Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Short description|Large indoor shopping center, usually anchored by department stores}}
{{About|large, usually enclosed, shopping centers anchored by traditional department stores|an overview of all types of shopping centers|Shopping center|pedestrian malls|Pedestrian zone}}
[[File:2018 Mall of America 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]], the largest mall in the United States]]
[[File:Westfield Garden State Plaza - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The interior of [[Garden State Plaza]] [[Shopping mall#List of types of shopping centers (including_malls)|megamall]] in [[Paramus, New Jersey|Paramus]], [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen County]], [[New Jersey]], the [[borough (New Jersey)|borough]] with the world's highest concentration of shopping malls]]
A '''shopping mall''' (or simply '''mall''') is a large indoor [[shopping center]], usually [[Anchor tenant|anchored]] by [[department store]]s. The term "mall" originally meant [[pedestrian zone|a pedestrian promenade]] with shops along it (that is, the term was used to refer to the walkway itself which was merely bordered by such shops), but in the late 1960s, it began to be used as a generic term for the large enclosed shopping centers that were becoming commonplace at the time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longstreth |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lCimuNbqKfkC|title=City Center to Regional Mall |date=1997 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=0262122006 |quote= "the essential framework for the regional mall", and other references in this page range and elsewhere to malls as a type of shopping center|pages=296–304}}</ref><ref name="Rielly">{{cite book |last1=Rielly |first1=Edward J. |title=The 1960s |date=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0-313-31261-3 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3hAR5c9QFcC&pg=PA62 |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> In the U.K., such complexes are considered shopping centres ([[Commonwealth English]]: shopping centre), though "shopping center" covers many more sizes and types of centers than the North American "mall". Other countries may follow U.S. usage ([[Philippines]], [[India]],<ref name=sarkar>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=John |title=Most mall owners agree to retailers' rental terms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/most-mall-owners-agree-to-retailers-rental-terms/articleshow/76435886.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=18 June 2020}}</ref> and [[United Arab Emirates|U.A.E.]]<ref name=uae1>{{cite news |title=UAE's malls will need a full-scale repurposing |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/uaes-malls-will-need-a-full-scale-repurposing-1.72583503 |publisher=Gulf News |date=14 July 2020}}</ref>) while still others (Australia,<ref name=australia>{{cite web |title=Key Facts |url=https://www.scca.org.au/industry-information/key-facts/ |website=Shopping Centre Council of Australia}}</ref> etc.) follow U.K. usage. In [[Canadian English]], and often in Australia and New Zealand, the term 'mall' may be used informally but 'shopping centre' or merely 'centre' will feature in the name of the complex (such as [[Toronto Eaton Centre]]). The term 'mall' is less-commonly a part of the name of the complex.
Many malls have declined considerably in [[North America]], particularly in subprime locations, and some have closed and become so-called "[[dead mall]]s".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-10 |title=American Malls That Have Fallen Into Ruin |url=https://www.gobankingrates.com/money/economy/dying-malls/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=GOBankingRates |language=en}}</ref> Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added [[big-box store]]s as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats such as [[power center (retail)|power centers]], [[lifestyle centers]], [[factory outlet]] centers, and [[festival marketplace]]s.<ref name="ICSC Characteristics" /> In Canada, shopping centres have frequently been replaced with mixed-use high-rise communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mixed use becomes crucial for big retail projects |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/business/mixed-use-becomes-crucial-for-big-retail-projects-4679604 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Victoria Times Colonist |date=6 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
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In many [[Europe|European countries]] shopping malls continue to grow and thrive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ecsp.eu/research-shopping-centres-continue-to-dominate-european-retail-space-but-significant-variations-exist-between-countries/|title=Research: Shopping Centres Continue To Dominate European Retail Space, But Significant Variations Exist Between Countries|publisher=European Council of Shopping Places|date=11 April 2023}}</ref>
==Types==
The [[International Council of Shopping Centers]], based in [[New York City]], classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and superregional malls.
===Regional mall===
A regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with {{convert|400000|sqft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|800000|sqft|abbr=on}} [[gross leasable area]] with at least two [[anchor store]]s.<ref name="ISCS_definitions-2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |title=US Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics |publisher=International Council of Shopping Centers |date=August 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223219/http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>
===Super-regional mall===
A super-regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with over {{convert|800000|sqft|abbr=on}} of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion [[apparel]], and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region ({{convert|25|miles|disp=or|abbr=out}}) in which it is located.<ref name="ISCS_definitions-2015"/>
===Not malls===
Not classified as malls are smaller formats such as [[strip mall]]s and [[neighborhood shopping center]]s, and specialized formats such as [[power center (retail)|power centers]], [[festival marketplace]]s, and [[outlet center]]s.<ref name="ICSC Characteristics">{{cite web |url=http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |title=U.S. Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics |year=1999 |publisher=International Council of Shopping Centers |url-status=live |access-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308074500/http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
Conversely in some countries, many shopping centers less than half or a quarter of the size of the U.S. minimum to be considered a mall, {{convert|400000|sqft|abbr=on}}, have "mall" in their names – for example in [[List of shopping centres in Namibia|Namibia]] or [[List of shopping centres in Zambia|Zambia]].
The [[List of largest shopping malls|world's largest malls]] with over {{convert|500000|sqm|sqft}} of gross leasable area are in the Philippines, Thailand, and China – more than half again as large as previous contenders such as the [[Dubai Mall]].
===List of types of shopping centers (including malls)===
The [[International Council of Shopping Centers]] classifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into the following types:<ref name="ICSC definitions">{{cite web| title=ICSC Shopping Center Definitions: Basic Configurations and Types| access-date=July 15, 2020| publisher=International Council of Shopping Centers| url=https://www.icsc.com/uploads/t07-subpage/US-Shopping-Center-Definition-Standard.pdf}}</ref><ref>[https://www.icsc.com/uploads/research/general/Canadian-Shopping-Centre-Definitions.pdf "Canada Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC, accessed January 8, 2023]</ref><ref name=icsc_asia>[https://www.icsc.com/uploads/t07-subpage/Asia-Shopping-Center-Definition-Standard.pdf "Asia Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC, accessed July 15, 2020]</ref><ref>[https://www.icsc.com/uploads/t07-subpage/Europe-Shopping-Center-Definition-Standard.pdf "Europe Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC]</ref>
<small>''Abbreviations: SC=shopping center/centre, GLA = Gross Leasable Area, NLA = Net Leasable Area'', AP=Asia-Pacific, EU=Europe, Can=Canada, US=United States of America<br />
<sup>*</sup>does not apply to Europe</small>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type
! {{flagicon|USA}} US GLA [[Square foot|ft<sup>2</sup>]]
! {{flagicon|USA}} US GLA [[Square metre|m<sup>2</sup>]]
! {{flagicon|European Union}} EU GLA m<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|European Union}} EU GLA ft<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|Canada}} Can GLA ft<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|Canada}} Can GLA m<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|ASEAN}} AP NLA ft<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|ASEAN}} AP NLA m<sup>2</sup>
! # anchors<sup>*</sup>
! Typical anchors
|-
| colspan=11 | '''Large general-purpose centers '''<small>(US/AP)</small>''' / traditional shopping centres''' <small>(EU/Can)</small>
|-
| '''Mega-mall''' <small>(AP)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| 1,500,000+
| 140,000+
|3+
| |[[Department store]]s, [[supermarkets]], [[hypermarkets]], [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplexes]], major entertainment/<wbr/>leisure
|-
| '''Super-regional mall/center'''<br /><small>EU: Very large SC</small>
| 800,000+
| 74,000+
| 80,000+
| 860,000+
| 800,000+
| 74,000+
| 800,000–<wbr/>1,499,999
| 74,000–<wbr/>139,999
|3+
|rowspan=2 |Regular/discount department stores, in Europe and Asia also supermarkets, hypermarkets, cinemas, major entertainment/<wbr/>leisure
|-
| '''Regional mall/center'''<br /><small>EU: Large SC</small>
| 400,000–<wbr/>800,000
| 37,000–<wbr/>74,000
| 40,000–<wbr/>79,999
| 430,000–<wbr/>859,999
| 300,000–<wbr/>799,999
| 28,000–<wbr/>73,999
| 500,000–<wbr/>800,000
| 46,000–<wbr/>74,000
|2+
|-
| colspan=8 | '''Small & medium general-purpose centers '''<small>(US/AP)</small>''' / traditional shopping centres''' <small>(EU/Can)</small>
|-
| Sub-regional SC <small>(AP)</small><br /><small>Europe: Medium SC</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| 20,000–<wbr/>39,999
| 220,000–<wbr/>429,999
| n/a
| n/a
| 200,000–<wbr/>500,000
| 19,000–<wbr/>46,000
| 0–<wbr/>3
| Supermarket, hypermarket, small/discount department stores
|-
| <small>Small comparison-based SC (EU)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| 5,000–<wbr/>19,999
| 54,000–<wbr/>219,999
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| Apparel, home furnishing, electronics, gifts, etc.
|-
| <small>Small convenience-based SC (EU)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| 5,000–<wbr/>19,999
| 54,000–<wbr/>219,999
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| Supermarket, hypermarket, pharmacy, convenience store, household goods, etc.
|-
| '''[[Neighborhood shopping center|Community shopping center]]'''
| 125,000–<wbr/>400,000
| 11,600–<wbr/>37,000
| n/a
| n/a
| 100,000–<wbr/>400,000
| 9,300–<wbr/>37,000
| n/a
| n/a
|2+
| [[Discount store]], supermarket, [[drugstore]], [[category killer]].<br />
a.k.a. large [[neighborhood shopping center]] in US, Can
|-
| '''[[Neighborhood shopping center]]'''
| 30,000–<wbr/>125,000
| 2,800–<wbr/>11,600
| n/a
| n/a
| 40,000–<wbr/>99,000
| 3,700–<wbr/>9,200
| 20,000–<wbr/>200,000
| 1,900–<wbr/>19,000
|<small>1+ (US/Can)<br />0–<wbr/>2 (AP)</small>
|[[Supermarket]], in Asia also hypermarket
|-
| '''[[Strip mall|Convenience center]]'''<br /><small>US/Can also "[[Strip mall]]"</small>
| <30,000
| <2,800
| n/a
| n/a
| 10,000–<wbr/>39,000
| 930–<wbr/>3,600
| n/a
| n/a
|0–<wbr/>1
|[[Convenience store]] anchor or anchorless
|-
! Type
! {{flagicon|USA}} US GLA [[Square foot|ft<sup>2</sup>]]
! {{flagicon|USA}} US GLA [[Square metre|m<sup>2</sup>]]
! {{flagicon|European Union}} EU GLA m<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|European Union}} EU GLA ft<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|Canada}} Can GLA ft<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|Canada}} Can GLA m<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|ASEAN}} AP NLA ft<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|ASEAN}} AP NLA m<sup>2</sup>
! # anchors<sup>*</sup>
! Typical anchors
|-
| colspan=11 | '''Specialized shopping centers'''
|-
| '''[[Power center (retail)|Power center]]'''<br /><small>EU: a.k.a. "[[Retail park]]"</small>
| 250,000–<wbr/>600,000
| 23,000–<wbr/>56,000
| S:5,000–<wbr/>9,999<br />M:10,000–<wbr/>19,999<br />L:20,000+
| S:54,000–<wbr/>109,999<br />M:110,000–<wbr/>219,999<br />L:220,000+
| 100,000–<wbr/>1,000,000
| 9,300–<wbr/>93,000
| >50,000
| >4,600
| <small>3+ (US/Can)<br />n/a (AP)</small>
| Category killers, [[warehouse club]]s, large discount stores. In Asia 90% of NLA must be these.
|-
| '''[[Lifestyle center]]''' <small>(US)</small>
| 150,000–<wbr/>500,000
| 14,000–<wbr/>46,000
| n/a
| n/a
| 150,000–<wbr/>500,000
| 14,000–<wbr/>46,000
| n/a
| n/a
| 0–<wbr/>2
| Large-format upscale specialty stores
|-
| '''[[Factory outlet|Outlet mall/center]]'''
| 50,000–<wbr/>400,000
| 4,600–<wbr/>37,000
| 5,000+
| 54,000+
| 50,000–<wbr/>400,000
| 4,600–<wbr/>37,000
| "no max. size"
| "no max. size"
| n/a
|Manufacturers' and retail [[outlet store]]s
|-
| [[Festival marketplace|Theme/Festival]] <small>(US)</small><br /><small>([[Festival marketplace]])</small>
| 80,000–<wbr/>250,000
| 7,400–<wbr/>23,000
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| Restaurants, specialty stores catering to visitors, entertainment
|-
| Leisure/<wbr/>entertainment centre <small>(AP)</small><br /><small>Leisure-based SC (EU)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| 5,000+
| 54,000+
| n/a
| n/a
| <500,000
| <46,000
|N/A
| Entertainment and/or F&B (food and beverage) (in Asia, 50%+ of tenants are these), plus specialty stores catering to visitors, [[fast fashion]], electronics, sports. Europe: usually anchored by a multiplex cinema and also may include bowling, fitness. Excludes centers at transport hubs.
|-
| Specialty SC <small>(AP)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| <500,000
| <46,000
| 0
| Specialty shops with general product mix (apparel, F&B, electronics, etc.)
|-
| Single category SC <small>(AP)</small><br /><small>Non-leisure-based themed SC (EU)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| 5,000+
| 54,000+
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| Dedicated to single product type other than F&B, groceries or fashion, e.g. information technology, homewares/furniture. In Asia, 80% of NLA should be dedicated to the theme.
|-
| Major transportation hub SC <small>(AP)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| >50,000
| >4,600
| n/a
|Retail at public transportation hubs including airside airport retail
|-
| colspan=11 | '''Limited-purpose property'''
|-
| Airport retail
| 75,000–<wbr/>300,000
| 7,000–<wbr/>28,000
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| 0
| Speciality retail and restaurants
|-
|colspan=11 | '''Shopping centre hybrids''' <small>(Canada only)</small>
|-
| Hybrid SC <small>(Can)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| 250,000+
| 23,000+
| n/a
| n/a
| varies
| Has characteristics of two or more shopping center types e.g. power center + regional mall
|}
==History==
===Forerunners to the shopping mall===
[[File:Burlington Arcade 2444.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Burlington Arcade]] in London, with shop fronts inside (pictured), opened in 1819]]
[[File:Louis Vuitton in Galeria V. Emanuele, Milan, Italy (9471446737).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]] interior in Milan which opened in 1877]]
Shopping centers in general may have their origins in public markets and, in the Middle East, covered [[bazaar]]s.
In 1798, the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, the [[Passage du Caire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insecula.com/salle/MS01171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041026075554/http://insecula.com/salle/MS01171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2004|title=Passage du Caire|publisher=Insecula.com|access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> The [[Burlington Arcade]] in London was opened in 1819.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the Beadles: The centuries-old private police force at Burlington Arcade, the world's swishest shopping mall |url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/luxury/meet-beadles-centuries-old-private-police-force-burlington-arcade-worlds-swishest-shopping-mall-193993 |access-date=13 August 2023 |work=[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]}}</ref> [[Westminster Arcade|The Arcade]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]], built in 1828, claims to be the first shopping arcade in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightridge.com/pages/arcade.html|title=The Arcade, Providence RI|publisher=Brightridge.com|access-date=17 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827093715/http://www.brightridge.com/pages/arcade.html|archive-date=27 August 2009}}</ref> Western European cities in particular built many arcade-style shopping centers. The [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]] in Milan, which opened in 1877, was larger than its predecessors, and inspired the use of the term "galleria" for many other shopping arcades and malls.<ref>{{cite news |title=Galleria |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/galleria |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=Collins English Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Massey |first1=Anne |last2=Arnold |first2=Dana |title=A Companion to Contemporary Design Since 1945 |date=2019 |publisher=Wiley |page=125}}</ref>
In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the [[suburb]] and [[automobile]] culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from [[downtown]]s.<ref>[http://www.clevelandmagazine.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=E73ABD6180B44874871A91F6BA5C249C&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=1578600D80804596A222593669321019&tier=4&id=1ECD6468951B46F096FFA6234B100B3D Icons of Cleveland: The Arcade]. ''[[Cleveland Magazine]]'', August 2009.</ref> Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include [[Market Square (Lake Forest, Illinois)|Market Square]], [[Lake Forest, Illinois]] (1916), and [[Country Club Plaza]], [[Kansas City, Missouri]] (1924).<ref name="Moore">{{cite web|last=Moore|first=Robbie|title=The Death of the American Mall and the Rebirth of Public Space|url=http://www.theinternational.org/articles/354-the-death-of-the-american-mall-and-the-re|work=The International|access-date=26 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313101352/http://www.theinternational.org/articles/354-the-death-of-the-american-mall-and-the-re|archive-date=13 March 2013}}</ref>
The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States after [[World War II]] (see table above) with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the {{convert|550000|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} [[Broadway-Crenshaw Center]] in [[Los Angeles]], built in 1947 and anchored by a five-story [[The Broadway|Broadway]] and a [[May Company California]].<ref name=times>{{cite news |title=Broadway's New Crenshaw Store to Open Today |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52748466/broadways-new-crenshaw-store-to-open/ |work=Los Angeles Times |date=21 November 1947}}</ref>
===Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term ''mall''===
In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", meaning a pedestrian promenade in the U.S., or in U.K. usage, a "shopping precinct". Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the [[Kalamazoo Mall]] (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], [[Lincoln Road Mall]] in [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]], [[Third Street Promenade|Santa Monica Mall]] (1965).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raktis |first1=Ted |title=Shopping Mall Is Beautifier of Cities |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54307813/shopping-mall-is-beautifier-of-cities/ |publisher=Deseret News |date=9 September 1961}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ottawa Trying Out Shopping Mall Idea |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54307646/ottawa-trying-out-shopping-mall-idea/ |publisher=Nanaimo Daily News |date=26 May 1960}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shopping Mall Scheme Gaining Favor in U.S. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54306934/shopping-mall-scheme-gaining-favor-in/ |publisher=Calgary Herald |date=26 August 1959 |page=1}}</ref>
Although [[Bergen Town Center|Bergen Mall]] opened in 1957 using the name "mall" and inspired other suburban shopping centers to rebrand themselves as malls, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s.<ref name=howard>{{cite book |last1=Howard |first1=Vicki |title=The Routledge Companion to the History of Retailing |date=2008 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-138-67508-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ax7DwAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2020}}
===Enclosed malls===
[[File:Luleå Shopping 1955.jpg|thumb|The original interior of [[Shopping (Luleå)|Shopping]], built in 1955 and one of the first enclosed malls in the world, in [[Luleå]], Sweden]]
The enclosed shopping center, which would eventually be known as the shopping mall, did not appear in mainstream until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the [[Valley Fair Shopping Center]] in [[Appleton, Wisconsin]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://mall-hall-of-fame.blogspot.com/2006_11_01_archive.html| title=Appleton's Valley Fair Center| publisher=Mall Hall of Fame| date=1 November 2006| access-date=21 October 2015| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233645/http://mall-hall-of-fame.blogspot.com/2006_11_01_archive.html| archive-date=3 March 2016| df=mdy-all}}</ref> which opened on March 10, 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in [[Luleå]], in northern Sweden (architect: [[Ralph Erskine (architect)|Ralph Erskine]]) and was named [[Shopping (Luleå)|''Shopping'']]; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ncscnordic.org/basic-facts/|title=Basic facts – NCSC|work=NCSC|access-date=29 May 2017|language=en-US|publisher=Nordic Council of Shopping Centers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053900/http://ncscnordic.org/basic-facts/|archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref>
The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant [[Victor Gruen]].<ref>{{cite book| last1=Bathroom Reader's Institute| title=Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader| publisher=Bathroom Reader's Press| isbn=978-1-60710-183-3| pages=[https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/99 99–101]| chapter=The Mall: A History| date=1 November 2010| chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/99}}</ref><ref name="Hardwick">{{cite book |last1=Hardwick |first1=M. Jeffrey |title=Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream |date=2015 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=9780812292992 |page=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3ljCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA144 |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Newton">{{cite book |last1=Newton |first1=Matthew |title=Shopping Mall |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=New York |isbn=9781501314827 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrMuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref> This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed [[Southdale Center]], which opened in the [[Minneapolis-St. Paul|Twin Cities]] suburb of [[Edina, Minnesota]], United States in October 1956.<ref name="Hardwick" /><ref name="Newton" /> For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by [[Malcolm Gladwell]].<ref>{{cite magazine| last=Gladwell| first=Malcolm| date=15 March 2004| url=https://newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/15/040315fa_fact1| title=The Terrazzo Jungle| magazine=The New Yorker| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709234809/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/15/040315fa_fact1| archive-date=9 July 2014| df=mdy-all}}</ref>
The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was [[Paramus, New Jersey]]'s [[The Outlets at Bergen Town Center|Bergen Mall]]. The center, which opened with an open-air format on November 14, 1957<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/11/13/archives/bergen-mall-to-open-shopping-center-on-route-4-starts-business.html |title=Bergen Mall to Open; Shopping Center on Route 4 Starts Business Tomorrow |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 13, 1957 |page=1 |url-access=limited |access-date=August 28, 2022 }}</ref> and was enclosed in 1973. Aside from [[Southdale Center]], significant early enclosed shopping malls were [[Harundale Mall]] (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2007-09-13-0709130019-story.html |title=Malls no more, centers looking to sell lifestyle |date=13 September 2007 |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |first=Andrea K. |last=Walker |access-date=29 August 2020 }}</ref> [[Big Town Mall]] (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, [[Chris-Town Mall]] (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and [[Randhurst Center]] (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois.
Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.<ref name="DEADMALL">{{cite web|url=http://changeobserver.designobserver.com/feature/dawn-of-the-dead-mall/11747|title=Essay – Dawn of the Dead Mall|date=11 November 2009|work=The Design Observer Group|access-date=14 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724201220/http://changeobserver.designobserver.com/feature/dawn-of-the-dead-mall/11747|archive-date=24 July 2011|first=Mark|last=Dery}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bathroom Reader's Institute|title=Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader|publisher=Bathroom Reader's Press|isbn=978-1-60710-183-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/401 401]|chapter=A History of the Shopping Mall, Part III|date=1 November 2010|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/401}}</ref>
Even though malls mostly appeared in suburban areas in the U.S., some U.S. cities facilitated the construction of enclosed malls downtown as an effort to revive city centers and allow them to compete effectively with suburban malls. Examples included [[Main Place Tower|Main Place Mall]] in Buffalo (1969) and The Gallery (1977, now [[Fashion District Philadelphia]]) in Philadelphia. Other cities created open-air [[pedestrian malls]].
In the United States, developers such as [[A. Alfred Taubman]] of [[Taubman Centers]] extended the concept further in 1980, with [[terrazzo]] tiles at the [[Mall at Short Hills]] in [[New Jersey]], indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed. Fading daylight through glass panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger.<ref name=tws29decbbgf>{{cite news| first=Caitlin A.| last=Johnson| title=For Billionaire There's Life After Jail| quote=Alfred Taubman is a legend in retailing. For 40 years, he's been one of America's most successful developers of shopping centers. Taubman picked upscale areas and opened lavish shopping centers. He was among the first to offer fountains and feature prestigious anchor stores like Neiman Marcus. The Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey is one of the most profitable shopping centers in the country. Taubman is famous for his attention to detail. He's very proud of the terrazzo tiles at Short Hills. "The only point that the customer actually touches the shopping center is the floor," he said. "They've got traction as they're walking. Very important. Some of our competitors put in carpet. Carpet's the worst thing you can have because it creates friction."| work=[[CBS News]]| date=15 April 2007| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/15/sunday/main2684957.shtml| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204175724/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/15/sunday/main2684957.shtml| archive-date=4 December 2010| access-date=29 December 2009}}</ref><ref name=tws29decbsfe>{{cite news| first=Thane| last=Peterson| title=From Slammer Back To Glamour| quote=Shopping mall magnate and onetime Sotheby's (BID) owner Alfred Taubman, 83, may be a convicted felon, but he's continuing to insist on his innocence in his just-out autobiography, Threshold Resistance: The Extraordinary Career of a Luxury Retailing Pioneer (Collins, $24.95). Writing on his business triumphs, Taubman is heavy on the boilerplate. But he gives a juicy personal account of the Sotheby's-Christie's price-fixing scandal that sent him to the slammer.| work=[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek|Business Week]]| date=30 April 2007| url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_18/c4032006.htm| access-date=29 December 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425073008/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_18/c4032006.htm| archive-date=25 April 2010| df=mdy-all}}</ref>
===Decline of shopping malls in the United States===
{{See also|Retail apocalypse|Dead mall}}
[[File:Belz Factory Outlet Mall in Allen, Texas (Winston's) crop.jpg|thumb|right|Belz Factory Outlet Mall, an abandoned shopping mall in [[Allen, Texas]], United States]]
In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year.<ref name="Millar">{{cite news|last=Millar|first=Lisa|date=20 January 2015|title=Dead malls: Half of America's shopping centres predicted to close by 2030|work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] News|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-28/the-decline-of-american-shopping-malls/6050956|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024113253/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-28/the-decline-of-american-shopping-malls/6050956|archive-date=24 October 2015}}</ref> But in 2001, a [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007, a year before the [[Great Recession]], no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 November 2014|title=The death of the US shopping mall|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140411-is-the-shopping-mall-dead|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428135632/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140411-is-the-shopping-mall-dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> [[City Creek Center|City Creek Center Mall]] in [[Salt Lake City]], which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession.<ref name="Moore"/>
Malls began to lose consumers to open-air power centers and lifestyle centers during the 1990s, as consumers preferred to park right in front of and walk directly into big-box stores with lower prices and without the [[Overhead (business)|overhead]] of traditional malls (i.e., long enclosed corridors).<ref name="Rybczynski">{{cite journal |last1=Rybczynski |first1=Witold |author1-link=Witold Rybczynski |title=The New Downtowns |journal=The Atlantic Monthly |volume=271 |issue=5 |pages=98–106 |date=May 1993|url=https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/archives/1993/05/271-5/132641481.pdf}} Available via [[ProQuest]].</ref><ref name="Neuborne">{{cite news |last1=Neuborne |first1=Ellen |title=Power centers muscle in: Stores siphon shoppers from regional malls |work=USA Today |date=June 13, 1995 |page=1B}} Available via [[ProQuest]].</ref><ref name="Laird_Page_69">{{cite book |last1=Laird |first1=Gordon |title=The Price of a Bargain: The Quest for Cheap and the Death of Globalization |date=2009 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |location=Toronto |isbn=9781551993287 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnuwJkSQgpsC&pg=PA69 |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="Donnellan_Page_63">{{cite book |last1=Donnellan |first1=John |title=Merchandise Buying and Management |date=2014 |publisher=Fairchild Books |location=New York |isbn=9781609014902 |page=63 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTQfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |access-date=February 27, 2023}}</ref>
Another issue was that the growth-crazed American commercial real estate industry had simply built too many nice places to shop—far more than could be reasonably justified by the actual growth of the American population, retail sales, or any other economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010.<ref name="Donnellan_Page_64">{{cite book |last1=Donnellan |first1=John |title=Merchandise Buying and Management |date=2014 |publisher=Fairchild Books |location=New York |isbn=9781609014902 |page=64 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTQfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |access-date=February 27, 2023}}</ref>
Thus, the number of dead malls increased significantly in the early 21st century. The economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, as revealed by high vacancy rates. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10–20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|last=Schwartz|first=Nelson D.|date=3 January 2015|title=The Economics (and Nostalgia) of Dead Malls|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/business/the-economics-and-nostalgia-of-dead-malls.html?_r=0|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023043923/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/business/the-economics-and-nostalgia-of-dead-malls.html?_r=0|archive-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed".<ref name="nytimes.com" /> By the time shopping mall operator [[Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield]] decided to exit the American market in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe).<ref name="Pimentel">{{cite news |last1=Pimentel |first1=Joseph |title=Owner of Westfield malls plans to sell all of their U.S. shopping centers |url=https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/orange-county/business/2022/04/11/owners-of-westfield-shopping-malls-plan-to-sell-their-nationwide-portfolio |access-date=March 3, 2023 |work=Spectrum News 1 |date=April 11, 2022}}</ref>
In 2019, [[The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards]] opened as an upscale mall in New York City with "a '[[Fifth Avenue]]' mix of shops", such as [[H&M]], [[Zara (retailer)|Zara]], and [[Sephora]] below them. This is one the first two malls built recently, along with [[American Dream Meadowlands|American Dream]] in which both opened in 2019 since [[City Creek Center]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-04 |title=Tracking the biggest buildings taking shape at Hudson Yards |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2018/4/4/17115600/hudson-yards-nyc-guide-buildings-apartments-map |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Curbed NY |first1=Ameena |last1=Walker |first2=Amy |last2=Plitt}}</ref>
Online shopping has also emerged as a major competitor to shopping malls. In the [[United States]], online shopping has accounted for an increasing share of total retail sales.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|last=Pleven|first=Liam|date=24 November 2015|title=Shrinking U.S. Shopping Malls Get Makeovers|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/shrinking-u-s-shopping-malls-get-makeovers-1448361001|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=30 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130004452/http://www.wsj.com/articles/shrinking-u-s-shopping-malls-get-makeovers-1448361001|archive-date=30 November 2015|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> In 2013, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the United States were going out of business.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 February 2013|title=Online Sales Threat to American Malls|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1659b142-6cba-11e2-b73a-00144feab49a.html#axzz2M6bS68KE|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706065720/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1659b142-6cba-11e2-b73a-00144feab49a.html#axzz2M6bS68KE|archive-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> To combat this trend, developers have converted malls into other uses including attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes.<ref name="EvansWSJ">{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Peter|date=20 February 2013|title=Malls' New Spin on Leisure|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323764804578314080552761430|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815123029/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323764804578314080552761430|archive-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> In the United States, the 600,000 square foot [[Highland Mall]] will be a campus for [[Austin Community College District|Austin Community College]].<ref name=":0" /> In [[France]], the So Ouest mall outside of [[Paris]] was designed to resemble elegant, [[Louis XV]]-style apartments and includes {{convert|17,000|m2}} of green space.<ref>{{cite journal|date=18 October 2012|title=So Ouest lance l'offensive anti-e-shopping|newspaper=[[Challenges (magazine)|Challenges]]}}</ref> The Australian mall company [[Westfield Group|Westfield]] launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1 million products.<ref name="Review">{{cite news|date=19 November 2013|title=Westfield launches new 'online mall' with 100,000 products|work=[[The Australian Financial Review]]|url=http://www.afr.com/real-estate/commercial/westfield-launches-new-online-mall-with-100000-products-20131118-iyu9w|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914021903/http://www.afr.com/real-estate/commercial/westfield-launches-new-online-mall-with-100000-products-20131118-iyu9w|archive-date=14 September 2015}}</ref>
The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] also significantly impacted the retail industry. Government regulations temporarily closed malls, increased entrance controls, and imposed strict public sanitation requirements.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 May 2020|title=Playbook to Safely Reopen Shopping Malls|url=https://www.aislelabs.com/blog/2020/05/26/playbook-safely-reopen-shopping-malls/|access-date=2 June 2020|publisher=Aislelabs}}</ref>
==Design==
[[File:Mall of America-2005-05-29.jpg|thumb|Indoor amusement park at the center of the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]], the largest shopping mall in the United States]]
[[File:ISQUARE 201006.jpg|thumb|upright|The 31 story [[ISQUARE]] vertical mall]]
===Vertical malls===
High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall", in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by [[elevator]]s and/or [[escalator]]s (usually both) linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards.<ref name="reach">{{cite news|last=Chung|first=Danny|date=9 December 2005|title=Reach for the sky|work=[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]]|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=48&art_id=27468&sid=5779401&con_type=1&d_str=20051209&sear_year=2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102084654/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=48&art_id=27468&sid=5779401&con_type=1&d_str=20051209&sear_year=2005|archive-date=2 January 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of [[Marshall Field & Co.]] The [[Water Tower Place]] skyscraper in [[Chicago]], Illinois was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the [[Magnificent Mile]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations in East and Southeast Asia. Hong Kong in particular has numerous examples such as [[Times Square, Hong Kong|Times Square]], [[Dragon Centre]], [[Apm (Hong Kong)|Apm]], [[Langham Place (Hong Kong)|Langham Place]],<ref name="reach" /> [[ISQUARE]], [[Hysan Place]] and [[The One (shopping centre)|The One]].
