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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Mythological creatures in Chinese constellations}}
{{For|the Led Zeppelin album sometimes called "Four Symbols"|Led Zeppelin IV}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Chinese
|title=Four Symbols
|pic=Four_Symbols.svg
|piccap=Clockwise from top left: Black Tortoise of the North, Azure Dragon of the East, Vermilion Bird of the South and White Tiger of the West
|l=Four Images
|c={{linktext|四象}}
|p=Sì Xiàng
|j=
|y=
|poj=
|kanji=四象
|hiragana=ししょう
|revhep=Shishō
|kunrei=Shishō
|hangul=사상
|rr=Sasang
|hanja=四象
|qn=Tứ tượng
|chuhan=四象
}}
{{Chinese
|title=Four Gods
|pic=
|piccap=
|l=
|c={{linktext|四神}}
|p=
|j=
|y=
|poj=
|kanji=四神
|hiragana=しじん
|revhep=Shijin
|kunrei=Shijin
|hangul=사신
|rr=Sashin
|hanja=四神
|qn=Tứ Thánh Thú
|chuhan=四聖獣
}}
[[File:性命圭旨 和合四象圖.png|thumb|''[[Neidan]]'' Illustration of Bringing Together the Four Symbols 和合四象圖, 1615 ''[[Xingming guizhi]]'']]
The '''Four Symbols''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|四}}{{linktext|象}}|p=Sì Xiàng|l=four images}}), are four [[Chinese mythology|mythological]] creatures appearing among the [[Chinese constellations]] along the [[ecliptic]], and viewed as the guardians of the four [[Cardinal direction|cardinal directions]]. These four creatures are also referred to by a variety of other names, including "'''Four Guardians'''", "'''Four Gods'''", and "'''Four Auspicious Beasts'''". They are the [[Azure Dragon]] of the East, the [[Vermilion Bird]] of the South, the [[White Tiger (mythology)|White Tiger]] of the West, and the [[Black Tortoise]] (also called "Black Warrior") of the North. Each of the creatures is most closely associated with a cardinal direction and a [[Color in Chinese culture|color]], but also additionally represents other aspects, including a season of the year, an emotion, virtue, and one of the Chinese "[[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|five elements]]" (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water). Each has been given its own individual traits, origin story and a reason for being. Symbolically, and as part of spiritual and religious belief and meaning, these creatures have been culturally important across countries in the [[Sinosphere|East Asian cultural sphere]].
==History==
Depictions of mythological creatures clearly ancestral to the modern set of four creatures have been found throughout China. Currently, the oldest known depiction was found in 1987 in a tomb in [[Xishuipo]] (西水坡) in [[Puyang]], [[Henan]], which has been dated to approximately 5300 BC. In the tomb, labeled M45, immediately adjacent to the remains of the main occupant to the east and west were found mosaics made of clam shells and bones forming images closely resembling the Azure Dragon and White Tiger, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=西水坡遺址里的圖案擺放，預示著古代某種神秘的星象|url=https://kknews.cc/history/op8934p.html|website=KK News|date=2018-04-30|access-date=2019-09-18|language=zh-tw|archive-date=2021-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126162701/https://kknews.cc/history/op8934p.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The modern standard configuration was settled much later, with variations appearing throughout Chinese history. For example, the ''[[Rong Cheng Shi]]'' manuscript recovered in 1994, which dates to the [[Warring States period]] (ca. 453–221 BCE), gives five directions rather than four and places the animals differently. According to that document, [[Yu the Great]] gave directional banners to his people, marked with the following insignia: the north with a [[bird]], the south with a [[snake]], the east with the sun, the west with the moon, and the center with a [[bear]].<ref>Pines, Yuri. "[http://www.eacenter.huji.ac.il/uploaded/fck/Rong%20Cheng%20shi%20BSOAS.pdf Political Mythology and Dynastic Legitimacy in the ''Rong Cheng Shi'' Manuscript] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425122636/http://www.eacenter.huji.ac.il/uploaded/fck/Rong%20Cheng%20shi%20BSOAS.pdf|date=2012-04-25}}". ''Bulletin of SOAS'', Vol. '''73''', No. 3 (2010), p. 515.</ref> The [[Chinese classics|Chinese classic]] ''[[Book of Rites]]'' mentions the Vermillion Bird, Black Tortoise (Dark Warrior), Azure Dragon, and White Tiger as heraldric animals on [[war flag]]s;<ref>''Liji'', "Qu Li Shang (Summary of the Rules of Propriety Part 1)", [https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=9535 69] quote: "行：前朱鳥而後玄武，左青龍而右白虎。" James Legge's translation: "On the march the (banner with the) Red Bird should be in front; that with the Dark Warrior behind; that with the Azure Dragon on the left; and that with the White Tiger on the right".</ref> they were the names of [[Twenty-Eight Mansions|asterisms]] associated with the four cardinal directions: South, North, East, and West, respectively.<ref>[[Zheng Xuan]] (annotator) & [[Kong Yingda]] (clarifier), ''Book of Rites: Annotated and Clarified'', "Vol 3. Qu Li 1". [[Siku Quanshu]] version. [https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=75068&page=27#%E5%89%8D%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%8C%E5%8C%97%E5%B7%A6%E6%9D%B1%E5%8F%B3%E8%A5%BF%E6%9C%B1%E9%B3%A5%F0%A4%A3%A5%E6%AD%A6%E9%9D%92%E9%BE%8D%E7%99%BD%E8%99%8E%E5%9B%9B%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%BF%E5%90%8D%E4%B9%9F p. 27] of 158. quote: "前南後北，左東右西。朱鳥、玄武、青龍、白虎，四方宿名也。"</ref>
In [[Taoism]], the Four Symbols have been assigned human identities and names. The [[Azure Dragon]] is named Meng Zhang ({{lang|zh|孟章}}), the [[Vermilion Bird]] is called Ling Guang ({{lang|zh|陵光}}), the [[White Tiger (mythology)|White Tiger]] Jian Bing ({{lang|zh|監兵}}), and the [[Black Tortoise]] Zhi Ming ({{lang|zh|執明}}). Its Japanese equivalent, in corresponding order: [[Azure Dragon|Seiryū]] (east), [[Vermilion Bird|Suzaku]] (south), [[White Tiger (mythology)|Byakko]] (west), [[Black Tortoise|Genbu]] (North).
