structures (papillae) that are the nasal organs. The openings face to the rear of the fish and are closed by flaps attached to the walls closest to the fish's midline. The first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Branchial_arch" title="Branchial arch">pharyngobranchial gill arch</a> is elongated and narrow with many tiny teeth. The smooth toadfish has tiny spines that are entirely within the skin layer; these run along its back from the nasal organs almost to the dorsal fin, and along its sides from the eye to the pectoral fine, and along its underparts from behind its mouth to its vent. The skin is smooth even when the fish is fully inflated.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy83_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy83-3">[3]</a></sup> It swallows water or air via a flap in its throat to swell itself up.<sup id="cite_ref-euv_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euv-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>The base colour of the upperparts is pale tan to yellow-green, heavily marked with irregular brown spots in a reticulated pattern, and several broad dark brown bands, including ones between the eyes, between the pectoral fins and at the level of the dorsal fin.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy83_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy83-3">[3]</a></sup> Reminiscent of a leopard's spots,<sup id="cite_ref-euv_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euv-13">[13]</a></sup> the reticulated pattern continues on the upper lateral side along the body of the fish, becoming silver-white on the lower lateral parts. The chin and belly are white. The fins have a faint yellow-orange tinge, more noticeably in the tail fin.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy83_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy83-3">[3]</a></sup> Fieldwork in Sydney waters found females to be larger and heavier than males.<sup id="cite_ref-Alquezar2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alquezar2-16">[16]</a></sup> Smooth toadfish grow <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indeterminate_growth" title="Indeterminate growth">steadily larger</a> as they grow older, with one <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">16 cm (<span class="frac" role="math">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) long individual calculated to be 13 years old from examination of its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">otoliths</a>. Their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> develop when they reach a total length of about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">7–8 cm (<span class="frac" role="math">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<span class="frac" role="math">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-Booth_1999_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth_1999-17">[17]</a></sup> The smooth toadfish can be distinguished from the otherwise similar common toadfish by its lack of spines and its larger- and bolder-patterned markings on its upperparts.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy83_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy83-3">[3]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Smooth_toadfish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The smooth toadfish is found along <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>'s eastern and southeast coast, from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moreton_Bay" title="Moreton Bay">Moreton Bay</a> in southeastern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Lincoln" title="Port Lincoln">Port Lincoln</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kangaroo_Island" title="Kangaroo Island">Kangaroo Island</a> and Tasmania.<sup id="cite_ref-AFD_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFD-5">[5]</a></sup> It is one of the most abundant fishes in the muddy areas of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Philip_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Philip Bay">Port Philip Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> It generally lives in shallow water less than 3 m (10 ft) deep,<sup id="cite_ref-hardy83_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy83-3">[3]</a></sup> often over mudflats in estuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Booth_1999_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth_1999-17">[17]</a></sup> In areas of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrass</a> beds, smooth toadfish are more commonly found in sand areas bordering on the seagrass patches.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> They are more commonly found in seagrass patches in water less than 1.5 m (5 ft) deep rather than deeper water of 3.5–6 m (11–20 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> A South Australian field study on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wrack_(seaweed)" title="Wrack (seaweed)">wrack</a> and associated fauna found that the smooth toadfish was associated with larger volumes and aggregations containing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although its movements are poorly known, tagging patterns indicate that the smooth toadfish spends most of its life cycle and reproduces in estuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Booth_1999_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth_1999-17">[17]</a></sup> It can venture well into freshwater past <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish</a> areas. In 1964 a school of toadfish were found in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lang_Lang_River" title="Lang Lang River">Lang Lang River</a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Gippsland_Highway" title="South Gippsland Highway">South Gippsland Highway</a>—34 km (21 mi) from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Port" title="Western Port">Western Port</a> Bay and well beyond tidal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Conservation">Conservation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Smooth_toadfish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Its large range, abundance and stable population mean the smooth toadfish is classified as <i>Least Concern</i> on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>. Although no decline in numbers has been recorded, the effects of disappearance of its habitat—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a> and seagrass beds—is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1">[1]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Breeding">Breeding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Smooth_toadfish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The breeding habits of estuary-dwelling pufferfish have been little researched in general.