A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historic buildings or significant [[archeology]]. The [[Darwin Shopping Centre]] and associated malls in [[Shrewsbury]], UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former town walls;<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.discovershropshire.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/CCS:MSA807| title=Discovering Shropshire's History: Shrewsbury Town Walls| publisher=Discovershropshire.org.uk| date=26 October 1987| access-date=1 August 2011| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720001058/http://www.discovershropshire.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/CCS:MSA807| archive-date=20 July 2011| df=mdy-all}}</ref> consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's former [[McDonald's]], split into four stories with multiple [[mezzanine (architecture)|mezzanines]] which featured medieval castle vaults – complete with [[arrowslit]]s – in the basement dining rooms.
==Components==
===Food court===
{{Main|Food court}}
A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of [[fast food]] vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area.
===Department stores===
{{Main|Department store|Anchor store}}
When the shopping mall format was developed by [[Victor Gruen]] in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor store or draw tenant. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
==Regional differences==
[[File:Express avenue chennai.jpg|thumb|Express Avenue Chennai, [[India]]]]
[[File:Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg|thumb|Shopping arcade in [[Tokyo|Tokyo, Japan]]]]
===''Mall'' versus ''shopping center/centre''===
''Shopping mall'' is a term used predominantly in [[North America]] and some other countries that follow U.S. usage ([[India]],<ref name=sarkar/> [[United Arab Emirates|U.A.E.]],<ref name=uae1/> etc.) and others ([[Australia]],<ref name=australia/> etc.) follow U.K. usage.
In the United States, [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf countries]], and India, the term ''shopping mall'' is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply ''mall''), while ''shopping center/centre'' usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots, face major traffic arterials, and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighbourhoods.<ref name="Urban Geography: A Global Perspective">''Urban Geography: A Global Perspective'' Michael Pacione, (Routledge, Informa UK Ltd. 2001) {{ISBN|978-0-415-19195-1}}.</ref> Outside of North America, "shopping precinct" and "shopping [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]]" are also used.
In [[Canada]], "shopping centre" is often used officially (as in [[Square One Shopping Centre]]), but conversationally, "mall" is mostly used.
===Europe===
There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of US$12.47 billion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title = Investors Find Bargains at Europe's Outlet Malls|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/investors-find-bargains-at-europes-outlet-malls-1448997002|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|access-date = 3 December 2015|issn = 0099-9660|first = Theresa|last = Agovino|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151203041540/http://www.wsj.com/articles/investors-find-bargains-at-europes-outlet-malls-1448997002|archive-date = 3 December 2015|df = mdy-all}}</ref> This represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year.<ref name=":1" />
====U.K. and Ireland====
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as ''shopping centres''. ''Mall'' primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of [[Retailing#Shops and Stores|shops]] all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic.
The majority of British enclosed shopping centres, the equivalent of a U.S. mall, are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include [[West Quay]] in [[Southampton]]; [[Manchester Arndale]]; [[Birmingham Bull Ring|Bullring Birmingham]]; [[Liverpool One]]; [[Trinity Leeds]]; Buchanan Galleries in [[Glasgow]]; [[St James Quarter]] in [[Edinburgh]]; and [[Eldon Square Shopping Centre|Eldon Square]] in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]. In addition to the inner city shopping centres, large UK [[conurbation]]s will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as the [[MetroCentre (shopping centre)|Metrocentre]] in [[Gateshead]]; [[Meadowhall Centre]], [[Sheffield]] serving [[South Yorkshire]]; the [[Trafford Centre]] in [[Greater Manchester]]; [[White Rose Centre]] in [[Leeds]]; the [[Merry Hill Shopping Centre|Merry Hill Centre]] near [[Dudley]]; and [[Bluewater (shopping centre)|Bluewater]] in [[Kent]]. These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on [[retail park]]s, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/post/news/tm_method=full&objectid=14600178&siteid=50002-name_page.html|title=ICnetwork.co.uk|publisher=Icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk|date=4 September 2003|access-date=1 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211172210/http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/post/news/tm_method%3Dfull%26objectid%3D14600178%26siteid%3D50002-name_page.html|archive-date=11 February 2009}}</ref> [[Westfield London]] ([[White City, London|White City]]) is the largest shopping centre in Europe.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
====Russia====
In [[Economy of Russia|Russia]], on the other hand, {{as of|2013|lc=y}} a large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the [[MEGA Family Shopping Centre|MEGA malls]] such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near [[Moscow]]. In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class.<ref name=NYT010113>{{cite news| title=Malls Blossom in Russia, With a Middle Class| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/business/global/with-a-mall-boom-in-russia-property-investors-go-shopping.html| access-date=2 January 2013| newspaper=The New York Times| date=1 January 2013| first=Andrew E.| last=Kramer| quote=I feel like I'm in Disneyland| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102034642/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/business/global/with-a-mall-boom-in-russia-property-investors-go-shopping.html| archive-date=2 January 2013| df=mdy-all}}</ref>
==Management and legal issues==
===Shopping property management firms===
A shopping [[property management]] firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use a similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, [[Mills Corporation]] puts "Mills" in most of its mall names and [[SM Prime Holdings]] of the [[Philippines]] puts "SM" in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, [[The Mall Fund]] changes the name of any center it buys to ''"The Mall (location)"'', using its pink-M logo; when it sells a mall the center reverts to its own name and branding, such as [[the Ashley Centre]] in [[Epsom]].<ref>{{cite news| author=This is Surrey| url=http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Moka-Ashley-Centre-Epsom/story-12667682-detail/story.html| title=Moka, Ashley Centre, Epsom| work=Surrey Mirror| date=22 May 2009| access-date=21 October 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719212115/http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Moka-Ashley-Centre-Epsom/story-12667682-detail/story.html| archive-date=19 July 2013| df=mdy-all}}</ref> Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres, [[intu Properties]] renamed many of its centres to ''"intu (name/location)"'' (such as [[intu Lakeside]]); again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (see for instance [[The Glades (Bromley)|The Glades in Bromley]]).
===Legal issues===
One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional [[main street]]s or [[high street]]s. Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private [[security guard]]s, over [[central business district]]s (CBD) or [[downtown]]s, which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited [[police]] coverage.<ref name=ODonahue>{{cite book| first=Tony| last=O'Donahue| title=The Tale of a City: Re-Engineering the Urban Environment| location=Toronto| publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.| date=1 May 2005| page=[https://archive.org/details/taleofcityreengi0000odon/page/43 43]| url=https://archive.org/details/taleofcityreengi0000odon/page/43| url-access=registration| isbn=978-1550025569| df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=Frieden>{{cite book| first1=Bernard J.| last1=Frieden| first2=Lynne B.| last2=Sagalyn| title=Downtown, Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities| location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]| publisher=[[MIT Press]]| year=1989| page=233| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRntFdOk8ewC&pg=PA233| isbn= 978-0262560597| access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref>
In response, a few jurisdictions, notably [[California]], have expanded the right of [[freedom of speech]] to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls.<ref name="Rybczynski" /><ref name="Judd">{{cite web |last=Judd |first=Dennis R. |year=1991 |title=The Rise of the New Walled Cities |publisher=Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs, [[Cleveland State University]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUrYAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Rise+of+the+New+Walled+Cities}}</ref> The Supreme Court decision ''[[Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins]]'' was issued on 9 June 1980 which affirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court in a case that arose out of a free speech dispute between the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell, California, and several local high school students.
==World's largest malls==
This is a list of the world's largest [[shopping malls]] based on their [[gross leasable area]] (GLA), with a GLA of at least {{convert|250,000|m2|abbr=on|}}.
<!-- Shopping malls with a gross leasable area of below 250,000 m² are not included in this list. -->
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank
! style="width:15%;"| Mall
! style="width:12.5%;"| Country
! style="width:12.5%;"| City (metropolitan area)
! style="width:5%;"| Year opened
! style="width:15%;" data-sort-type="number"| Gross leasable<br>area (GLA)
! style="width:5%;" data-sort-type="number"| Shops
! style="width:35%;" class="unsortable"| Remarks
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|1
|[[Iran Mall]]
|Iran
|[[Tehran]]
|2018
|{{convert|1950000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-01|title=15 Biggest Malls In The World {{!}} 2022 Edition|url=https://www.rankred.com/biggest-malls-in-the-world-2/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=RankRed|language=en-US}}</ref>
|2,500+
|Largest mall in Iran
|-
|2
|[[IOI City Mall]]
|Malaysia
|[[Putrajaya]]
|2014
|{{convert|821000|m2|abbr=on}}
|650+
|Largest mall in Malaysia
|-
|3
|[[Isfahan City Center]]
|Iran
|[[Isfahan]]
|2012
|{{convert|776000|m2||abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Shopaholics Rejoice: The 12 Biggest Malls in the World|url=http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/shopaholics-rejoice-the-12-biggest-malls-in-the-world-335988/?singlepage=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829155356/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/shopaholics-rejoice-the-12-biggest-malls-in-the-world-335988/?singlepage=1|archive-date=29 August 2015|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-biggest-shopping-malls-in-the-world.html#h_1543454405491676010778754|title=15 Biggest Shopping Mall In The World|website=The World Atlas|date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/|title=The Biggest Shopping Malls|website=Insiders Monkey|date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
|700+
|Contains the biggest indoor amusement park in the Middle East at {{convert|776000|m2|abbr=on}}. Built in two phases in 2012 and 2019.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|4
|[[South China Mall]]
|China
|[[Dongguan]]
|2005
|{{convert|659612|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fich">{{cite news|title=Emporis: February 7, 2012 – List of the Top 10 World's Largest Shopping Mall. |url=http://www.emporis.com/pdf/Pressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf |first=Naima |last=Fich |date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192553/http://www.emporis.com/pdf/Pressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name="insidermonkey">{{cite web | url = http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/ | title = 15 Biggest Malls in the World – Insider Monkey | author = Jevtic, Aleksandar | author-link = Aleksandar Jevtic | access-date = 4 December 2015 | date = 26 August 2015 | work = InsiderMonkey.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081916/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/ | archive-date = 2 December 2015 | url-status = live}}</ref>
| 2,350
| Until at least 2014 most of the stores were empty, with occupancy rates of only 10%.<ref name="insidermonkey" />
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|5
|[[SM Mall of Asia]]
|Philippines
|[[Pasay]] ([[Metro Manila]])
|2006
|{{convert|589891|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="SM Prime 2018" />
|3,500+
|The largest mall in the Philippines with IT parks, [[SM Mall of Asia Arena|MoA Arena]], hotels, an IKEA building,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://qz.com/2094169/ikea-opens-its-largest-store-and-first-in-the-philippines/ |title=Ikea is opening in a very different Philippines than it planned for |date=25 November 2021 |work=Quartz |first=Aurora |last=Almendral |access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref> bay-area resorts, and amusement parks; a total [[land reclamation|reclamation]] of {{convert|1,047|hectare}} is anticipated upon completion
|-
| 6
|[[SM Supermall|SM Tianjin]]
| China
|[[Tianjin]]
|2016
|{{convert|565000|m2|abbr=on|}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.sminvestments.com/sm-city-tianjin-sm-prime%E2%80%99s-7th-mall-china|title=SM City Tianjin: SM Prime's 7th mall in China {{!}} SM Investments|website=sminvestments.com|access-date=19 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208173254/http://www.sminvestments.com/sm-city-tianjin-sm-prime%E2%80%99s-7th-mall-china|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2016|title=SM Prime opens 7th mall in China|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/12/19/16/sm-prime-opens-7th-mall-in-china|access-date=27 November 2020|work=ABS-CBN News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=SM City Tianjin Opened In China|url=https://www.malls.com/news/news/sm-city-tianjin-opened-in-china.shtml|access-date=27 November 2020|website=Malls.Com|language=en-us}}</ref>
|1,000+
| The largest SM mall outside of the Philippines
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 7
|[[Golden Resources Mall]]
|China
| [[Beijing]]
| 2004
|{{convert|557419|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fich"/><ref name="insidermonkey"/>
|750+
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|8
| [[Central WestGate]]
| Thailand
|[[Nonthaburi Province|Nonthaburi]] ([[Bangkok metropolitan area|Bangkok Metropolitan Region]])
| 2015
|{{convert|550,278|m2|abbr=on}}
|500+
|The gross floor area of the mall includes the floor area of the mall building with various shops which is 500,000 square meters and the floor area of the IKEA store which is 50,278 square meters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/AC/WestGate-mall-opens-to-major-crowds |title=WestGate mall opens to major crowds |publisher=Nikkei Inc. |date=30 August 2015 |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133447/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/AC/WestGate-mall-opens-to-major-crowds |archive-date=15 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/1429042/ikea-building-se-asia-presence|title=Ikea building SE Asia presence |newspaper=Bangkok Post |date=16 March 2018|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|9
|[[CentralWorld]]
|Thailand
|[[Bangkok]]
|1989
|{{convert|550,000|m2|abbr=on|}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://de.hotels.com/go/thailand/centralworld|title=Central World}}</ref>
|600
|Area of the full complex is {{convert|1024000|m2|abbr=on}} including two skyscrapers.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|10
|[[Iconsiam|ICONSIAM]]
|Thailand
|[[Bangkok]]
| 2018
|{{convert|525000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pitsinee |first1=Jitpleecheep |title=Iconsiam adds retail area for keen investors |url=https://property.bangkokpost.com/news/907120/iconsiam-adds-retail-area-for-keen-investors |access-date=11 November 2018 |work=Bangkok Post |date=23 March 2016 }}</ref>
|550+
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|11
| [[Mall of America]]
| United States
| [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington, MN]] ([[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]])
| 1992
| {{convert|520257|m2|abbr=on|ft2}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Mall of American Fact Sheet 2016|url=https://www.mallofamerica.com/upload/FactSheets_2016.pdf|access-date=23 December 2020|website=Mall of America|publisher=mallofamerica.com}}</ref>
| 520
| The ranking area does not include [[Nickelodeon Universe]], a large indoor amusement park at the center of the mall with an area of {{convert|28000|m2|abbr=on}}; Largest mall in United States.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 12
|[[1 Utama]]
|Malaysia
|[[Petaling Jaya]]
|1995
|{{convert|519328|m2|abbr=on|}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.1utama.com.my/about-us/|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=1 Utama}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Ng|first=Shawn|date=26 Apr 2019|title=A mall that embraces change for growth|url=https://www.edgeprop.my/content/1517127/mall-embraces-change-growth|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=EdgeProp.my}}</ref>
|503<ref name=":2" />
|The 2nd largest shopping mall in Malaysia. Built in three phases in 1995,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chai|first=Yee Hoong|date=4 Nov 2017|title=Keeping up with changing trends|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/keeping-changing-trends|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=The Edge Markets}}</ref> 2003<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ang|first=Elaine|date=22 Dec 2003|title=Shoppers' haven at 1 Utama|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2003/12/22/shoppers-haven-at-1-utama|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=The Star}}</ref> and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 Jan 2018|title=1 Utama opens phase one of 1 Utama E|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/1-utama-opens-phase-one-1-utama-e|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=The Edge Markets}}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|13
|[[SM City North EDSA]]
|Philippines
|[[Quezon City]] ([[Metro Manila]])
|1985
|{{convert|497,213|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" /><ref name="SM Prime 2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.smprime.com/sites/default/files/investor_relations/SEC%2017-A-2018.pdf|title=Securities and Exchange Commission SRC Form 17-A |publisher=SM Prime |date=31 December 2018|access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/2015/12/15/sm-prime-plans-to-continue-developing-sm-north-edsa/ |title=SM Prime plans to continue developing SM North Edsa |newspaper=BusinessMirror |access-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820035647/http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/2015/12/15/sm-prime-plans-to-continue-developing-sm-north-edsa/ |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}</ref>
|1,000+
|Formerly the largest mall in the Philippines (2008–2011, 201?–2014, and 2015–2021), until IKEA opened in SM Mall of Asia on November 25, 2021.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|14
|[[Global Harbor]]
|China
|[[Shanghai]]
|2013
|{{convert|480000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="SM Investments Corporation">{{cite web |url=http://sminvestments.com/sm-prime-opens-mega-fashion-transforms-sm-megamall-philippines%E2%80%99-largest-mall |title=SM Prime opens the Mega Fashion; Transforms SM Megamall into the Philippines' Largest Mall |publisher=SM Investments Corporation |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311042728/http://www.sminvestments.com/sm-prime-opens-mega-fashion-transforms-sm-megamall-philippines%E2%80%99-largest-mall |archive-date=11 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Interaksyon">{{cite web |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |title=Biggest mall in Vis-Min, SM Seaside City Cebu, opens November 27 |publisher=Interaksyon |access-date=13 August 2016 |quote=SM said that the largest mall is SM Megamall at 474,000 square meters, followed by SM North EDSA at 470,000 square meters. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104070444/http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|450+
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|15
|[[SM Megamall]]
|Philippines
|[[Mandaluyong]] (Metro Manila)
|1991
|{{convert|474000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="SM Prime 2018" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.inquirer.net/162009/h-megamall-now-phs-largest-mall |title=SM Megamall now PH's largest mall |work=Inquirer Business |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203032924/http://business.inquirer.net/162009/h-megamall-now-phs-largest-mall |archive-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SM Investments Corporation" /><ref name="Interaksyon" />
|1,000+
|Has the most cinema screens (14) in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philippinestodayus.com/news/business/sm-megamall-undergoing-p1-5-b-expansion/ |title=SM Megamall undergoing P1.5 B expansion |work=Rappler |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927122334/http://www.philippinestodayus.com/news/business/sm-megamall-undergoing-p1-5-b-expansion/ |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=ClickTheCity |url=https://www.clickthecity.com/movies/theaters/sm-megamall |title=SM MegaMall Cinema Movie Schedule – Mandaluyong, Metro Manila @ ClickTheCity Movies |publisher=Clickthecity.com |date=6 July 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903074936/https://www.clickthecity.com/movies/theaters/sm-megamall |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|16
|[[SM Seaside City Cebu]]
|Philippines
|[[Cebu City]]
|2015
|{{convert|470,486|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |title=Biggest mall in Vis-Min, SM Seaside City Cebu, opens November 27 |work=Interaksyon |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104070444/http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|700+
|Largest shopping mall in the Philippines outside Metro Manila.
|-
|17
| [[Persian Gulf Complex]]
| Iran
| [[Shiraz]]
| 2011
| {{convert|450000|m2||abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.setareh.co.ir/en-Us.htm
|title=Setareh CO Officia Website
|access-date=28 July 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172047/http://www.setareh.co.ir/en-Us.htm
|archive-date=17 October 2018
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.orangesmile.com/extreme/en/greatest-shoppingmolls/persian-gulf-complex.htm
|title=12 LARGEST SHOPPING CENTERS WORLDWIDE
|access-date=28 July 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728131050/http://www.orangesmile.com/extreme/en/greatest-shoppingmolls/persian-gulf-complex.htm
|archive-date=28 July 2019
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/
|title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction
|date=19 January 2017
|access-date=28 July 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728132552/http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/
|archive-date=28 July 2019
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202
|title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction From Official Site
|access-date=28 July 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827073026/http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202
|archive-date=27 August 2018
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
|355<ref name="Persian Gulf Complex Introduction">{{Cite web|url=http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/
|title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction|date=19 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202
|title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction From Official Site
|access-date=2020-07-06
|archive-date=2018-08-27
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827073026/http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
|Second largest shopping mall by number of stores after [[Iran Mall]].<ref name="Persian Gulf Complex Introduction" />
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|18
| [[The Avenues (Kuwait)|The Avenues Mall]]
| Kuwait
| [[Farwaniya Governorate|Al Rai]]
| 2007
| {{convert|425000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 1100+ <ref>{{cite web| title = About The Avenues Shopping Mall| url = https://www.the-avenues.com/kuwait/en/about| accessdate = 2022-12-16}}</ref>
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|19 (tie)
|[[Sunway Pyramid]]
|Malaysia
|[[Subang Jaya]]
|1997
|{{Convert|400000|m2|sqft|abbr=unit}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andy Ling|date=2017-05-28|title=Sunway Pyramid Shopping Mall|url=http://www.sunwayreit.com/sunway-pyramid-shopping-mall/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Sunway REIT|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004011501/https://www.sunwayreit.com/sunway-pyramid-shopping-mall/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|1000+
|Third largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind [[1 Utama]]. Built in three phases in 1997, 2007 and 2016.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|19 (tie)
| [[New Century Global Center]]
| China
| [[Chengdu]]
| 2013
| {{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 2,300
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|19 (tie)
| [[Dream Mall]]
| [[Taiwan]]
| [[Kaohsiung]]
| 2007
| {{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 250
| Largest mall in [[Taiwan]].
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|19 (tie)
| [[Siam Paragon]]
| Thailand
|[[Bangkok]]
| 2005
| {{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" />
| 200+
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangkok.com/shopping-mall/siam-paragon.html|title=Siam Paragon|publisher=Bangkok.com|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704031104/http://www.bangkok.com/shopping-mall/siam-paragon.html|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|19 (tie)
|[[Central Phuket]]
|Thailand
|[[Phuket]]
|2004
|{{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>[https://phuket9.com/news/post/central-festival-phuket-new-building-construction "Central Festival Phuket – new building construction", Phuket9]</ref><ref>[https://www.centralpattana.co.th/en/our-properties/shopping-center/central-phuket/373/central-phuket-festival "Central Phuket Festival", Central Pattana site]</ref><ref>[https://www.thephuketnews.com/b20bn-central-phuket-to-open-sept-10-68251.php "B20bn Central Phuket to open Sept 10", ''The Phuket News'', 15 August 2018]</ref>
|250+
|Major expansion ("Floresta" building) in 2018.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|19 (tie)
|[[Festival Alabang]]
|Philippines
|[[Muntinlupa]] (Metro Manila)
|1998
|{{convert|400,000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.filinvestland.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2017-FLI-Annual-Report-FA.compressed.pdf |title= Filinvest Land, Incorporated 2017 Annual Report |publisher= filinvestland.com |access-date= 31 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181024221159/http://www.filinvestland.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2017-FLI-Annual-Report-FA.compressed.pdf |archive-date= 24 October 2018 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|250+
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|25
| [[Lotte World Mall]]
| South Korea
| [[Seoul]]
| 2014
| {{convert|383470|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="cwglobalretailguide.com">{{Cite web |url=http://cwglobalretailguide.com/seoul/ |title=Seoul |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901135311/http://cwglobalretailguide.com/seoul/ |archive-date=1 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 200+
| Largest shopping mall in South Korea.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 26 (tie)
| [[Jamuna Future Park]]
| Bangladesh
| [[Dhaka]]
| 2013
| {{convert|380000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name=tds>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-31523 |title=Asia's 'biggest' mall in Dhaka |date=10 April 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |location=[[Dhaka]] |access-date=26 September 2020 }}</ref>
| 200<ref name="tds" />
| Largest shopping mall in [[South Asia]].<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920110538/http://jamunafuturepark.com/content.php?q=features |url=http://jamunafuturepark.com/content.php?q=features |website=Jamuna Future Park |title=5th Floor Is Open Now |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2013 }}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|26 (tie)
| [[Albrook Mall]]
| Panama
| [[Panama City]]
| 2002
| {{convert|380000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" />
| 200+
| Second largest shopping mall in the Americas; the largest until 2013.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|28
| [[Mall Taman Anggrek|Mal Taman Anggrek]]
| Indonesia
| [[Jakarta]]
| 1996
| {{convert|360000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" />
| 150
| Hosts the world's largest LED display.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beritasatu.com/hiburan-features/64657-mal-taman-anggrek-cetak-rekor-the-world-largest-led-illuminated-facade.html|title=Mal Taman Anggrek Cetak Rekor "The World Largest LED Illuminated Facade"|access-date=5 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102223533/http://www.beritasatu.com/hiburan-features/64657-mal-taman-anggrek-cetak-rekor-the-world-largest-led-illuminated-facade.html|archive-date=2 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|29 (tie)
| [[Fashion Island (Thailand)]]
| Thailand
| [[Bangkok]]
| 1995
| {{convert|350000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 150
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|29 (tie)
| [[West Edmonton Mall]]
| Canada
| [[Edmonton|Edmonton, Alberta]]
| 1981
| {{convert|350000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2012|title=World's Largest Shopping Malls|url=http://nutmeg.easternct.edu/~pocock/MallsWorld.htm|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305041824/http://nutmeg.easternct.edu/~pocock/MallsWorld.htm|archive-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>
| 800+
| Largest shopping mall in Canada. The gross leasable area does not include [[Galaxyland]], a large indoor amusement park with an area of {{convert|70160|m2|abbr=on}}.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|29 (tie)
| [[The Dubai Mall]]
| United Arab Emirates
| [[Dubai]]
| 2008
| {{convert|350000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 400+
|The second largest mall in the world by total land area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai Mall |url=http://www.thedubaimall.com |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307171609/http://www.thedubaimall.com/ |archive-date=7 March 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zawya – The Dubai Mall |url=http://www.zawya.com/cm/profile.cfm/cid1003365
|access-date=6 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108114358/http://www.zawya.com/cm/profile.cfm/cid1003365 |archive-date=8 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum formally opens the Dubai Mall |url=http://www.thedubaimall.com/en/news/media-centre/news-section/his-highness-sheikh-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-formally-opens-the-dubai-mall.html |access-date=12 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515102312/http://www.thedubaimall.com/en/news/media-centre/news-section/his-highness-sheikh-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-formally-opens-the-dubai-mall.html |archive-date=15 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|32 (tie)
| [[Big City (shopping mall)|Big City]]
| Taiwan
| [[Hsinchu]]
| 2012
| {{convert|340000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 300
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|32 (tie)
| [[Lucky One Mall]]
| [[Pakistan]]
| [[Karachi]]
| 2017
| {{convert|340000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pakpedia.pk/lucky-one-mall |title=Lucky One Mall |website=Pakpedia |date=1 February 2018 |first=Zaid |last=Ijaz |access-date=28 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pakiholic.com/photos-facts-lucky-one-mall/|title=21 Amazing Photos and Facts About Lucky One Mall Karachi – The Biggest Shopping Mall in Pakistan|last=Khan|first=Haris|date=4 June 2017|website=Paki Holic|language=en-US|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
| 200+
| Largest mall in [[Pakistan]].