The colours associated with the four creatures can be said to match the colours of soil in the corresponding areas of China: the bluish-grey water-logged soils of the east, the reddish iron-rich soils of the south, the whitish saline soils of the western deserts, the black organic-rich soils of the north, and the yellow soils from the central [[loess]] plateau.<ref>{{cite book |first1=N. |last1=Brady |first2=R. |last2=Weil |title=Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soil |year=2014 |page=89}}</ref>
== In I Ching ==
The chapter {{zh|t=繫辭上|p=[[Xici|Xì Cí shàng]]|l=The Great Treatise I|labels=no}} in the [[I Ching]] ({{zh|t=易經|l=Classics of Changes|labels=no}}) describes the origins of the Four Symbols thus:<ref name = "xicishang">''Book of Changes'' [https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=46934 "繫辭上 - Xi Ci I (The Great Treatise) 11.3"] with [[James Legge]]'s translation</ref><ref name = "Zhu&Adler">{{cite book|author=Zhu Xi|author-link=Zhu Xi|title=The Original Meaning of the Yijing: Commentary on the Scripture of Change.|translator=Joseph A. Adler|location=New York|year= 2020|publisher= Columbia University Press|page=46}}</ref>
<blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
| style="width: 17%;" | {{lang|zh|<poem>
易有太極，
是生兩儀，
兩儀生四象，
四象生八卦，</poem>}}
| style="width: 24%;" | <poem>{{transl|zh|Yì yǒu tài jí ，
shì shēng liǎngyí ，
liǎngyí shēng sìxiàng ，
sìxiàng shēng bāguà ，
}}</poem>
|<poem> In Change there is the Supreme Polarity, ({{lang|zh|太極}}; ''[[Taiji (philosophy)|Taiji]]''),
which generates the Two Modes. ({{lang|zh|兩儀}}; ''Liangyi'')
The Two Modes generate the Four Images, ({{lang|zh|四象}}; ''Sixiang'')
and the Four Images generate the Eight Trigrams. ({{lang|zh|八卦}}; ''[[Bagua]]'').</poem>
|-
|}
</blockquote>
==Correspondence with the Five Phases==
{{Further|Category:Locations in Chinese mythology|Chinese mythological geography}}
[[File:Bronze mirror with cosmological decoration from the Belitung shipwreck, ArtScience Museum, Singapore - 20110618.jpg|thumb|Bronze mirror with cosmological decoration from the [[Belitung shipwreck]], including [[Bagua]] and the Four Auspicious Beasts]]
These mythological creatures have also been syncretized into the [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Phases system]] (''Wuxing''). The Azure Dragon of the East represents Wood, the Vermilion Bird of the South represents Fire, the White Tiger of the West represents Metal, and the Black Tortoise (or Black Warrior) of the North represents Water. In this system, the fifth principle Earth is represented by the [[Yellow Dragon|Yellow Dragon of the Center]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations |edition=3rd |last1=Schirokauer |first1=Conrad |last2=Brown |first2=Miranda |year=2005 |isbn=0-534-64307-8}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
!Four Auspicious Beasts!!Five directions!!Five seasons!!Times of day<ref>{{cite web |url=http://primaltrek.com/impliedmeaning.html |title=The Hidden or Implied Meaning of Chinese Charm Symbols – 諧音寓意 – Differences between Chinese Coins and Chinese Charms |date=16 November 2016 |access-date=22 May 2018 |first=Gary |last=Ashkenazy |website=Primaltrek.com |language=en}}</ref>!!Five colors!![[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Wuxing]]!!Four Symbols!![[I_Ching#Structure|Yao]]!!Five Gods<ref>''Zuozhuan'' "Duke Zhao's 29th year - [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E6%98%AD%E5%85%AC#%E5%82%B3_29 zhuan]". quote:「夫物，物有其官，官修其方，朝夕思之。……故有五行之官，是謂五官，……'''木正曰句芒，火正曰祝融，金正曰蓐收，水正曰玄冥，土正曰后土。'''……少皞氏有四叔，曰重、曰該、曰修、曰熙，實能金、木及水。使重為句芒，該為蓐收，修及熙為玄冥，……此其三祀也。顓頊氏有子曰犁，為祝融；共工氏有子曰句龍，為后土，……」. Translation by Durrant, Li, & Schberg (2016) "Every kind of thing has its official, who is charged with perfecting the methods for it and keeping these in mind day and night. [...] Thus, there were the officials of the [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Resources(/ Agents / Phases)]], known as the Five Officials. [...] The Director for Wood was known as Goumang, the Director for Fire was known as Zhurong, the Director for Metal was known as Rushou, the Director for Water was known as Xuanming, and the Director for Earth was known as Houtu.[...] [[Shaohao]] had four younger brothers named Chong, Gai, Xiu, and Xi, who were talented with metal, wood, and water. He made Chong the Goumang, or Director for Wood; Gai the Rushou, or Director for Metal; and Xiu and Xi the Xuanming, or Director for Water.[...] [[Zhuanxu]] had a son named Li, who was the Zhurong, or Director for Fire. [[Gonggong]] had a son named Goulong, who was the Houtu, or Director for Earth. [...]"</ref>
|-
|[[Azure Dragon]]||[[East]]||[[Spring (season)|Spring]]||Dawn||[[Qing (color)|Blue-green]]||[[Wood (wuxing)|Wood]]||Young yang||⚍||[[Goumang]] (句芒) / Chong (重)
|-
|[[Vermilion Bird]]||[[South]]||[[Summer]]||Midday||[[Red]]||[[Fire (wuxing)|Fire]]||Old yang||⚌||[[Zhurong]] (祝融) / Li (犁)
|-
|[[White Tiger (mythology)|White Tiger]]||[[West]]||[[Autumn]]||Dusk||[[White]]||[[Metal (wuxing)|Metal]]||Young yin||⚎||[[Rushou]] (蓐收) / Gai (該)
|-
|[[Black Tortoise]]||[[North]]||[[Winter]]||Midnight||[[Black]]||[[Water (wuxing)|Water]]||Old yin||⚏||[[Yu Shi|Xuanming]] (玄冥) / Xiu & Xi (修 & 熙)
|-
|[[Yellow Dragon]] or [[Qilin]]||Central||Midsummer|| ||[[Yellow]]||[[Earth (wuxing)|Earth]]||||||[[Houtu]] (后土) / Goulong (句龍)
|}
==See also==
[[File:Five cardinal directions, a pottery tile of the Han Dynasty, Cernuschi Museum, 2006-08-12.jpg|upright|thumb|A Han-dynasty pottery tile emblematically representing the five cardinal directions]]
* {{annotated link|Chinese astrology}}
* {{annotated link|Chinese constellations}}
* {{annotated link|Color in Chinese culture}}
* {{annotated link|Four Holy Beasts}}
* {{annotated link|Living creatures (Bible)|Four Living Creatures}}
* {{annotated link|Four Mountains}}
* {{annotated link|Four Perils}}
* {{annotated link|Four Seas}}
* {{annotated link|Four temperaments}}
* {{annotated link|Purple Forbidden enclosure}}
* {{annotated link|Royal stars}}
* {{annotated link|Tetramorph}}
* {{annotated link|Wufang Shangdi}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Chinese mythology}}
