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'{{Short description|Chinese attack helicopter}} <!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. --> {|{{Infobox aircraft begin | name = Z-10 | image = File:PLAAF Changhe WZ-10 - Jordan.jpg | caption = A Z-10 displaying at the 2012 [[China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition]]. }}{{Infobox aircraft type | type = [[Attack helicopter]] | manufacturer = [[Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation]] (CAIC) | unit cost = US$ 17 million <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://stateofguns.com/caic-z-10-attack-helicopter-1454/#.V60MdPkrJQI |title=CAIC Z-10 Attack Helicopter |date=22 May 2014 |access-date=2016-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812173655/http://stateofguns.com/caic-z-10-attack-helicopter-1454/#.V60MdPkrJQI |archive-date=2016-08-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> | design group = [[Kamov]]<ref name="kamovfg">{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/heli-expo-chinese-wz-10-attack-helicopter-based-on-kamov-383147/ |title=HELI-EXPO: Chinese WZ-10 attack helicopter based on Kamov design |last=Majumdar |first=Dave |date=7 Mar 2013 |website=Flight Global |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625214154/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/heli-expo-chinese-wz-10-attack-helicopter-based-on-kamov-383147/ |archive-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="kamovaio">{{cite web |url=http://www.ainonlwzzsj10bine.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2013-03-15/kamov-reveals-involvement-chinas-z-10-attack-helicopter |title=Kamov Reveals Involvement in China's Z-10 Attack Helicopter |last=Donald |first=David |date=15 March 2013 |website=AIN Online |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706124936/http://ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2013-03-15/kamov-reveals-involvement-chinas-z-10-attack-helicopter |archive-date=6 July 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="kamovavw">{{cite web |url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/russian-roots-revealed-chinas-z-10 |title=Russian Roots Revealed In China's Z-10 |date=7 Mar 2013 |website=Aviation Week |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215126/http://aviationweek.com/defense/russian-roots-revealed-chinas-z-10 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="kamovbi">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Chinas-Cutting-Edge-Attack-Helicopter-Is-Actually-A-Russian-Design/articleshow/21282170.cms |title=China's Cutting-Edge Attack Helicopter Is Actually A Russian Design |last=Ingersoll |first=Geoffrey |date=8 Mar 2013 |website=Business Insider |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185817/http://www.businessinsider.in/Chinas-Cutting-Edge-Attack-Helicopter-Is-Actually-A-Russian-Design/articleshow/21282170.cms |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | first flight = 29 April 2003 | introduced = December 2012 | retired = | status = In service<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/02/chinas-1st-attack-helo-goes-op.html|title=China's 1st attack helo goes operational? - The DEW Line|work=The DEW Line|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105023213/http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/02/chinas-1st-attack-helo-goes-op.html|archive-date=5 November 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | primary user = [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force]] <br> [[Pakistan Army Aviation Corps]] | produced = 2003-present | number built = | developed from = | variants with their own articles = }} |} The '''Changhe Z-10''' ({{lang-zh|直-10}}, "helicopter-10") is a Chinese medium [[attack helicopter]] developed for the [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force]]. It is designed primarily for [[anti-tank warfare]] missions but has secondary [[air-to-air combat]] capability as well. Initiated by chief designer Wu Ximing, the project had early [[Russia|Russian]] involvement with [[Kamov]] Design Bureau of Russia under a contract with the Chinese government, but the collaboration was abruptly stopped due to fundamental design philosophy disagreements. The Chinese designers and their customer, the [[People's Liberation Army General Armaments Department|PLA General Armaments Department]], preferred a lighter-weight, more agile [[airframe]] with less emphasis on armor. The helicopter was further developed by [[Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation]] (CAIC) and is locally manufactured.<ref name="kamovfg"/><ref name="kamovaio"/><ref name="kamovavw"/><ref name="kamovbi"/> Nicknames of characters in the Chinese classic novel ''[[Water Margin]]'' have been used to name Z-10 and its light-weight counterpart, the [[Harbin Z-19]]: Z-10 is called '''Fierce Thunderbolt''' (Pi Li Huo, 霹雳火), the nickname of [[Qin Ming]], while Z-19 is called '''Black Whirlwind''' (Hei Xuan Feng, 黑旋风), the nickname of [[Li Kui (Water Margin)|Li Kui]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.qq.com/a/20121115/001407.htm|title=直10直19绰号"霹雳火""黑旋风"取自水浒传|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113180143/http://news.qq.com/a/20121115/001407.htm|archive-date=13 November 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.s1979.com/news/china/201211/1261665612.shtml|title=官方公布武直10及武直19名称：霹雳火与黑旋风|author=Copyright@中国时刻网、深圳广播电影电视集团|access-date=4 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016013001/http://www.s1979.com/news/china/201211/1261665612.shtml|archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> In September 2016, the PLA announced that all of its [[army aviation]] units had been equipped with the Z-10.