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|33
|[[Gandaria City]]
|Indonesia
|[[Jakarta]]
|2010
|{{convert|336,279|m2|abbr=on|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justgola.com/a/gandaria-city-mall-3844488|title=Gandaria City Mall in Jakarta – Shopping in Jakarta, Indonesia – Justgola|website=Justgola|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073142/https://www.justgola.com/a/gandaria-city-mall-3844488|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|250
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 34 (tie)
|[[Limketkai Center]]
|Philippines
|[[Cagayan de Oro]]
|1992
|{{convert|320000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdopedia.com/cdo-places/trivia-cdo|title=Trivia: CDO Did You Know?|date=7 August 2012|website=CDOpedia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721102824/http://www.cdopedia.com/cdo-places/trivia-cdo|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cdodev.com/2012/11/06/limketkai-mall-biggest-in-mindanao/|title=Limketkai Mall – biggest in Mindanao|date=6 November 2012|work=CDO Dev|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073115/http://www.cdodev.com/2012/11/06/limketkai-mall-biggest-in-mindanao/|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 250
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 34 (tie)
| [[Berjaya Times Square]]
| Malaysia
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| 2003
| {{convert|320000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 200+
| The largest shopping mall in [[Kuala Lumpur]] and 4th largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind [[IOI City Mall]], [[1 Utama]] and [[Sunway Pyramid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timessquarekl.com/aboutus.html|title=Berjaya Times Square info page|access-date=14 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207102017/http://www.timessquarekl.com/aboutus.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=7 February 2008}}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|36
|[[SM City Fairview]]
|Philippines
|[[Quezon City]] (Metro Manila)
|1997
|{{convert|312749|m2|abbr=on}}
|350
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|37
|The Grand Central Mall
|[[Pakistan]]
|[[Faisalabad]]
|Under-Construction
|{{convert|310000|m2|abbr=on}}
|
|2nd-largest mall in [[Pakistan]]
|-
|38
|Galerija Belgrade
|[[Serbia]]
|[[Belgrade]]
|2020
|{{convert|300000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerija Belgrade |url=https://www.galerijabelgrade.com/sr/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=www.galerijabelgrade.com}}</ref>
|
|Largest mall in [[Serbia]]
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 39 (tie)
| Zhengjia Plaza (Grandview Mall)
| China
| [[Guangzhou]]
| 2005
| {{convert|280000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 180+{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 39 (tie)
| [[Centro Mayor]]
| Colombia
| [[Bogotá|Bogota]]
| 2010
| {{convert|280000|m2|abbr=on}}{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
| 250
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 39 (tie)
|[[American Dream Meadowlands]]
|United States
|[[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford, NJ]] ([[New York metropolitan area|New York City area]])
|2019
|{{convert|3000000|sqft|abbr=on|m2|order=flip}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Holman|first=Jordyn|date=7 January 2020|title=American Dream Mall Bucks Retail Nightmare, Nears 90% Lease Rate|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-06/american-dream-mall-bucks-retail-nightmare-nears-90-lease-rate|access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>
|200
|Includes [[Nickelodeon Universe#American Dream|Nickelodeon Universe]], [[DreamWorks Water Park]], and [[Big Snow American Dream]]
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 39 (tie)
|Haikou International Duty Free City
|China
|[[Haikou, Hainan]]
|2022
|{{convert|3000000|sqft|abbr=on|m2|order=flip}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Dao |date=2022-10-03 |title=World's largest duty-free shop to open in Haikou, China |url=https://daoinsights.com/news/worlds-largest-single-duty-free-shop-to-open-in-haikou-china/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Dao Insights |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|Largest duty-free shopping mall in the world<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rozario |first=Kevin |title=Hainan Has Another Duty-Free Mall—It Is The Biggest In The World |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinrozario/2022/10/29/hainan-has-another-duty-free-mall-it-is-the-biggest-in-the-world/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|43
|[[SM City Cebu]]
|Philippines
|[[Cebu City]]
|1993
|{{convert|273,804|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="SM Prime 2018" />
|680
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|44
|[[The Avenues, Bahrain]]
|Bahrain
|[[Bahrain Bay]]
|2017
|{{convert|273000|m2|abbr=on}}
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 45 (tie)
|Sarath City Mall
|India
|[[Hyderabad]]
|2019
|{{convert|270000|m2|abbr=on}}<sup>2</sup><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sarathcitycapitalmall.com/about-us/|title=Sarath City Capital Mall|website=www.sarathcitycapitalmall.com|access-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314144010/https://sarathcitycapitalmall.com/about-us/|archive-date=14 March 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
|400+
|The biggest shopping mall in [[India]].
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 45 (tie)
|Medan Centre Point
|Indonesia
|[[Medan]]
|2013
|{{convert|270000|m2|abbr=on}}<sup>2</sup><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pti-architects.com/content.php?page=newsdetail&newsid=9|title=PTI Architects|website=www.pti-architects.com|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192920/https://www.pti-architects.com/content.php?page=newsdetail&newsid=9|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 45 (tie)
| [[Mal Artha Gading]]
| Indonesia
| [[Jakarta]]
| 2004
| {{convert|270000|m2|abbr=on}}
|330<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arthagading.com/tenant/|title=Tenant List|website=MAl Artha Gading|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324094700/https://arthagading.com/tenant/|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref>
|
|-
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|48
|[[Mall of Arabia (Jeddah)|Mall of Arabia]]
|Saudi Arabia
|[[Jeddah]]
| 2010
|{{convert|261,000|m2|abbr=on|}}
|187<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mallofarabia.com.eg/en/shop/list?cid=8|title=Shop List|website=Mall of Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324094659/http://www.mallofarabia.com.eg/en/shop/list%3Fcid%3D8|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref>
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|49
| [[King of Prussia (shopping mall)|King of Prussia]]
| United States
|[[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania|King of Prussia]] ([[Delaware Valley|Philadelphia metropolitan area]])
| 1963
| {{convert|259500|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 |title=International Council of Shopping Centers |publisher=ICSC |access-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170359/http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref>
| 200+
|Originally built as two buildings, a 2016 renovation made it one continuous building, larger than Mall of America by {{convert|1300|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Council of Shopping Centers: King of Prussia Mall |url=http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021071037/http://icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=21 October 2007 |access-date=14 February 2008}} The Mall of America once again surpassed it when it built an addition to the mall that included a [[J.W. Marriot Hotel]]</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|50
|Greenwich Mall
|[[Russia]]
|[[Yekaterinburg|Ekaterinburg]]
|2006
|{{convert|258673|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Топ-20 самых больших торговых центров РФ|url=https://marketmedia.ru/media-content/top-10-samykh-bolshikh-torgovykh-tsentrov-rf/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=marketmedia.ru|language=ru}}</ref>
|250
|the largest shopping center in Europe
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|51
| [[T.S. Mall]]
| Taiwan
| [[Tainan]]
| 2015
| {{convert|254000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 200+
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|52
|[[Tunjungan Plaza]]
|Indonesia
|[[Surabaya]]
|1986
|{{convert|253187|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |author=Pakuwon Indonesia |url=http://www.pakuwon.com/property/property-portofolio/Surabaya/Tunjungan%20City%20/4 |title=Properties |publisher=Pakuwon.com |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722085549/http://pakuwon.com/property/property-portofolio/Surabaya/Tunjungan%20City%20/4 |archive-date=22 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|250
|The biggest mall in [[East Java]]
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 53 (tie)
|[[Emporium Mall]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|[[Lahore]]
|2016
|{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pakpedia.pk/emporium-mall-lahore |title=Emporium Mall Lahore |website=Pakpedia |date=24 April 2017 |author=Samrashabir |access-date=28 September 2020 }}</ref>
|200+
|3rd largest mall in [[Pakistan]]
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 53 (tie)
|[[Centro Sambil]]
|Venezuela
|[[Caracas]]
|1998
|{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}
|300
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 53 (tie)
| [[Aventura Mall]]
| United States
| [[Aventura, Florida|Aventura]] ([[Miami metropolitan area|Miami area]])
| 1983
| {{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 300+
| Largest shopping mall in Florida.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 53 (tie)
|[[Glorietta]]
|Philippines
|[[Makati]] (Metro Manila)
|1991
|{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}
|300+
|Glorietta is integrated with Greenbelt, both of which are owned by the [[Ayala Corporation]].
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 53 (tie)
|[[Greenbelt (Ayala Center)|Greenbelt]]
|Philippines
|[[Makati]] (Metro Manila)
|1991
|{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}
|300+
|Greenbelt is integrated with Glorietta, both of which are owned by the [[Ayala Corporation]].
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 53 (tie)
| [[South Coast Plaza]]
| United States
| [[Costa Mesa, California|Costa Mesa]] ([[Greater Los Angeles]])
| 1967
| {{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icsc.org/cgi/dmmdisp?dispid=CA0440 |title=ICSC DMM Display |publisher=Icsc.org |access-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011213448/http://www.icsc.org/cgi/dmmdisp?dispid=CA0440 |archive-date=11 October 2012 }}</ref>
| 286
| The largest shopping mall in [[California]] besides [[Del Amo Fashion Center|Del Amo]].
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 53 (tie)
| [[Centro Comercial Santafé]]
| Colombia
| [[Bogotá|Bogota]]
| 2006
| {{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 150
|
|}
===Combination retail and wholesale shopping malls===
Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
! style="width:15%;"| Name
! style="width:12.5%;"| Country
! style="width:12.5%;"| City
! style="width:5%;"| Year opened
! style="width:15%;"| Gross leasable area
! style="width:5%;"| Shops
! style="width:35%;" class="unsortable"| Remarks
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|
|[[Yiwu market|Yiwu International luTrade City]]
| China
|[[Yiwu]]
| 2002
|{{convert|5500000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Guardian2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/23/welcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city|title=Welcome to Yiwu: China's testing ground for a multicultural city|last=Roxburgh|first=Helen|date=23 March 2017|work=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323111704/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/23/welcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|75,000+
|Much of the retail area is divided into small booths, hence the disproportionately greater number of shops than other malls listed.
|}
==See also==
{{portal|Business|Companies}}
* [[Arcade (architecture)#Shopping arcades|Arcade]]
* [[Bazaar]]
* [[List of largest shopping malls in the United States]]
* [[Lists of shopping malls]]
* [[Mall kiosk]]
* [[Pedestrian zone]]
* [[Retail#Types of retail outlets]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Hardwick, M. Jeffrey (2004). ''Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream''. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0812237625 Excerpt and text search].
* Howard, Vicki (2015). ''From Main Street to Mall: The Rise and Fall of the American Department Store''.
* {{Cite news |last=Lange |first=Alexandra |date=15 February 2018 |title=Malls and the future of American retail: In a post-mall era, why are starchitects building more retail? |url=https://www.curbed.com/2018/2/15/17014230/malls-califonia-america-renzo-piano-victor-gruen |work=Curbed |access-date=3 March 2018}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lange |first=Alexandra |year=2022 |title=Meet Me by the Fountain: An Inside History of the Mall |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781635576023 |oclc=1325579853}}
* Ngo-Viet, Nam-Son (2002). [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160520220238/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_obFEwXFTooZDFjZjVmZDMtMjZlMy00NTBkLWEzMmQtNzI3Y2RhYTY0ZjAz/edit?pli=1 ''The Integration of the Suburban Shopping Center with its Surroundings: Redmond Town Center'']. PhD dissertation. University of Washington.
* Scharoun, Lisa (2012). ''America at the Mall: The Cultural Role of a Retail Utopia''. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
==External links==
{{Commons category|Shopping malls}}
* [http://www.icsc.org/ International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)]
* [http://www.aia.org/rec_default American Institute of Architects Retail and Entertainment Committee Knowledge Community]
{{Developments}}
{{SE}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Shopping malls| ]]
[[Category:Planned commercial developments]]
[[Category:Retail buildings]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]
[[Category:Lists of shopping malls| ]]
[[Category:Lists of largest buildings and structures|Shopping malls]]
[[Category:Economy-related lists of superlatives]]
[[Category:1980s fads and trends]]
[[Category:1990s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Architecture records]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Short description|Large indoor shopping center, usually anchored by department stores}}
{{About|large, usually enclosed, shopping centers anchored by traditional department stores|an overview of all types of shopping centers|Shopping center|pedestrian malls|Pedestrian zone}}
[[File:2018 Mall of America 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]], the largest mall in the United States]]
[[File:Westfield Garden State skskPlaza - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The interior of [[Garden State Plaza]] [[Shopping mall#List of types of shopping centers (including_malls)|megamall]] in [[Paramus, New Jersey|Paramus]], [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen County]], [[New Jersey]], the [[borough (New Jersey)|borough]] with the world's highest concentration of shopping malls]]
A '''shopping mall''' (or simply '''mall''') is a large indoor [[shopping center]], usually [[Anchor tenant|anchored]] by [[department store]]s. The term "mall" originally meant [[pedestrian zone|a pedestrian promenade]] with shops along it (that is, the term was used to refer to the walkway itself which was merely bordered by such shops), but in the late 1960s, it began to be used as a generic term for the large enclosed shopping centers that were becoming commonplace at the time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longstreth |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lCimuNbqKfkC|title=City Center to Regional Mall |date=1997 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=0262122006 |quote= "the essential framework for the regional mall", and other references in this page range and elsewhere to malls as a type of shopping center|pages=296–304}}</ref><ref name="Rielly">{{cite book |last1=Rielly |first1=Edward J. |title=The 1960s |date=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0-313-31261-3 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3hAR5c9QFcC&pg=PA62 |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> In the U.K., such complexes are considered shopping centres ([[Commonwealth English]]: shopping centre), though "shopping center" covers many more sizes and types of centers than the North American "mall". Other countries may follow U.S. usage ([[Philippines]], [[India]],<ref name=sarkar>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=John |title=Most mall owners agree to retailers' rental terms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/most-mall-owners-agree-to-retailers-rental-terms/articleshow/76435886.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=18 June 2020}}</ref> and [[United Arab Emirates|U.A.E.]]<ref name=uae1>{{cite news |title=UAE's malls will need a full-scale repurposing |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/uaes-malls-will-need-a-full-scale-repurposing-1.72583503 |publisher=Gulf News |date=14 July 2020}}</ref>) while still others (Australia,<ref name=australia>{{cite web |title=Key Facts |url=https://www.scca.org.au/industry-information/key-facts/ |website=Shopping Centre Council of Australia}}</ref> etc.) follow U.K. usage. In [[Canadian English]], and often in Australia and New Zealand, the term 'mall' may be used informally but 'shopping centre' or merely 'centre' will feature in the name of the complex (such as [[Toronto Eaton Centre]]). The term 'mall' is less-commonly a part of the name of the complex.
Many malls have declined considerably in [[North America]], particularly in subprime locations, and some have closed and become so-called "[[dead mall]]s".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-10 |title=American Malls That Have Fallen Into Ruin |url=https://www.gobankingrates.com/money/economy/dying-malls/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=GOBankingRates |language=en}}</ref> Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added [[big-box store]]s as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats such as [[power center (retail)|power centers]], [[lifestyle centers]], [[factory outlet]] centers, and [[festival marketplace]]s.<ref name="ICSC Characteristics" /> In Canada, shopping centres have frequently been replaced with mixed-use high-rise communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mixed use becomes crucial for big retail projects |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/business/mixed-use-becomes-crucial-for-big-retail-projects-4679604 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Victoria Times Colonist |date=6 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
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In many [[Europe|European countries]] shopping malls continue to grow and thrive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ecsp.eu/research-shopping-centres-continue-to-dominate-european-retail-space-but-significant-variations-exist-between-countries/|title=Research: Shopping Centres Continue To Dominate European Retail Space, But Significant Variations Exist Between Countries|publisher=European Council of Shopping Places|date=11 April 2023}}</ref>
==Types==
The [[International Council of Shopping Centers]], based in [[New York City]], classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and superregional malls.
===Regional mall===
A regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with {{convert|400000|sqft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|800000|sqft|abbr=on}} [[gross leasable area]] with at least two [[anchor store]]s.<ref name="ISCS_definitions-2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |title=US Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics |publisher=International Council of Shopping Centers |date=August 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223219/http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>
===Super-regional mall===
A super-regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with over {{convert|800000|sqft|abbr=on}} of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion [[apparel]], and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region ({{convert|25|miles|disp=or|abbr=out}}) in which it is located.<ref name="ISCS_definitions-2015"/>
===Not malls===
Not classified as malls are smaller formats such as [[strip mall]]s and [[neighborhood shopping center]]s, and specialized formats such as [[power center (retail)|power centers]], [[festival marketplace]]s, and [[outlet center]]s.<ref name="ICSC Characteristics">{{cite web |url=http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |title=U.S. Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics |year=1999 |publisher=International Council of Shopping Centers |url-status=live |access-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308074500/http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
Conversely in some countries, many shopping centers less than half or a quarter of the size of the U.S. minimum to be considered a mall, {{convert|400000|sqft|abbr=on}}, have "mall" in their names – for example in [[List of shopping centres in Namibia|Namibia]] or [[List of shopping centres in Zambia|Zambia]].
The [[List of largest shopping malls|world's largest malls]] with over {{convert|500000|sqm|sqft}} of gross leasable area are in the Philippines, Thailand, and China – more than half again as large as previous contenders such as the [[Dubai Mall]].
===List of types of shopping centers (including malls)===
The [[International Council of Shopping Centers]] classifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into the following types:<ref name="ICSC definitions">{{cite web| title=ICSC Shopping Center Definitions: Basic Configurations and Types| access-date=July 15, 2020| publisher=International Council of Shopping Centers| url=https://www.icsc.com/uploads/t07-subpage/US-Shopping-Center-Definition-Standard.pdf}}</ref><ref>[https://www.icsc.com/uploads/research/general/Canadian-Shopping-Centre-Definitions.pdf "Canada Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC, accessed January 8, 2023]</ref><ref name=icsc_asia>[https://www.icsc.com/uploads/t07-subpage/Asia-Shopping-Center-Definition-Standard.pdf "Asia Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC, accessed July 15, 2020]</ref><ref>[https://www.icsc.com/uploads/t07-subpage/Europe-Shopping-Center-Definition-Standard.pdf "Europe Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC]</ref>
<small>''Abbreviations: SC=shopping center/centre, GLA = Gross Leasable Area, NLA = Net Leasable Area'', AP=Asia-Pacific, EU=Europe, Can=Canada, US=United States of America<br />
<sup>*</sup>does not apply to Europe</small>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type
! {{flagicon|USA}} US GLA [[Square foot|ft<sup>2</sup>]]
! {{flagicon|USA}} US GLA [[Square metre|m<sup>2</sup>]]
! {{flagicon|European Union}} EU GLA m<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|European Union}} EU GLA ft<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|Canada}} Can GLA ft<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|Canada}} Can GLA m<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|ASEAN}} AP NLA ft<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|ASEAN}} AP NLA m<sup>2</sup>
! # anchors<sup>*</sup>
! Typical anchors
|-
| colspan=11 | '''Large general-purpose centers '''<small>(US/AP)</small>''' / traditional shopping centres''' <small>(EU/Can)</small>
|-
| '''Mega-mall''' <small>(AP)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| 1,500,000+
| 140,000+
|3+
| |[[Department store]]s, [[supermarkets]], [[hypermarkets]], [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplexes]], major entertainment/<wbr/>leisure
|-
| '''Super-regional mall/center'''<br /><small>EU: Very large SC</small>
| 800,000+
| 74,000+
| 80,000+
| 860,000+
| 800,000+
| 74,000+
| 800,000–<wbr/>1,499,999
| 74,000–<wbr/>139,999
|3+
|rowspan=2 |Regular/discount department stores, in Europe and Asia also supermarkets, hypermarkets, cinemas, major entertainment/<wbr/>leisure
|-
| '''Regional mall/center'''<br /><small>EU: Large SC</small>
| 400,000–<wbr/>800,000
| 37,000–<wbr/>74,000
| 40,000–<wbr/>79,999
| 430,000–<wbr/>859,999
| 300,000–<wbr/>799,999
| 28,000–<wbr/>73,999
| 500,000–<wbr/>800,000
| 46,000–<wbr/>74,000
|2+
|-
| colspan=8 | '''Small & medium general-purpose centers '''<small>(US/AP)</small>''' / traditional shopping centres''' <small>(EU/Can)</small>
|-
| Sub-regional SC <small>(AP)</small><br /><small>Europe: Medium SC</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| 20,000–<wbr/>39,999
| 220,000–<wbr/>429,999
| n/a
| n/a
| 200,000–<wbr/>500,000
| 19,000–<wbr/>46,000
| 0–<wbr/>3
| Supermarket, hypermarket, small/discount department stores
|-
| <small>Small comparison-based SC (EU)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| 5,000–<wbr/>19,999
| 54,000–<wbr/>219,999
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| Apparel, home furnishing, electronics, gifts, etc.
|-
| <small>Small convenience-based SC (EU)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| 5,000–<wbr/>19,999
| 54,000–<wbr/>219,999
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| Supermarket, hypermarket, pharmacy, convenience store, household goods, etc.
|-
| '''[[Neighborhood shopping center|Community shopping center]]'''
| 125,000–<wbr/>400,000
| 11,600–<wbr/>37,000
| n/a
| n/a
| 100,000–<wbr/>400,000
| 9,300–<wbr/>37,000
| n/a
| n/a
|2+
| [[Discount store]], supermarket, [[drugstore]], [[category killer]].<br />
a.k.a. large [[neighborhood shopping center]] in US, Can
|-
| '''[[Neighborhood shopping center]]'''
| 30,000–<wbr/>125,000
| 2,800–<wbr/>11,600
| n/a
| n/a
| 40,000–<wbr/>99,000
| 3,700–<wbr/>9,200
| 20,000–<wbr/>200,000
| 1,900–<wbr/>19,000
|<small>1+ (US/Can)<br />0–<wbr/>2 (AP)</small>
|[[Supermarket]], in Asia also hypermarket
|-
| '''[[Strip mall|Convenience center]]'''<br /><small>US/Can also "[[Strip mall]]"</small>
| <30,000
| <2,800
| n/a
| n/a
| 10,000–<wbr/>39,000
| 930–<wbr/>3,600
| n/a
| n/a
|0–<wbr/>1
|[[Convenience store]] anchor or anchorless
|-
! Type
! {{flagicon|USA}} US GLA [[Square foot|ft<sup>2</sup>]]
! {{flagicon|USA}} US GLA [[Square metre|m<sup>2</sup>]]
! {{flagicon|European Union}} EU GLA m<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|European Union}} EU GLA ft<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|Canada}} Can GLA ft<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|Canada}} Can GLA m<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|ASEAN}} AP NLA ft<sup>2</sup>
! {{flagicon|ASEAN}} AP NLA m<sup>2</sup>
! # anchors<sup>*</sup>
! Typical anchors
|-
| colspan=11 | '''Specialized shopping centers'''
|-
| '''[[Power center (retail)|Power center]]'''<br /><small>EU: a.k.a. "[[Retail park]]"</small>
| 250,000–<wbr/>600,000
| 23,000–<wbr/>56,000
| S:5,000–<wbr/>9,999<br />M:10,000–<wbr/>19,999<br />L:20,000+
| S:54,000–<wbr/>109,999<br />M:110,000–<wbr/>219,999<br />L:220,000+
| 100,000–<wbr/>1,000,000
| 9,300–<wbr/>93,000
| >50,000
| >4,600
| <small>3+ (US/Can)<br />n/a (AP)</small>
| Category killers, [[warehouse club]]s, large discount stores. In Asia 90% of NLA must be these.
|-
| '''[[Lifestyle center]]''' <small>(US)</small>
| 150,000–<wbr/>500,000
| 14,000–<wbr/>46,000
| n/a
| n/a
| 150,000–<wbr/>500,000
| 14,000–<wbr/>46,000
| n/a
| n/a
| 0–<wbr/>2
| Large-format upscale specialty stores
|-
| '''[[Factory outlet|Outlet mall/center]]'''
| 50,000–<wbr/>400,000
| 4,600–<wbr/>37,000
| 5,000+
| 54,000+
| 50,000–<wbr/>400,000
| 4,600–<wbr/>37,000
| "no max. size"
| "no max. size"
| n/a
|Manufacturers' and retail [[outlet store]]s
|-
| [[Festival marketplace|Theme/Festival]] <small>(US)</small><br /><small>([[Festival marketplace]])</small>
| 80,000–<wbr/>250,000
| 7,400–<wbr/>23,000
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| Restaurants, specialty stores catering to visitors, entertainment
|-
| Leisure/<wbr/>entertainment centre <small>(AP)</small><br /><small>Leisure-based SC (EU)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| 5,000+
| 54,000+
| n/a
| n/a
| <500,000
| <46,000
|N/A
| Entertainment and/or F&B (food and beverage) (in Asia, 50%+ of tenants are these), plus specialty stores catering to visitors, [[fast fashion]], electronics, sports. Europe: usually anchored by a multiplex cinema and also may include bowling, fitness. Excludes centers at transport hubs.
|-
| Specialty SC <small>(AP)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| <500,000
| <46,000
| 0
| Specialty shops with general product mix (apparel, F&B, electronics, etc.)
|-
| Single category SC <small>(AP)</small><br /><small>Non-leisure-based themed SC (EU)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| 5,000+
| 54,000+
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| Dedicated to single product type other than F&B, groceries or fashion, e.g. information technology, homewares/furniture. In Asia, 80% of NLA should be dedicated to the theme.
|-
| Major transportation hub SC <small>(AP)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| >50,000
| >4,600
| n/a
|Retail at public transportation hubs including airside airport retail
|-
| colspan=11 | '''Limited-purpose property'''
|-
| Airport retail
| 75,000–<wbr/>300,000
| 7,000–<wbr/>28,000
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| 0
| Speciality retail and restaurants
|-
|colspan=11 | '''Shopping centre hybrids''' <small>(Canada only)</small>
|-
| Hybrid SC <small>(Can)</small>
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| 250,000+
| 23,000+
| n/a
| n/a
| varies
| Has characteristics of two or more shopping center types e.g. power center + regional mall
|}
==History==
===Forerunners to the shopping mall===
[[File:Burlington Arcade 2444.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Burlington Arcade]] in London, with shop fronts inside (pictured), opened in 1819]]
[[File:Louis Vuitton in Galeria V. Emanuele, Milan, Italy (9471446737).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]] interior in Milan which opened in 1877]]
Shopping centers in general may have their origins in public markets and, in the Middle East, covered [[bazaar]]s.
In 1798, the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, the [[Passage du Caire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insecula.com/salle/MS01171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041026075554/http://insecula.com/salle/MS01171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2004|title=Passage du Caire|publisher=Insecula.com|access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> The [[Burlington Arcade]] in London was opened in 1819.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the Beadles: The centuries-old private police force at Burlington Arcade, the world's swishest shopping mall |url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/luxury/meet-beadles-centuries-old-private-police-force-burlington-arcade-worlds-swishest-shopping-mall-193993 |access-date=13 August 2023 |work=[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]}}</ref> [[Westminster Arcade|The Arcade]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]], built in 1828, claims to be the first shopping arcade in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightridge.com/pages/arcade.html|title=The Arcade, Providence RI|publisher=Brightridge.com|access-date=17 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827093715/http://www.brightridge.com/pages/arcade.html|archive-date=27 August 2009}}</ref> Western European cities in particular built many arcade-style shopping centers. The [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]] in Milan, which opened in 1877, was larger than its predecessors, and inspired the use of the term "galleria" for many other shopping arcades and malls.<ref>{{cite news |title=Galleria |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/galleria |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=Collins English Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Massey |first1=Anne |last2=Arnold |first2=Dana |title=A Companion to Contemporary Design Since 1945 |date=2019 |publisher=Wiley |page=125}}</ref>
In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the [[suburb]] and [[automobile]] culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from [[downtown]]s.<ref>[http://www.clevelandmagazine.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=E73ABD6180B44874871A91F6BA5C249C&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=1578600D80804596A222593669321019&tier=4&id=1ECD6468951B46F096FFA6234B100B3D Icons of Cleveland: The Arcade]. ''[[Cleveland Magazine]]'', August 2009.</ref> Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include [[Market Square (Lake Forest, Illinois)|Market Square]], [[Lake Forest, Illinois]] (1916), and [[Country Club Plaza]], [[Kansas City, Missouri]] (1924).<ref name="Moore">{{cite web|last=Moore|first=Robbie|title=The Death of the American Mall and the Rebirth of Public Space|url=http://www.theinternational.org/articles/354-the-death-of-the-american-mall-and-the-re|work=The International|access-date=26 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313101352/http://www.theinternational.org/articles/354-the-death-of-the-american-mall-and-the-re|archive-date=13 March 2013}}</ref>
The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States after [[World War II]] (see table above) with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the {{convert|550000|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} [[Broadway-Crenshaw Center]] in [[Los Angeles]], built in 1947 and anchored by a five-story [[The Broadway|Broadway]] and a [[May Company California]].<ref name=times>{{cite news |title=Broadway's New Crenshaw Store to Open Today |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52748466/broadways-new-crenshaw-store-to-open/ |work=Los Angeles Times |date=21 November 1947}}</ref>
===Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term ''mall''===
In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", meaning a pedestrian promenade in the U.S., or in U.K. usage, a "shopping precinct". Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the [[Kalamazoo Mall]] (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], [[Lincoln Road Mall]] in [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]], [[Third Street Promenade|Santa Monica Mall]] (1965).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raktis |first1=Ted |title=Shopping Mall Is Beautifier of Cities |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54307813/shopping-mall-is-beautifier-of-cities/ |publisher=Deseret News |date=9 September 1961}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ottawa Trying Out Shopping Mall Idea |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54307646/ottawa-trying-out-shopping-mall-idea/ |publisher=Nanaimo Daily News |date=26 May 1960}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shopping Mall Scheme Gaining Favor in U.S. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54306934/shopping-mall-scheme-gaining-favor-in/ |publisher=Calgary Herald |date=26 August 1959 |page=1}}</ref>
Although [[Bergen Town Center|Bergen Mall]] opened in 1957 using the name "mall" and inspired other suburban shopping centers to rebrand themselves as malls, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s.<ref name=howard>{{cite book |last1=Howard |first1=Vicki |title=The Routledge Companion to the History of Retailing |date=2008 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-138-67508-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ax7DwAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2020}}
===Enclosed malls===
[[File:Luleå Shopping 1955.jpg|thumb|The original interior of [[Shopping (Luleå)|Shopping]], built in 1955 and one of the first enclosed malls in the world, in [[Luleå]], Sweden]]
The enclosed shopping center, which would eventually be known as the shopping mall, did not appear in mainstream until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the [[Valley Fair Shopping Center]] in [[Appleton, Wisconsin]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://mall-hall-of-fame.blogspot.com/2006_11_01_archive.html| title=Appleton's Valley Fair Center| publisher=Mall Hall of Fame| date=1 November 2006| access-date=21 October 2015| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233645/http://mall-hall-of-fame.blogspot.com/2006_11_01_archive.html| archive-date=3 March 2016| df=mdy-all}}</ref> which opened on March 10, 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in [[Luleå]], in northern Sweden (architect: [[Ralph Erskine (architect)|Ralph Erskine]]) and was named [[Shopping (Luleå)|''Shopping'']]; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ncscnordic.org/basic-facts/|title=Basic facts – NCSC|work=NCSC|access-date=29 May 2017|language=en-US|publisher=Nordic Council of Shopping Centers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053900/http://ncscnordic.org/basic-facts/|archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref>
The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant [[Victor Gruen]].<ref>{{cite book| last1=Bathroom Reader's Institute| title=Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader| publisher=Bathroom Reader's Press| isbn=978-1-60710-183-3| pages=[https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/99 99–101]| chapter=The Mall: A History| date=1 November 2010| chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/99}}</ref><ref name="Hardwick">{{cite book |last1=Hardwick |first1=M. Jeffrey |title=Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream |date=2015 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=9780812292992 |page=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3ljCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA144 |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Newton">{{cite book |last1=Newton |first1=Matthew |title=Shopping Mall |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=New York |isbn=9781501314827 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrMuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref> This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed [[Southdale Center]], which opened in the [[Minneapolis-St. Paul|Twin Cities]] suburb of [[Edina, Minnesota]], United States in October 1956.<ref name="Hardwick" /><ref name="Newton" /> For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by [[Malcolm Gladwell]].<ref>{{cite magazine| last=Gladwell| first=Malcolm| date=15 March 2004| url=https://newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/15/040315fa_fact1| title=The Terrazzo Jungle| magazine=The New Yorker| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709234809/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/15/040315fa_fact1| archive-date=9 July 2014| df=mdy-all}}</ref>
The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was [[Paramus, New Jersey]]'s [[The Outlets at Bergen Town Center|Bergen Mall]]. The center, which opened with an open-air format on November 14, 1957<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/11/13/archives/bergen-mall-to-open-shopping-center-on-route-4-starts-business.html |title=Bergen Mall to Open; Shopping Center on Route 4 Starts Business Tomorrow |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 13, 1957 |page=1 |url-access=limited |access-date=August 28, 2022 }}</ref> and was enclosed in 1973. Aside from [[Southdale Center]], significant early enclosed shopping malls were [[Harundale Mall]] (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2007-09-13-0709130019-story.html |title=Malls no more, centers looking to sell lifestyle |date=13 September 2007 |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |first=Andrea K. |last=Walker |access-date=29 August 2020 }}</ref> [[Big Town Mall]] (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, [[Chris-Town Mall]] (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and [[Randhurst Center]] (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois.
Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.<ref name="DEADMALL">{{cite web|url=http://changeobserver.designobserver.com/feature/dawn-of-the-dead-mall/11747|title=Essay – Dawn of the Dead Mall|date=11 November 2009|work=The Design Observer Group|access-date=14 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724201220/http://changeobserver.designobserver.com/feature/dawn-of-the-dead-mall/11747|archive-date=24 July 2011|first=Mark|last=Dery}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bathroom Reader's Institute|title=Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader|publisher=Bathroom Reader's Press|isbn=978-1-60710-183-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/401 401]|chapter=A History of the Shopping Mall, Part III|date=1 November 2010|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/401}}</ref>
Even though malls mostly appeared in suburban areas in the U.S., some U.S. cities facilitated the construction of enclosed malls downtown as an effort to revive city centers and allow them to compete effectively with suburban malls. Examples included [[Main Place Tower|Main Place Mall]] in Buffalo (1969) and The Gallery (1977, now [[Fashion District Philadelphia]]) in Philadelphia. Other cities created open-air [[pedestrian malls]].
In the United States, developers such as [[A. Alfred Taubman]] of [[Taubman Centers]] extended the concept further in 1980, with [[terrazzo]] tiles at the [[Mall at Short Hills]] in [[New Jersey]], indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed. Fading daylight through glass panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger.<ref name=tws29decbbgf>{{cite news| first=Caitlin A.| last=Johnson| title=For Billionaire There's Life After Jail| quote=Alfred Taubman is a legend in retailing. For 40 years, he's been one of America's most successful developers of shopping centers. Taubman picked upscale areas and opened lavish shopping centers. He was among the first to offer fountains and feature prestigious anchor stores like Neiman Marcus. The Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey is one of the most profitable shopping centers in the country. Taubman is famous for his attention to detail. He's very proud of the terrazzo tiles at Short Hills. "The only point that the customer actually touches the shopping center is the floor," he said. "They've got traction as they're walking. Very important. Some of our competitors put in carpet. Carpet's the worst thing you can have because it creates friction."| work=[[CBS News]]| date=15 April 2007| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/15/sunday/main2684957.shtml| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204175724/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/15/sunday/main2684957.shtml| archive-date=4 December 2010| access-date=29 December 2009}}</ref><ref name=tws29decbsfe>{{cite news| first=Thane| last=Peterson| title=From Slammer Back To Glamour| quote=Shopping mall magnate and onetime Sotheby's (BID) owner Alfred Taubman, 83, may be a convicted felon, but he's continuing to insist on his innocence in his just-out autobiography, Threshold Resistance: The Extraordinary Career of a Luxury Retailing Pioneer (Collins, $24.95). Writing on his business triumphs, Taubman is heavy on the boilerplate. But he gives a juicy personal account of the Sotheby's-Christie's price-fixing scandal that sent him to the slammer.| work=[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek|Business Week]]| date=30 April 2007| url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_18/c4032006.htm| access-date=29 December 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425073008/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_18/c4032006.htm| archive-date=25 April 2010| df=mdy-all}}</ref>
===Decline of shopping malls in the United States===
{{See also|Retail apocalypse|Dead mall}}
[[File:Belz Factory Outlet Mall in Allen, Texas (Winston's) crop.jpg|thumb|right|Belz Factory Outlet Mall, an abandoned shopping mall in [[Allen, Texas]], United States]]
In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year.<ref name="Millar">{{cite news|last=Millar|first=Lisa|date=20 January 2015|title=Dead malls: Half of America's shopping centres predicted to close by 2030|work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] News|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-28/the-decline-of-american-shopping-malls/6050956|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024113253/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-28/the-decline-of-american-shopping-malls/6050956|archive-date=24 October 2015}}</ref> But in 2001, a [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007, a year before the [[Great Recession]], no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 November 2014|title=The death of the US shopping mall|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140411-is-the-shopping-mall-dead|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428135632/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140411-is-the-shopping-mall-dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> [[City Creek Center|City Creek Center Mall]] in [[Salt Lake City]], which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession.<ref name="Moore"/>
Malls began to lose consumers to open-air power centers and lifestyle centers during the 1990s, as consumers preferred to park right in front of and walk directly into big-box stores with lower prices and without the [[Overhead (business)|overhead]] of traditional malls (i.e., long enclosed corridors).<ref name="Rybczynski">{{cite journal |last1=Rybczynski |first1=Witold |author1-link=Witold Rybczynski |title=The New Downtowns |journal=The Atlantic Monthly |volume=271 |issue=5 |pages=98–106 |date=May 1993|url=https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/archives/1993/05/271-5/132641481.pdf}} Available via [[ProQuest]].</ref><ref name="Neuborne">{{cite news |last1=Neuborne |first1=Ellen |title=Power centers muscle in: Stores siphon shoppers from regional malls |work=USA Today |date=June 13, 1995 |page=1B}} Available via [[ProQuest]].</ref><ref name="Laird_Page_69">{{cite book |last1=Laird |first1=Gordon |title=The Price of a Bargain: The Quest for Cheap and the Death of Globalization |date=2009 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |location=Toronto |isbn=9781551993287 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnuwJkSQgpsC&pg=PA69 |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="Donnellan_Page_63">{{cite book |last1=Donnellan |first1=John |title=Merchandise Buying and Management |date=2014 |publisher=Fairchild Books |location=New York |isbn=9781609014902 |page=63 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTQfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |access-date=February 27, 2023}}</ref>
Another issue was that the growth-crazed American commercial real estate industry had simply built too many nice places to shop—far more than could be reasonably justified by the actual growth of the American population, retail sales, or any other economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010.<ref name="Donnellan_Page_64">{{cite book |last1=Donnellan |first1=John |title=Merchandise Buying and Management |date=2014 |publisher=Fairchild Books |location=New York |isbn=9781609014902 |page=64 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTQfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |access-date=February 27, 2023}}</ref>
Thus, the number of dead malls increased significantly in the early 21st century. The economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, as revealed by high vacancy rates. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10–20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|last=Schwartz|first=Nelson D.|date=3 January 2015|title=The Economics (and Nostalgia) of Dead Malls|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/business/the-economics-and-nostalgia-of-dead-malls.html?_r=0|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023043923/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/business/the-economics-and-nostalgia-of-dead-malls.html?_r=0|archive-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed".<ref name="nytimes.com" /> By the time shopping mall operator [[Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield]] decided to exit the American market in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe).<ref name="Pimentel">{{cite news |last1=Pimentel |first1=Joseph |title=Owner of Westfield malls plans to sell all of their U.S. shopping centers |url=https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/orange-county/business/2022/04/11/owners-of-westfield-shopping-malls-plan-to-sell-their-nationwide-portfolio |access-date=March 3, 2023 |work=Spectrum News 1 |date=April 11, 2022}}</ref>
In 2019, [[The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards]] opened as an upscale mall in New York City with "a '[[Fifth Avenue]]' mix of shops", such as [[H&M]], [[Zara (retailer)|Zara]], and [[Sephora]] below them. This is one the first two malls built recently, along with [[American Dream Meadowlands|American Dream]] in which both opened in 2019 since [[City Creek Center]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-04 |title=Tracking the biggest buildings taking shape at Hudson Yards |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2018/4/4/17115600/hudson-yards-nyc-guide-buildings-apartments-map |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Curbed NY |first1=Ameena |last1=Walker |first2=Amy |last2=Plitt}}</ref>
Online shopping has also emerged as a major competitor to shopping malls. In the [[United States]], online shopping has accounted for an increasing share of total retail sales.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|last=Pleven|first=Liam|date=24 November 2015|title=Shrinking U.S. Shopping Malls Get Makeovers|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/shrinking-u-s-shopping-malls-get-makeovers-1448361001|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=30 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130004452/http://www.wsj.com/articles/shrinking-u-s-shopping-malls-get-makeovers-1448361001|archive-date=30 November 2015|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> In 2013, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the United States were going out of business.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 February 2013|title=Online Sales Threat to American Malls|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1659b142-6cba-11e2-b73a-00144feab49a.html#axzz2M6bS68KE|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706065720/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1659b142-6cba-11e2-b73a-00144feab49a.html#axzz2M6bS68KE|archive-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> To combat this trend, developers have converted malls into other uses including attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes.<ref name="EvansWSJ">{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Peter|date=20 February 2013|title=Malls' New Spin on Leisure|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323764804578314080552761430|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815123029/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323764804578314080552761430|archive-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> In the United States, the 600,000 square foot [[Highland Mall]] will be a campus for [[Austin Community College District|Austin Community College]].<ref name=":0" /> In [[France]], the So Ouest mall outside of [[Paris]] was designed to resemble elegant, [[Louis XV]]-style apartments and includes {{convert|17,000|m2}} of green space.<ref>{{cite journal|date=18 October 2012|title=So Ouest lance l'offensive anti-e-shopping|newspaper=[[Challenges (magazine)|Challenges]]}}</ref> The Australian mall company [[Westfield Group|Westfield]] launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1 million products.<ref name="Review">{{cite news|date=19 November 2013|title=Westfield launches new 'online mall' with 100,000 products|work=[[The Australian Financial Review]]|url=http://www.afr.com/real-estate/commercial/westfield-launches-new-online-mall-with-100000-products-20131118-iyu9w|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914021903/http://www.afr.com/real-estate/commercial/westfield-launches-new-online-mall-with-100000-products-20131118-iyu9w|archive-date=14 September 2015}}</ref>
The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] also significantly impacted the retail industry. Government regulations temporarily closed malls, increased entrance controls, and imposed strict public sanitation requirements.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 May 2020|title=Playbook to Safely Reopen Shopping Malls|url=https://www.aislelabs.com/blog/2020/05/26/playbook-safely-reopen-shopping-malls/|access-date=2 June 2020|publisher=Aislelabs}}</ref>
==Design==
[[File:Mall of America-2005-05-29.jpg|thumb|Indoor amusement park at the center of the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]], the largest shopping mall in the United States]]
[[File:ISQUARE 201006.jpg|thumb|upright|The 31 story [[ISQUARE]] vertical mall]]
===Vertical malls===
High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall", in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by [[elevator]]s and/or [[escalator]]s (usually both) linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards.<ref name="reach">{{cite news|last=Chung|first=Danny|date=9 December 2005|title=Reach for the sky|work=[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]]|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=48&art_id=27468&sid=5779401&con_type=1&d_str=20051209&sear_year=2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102084654/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=48&art_id=27468&sid=5779401&con_type=1&d_str=20051209&sear_year=2005|archive-date=2 January 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of [[Marshall Field & Co.]] The [[Water Tower Place]] skyscraper in [[Chicago]], Illinois was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the [[Magnificent Mile]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations in East and Southeast Asia. Hong Kong in particular has numerous examples such as [[Times Square, Hong Kong|Times Square]], [[Dragon Centre]], [[Apm (Hong Kong)|Apm]], [[Langham Place (Hong Kong)|Langham Place]],<ref name="reach" /> [[ISQUARE]], [[Hysan Place]] and [[The One (shopping centre)|The One]].
A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historic buildings or significant [[archeology]]. The [[Darwin Shopping Centre]] and associated malls in [[Shrewsbury]], UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former town walls;<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.discovershropshire.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/CCS:MSA807| title=Discovering Shropshire's History: Shrewsbury Town Walls| publisher=Discovershropshire.org.uk| date=26 October 1987| access-date=1 August 2011| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720001058/http://www.discovershropshire.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/CCS:MSA807| archive-date=20 July 2011| df=mdy-all}}</ref> consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's former [[McDonald's]], split into four stories with multiple [[mezzanine (architecture)|mezzanines]] which featured medieval castle vaults – complete with [[arrowslit]]s – in the basement dining rooms.
==Components==
===Food court===
{{Main|Food court}}
A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of [[fast food]] vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area.
===Department stores===
{{Main|Department store|Anchor store}}
When the shopping mall format was developed by [[Victor Gruen]] in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor store or draw tenant. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
==Regional differences==
[[File:Express avenue chennai.jpg|thumb|Express Avenue Chennai, [[India]]]]
[[File:Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg|thumb|Shopping arcade in [[Tokyo|Tokyo, Japan]]]]
===''Mall'' versus ''shopping center/centre''===
''Shopping mall'' is a term used predominantly in [[North America]] and some other countries that follow U.S. usage ([[India]],<ref name=sarkar/> [[United Arab Emirates|U.A.E.]],<ref name=uae1/> etc.) and others ([[Australia]],<ref name=australia/> etc.) follow U.K. usage.
In the United States, [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf countries]], and India, the term ''shopping mall'' is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply ''mall''), while ''shopping center/centre'' usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots, face major traffic arterials, and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighbourhoods.<ref name="Urban Geography: A Global Perspective">''Urban Geography: A Global Perspective'' Michael Pacione, (Routledge, Informa UK Ltd. 2001) {{ISBN|978-0-415-19195-1}}.</ref> Outside of North America, "shopping precinct" and "shopping [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]]" are also used.
In [[Canada]], "shopping centre" is often used officially (as in [[Square One Shopping Centre]]), but conversationally, "mall" is mostly used.
===Europe===
There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of US$12.47 billion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title = Investors Find Bargains at Europe's Outlet Malls|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/investors-find-bargains-at-europes-outlet-malls-1448997002|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|access-date = 3 December 2015|issn = 0099-9660|first = Theresa|last = Agovino|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151203041540/http://www.wsj.com/articles/investors-find-bargains-at-europes-outlet-malls-1448997002|archive-date = 3 December 2015|df = mdy-all}}</ref> This represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year.<ref name=":1" />
====U.K. and Ireland====
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as ''shopping centres''. ''Mall'' primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of [[Retailing#Shops and Stores|shops]] all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic.
The majority of British enclosed shopping centres, the equivalent of a U.S. mall, are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include [[West Quay]] in [[Southampton]]; [[Manchester Arndale]]; [[Birmingham Bull Ring|Bullring Birmingham]]; [[Liverpool One]]; [[Trinity Leeds]]; Buchanan Galleries in [[Glasgow]]; [[St James Quarter]] in [[Edinburgh]]; and [[Eldon Square Shopping Centre|Eldon Square]] in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]. In addition to the inner city shopping centres, large UK [[conurbation]]s will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as the [[MetroCentre (shopping centre)|Metrocentre]] in [[Gateshead]]; [[Meadowhall Centre]], [[Sheffield]] serving [[South Yorkshire]]; the [[Trafford Centre]] in [[Greater Manchester]]; [[White Rose Centre]] in [[Leeds]]; the [[Merry Hill Shopping Centre|Merry Hill Centre]] near [[Dudley]]; and [[Bluewater (shopping centre)|Bluewater]] in [[Kent]]. These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on [[retail park]]s, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/post/news/tm_method=full&objectid=14600178&siteid=50002-name_page.html|title=ICnetwork.co.uk|publisher=Icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk|date=4 September 2003|access-date=1 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211172210/http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/post/news/tm_method%3Dfull%26objectid%3D14600178%26siteid%3D50002-name_page.html|archive-date=11 February 2009}}</ref> [[Westfield London]] ([[White City, London|White City]]) is the largest shopping centre in Europe.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
====Russia====
In [[Economy of Russia|Russia]], on the other hand, {{as of|2013|lc=y}} a large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the [[MEGA Family Shopping Centre|MEGA malls]] such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near [[Moscow]]. In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class.<ref name=NYT010113>{{cite news| title=Malls Blossom in Russia, With a Middle Class| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/business/global/with-a-mall-boom-in-russia-property-investors-go-shopping.html| access-date=2 January 2013| newspaper=The New York Times| date=1 January 2013| first=Andrew E.| last=Kramer| quote=I feel like I'm in Disneyland| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102034642/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/business/global/with-a-mall-boom-in-russia-property-investors-go-shopping.html| archive-date=2 January 2013| df=mdy-all}}</ref>
==Management and legal issues==
===Shopping property management firms===
A shopping [[property management]] firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use a similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, [[Mills Corporation]] puts "Mills" in most of its mall names and [[SM Prime Holdings]] of the [[Philippines]] puts "SM" in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, [[The Mall Fund]] changes the name of any center it buys to ''"The Mall (location)"'', using its pink-M logo; when it sells a mall the center reverts to its own name and branding, such as [[the Ashley Centre]] in [[Epsom]].<ref>{{cite news| author=This is Surrey| url=http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Moka-Ashley-Centre-Epsom/story-12667682-detail/story.html| title=Moka, Ashley Centre, Epsom| work=Surrey Mirror| date=22 May 2009| access-date=21 October 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719212115/http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Moka-Ashley-Centre-Epsom/story-12667682-detail/story.html| archive-date=19 July 2013| df=mdy-all}}</ref> Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres, [[intu Properties]] renamed many of its centres to ''"intu (name/location)"'' (such as [[intu Lakeside]]); again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (see for instance [[The Glades (Bromley)|The Glades in Bromley]]).
===Legal issues===
One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional [[main street]]s or [[high street]]s. Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private [[security guard]]s, over [[central business district]]s (CBD) or [[downtown]]s, which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited [[police]] coverage.<ref name=ODonahue>{{cite book| first=Tony| last=O'Donahue| title=The Tale of a City: Re-Engineering the Urban Environment| location=Toronto| publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.| date=1 May 2005| page=[https://archive.org/details/taleofcityreengi0000odon/page/43 43]| url=https://archive.org/details/taleofcityreengi0000odon/page/43| url-access=registration| isbn=978-1550025569| df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=Frieden>{{cite book| first1=Bernard J.| last1=Frieden| first2=Lynne B.| last2=Sagalyn| title=Downtown, Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities| location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]| publisher=[[MIT Press]]| year=1989| page=233| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRntFdOk8ewC&pg=PA233| isbn= 978-0262560597| access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref>
In response, a few jurisdictions, notably [[California]], have expanded the right of [[freedom of speech]] to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls.<ref name="Rybczynski" /><ref name="Judd">{{cite web |last=Judd |first=Dennis R. |year=1991 |title=The Rise of the New Walled Cities |publisher=Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs, [[Cleveland State University]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUrYAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Rise+of+the+New+Walled+Cities}}</ref> The Supreme Court decision ''[[Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins]]'' was issued on 9 June 1980 which affirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court in a case that arose out of a free speech dispute between the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell, California, and several local high school students.
==World's largest malls==
This is a list of the world's largest [[shopping malls]] based on their [[gross leasable area]] (GLA), with a GLA of at least {{convert|250,000|m2|abbr=on|}}.
<!-- Shopping malls with a gross leasable area of below 250,000 m² are not included in this list. -->
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank
! style="width:15%;"| Mall
! style="width:12.5%;"| Country
! style="width:12.5%;"| City (metropolitan area)
! style="width:5%;"| Year opened
! style="width:15%;" data-sort-type="number"| Gross leasable<br>area (GLA)
! style="width:5%;" data-sort-type="number"| Shops
! style="width:35%;" class="unsortable"| Remarks
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|1
|[[Iran Mall]]
|Iran
|[[Tehran]]
|2018
|{{convert|1950000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-01|title=15 Biggest Malls In The World {{!}} 2022 Edition|url=https://www.rankred.com/biggest-malls-in-the-world-2/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=RankRed|language=en-US}}</ref>
|2,500+
|Largest mall in Iran
|-
|2
|[[IOI City Mall]]
|Malaysia
|[[Putrajaya]]
|2014
|{{convert|821000|m2|abbr=on}}
|650+
|Largest mall in Malaysia
|-
|3
|[[Isfahan City Center]]
|Iran
|[[Isfahan]]
|2012
|{{convert|776000|m2||abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Shopaholics Rejoice: The 12 Biggest Malls in the World|url=http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/shopaholics-rejoice-the-12-biggest-malls-in-the-world-335988/?singlepage=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829155356/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/shopaholics-rejoice-the-12-biggest-malls-in-the-world-335988/?singlepage=1|archive-date=29 August 2015|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-biggest-shopping-malls-in-the-world.html#h_1543454405491676010778754|title=15 Biggest Shopping Mall In The World|website=The World Atlas|date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/|title=The Biggest Shopping Malls|website=Insiders Monkey|date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
|700+
|Contains the biggest indoor amusement park in the Middle East at {{convert|776000|m2|abbr=on}}. Built in two phases in 2012 and 2019.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|4
|[[South China Mall]]
|China
|[[Dongguan]]
|2005
|{{convert|659612|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fich">{{cite news|title=Emporis: February 7, 2012 – List of the Top 10 World's Largest Shopping Mall. |url=http://www.emporis.com/pdf/Pressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf |first=Naima |last=Fich |date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192553/http://www.emporis.com/pdf/Pressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name="insidermonkey">{{cite web | url = http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/ | title = 15 Biggest Malls in the World – Insider Monkey | author = Jevtic, Aleksandar | author-link = Aleksandar Jevtic | access-date = 4 December 2015 | date = 26 August 2015 | work = InsiderMonkey.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081916/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/ | archive-date = 2 December 2015 | url-status = live}}</ref>
| 2,350
| Until at least 2014 most of the stores were empty, with occupancy rates of only 10%.<ref name="insidermonkey" />
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|5
|[[SM Mall of Asia]]
|Philippines
|[[Pasay]] ([[Metro Manila]])
|2006
|{{convert|589891|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="SM Prime 2018" />
|3,500+
|The largest mall in the Philippines with IT parks, [[SM Mall of Asia Arena|MoA Arena]], hotels, an IKEA building,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://qz.com/2094169/ikea-opens-its-largest-store-and-first-in-the-philippines/ |title=Ikea is opening in a very different Philippines than it planned for |date=25 November 2021 |work=Quartz |first=Aurora |last=Almendral |access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref> bay-area resorts, and amusement parks; a total [[land reclamation|reclamation]] of {{convert|1,047|hectare}} is anticipated upon completion
|-
| 6
|[[SM Supermall|SM Tianjin]]
| China
|[[Tianjin]]
|2016
|{{convert|565000|m2|abbr=on|}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.sminvestments.com/sm-city-tianjin-sm-prime%E2%80%99s-7th-mall-china|title=SM City Tianjin: SM Prime's 7th mall in China {{!}} SM Investments|website=sminvestments.com|access-date=19 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208173254/http://www.sminvestments.com/sm-city-tianjin-sm-prime%E2%80%99s-7th-mall-china|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2016|title=SM Prime opens 7th mall in China|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/12/19/16/sm-prime-opens-7th-mall-in-china|access-date=27 November 2020|work=ABS-CBN News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=SM City Tianjin Opened In China|url=https://www.malls.com/news/news/sm-city-tianjin-opened-in-china.shtml|access-date=27 November 2020|website=Malls.Com|language=en-us}}</ref>
|1,000+
| The largest SM mall outside of the Philippines
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 7
|[[Golden Resources Mall]]
|China
| [[Beijing]]
| 2004
|{{convert|557419|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fich"/><ref name="insidermonkey"/>
|750+
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|8
| [[Central WestGate]]
| Thailand
|[[Nonthaburi Province|Nonthaburi]] ([[Bangkok metropolitan area|Bangkok Metropolitan Region]])
| 2015
|{{convert|550,278|m2|abbr=on}}
|500+
|The gross floor area of the mall includes the floor area of the mall building with various shops which is 500,000 square meters and the floor area of the IKEA store which is 50,278 square meters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/AC/WestGate-mall-opens-to-major-crowds |title=WestGate mall opens to major crowds |publisher=Nikkei Inc. |date=30 August 2015 |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133447/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/AC/WestGate-mall-opens-to-major-crowds |archive-date=15 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/1429042/ikea-building-se-asia-presence|title=Ikea building SE Asia presence |newspaper=Bangkok Post |date=16 March 2018|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|9
|[[CentralWorld]]
|Thailand
|[[Bangkok]]
|1989
|{{convert|550,000|m2|abbr=on|}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://de.hotels.com/go/thailand/centralworld|title=Central World}}</ref>
|600
|Area of the full complex is {{convert|1024000|m2|abbr=on}} including two skyscrapers.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|10
|[[Iconsiam|ICONSIAM]]
|Thailand
|[[Bangkok]]
| 2018
|{{convert|525000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pitsinee |first1=Jitpleecheep |title=Iconsiam adds retail area for keen investors |url=https://property.bangkokpost.com/news/907120/iconsiam-adds-retail-area-for-keen-investors |access-date=11 November 2018 |work=Bangkok Post |date=23 March 2016 }}</ref>
|550+
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|11
| [[Mall of America]]
| United States
| [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington, MN]] ([[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]])
| 1992
| {{convert|520257|m2|abbr=on|ft2}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Mall of American Fact Sheet 2016|url=https://www.mallofamerica.com/upload/FactSheets_2016.pdf|access-date=23 December 2020|website=Mall of America|publisher=mallofamerica.com}}</ref>
| 520
| The ranking area does not include [[Nickelodeon Universe]], a large indoor amusement park at the center of the mall with an area of {{convert|28000|m2|abbr=on}}; Largest mall in United States.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 12
|[[1 Utama]]
|Malaysia
|[[Petaling Jaya]]
|1995
|{{convert|519328|m2|abbr=on|}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.1utama.com.my/about-us/|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=1 Utama}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Ng|first=Shawn|date=26 Apr 2019|title=A mall that embraces change for growth|url=https://www.edgeprop.my/content/1517127/mall-embraces-change-growth|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=EdgeProp.my}}</ref>
|503<ref name=":2" />
|The 2nd largest shopping mall in Malaysia. Built in three phases in 1995,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chai|first=Yee Hoong|date=4 Nov 2017|title=Keeping up with changing trends|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/keeping-changing-trends|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=The Edge Markets}}</ref> 2003<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ang|first=Elaine|date=22 Dec 2003|title=Shoppers' haven at 1 Utama|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2003/12/22/shoppers-haven-at-1-utama|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=The Star}}</ref> and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 Jan 2018|title=1 Utama opens phase one of 1 Utama E|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/1-utama-opens-phase-one-1-utama-e|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=The Edge Markets}}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|13
|[[SM City North EDSA]]
|Philippines
|[[Quezon City]] ([[Metro Manila]])
|1985
|{{convert|497,213|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" /><ref name="SM Prime 2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.smprime.com/sites/default/files/investor_relations/SEC%2017-A-2018.pdf|title=Securities and Exchange Commission SRC Form 17-A |publisher=SM Prime |date=31 December 2018|access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/2015/12/15/sm-prime-plans-to-continue-developing-sm-north-edsa/ |title=SM Prime plans to continue developing SM North Edsa |newspaper=BusinessMirror |access-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820035647/http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/2015/12/15/sm-prime-plans-to-continue-developing-sm-north-edsa/ |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}</ref>
|1,000+
|Formerly the largest mall in the Philippines (2008–2011, 201?–2014, and 2015–2021), until IKEA opened in SM Mall of Asia on November 25, 2021.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|14
|[[Global Harbor]]
|China
|[[Shanghai]]
|2013
|{{convert|480000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="SM Investments Corporation">{{cite web |url=http://sminvestments.com/sm-prime-opens-mega-fashion-transforms-sm-megamall-philippines%E2%80%99-largest-mall |title=SM Prime opens the Mega Fashion; Transforms SM Megamall into the Philippines' Largest Mall |publisher=SM Investments Corporation |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311042728/http://www.sminvestments.com/sm-prime-opens-mega-fashion-transforms-sm-megamall-philippines%E2%80%99-largest-mall |archive-date=11 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Interaksyon">{{cite web |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |title=Biggest mall in Vis-Min, SM Seaside City Cebu, opens November 27 |publisher=Interaksyon |access-date=13 August 2016 |quote=SM said that the largest mall is SM Megamall at 474,000 square meters, followed by SM North EDSA at 470,000 square meters. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104070444/http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|450+
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|15
|[[SM Megamall]]
|Philippines
|[[Mandaluyong]] (Metro Manila)
|1991
|{{convert|474000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="SM Prime 2018" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.inquirer.net/162009/h-megamall-now-phs-largest-mall |title=SM Megamall now PH's largest mall |work=Inquirer Business |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203032924/http://business.inquirer.net/162009/h-megamall-now-phs-largest-mall |archive-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SM Investments Corporation" /><ref name="Interaksyon" />
|1,000+
|Has the most cinema screens (14) in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philippinestodayus.com/news/business/sm-megamall-undergoing-p1-5-b-expansion/ |title=SM Megamall undergoing P1.5 B expansion |work=Rappler |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927122334/http://www.philippinestodayus.com/news/business/sm-megamall-undergoing-p1-5-b-expansion/ |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=ClickTheCity |url=https://www.clickthecity.com/movies/theaters/sm-megamall |title=SM MegaMall Cinema Movie Schedule – Mandaluyong, Metro Manila @ ClickTheCity Movies |publisher=Clickthecity.com |date=6 July 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903074936/https://www.clickthecity.com/movies/theaters/sm-megamall |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|16
|[[SM Seaside City Cebu]]
|Philippines
|[[Cebu City]]
|2015
|{{convert|470,486|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |title=Biggest mall in Vis-Min, SM Seaside City Cebu, opens November 27 |work=Interaksyon |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104070444/http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|700+
|Largest shopping mall in the Philippines outside Metro Manila.
|-
|17
| [[Persian Gulf Complex]]
| Iran
| [[Shiraz]]
| 2011
| {{convert|450000|m2||abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.setareh.co.ir/en-Us.htm
|title=Setareh CO Officia Website
|access-date=28 July 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172047/http://www.setareh.co.ir/en-Us.htm
|archive-date=17 October 2018
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.orangesmile.com/extreme/en/greatest-shoppingmolls/persian-gulf-complex.htm
|title=12 LARGEST SHOPPING CENTERS WORLDWIDE
|access-date=28 July 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728131050/http://www.orangesmile.com/extreme/en/greatest-shoppingmolls/persian-gulf-complex.htm
|archive-date=28 July 2019
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/
|title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction
|date=19 January 2017
|access-date=28 July 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728132552/http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/
|archive-date=28 July 2019
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202
|title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction From Official Site
|access-date=28 July 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827073026/http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202
|archive-date=27 August 2018
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
|355<ref name="Persian Gulf Complex Introduction">{{Cite web|url=http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/
|title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction|date=19 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202
|title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction From Official Site
|access-date=2020-07-06
|archive-date=2018-08-27
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827073026/http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
|Second largest shopping mall by number of stores after [[Iran Mall]].<ref name="Persian Gulf Complex Introduction" />
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|18
| [[The Avenues (Kuwait)|The Avenues Mall]]
| Kuwait
| [[Farwaniya Governorate|Al Rai]]
| 2007
| {{convert|425000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 1100+ <ref>{{cite web| title = About The Avenues Shopping Mall| url = https://www.the-avenues.com/kuwait/en/about| accessdate = 2022-12-16}}</ref>
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|19 (tie)
|[[Sunway Pyramid]]
|Malaysia
|[[Subang Jaya]]
|1997
|{{Convert|400000|m2|sqft|abbr=unit}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andy Ling|date=2017-05-28|title=Sunway Pyramid Shopping Mall|url=http://www.sunwayreit.com/sunway-pyramid-shopping-mall/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Sunway REIT|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004011501/https://www.sunwayreit.com/sunway-pyramid-shopping-mall/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|1000+
|Third largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind [[1 Utama]]. Built in three phases in 1997, 2007 and 2016.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|19 (tie)
| [[New Century Global Center]]
| China
| [[Chengdu]]
| 2013
| {{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 2,300
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|19 (tie)
| [[Dream Mall]]
| [[Taiwan]]
| [[Kaohsiung]]
| 2007
| {{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 250
| Largest mall in [[Taiwan]].