{{Chinese constellations}}
[[Category:Four Symbols| ]]
[[Category:Chinese astrological signs]]
[[Category:Chinese constellations]]
[[Category:Chinese legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Chinese mythology]]
[[Category:Cultural lists|4 Four Symbols]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Mythological creatures in Chinese constellations}}
{{For|the Led Zeppelin album sometimes called "Four Symbols"|Led Zeppelin IV}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Chinese
|title=Four Symbols
|pic=Four_Symbols.svg
|piccap=Clockwise from top left: Black Tortoise of the North, Azure Dragon of the East, Vermilion Bird of the South and White Tiger of the West
|l=Four Images
|c={{linktext|四象}}
|p=Sì Xiàng
|j=
|y=
|poj=
|kanji=四象
|hiragana=ししょう
|revhep=Shishō
|kunrei=Shishō
|hangul=사상
|rr=Sasang
|hanja=四象
|qn=Tứ tượng
|chuhan=四象
}}
{{Chinese
|title=Four Gods
|pic=
|piccap=
|l=
|c={{linktext|四神}}
|p=
|j=
|y=
|poj=
|kanji=四神
|hiragana=しじん
|revhep=Shijin
|kunrei=Shijin
|hangul=사신
|rr=Sashin
|hanja=四神
|qn=Tứ Thánh Thú
|chuhan=四聖獣
}}
[[File:性命圭旨 和合四象圖.png|thumb|''[[Neidan]]'' Illustration of Bringing Together the Four Symbols 和合四象圖, 1615 ''[[Xingming guizhi]]'']]
The '''Four Symbols''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|四}}{{linktext|象}}|p=Sì Xiàng|l=four images}}), are four [[Chinese mythology|mythological]] creatures appearing among the [[Chinese constellations]] along the [[ecliptic]], and viewed as the guardians of the four [[Cardinal direction|cardinal directions]]. These four creatures are also referred to by a variety of other names, including "'''Four Guardians'''", "'''Four Gods'''", and "'''Four Auspicious Beasts'''". They are the [[Azure Dragon]] of the East, the [[Vermilion Bird]] of the South, the [[White Tiger (mythology)|White Tiger]] of the West, and the [[Black Tortoise]] (also called "Black Warrior") of the North. Each of the creatures is most closely associated with a cardinal direction and a [[Color in Chinese culture|color]], but also additionally represents other aspects, including a season of the year, an emotion, virtue, and one of the Chinese "[[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|five elements]]" (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water). Each has been given its own individual traits, origin story and a reason for being. Symbolically, and as part of spiritual and religious belief and meaning, these creatures have been culturally important across countries in the [[Sinosphere|East Asian cultural sphere]].
==History==
Depictions of mythological creatures clearly ancestral to the modern set of four creatures have been found throughout China. Currently, the oldest known depiction was found in 1987 in a tomb in [[Xishuipo]] (西水坡) in [[Puyang]], [[Henan]], which has been dated to approximately 5300 BC. In the tomb, labeled M45, immediately adjacent to the remains of the main occupant to the east and west were found mosaics made of clam shells and bones forming images closely resembling the Azure Dragon and White Tiger, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=西水坡遺址里的圖案擺放，預示著古代某種神秘的星象|url=https://kknews.cc/history/op8934p.html|website=KK News|date=2018-04-30|access-date=2019-09-18|language=zh-tw|archive-date=2021-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126162701/https://kknews.cc/history/op8934p.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The modern standard configuration was settled much later, with variations appearing throughout Chinese history. For example, the ''[[Rong Cheng Shi]]'' manuscript recovered in 1994, which dates to the [[Warring States period]] (ca. 453–221 BCE), gives five directions rather than four and places the animals differently. According to that document, [[Yu the Great]] gave directional banners to his people, marked with the following insignia: the north with a [[bird]], the south with a [[snake]], the east with the sun, the west with the moon, and the center with a [[bear]].<ref>Pines, Yuri. "[http://www.eacenter.huji.ac.il/uploaded/fck/Rong%20Cheng%20shi%20BSOAS.pdf Political Mythology and Dynastic Legitimacy in the ''Rong Cheng Shi'' Manuscript] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425122636/http://www.eacenter.huji.ac.il/uploaded/fck/Rong%20Cheng%20shi%20BSOAS.pdf|date=2012-04-25}}". ''Bulletin of SOAS'', Vol. '''73''', No. 3 (2010), p. 515.</ref> The [[Chinese classics|Chinese classic]] ''[[Book of Rites]]'' mentions the Vermillion Bird, Black Tortoise (Dark Warrior), Azure Dragon, and White Tiger as heraldric animals on [[war flag]]s;<ref>''Liji'', "Qu Li Shang (Summary of the Rules of Propriety Part 1)", [https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=9535 69] quote: "行：前朱鳥而後玄武，左青龍而右白虎。" James Legge's translation: "On the march the (banner with the) Red Bird should be in front; that with the Dark Warrior behind; that with the Azure Dragon on the left; and that with the White Tiger on the right".</ref> they were the names of [[Twenty-Eight Mansions|asterisms]] associated with the four cardinal directions: South, North, East, and West, respectively.<ref>[[Zheng Xuan]] (annotator) & [[Kong Yingda]] (clarifier), ''Book of Rites: Annotated and Clarified'', "Vol 3. Qu Li 1". [[Siku Quanshu]] version. [https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=75068&page=27#%E5%89%8D%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%8C%E5%8C%97%E5%B7%A6%E6%9D%B1%E5%8F%B3%E8%A5%BF%E6%9C%B1%E9%B3%A5%F0%A4%A3%A5%E6%AD%A6%E9%9D%92%E9%BE%8D%E7%99%BD%E8%99%8E%E5%9B%9B%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%BF%E5%90%8D%E4%B9%9F p. 27] of 158. quote: "前南後北，左東右西。朱鳥、玄武、青龍、白虎，四方宿名也。"</ref>
In [[Taoism]], the Four Symbols have been assigned human identities and names. The [[Azure Dragon]] is named Meng Zhang ({{lang|zh|孟章}}), the [[Vermilion Bird]] is called Ling Guang ({{lang|zh|陵光}}), the [[White Tiger (mythology)|White Tiger]] Jian Bing ({{lang|zh|監兵}}), and the [[Black Tortoise]] Zhi Ming ({{lang|zh|執明}}). Its Japanese equivalent, in corresponding order: [[Azure Dragon|Seiryū]] (east), [[Vermilion Bird|Suzaku]] (south), [[White Tiger (mythology)|Byakko]] (west), [[Black Tortoise|Genbu]] (North).