<sup id="cite_ref-Mat_Piah_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mat_Piah-23">[23]</a></sup> Fieldwork in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawkesbury_River" title="Hawkesbury River">Hawkesbury River</a> and tributaries north of Sydney found that the smooth toadfish breeds between April and July, building up fat stores in its liver from February to April beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-Booth_1999_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth_1999-17">[17]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Feeding">Feeding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Smooth_toadfish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tetractenos_glaber.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A brown spotted fish swims in shallow water seen from above." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tetractenos_glaber.JPG/220px-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tetractenos_glaber.JPG/330px-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tetractenos_glaber.JPG/440px-Tetractenos_glaber.JPG 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>View from above, showing pattern on back (dorsum)</figcaption></figure>
<p>The smooth toadfish has strong jaws that readily crush <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> and crustaceans. It feeds predominantly on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthic</a> (bottom-dwelling) organisms in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" title="Substrate (marine biology)">substrate</a> of the bodies of water in which it forages.<sup id="cite_ref-Booth_1999_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth_1999-17">[17]</a></sup> Its diet includes molluscs such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_mussel" title="Black mussel">black mussels</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plebidonax_deltoides" title="Plebidonax deltoides">pipis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Alquezar2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alquezar2-16">[16]</a></sup> white sunset shells (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soletellina_alba" title="Soletellina alba">Soletellina alba</a></i>) and oysters (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crassostrea" title="Crassostrea">Crassostrea</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Booth_1999_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth_1999-17">[17]</a></sup> crustaceans such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heloecius" title="Heloecius">semaphore crabs</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">brown algae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alquezar2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alquezar2-16">[16]</a></sup> The proportions of crustaceans to molluscs can vary widely depending on the abundance of food items; hence in a 1999 field study, the soldier crab (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mictyris_longicarpus" title="Mictyris longicarpus">Mictyris longicarpus</a></i>) predominated in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cowan_Creek" title="Cowan Creek">Cowan Creek</a> while the black mussel did so in nearby <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berowra_Creek" title="Berowra Creek">Berowra Creek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Booth_1999_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth_1999-17">[17]</a></sup> Field experiments showed it was a consumer of oysters and the gastropod <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bembicium_auratum" title="Bembicium auratum">Bembicium auratum</a></i>, and had a major impact on their numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Because it is a common <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estuarine_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuarine fish">estuarine fish</a>, it has been used in studies of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metal</a> contamination in coastal waters. Fish tested around Sydney showed uptake was highest in the gonads, then muscle, gills and liver. It is unclear why metal concentrations were lower in toadfish livers (compared with studies of contamination in other fish) but their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte">liver cells</a> may be more effective at removing these elements. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> levels corresponded with those in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> from which the fish were taken, suggesting dietary intake. The gonads of male fish had twenty times as much <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> as those of females, while the gills of female fish contained thirty times as much lead as those of males. Raised levels of arsenic, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, cadmium and lead in gills suggested the fish absorbed these from the surrounding water.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> An experiment exposing smooth toadfish to radioactive cadmium and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> in either food or water found that cadmium in food was taken up in and excreted by the liver, while cadmium in water was taken up in the gut lining and excreted in liver, gills and kidney, indicating the fish were consuming a lot of water. Selenium was taken up in the gills, kidneys and liver regardless of whether it was in food or water.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> Fieldwork in Sydney waterways showed that higher arsenic, lead, cadmium and cobalt corresponded with decreased <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> levels in liver and gonadal tissue, and raised cobalt and nickel correspond to increased protein levels in muscle, liver and gonadal tissue. Raised lead levels were consistent with smaller egg size.<sup id="cite_ref-Alquezar2_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alquezar2-16">[16]</a></sup> A study of asymmetry of fish bones in smooth toadfish in various parts of Sydney and Hawkesbury River estuaries showed a relationship between exposure to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochloride">organochlorine</a> pesticides but not heavy metals, indicating the finding may correlate to stress from organic toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Toxicity">Toxicity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Smooth_toadfish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Notorious for taking bait from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">fish hooks</a>, the smooth toadfish is an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">unwanted catch</a> for anglers as its flesh is highly poisonous and unfit for human consumption. Its lack of spines makes it easier to handle than other toadfish when it inflates itself after being caught.