<ref>[http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2016/september/2908-wz-10-attack-helicopter-now-deployed-in-all-pla-aviation-units.html WZ-10 attack helicopter now deployed in all PLA aviation units] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220063745/http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2016/september/2908-wz-10-attack-helicopter-now-deployed-in-all-pla-aviation-units.html |date=2016-12-20 }} - Airrecognition.com, 8 September 2016</ref> ==Development and history== {{More citations needed|section|date=July 2011}} ===Early exploration=== In 1979, the Chinese military studied the problem of countering large armour formations. It concluded that the best [[Conventional warfare|conventional]] solution was to use [[attack helicopter]]s. Eight [[Aérospatiale Gazelle]] armed with [[Euromissile HOT]] were procured for evaluation. By the mid-1980s, the Chinese decided a dedicated attack [[helicopter]] was required. At the time, they used civilian helicopters converted for the military; these were no longer adequate in the attack role, and suitable only as scouts. Following this, [[China]] evaluated the [[Agusta A129 Mangusta]], and in 1988 secured an agreement with the [[United States]] to purchase [[AH-1 Cobra]]s and a license to produce [[BGM-71 TOW]] missiles; the latter was cancelled following the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]] and the resulting arms embargo. The [[colour revolution]]s prevented the purchase of attack helicopters from [[Eastern Europe]] in 1990 and 1991; [[Bulgaria]] and Russia rejected Chinese offers to purchase the [[Mil Mi-24]]. While attempting to import foreign designs failed, war games determined that attack helicopters had to be commanded by the army, rather than the air force. This led to the formation of the [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force#People's Liberation Army Ground Force Aircraft|People's Liberation Army Ground Force Air Force]] (PLAGFAF), with an initial strength of 9 [[Harbin Z-9]]. The PLAGFAF conducted tactical experiments that would help define the future Z-10's requirements. Research also decided that [[anti-tank missile]]s like the [[BGM-71 TOW]] were inadequate, and favoured an analogue to the [[AGM-114 Hellfire]]. These findings ensured the Z-10 would be based around the new missile. ===Medium helicopter program=== The [[Gulf War]] highlighted the urgent need for attack helicopters, and revalidated the assessment that a purpose-built design was needed. At the time, the Chinese military depended on armed [[utility helicopter]]s such as the [[Changhe Z-11]] and [[Harbin Z-9]]. Also, it demonstrated that the new attack helicopter would need to be able to defend itself against other helicopters and aircraft. The military perceived that once the new attack helicopter entered service, the existing helicopters would be used as scouts. The Attack Helicopter Developmental Work Team (武装直升机开发工作小组) was formed to develop a new medium helicopter design, as opposed to basing the new design on the light helicopters then in service. The [[602nd Special Operations Squadron|602nd]] and 608th Research Institutes started development of the 6-ton class China Medium Helicopter (CHM) program<ref>Hewson, Robert, "China’s Z-10 helicopter built on Western expertise", Jane’s Defence Weekly, 13 April 2005</ref> in 1994. A secret contract was signed with the [[Kamov]] Design Bureau of [[Russia]] to design and verify the helicopter airframe and propulsion.<ref name="kamovfg" /><ref name="kamovaio" /><ref name="kamovavw"/><ref name="kamovbi"/> The program was promoted as a civilian project, and was able to secure significant Western technical assistance, such as from [[Eurocopter]] (rotor installation design consultancy), [[Pratt & Whitney]] Canada (PT6C turboshaft engine), and [[Agusta Westland]] (transmission).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mil.qianlong.com/4919/2006/07/28/2420@3335046.htm|title=Jane's Helicopter Markets & Systems|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228140337/http://mil.qianlong.com/4919/2006/07/28/2420%403335046.htm|archive-date=2006-12-28}}</ref> The Chinese concentrated on areas where it could not obtain foreign help. ===Attack helicopter program=== [[Pratt & Whitney]], alongside [[Hamilton Sundstrand]] divisions of the [[United Technologies Corporation]], unlawfully transported and provided US military technology into this program. In an effort to maintain profits, they conspired to cover up these facts. They were found guilty of these charges in June 2012. Several of the charges were deferred adjudications.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/united-technologies-subsidiary-pleads-guilty-criminal-charges-helping-china-develop-new |title = United Technologies, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand Corporations Also Agree to Pay More Than $75 Million to U.S. Government |publisher = [[United States Department of Justice]] |date = 28 June 2012}}</ref> In 1998, the 602nd Research Institute proposed to either separate the armed helicopter program from the medium helicopter program, or devote all resources to the armed helicopter program. The 602nd Research Institute called its proposed armed helicopter design the Z-10 ({{Zh|c=直-10|s=|t=|p=|l=helicopter-10|labels=}}). As a result, most of the resources went to the Z-10, although the medium helicopter program continued with reduced priority; the medium helicopter could continue to develop technology used by both military and civilian aircraft. The Z-10 program was called the Special Armed Project (专武工程), a short form for Special Use Armed Helicopter Project (专用武装直升机工程). Development