The colours associated with the four creatures can be said to match the colours of soil in the corresponding areas of China: the bluish-grey water-logged soils of the east, the reddish iron-rich soils of the south, the whitish saline soils of the western deserts, the black organic-rich soils of the north, and the yellow soils from the central [[loess]] plateau.<ref>{{cite book |first1=N. |last1=Brady |first2=R. |last2=Weil |title=Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soil |year=2014 |page=89}}</ref>
== In I Ching ==
The chapter {{zh|t=繫辭上|p=[[Xici|Xì Cí shàng]]|l=The Great Treatise I|labels=no}} in the [[I Ching]] ({{zh|t=易經|l=Classics of Changes|labels=no}}) describes the origins of the Four Symbols thus:<ref name = "xicishang">''Book of Changes'' [https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=46934 "繫辭上 - Xi Ci I (The Great Treatise) 11.3"] with [[James Legge]]'s translation</ref><ref name = "Zhu&Adler">{{cite book|author=Zhu Xi|author-link=Zhu Xi|title=The Original Meaning of the Yijing: Commentary on the Scripture of Change.|translator=Joseph A. Adler|location=New York|year= 2020|publisher= Columbia University Press|page=46}}</ref>
<blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
| style="width: 17%;" | {{lang|zh|<poem>
易有太極，
是生兩儀，
兩儀生四象，
四象生八卦，</poem>}}
| style="width: 24%;" | <poem>{{transl|zh|Yì yǒu tài jí ，
shì shēng liǎngyí ，
liǎngyí shēng sìxiàng ，
sìxiàng shēng bāguà ，
}}</poem>
|<poem> In Change there is the Supreme Polarity, ({{lang|zh|太極}}; ''[[Taiji (philosophy)|Taiji]]''),
which generates the Two Modes. ({{lang|zh|兩儀}}; ''Liangyi'')
The Two Modes generate the Four Images, ({{lang|zh|四象}}; ''Sixiang'')
and the Four Images generate the Eight Trigrams. ({{lang|zh|八卦}}; ''[[Bagua]]'').</poem>
|-
|}
</blockquote>
==Correspondence with the Five Phases==
{{Further|Category:Locations in Chinese mythology|Chinese mythological geography}}
[[File:Pig farm Vampula 9.jpg|thumb|Bronze mirror]]
These mythological creatures have also been syncretized into the [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Phases system]] (''Wuxing''). The Azure Dragon of the East represents Wood, the Vermilion Bird of the South represents Fire, the White Tiger of the West represents Metal, and the Black Tortoise (or Black Warrior) of the North represents Water. In this system, the fifth principle Earth is represented by the [[Yellow Dragon|Yellow Dragon of the Center]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations |edition=3rd |last1=Schirokauer |first1=Conrad |last2=Brown |first2=Miranda |year=2005 |isbn=0-534-64307-8}}</ref>
==See also==
[[File:Five cardinal directions, a pottery tile of the Han Dynasty, Cernuschi Museum, 2006-08-12.jpg|upright|thumb|A Han-dynasty pottery tile emblematically representing the five cardinal directions]]
* {{annotated link|Chinese astrology}}
* {{annotated link|Chinese constellations}}
* {{annotated link|Color in Chinese culture}}
* {{annotated link|Four Holy Beasts}}
* {{annotated link|Living creatures (Bible)|Four Living Creatures}}
* {{annotated link|Four Mountains}}
* {{annotated link|Four Perils}}
* {{annotated link|Four Seas}}
* {{annotated link|Four temperaments}}
* {{annotated link|Purple Forbidden enclosure}}
* {{annotated link|Royal stars}}
* {{annotated link|Tetramorph}}
* {{annotated link|Wufang Shangdi}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Chinese mythology}}
{{Chinese constellations}}
[[Category:Four Symbols| ]]
[[Category:Chinese astrological signs]]
[[Category:Chinese constellations]]
[[Category:Chinese legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Chinese mythology]]
[[Category:Cultural lists|4 Four Symbols]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -80,20 +80,6 @@
==Correspondence with the Five Phases==
{{Further|Category:Locations in Chinese mythology|Chinese mythological geography}}
-[[File:Bronze mirror with cosmological decoration from the Belitung shipwreck, ArtScience Museum, Singapore - 20110618.jpg|thumb|Bronze mirror with cosmological decoration from the [[Belitung shipwreck]], including [[Bagua]] and the Four Auspicious Beasts]]
+[[File:Pig farm Vampula 9.jpg|thumb|Bronze mirror]]
These mythological creatures have also been syncretized into the [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Phases system]] (''Wuxing''). The Azure Dragon of the East represents Wood, the Vermilion Bird of the South represents Fire, the White Tiger of the West represents Metal, and the Black Tortoise (or Black Warrior) of the North represents Water. In this system, the fifth principle Earth is represented by the [[Yellow Dragon|Yellow Dragon of the Center]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations |edition=3rd |last1=Schirokauer |first1=Conrad |last2=Brown |first2=Miranda |year=2005 |isbn=0-534-64307-8}}</ref>
-
-{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
-!Four Auspicious Beasts!!Five directions!!Five seasons!!Times of day<ref>{{cite web |url=http://primaltrek.com/impliedmeaning.html |title=The Hidden or Implied Meaning of Chinese Charm Symbols – 諧音寓意 – Differences between Chinese Coins and Chinese Charms |date=16 November 2016 |access-date=22 May 2018 |first=Gary |last=Ashkenazy |website=Primaltrek.com |language=en}}</ref>!!Five colors!![[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Wuxing]]!!Four Symbols!![[I_Ching#Structure|Yao]]!!Five Gods<ref>''Zuozhuan'' "Duke Zhao's 29th year - [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E6%98%AD%E5%85%AC#%E5%82%B3_29 zhuan]". quote:「夫物，物有其官，官修其方，朝夕思之。……故有五行之官，是謂五官，……'''木正曰句芒，火正曰祝融，金正曰蓐收，水正曰玄冥，土正曰后土。'''……少皞氏有四叔，曰重、曰該、曰修、曰熙，實能金、木及水。使重為句芒，該為蓐收，修及熙為玄冥，……此其三祀也。顓頊氏有子曰犁，為祝融；共工氏有子曰句龍，為后土，……」. Translation by Durrant, Li, & Schberg (2016) "Every kind of thing has its official, who is charged with perfecting the methods for it and keeping these in mind day and night. [...] Thus, there were the officials of the [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Resources(/ Agents / Phases)]], known as the Five Officials. [...] The Director for Wood was known as Goumang, the Director for Fire was known as Zhurong, the Director for Metal was known as Rushou, the Director for Water was known as Xuanming, and the Director for Earth was known as Houtu.[...] [[Shaohao]] had four younger brothers named Chong, Gai, Xiu, and Xi, who were talented with metal, wood, and water. He made Chong the Goumang, or Director for Wood; Gai the Rushou, or Director for Metal; and Xiu and Xi the Xuanming, or Director for Water.[...] [[Zhuanxu]] had a son named Li, who was the Zhurong, or Director for Fire. [[Gonggong]] had a son named Goulong, who was the Houtu, or Director for Earth. [...]"</ref>
-|-
-|[[Azure Dragon]]||[[East]]||[[Spring (season)|Spring]]||Dawn||[[Qing (color)|Blue-green]]||[[Wood (wuxing)|Wood]]||Young yang||⚍||[[Goumang]] (句芒) / Chong (重)
-|-
-|[[Vermilion Bird]]||[[South]]||[[Summer]]||Midday||[[Red]]||[[Fire (wuxing)|Fire]]||Old yang||⚌||[[Zhurong]] (祝融) / Li (犁)
-|-
-|[[White Tiger (mythology)|White Tiger]]||[[West]]||[[Autumn]]||Dusk||[[White]]||[[Metal (wuxing)|Metal]]||Young yin||⚎||[[Rushou]] (蓐收) / Gai (該)
-|-
-|[[Black Tortoise]]||[[North]]||[[Winter]]||Midnight||[[Black]]||[[Water (wuxing)|Water]]||Old yin||⚏||[[Yu Shi|Xuanming]] (玄冥) / Xiu & Xi (修 & 熙)
-|-
-|[[Yellow Dragon]] or [[Qilin]]||Central||Midsummer|| ||[[Yellow]]||[[Earth (wuxing)|Earth]]||||||[[Houtu]] (后土) / Goulong (句龍)
-|}
==See also==