<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_Fish_Guide_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_Fish_Guide-12">[12]</a></sup> Its toxicity had been reported by local Aboriginal people in Sydney to William Dawes in the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawes_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawes-15">[15]</a></sup> A man named John Buff was fatally poisoned after catching and eating toadfish in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duck_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Duck River (New South Wales)">Duck River</a> in 1821 near Parramatta; his case and subsequent coroner's inquest were published in the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sydney_Gazette" title="Sydney Gazette">Sydney Gazette</a></i>. The smooth toadfish was responsible for the deaths of the wife and two children of Captain Bell of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Town,_Tasmania" title="New Town, Tasmania">New Town</a> near Hobart in a widely publicised case in March 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_1955_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_1955-9">[9]</a></sup> Colonial surgeon James Scott wrote,
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The melancholy and dreadful effect produced by eating it was lately instanced in the neighbourhood of Hobart town ... The poison is of a powerful sedative nature, producing stupor, loss of speech, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deglutition" class="mw-redirect" title="Deglutition">deglutition</a>, vision and the power of the voluntary muscles, and ultimately an entire deprivation of nervous power and death.<sup id="cite_ref-scott1833_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott1833-28">[28]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>An inquest into the deaths took place on 29 March 1831. The family's three servants, one of whom appeared to have been poisoned as well and was ill, were placed in custody separately to stop them communicating with each other while the investigation proceeded.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> The jury replicated the effects by feeding the fish to (and poisoning) two cats.<sup id="cite_ref-scott1833_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott1833-28">[28]</a></sup> The jury learnt that the servant, Speed, had caught the 20 or so fish and taken them home to eat. A neighbour called out to him not to eat the fish as they were "no good", but he took it as a joke. The inquest concluded with a finding of accidental death, with some deliberation over whether Speed should have been charged with manslaughter or even murder after hearing the warning.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> Warnings about toadfish were subsequently issued.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_1955_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_1955-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Its toxicity is due to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">tetrodotoxin</a>, which is concentrated particularly in the liver, ovaries, intestines and skin.<sup id="cite_ref-isbister02_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbister02-31">[31]</a></sup> Many species of pufferfish bear this toxin, obtaining it from tetrodotoxin-containing bacteria in their diet.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Eating the fish can have fatal consequences. The symptoms of poisoning, which are predominantly neurological, include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, in addition to numbness and/or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">paraesthesia</a> (tingling) around the mouth, lips, and limb extremities.<sup id="cite_ref-isbister02_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbister02-31">[31]</a></sup> Cases of pets being poisoned have occurred when the fish have been left where they can eat them.<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_Fish_Guide_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_Fish_Guide-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Smooth_toadfish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFShao,_K.Liu,_M.Larson,_H.Harwell,_H.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shao, K.; Liu, M.; Larson, H.; Harwell, H.; Leis, J.L.; Matsuura, K. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/193661/2255857">"<i>Tetractenos glaber</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2014</b>: e.T193661A2255857. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T193661A2255857.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T193661A2255857.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Tetractenos+glaber&rft.volume=2014&rft.pages=e.T193661A2255857&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T193661A2255857.en&rft.au=Shao%2C+K.&rft.au=Liu%2C+M.&rft.au=Larson%2C+H.&rft.au=Harwell%2C+H.&rft.au=Leis%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Matsuura%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F193661%2F2255857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFde_Fréminville1813" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Fréminville, Christophe-Paulin de La Poix (1813). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31775954">"Description de Quelques Nouvelles Espèces des Poissons de l'ordre des Branchiosteges"</a>. <i>Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, Par la Société Philomatique de Paris</i> (in French). <b>3</b> (67): 249–53 [251, pl. 4(4)].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nouveau+Bulletin+des+Sciences%2C+Par+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Philomatique+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Description+de+Quelques+Nouvelles+Esp%C3%A8ces+des+Poissons+de+l%27ordre+des+Branchiosteges&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=67&rft.pages=249-53+251%2C+pl.+4%284%29&rft.date=1813&rft.aulast=de+Fr%C3%A9minville&rft.aufirst=Christophe-Paulin+de+La+Poix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F31775954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-hardy83-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hardy83_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy83_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy83_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy83_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy83_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy83_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy83_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy83_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy83_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy83_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy83_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy83_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy83_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHardy,_Graham_S.1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hardy, Graham S. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03036758.1983.10415335">"Revision of Australian species of <i>Torquigener</i> Whitley (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae), and Two New Generic Names for Australian Puffer Fishes"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand</i>. <b>13</b> (1/2): 1–48 [9–11]. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JRSNZ..13....1H">1983JRSNZ..13....1H</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03036758.1983.10415335">10.1080/03036758.1983.10415335</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Revision+of+Australian+species+of+Torquigener+Whitley+%28Tetraodontiformes%3A+Tetraodontidae%29%2C+and+Two+New+Generic+Names+for+Australian+Puffer+Fishes&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=1-48+9-11&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03036758.1983.10415335&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983JRSNZ..13....1H&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Graham+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03036758.1983.10415335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Cassell79-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cassell79_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1979" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, D.P. (1979). <i>Cassell's Latin Dictionary</i> (5th ed.). London, United Kingdom: Cassell Ltd. p. 265. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-52257-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-52257-6"><bdi>978-0-304-52257-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Latin+Dictionary&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=265&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Cassell+Ltd.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-304-52257-6&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=D.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AFD-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFD_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFD_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFD_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Biological_Resources_Study2010" class="citation web cs1">Australian Biological Resources Study (12 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402203135/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Tetractenos_glaber">"Species <i>Tetractenos glaber</i> (Fréminville, 1813)"</a>. <i>Australian Faunal Directory</i>. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Tetractenos_glaber">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Faunal+Directory&rft.atitle=Species+Tetractenos+glaber+%28Fr%C3%A9minville%2C+1813%29&rft.date=2010-02-12&rft.au=Australian+Biological+Resources+Study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fbiodiversity%2Fabrs%2Fonline-resources%2Ffauna%2Fafd%2Ftaxa%2FTetractenos_glaber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Dumeril-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dumeril_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumeril_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBibronDuméril1855" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bibron, Gabriel; Duméril, Auguste Henri André (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2281141">"Note sur un Travail Inédit de Bibron Relatif aux Poissons Plectognathes Gymnodontes (Diodons et Tétrodons)"</a>. <i>Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Paris)</i> (in French). <b>7</b>: 274–82 [278].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+et+Magasin+de+Zoologie+%28Paris%29&rft.atitle=Note+sur+un+Travail+In%C3%A9dit+de+Bibron+Relatif+aux+Poissons+Plectognathes+Gymnodontes+%28Diodons+et+T%C3%A9trodons%29&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=274-82+278&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Bibron&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft.au=Dum%C3%A9ril%2C+Auguste+Henri+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F2281141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKottelat2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kottelat, Maurice (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228487561">"Nomenclatural Status of Names of Tetraodontiform Fishes Based on Bibron's Unpublished Work"</a>. <i>Zoosystema</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 605–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoosystema&rft.atitle=Nomenclatural+Status+of+Names+of+Tetraodontiform+Fishes+Based+on+Bibron%27s+Unpublished+Work&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=605-18&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kottelat&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F228487561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-regan09-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regan09_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRegan,_Charles_Tate1909" class="citation journal cs1">Regan, Charles Tate (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22097818">"Descriptions of New Marine Fishes from Australia and the Pacific"</a>. <i>Annals and Magazine of Natural History</i>. 8. <b>4</b> (51): 438–40 [439]. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00222930908692695">10.1080/00222930908692695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+and+Magazine+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Descriptions+of+New+Marine+Fishes+from+Australia+and+the+Pacific&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=438-40+439&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00222930908692695&rft.au=Regan%2C+Charles+Tate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F22097818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Whitley_1955-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_1955_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_1955_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_1955_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWhitley1955" class="citation journal cs1">Whitley, Gilbert Percy (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australianmuseum.net.au/uploads/documents/30344/ams368_v11-2_lowres.pdf">"Toadfish Poisoning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australian Museum Magazine</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 60–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Museum+Magazine&rft.atitle=Toadfish+Poisoning&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=60-65&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Whitley&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+Percy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustralianmuseum.net.au%2Fuploads%2Fdocuments%2F30344%2Fams368_v11-2_lowres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWhitley1964" class="citation journal cs1">Whitley, Gilbert Percy (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34904289">"A Survey of Australian Ichthyology"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales</i>. <b>89</b> (1): 11–127 [59].