was kept under stricter secrecy than the [[Chengdu J-10]] fighter. Nearly [[Renminbi|¥]] 4 billion was initially invested and the Z-10 became one of the most important programs begun in the [[Five-Year Plans of China#The Ninth Five-Year Plan, 1996-2000|9th 5-yr plan]]. Publicly, the 602nd Research Institute was assigned as the chief designer to promote the illusion of it being a domestically developed attack helicopter, while [[Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation]] (HAMC) of [[China Aviation Industry Corporation II]] (AVIC II) was assigned as the primary manufacturer. Nearly four dozen other establishments participated in the program. In the summer of 1999, [[China Aviation Industry Corporation II|AVIC II]] began to use a [[CAMC Z-8]] to test newly developed Z-10 sub-systems. In autumn of the same year, a [[Harbin Z-9]] was added to the test aircraft inventory. These tests concentrated on sub-systems such as the fire-control systems, [[HOTAS|HOTAS controls]], and navigation systems. South [[Africa]] provided limited help in the area of flight stability, based on experience from designing the [[Denel Rooivalk]]. South African assistance ceased in 2001. ===New manufacturer=== In 2000, the Chinese again attempted to obtain a Russian attack helicopter, but the deal for the [[Kamov Ka-50]] fell apart just as the [[Mil Mi-28]] deal several years earlier. The repeated failures in obtaining foreign attack helicopters reinforced feelings that China had no choice but to ignore foreign options and develop its own such aircraft, and work on the Z-10 accelerated. In the same year, [[Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation|HAMC]] transferred most of its production responsibilities to [[Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation|CAIC]] of [[China Aviation Industry Corporation II|AVIC II]]. The official reason given was excessive workload; HAMC was busy producing the [[Eurocopter EC120#Variants|HC120]] and [[Harbin Z-9]], as well as other fixed-wing aircraft such as the [[Harbin Y-12]], and thus was stretched to the limit. However, many speculated that HAMC was not performing well enough due to rigid and ineffective Soviet-style management practices, believed to have caused the company to go into debt. Although HAMC was in the process of reform, which finally succeeded, the government and military were weary and impatient. The SH-5 factory had become very profitable after its successful restructuring and reform, but it had to get out of the aircraft manufacturing business for good, manufacturing pressurized tanks and other specialized containers. It was decided that the Z-10 program was too important to be run by HAMC, so a more stable contractor was sought and [[Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation|CAIC]] was selected. HAMC still retained responsibility for production of certain sub-systems and components, for which it could utilize experience gained from manufacturing parts for foreign helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft such as the [[Embraer ERJ 145 family]]. In May 2002, the Z-10 tail rotor and some other components were tested on the ground by the 602nd Research Institute. In April 2003, a Z-10 prototype completed its maiden flight at Lumeng (吕蒙) airfield, the airfield having been assigned to [[Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation|CAIC]] for such use. According to Chinese sources, the initial test flights were concluded on December 17, 2003, whereas according to other sources they were completed nine months earlier, in March 2003. According to [[Jane's Information Group]], a total of 3 prototypes had completed over 400 hours of test flights by this time. By 2004, 3 more prototypes were built, for a total of 6, and a second stage of test flights were concluded on December 15, 2004. In one of the test flights, the future commander-in-chief of the [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force]] Air Force (PLAGAF), Song Xiangsheng (宋湘生), was on board the prototype. A third stage of intensive test flights followed, taking place during both day and night. By January 2006, weaponry and sensor tests, including firing of live ammunition, were taking place. Prototypes and a small number of pre-production aircraft are in service with the Chinese military for evaluation. The design is undergoing continuous minor modifications and upgrades based on the feedback. ===Amphibious role=== In March 2014, the PLA released pictures of a Z-10 helicopter conducting deck trials with a [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] [[Type 072A-class landing ship]]. The purpose may be to qualify the helicopter on ships to provide air support for landing parties launched from the ship. Type 072A-class ships have a helipad but no hangar or support facilities for the aircraft on board. The Z-10 may also be qualified on the larger [[Type 071 amphibious transport dock]].<ref>[http://navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1663 Chinese Army Z-10 Attack Helicopter conducts trials at sea with Navy Type 072A Landing Ship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323194519/http://navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1663 |date=2014-03-23 }} - Navyrecognition.com, 23 March 2014</ref> ==Design== {{More citations needed|section|date=July 2011}} [[File:Changhe WZ-10.jpg|thumb|Changhe Z-10]] The [[Kamov]] design bureau was contracted to perform the development work under a secret contract. Kamov worked with the Chinese to establish base specifications, such as weight, speed, and payload capacity, after which they had full freedom to design the helicopter. Kamov designed, tested, and verified an early stage of helicopter design, after which it was provided to the Chinese team and was substantially modified. Although the earliest stage of the design was made in Russia, the prototype construction, flight testing, and further development was performed by the Chinese.