' |
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1 => '',
2 => '{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"',
3 => '!Four Auspicious Beasts!!Five directions!!Five seasons!!Times of day<ref>{{cite web |url=http://primaltrek.com/impliedmeaning.html |title=The Hidden or Implied Meaning of Chinese Charm Symbols – 諧音寓意 – Differences between Chinese Coins and Chinese Charms |date=16 November 2016 |access-date=22 May 2018 |first=Gary |last=Ashkenazy |website=Primaltrek.com |language=en}}</ref>!!Five colors!![[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Wuxing]]!!Four Symbols!![[I_Ching#Structure|Yao]]!!Five Gods<ref>''Zuozhuan'' "Duke Zhao's 29th year - [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E6%98%AD%E5%85%AC#%E5%82%B3_29 zhuan]". quote:「夫物，物有其官，官修其方，朝夕思之。……故有五行之官，是謂五官，……'''木正曰句芒，火正曰祝融，金正曰蓐收，水正曰玄冥，土正曰后土。'''……少皞氏有四叔，曰重、曰該、曰修、曰熙，實能金、木及水。使重為句芒，該為蓐收，修及熙為玄冥，……此其三祀也。顓頊氏有子曰犁，為祝融；共工氏有子曰句龍，為后土，……」. Translation by Durrant, Li, & Schberg (2016) "Every kind of thing has its official, who is charged with perfecting the methods for it and keeping these in mind day and night. [...] Thus, there were the officials of the [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Resources(/ Agents / Phases)]], known as the Five Officials. [...] The Director for Wood was known as Goumang, the Director for Fire was known as Zhurong, the Director for Metal was known as Rushou, the Director for Water was known as Xuanming, and the Director for Earth was known as Houtu.[...] [[Shaohao]] had four younger brothers named Chong, Gai, Xiu, and Xi, who were talented with metal, wood, and water. He made Chong the Goumang, or Director for Wood; Gai the Rushou, or Director for Metal; and Xiu and Xi the Xuanming, or Director for Water.[...] [[Zhuanxu]] had a son named Li, who was the Zhurong, or Director for Fire. [[Gonggong]] had a son named Goulong, who was the Houtu, or Director for Earth. [...]"</ref>',
4 => '|-',
5 => '|[[Azure Dragon]]||[[East]]||[[Spring (season)|Spring]]||Dawn||[[Qing (color)|Blue-green]]||[[Wood (wuxing)|Wood]]||Young yang||⚍||[[Goumang]] (句芒) / Chong (重)',
6 => '|-',
7 => '|[[Vermilion Bird]]||[[South]]||[[Summer]]||Midday||[[Red]]||[[Fire (wuxing)|Fire]]||Old yang||⚌||[[Zhurong]] (祝融) / Li (犁)',
8 => '|-',
9 => '|[[White Tiger (mythology)|White Tiger]]||[[West]]||[[Autumn]]||Dusk||[[White]]||[[Metal (wuxing)|Metal]]||Young yin||⚎||[[Rushou]] (蓐收) / Gai (該)',
10 => '|-',
11 => '|[[Black Tortoise]]||[[North]]||[[Winter]]||Midnight||[[Black]]||[[Water (wuxing)|Water]]||Old yin||⚏||[[Yu Shi|Xuanming]] (玄冥) / Xiu & Xi (修 & 熙)',
12 => '|-',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mythological creatures in Chinese constellations</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Led Zeppelin album sometimes called "Four Symbols", see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_IV" title="Led Zeppelin IV">Led Zeppelin IV</a>.</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#b0c4de">Four Symbols</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Four_Symbols.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Four_Symbols.svg/220px-Four_Symbols.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Four_Symbols.svg/330px-Four_Symbols.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Four_Symbols.svg/440px-Four_Symbols.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="368" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Clockwise from top left: Black Tortoise of the North, Azure Dragon of the East, Vermilion Bird of the South and White Tiger of the West</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B1%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:四象">四象</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Four Images</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Sì Xiàng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Tứ tượng</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">四象</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">사상</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">四象</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Sasang</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">四象</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ししょう</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Revised Hepburn</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Shishō</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Shishō</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#b0c4de">Four Gods</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%A5%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:四神">四神</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Tứ Thánh Thú</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">四聖獣</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">사신</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">四神</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Sashin</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">四神</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">しじん</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Revised Hepburn</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Shijin</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Shijin</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%92%8C%E5%90%88%E5%9B%9B%E8%B1%A1%E5%9C%96.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%92%8C%E5%90%88%E5%9B%9B%E8%B1%A1%E5%9C%96.png/220px-%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%92%8C%E5%90%88%E5%9B%9B%E8%B1%A1%E5%9C%96.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%92%8C%E5%90%88%E5%9B%9B%E8%B1%A1%E5%9C%96.png/330px-%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%92%8C%E5%90%88%E5%9B%9B%E8%B1%A1%E5%9C%96.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%92%8C%E5%90%88%E5%9B%9B%E8%B1%A1%E5%9C%96.png/440px-%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%92%8C%E5%90%88%E5%9B%9B%E8%B1%A1%E5%9C%96.png 2x" data-file-width="1317" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">Neidan</a></i> Illustration of Bringing Together the Four Symbols 和合四象圖, 1615 <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xingming_guizhi" title="Xingming guizhi">Xingming guizhi</a></i></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <b>Four Symbols</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:四">四</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B1%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:象">象</a></span>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Sì Xiàng</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'four images'), are four <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">mythological</a> creatures appearing among the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_constellations" title="Chinese constellations">Chinese constellations</a> along the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>, and viewed as the guardians of the four <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal directions</a>. These four creatures are also referred to by a variety of other names, including "<b>Four Guardians</b>", "<b>Four Gods</b>", and "<b>Four Auspicious Beasts</b>". They are the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azure_Dragon" title="Azure Dragon">Azure Dragon</a> of the East, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vermilion_Bird" title="Vermilion Bird">Vermilion Bird</a> of