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Linnean+Society+of+New+South+Wales&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Australian+Ichthyology&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-127+59&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Whitley&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F34904289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGreen,_Sarah_L.1984" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Sarah L. (1984). "Ultrastructure and Innervation of the Swimbladder of <i>Tetractenos glaber</i> (Tetraodontidae)". <i>Cell and Tissue Research</i>. <b>237</b> (2): 277–84. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00217146">10.1007/BF00217146</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6478495">6478495</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2581985">2581985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+and+Tissue+Research&rft.atitle=Ultrastructure+and+Innervation+of+the+Swimbladder+of+Tetractenos+glaber+%28Tetraodontidae%29&rft.volume=237&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=277-84&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2581985%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6478495&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00217146&rft.au=Green%2C+Sarah+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Australian_Fish_Guide-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_Fish_Guide_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_Fish_Guide_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_Fish_Guide_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_Fish_Guide_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFProkop,_Francis_BernardHawkins,_TrevorWilson,_Geoff2006" class="citation book cs1">Prokop, Francis Bernard; Hawkins, Trevor; Wilson, Geoff (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JmN0rfM0V4IC&q=Smooth+toadfish+glaber&pg=PT141"><i>Australian Fish Guide</i></a>. Croydon, Victoria: Australian Fishing Network. p. 139. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86513-107-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86513-107-8"><bdi>978-1-86513-107-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Fish+Guide&rft.place=Croydon%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Australian+Fishing+Network&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86513-107-8&rft.au=Prokop%2C+Francis+Bernard&rft.au=Hawkins%2C+Trevor&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJmN0rfM0V4IC%26q%3DSmooth%2Btoadfish%2Bglaber%26pg%3DPT141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-euv-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-euv_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-euv_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-euv_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFVictorian_National_Parks_Association_(VNPA)2015" class="citation web cs1">Victorian National Parks Association (VNPA) (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploreunderwatervictoria.org.au/assets/Uploads/backgrounders/Smooth-Toadfish.pdf">"Smooth Toadfish <i>Tetractenos glaber</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Explore Underwater Victoria</i>. VNPA and Museum Victoria<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Explore+Underwater+Victoria&rft.atitle=Smooth+Toadfish+Tetractenos+glaber&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Victorian+National+Parks+Association+%28VNPA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploreunderwatervictoria.org.au%2Fassets%2FUploads%2Fbackgrounders%2FSmooth-Toadfish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFThieberger,_NickMcGregor,_William1994" class="citation book cs1">Thieberger, Nick; McGregor, William (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macquarieaborigi00thie/page/70"><i>Macquarie Aboriginal Words: A Dictionary of Words from Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages</i></a>. Sydney, New South Wales: Macquarie Library. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macquarieaborigi00thie/page/70">70, 437</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-949757-79-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-949757-79-1"><bdi>978-0-949757-79-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macquarie+Aboriginal+Words%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Words+from+Australian+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Languages&rft.place=Sydney%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pages=70%2C+437&rft.pub=Macquarie+Library&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-949757-79-1&rft.au=Thieberger%2C+Nick&rft.au=McGregor%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacquarieaborigi00thie%2Fpage%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Dawes-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawes_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawes_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDawes1791" class="citation web cs1">Dawes, William (1791). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.williamdawes.org/ms/msview.php?image-id=book-c-page-11">"Book C, Page 11"</a>. <i>The Notebooks of William Dawes on the Aboriginal Language of Sydney</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Notebooks+of+William+Dawes+on+the+Aboriginal+Language+of+Sydney&rft.atitle=Book+C%2C+Page+11&rft.date=1791&rft.aulast=Dawes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.williamdawes.org%2Fms%2Fmsview.php%3Fimage-id%3Dbook-c-page-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Alquezar2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alquezar2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alquezar2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alquezar2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alquezar2_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAlquezar,_RalphMarkich,_Scott_J.Booth,_David_J.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Alquezar, Ralph; Markich, Scott J.; Booth, David J. (2006). "Effects of Metals on Condition and Reproductive Output of the Smooth Toadfish in Sydney Estuaries, South-eastern Australia". <i>Environmental Pollution</i>. <b>142</b> (1): 116–22. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2005.09.009">10.1016/j.envpol.2005.09.009</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16297513">16297513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Pollution&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Metals+on+Condition+and+Reproductive+Output+of+the+Smooth+Toadfish+in+Sydney+Estuaries%2C+South-eastern+Australia&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=116-22&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2005.09.