<ref name="kamovfg" /><ref name="kamovaio" /><ref name="kamovavw"/><ref name="kamovbi"/> === Flight instrumentation === There are two configurations of the flight instrumentation for Z-10, one developed from a similar foreign system (rumored to be French), and the other one indigenously-developed, and both configurations share the same holographic [[head-up display|heads-up display]]. The difference in layout between the two configurations is that in one configuration, there are three color [[liquid crystal display|LCD]] [[multi-function display]]s (MFD), while in the other, these are replaced by two larger LCD MFDs. It's not clear which one originated from the foreign system and which is indigenously developed, but it's reported that the practice of having different configurations, thanks to the modular design, is for export purposes, to fit the potential customer countries’ pilots’ habits. However, in early 2018, it was revealed that the 2-piece MFD version was the one selected to enter service.<ref name=wzzsj10ybp>{{cite web |url=https://item.btime.com/m_991adededa64affe8 |title=见过武直-10座舱内部吗？曝光一下超乎你的想象啊！ |access-date=February 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182306/https://item.btime.com/m_991adededa64affe8 |archive-date=January 15, 2019 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> ===Mission-related avionics=== [[File:WZ-10 at Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution.jpg|thumb|Z-10 at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution]] ====Electro-optics==== One of the two primary fire control systems (FCS) is the [[electro-optics|electro-optical]] (optronics) system, which utilizes experience gained from earlier manufacturing of similar French and Israeli systems, combining the best of the two, but only hardware wise. The software is completely indigenously developed by China. The optronics FCS is manufactured by the 218th Factory of [[Norinco|China North Industries Group Corp]], later reformed as China North Industries Group Corporation Electro-Opticals Science & Technology Ltd. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20081208014033/http://www.zbgd.net.cn/zh/index.html 中兵光电科技股份有限公司].) ====Helmet-mounted targeting and night vision==== In addition to the millimeter wave fire control radar and optronic FCS, the pilot of the Z-10 has another FCS, the helmet mounted sight (HMS) designed by the 613th Research Institute. The HMS is standard for the Z-10. The HMS is based on the earlier HMS used on the [[Harbin Z-9|Z-9W]], which was first shown at the 5th [[Zhuhai Airshow]] held in 2004. At the 7th Zhuhai Airshow held in 2008, the developer confirmed that the HMS is fully integrated into the FCS and the onboard navigational systems.<ref name=wzzsj10tkmzj/> Navigational information can be displayed on the MFD, pilots can also fly the Z-10 in a 'hands-on' manner, including at night using HMS-compatible [[Night vision device|night vision goggles (NVG)]] similar to the French TopOwl HMS used on the [[Eurocopter Tiger]]. The Chinese HMS can control both air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles, other unguided weapons, as well as providing navigational info.<ref name=wzzsj10tkmzj>{{cite web |url=https://new.qq.com/omn/20180424/20180424A0KLEJ.html |title=直10飞行员第二代头盔显示器曝光 |access-date=January 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182339/https://new.qq.com/omn/20180424/20180424A0KLEJ.html |archive-date=January 15, 2019 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Additionally, [[helmet mounted display]]s (HMDs) were developed for the Z-10, similar to the [[Honeywell]] M142 Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) used on the [[AH-64 Apache]]. The developer confirmed that the HMD is not standard as it is incompatible with the NVGs, the two cannot be simultaneously equipped. It is unclear whether the NVG is standard; however, the developer has claimed that the helmet and HMS are fully compatible with NVGs.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}} Images released by official government sources have shown that the Z-10 uses binocular-form NVGs (as well as other helicopters in Chinese service).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pic.mil.sohu.com/group-409686.shtml#0|title=直-10飞行员新型头盔罕见亮相-军事频道图片库-大视野-搜狐|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204181241/http://pic.mil.sohu.com/group-409686.shtml|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=wzzsj10tkmzj/> In late 2018, the 2nd generation Chinese HMS designed for the Z-10 had been revealed, where a large single eye piece had replaced the two-piece binocular ones in the 1st generation HMS.<ref name=wzzsj10tkmzj/> ===Cockpit=== The stepped [[tandem]] [[cockpit]] houses two aviators – the gunner in the back and the pilot in the front – different from the conventional layout of most attack helicopters, confirmed by Chinese official news agency's video report.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ygZPrXq8qk "WZ-10 helicopter training video report, details revealed."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112162746/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ygZPrXq8qk |date=2016-01-12 }} ''CNTV'', 10 Feb 2013.</ref> The canopy of the cockpit is specially treated to prevent glare from the sun, and, as an additional option, a tanned version is also available for camouflage purposes, though this is not standard. The bullet-proof glass of the canopy may be as thick as 38 millimeters, and is able to withstand direct hits from shrapnel and rounds fired from machine guns up to .50 caliber size. Additional armor plates can be fitted for improved protection.