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|19 (tie)
| [[Siam Paragon]]
| Thailand
|[[Bangkok]]
| 2005
| {{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" />
| 200+
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangkok.com/shopping-mall/siam-paragon.html|title=Siam Paragon|publisher=Bangkok.com|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704031104/http://www.bangkok.com/shopping-mall/siam-paragon.html|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|19 (tie)
|[[Central Phuket]]
|Thailand
|[[Phuket]]
|2004
|{{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>[https://phuket9.com/news/post/central-festival-phuket-new-building-construction "Central Festival Phuket – new building construction", Phuket9]</ref><ref>[https://www.centralpattana.co.th/en/our-properties/shopping-center/central-phuket/373/central-phuket-festival "Central Phuket Festival", Central Pattana site]</ref><ref>[https://www.thephuketnews.com/b20bn-central-phuket-to-open-sept-10-68251.php "B20bn Central Phuket to open Sept 10", ''The Phuket News'', 15 August 2018]</ref>
|250+
|Major expansion ("Floresta" building) in 2018.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|19 (tie)
|[[Festival Alabang]]
|Philippines
|[[Muntinlupa]] (Metro Manila)
|1998
|{{convert|400,000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.filinvestland.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2017-FLI-Annual-Report-FA.compressed.pdf |title= Filinvest Land, Incorporated 2017 Annual Report |publisher= filinvestland.com |access-date= 31 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181024221159/http://www.filinvestland.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2017-FLI-Annual-Report-FA.compressed.pdf |archive-date= 24 October 2018 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|250+
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|25
| [[Lotte World Mall]]
| South Korea
| [[Seoul]]
| 2014
| {{convert|383470|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="cwglobalretailguide.com">{{Cite web |url=http://cwglobalretailguide.com/seoul/ |title=Seoul |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901135311/http://cwglobalretailguide.com/seoul/ |archive-date=1 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 200+
| Largest shopping mall in South Korea.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 26 (tie)
| [[Jamuna Future Park]]
| Bangladesh
| [[Dhaka]]
| 2013
| {{convert|380000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name=tds>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-31523 |title=Asia's 'biggest' mall in Dhaka |date=10 April 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |location=[[Dhaka]] |access-date=26 September 2020 }}</ref>
| 200<ref name="tds" />
| Largest shopping mall in [[South Asia]].<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920110538/http://jamunafuturepark.com/content.php?q=features |url=http://jamunafuturepark.com/content.php?q=features |website=Jamuna Future Park |title=5th Floor Is Open Now |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2013 }}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|26 (tie)
| [[Albrook Mall]]
| Panama
| [[Panama City]]
| 2002
| {{convert|380000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" />
| 200+
| Second largest shopping mall in the Americas; the largest until 2013.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|28
| [[Mall Taman Anggrek|Mal Taman Anggrek]]
| Indonesia
| [[Jakarta]]
| 1996
| {{convert|360000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" />
| 150
| Hosts the world's largest LED display.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beritasatu.com/hiburan-features/64657-mal-taman-anggrek-cetak-rekor-the-world-largest-led-illuminated-facade.html|title=Mal Taman Anggrek Cetak Rekor "The World Largest LED Illuminated Facade"|access-date=5 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102223533/http://www.beritasatu.com/hiburan-features/64657-mal-taman-anggrek-cetak-rekor-the-world-largest-led-illuminated-facade.html|archive-date=2 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|29 (tie)
| [[Fashion Island (Thailand)]]
| Thailand
| [[Bangkok]]
| 1995
| {{convert|350000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 150
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|29 (tie)
| [[West Edmonton Mall]]
| Canada
| [[Edmonton|Edmonton, Alberta]]
| 1981
| {{convert|350000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2012|title=World's Largest Shopping Malls|url=http://nutmeg.easternct.edu/~pocock/MallsWorld.htm|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305041824/http://nutmeg.easternct.edu/~pocock/MallsWorld.htm|archive-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>
| 800+
| Largest shopping mall in Canada. The gross leasable area does not include [[Galaxyland]], a large indoor amusement park with an area of {{convert|70160|m2|abbr=on}}.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|29 (tie)
| [[The Dubai Mall]]
| United Arab Emirates
| [[Dubai]]
| 2008
| {{convert|350000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 400+
|The second largest mall in the world by total land area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai Mall |url=http://www.thedubaimall.com |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307171609/http://www.thedubaimall.com/ |archive-date=7 March 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zawya – The Dubai Mall |url=http://www.zawya.com/cm/profile.cfm/cid1003365
|access-date=6 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108114358/http://www.zawya.com/cm/profile.cfm/cid1003365 |archive-date=8 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum formally opens the Dubai Mall |url=http://www.thedubaimall.com/en/news/media-centre/news-section/his-highness-sheikh-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-formally-opens-the-dubai-mall.html |access-date=12 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515102312/http://www.thedubaimall.com/en/news/media-centre/news-section/his-highness-sheikh-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-formally-opens-the-dubai-mall.html |archive-date=15 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|32 (tie)
| [[Big City (shopping mall)|Big City]]
| Taiwan
| [[Hsinchu]]
| 2012
| {{convert|340000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 300
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|32 (tie)
| [[Lucky One Mall]]
| [[Pakistan]]
| [[Karachi]]
| 2017
| {{convert|340000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pakpedia.pk/lucky-one-mall |title=Lucky One Mall |website=Pakpedia |date=1 February 2018 |first=Zaid |last=Ijaz |access-date=28 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pakiholic.com/photos-facts-lucky-one-mall/|title=21 Amazing Photos and Facts About Lucky One Mall Karachi – The Biggest Shopping Mall in Pakistan|last=Khan|first=Haris|date=4 June 2017|website=Paki Holic|language=en-US|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
| 200+
| Largest mall in [[Pakistan]].
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|33
|[[Gandaria City]]
|Indonesia
|[[Jakarta]]
|2010
|{{convert|336,279|m2|abbr=on|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justgola.com/a/gandaria-city-mall-3844488|title=Gandaria City Mall in Jakarta – Shopping in Jakarta, Indonesia – Justgola|website=Justgola|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073142/https://www.justgola.com/a/gandaria-city-mall-3844488|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|250
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 34 (tie)
|[[Limketkai Center]]
|Philippines
|[[Cagayan de Oro]]
|1992
|{{convert|320000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdopedia.com/cdo-places/trivia-cdo|title=Trivia: CDO Did You Know?|date=7 August 2012|website=CDOpedia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721102824/http://www.cdopedia.com/cdo-places/trivia-cdo|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cdodev.com/2012/11/06/limketkai-mall-biggest-in-mindanao/|title=Limketkai Mall – biggest in Mindanao|date=6 November 2012|work=CDO Dev|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073115/http://www.cdodev.com/2012/11/06/limketkai-mall-biggest-in-mindanao/|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 250
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 34 (tie)
| [[Berjaya Times Square]]
| Malaysia
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| 2003
| {{convert|320000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 200+
| The largest shopping mall in [[Kuala Lumpur]] and 4th largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind [[IOI City Mall]], [[1 Utama]] and [[Sunway Pyramid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timessquarekl.com/aboutus.html|title=Berjaya Times Square info page|access-date=14 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207102017/http://www.timessquarekl.com/aboutus.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=7 February 2008}}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|36
|[[SM City Fairview]]
|Philippines
|[[Quezon City]] (Metro Manila)
|1997
|{{convert|312749|m2|abbr=on}}
|350
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|37
|The Grand Central Mall
|[[Pakistan]]
|[[Faisalabad]]
|Under-Construction
|{{convert|310000|m2|abbr=on}}
|
|2nd-largest mall in [[Pakistan]]
|-
|38
|Galerija Belgrade
|[[Serbia]]
|[[Belgrade]]
|2020
|{{convert|300000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerija Belgrade |url=https://www.galerijabelgrade.com/sr/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=www.galerijabelgrade.com}}</ref>
|
|Largest mall in [[Serbia]]
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 39 (tie)
| Zhengjia Plaza (Grandview Mall)
| China
| [[Guangzhou]]
| 2005
| {{convert|280000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 180+{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 39 (tie)
| [[Centro Mayor]]
| Colombia
| [[Bogotá|Bogota]]
| 2010
| {{convert|280000|m2|abbr=on}}{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
| 250
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 39 (tie)
|[[American Dream Meadowlands]]
|United States
|[[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford, NJ]] ([[New York metropolitan area|New York City area]])
|2019
|{{convert|3000000|sqft|abbr=on|m2|order=flip}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Holman|first=Jordyn|date=7 January 2020|title=American Dream Mall Bucks Retail Nightmare, Nears 90% Lease Rate|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-06/american-dream-mall-bucks-retail-nightmare-nears-90-lease-rate|access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>
|200
|Includes [[Nickelodeon Universe#American Dream|Nickelodeon Universe]], [[DreamWorks Water Park]], and [[Big Snow American Dream]]
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 39 (tie)
|Haikou International Duty Free City
|China
|[[Haikou, Hainan]]
|2022
|{{convert|3000000|sqft|abbr=on|m2|order=flip}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Dao |date=2022-10-03 |title=World's largest duty-free shop to open in Haikou, China |url=https://daoinsights.com/news/worlds-largest-single-duty-free-shop-to-open-in-haikou-china/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Dao Insights |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|Largest duty-free shopping mall in the world<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rozario |first=Kevin |title=Hainan Has Another Duty-Free Mall—It Is The Biggest In The World |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinrozario/2022/10/29/hainan-has-another-duty-free-mall-it-is-the-biggest-in-the-world/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|43
|[[SM City Cebu]]
|Philippines
|[[Cebu City]]
|1993
|{{convert|273,804|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="SM Prime 2018" />
|680
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|44
|[[The Avenues, Bahrain]]
|Bahrain
|[[Bahrain Bay]]
|2017
|{{convert|273000|m2|abbr=on}}
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 45 (tie)
|Sarath City Mall
|India
|[[Hyderabad]]
|2019
|{{convert|270000|m2|abbr=on}}<sup>2</sup><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sarathcitycapitalmall.com/about-us/|title=Sarath City Capital Mall|website=www.sarathcitycapitalmall.com|access-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314144010/https://sarathcitycapitalmall.com/about-us/|archive-date=14 March 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
|400+
|The biggest shopping mall in [[India]].
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 45 (tie)
|Medan Centre Point
|Indonesia
|[[Medan]]
|2013
|{{convert|270000|m2|abbr=on}}<sup>2</sup><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pti-architects.com/content.php?page=newsdetail&newsid=9|title=PTI Architects|website=www.pti-architects.com|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192920/https://www.pti-architects.com/content.php?page=newsdetail&newsid=9|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 45 (tie)
| [[Mal Artha Gading]]
| Indonesia
| [[Jakarta]]
| 2004
| {{convert|270000|m2|abbr=on}}
|330<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arthagading.com/tenant/|title=Tenant List|website=MAl Artha Gading|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324094700/https://arthagading.com/tenant/|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref>
|
|-
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|48
|[[Mall of Arabia (Jeddah)|Mall of Arabia]]
|Saudi Arabia
|[[Jeddah]]
| 2010
|{{convert|261,000|m2|abbr=on|}}
|187<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mallofarabia.com.eg/en/shop/list?cid=8|title=Shop List|website=Mall of Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324094659/http://www.mallofarabia.com.eg/en/shop/list%3Fcid%3D8|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref>
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|49
| [[King of Prussia (shopping mall)|King of Prussia]]
| United States
|[[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania|King of Prussia]] ([[Delaware Valley|Philadelphia metropolitan area]])
| 1963
| {{convert|259500|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 |title=International Council of Shopping Centers |publisher=ICSC |access-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170359/http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref>
| 200+
|Originally built as two buildings, a 2016 renovation made it one continuous building, larger than Mall of America by {{convert|1300|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Council of Shopping Centers: King of Prussia Mall |url=http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021071037/http://icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=21 October 2007 |access-date=14 February 2008}} The Mall of America once again surpassed it when it built an addition to the mall that included a [[J.W. Marriot Hotel]]</ref>
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|50
|Greenwich Mall
|[[Russia]]
|[[Yekaterinburg|Ekaterinburg]]
|2006
|{{convert|258673|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Топ-20 самых больших торговых центров РФ|url=https://marketmedia.ru/media-content/top-10-samykh-bolshikh-torgovykh-tsentrov-rf/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=marketmedia.ru|language=ru}}</ref>
|250
|the largest shopping center in Europe
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|51
| [[T.S. Mall]]
| Taiwan
| [[Tainan]]
| 2015
| {{convert|254000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 200+
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|52
|[[Tunjungan Plaza]]
|Indonesia
|[[Surabaya]]
|1986
|{{convert|253187|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |author=Pakuwon Indonesia |url=http://www.pakuwon.com/property/property-portofolio/Surabaya/Tunjungan%20City%20/4 |title=Properties |publisher=Pakuwon.com |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722085549/http://pakuwon.com/property/property-portofolio/Surabaya/Tunjungan%20City%20/4 |archive-date=22 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|250
|The biggest mall in [[East Java]]
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 53 (tie)
|[[Emporium Mall]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|[[Lahore]]
|2016
|{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pakpedia.pk/emporium-mall-lahore |title=Emporium Mall Lahore |website=Pakpedia |date=24 April 2017 |author=Samrashabir |access-date=28 September 2020 }}</ref>
|200+
|3rd largest mall in [[Pakistan]]
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 53 (tie)
|[[Centro Sambil]]
|Venezuela
|[[Caracas]]
|1998
|{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}
|300
|
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 53 (tie)
| [[Aventura Mall]]
| United States
| [[Aventura, Florida|Aventura]] ([[Miami metropolitan area|Miami area]])
| 1983
| {{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 300+
| Largest shopping mall in Florida.
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 53 (tie)
|[[Glorietta]]
|Philippines
|[[Makati]] (Metro Manila)
|1991
|{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}
|300+
|Glorietta is integrated with Greenbelt, both of which are owned by the [[Ayala Corporation]].
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 53 (tie)
|[[Greenbelt (Ayala Center)|Greenbelt]]
|Philippines
|[[Makati]] (Metro Manila)
|1991
|{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}
|300+
|Greenbelt is integrated with Glorietta, both of which are owned by the [[Ayala Corporation]].
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 53 (tie)
| [[South Coast Plaza]]
| United States
| [[Costa Mesa, California|Costa Mesa]] ([[Greater Los Angeles]])
| 1967
| {{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icsc.org/cgi/dmmdisp?dispid=CA0440 |title=ICSC DMM Display |publisher=Icsc.org |access-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011213448/http://www.icsc.org/cgi/dmmdisp?dispid=CA0440 |archive-date=11 October 2012 }}</ref>
| 286
| The largest shopping mall in [[California]] besides [[Del Amo Fashion Center|Del Amo]].
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
| 53 (tie)
| [[Centro Comercial Santafé]]
| Colombia
| [[Bogotá|Bogota]]
| 2006
| {{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}
| 150
|
|}
===Combination retail and wholesale shopping malls===
Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
! style="width:15%;"| Name
! style="width:12.5%;"| Country
! style="width:12.5%;"| City
! style="width:5%;"| Year opened
! style="width:15%;"| Gross leasable area
! style="width:5%;"| Shops
! style="width:35%;" class="unsortable"| Remarks
|- style="height: 3.5em;"
|
|[[Yiwu market|Yiwu International luTrade City]]
| China
|[[Yiwu]]
| 2002
|{{convert|5500000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Guardian2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/23/welcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city|title=Welcome to Yiwu: China's testing ground for a multicultural city|last=Roxburgh|first=Helen|date=23 March 2017|work=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323111704/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/23/welcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|75,000+
|Much of the retail area is divided into small booths, hence the disproportionately greater number of shops than other malls listed.
|}
==See also==
{{portal|Business|Companies}}
* [[Arcade (architecture)#Shopping arcades|Arcade]]
* [[Bazaar]]
* [[List of largest shopping malls in the United States]]
* [[Lists of shopping malls]]
* [[Mall kiosk]]
* [[Pedestrian zone]]
* [[Retail#Types of retail outlets]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Hardwick, M. Jeffrey (2004). ''Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream''. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0812237625 Excerpt and text search].
* Howard, Vicki (2015). ''From Main Street to Mall: The Rise and Fall of the American Department Store''.
* {{Cite news |last=Lange |first=Alexandra |date=15 February 2018 |title=Malls and the future of American retail: In a post-mall era, why are starchitects building more retail? |url=https://www.curbed.com/2018/2/15/17014230/malls-califonia-america-renzo-piano-victor-gruen |work=Curbed |access-date=3 March 2018}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lange |first=Alexandra |year=2022 |title=Meet Me by the Fountain: An Inside History of the Mall |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781635576023 |oclc=1325579853}}
* Ngo-Viet, Nam-Son (2002). [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160520220238/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_obFEwXFTooZDFjZjVmZDMtMjZlMy00NTBkLWEzMmQtNzI3Y2RhYTY0ZjAz/edit?pli=1 ''The Integration of the Suburban Shopping Center with its Surroundings: Redmond Town Center'']. PhD dissertation. University of Washington.
* Scharoun, Lisa (2012). ''America at the Mall: The Cultural Role of a Retail Utopia''. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
==External links==
{{Commons category|Shopping malls}}
* [http://www.icsc.org/ International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)]
* [http://www.aia.org/rec_default American Institute of Architects Retail and Entertainment Committee Knowledge Community]
{{Developments}}
{{SE}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Shopping malls| ]]
[[Category:Planned commercial developments]]
[[Category:Retail buildings]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]
[[Category:Lists of shopping malls| ]]
[[Category:Lists of largest buildings and structures|Shopping malls]]
[[Category:Economy-related lists of superlatives]]
[[Category:1980s fads and trends]]
[[Category:1990s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Architecture records]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]' |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=lCimuNbqKfkC',
1 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=h3hAR5c9QFcC&pg=PA62',
2 => 'https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/most-mall-owners-agree-to-retailers-rental-terms/articleshow/76435886.cms',
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97 => 'https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/12/19/16/sm-prime-opens-7th-mall-in-china',
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102 => 'https://de.hotels.com/go/thailand/centralworld',
103 => 'https://property.bangkokpost.com/news/907120/iconsiam-adds-retail-area-for-keen-investors',
104 => 'https://www.mallofamerica.com/upload/FactSheets_2016.pdf',
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114 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161104070444/http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27',
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119 => 'http://www.philippinestodayus.com/news/business/sm-megamall-undergoing-p1-5-b-expansion/',
120 => 'https://www.clickthecity.com/movies/theaters/sm-megamall',
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132 => 'http://www.sunwayreit.com/sunway-pyramid-shopping-mall/',
133 => 'http://www.bangkok.com/shopping-mall/siam-paragon.html',
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135 => 'https://phuket9.com/news/post/central-festival-phuket-new-building-construction',
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148 => 'http://nutmeg.easternct.edu/~pocock/MallsWorld.htm',
149 => 'http://www.thedubaimall.com/',
150 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080307171609/http://www.thedubaimall.com/',
151 => 'http://www.zawya.com/cm/profile.cfm/cid1003365',
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153 => 'http://www.thedubaimall.com/en/news/media-centre/news-section/his-highness-sheikh-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-formally-opens-the-dubai-mall.html',
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155 => 'https://www.pakpedia.pk/lucky-one-mall',
156 => 'https://pakiholic.com/photos-facts-lucky-one-mall/',
157 => 'https://www.justgola.com/a/gandaria-city-mall-3844488',
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162 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073115/http://www.cdodev.com/2012/11/06/limketkai-mall-biggest-in-mindanao/',
163 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080207102017/http://www.timessquarekl.com/aboutus.html',
164 => 'http://www.timessquarekl.com/aboutus.html',
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166 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-06/american-dream-mall-bucks-retail-nightmare-nears-90-lease-rate',
167 => 'https://daoinsights.com/news/worlds-largest-single-duty-free-shop-to-open-in-haikou-china/',
168 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinrozario/2022/10/29/hainan-has-another-duty-free-mall-it-is-the-biggest-in-the-world/',
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189 => 'https://www.amazon.com/dp/0812237625',
190 => 'https://www.curbed.com/2018/2/15/17014230/malls-califonia-america-renzo-piano-victor-gruen',
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<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large indoor shopping center, usually anchored by department stores</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about large, usually enclosed, shopping centers anchored by traditional department stores. For an overview of all types of shopping centers, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Shopping center</a>. For pedestrian malls, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a>.</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2018_Mall_of_America_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2018_Mall_of_America_01.jpg/220px-2018_Mall_of_America_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2018_Mall_of_America_01.jpg/330px-2018_Mall_of_America_01.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2018_Mall_of_America_01.jpg/440px-2018_Mall_of_America_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mall_of_America" title="Mall of America">Mall of America</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington, Minnesota</a>, the largest mall in the United States</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Westfield_Garden_State_skskPlaza_-_panoramio.jpg" class="new" title="File:Westfield Garden State skskPlaza - panoramio.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="180">File:Westfield Garden State skskPlaza - panoramio.jpg</span></a><figcaption>The interior of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garden_State_Plaza" title="Garden State Plaza">Garden State Plaza</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#List_of_types_of_shopping_centers_(including_malls)">megamall</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paramus,_New_Jersey" title="Paramus, New Jersey">Paramus</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen County</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borough_(New_Jersey)" title="Borough (New Jersey)">borough</a> with the world's highest concentration of shopping malls</figcaption></figure>
<p>A <b>shopping mall</b> (or simply <b>mall</b>) is a large indoor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">shopping center</a>, usually <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anchor_tenant" title="Anchor tenant">anchored</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department stores</a>. The term "mall" originally meant <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">a pedestrian promenade</a> with shops along it (that is, the term was used to refer to the walkway itself which was merely bordered by such shops), but in the late 1960s, it began to be used as a generic term for the large enclosed shopping centers that were becoming commonplace at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rielly_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rielly-2">[2]</a></sup> In the U.K., such complexes are considered shopping centres (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a>: shopping centre), though "shopping center" covers many more sizes and types of centers than the North American "mall". Other countries may follow U.S. usage (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sarkar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarkar-3">[3]</a></sup> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">U.A.E.</a><sup id="cite_ref-uae1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uae1-4">[4]</a></sup>) while still others (Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-australia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-australia-5">[5]</a></sup> etc.) follow U.K. usage. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>, and often in Australia and New Zealand, the term 'mall' may be used informally but 'shopping centre' or merely 'centre' will feature in the name of the complex (such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toronto_Eaton_Centre" title="Toronto Eaton Centre">Toronto Eaton Centre</a>). The term 'mall' is less-commonly a part of the name of the complex.
</p><p>Many malls have declined considerably in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, particularly in subprime locations, and some have closed and become so-called "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dead_mall" title="Dead mall">dead malls</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">big-box stores</a> as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">power centers</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lifestyle_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle centers">lifestyle centers</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Factory_outlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory outlet">factory outlet</a> centers, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Festival_marketplace" title="Festival marketplace">festival marketplaces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICSC_Characteristics_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICSC_Characteristics-7">[7]</a></sup> In Canada, shopping centres have frequently been replaced with mixed-use high-rise communities.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Types"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Regional_mall"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Regional mall</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Super-regional_mall"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Super-regional mall</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Not_malls"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Not malls</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#List_of_types_of_shopping_centers_(including_malls)"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">List of types of shopping centers (including malls)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Forerunners_to_the_shopping_mall"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Forerunners to the shopping mall</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Downtown_pedestrian_malls_and_use_of_term_mall"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term <i>mall</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Enclosed_malls"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Enclosed malls</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Decline_of_shopping_malls_in_the_United_States"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Decline of shopping malls in the United States</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Design"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Design</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Vertical_malls"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Vertical malls</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Components"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Components</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Food_court"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Food court</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Department_stores"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Department stores</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Regional_differences"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Regional differences</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Mall_versus_shopping_center/centre"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Mall</i> versus <i>shopping center/centre</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Europe"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Europe</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#U.K._and_Ireland"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">U.K. and Ireland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Russia"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Russia</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Management_and_legal_issues"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Management and legal issues</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Shopping_property_management_firms"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Shopping property management firms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Legal_issues"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Legal issues</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#World's_largest_malls"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">World's largest malls</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Combination_retail_and_wholesale_shopping_malls"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Combination retail and wholesale shopping malls</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<p>In many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European countries</a> shopping malls continue to grow and thrive.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Council_of_Shopping_Centers" title="International Council of Shopping Centers">International Council of Shopping Centers</a>, based in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and superregional malls.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Regional_mall">Regional mall</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>A regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m<sup>2</sup>) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gross_leasable_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross leasable area">gross leasable area</a> with at least two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anchor_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor store">anchor stores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ISCS_definitions-2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISCS_definitions-2015-10">[10]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Super-regional_mall">Super-regional mall</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>A super-regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apparel" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparel">apparel</a>, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located.<sup id="cite_ref-ISCS_definitions-2015_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISCS_definitions-2015-10">[10]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Not_malls">Not malls</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Not classified as malls are smaller formats such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strip_mall" title="Strip mall">strip malls</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neighborhood_shopping_center" title="Neighborhood shopping center">neighborhood shopping centers</a>, and specialized formats such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">power centers</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Festival_marketplace" title="Festival marketplace">festival marketplaces</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outlet_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlet center">outlet centers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICSC_Characteristics_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICSC_Characteristics-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Conversely in some countries, many shopping centers less than half or a quarter of the size of the U.S. minimum to be considered a mall, 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m<sup>2</sup>), have "mall" in their names – for example in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_shopping_centres_in_Namibia" title="List of shopping centres in Namibia">Namibia</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_shopping_centres_in_Zambia" title="List of shopping centres in Zambia">Zambia</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_shopping_malls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest shopping malls">world's largest malls</a> with over 500,000 square metres (5,400,000 sq ft) of gross leasable area are in the Philippines, Thailand, and China – more than half again as large as previous contenders such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dubai_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubai Mall">Dubai Mall</a>.