the South, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Tiger_(mythology)" title="White Tiger (mythology)">White Tiger</a> of the West, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Tortoise" title="Black Tortoise">Black Tortoise</a> (also called "Black Warrior") of the North. Each of the creatures is most closely associated with a cardinal direction and a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">color</a>, but also additionally represents other aspects, including a season of the year, an emotion, virtue, and one of the Chinese "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">five elements</a>" (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water). Each has been given its own individual traits, origin story and a reason for being. Symbolically, and as part of spiritual and religious belief and meaning, these creatures have been culturally important across countries in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">East Asian cultural sphere</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#In_I_Ching"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In I Ching</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Correspondence_with_the_Five_Phases"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Correspondence with the Five Phases</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Four_Symbols&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Depictions of mythological creatures clearly ancestral to the modern set of four creatures have been found throughout China. Currently, the oldest known depiction was found in 1987 in a tomb in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xishuipo" title="Xishuipo">Xishuipo</a> (西水坡) in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puyang" title="Puyang">Puyang</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, which has been dated to approximately 5300 BC. In the tomb, labeled M45, immediately adjacent to the remains of the main occupant to the east and west were found mosaics made of clam shells and bones forming images closely resembling the Azure Dragon and White Tiger, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The modern standard configuration was settled much later, with variations appearing throughout Chinese history. For example, the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rong_Cheng_Shi" title="Rong Cheng Shi">Rong Cheng Shi</a></i> manuscript recovered in 1994, which dates to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (ca. 453–221 BCE), gives five directions rather than four and places the animals differently. According to that document, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a> gave directional banners to his people, marked with the following insignia: the north with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a>, the south with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snake</a>, the east with the sun, the west with the moon, and the center with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classic</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></i> mentions the Vermillion Bird, Black Tortoise (Dark Warrior), Azure Dragon, and White Tiger as heraldric animals on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">war flags</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> they were the names of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-Eight_Mansions" title="Twenty-Eight Mansions">asterisms</a> associated with the four cardinal directions: South, North, East, and West, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, the Four Symbols have been assigned human identities and names. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azure_Dragon" title="Azure Dragon">Azure Dragon</a> is named Meng Zhang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孟章</span></span>), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vermilion_Bird" title="Vermilion Bird">Vermilion Bird</a> is called Ling Guang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陵光</span></span>), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Tiger_(mythology)" title="White Tiger (mythology)">White Tiger</a> Jian Bing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">監兵</span></span>), and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Tortoise" title="Black Tortoise">Black Tortoise</a> Zhi Ming (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">執明</span></span>). Its Japanese equivalent, in corresponding order: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azure_Dragon" title="Azure Dragon">Seiryū</a> (east), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vermilion_Bird" title="Vermilion Bird">Suzaku</a> (south), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Tiger_(mythology)" title="White Tiger (mythology)">Byakko</a> (west), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Tortoise" title="Black Tortoise">Genbu</a> (North).
</p><p>The colours associated with the four creatures can be said to match the colours of soil in the corresponding areas of China: the bluish-grey water-logged soils of the east, the reddish iron-rich soils of the south, the whitish saline soils of the western deserts, the black organic-rich soils of the north, and the yellow soils from the central <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_I_Ching">In I Ching</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Four_Symbols&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In I Ching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The chapter <span lang="zh-Hant">繫辭上</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn-pinyin"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xici" title="Xici">Xì Cí shàng</a></span></i>; 'The Great Treatise I' in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">易經</span>; 'Classics of Changes') describes the origins of the Four Symbols thus:<sup id="cite_ref-xicishang_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xicishang-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhu&Adler_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu&Adler-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<blockquote>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width: 17%;"><div title="Chinese-language text"><div lang="zh"><div class="poem">
<p>易有太極，<br />
是生兩儀，<br />
兩儀生四象，<br />
四象生八卦，
</p>
</div></div></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 24%;"><div class="poem">
<p><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yì yǒu tài jí ， <br />
shì shēng liǎngyí ， <br />
liǎngyí shēng sìxiàng ， <br />
sìxiàng shēng bāguà ，<br /></i></span>
</p>
</div>
</td>
<td><div class="poem">
<p>   In Change there is the Supreme Polarity, (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">太極</span></span>; <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taiji_(philosophy)" title="Taiji (philosophy)">Taiji</a></i>),<br />
   which generates the Two Modes. (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">兩儀</span></span>; <i>Liangyi</i>)<br />
   The Two Modes generate the Four Images, (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">四象</span></span>; <i>Sixiang</i>)<br />
   and the Four Images generate the Eight Trigrams. (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">八卦</span></span>; <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bagua" title="Bagua">Bagua</a></i>).