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/article/83756/image-shows-china-s-z-10-attack-helicopter-featuring-additional-armour | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011205203/https://www.janes.com/article/83756/image-shows-china-s-z-10-attack-helicopter-featuring-additional-armour | archive-date=2018-10-11 | title=Janes &#124; Latest defence and security news }}</ref> ===Propulsion=== [[File:Changhe Z-10.jpg|thumb|Changhe Z-10]] ====Powerplant and auxiliary power unit==== The operation engine for the Z-10 is the domestic [[WZ-9]] ({{Zh|c=涡轴-9|s=|t=|p=|l=turboshaft-9|labels=}}), designed by the 602nd Research Institute. The previous claim of WZ-9 being a Chinese version of the MTR390 proved to be false, because according to the publicized official Chinese governmental technical documents, VK-2500, TV3-117, and PT6 are all classified as third generation turboshaft engines, a category WZ-9 belongs to, while the MTR390 is classified as a fourth generation turboshaft engine.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}}{{clarify|date=March 2014}} The WZ-9 is the second least powerful engine out of the five tested for the Z-10, but enjoys the advantage of having no foreign-built components.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}} Furthermore, since it is 100% built in China, there are no political issues that would affect the purchase of vital parts. The WZ-9 is in full production to power the Z-10. Specifications for the WZ-9 turboshaft engine that is installed in Z-10 for mass production : *'''Power:''' 930 - 957&nbsp;kW *'''Fuel consumption:''' 0.311&nbsp;kg/(kW·h) *'''Pressure ratio:''' > 8 *'''Inlet temperature:''' 1355 degrees Celsius *'''Power-to-weight ratio:''' 5.4 The WZ-9 has been updated with a new variant, the WZ-9G, with a higher thrust of 1200&nbsp;kW. Another new engine, developed by China and Turbomeca, is the WZ-16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.safran-helicopter-engines.com/engine-partnerships/partnerships/wz16/wz16|title=Safran Helicopter Engines}}</ref> Its maximum output power is 1500&nbsp;kW, and it will be installed in the Z-10 and Z-15/EC175. After the installation of the new engines, power would increase by 500&nbsp;kW for the Z-10. With WZ-9 turboshafts, the Z-10 can carry 16 HJ-10 missiles with maximum takeoff weight, but the payload is very heavy for the Z-10 and engines and is potentially risky for flying, so 8 missiles with other weapons serve as the maximum useful payload. After the new WZ16 engines are installed in the Z-10, it can carry 16 of them like the AH-64. ===Weaponry=== Due to its modular design concept, the Z-10 can be armed with a wide variety of weaponry. The adaptation of the Chinese GJV289A standard, the Chinese equivalent of the MIL-STD-1553B databus architecture, enables weaponry of both Soviet and western origin to be adopted by the Z-10. Offensive weaponry consists of machine guns, cannons, rockets, and missiles. The stub wings have two [[hardpoint]]s each for a total of four, each [[hardpoint]] being able to carry up to 4 missiles, for a total of up to 16. ====Cannon and machine guns==== Internal armament consists of a gun mount installed on the chin of the aircraft. Two stub wings provide attachment points for external ordnance or gun pods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/helicopter/wz10.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424031842/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/helicopter/wz10.asp|url-status=dead|title=Sinodefence.com|archivedate=April 24, 2006|website=www.sinodefence.com}}</ref> The guns are mounted either in the chain gun form, or in the turret. All guns on the Z-10 can be used either against ground targets or aerial targets, and can be directly aimed by pilots’ HMS. Two types of autocannons are available for the Z-10, with the most common being a 23&nbsp;mm automatic chain gun indigenously developed by China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=新浪军事|date=2016-05-28|title=深度：武直10先进航炮竟缘自二战苏联高射机枪？|url=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2016-05-28/doc-ifxsqxxs7820141.shtml|access-date=2021-01-12|website=mil.news.sina.com.cn}}</ref> Another autocannon that can be mounted on the Z-10 is the Chinese reverse-engineered 25&nbsp;mm [[M242 Bushmaster]] adopted for helicopter use. Originally mounted on the NVH-4 derivative of [[Type 85 AFV]], the Chinese military modified the gun for aerial use. ====Guided and unguided missiles==== [[File:WZ-10.jpg|thumb|A Changhe Z-10 showing four underwing hardpoints]] The [[air-to-surface missile]]s deployed by the Z-10 include the domestic [[HJ-8]] and AKD-10 anti-tank missiles. The AKD-10 is similar in capability to the [[AGM-114 Hellfire]] and it has an anti-helicopter capability in addition to an anti-tank capability.<ref name="AirForceWorld">{{cite web |url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/english/wz-10-attack-helicopter-china.html |title=WZ-10 Attack Helicopter China |work=AirForceWorld.com |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042655/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/english/wz-10-attack-helicopter-china.