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<h3><span id="List_of_types_of_shopping_centers_.28including_malls.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_types_of_shopping_centers_(including_malls)">List of types of shopping centers (including malls)</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Council_of_Shopping_Centers" title="International Council of Shopping Centers">International Council of Shopping Centers</a> classifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into the following types:<sup id="cite_ref-ICSC_definitions_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICSC_definitions-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icsc_asia_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icsc_asia-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p><small><i>Abbreviations: SC=shopping center/centre, GLA = Gross Leasable Area, NLA = Net Leasable Area</i>, AP=Asia-Pacific, EU=Europe, Can=Canada, US=United States of America<br />
<sup>*</sup>does not apply to Europe</small>
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<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Type
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> US GLA <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">ft<sup>2</sup></a>
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> US GLA <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Square_metre" title="Square metre">m<sup>2</sup></a>
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> EU GLA m<sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> EU GLA ft<sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Can GLA ft<sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Can GLA m<sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN"><img alt="ASEAN" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/23px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/35px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/45px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span> AP NLA ft<sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN"><img alt="ASEAN" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/23px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/35px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/45px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span> AP NLA m<sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th># anchors<sup>*</sup>
</th>
<th>Typical anchors
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="11"><b>Large general-purpose centers </b><small>(US/AP)</small><b> / traditional shopping centres</b> <small>(EU/Can)</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Mega-mall</b> <small>(AP)</small>
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>1,500,000+
</td>
<td>140,000+
</td>
<td>3+
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">Department stores</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supermarkets" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermarkets">supermarkets</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypermarkets" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypermarkets">hypermarkets</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)" title="Multiplex (movie theater)">multiplexes</a>, major entertainment/<wbr />leisure
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Super-regional mall/center</b><br /><small>EU: Very large SC</small>
</td>
<td>800,000+
</td>
<td>74,000+
</td>
<td>80,000+
</td>
<td>860,000+
</td>
<td>800,000+
</td>
<td>74,000+
</td>
<td>800,000–<wbr />1,499,999
</td>
<td>74,000–<wbr />139,999
</td>
<td>3+
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Regular/discount department stores, in Europe and Asia also supermarkets, hypermarkets, cinemas, major entertainment/<wbr />leisure
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Regional mall/center</b><br /><small>EU: Large SC</small>
</td>
<td>400,000–<wbr />800,000
</td>
<td>37,000–<wbr />74,000
</td>
<td>40,000–<wbr />79,999
</td>
<td>430,000–<wbr />859,999
</td>
<td>300,000–<wbr />799,999
</td>
<td>28,000–<wbr />73,999
</td>
<td>500,000–<wbr />800,000
</td>
<td>46,000–<wbr />74,000
</td>
<td>2+
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="8"><b>Small & medium general-purpose centers </b><small>(US/AP)</small><b> / traditional shopping centres</b> <small>(EU/Can)</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Sub-regional SC <small>(AP)</small><br /><small>Europe: Medium SC</small>
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>20,000–<wbr />39,999
</td>
<td>220,000–<wbr />429,999
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>200,000–<wbr />500,000
</td>
<td>19,000–<wbr />46,000
</td>
<td>0–<wbr />3
</td>
<td>Supermarket, hypermarket, small/discount department stores
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><small>Small comparison-based SC (EU)</small>
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>5,000–<wbr />19,999
</td>
<td>54,000–<wbr />219,999
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>Apparel, home furnishing, electronics, gifts, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><small>Small convenience-based SC (EU)</small>
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>5,000–<wbr />19,999
</td>
<td>54,000–<wbr />219,999
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>Supermarket, hypermarket, pharmacy, convenience store, household goods, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neighborhood_shopping_center" title="Neighborhood shopping center">Community shopping center</a></b>
</td>
<td>125,000–<wbr />400,000
</td>
<td>11,600–<wbr />37,000
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>100,000–<wbr />400,000
</td>
<td>9,300–<wbr />37,000
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>2+
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discount_store" title="Discount store">Discount store</a>, supermarket, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drugstore" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugstore">drugstore</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category_killer" title="Category killer">category killer</a>.<br />
<p>a.k.a. large <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neighborhood_shopping_center" title="Neighborhood shopping center">neighborhood shopping center</a> in US, Can
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neighborhood_shopping_center" title="Neighborhood shopping center">Neighborhood shopping center</a></b>
</td>
<td>30,000–<wbr />125,000
</td>
<td>2,800–<wbr />11,600
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>40,000–<wbr />99,000
</td>
<td>3,700–<wbr />9,200
</td>
<td>20,000–<wbr />200,000
</td>
<td>1,900–<wbr />19,000
</td>
<td><small>1+ (US/Can)<br />0–<wbr />2 (AP)</small>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supermarket" title="Supermarket">Supermarket</a>, in Asia also hypermarket
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strip_mall" title="Strip mall">Convenience center</a></b><br /><small>US/Can also "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strip_mall" title="Strip mall">Strip mall</a>"</small>
</td>
<td><30,000
</td>
<td><2,800
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>10,000–<wbr />39,000
</td>
<td>930–<wbr />3,600
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>0–<wbr />1
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">Convenience store</a> anchor or anchorless
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Type
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> US GLA <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">ft<sup>2</sup></a>
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> US GLA <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Square_metre" title="Square metre">m<sup>2</sup></a>
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> EU GLA m<sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> EU GLA ft<sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Can GLA ft<sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Can GLA m<sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN"><img alt="ASEAN" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/23px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/35px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/45px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span> AP NLA ft<sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN"><img alt="ASEAN" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/23px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/35px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/45px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span> AP NLA m<sup>2</sup>
</th>
<th># anchors<sup>*</sup>
</th>
<th>Typical anchors
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="11"><b>Specialized shopping centers</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">Power center</a></b><br /><small>EU: a.k.a. "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retail_park" title="Retail park">Retail park</a>"</small>
</td>
<td>250,000–<wbr />600,000
</td>
<td>23,000–<wbr />56,000
</td>
<td>S:5,000–<wbr />9,999<br />M:10,000–<wbr />19,999<br />L:20,000+
</td>
<td>S:54,000–<wbr />109,999<br />M:110,000–<wbr />219,999<br />L:220,000+
</td>
<td>100,000–<wbr />1,000,000
</td>
<td>9,300–<wbr />93,000
</td>
<td>>50,000
</td>
<td>>4,600
</td>
<td><small>3+ (US/Can)<br />n/a (AP)</small>
</td>
<td>Category killers, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warehouse_club" title="Warehouse club">warehouse clubs</a>, large discount stores. In Asia 90% of NLA must be these.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lifestyle_center" title="Lifestyle center">Lifestyle center</a></b> <small>(US)</small>
</td>
<td>150,000–<wbr />500,000
</td>
<td>14,000–<wbr />46,000
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>150,000–<wbr />500,000
</td>
<td>14,000–<wbr />46,000
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>0–<wbr />2
</td>
<td>Large-format upscale specialty stores
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Factory_outlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory outlet">Outlet mall/center</a></b>
</td>
<td>50,000–<wbr />400,000
</td>
<td>4,600–<wbr />37,000
</td>
<td>5,000+
</td>
<td>54,000+
</td>
<td>50,000–<wbr />400,000
</td>
<td>4,600–<wbr />37,000
</td>
<td>"no max. size"
</td>
<td>"no max. size"
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>Manufacturers' and retail <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outlet_store" title="Outlet store">outlet stores</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Festival_marketplace" title="Festival marketplace">Theme/Festival</a> <small>(US)</small><br /><small>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Festival_marketplace" title="Festival marketplace">Festival marketplace</a>)</small>
</td>
<td>80,000–<wbr />250,000
</td>
<td>7,400–<wbr />23,000
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>Restaurants, specialty stores catering to visitors, entertainment
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Leisure/<wbr />entertainment centre <small>(AP)</small><br /><small>Leisure-based SC (EU)</small>
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>5,000+
</td>
<td>54,000+
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td><500,000
</td>
<td><46,000
</td>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>Entertainment and/or F&B (food and beverage) (in Asia, 50%+ of tenants are these), plus specialty stores catering to visitors, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">fast fashion</a>, electronics, sports. Europe: usually anchored by a multiplex cinema and also may include bowling, fitness. Excludes centers at transport hubs.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Specialty SC <small>(AP)</small>
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td><500,000
</td>
<td><46,000
</td>
<td>0
</td>
<td>Specialty shops with general product mix (apparel, F&B, electronics, etc.)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Single category SC <small>(AP)</small><br /><small>Non-leisure-based themed SC (EU)</small>
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>5,000+
</td>
<td>54,000+
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>Dedicated to single product type other than F&B, groceries or fashion, e.g. information technology, homewares/furniture. In Asia, 80% of NLA should be dedicated to the theme.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Major transportation hub SC <small>(AP)</small>
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>>50,000
</td>
<td>>4,600
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>Retail at public transportation hubs including airside airport retail
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="11"><b>Limited-purpose property</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Airport retail
</td>
<td>75,000–<wbr />300,000
</td>
<td>7,000–<wbr />28,000
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>0
</td>
<td>Speciality retail and restaurants
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="11"><b>Shopping centre hybrids</b> <small>(Canada only)</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Hybrid SC <small>(Can)</small>
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>250,000+
</td>
<td>23,000+
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>varies
</td>
<td>Has characteristics of two or more shopping center types e.g. power center + regional mall
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=6"title="Edit section: History"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
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class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Forerunners_to_the_shopping_mall">Forerunners to the shopping mall</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=7"title="Edit section: Forerunners to the shopping mall"
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</a>
</span>
</h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Burlington_Arcade_2444.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Burlington_Arcade_2444.JPG/220px-Burlington_Arcade_2444.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Burlington_Arcade_2444.JPG/330px-Burlington_Arcade_2444.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Burlington_Arcade_2444.JPG/440px-Burlington_Arcade_2444.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burlington_Arcade" title="Burlington Arcade">Burlington Arcade</a> in London, with shop fronts inside (pictured), opened in 1819</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Louis_Vuitton_in_Galeria_V._Emanuele,_Milan,_Italy_(9471446737).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Louis_Vuitton_in_Galeria_V._Emanuele%2C_Milan%2C_Italy_%289471446737%29.jpg/220px-Louis_Vuitton_in_Galeria_V._Emanuele%2C_Milan%2C_Italy_%289471446737%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Louis_Vuitton_in_Galeria_V._Emanuele%2C_Milan%2C_Italy_%289471446737%29.jpg/330px-Louis_Vuitton_in_Galeria_V._Emanuele%2C_Milan%2C_Italy_%289471446737%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Louis_Vuitton_in_Galeria_V._Emanuele%2C_Milan%2C_Italy_%289471446737%29.jpg/440px-Louis_Vuitton_in_Galeria_V._Emanuele%2C_Milan%2C_Italy_%289471446737%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II" title="Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II">Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II</a> interior in Milan which opened in 1877</figcaption></figure>
<p>Shopping centers in general may have their origins in public markets and, in the Middle East, covered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaars</a>.
</p><p>In 1798, the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Passage_du_Caire" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage du Caire">Passage du Caire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burlington_Arcade" title="Burlington Arcade">Burlington Arcade</a> in London was opened in 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westminster_Arcade" title="Westminster Arcade">The Arcade</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, built in 1828, claims to be the first shopping arcade in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Western European cities in particular built many arcade-style shopping centers. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II" title="Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II">Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II</a> in Milan, which opened in 1877, was larger than its predecessors, and inspired the use of the term "galleria" for many other shopping arcades and malls.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburb</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">downtowns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Market_Square_(Lake_Forest,_Illinois)" title="Market Square (Lake Forest, Illinois)">Market Square</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake_Forest,_Illinois" title="Lake Forest, Illinois">Lake Forest, Illinois</a> (1916), and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Country_Club_Plaza" title="Country Club Plaza">Country Club Plaza</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a> (1924).<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (see table above) with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadway-Crenshaw_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway-Crenshaw Center">Broadway-Crenshaw Center</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, built in 1947 and anchored by a five-story <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Broadway" title="The Broadway">Broadway</a> and a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/May_Company_California" title="May Company California">May Company California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-times_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-22">[22]</a></sup>
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<p>In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", meaning a pedestrian promenade in the U.S., or in U.K. usage, a "shopping precinct". Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalamazoo_Mall" title="Kalamazoo Mall">Kalamazoo Mall</a> (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lincoln_Road_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Road Mall">Lincoln Road Mall</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Street_Promenade" title="Third Street Promenade">Santa Monica Mall</a> (1965).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bergen_Town_Center" title="Bergen Town Center">Bergen Mall</a> opened in 1957 using the name "mall" and inspired other suburban shopping centers to rebrand themselves as malls, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-howard_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-26">[26]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Enclosed_malls">Enclosed malls</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lule%C3%A5_Shopping_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lule%C3%A5_Shopping_1955.jpg/220px-Lule%C3%A5_Shopping_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lule%C3%A5_Shopping_1955.jpg/330px-Lule%C3%A5_Shopping_1955.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lule%C3%A5_Shopping_1955.jpg/440px-Lule%C3%A5_Shopping_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2613" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The original interior of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shopping_(Lule%C3%A5)" title="Shopping (Luleå)">Shopping</a>, built in 1955 and one of the first enclosed malls in the world, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lule%C3%A5" title="Luleå">Luleå</a>, Sweden</figcaption></figure>
<p>The enclosed shopping center, which would eventually be known as the shopping mall, did not appear in mainstream until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valley_Fair_Shopping_Center" title="Valley Fair Shopping Center">Valley Fair Shopping Center</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton, Wisconsin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> which opened on March 10, 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lule%C3%A5" title="Luleå">Luleå</a>, in northern Sweden (architect: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ralph_Erskine_(architect)" title="Ralph Erskine (architect)">Ralph Erskine</a>) and was named <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shopping_(Lule%C3%A5)" title="Shopping (Luleå)"><i>Shopping</i></a>; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victor_Gruen" title="Victor Gruen">Victor Gruen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hardwick_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardwick-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newton_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton-31">[31]</a></sup> This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southdale_Center" title="Southdale Center">Southdale Center</a>, which opened in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minneapolis-St._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis-St. Paul">Twin Cities</a> suburb of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edina,_Minnesota" title="Edina, Minnesota">Edina, Minnesota</a>, United States in October 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardwick_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardwick-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newton_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton-31">[31]</a></sup> For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malcolm_Gladwell" title="Malcolm Gladwell">Malcolm Gladwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paramus,_New_Jersey" title="Paramus, New Jersey">Paramus, New Jersey</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Outlets_at_Bergen_Town_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The Outlets at Bergen Town Center">Bergen Mall</a>. The center, which opened with an open-air format on November 14, 1957<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> and was enclosed in 1973. Aside from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southdale_Center" title="Southdale Center">Southdale Center</a>, significant early enclosed shopping malls were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harundale_Mall" title="Harundale Mall">Harundale Mall</a> (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Town_Mall" title="Big Town Mall">Big Town Mall</a> (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chris-Town_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris-Town Mall">Chris-Town Mall</a> (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Randhurst_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Randhurst Center">Randhurst Center</a> (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois.
</p><p>Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.<sup id="cite_ref-DEADMALL_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEADMALL-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>Even though malls mostly appeared in suburban areas in the U.S., some U.S. cities facilitated the construction of enclosed malls downtown as an effort to revive city centers and allow them to compete effectively with suburban malls. Examples included <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Main_Place_Tower" title="Main Place Tower">Main Place Mall</a> in Buffalo (1969) and The Gallery (1977, now <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fashion_District_Philadelphia" title="Fashion District Philadelphia">Fashion District Philadelphia</a>) in Philadelphia. Other cities created open-air <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedestrian_malls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian malls">pedestrian malls</a>.
</p><p>In the United States, developers such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/A._Alfred_Taubman" title="A. Alfred Taubman">A. Alfred Taubman</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taubman_Centers" title="Taubman Centers">Taubman Centers</a> extended the concept further in 1980, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terrazzo" title="Terrazzo">terrazzo</a> tiles at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mall_at_Short_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Mall at Short Hills">Mall at Short Hills</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed. Fading daylight through glass panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger.<sup id="cite_ref-tws29decbbgf_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws29decbbgf-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tws29decbsfe_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws29decbsfe-38">[38]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Decline_of_shopping_malls_in_the_United_States">Decline of shopping malls in the United States</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retail_apocalypse" title="Retail apocalypse">Retail apocalypse</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dead_mall" title="Dead mall">Dead mall</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Belz_Factory_Outlet_Mall_in_Allen,_Texas_(Winston%27s)_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Belz_Factory_Outlet_Mall_in_Allen%2C_Texas_%28Winston%27s%29_crop.jpg/220px-Belz_Factory_Outlet_Mall_in_Allen%2C_Texas_%28Winston%27s%29_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Belz_Factory_Outlet_Mall_in_Allen%2C_Texas_%28Winston%27s%29_crop.jpg/330px-Belz_Factory_Outlet_Mall_in_Allen%2C_Texas_%28Winston%27s%29_crop.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Belz_Factory_Outlet_Mall_in_Allen%2C_Texas_%28Winston%27s%29_crop.jpg/440px-Belz_Factory_Outlet_Mall_in_Allen%2C_Texas_%28Winston%27s%29_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Belz Factory Outlet Mall, an abandoned shopping mall in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allen,_Texas" title="Allen, Texas">Allen, Texas</a>, United States</figcaption></figure>
<p>In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Millar_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millar-39">[39]</a></sup> But in 2001, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a> study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007, a year before the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_Creek_Center" title="City Creek Center">City Creek Center Mall</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Malls began to lose consumers to open-air power centers and lifestyle centers during the 1990s, as consumers preferred to park right in front of and walk directly into big-box stores with lower prices and without the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overhead_(business)" title="Overhead (business)">overhead</a> of traditional malls (i.e., long enclosed corridors).<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neuborne_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neuborne-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laird_Page_69_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laird_Page_69-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Donnellan_Page_63_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donnellan_Page_63-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>Another issue was that the growth-crazed American commercial real estate industry had simply built too many nice places to shop—far more than could be reasonably justified by the actual growth of the American population, retail sales, or any other economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Donnellan_Page_64_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donnellan_Page_64-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>Thus, the number of dead malls increased significantly in the early 21st century. The economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, as revealed by high vacancy rates. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10–20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-46">[46]</a></sup> In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed".<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-46">[46]</a></sup> By the time shopping mall operator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield" title="Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield">Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield</a> decided to exit the American market in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-Pimentel_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pimentel-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2019, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Shops_%26_Restaurants_at_Hudson_Yards" title="The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards">The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards</a> opened as an upscale mall in New York City with "a '<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a>' mix of shops", such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/H%26M" title="H&M">H&M</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zara_(retailer)" title="Zara (retailer)">Zara</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sephora" title="Sephora">Sephora</a> below them. This is one the first two malls built recently, along with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Dream_Meadowlands" title="American Dream Meadowlands">American Dream</a> in which both opened in 2019 since <a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_Creek_Center" title="City Creek Center">City Creek Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>Online shopping has also emerged as a major competitor to shopping malls. In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, online shopping has accounted for an increasing share of total retail sales.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-49">[49]</a></sup> In 2013, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the United States were going out of business.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> To combat this trend, developers have converted malls into other uses including attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-EvansWSJ_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvansWSJ-51">[51]</a></sup> In the United States, the 600,000 square foot <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Highland_Mall" title="Highland Mall">Highland Mall</a> will be a campus for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin_Community_College_District" title="Austin Community College District">Austin Community College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[52]</a></sup> In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the So Ouest mall outside of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> was designed to resemble elegant, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>-style apartments and includes 17,000 square metres (180,000 sq ft) of green space.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> The Australian mall company <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westfield_Group" title="Westfield Group">Westfield</a> launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1 million products.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> also significantly impacted the retail industry. Government regulations temporarily closed malls, increased entrance controls, and imposed strict public sanitation requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Design">Design</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mall_of_America-2005-05-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mall_of_America-2005-05-29.jpg/220px-Mall_of_America-2005-05-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mall_of_America-2005-05-29.jpg/330px-Mall_of_America-2005-05-29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mall_of_America-2005-05-29.jpg/440px-Mall_of_America-2005-05-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>Indoor amusement park at the center of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mall_of_America" title="Mall of America">Mall of America</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington, Minnesota</a>, the largest shopping mall in the United States</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ISQUARE_201006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ISQUARE_201006.jpg/170px-ISQUARE_201006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ISQUARE_201006.jpg/255px-ISQUARE_201006.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ISQUARE_201006.jpg/340px-ISQUARE_201006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1915" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>The 31 story <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISQUARE" title="ISQUARE">ISQUARE</a> vertical mall</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vertical_malls">Vertical malls</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall", in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevators</a> and/or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">escalators</a> (usually both) linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards.<sup id="cite_ref-reach_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reach-56">[56]</a></sup> The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marshall_Field_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Field & Co.">Marshall Field & Co.</a> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_Tower_Place" title="Water Tower Place">Water Tower Place</a> skyscraper in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnificent_Mile" title="Magnificent Mile">Magnificent Mile</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations in East and Southeast Asia. Hong Kong in particular has numerous examples such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Times_Square,_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Square, Hong Kong">Times Square</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dragon_Centre" title="Dragon Centre">Dragon Centre</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apm_(Hong_Kong)" title="Apm (Hong Kong)">Apm</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langham_Place_(Hong_Kong)" title="Langham Place (Hong Kong)">Langham Place</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-reach_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reach-56">[56]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISQUARE" title="ISQUARE">ISQUARE</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hysan_Place" title="Hysan Place">Hysan Place</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_One_(shopping_centre)" title="The One (shopping centre)">The One</a>.
</p><p>A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historic buildings or significant <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archeology</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darwin_Shopping_Centre" title="Darwin Shopping Centre">Darwin Shopping Centre</a> and associated malls in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former town walls;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, split into four stories with multiple <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mezzanine_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzanine (architecture)">mezzanines</a> which featured medieval castle vaults – complete with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">arrowslits</a> – in the basement dining rooms.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Components">Components</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Food_court">Food court</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Food_court" title="Food court">Food court</a></div>
<p>A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a> vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Department_stores">Department stores</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">Department store</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anchor_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor store">Anchor store</a></div>
<p>When the shopping mall format was developed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victor_Gruen" title="Victor Gruen">Victor Gruen</a> in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor store or draw tenant. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Regional_differences">Regional differences</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Express_avenue_chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Express_avenue_chennai.jpg/220px-Express_avenue_chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Express_avenue_chennai.jpg/330px-Express_avenue_chennai.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Express_avenue_chennai.jpg/440px-Express_avenue_chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Express Avenue Chennai, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg/220px-Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg/330px-Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg/440px-Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Shopping arcade in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo, Japan</a></figcaption></figure>
<h3><span id="Mall_versus_shopping_center.2Fcentre"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Mall_versus_shopping_center/centre"><i>Mall</i> versus <i>shopping center/centre</i></span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><i>Shopping mall</i> is a term used predominantly in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and some other countries that follow U.S. usage (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sarkar_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarkar-3">[3]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">U.A.E.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-uae1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uae1-4">[4]</a></sup> etc.) and others (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-australia_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-australia-5">[5]</a></sup> etc.) follow U.K. usage.
</p><p>In the United States, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_States_of_the_Persian_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab States of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf countries</a>, and India, the term <i>shopping mall</i> is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply <i>mall</i>), while <i>shopping center/centre</i> usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots, face major traffic arterials, and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighbourhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_Geography:_A_Global_Perspective_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban_Geography:_A_Global_Perspective-58">[58]</a></sup> Outside of North America, "shopping precinct" and "shopping <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a>" are also used.
In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, "shopping centre" is often used officially (as in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Square_One_Shopping_Centre" title="Square One Shopping Centre">Square One Shopping Centre</a>), but conversationally, "mall" is mostly used.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Europe">Europe</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of US$12.47 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a></sup> This represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a></sup>
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<p>In the United Kingdom and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as <i>shopping centres</i>. <i>Mall</i> primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retailing#Shops_and_Stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailing">shops</a> all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic.
</p><p>The majority of British enclosed shopping centres, the equivalent of a U.S. mall, are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Quay" class="mw-redirect" title="West Quay">West Quay</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manchester_Arndale" title="Manchester Arndale">Manchester Arndale</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birmingham_Bull_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Bull Ring">Bullring Birmingham</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liverpool_One" title="Liverpool One">Liverpool One</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinity_Leeds" title="Trinity Leeds">Trinity Leeds</a>; Buchanan Galleries in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St_James_Quarter" title="St James Quarter">St James Quarter</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>; and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eldon_Square_Shopping_Centre" title="Eldon Square Shopping Centre">Eldon Square</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>. In addition to the inner city shopping centres, large UK <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbations</a> will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MetroCentre_(shopping_centre)" title="MetroCentre (shopping centre)">Metrocentre</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meadowhall_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Meadowhall Centre">Meadowhall Centre</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> serving <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a>; the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trafford_Centre" title="Trafford Centre">Trafford Centre</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Rose_Centre" title="White Rose Centre">White Rose Centre</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>; the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merry_Hill_Shopping_Centre" title="Merry Hill Shopping Centre">Merry Hill Centre</a> near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dudley" title="Dudley">Dudley</a>; and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bluewater_(shopping_centre)" title="Bluewater (shopping centre)">Bluewater</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retail_park" title="Retail park">retail parks</a>, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westfield_London" title="Westfield London">Westfield London</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_City,_London" title="White City, London">White City</a>) is the largest shopping centre in Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Russia">Russia</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a>, on the other hand, as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> a large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MEGA_Family_Shopping_Centre" title="MEGA Family Shopping Centre">MEGA malls</a> such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT010113_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT010113-61">[61]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Management_and_legal_issues">Management and legal issues</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Shopping_property_management_firms">Shopping property management firms</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>A shopping <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">property management</a> firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use a similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mills_Corporation" title="Mills Corporation">Mills Corporation</a> puts "Mills" in most of its mall names and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SM_Prime_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="SM Prime Holdings">SM Prime Holdings</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> puts "SM" in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Mall_Fund" title="The Mall Fund">The Mall Fund</a> changes the name of any center it buys to <i>"The Mall (location)"</i>, using its pink-M logo; when it sells a mall the center reverts to its own name and branding, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Ashley_Centre" title="The Ashley Centre">the Ashley Centre</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom">Epsom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intu_Properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Intu Properties">intu Properties</a> renamed many of its centres to <i>"intu (name/location)"</i> (such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intu_Lakeside" class="mw-redirect" title="Intu Lakeside">intu Lakeside</a>); again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (see for instance <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Glades_(Bromley)" title="The Glades (Bromley)">The Glades in Bromley</a>).
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Main_street" class="mw-redirect" title="Main street">main streets</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_street" class="mw-redirect" title="High street">high streets</a>. Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Security_guard" title="Security guard">security guards</a>, over <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business districts</a> (CBD) or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">downtowns</a>, which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-ODonahue_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODonahue-63">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frieden_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frieden-64">[64]</a></sup>
</p><p>In response, a few jurisdictions, notably <a href="/enwiki/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, have expanded the right of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls.<sup id="cite_ref-Rybczynski_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Judd_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-65">[65]</a></sup> The Supreme Court decision <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pruneyard_Shopping_Center_v._Robins" title="Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins">Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins</a></i> was issued on 9 June 1980 which affirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court in a case that arose out of a free speech dispute between the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell, California, and several local high school students.
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<h2><span id="World.27s_largest_malls"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="World's_largest_malls">World's largest malls</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h2>
<p>This is a list of the world's largest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shopping_malls" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopping malls">shopping malls</a> based on their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gross_leasable_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross leasable area">gross leasable area</a> (GLA), with a GLA of at least 250,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,700,000 sq ft).