</p>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Correspondence_with_the_Five_Phases">Correspondence with the Five Phases</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Four_Symbols&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Correspondence with the Five Phases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Chinese mythology">Category:Locations in Chinese mythology</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_mythological_geography" title="Chinese mythological geography">Chinese mythological geography</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pig_farm_Vampula_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pig_farm_Vampula_9.jpg/220px-Pig_farm_Vampula_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pig_farm_Vampula_9.jpg/330px-Pig_farm_Vampula_9.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pig_farm_Vampula_9.jpg/440px-Pig_farm_Vampula_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Bronze mirror</figcaption></figure>
<p>These mythological creatures have also been syncretized into the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">Five Phases system</a> (<i>Wuxing</i>). The Azure Dragon of the East represents Wood, the Vermilion Bird of the South represents Fire, the White Tiger of the West represents Metal, and the Black Tortoise (or Black Warrior) of the North represents Water. In this system, the fifth principle Earth is represented by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow_Dragon" title="Yellow Dragon">Yellow Dragon of the Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Four_Symbols&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Five_cardinal_directions,_a_pottery_tile_of_the_Han_Dynasty,_Cernuschi_Museum,_2006-08-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Five_cardinal_directions%2C_a_pottery_tile_of_the_Han_Dynasty%2C_Cernuschi_Museum%2C_2006-08-12.jpg/170px-Five_cardinal_directions%2C_a_pottery_tile_of_the_Han_Dynasty%2C_Cernuschi_Museum%2C_2006-08-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Five_cardinal_directions%2C_a_pottery_tile_of_the_Han_Dynasty%2C_Cernuschi_Museum%2C_2006-08-12.jpg/255px-Five_cardinal_directions%2C_a_pottery_tile_of_the_Han_Dynasty%2C_Cernuschi_Museum%2C_2006-08-12.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Five_cardinal_directions%2C_a_pottery_tile_of_the_Han_Dynasty%2C_Cernuschi_Museum%2C_2006-08-12.jpg/340px-Five_cardinal_directions%2C_a_pottery_tile_of_the_Han_Dynasty%2C_Cernuschi_Museum%2C_2006-08-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A Han-dynasty pottery tile emblematically representing the five cardinal directions</figcaption></figure>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_astrology" title="Chinese astrology">Chinese astrology</a> – Astrology based on Chinese astronomy</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_constellations" title="Chinese constellations">Chinese constellations</a> – Groupings used in Chinese astrology</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a> – Values ascribed to colors in Chinese cultural tradition</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a> – Four sacred animals in Chinese mythology</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Living_creatures_(Bible)" title="Living creatures (Bible)">Four Living Creatures</a> – Class of heavenly beings</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Four_Mountains" title="Four Mountains">Four Mountains</a> – Four deities, heroes or legendary mountains in Chinese mythology</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Four_Perils" title="Four Perils">Four Perils</a> – Four malevolent beings in Chinese mythology</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Four_Seas" title="Four Seas">Four Seas</a> – Four bodies of water that metaphorically made up the boundaries of ancient China</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Four_temperaments" title="Four temperaments">Four temperaments</a> – Proto-psychological theory</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple Forbidden enclosure">Purple Forbidden enclosure</a> – Chinese historical constellation<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_stars" title="Royal stars">Royal stars</a> – Persian definition in astronomy</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetramorph" title="Tetramorph">Tetramorph</a> – Symbolic arrangement of four differing elements</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wufang_Shangdi" title="Wufang Shangdi">Wufang Shangdi</a> – Traditional Chinese fivefold deity</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Four_Symbols&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126162701/https://kknews.cc/history/op8934p.html">"西水坡遺址里的圖案擺放，預示著古代某種神秘的星象"</a>. <i>KK News</i> (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 2018-04-30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kknews.cc/history/op8934p.html">the original</a> on 2021-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KK+News&rft.atitle=%E8%A5%BF%E6%B0%B4%E5%9D%A1%E9%81%BA%E5%9D%80%E9%87%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%96%E6%A1%88%E6%93%BA%E6%94%BE%EF%BC%8C%E9%A0%90%E7%A4%BA%E8%91%97%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%9F%90%E7%A8%AE%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E7%9A%84%E6%98%9F%E8%B1%A1&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkknews.cc%2Fhistory%2Fop8934p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+Symbols" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pines, Yuri. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eacenter.huji.ac.il/uploaded/fck/Rong%20Cheng%20shi%20BSOAS.pdf">Political Mythology and Dynastic Legitimacy in the <i>Rong Cheng Shi</i> Manuscript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425122636/http://www.eacenter.huji.ac.il/uploaded/fck/Rong%20Cheng%20shi%20BSOAS.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-04-25 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Bulletin of SOAS</i>, Vol. <b>73</b>, No. 3 (2010), p. 515.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liji</i>, "Qu Li Shang (Summary of the Rules of Propriety Part 1)", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=9535">69</a> quote: "行：前朱鳥而後玄武，左青龍而右白虎。" James Legge's translation: "On the march the (banner with the) Red Bird should be in front; that with the Dark Warrior behind; that with the Azure Dragon on the left; and that with the White Tiger on the right".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zheng_Xuan" title="Zheng Xuan">Zheng Xuan</a> (annotator) & <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kong_Yingda" title="Kong Yingda">Kong Yingda</a> (clarifier), <i>Book of Rites: Annotated and Clarified</i>, "Vol 3. Qu Li 1". <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Siku Quanshu</a> version. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=75068&page=27#%E5%89%8D%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%8C%E5%8C%97%E5%B7%A6%E6%9D%B1%E5%8F%B3%E8%A5%BF%E6%9C%B1%E9%B3%A5%F0%A4%A3%A5%E6%AD%A6%E9%9D%92%E9%BE%8D%E7%99%BD%E8%99%8E%E5%9B%9B%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%BF%E5%90%8D%E4%B9%9F">p. 27</a> of 158. quote: "前南後北，左東右西。朱鳥、玄武、青龍、白虎，四方宿名也。"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBradyWeil2014" class="citation book cs1">Brady, N.; Weil, R. (2014). <i>Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soil</i>. p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+the+Nature+and+Properties+of+Soil&rft.pages=89&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Weil%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+Symbols" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-xicishang-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xicishang_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Book of Changes</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=46934">"繫辭上 - Xi Ci I (The Great Treatise) 11.3"</a> with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">James Legge</a>'s translation</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Zhu&Adler-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhu&Adler_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFZhu_Xi2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> (2020). <i>The Original Meaning of the Yijing: Commentary on the Scripture of Change</i>. Translated by Joseph A. Adler. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Original+Meaning+of+the+Yijing%3A+Commentary+on+the+Scripture+of+Change.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Zhu+Xi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+Symbols" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchirokauerBrown2005" class="citation book cs1">Schirokauer, Conrad; Brown, Miranda (2005). <i>A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-64307-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-64307-8"><bdi>0-534-64307-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Chinese+and+Japanese+Civilizations&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-534-64307-8&rft.aulast=Schirokauer&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft.au=Brown%2C+Miranda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+Symbols" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_mythology" title="Template talk:Chinese mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_creation_myths" title="Chinese creation myths">Creation myth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_spiritual_world_concepts" title="Chinese spiritual world concepts">Godly world concepts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_astrology" title="Chinese astrology">Astrology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Dragons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Gods and immortals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pangu" title="Pangu">Pangu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">Ghosts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major personages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Gods and immortals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eight_Immortals" title="Eight Immortals">Eight Immortals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Youchao" title="Youchao">Youchao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yan_Emperor" title="Yan Emperor">Yan Emperor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chiyou" title="Chiyou">Chiyou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hou_Yi" title="Hou Yi">Hou Yi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuafu" title="Kuafu">Kuafu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythological creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Four Symbols</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Tortoise" title="Black Tortoise">Black Tortoise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azure_Dragon" title="Azure Dragon">Azure Dragon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Tiger_(mythology)" title="White Tiger (mythology)">White Tiger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vermilion_Bird" title="Vermilion Bird">Vermilion Bird</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow_Dragon" title="Yellow Dragon">Yellow Dragon</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qilin" title="Qilin">Qilin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fenghuang" title="Fenghuang">Fenghuang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yinglong" title="Yinglong">Yinglong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spirit_turtle" title="Spirit turtle">Spirit