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Z-10 can also fire BA-21 long-range anti-tank missiles, which can be fired from 11 miles away, and homing onto target with the data-linked millimeter wave radar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/35628/chinese-z-10a-attack-helicopter-shows-off-new-missile-during-live-fire-exercise |title=Chinese Z-10A Attack Helicopter Shows Off New Missile During Live-Fire Exercise |website=The Drive |date=11 August 2020| first=Thomas |last=Newdick}}</ref> The main [[air-to-air missile]] deployed by the Z-10 is the [[TY-90]], a missile specifically designed for use by helicopters in aerial combat. The TY-90 is much heavier than the [[MANPAD]] missiles usually carried by helicopters, providing better lethality and range.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.missilery.info/missile/ty-90 |title=TY-90 |website=missilery}}</ref> The Chinese [[FN-6]] and [[QW-1 Vanguard|QW series]] missiles can also be deployed, as with other non-Chinese MANPADs. TY-90 and MANPADs are often carried in missile racks, with a total of 4 missiles carried per hardpoint. When using larger air-to-air missiles such as the [[PL-9]] or similar missiles such as [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]], the total number is reduced to 2. The Z-10 fired its first air-to-air missile in mid-August 2013 during a live-fire drill and successfully intercepted low-altitude targets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/news/Chinese-WZ-10-Attack-Helicopter-Launches-First-Air-to-Air-Missile_n000011837.aspx |title=Chinese WZ-10 Attack Helicopter Launches First Air-to-Air Missile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901080631/http://www.deagel.com/news/Chinese-WZ-10-Attack-Helicopter-Launches-First-Air-to-Air-Missile_n000011837.aspx |archive-date=2013-09-01 |website=Deagel |date=26 August 2013}}</ref> The Z-10 can be armed with a wide variety of unguided rockets, ranging from 20&nbsp;mm to 130&nbsp;mm caliber. The largest rockets tested were a type of 130&nbsp;mm rocket that were carried on the [[hardpoint]]s just as missiles are carried, while smaller caliber rockets were mounted in conventional rocket pods. The most frequently used rockets are those ranging from 57&nbsp;mm to 90&nbsp;mm and a total of 4 pods can be carried under the stub wings, one under each [[hardpoint]]. A family of guided 90&nbsp;mm rockets produced by a subsidiary of [[Norinco]],<ref>[http://www.cngc.com.cn/cn/memberdetail.aspx?id=35 HJG] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235042/http://www.cngc.com.cn/cn/memberdetail.aspx?id=35 |date=December 30, 2013 }}</ref> the [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000723/http://hebjch.cn.gongchang.com/ Harbin Jiancheng Group (哈尔滨建成集团有限公司)], was first revealed in the 9th [[Zhuhai Airshow]] held in November 2012, designated as [[Chinese UAV employed missiles#Sky Arrow 90|Sky Arrow 90]] (Tianjian 90 or Tian Jian 90, {{zh|c=天箭|links=no}} 90). ==Strategic implications== In June 2012, the United States charged [[United Technologies Corporation|United Technologies]] and two of its subsidiaries, [[Pratt & Whitney Canada]] and [[Hamilton Sundstrand]], of selling engine control software to China which aided in the development of the Changhe Z-10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/UTC-subsidiaries-guilty-for-aiding-China-s-3670550.php#ixzz1zCDcsqDv|title=UTC, subsidiaries guilty for aiding China's military attack helicopter|work=Connecticut Post|date=29 June 2012|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222649/http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/UTC-subsidiaries-guilty-for-aiding-China-s-3670550.php#ixzz1zCDcsqDv|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> While the Chinese defense ministry denied that China bought or used the software, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand agreed to pay more than $75 million to the U.S. government to settle the charges.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-helicopter-idUSBRE86P0CK20120726|title=China labels U.S. helicopter allegations fictitious|work=Reuters|date=26 July 2012|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204174653/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/26/us-china-usa-helicopter-idUSBRE86P0CK20120726|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Orders and exports== The Z-10 was one of the contenders to replace [[Pakistan]]'s [[Bell AH-1 Cobra|Bell AH-1F Cobra]] attack helicopters. Three Z-10s were acquired for trials in 2015<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |title=Did Pakistan Decide to Buy China's Newest Attack Helicopter? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/did-pakistan-decide-to-buy-chinas-newest-attack-helicopter/ |website=The Diplomat |date=24 March 2016 |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> and rejected due to the inadequate WZ-9 engine. Contracts to acquire the AH-1Z and then the [[TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK]] (which uses the American [[LHTEC T800|LHTEC CTS800–4A]] engine) fell through because of worsening [[Pakistan–United States relations|relations]] with the [[United States]].<ref name="dip_pak_reconsider">{{cite web |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |title=Pakistan Reconsiders Chinese Z-10 Attack Helicopters |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/pakistan-reconsiders-chinese-z-10-attack-helicopters/ |website=The Diplomat |date=28 February 2020 |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> In January 2022, negotiations to acquire the Z-10ME were underway;<ref name="janes_pak_2022-01">{{cite web |last1=Herschelman |first1=Kerry |title=Pakistan cancels attack helicopter project with Turkey, opting for China |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pakistan-cancels-attack-helicopter-project-with-turkey-opting-for-china |website=Janes |date=6 January 2022 |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> the Z-10ME had been identified as a fallback option by February 2020.