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Rank
</th>
<th style="width:15%;">Mall
</th>
<th style="width:12.5%;">Country
</th>
<th style="width:12.5%;">City (metropolitan area)
</th>
<th style="width:5%;">Year opened
</th>
<th style="width:15%;" data-sort-type="number">Gross leasable<br />area (GLA)
</th>
<th style="width:5%;" data-sort-type="number">Shops
</th>
<th style="width:35%;" class="unsortable">Remarks
</th></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>1
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran_Mall" title="Iran Mall">Iran Mall</a>
</td>
<td>Iran
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>
</td>
<td>2018
</td>
<td>1,950,000 m<sup>2</sup> (21,000,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>2,500+
</td>
<td>Largest mall in Iran
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IOI_City_Mall" title="IOI City Mall">IOI City Mall</a>
</td>
<td>Malaysia
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a>
</td>
<td>2014
</td>
<td>821,000 m<sup>2</sup> (8,840,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>650+
</td>
<td>Largest mall in Malaysia
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isfahan_City_Center" title="Isfahan City Center">Isfahan City Center</a>
</td>
<td>Iran
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>
</td>
<td>2012
</td>
<td>776,000 m<sup>2</sup> (8,350,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup>
<p><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>
<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup>
</p>
</td>
<td>700+
</td>
<td>Contains the biggest indoor amusement park in the Middle East at 776,000 m<sup>2</sup> (8,350,000 sq ft). Built in two phases in 2012 and 2019.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>4
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_China_Mall" title="South China Mall">South China Mall</a>
</td>
<td>China
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a>
</td>
<td>2005
</td>
<td>659,612 m<sup>2</sup> (7,100,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-Fich_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fich-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-67">[67]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>2,350
</td>
<td>Until at least 2014 most of the stores were empty, with occupancy rates of only 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-67">[67]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>5
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SM_Mall_of_Asia" title="SM Mall of Asia">SM Mall of Asia</a>
</td>
<td>Philippines
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>)
</td>
<td>2006
</td>
<td>589,891 m<sup>2</sup> (6,349,530 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-SM_Prime_2018_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM_Prime_2018-72">[72]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>3,500+
</td>
<td>The largest mall in the Philippines with IT parks, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SM_Mall_of_Asia_Arena" title="SM Mall of Asia Arena">MoA Arena</a>, hotels, an IKEA building,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> bay-area resorts, and amusement parks; a total <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">reclamation</a> of 1,047 hectares (2,590 acres) is anticipated upon completion
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>6
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SM_Supermall" class="mw-redirect" title="SM Supermall">SM Tianjin</a>
</td>
<td>China
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>
</td>
<td>2016
</td>
<td>565,000 m<sup>2</sup> (6,080,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>1,000+
</td>
<td>The largest SM mall outside of the Philippines
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>7
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_Resources_Mall" title="Golden Resources Mall">Golden Resources Mall</a>
</td>
<td>China
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>
</td>
<td>2004
</td>
<td>557,419 m<sup>2</sup> (6,000,010 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-Fich_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fich-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-67">[67]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>750+
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>8
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_WestGate" title="Central WestGate">Central WestGate</a>
</td>
<td>Thailand
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonthaburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonthaburi Province">Nonthaburi</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangkok_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok metropolitan area">Bangkok Metropolitan Region</a>)
</td>
<td>2015
</td>
<td>550,278 m<sup>2</sup> (5,923,140 sq ft)
</td>
<td>500+
</td>
<td>The gross floor area of the mall includes the floor area of the mall building with various shops which is 500,000 square meters and the floor area of the IKEA store which is 50,278 square meters.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>9
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CentralWorld" title="CentralWorld">CentralWorld</a>
</td>
<td>Thailand
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>
</td>
<td>1989
</td>
<td>550,000 m<sup>2</sup> (5,900,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>600
</td>
<td>Area of the full complex is 1,024,000 m<sup>2</sup> (11,020,000 sq ft) including two skyscrapers.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>10
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iconsiam" title="Iconsiam">ICONSIAM</a>
</td>
<td>Thailand
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>
</td>
<td>2018
</td>
<td>525,000 m<sup>2</sup> (5,650,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>550+
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>11
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mall_of_America" title="Mall of America">Mall of America</a>
</td>
<td>United States
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington, MN</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a>)
</td>
<td>1992
</td>
<td>520,257 m<sup>2</sup> (5,600,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>520
</td>
<td>The ranking area does not include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nickelodeon_Universe" title="Nickelodeon Universe">Nickelodeon Universe</a>, a large indoor amusement park at the center of the mall with an area of 28,000 m<sup>2</sup> (300,000 sq ft); Largest mall in United States.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>12
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1_Utama" title="1 Utama">1 Utama</a>
</td>
<td>Malaysia
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petaling_Jaya" title="Petaling Jaya">Petaling Jaya</a>
</td>
<td>1995
</td>
<td>519,328 m<sup>2</sup> (5,590,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-82">[82]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>503<sup id="cite_ref-:2_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-82">[82]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>The 2nd largest shopping mall in Malaysia. Built in three phases in 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> 2003<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> and 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>13
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SM_City_North_EDSA" class="mw-redirect" title="SM City North EDSA">SM City North EDSA</a>
</td>
<td>Philippines
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>)
</td>
<td>1985
</td>
<td>497,213 m<sup>2</sup> (5,351,960 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SM_Prime_2018_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM_Prime_2018-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>1,000+
</td>
<td>Formerly the largest mall in the Philippines (2008–2011, 201?–2014, and 2015–2021), until IKEA opened in SM Mall of Asia on November 25, 2021.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>14
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Harbor">Global Harbor</a>
</td>
<td>China
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>
</td>
<td>2013
</td>
<td>480,000 m<sup>2</sup> (5,200,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-SM_Investments_Corporation_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM_Investments_Corporation-87">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Interaksyon_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interaksyon-88">[88]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>450+
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>15
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SM_Megamall" title="SM Megamall">SM Megamall</a>
</td>
<td>Philippines
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a> (Metro Manila)
</td>
<td>1991
</td>
<td>474,000 m<sup>2</sup> (5,100,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-SM_Prime_2018_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM_Prime_2018-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SM_Investments_Corporation_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM_Investments_Corporation-87">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Interaksyon_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interaksyon-88">[88]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>1,000+
</td>
<td>Has the most cinema screens (14) in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>16
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SM_Seaside_City_Cebu" class="mw-redirect" title="SM Seaside City Cebu">SM Seaside City Cebu</a>
</td>
<td>Philippines
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>
</td>
<td>2015
</td>
<td>470,486 m<sup>2</sup> (5,064,270 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>700+
</td>
<td>Largest shopping mall in the Philippines outside Metro Manila.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>17
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Complex" title="Persian Gulf Complex">Persian Gulf Complex</a>
</td>
<td>Iran
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>
</td>
<td>2011
</td>
<td>450,000 m<sup>2</sup> (4,800,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>355<sup id="cite_ref-Persian_Gulf_Complex_Introduction_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persian_Gulf_Complex_Introduction-97">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Second largest shopping mall by number of stores after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran_Mall" title="Iran Mall">Iran Mall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Persian_Gulf_Complex_Introduction_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persian_Gulf_Complex_Introduction-97">[97]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>18
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Avenues_(Kuwait)" title="The Avenues (Kuwait)">The Avenues Mall</a>
</td>
<td>Kuwait
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farwaniya_Governorate" title="Farwaniya Governorate">Al Rai</a>
</td>
<td>2007
</td>
<td>425,000 m<sup>2</sup> (4,570,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>1100+ <sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>19 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunway_Pyramid" title="Sunway Pyramid">Sunway Pyramid</a>
</td>
<td>Malaysia
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subang_Jaya" title="Subang Jaya">Subang Jaya</a>
</td>
<td>1997
</td>
<td>400,000 m<sup>2</sup> (4,300,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>1000+
</td>
<td>Third largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1_Utama" title="1 Utama">1 Utama</a>. Built in three phases in 1997, 2007 and 2016.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>19 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Century_Global_Center" title="New Century Global Center">New Century Global Center</a>
</td>
<td>China
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>
</td>
<td>2013
</td>
<td>400,000 m<sup>2</sup> (4,300,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>2,300
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>19 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dream_Mall" title="Dream Mall">Dream Mall</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>
</td>
<td>2007
</td>
<td>400,000 m<sup>2</sup> (4,300,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>250
</td>
<td>Largest mall in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>19 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siam_Paragon" title="Siam Paragon">Siam Paragon</a>
</td>
<td>Thailand
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>
</td>
<td>2005
</td>
<td>400,000 m<sup>2</sup> (4,300,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-67">[67]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>200+
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>19 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Phuket" title="Central Phuket">Central Phuket</a>
</td>
<td>Thailand
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phuket" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket">Phuket</a>
</td>
<td>2004
</td>
<td>400,000 m<sup>2</sup> (4,300,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>250+
</td>
<td>Major expansion ("Floresta" building) in 2018.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>19 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Festival_Alabang" title="Festival Alabang">Festival Alabang</a>
</td>
<td>Philippines
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa">Muntinlupa</a> (Metro Manila)
</td>
<td>1998
</td>
<td>400,000 m<sup>2</sup> (4,300,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>250+
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>25
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lotte_World_Mall" title="Lotte World Mall">Lotte World Mall</a>
</td>
<td>South Korea
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>
</td>
<td>2014
</td>
<td>383,470 m<sup>2</sup> (4,127,600 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-cwglobalretailguide.com_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cwglobalretailguide.com-106">[106]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>200+
</td>
<td>Largest shopping mall in South Korea.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>26 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamuna_Future_Park" title="Jamuna Future Park">Jamuna Future Park</a>
</td>
<td>Bangladesh
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>
</td>
<td>2013
</td>
<td>380,000 m<sup>2</sup> (4,100,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-tds_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tds-107">[107]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>200<sup id="cite_ref-tds_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tds-107">[107]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Largest shopping mall in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>26 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albrook_Mall" title="Albrook Mall">Albrook Mall</a>
</td>
<td>Panama
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>
</td>
<td>2002
</td>
<td>380,000 m<sup>2</sup> (4,100,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-67">[67]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>200+
</td>
<td>Second largest shopping mall in the Americas; the largest until 2013.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>28
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mall_Taman_Anggrek" title="Mall Taman Anggrek">Mal Taman Anggrek</a>
</td>
<td>Indonesia
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>
</td>
<td>1996
</td>
<td>360,000 m<sup>2</sup> (3,900,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-67">[67]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>150
</td>
<td>Hosts the world's largest LED display.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>29 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fashion_Island_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion Island (Thailand)">Fashion Island (Thailand)</a>
</td>
<td>Thailand
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>
</td>
<td>1995
</td>
<td>350,000 m<sup>2</sup> (3,800,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>150
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>29 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Edmonton_Mall" title="West Edmonton Mall">West Edmonton Mall</a>
</td>
<td>Canada
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton, Alberta</a>
</td>
<td>1981
</td>
<td>350,000 m<sup>2</sup> (3,800,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>800+
</td>
<td>Largest shopping mall in Canada. The gross leasable area does not include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galaxyland" title="Galaxyland">Galaxyland</a>, a large indoor amusement park with an area of 70,160 m<sup>2</sup> (755,200 sq ft).
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>29 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Dubai_Mall" title="The Dubai Mall">The Dubai Mall</a>
</td>
<td>United Arab Emirates
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>
</td>
<td>2008
</td>
<td>350,000 m<sup>2</sup> (3,800,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>400+
</td>
<td>The second largest mall in the world by total land area.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>32 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_City_(shopping_mall)" title="Big City (shopping mall)">Big City</a>
</td>
<td>Taiwan
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hsinchu" title="Hsinchu">Hsinchu</a>
</td>
<td>2012
</td>
<td>340,000 m<sup>2</sup> (3,700,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>300
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>32 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucky_One_Mall" title="Lucky One Mall">Lucky One Mall</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>
</td>
<td>2017
</td>
<td>340,000 m<sup>2</sup> (3,700,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>200+
</td>
<td>Largest mall in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>33
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gandaria_City" title="Gandaria City">Gandaria City</a>
</td>
<td>Indonesia
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>
</td>
<td>2010
</td>
<td>336,279 m<sup>2</sup> (3,619,680 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>250
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>34 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limketkai_Center" title="Limketkai Center">Limketkai Center</a>
</td>
<td>Philippines
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a>
</td>
<td>1992
</td>
<td>320,000 m<sup>2</sup> (3,400,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>250
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>34 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berjaya_Times_Square" title="Berjaya Times Square">Berjaya Times Square</a>
</td>
<td>Malaysia
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>
</td>
<td>2003
</td>
<td>320,000 m<sup>2</sup> (3,400,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>200+
</td>
<td>The largest shopping mall in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> and 4th largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IOI_City_Mall" title="IOI City Mall">IOI City Mall</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1_Utama" title="1 Utama">1 Utama</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunway_Pyramid" title="Sunway Pyramid">Sunway Pyramid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>36
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SM_City_Fairview" title="SM City Fairview">SM City Fairview</a>
</td>
<td>Philippines
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> (Metro Manila)
</td>
<td>1997
</td>
<td>312,749 m<sup>2</sup> (3,366,400 sq ft)
</td>
<td>350
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>37
</td>
<td>The Grand Central Mall
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a>
</td>
<td>Under-Construction
</td>
<td>310,000 m<sup>2</sup> (3,300,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>2nd-largest mall in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>38
</td>
<td>Galerija Belgrade
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>
</td>
<td>2020
</td>
<td>300,000 m<sup>2</sup> (3,200,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Largest mall in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>39 (tie)
</td>
<td>Zhengjia Plaza (Grandview Mall)
</td>
<td>China
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>
</td>
<td>2005
</td>
<td>280,000 m<sup>2</sup> (3,000,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>180+<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>39 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centro_Mayor" title="Centro Mayor">Centro Mayor</a>
</td>
<td>Colombia
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogota</a>
</td>
<td>2010
</td>
<td>280,000 m<sup>2</sup> (3,000,000 sq ft)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</td>
<td>250
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>39 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Dream_Meadowlands" title="American Dream Meadowlands">American Dream Meadowlands</a>
</td>
<td>United States
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Rutherford,_New_Jersey" title="East Rutherford, New Jersey">East Rutherford, NJ</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York City area</a>)
</td>
<td>2019
</td>
<td>280,000 m<sup>2</sup> (3,000,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>200
</td>
<td>Includes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nickelodeon_Universe#American_Dream" title="Nickelodeon Universe">Nickelodeon Universe</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DreamWorks_Water_Park" title="DreamWorks Water Park">DreamWorks Water Park</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Snow_American_Dream" title="Big Snow American Dream">Big Snow American Dream</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>39 (tie)
</td>
<td>Haikou International Duty Free City
</td>
<td>China
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haikou,_Hainan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haikou, Hainan">Haikou, Hainan</a>
</td>
<td>2022
</td>
<td>280,000 m<sup>2</sup> (3,000,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Largest duty-free shopping mall in the world<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>43
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SM_City_Cebu" title="SM City Cebu">SM City Cebu</a>
</td>
<td>Philippines
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>
</td>
<td>1993
</td>
<td>273,804 m<sup>2</sup> (2,947,200 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-SM_Prime_2018_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM_Prime_2018-72">[72]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>680
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>44
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Avenues,_Bahrain" title="The Avenues, Bahrain">The Avenues, Bahrain</a>
</td>
<td>Bahrain
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahrain_Bay" title="Bahrain Bay">Bahrain Bay</a>
</td>
<td>2017
</td>
<td>273,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,940,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>45 (tie)
</td>
<td>Sarath City Mall
</td>
<td>India
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>
</td>
<td>2019
</td>
<td>270,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,900,000 sq ft)<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>400+
</td>
<td>The biggest shopping mall in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>45 (tie)
</td>
<td>Medan Centre Point
</td>
<td>Indonesia
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>
</td>
<td>2013
</td>
<td>270,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,900,000 sq ft)<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>45 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mal_Artha_Gading" title="Mal Artha Gading">Mal Artha Gading</a>
</td>
<td>Indonesia
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>
</td>
<td>2004
</td>
<td>270,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,900,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>330<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>48
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mall_of_Arabia_(Jeddah)" title="Mall of Arabia (Jeddah)">Mall of Arabia</a>
</td>
<td>Saudi Arabia
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>
</td>
<td>2010
</td>
<td>261,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,810,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>187<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>49
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Prussia_(shopping_mall)" title="King of Prussia (shopping mall)">King of Prussia</a>
</td>
<td>United States
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Prussia,_Pennsylvania" title="King of Prussia, Pennsylvania">King of Prussia</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Philadelphia metropolitan area</a>)
</td>
<td>1963
</td>
<td>259,500 m<sup>2</sup> (2,793,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>200+
</td>
<td>Originally built as two buildings, a 2016 renovation made it one continuous building, larger than Mall of America by 1,300 m<sup>2</sup> (14,000 sq ft).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>50
</td>
<td>Greenwich Mall
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Ekaterinburg</a>
</td>
<td>2006
</td>
<td>258,673 m<sup>2</sup> (2,784,330 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>250
</td>
<td>the largest shopping center in Europe
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>51
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T.S._Mall" title="T.S. Mall">T.S. Mall</a>
</td>
<td>Taiwan
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a>
</td>
<td>2015
</td>
<td>254,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,730,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>200+
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>52
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunjungan_Plaza" title="Tunjungan Plaza">Tunjungan Plaza</a>
</td>
<td>Indonesia
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>
</td>
<td>1986
</td>
<td>253,187 m<sup>2</sup> (2,725,280 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>250
</td>
<td>The biggest mall in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>53 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emporium_Mall" title="Emporium Mall">Emporium Mall</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>
</td>
<td>2016
</td>
<td>250,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,700,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>200+
</td>
<td>3rd largest mall in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>53 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centro_Sambil" title="Centro Sambil">Centro Sambil</a>
</td>
<td>Venezuela
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>
</td>
<td>1998
</td>
<td>250,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,700,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>300
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>53 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aventura_Mall" title="Aventura Mall">Aventura Mall</a>
</td>
<td>United States
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aventura,_Florida" title="Aventura, Florida">Aventura</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area" title="Miami metropolitan area">Miami area</a>)
</td>
<td>1983
</td>
<td>250,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,700,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>300+
</td>
<td>Largest shopping mall in Florida.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>53 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glorietta" title="Glorietta">Glorietta</a>
</td>
<td>Philippines
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a> (Metro Manila)
</td>
<td>1991
</td>
<td>250,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,700,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>300+
</td>
<td>Glorietta is integrated with Greenbelt, both of which are owned by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ayala_Corporation" title="Ayala Corporation">Ayala Corporation</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>53 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenbelt_(Ayala_Center)" title="Greenbelt (Ayala Center)">Greenbelt</a>
</td>
<td>Philippines
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a> (Metro Manila)
</td>
<td>1991
</td>
<td>250,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,700,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>300+
</td>
<td>Greenbelt is integrated with Glorietta, both of which are owned by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ayala_Corporation" title="Ayala Corporation">Ayala Corporation</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>53 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Coast_Plaza" title="South Coast Plaza">South Coast Plaza</a>
</td>
<td>United States
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California" title="Costa Mesa, California">Costa Mesa</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Greater Los Angeles</a>)
</td>
<td>1967
</td>
<td>250,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,700,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>286
</td>
<td>The largest shopping mall in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> besides <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Del_Amo_Fashion_Center" title="Del Amo Fashion Center">Del Amo</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>53 (tie)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centro_Comercial_Santaf%C3%A9" title="Centro Comercial Santafé">Centro Comercial Santafé</a>
</td>
<td>Colombia
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogota</a>
</td>
<td>2006
</td>
<td>250,000 m<sup>2</sup> (2,700,000 sq ft)
</td>
<td>150
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Combination_retail_and_wholesale_shopping_malls">Combination retail and wholesale shopping malls</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export.
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th style="width:15%;">Name
</th>
<th style="width:12.5%;">Country
</th>
<th style="width:12.5%;">City
</th>
<th style="width:5%;">Year opened
</th>
<th style="width:15%;">Gross leasable area
</th>
<th style="width:5%;">Shops
</th>
<th style="width:35%;" class="unsortable">Remarks
</th></tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5em;">
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yiwu_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiwu market">Yiwu International luTrade City</a>
</td>
<td>China
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yiwu" title="Yiwu">Yiwu</a>
</td>
<td>2002
</td>
<td>5,500,000 m<sup>2</sup> (59,000,000 sq ft)<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian2017_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2017-134">[134]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>75,000+
</td>
<td>Much of the retail area is divided into small booths, hence the disproportionately greater number of shops than other malls listed.
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)#Shopping_arcades" title="Arcade (architecture)">Arcade</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_shopping_malls_in_the_United_States" title="List of largest shopping malls in the United States">List of largest shopping malls in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_shopping_malls" title="Lists of shopping malls">Lists of shopping malls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mall_kiosk" title="Mall kiosk">Mall kiosk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retail#Types_of_retail_outlets" title="Retail">Retail#Types of retail outlets</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-Rielly-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rielly_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRielly2003" class="citation book cs1">Rielly, Edward J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3hAR5c9QFcC&pg=PA62"><i>The 1960s</i></a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 62. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31261-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31261-3"><bdi>0-313-31261-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1960s&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-313-31261-3&rft.aulast=Rielly&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh3hAR5c9QFcC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-sarkar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sarkar_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarkar_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2020" class="citation news cs1">Sarkar, John (18 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/most-mall-owners-agree-to-retailers-rental-terms/articleshow/76435886.cms">"Most mall owners agree to retailers' rental terms"</a>. Times of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Most+mall+owners+agree+to+retailers%27+rental+terms&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Findia-business%2Fmost-mall-owners-agree-to-retailers-rental-terms%2Farticleshow%2F76435886.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-uae1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uae1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uae1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/uaes-malls-will-need-a-full-scale-repurposing-1.72583503">"UAE's malls will need a full-scale repurposing"</a>. Gulf News. 14 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UAE%27s+malls+will+need+a+full-scale+repurposing&rft.date=2020-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fbusiness%2Fanalysis%2Fuaes-malls-will-need-a-full-scale-repurposing-1.72583503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-australia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-australia_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-australia_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scca.org.au/industry-information/key-facts/">"Key Facts"</a>. <i>Shopping Centre Council of Australia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shopping+Centre+Council+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Key+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scca.org.au%2Findustry-information%2Fkey-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gobankingrates.com/money/economy/dying-malls/">"American Malls That Have Fallen Into Ruin"</a>. <i>GOBankingRates</i>. 10 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOBankingRates&rft.atitle=American+Malls+That+Have+Fallen+Into+Ruin&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gobankingrates.com%2Fmoney%2Feconomy%2Fdying-malls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ICSC_Characteristics-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICSC_Characteristics_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICSC_Characteristics_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf">"U.S. Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Council of Shopping Centers. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308074500/http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Shopping-Center+Classification+and+Characteristics&rft.pub=International+Council+of+Shopping+Centers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icsc.org%2Fuploads%2Fresearch%2Fgeneral%2FUS_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timescolonist.com/business/mixed-use-becomes-crucial-for-big-retail-projects-4679604">"Mixed use becomes crucial for big retail projects"</a>. <i>Victoria Times Colonist</i>. 6 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victoria+Times+Colonist&rft.atitle=Mixed+use+becomes+crucial+for+big+retail+projects&rft.date=2020-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timescolonist.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmixed-use-becomes-crucial-for-big-retail-projects-4679604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecsp.eu/research-shopping-centres-continue-to-dominate-european-retail-space-but-significant-variations-exist-between-countries/">"Research: Shopping Centres Continue To Dominate European Retail Space, But Significant Variations Exist Between Countries"</a>. European Council of Shopping Places. 11 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research%3A+Shopping+Centres+Continue+To+Dominate+European+Retail+Space%2C+But+Significant+Variations+Exist+Between+Countries&rft.pub=European+Council+of+Shopping+Places&rft.date=2023-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecsp.eu%2Fresearch-shopping-centres-continue-to-dominate-european-retail-space-but-significant-variations-exist-between-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ISCS_definitions-2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISCS_definitions-2015_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISCS_definitions-2015_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf">"US Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Council of Shopping Centers. August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223219/http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Shopping-Center+Classification+and+Characteristics&rft.pub=International+Council+of+Shopping+Centers&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icsc.org%2Fuploads%2Fresearch%2Fgeneral%2FUS_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ICSC_definitions-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICSC_definitions_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icsc.com/uploads/t07-subpage/US-Shopping-Center-Definition-Standard.pdf">"ICSC Shopping Center Definitions: Basic Configurations and Types"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Council of Shopping Centers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICSC+Shopping+Center+Definitions%3A+Basic+Configurations+and+Types&rft.pub=International+Council+of+Shopping+Centers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icsc.com%2Fuploads%2Ft07-subpage%2FUS-Shopping-Center-Definition-Standard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icsc.com/uploads/research/general/Canadian-Shopping-Centre-Definitions.pdf">"Canada Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC, accessed January 8, 2023</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Moore-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMoore" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Robbie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313101352/http://www.theinternational.org/articles/354-the-death-of-the-american-mall-and-the-re">"The Death of the American Mall and the Rebirth of Public Space"</a>. <i>The International</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theinternational.org/articles/354-the-death-of-the-american-mall-and-the-re">the original</a> on 13 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+International&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+the+American+Mall+and+the+Rebirth+of+Public+Space&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Robbie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theinternational.org%2Farticles%2F354-the-death-of-the-american-mall-and-the-re&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mall-hall-of-fame.blogspot.com/2006_11_01_archive.html">"Appleton's Valley Fair Center"</a>. Mall Hall of Fame. November 1, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233645/http://mall-hall-of-fame.blogspot.com/2006_11_01_archive.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appleton%27s+Valley+Fair+Center&rft.pub=Mall+Hall+of+Fame&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmall-hall-of-fame.blogspot.com%2F2006_11_01_archive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBathroom_Reader's_Institute2010" class="citation book cs1">Bathroom Reader's Institute (1 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/99">"The Mall: A History"</a>. <i>Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader</i>. Bathroom Reader's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/99">99–101</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60710-183-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60710-183-3"><bdi>978-1-60710-183-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mall%3A+A+History&rft.btitle=Uncle+John%27s+Heavy+Duty+Bathroom+Reader&rft.pages=99-101&rft.pub=Bathroom+Reader%27s+Press&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60710-183-3&rft.au=Bathroom+Reader%27s+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funclejohnsheavyd0000unse%2Fpage%2F99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hardwick-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hardwick_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardwick_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHardwick2015" class="citation book cs1">Hardwick, M. Jeffrey (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u3ljCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA144"><i>Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream</i></a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 144. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812292992" title="Special:BookSources/9780812292992"><bdi>9780812292992</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mall+Maker%3A+Victor+Gruen%2C+Architect+of+an+American+Dream&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780812292992&rft.aulast=Hardwick&rft.aufirst=M.+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du3ljCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGladwell2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Gladwell, Malcolm (March 15, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/15/040315fa_fact1">"The Terrazzo Jungle"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709234809/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/15/040315fa_fact1">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Terrazzo+Jungle&rft.date=2004-03-15&rft.aulast=Gladwell&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2004%2F03%2F15%2F040315fa_fact1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1957/11/13/archives/bergen-mall-to-open-shopping-center-on-route-4-starts-business.html">"Bergen Mall to Open; Shopping Center on Route 4 Starts Business Tomorrow"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 13 November 1957. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bergen+Mall+to+Open%3B+Shopping+Center+on+Route+4+Starts+Business+Tomorrow&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1957-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1957%2F11%2F13%2Farchives%2Fbergen-mall-to-open-shopping-center-on-route-4-starts-business.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2007" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Andrea K. (13 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2007-09-13-0709130019-story.html">"Malls no more, centers looking to sell lifestyle"</a>. <i>The Baltimore Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Malls+no+more%2C+centers+looking+to+sell+lifestyle&rft.date=2007-09-13&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Andrea+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-2007-09-13-0709130019-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DEADMALL-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DEADMALL_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDery2009" class="citation web cs1">Dery, Mark (11 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724201220/http://changeobserver.designobserver.com/feature/dawn-of-the-dead-mall/11747">"Essay – Dawn of the Dead Mall"</a>. <i>The Design Observer Group</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://changeobserver.designobserver.com/feature/dawn-of-the-dead-mall/11747">the original</a> on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Design+Observer+Group&rft.atitle=Essay+%E2%80%93+Dawn+of+the+Dead+Mall&rft.date=2009-11-11&rft.aulast=Dery&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchangeobserver.designobserver.com%2Ffeature%2Fdawn-of-the-dead-mall%2F11747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBathroom_Reader's_Institute2010" class="citation book cs1">Bathroom Reader's Institute (1 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/401">"A History of the Shopping Mall, Part III"</a>. <i>Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader</i>. Bathroom Reader's Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/401">401</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60710-183-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60710-183-3"><bdi>978-1-60710-183-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Shopping+Mall%2C+Part+III&rft.btitle=Uncle+John%27s+Heavy+Duty+Bathroom+Reader&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=Bathroom+Reader%27s+Press&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60710-183-3&rft.au=Bathroom+Reader%27s+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funclejohnsheavyd0000unse%2Fpage%2F401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tws29decbbgf-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws29decbbgf_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2007" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Caitlin A. (15 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204175724/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/15/sunday/main2684957.shtml">"For Billionaire There's Life After Jail"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/15/sunday/main2684957.shtml">the original</a> on 4 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2009</span>. <q>Alfred Taubman is a legend in retailing. For 40 years, he's been one of America's most successful developers of shopping centers. Taubman picked upscale areas and opened lavish shopping centers. He was among the first to offer fountains and feature prestigious anchor stores like Neiman Marcus. The Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey is one of the most profitable shopping centers in the country. Taubman is famous for his attention to detail. He's very proud of the terrazzo tiles at Short Hills. "The only point that the customer actually touches the shopping center is the floor," he said. "They've got traction as they're walking. Very important. Some of our competitors put in carpet. Carpet's the worst thing you can have because it creates friction."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=For+Billionaire+There%27s+Life+After+Jail&rft.date=2007-04-15&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Caitlin+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2007%2F04%2F15%2Fsunday%2Fmain2684957.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tws29decbsfe-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws29decbsfe_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2007" class="citation news cs1">Peterson, Thane (April 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425073008/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_18/c4032006.htm">"From Slammer Back To Glamour"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bloomberg_BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg BusinessWeek">Business Week</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_18/c4032006.htm">the original</a> on April 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Shopping mall magnate and onetime Sotheby's (BID) owner Alfred Taubman, 83, may be a convicted felon, but he's continuing to insist on his innocence in his just-out autobiography, Threshold Resistance: The Extraordinary Career of a Luxury Retailing Pioneer (Collins, $24.95). Writing on his business triumphs, Taubman is heavy on the boilerplate. But he gives a juicy personal account of the Sotheby's-Christie's price-fixing scandal that sent him to the slammer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Week&rft.atitle=From+Slammer+Back+To+Glamour&rft.date=2007-04-30&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Thane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F07_18%2Fc4032006.