turtle</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bixi" title="Bixi">Bixi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">Huli jing</a> (Fox spirit)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_guardian_lions" title="Chinese guardian lions">Chinese guardian lions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pixiu" title="Pixiu">Pixiu</a> (Bixie)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nian" title="Nian">Nian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Horses in Chinese mythology">Horses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hundun" title="Hundun">Hundun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xiezhi" title="Xiezhi">Xiezhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuzhiqi" title="Wuzhiqi">Wuzhiqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeren" title="Yeren">Yeren</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">Fox spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Four_Perils" title="Four Perils">Four Perils</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Four_Perils" title="Four Perils">Four Evildoers</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peng_(mythology)" title="Peng (mythology)">Peng (mythology)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nine-headed_Bird" title="Nine-headed Bird">Nine-headed Bird</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_China" title="List of legendary creatures from China"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Buzhou" title="Mount Buzhou">Buzhou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eight_Pillars" title="Eight Pillars">Eight Pillars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gate_of_the_Ghosts" title="Gate of the Ghosts">Gate of the Ghosts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fusang" title="Fusang">Fusang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jade_Mountain_(mythology)" title="Jade Mountain (mythology)">Jade Mountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kunlun_(mythology)" title="Kunlun (mythology)">Kunlun Mountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longmen_(mythology)" title="Longmen (mythology)">Longmen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moving_Sands" title="Moving Sands">Moving Sands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Penglai" title="Mount Penglai">Penglai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_River_(mythology)" title="Red River (mythology)">Red River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weak_River_(mythology)" title="Weak River (mythology)">Weak River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Youdu" title="Youdu">Youdu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gu_(poison)" title="Gu (poison)">Gu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peaches_of_Immortality" title="Peaches of Immortality">Peaches of Immortality</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Classic of Mountains and Seas</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shi_Yi_Ji" title="Shi Yi Ji">Shi Yi Ji</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bowuzhi" title="Bowuzhi">Bowuzhi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Gods_and_Strange_Things" title="Book of Gods and Strange Things">Shenyi Jing</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Peach_Blossom_Spring" title="The Peach Blossom Spring">The Peach Blossom Spring</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Four_Journeys" class="mw-redirect" title="The Four Journeys">The Four Journeys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Gods" title="Investiture of the Gods">Investiture of the Gods</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legend_of_the_White_Snake" title="Legend of the White Snake">Legend of the White Snake</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Three_Sui_Quash_the_Demons%27_Revolt" title="The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt">The Sorcerer's Revolt</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strange_Tales_from_a_Chinese_Studio" title="Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio">Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Supernatural" title="In Search of the Supernatural">In Search of the Supernatural</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dong_Yong_and_the_Seventh_Fairy" title="Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy">Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/What_the_Master_Would_Not_Discuss" title="What the Master Would Not Discuss">What the Master Would Not Discuss</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heavenly_Questions" title="Heavenly Questions">Heavenly Questions</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chu_Ci" title="Chu Ci">Chu Ci</a>)</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Cowherd_and_the_Weaver_Girl" title="The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl">The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Notes_of_the_Thatched_Abode_of_Close_Observations" title="Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations">Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_constellations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Chinese_constellations" title="Template:Chinese constellations"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_constellations" title="Template talk:Chinese constellations"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_constellations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese constellations"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_constellations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_constellations" title="Chinese constellations">Chinese constellations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Three Enclosures (三垣)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple Forbidden enclosure">Purple Forbidden enclosure</a> (紫微垣)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure" title="Supreme Palace enclosure">Supreme Palace enclosure</a> (太微垣)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure" title="Heavenly Market enclosure">Heavenly Market enclosure</a> (天市垣)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Four Symbols</a> (四象) <span class="nobold">and</span><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-Eight_Mansions" title="Twenty-Eight Mansions">Twenty-Eight Mansions</a> (二十八宿)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<dl><dt>East – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azure_Dragon" title="Azure Dragon">Azure Dragon</a> (青龍)</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horn_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Horn (Chinese constellation)">Horn</a> (角)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neck_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Neck (Chinese constellation)">Neck</a> (亢)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Root_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Root (Chinese constellation)">Root</a> (氐)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Room_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Room (Chinese constellation)">Room</a> (房)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heart_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Heart (Chinese constellation)">Heart</a> (心)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tail_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Tail (Chinese constellation)">Tail</a> (尾)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winnowing_Basket_(Chinese_constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnowing Basket (Chinese constellation)">Winnowing Basket</a> (箕)</dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<dl><dt>South – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vermilion_Bird" title="Vermilion Bird">Vermilion Bird</a> (朱雀)</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Well_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Well (Chinese constellation)">Well</a> (井)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghost_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Ghost (Chinese constellation)">Ghost</a> (鬼)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Willow_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Willow (Chinese constellation)">Willow</a> (柳)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Star_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Star (Chinese constellation)">Star</a> (星)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extended_Net" title="Extended Net">Extended Net</a> (張)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wings_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Wings (Chinese constellation)">Wings</a> (翼)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chariot_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Chariot (Chinese constellation)">Chariot</a> (軫)</dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<dl><dt>West – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Tiger_(mythology)" title="White Tiger (mythology)">White Tiger</a> (白虎)</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legs_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Legs (Chinese constellation)">Legs</a> (奎)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bond_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Bond (Chinese constellation)">Bond</a> (婁)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stomach_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Stomach (Chinese constellation)">Stomach</a> (胃)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hairy_Head" title="Hairy Head">Hairy Head</a> (昴)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Net_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Net (Chinese constellation)">Net</a> (畢)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle_Beak" title="Turtle Beak">Turtle Beak</a> (觜)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Stars_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Three Stars (Chinese constellation)">Three Stars</a> (參)</dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<dl><dt>North – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Tortoise" title="Black Tortoise">Black Tortoise</a> (玄武)</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dipper_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Dipper (Chinese constellation)">Dipper</a> (斗)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ox_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Ox (Chinese constellation)">Ox</a> (牛)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Girl_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Girl (Chinese constellation)">Girl</a> (女)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emptiness_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Emptiness (Chinese constellation)">Emptiness</a> (虛)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roof_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Roof (Chinese constellation)">Rooftop</a> (危)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encampment_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Encampment (Chinese constellation)">Encampment</a> (室)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wall_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Wall (Chinese constellation)">Wall</a> (壁)</dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<dl><dt>Center – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow_Dragon" title="Yellow Dragon">Yellow Dragon</a> (黃龍)</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flat_Earth#Ancient_China" title="Flat Earth">Earth</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1699913892' |