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16297513&rft.au=Alquezar%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Markich%2C+Scott+J.&rft.au=Booth%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Booth_1999-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Booth_1999_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booth_1999_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booth_1999_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booth_1999_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booth_1999_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booth_1999_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Booth_1999_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBooth,_David_J.Schultz,_D.L.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Booth, David J.; Schultz, D.L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34941872">"Seasonal Ecology, Condition and Reproductive Patterns of the Smooth Toadfish <i>Tetractenos glaber</i> (Freminville) in the Hawkesbury Estuarine System, Australia"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales</i>. <b>121</b>: 71–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Linnean+Society+of+New+South+Wales&rft.atitle=Seasonal+Ecology%2C+Condition+and+Reproductive+Patterns+of+the+Smooth+Toadfish+Tetractenos+glaber+%28Freminville%29+in+the+Hawkesbury+Estuarine+System%2C+Australia&rft.volume=121&rft.pages=71-84&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Booth%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Schultz%2C+D.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F34941872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article8645768?searchTerm=(cat%20OR%20fish)%20NOT%20dog&searchLimits=l-decade=183%7C%7C%7Cl-year=1831">"Resumed Coroner's Inquest"</a>. <i>Colonial Times</i>. 8 April 1831<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colonial+Times&rft.atitle=Resumed+Coroner%27s+Inquest&rft.date=1831-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article8645768%3FsearchTerm%3D%28cat%2520OR%2520fish%29%2520NOT%2520dog%26searchLimits%3Dl-decade%3D183%257C%257C%257Cl-year%3D1831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-isbister02-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbister02_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbister02_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFIsbister,_Geoffrey_KSon,_JulieWang,_FrankMaclean,_Catriona_J.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Isbister, Geoffrey K; Son, Julie; Wang, Frank; Maclean, Catriona J.; Lin, Cindy S.-Y.; Ujma, Josef; Balit, Corrine R.; Smith, Brendon; Milder, D.G.; Kiernan, Matthew C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_11_021202/isb10423_fm.html">"Puffer Fish Poisoning: a Potentially Life-threatening Condition"</a>. <i>Medical Journal of Australia</i>. <b>177</b> (11): 650–53. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2002.tb04999.x">10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04999.x</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12463990">12463990</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14468659">14468659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Journal+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Puffer+Fish+Poisoning%3A+a+Potentially+Life-threatening+Condition&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=650-53&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14468659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12463990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2002.tb04999.x&rft.au=Isbister%2C+Geoffrey+K&rft.au=Son%2C+Julie&rft.au=Wang%2C+Frank&rft.au=Maclean%2C+Catriona+J.&rft.au=Lin%2C+Cindy+S.-Y.&rft.au=Ujma%2C+Josef&rft.au=Balit%2C+Corrine+R.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Brendon&rft.au=Milder%2C+D.G.&rft.au=Kiernan%2C+Matthew+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mja.com.au%2Fpublic%2Fissues%2F177_11_021202%2Fisb10423_fm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNoguchiArakawa2008" class="citation journal cs1">Noguchi, Tamao; Arakawa, Osamu (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2525488">"Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication"</a>. <i>Marine Drugs</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 220–42. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmd20080011">10.3390/md20080011</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2525488">2525488</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18728726">18728726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Drugs&rft.atitle=Tetrodotoxin+%E2%80%93+Distribution+and+Accumulation+in+Aquatic+Organisms%2C+and+Cases+of+Human+Intoxication&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=220-42&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2525488%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18728726&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmd20080011&rft.aulast=Noguchi&rft.aufirst=Tamao&rft.au=Arakawa%2C+Osamu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2525488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmooth+toadfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Smooth_toadfish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tetractenos_glaber" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tetractenos glaber"><i>Tetractenos glaber</i></a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>
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href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" 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<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2180766" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2180766">Q2180766</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tetractenos_glaber" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tetractenos glaber">Tetractenos glaber</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Tetractenos_glaber">Tetractenos_glaber</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=140884">140884</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7C388">7C388</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/52455">52455</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2407627">2407627</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/311414">311414</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10652876">10652876</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=646369">646369</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/enwiki/api/v3/taxonredirect/193661">193661</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=303746">303746</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/282944">282944</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=282944">282944</a></span></span></li></ul>
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