<ref name="dip_pak_reconsider"/> ==Variants== {{More citations needed|section|date=July 2011}} [[File:Z-10K.jpg|thumb|Z-10K attack helicopter]] ;Z-10 Prototype: Prototype for basic tests. Not all had the same layout in that some had a [[fenestron]] configuration while others had a traditional tail rotor configuration; some had a chin gun turret while others had a [[chain gun]]; some had nose-mounted electro-optical systems while others had mast-mounted electro-optical systems. ;Z-10H: Pre-production series powered by [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6]]C-76 [[turboshaft]] engine.<ref name=wzzsj10a>{{cite web |url=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2019-01-15/doc-ihqfskcn7188407.shtml?cre=tianyi&mod=pcpager_mil&loc=40&r=9&doct=0&rfunc=100&tj=none&tr=9 |title=武直十试飞削减防护甲和雷达减重：发动机动力不足 |access-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182025/http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2019-01-15/doc-ihqfskcn7188407.shtml?cre=tianyi&mod=pcpager_mil&loc=40&r=9&doct=0&rfunc=100&tj=none&tr=9 |archive-date=January 15, 2019 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> ;Z-10 Standard: Standard Z-10 powered with domestic, Chinese WZ-9 engine. Armor is mounted at the shoulder position of the pilot and gunner. Some upgrades were transferred from the Z-10M program, including a more powerful WZ-9 engine, new data-link enabled missiles, ceramic/graphene add-on armor plates, MAWS, IRCM, and upward-facing engine exhaust nozzle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/china-unveils-latest-z-10-attack-helicopter-variant/ |title=China Unveils Latest Z-10 Attack Helicopter Variant |website=The Diplomat |date=26 February 2020 |first=Franz-Stefan |last=Gady}}</ref><ref name=wzzsj10c>{{cite web |url=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2018-12-06/doc-ihmutuec6668319.shtml |title=央视曝光我直10升级型实战训练 发动机功率或增1/3 |access-date=December 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206111905/https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2018-12-06/doc-ihmutuec6668319.shtml |archive-date=December 6, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2018">{{cite web|url =https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/21905/waf/|title =World Air Forces 2018|publisher =Flightglobal Insight|year =2018|access-date =14 August 2018|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180206123925/https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/21905/waf/|archive-date =6 February 2018|url-status =live|df =dmy-all}}</ref> ;Z-10 Upgrade: Upgraded Z-10 is fitted with new engine exhaust nozzles pointing upward to reduce the helicopter's infrared signature. Additional armor plates are mounted on the engine covering and below cockpit windows. A new identification friend-or-foe (IFF) system and a new antenna for the BeiDou satellite navigation system are also added for better combined-operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/more-details-emerge-on-upgraded-z-10-helicopter-variant |title=More details emerge on upgraded Z-10 helicopter variant |website=janes | date=9 December 2020 |first=Andreas |last= Rupprecht}}</ref> ;Z-10K: Z-10K is modified from the standard Z-10 at the request of the [[People's Liberation Army Air Force Airborne Corps]]. ;Z-10M: 3 samples built for Pakistan,<ref name=wzzsj10ybp/> powered by the WZ-9C engine with maximum power around 1000 – 1100&nbsp;kW. Was not selected by Pakistan after evaluation, but the design was used to upgrade Z-10s built earlier, when a more powerful engine became available.<ref name=wzzsj10c/> ;Z-10ME: Upgraded variant first unveiled in 2018 with active and passive countermeasures, missile approach warning system, radar warning receiver, new engine exhaust nozzle pointed upwards to reduce infrared signature, new intake filtration systems, a more powerful WZ-9G 1200&nbsp;kW engine, larger ammunition magazine, appliqué graphene-based armor panels, infrared jammer, and a new IFF interrogator.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wong |first1=Kevin |title=Airshow China 2018: Upgraded Z-10ME attack helicopter breaks cover |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84433/airshow-china-2018-upgraded-z-10me-attack-helicopter-breaks-cover |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=10 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108211522/https://www.janes.com/article/84433/airshow-china-2018-upgraded-z-10me-attack-helicopter-breaks-cover |archive-date=2018-11-08 |location=Zhuhai |date=8 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2018-11-13/chinas-z-10me-showcased-increased-capabilities |title=China's Z-10ME Showcased with Increased Capabilities |access-date=2018-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223455/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2018-11-13/chinas-z-10me-showcased-increased-capabilities |archive-date=2018-12-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> A top-mounted [[millimeter-wave]] [[fire-control radar]] and active laser jammer station can be mounted as per customer request.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/H49AUG1H0515K460.html |title=向"长弓阿帕奇"看齐，直10装上毫米波雷达，国产武直战斗力大增 |website=NetEase News |date=6 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/HDQBUFOA055271TC.html |title="头上顶个球"的最强版直-10亮相，为啥出口比自用可能性更大？ |website=NetEase News |date=3 August 2020}}</ref> ;Z-10 millimeter wave radar: Equipped with Z-19's millimeter-wave radar for ground testing. ==Operators== ;{{PRC}} * [[People's Liberation Army]] — 208 units in service as of 2022.<ref name="IISS_2023">{{Cite book|work=The International Institute for Strategic Studies|title=The Military Balance 2023|date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |chapter=6 Asia |isbn=9781003400226 |doi=10.4324/9781003400226 |last1=For Strategic Studies (Iiss) |first1=The International Institute |s2cid=256916955 }}</ref> ** [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force]] — 200 units of Z-10 variants<ref name="IISS_2023" /> ** [[People's Liberation Army Air Force Airborne Corps]] — 8 units of Z-10K<ref name="IISS_2023" /> {{flagicon|Pakistan}}[[Pakistan|Islamic Republic Of Pakistan]] * [[Pakistan Army Aviation Corps]] — 3 Z-10ME In Service as of 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/stunning-image-of-chinas-apache-helicopter-z-10me-breaks-internet-netizens-speculate-a-possible-sale-to-pakistan/|title=Stunning Image Of China's 'Apache Helicopter' (Z-10ME) Breaks Internet; Netizens Speculate A Possible Sale To Pakistan}}</ref> <ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735 2022 Worl Air Forces]</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Pakistan_Army?wprov=sfti1 | title=List of equipment of the Pakistan Army }}</ref> ==Specifications (estimated)== {{Aircraft specs |ref= jczs<ref name="jczs">{{Cite web |url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2007-04-09/0721438818.html |title=欧美专家称中国武直10可媲美阿帕奇(组图)_新浪军事_新浪网<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102215356/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2007-04-09/0721438818.html |archive-date=2007-11-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> |prime units?=met <!-- General characteristics --> |crew=2 |length m=14.15 |length note={{citation needed|date=August 2017}} |height m=3.85 |height note={{citation needed|date=August 2017}} |empty weight kg=5100 |empty weight note= |gross weight kg=5540 |gross weight note= |max takeoff weight kg=7000 |max takeoff weight note= |fuel capacity= |more general= <!-- Powerplant --> |eng1 number=2 |eng1 name=[[WZ-9]] |eng1 type=[[turboshaft]] engines |eng1 kw=930-957 |eng1 note={{citation needed|date=August 2017}} |rot number=1 |rot dia m=12 |rot area sqm=<!-- helicopters --> |rot area note= <!-- Performance --> |max speed kmh=270 |max speed note= |cruise speed kmh=230 |cruise speed note= |never exceed speed kmh= |never exceed speed note= |range km=800 |range note= |combat range km= |combat range note= |ferry range km= |ferry range note= |endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> |g limits=<big>+</big>3 |roll rate=<!-- aerobatic --> |ceiling m=6400 |climb rate ms=10 |climb rate note=<big>+</big> |time to altitude= |wing loading kg/m2= |wing loading note= |fuel consumption kg/km= |power/mass= |more performance= <!-- Armament --> |guns= 1x {{cvt|23|mm|3}} revolver gun or 1x {{cvt|25|mm|3}} [[M242 Bushmaster]] chain gun copy |bombs= |rockets= {{cvt|57|mm|3}} or {{cvt|90|mm|3}} unguided rocket pods |missiles= For each hardpoint:<br /> ** 4× [[HJ-8]], [[HJ-9]] laser-guided air-to-surface missiles<ref name="AirForceWorld"/> ** 4× AKD-10 (BA-7) laser-guided air-to-surface missiles ** 4× AKD-9 (BA-9) laser-guided air-to-surface missiles ** 4× AKD-21 (BA-21) millimetre-wave air-to-surface missiles ** 4× AG300M or AG300L laser-guided air-to-surface missiles ** 4× [[CM-501G|CM-502KG]] or CM-502V NLOS air-to-surface missiles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.163.com/dy/article/HB4VU9A80535I3QJ.html |title= 国产武直两款新弹亮相？25km射程堪称国产长钉，体积大只能双联装 |website=NetEase News |date= 30 June 2022 }}</ref> ** 2× [[CM-501G]]A NLOS air-to-surface missiles<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.keymilitary.com/article/china-shows |title=China Shows Off |date=15 December 2016 }}</ref> ** 1× CM-501XA loitering munition ** 4× [[TY-90]] [[air-to-air missile]]s |hardpoints=4 |hardpoint capacity={{cvt|1500|kg|0}} useful load{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} |hardpoint rockets= |hardpoint missiles= |hardpoint bombs= |hardpoint other= |avionics= * YH millimetre-wave [[fire-control radar]] * [[Helmet mounted sight]] with [[night vision goggle]]s * BM/KG300G self-protection jamming pod * [[Blue Sky navigation pod]] * [[KZ900]] reconnaissance pod * YH-96 [[electronic warfare]] suite }} ==See also== {{portal|Aviation}} {{aircontent |see also=<!-- other relevant information, not already linked in article --> * [[Harbin Z-19]], 2012 Chinese attack helicopter |related=<!-- related developments --> |similar aircraft=<!-- similar or comparable aircraft --> * [[Agusta A129 Mangusta]] * [[AgustaWestland Apache]] * [[Bell AH-1Z Viper]] * [[Boeing AH-64 Apache]] * [[Denel Rooivalk]] * [[Eurocopter Tiger]] * [[HAL Prachand]] * [[IAIO Toufan]] * [[Kamov Ka-50]] * [[Kawasaki OH-1]] * [[Mil Mi-24]] * [[Mil Mi-28]] * [[Panha 2091]] * [[TAI/AgustaWestland T129]] |lists=<!-- related lists --> * [[List of helicopters]] }} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category|Changhe Z-10}} * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/wz-10.htm GlobalSecurity.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060424031842/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/helicopter/wz10.asp SinoDefence.com report] * [http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=560 Z-10 Attack helicopter on airrecognition.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110418211351/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/english/wz-10-attack-helicopter-china.html WZ10 Helicopter Photo Collection and Intro] {{AVIC Aero Products}} {{PRC helicopters}} {{Chinese Military Aircraft}} [[Category:2000s Chinese attack aircraft]] [[Category:Attack helicopters|Changhe Z-10]] [[Category:Changhe aircraft]] [[Category:2000s Chinese helicopters]] [[Category:Twin-turbine helicopters]] [[Category:Aircraft first flown in 2003]] [[Category:China–Russia military relations]]'