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Millar-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millar_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2015" class="citation news cs1">Millar, Lisa (20 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-28/the-decline-of-american-shopping-malls/6050956">"Dead malls: Half of America's shopping centres predicted to close by 2030"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151024113253/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-28/the-decline-of-american-shopping-malls/6050956">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation+News&rft.atitle=Dead+malls%3A+Half+of+America%27s+shopping+centres+predicted+to+close+by+2030&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-01-28%2Fthe-decline-of-american-shopping-malls%2F6050956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140411-is-the-shopping-mall-dead">"The death of the US shopping mall"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 4 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428135632/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140411-is-the-shopping-mall-dead">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+death+of+the+US+shopping+mall&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Fstory%2F20140411-is-the-shopping-mall-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rybczynski-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rybczynski_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRybczynski1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Witold_Rybczynski" title="Witold Rybczynski">Rybczynski, Witold</a> (May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/archives/1993/05/271-5/132641481.pdf">"The New Downtowns"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>. <b>271</b> (5): 98–106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+New+Downtowns&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=98-106&rft.date=1993-05&rft.aulast=Rybczynski&rft.aufirst=Witold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.theatlantic.com%2Fmedia%2Farchives%2F1993%2F05%2F271-5%2F132641481.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span> Available via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Neuborne-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neuborne_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNeuborne1995" class="citation news cs1">Neuborne, Ellen (13 June 1995). "Power centers muscle in: Stores siphon shoppers from regional malls". <i>USA Today</i>. p. 1B.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Power+centers+muscle+in%3A+Stores+siphon+shoppers+from+regional+malls&rft.pages=1B&rft.date=1995-06-13&rft.aulast=Neuborne&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span> Available via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Laird_Page_69-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laird_Page_69_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLaird2009" class="citation book cs1">Laird, Gordon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnuwJkSQgpsC&pg=PA69"><i>The Price of a Bargain: The Quest for Cheap and the Death of Globalization</i></a>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. p. 69. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551993287" title="Special:BookSources/9781551993287"><bdi>9781551993287</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+a+Bargain%3A+The+Quest+for+Cheap+and+the+Death+of+Globalization&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781551993287&rft.aulast=Laird&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPnuwJkSQgpsC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Donnellan_Page_63-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donnellan_Page_63_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDonnellan2014" class="citation book cs1">Donnellan, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTQfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA63"><i>Merchandise Buying and Management</i></a> (4th ed.). New York: Fairchild Books. p. 63. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609014902" title="Special:BookSources/9781609014902"><bdi>9781609014902</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchandise+Buying+and+Management&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Fairchild+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781609014902&rft.aulast=Donnellan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTQfAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Donnellan_Page_64-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donnellan_Page_64_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDonnellan2014" class="citation book cs1">Donnellan, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTQfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>Merchandise Buying and Management</i></a> (4th ed.). New York: Fairchild Books. p. 64. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609014902" title="Special:BookSources/9781609014902"><bdi>9781609014902</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchandise+Buying+and+Management&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Fairchild+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781609014902&rft.aulast=Donnellan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTQfAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2015" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, Nelson D. (3 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/business/the-economics-and-nostalgia-of-dead-malls.html?_r=0">"The Economics (and Nostalgia) of Dead Malls"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023043923/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/business/the-economics-and-nostalgia-of-dead-malls.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Economics+%28and+Nostalgia%29+of+Dead+Malls&rft.date=2015-01-03&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Nelson+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F01%2F04%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-economics-and-nostalgia-of-dead-malls.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Pimentel-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pimentel_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPimentel2022" class="citation news cs1">Pimentel, Joseph (11 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/orange-county/business/2022/04/11/owners-of-westfield-shopping-malls-plan-to-sell-their-nationwide-portfolio">"Owner of Westfield malls plans to sell all of their U.S. shopping centers"</a>. <i>Spectrum News 1</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectrum+News+1&rft.atitle=Owner+of+Westfield+malls+plans+to+sell+all+of+their+U.S.+shopping+centers&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft.aulast=Pimentel&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrumnews1.com%2Fca%2Forange-county%2Fbusiness%2F2022%2F04%2F11%2Fowners-of-westfield-shopping-malls-plan-to-sell-their-nationwide-portfolio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-EvansWSJ-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EvansWSJ_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2013" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Peter (20 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323764804578314080552761430">"Malls' New Spin on Leisure"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815123029/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323764804578314080552761430">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Malls%27+New+Spin+on+Leisure&rft.date=2013-02-20&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887323764804578314080552761430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFThis_is_Surrey2009" class="citation news cs1">This is Surrey (May 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719212115/http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Moka-Ashley-Centre-Epsom/story-12667682-detail/story.html">"Moka, Ashley Centre, Epsom"</a>. <i>Surrey Mirror</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Moka-Ashley-Centre-Epsom/story-12667682-detail/story.html">the original</a> on July 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surrey+Mirror&rft.atitle=Moka%2C+Ashley+Centre%2C+Epsom&rft.date=2009-05-22&rft.au=This+is+Surrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisissurreytoday.co.uk%2FMoka-Ashley-Centre-Epsom%2Fstory-12667682-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ODonahue-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODonahue_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donahue2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Donahue, Tony (May 1, 2005). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taleofcityreengi0000odon/page/43"><i>The Tale of a City: Re-Engineering the Urban Environment</i></a></span>. Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taleofcityreengi0000odon/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1550025569" title="Special:BookSources/978-1550025569"><bdi>978-1550025569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tale+of+a+City%3A+Re-Engineering+the+Urban+Environment&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2005-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1550025569&rft.aulast=O%27Donahue&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftaleofcityreengi0000odon%2Fpage%2F43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Frieden-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frieden_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFriedenSagalyn1989" class="citation book cs1">Frieden, Bernard J.; Sagalyn, Lynne B. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xRntFdOk8ewC&pg=PA233"><i>Downtown, Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 233. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262560597" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262560597"><bdi>978-0262560597</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Downtown%2C+Inc.%3A+How+America+Rebuilds+Cities&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0262560597&rft.aulast=Frieden&rft.aufirst=Bernard+J.&rft.au=Sagalyn%2C+Lynne+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxRntFdOk8ewC%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rankred.com/biggest-malls-in-the-world-2/">"15 Biggest Malls In The World | 2022 Edition"</a>. <i>RankRed</i>. 1 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RankRed&rft.atitle=15+Biggest+Malls+In+The+World+%7C+2022+Edition&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rankred.com%2Fbiggest-malls-in-the-world-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-insidermonkey-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insidermonkey_67-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJevtic,_Aleksandar2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aleksandar_Jevtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandar Jevtic">Jevtic, Aleksandar</a> (26 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/">"15 Biggest Malls in the World – Insider Monkey"</a>. <i>InsiderMonkey.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081916/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsiderMonkey.com&rft.atitle=15+Biggest+Malls+in+the+World+%E2%80%93+Insider+Monkey&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft.au=Jevtic%2C+Aleksandar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidermonkey.com%2Fblog%2F15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/shopaholics-rejoice-the-12-biggest-malls-in-the-world-335988/?singlepage=1">"Shopaholics Rejoice: The 12 Biggest Malls in the World"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150829155356/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/shopaholics-rejoice-the-12-biggest-malls-in-the-world-335988/?singlepage=1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shopaholics+Rejoice%3A+The+12+Biggest+Malls+in+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidermonkey.com%2Fblog%2Fshopaholics-rejoice-the-12-biggest-malls-in-the-world-335988%2F%3Fsinglepage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-biggest-shopping-malls-in-the-world.html#h_1543454405491676010778754">"15 Biggest Shopping Mall In The World"</a>. <i>The World Atlas</i>. 2 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Atlas&rft.atitle=15+Biggest+Shopping+Mall+In+The+World&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-biggest-shopping-malls-in-the-world.html%23h_1543454405491676010778754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/">"The Biggest Shopping Malls"</a>. <i>Insiders Monkey</i>. 2 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insiders+Monkey&rft.atitle=The+Biggest+Shopping+Malls&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidermonkey.com%2Fblog%2F15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Fich-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fich_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fich_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFich2012" class="citation news cs1">Fich, Naima (5 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192553/http://www.emporis.com/pdf/Pressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf">"Emporis: February 7, 2012 – List of the Top 10 World's Largest Shopping Mall"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emporis.com/pdf/Pressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Emporis%3A+February+7%2C+2012+%E2%80%93+List+of+the+Top+10+World%27s+Largest+Shopping+Mall.&rft.date=2012-05-05&rft.aulast=Fich&rft.aufirst=Naima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporis.com%2Fpdf%2FPressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SM_Prime_2018-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SM_Prime_2018_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SM_Prime_2018_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SM_Prime_2018_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SM_Prime_2018_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smprime.com/sites/default/files/investor_relations/SEC%2017-A-2018.pdf">"Securities and Exchange Commission SRC Form 17-A"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. SM Prime. 31 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Securities+and+Exchange+Commission+SRC+Form+17-A&rft.pub=SM+Prime&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smprime.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Finvestor_relations%2FSEC%252017-A-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAlmendral2021" class="citation news cs1">Almendral, Aurora (25 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/2094169/ikea-opens-its-largest-store-and-first-in-the-philippines/">"Ikea is opening in a very different Philippines than it planned for"</a>. <i>Quartz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Ikea+is+opening+in+a+very+different+Philippines+than+it+planned+for&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft.aulast=Almendral&rft.aufirst=Aurora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F2094169%2Fikea-opens-its-largest-store-and-first-in-the-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/12/19/16/sm-prime-opens-7th-mall-in-china">"SM Prime opens 7th mall in China"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN News</i>. 19 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=SM+Prime+opens+7th+mall+in+China&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fbusiness%2F12%2F19%2F16%2Fsm-prime-opens-7th-mall-in-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/1429042/ikea-building-se-asia-presence">"Ikea building SE Asia presence"</a>. <i>Bangkok Post</i>. 16 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Ikea+building+SE+Asia+presence&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Fnews%2F1429042%2Fikea-building-se-asia-presence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.hotels.com/go/thailand/centralworld">"Central World"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.hotels.com%2Fgo%2Fthailand%2Fcentralworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPitsinee2016" class="citation news cs1">Pitsinee, Jitpleecheep (23 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://property.bangkokpost.com/news/907120/iconsiam-adds-retail-area-for-keen-investors">"Iconsiam adds retail area for keen investors"</a>. <i>Bangkok Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Iconsiam+adds+retail+area+for+keen+investors&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.aulast=Pitsinee&rft.aufirst=Jitpleecheep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproperty.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2F907120%2Ficonsiam-adds-retail-area-for-keen-investors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1utama.com.my/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. <i>1 Utama</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1+Utama&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1utama.com.my%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNg2019" class="citation web cs1">Ng, Shawn (26 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edgeprop.my/content/1517127/mall-embraces-change-growth">"A mall that embraces change for growth"</a>. <i>EdgeProp.my</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EdgeProp.my&rft.atitle=A+mall+that+embraces+change+for+growth&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edgeprop.my%2Fcontent%2F1517127%2Fmall-embraces-change-growth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChai2017" class="citation web cs1">Chai, Yee Hoong (4 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/keeping-changing-trends">"Keeping up with changing trends"</a>. <i>The Edge Markets</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Edge+Markets&rft.atitle=Keeping+up+with+changing+trends&rft.date=2017-11-04&rft.aulast=Chai&rft.aufirst=Yee+Hoong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theedgemarkets.com%2Farticle%2Fkeeping-changing-trends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAng2003" class="citation web cs1">Ang, Elaine (22 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2003/12/22/shoppers-haven-at-1-utama">"Shoppers' haven at 1 Utama"</a>. <i>The Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Shoppers%27+haven+at+1+Utama&rft.date=2003-12-22&rft.aulast=Ang&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2F2003%2F12%2F22%2Fshoppers-haven-at-1-utama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/1-utama-opens-phase-one-1-utama-e">"1 Utama opens phase one of 1 Utama E"</a>. <i>The Edge Markets</i>. 25 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Edge+Markets&rft.atitle=1+Utama+opens+phase+one+of+1+Utama+E&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theedgemarkets.com%2Farticle%2F1-utama-opens-phase-one-1-utama-e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820035647/http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/2015/12/15/sm-prime-plans-to-continue-developing-sm-north-edsa/">"SM Prime plans to continue developing SM North Edsa"</a>. <i>BusinessMirror</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/2015/12/15/sm-prime-plans-to-continue-developing-sm-north-edsa/">the original</a> on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BusinessMirror&rft.atitle=SM+Prime+plans+to+continue+developing+SM+North+Edsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessmirror.com.ph%2F2015%2F12%2F15%2Fsm-prime-plans-to-continue-developing-sm-north-edsa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Interaksyon-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Interaksyon_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interaksyon_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104070444/http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27">"Biggest mall in Vis-Min, SM Seaside City Cebu, opens November 27"</a>. Interaksyon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27">the original</a> on 4 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>. <q>SM said that the largest mall is SM Megamall at 474,000 square meters, followed by SM North EDSA at 470,000 square meters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biggest+mall+in+Vis-Min%2C+SM+Seaside+City+Cebu%2C+opens+November+27&rft.pub=Interaksyon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interaksyon.com%2Flifestyle%2Fbiggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.inquirer.net/162009/h-megamall-now-phs-largest-mall">"SM Megamall now PH's largest mall"</a>. <i>Inquirer Business</i>. 28 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203032924/http://business.inquirer.net/162009/h-megamall-now-phs-largest-mall">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inquirer+Business&rft.atitle=SM+Megamall+now+PH%27s+largest+mall&rft.date=2014-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.inquirer.net%2F162009%2Fh-megamall-now-phs-largest-mall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927122334/http://www.philippinestodayus.com/news/business/sm-megamall-undergoing-p1-5-b-expansion/">"SM Megamall undergoing P1.5 B expansion"</a>. <i>Rappler</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippinestodayus.com/news/business/sm-megamall-undergoing-p1-5-b-expansion/">the original</a> on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=SM+Megamall+undergoing+P1.5+B+expansion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippinestodayus.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fsm-megamall-undergoing-p1-5-b-expansion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFClickTheCity2018" class="citation web cs1">ClickTheCity (6 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clickthecity.com/movies/theaters/sm-megamall">"SM MegaMall Cinema Movie Schedule – Mandaluyong, Metro Manila @ ClickTheCity Movies"</a>. Clickthecity.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903074936/https://www.clickthecity.com/movies/theaters/sm-megamall">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SM+MegaMall+Cinema+Movie+Schedule+%E2%80%93+Mandaluyong%2C+Metro+Manila+%40+ClickTheCity+Movies&rft.pub=Clickthecity.com&rft.date=2018-07-06&rft.au=ClickTheCity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clickthecity.com%2Fmovies%2Ftheaters%2Fsm-megamall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104070444/http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27">"Biggest mall in Vis-Min, SM Seaside City Cebu, opens November 27"</a>. <i>Interaksyon</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27">the original</a> on 4 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interaksyon&rft.atitle=Biggest+mall+in+Vis-Min%2C+SM+Seaside+City+Cebu%2C+opens+November+27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interaksyon.com%2Flifestyle%2Fbiggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.setareh.co.ir/en-Us.htm">"Setareh CO Officia Website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172047/http://www.setareh.co.ir/en-Us.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Setareh+CO+Officia+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.setareh.co.ir%2Fen-Us.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/">"Persian Gulf Complex Introduction"</a>. 19 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728132552/http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persian+Gulf+Complex+Introduction&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persiantourismguide.com%2F2015%2F08%2F28%2Fpersian-gulf-complex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202">"Persian Gulf Complex Introduction From Official Site"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180827073026/http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persian+Gulf+Complex+Introduction+From+Official+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersiangulfcomplex.ir%2F%3Fpage_id%3D6202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Persian_Gulf_Complex_Introduction-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Persian_Gulf_Complex_Introduction_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persian_Gulf_Complex_Introduction_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/">"Persian Gulf Complex Introduction"</a>. 19 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persian+Gulf+Complex+Introduction&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persiantourismguide.com%2F2015%2F08%2F28%2Fpersian-gulf-complex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180827073026/http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202">"Persian Gulf Complex Introduction From Official Site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202">the original</a> on 27 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persian+Gulf+Complex+Introduction+From+Official+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersiangulfcomplex.ir%2F%3Fpage_id%3D6202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-avenues.com/kuwait/en/about">"About The Avenues Shopping Mall"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+The+Avenues+Shopping+Mall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-avenues.com%2Fkuwait%2Fen%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Ling2017" class="citation web cs1">Andy Ling (28 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004011501/https://www.sunwayreit.com/sunway-pyramid-shopping-mall/">"Sunway Pyramid Shopping Mall"</a>. <i>Sunway REIT</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunwayreit.com/sunway-pyramid-shopping-mall/">the original</a> on 4 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunway+REIT&rft.atitle=Sunway+Pyramid+Shopping+Mall&rft.date=2017-05-28&rft.au=Andy+Ling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunwayreit.com%2Fsunway-pyramid-shopping-mall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkok.com/shopping-mall/siam-paragon.html">"Siam Paragon"</a>. Bangkok.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704031104/http://www.bangkok.com/shopping-mall/siam-paragon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siam+Paragon&rft.pub=Bangkok.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkok.com%2Fshopping-mall%2Fsiam-paragon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phuket9.com/news/post/central-festival-phuket-new-building-construction">"Central Festival Phuket – new building construction", Phuket9</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centralpattana.co.th/en/our-properties/shopping-center/central-phuket/373/central-phuket-festival">"Central Phuket Festival", Central Pattana site</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thephuketnews.com/b20bn-central-phuket-to-open-sept-10-68251.php">"B20bn Central Phuket to open Sept 10", <i>The Phuket News</i>, 15 August 2018</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-cwglobalretailguide.com-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cwglobalretailguide.com_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901135311/http://cwglobalretailguide.com/seoul/">"Seoul"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cwglobalretailguide.com/seoul/">the original</a> on 1 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seoul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcwglobalretailguide.com%2Fseoul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tds-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tds_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tds_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-31523">"Asia's 'biggest' mall in Dhaka"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>. 10 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Asia%27s+%27biggest%27+mall+in+Dhaka&rft.date=2008-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fnews-detail-31523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920110538/http://jamunafuturepark.com/content.php?q=features">"5th Floor Is Open Now"</a>. <i>Jamuna Future Park</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamunafuturepark.com/content.php?q=features">the original</a> on 20 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamuna+Future+Park&rft.atitle=5th+Floor+Is+Open+Now&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamunafuturepark.com%2Fcontent.php%3Fq%3Dfeatures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedubaimall.com">"Dubai Mall"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307171609/http://www.thedubaimall.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dubai+Mall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedubaimall.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFIjaz2018" class="citation web cs1">Ijaz, Zaid (1 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakpedia.pk/lucky-one-mall">"Lucky One Mall"</a>. <i>Pakpedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakpedia&rft.atitle=Lucky+One+Mall&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft.aulast=Ijaz&rft.aufirst=Zaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakpedia.pk%2Flucky-one-mall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2017" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Haris (4 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pakiholic.com/photos-facts-lucky-one-mall/">"21 Amazing Photos and Facts About Lucky One Mall Karachi – The Biggest Shopping Mall in Pakistan"</a>. <i>Paki Holic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paki+Holic&rft.atitle=21+Amazing+Photos+and+Facts+About+Lucky+One+Mall+Karachi+%E2%80%93+The+Biggest+Shopping+Mall+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2017-06-04&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Haris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpakiholic.com%2Fphotos-facts-lucky-one-mall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justgola.com/a/gandaria-city-mall-3844488">"Gandaria City Mall in Jakarta – Shopping in Jakarta, Indonesia – Justgola"</a>. <i>Justgola</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073142/https://www.justgola.com/a/gandaria-city-mall-3844488">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justgola&rft.atitle=Gandaria+City+Mall+in+Jakarta+%E2%80%93+Shopping+in+Jakarta%2C+Indonesia+%E2%80%93+Justgola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justgola.com%2Fa%2Fgandaria-city-mall-3844488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdopedia.com/cdo-places/trivia-cdo">"Trivia: CDO Did You Know?"</a>. <i>CDOpedia</i>. 7 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721102824/http://www.cdopedia.com/cdo-places/trivia-cdo">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDOpedia&rft.atitle=Trivia%3A+CDO+Did+You+Know%3F&rft.date=2012-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdopedia.com%2Fcdo-places%2Ftrivia-cdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdodev.com/2012/11/06/limketkai-mall-biggest-in-mindanao/">"Limketkai Mall – biggest in Mindanao"</a>. <i>CDO Dev</i>. 6 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073115/http://www.cdodev.com/2012/11/06/limketkai-mall-biggest-in-mindanao/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CDO+Dev&rft.atitle=Limketkai+Mall+%E2%80%93+biggest+in+Mindanao&rft.date=2012-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdodev.com%2F2012%2F11%2F06%2Flimketkai-mall-biggest-in-mindanao%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080207102017/http://www.timessquarekl.com/aboutus.html">"Berjaya Times Square info page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timessquarekl.com/aboutus.html">the original</a> on 7 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berjaya+Times+Square+info+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timessquarekl.com%2Faboutus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.galerijabelgrade.com/sr/">"Galerija Belgrade"</a>. <i>www.galerijabelgrade.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.galerijabelgrade.com&rft.atitle=Galerija+Belgrade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galerijabelgrade.com%2Fsr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHolman2020" class="citation news cs1">Holman, Jordyn (7 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-06/american-dream-mall-bucks-retail-nightmare-nears-90-lease-rate">"American Dream Mall Bucks Retail Nightmare, Nears 90% Lease Rate"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=American+Dream+Mall+Bucks+Retail+Nightmare%2C+Nears+90%25+Lease+Rate&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft.aulast=Holman&rft.aufirst=Jordyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-01-06%2Famerican-dream-mall-bucks-retail-nightmare-nears-90-lease-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTeam2022" class="citation web cs1">Team, Dao (3 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daoinsights.com/news/worlds-largest-single-duty-free-shop-to-open-in-haikou-china/">"World's largest duty-free shop to open in Haikou, China"</a>. <i>Dao Insights</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dao+Insights&rft.atitle=World%27s+largest+duty-free+shop+to+open+in+Haikou%2C+China&rft.date=2022-10-03&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=Dao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaoinsights.com%2Fnews%2Fworlds-largest-single-duty-free-shop-to-open-in-haikou-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRozario" class="citation web cs1">Rozario, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinrozario/2022/10/29/hainan-has-another-duty-free-mall-it-is-the-biggest-in-the-world/">"Hainan Has Another Duty-Free Mall—It Is The Biggest In The World"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Hainan+Has+Another+Duty-Free+Mall%E2%80%94It+Is+The+Biggest+In+The+World&rft.aulast=Rozario&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fkevinrozario%2F2022%2F10%2F29%2Fhainan-has-another-duty-free-mall-it-is-the-biggest-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarathcitycapitalmall.com/about-us/">"Sarath City Capital Mall"</a>. <i>www.sarathcitycapitalmall.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314144010/https://sarathcitycapitalmall.com/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sarathcitycapitalmall.com&rft.atitle=Sarath+City+Capital+Mall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsarathcitycapitalmall.com%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pti-architects.com/content.php?page=newsdetail&newsid=9">"PTI Architects"</a>. <i>www.pti-architects.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192920/https://www.pti-architects.com/content.php?page=newsdetail&newsid=9">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pti-architects.com&rft.atitle=PTI+Architects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pti-architects.com%2Fcontent.php%3Fpage%3Dnewsdetail%26newsid%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arthagading.com/tenant/">"Tenant List"</a>. <i>MAl Artha Gading</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324094700/https://arthagading.com/tenant/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MAl+Artha+Gading&rft.atitle=Tenant+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farthagading.com%2Ftenant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mallofarabia.com.eg/en/shop/list?cid=8">"Shop List"</a>. <i>Mall of Arabia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324094659/http://www.mallofarabia.com.eg/en/shop/list%3Fcid%3D8">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mall+of+Arabia&rft.atitle=Shop+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mallofarabia.com.eg%2Fen%2Fshop%2Flist%3Fcid%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170359/http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620">"International Council of Shopping Centers"</a>. ICSC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620">the original</a> on 26 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Council+of+Shopping+Centers&rft.pub=ICSC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icsc.org%2Fapps%2Fdmmdisp.php%3Fdispid%3DPA0620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021071037/http://icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620">"International Council of Shopping Centers: King of Prussia Mall"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620">the original</a> on 21 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Council+of+Shopping+Centers%3A+King+of+Prussia+Mall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icsc.org%2Fapps%2Fdmmdisp.php%3Fdispid%3DPA0620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span> The Mall of America once again surpassed it when it built an addition to the mall that included a <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=J.W._Marriot_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.W. Marriot Hotel (page does not exist)">J.W. Marriot Hotel</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marketmedia.ru/media-content/top-10-samykh-bolshikh-torgovykh-tsentrov-rf/">"Топ-20 самых больших торговых центров РФ"</a>. <i>marketmedia.ru</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marketmedia.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF-20+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarketmedia.ru%2Fmedia-content%2Ftop-10-samykh-bolshikh-torgovykh-tsentrov-rf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPakuwon_Indonesia" class="citation web cs1">Pakuwon Indonesia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722085549/http://pakuwon.com/property/property-portofolio/Surabaya/Tunjungan%20City%20/4">"Properties"</a>. Pakuwon.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakuwon.com/property/property-portofolio/Surabaya/Tunjungan%20City%20/4">the original</a> on 22 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Properties&rft.pub=Pakuwon.com&rft.au=Pakuwon+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakuwon.com%2Fproperty%2Fproperty-portofolio%2FSurabaya%2FTunjungan%2520City%2520%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSamrashabir2017" class="citation web cs1">Samrashabir (24 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakpedia.pk/emporium-mall-lahore">"Emporium Mall Lahore"</a>. <i>Pakpedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakpedia&rft.atitle=Emporium+Mall+Lahore&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.au=Samrashabir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakpedia.pk%2Femporium-mall-lahore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011213448/http://www.icsc.org/cgi/dmmdisp?dispid=CA0440">"ICSC DMM Display"</a>. Icsc.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsc.org/cgi/dmmdisp?dispid=CA0440">the original</a> on 11 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICSC+DMM+Display&rft.pub=Icsc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icsc.org%2Fcgi%2Fdmmdisp%3Fdispid%3DCA0440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Guardian2017-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2017_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRoxburgh2017" class="citation web cs1">Roxburgh, Helen (23 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/23/welcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city">"Welcome to Yiwu: China's testing ground for a multicultural city"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323111704/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/23/welcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Yiwu%3A+China%27s+testing+ground+for+a+multicultural+city&rft.date=2017-03-23&rft.aulast=Roxburgh&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2017%2Fmar%2F23%2Fwelcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li>Hardwick, M. Jeffrey (2004). <i>Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0812237625">Excerpt and text search</a>.</li>
<li>Howard, Vicki (2015). <i>From Main Street to Mall: The Rise and Fall of the American Department Store</i>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLange2018" class="citation news cs1">Lange, Alexandra (15 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.curbed.com/2018/2/15/17014230/malls-califonia-america-renzo-piano-victor-gruen">"Malls and the future of American retail: In a post-mall era, why are starchitects building more retail?"</a>. <i>Curbed</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curbed&rft.atitle=Malls+and+the+future+of+American+retail%3A+In+a+post-mall+era%2C+why+are+starchitects+building+more+retail%3F&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.curbed.com%2F2018%2F2%2F15%2F17014230%2Fmalls-califonia-america-renzo-piano-victor-gruen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLange2022" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Alexandra (2022). <i>Meet Me by the Fountain: An Inside History of the Mall</i>. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781635576023" title="Special:BookSources/9781635576023"><bdi>9781635576023</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1325579853">1325579853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meet+Me+by+the+Fountain%3A+An+Inside+History+of+the+Mall&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1325579853&rft.isbn=9781635576023&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Ngo-Viet, Nam-Son (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160520220238/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_obFEwXFTooZDFjZjVmZDMtMjZlMy00NTBkLWEzMmQtNzI3Y2RhYTY0ZjAz/edit?pli=1"><i>The Integration of the Suburban Shopping Center with its Surroundings: Redmond Town Center</i></a>. PhD dissertation. University of Washington.</li>
<li>Scharoun, Lisa (2012). <i>America at the Mall: The Cultural Role of a Retail Utopia</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsc.org/">International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aia.org/rec_default">American Institute of Architects Retail and Entertainment Committee Knowledge Community</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Business_park" title="Business park">Business park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commercial_area" title="Commercial area">Commercial area</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Office_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Office building">Office building</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">inland</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">Power center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retail_park" title="Retail park">Retail park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riverfront" title="Riverfront">Riverfront</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Shopping center</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shopping mall</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_shopping_streets_and_districts_by_city" title="List of shopping streets and districts by city">Shopping streets and districts</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Planned_industrial_developments" title="Category:Planned industrial developments">Industrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">Business cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">Industrial district</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">Industrial park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">Technology centers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Planned_residential_developments" title="Category:Planned residential developments">Residential</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agrihood" title="Agrihood">Agrihood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">Boarding house</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bungalow_court" title="Bungalow court">Bungalow court</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_block" title="City block">City block</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Executive_home" title="Executive home">Executive home</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golf_course_community" title="Golf course community">Golf course community</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">Gated community</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">Housing estate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Model_dwellings_company" title="Model dwellings company">Model dwellings for the poor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multifamily_residential" title="Multifamily residential">Multifamily residential</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penthouse_apartment" title="Penthouse apartment">Penthouse apartment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Private_community" title="Private community">Private community</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revenue_house" title="Revenue house">Revenue house</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rooming_house" title="Rooming house">Rooming house</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Single_room_occupancy" title="Single room occupancy">Single room occupancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivision</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science/education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campus" title="Campus">Campus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_research_parks" title="List of research parks">Research park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satellite_campus" title="Satellite campus">Satellite campus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">Science park</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Planned_municipal_developments" title="Category:Planned municipal developments">Municipal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civic_center" title="Civic center">Civic center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">Planned cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">parks</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Building" title="Building">Buildings</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_building_types" title="List of building types">Types</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">Apartment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House" title="House">House</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">Tower block</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">Villa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield land</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Residential_cluster_development" title="Residential cluster development">Residential cluster development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">Greenfield land</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greyfield_land" title="Greyfield land">Greyfield land</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Groundscraper" title="Groundscraper">Groundscraper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_non-building_structure_types" title="List of non-building structure types">Nonbuilding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Park" title="Park">Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">Parking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Structural_extremes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Structural_extremes" title="Template:Structural extremes"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Structural_extremes" title="Template talk:Structural extremes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Structural_extremes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Structural extremes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Structural_extremes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Structural extremes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">Tallest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings" title="List of tallest buildings">Buildings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_bridges" title="List of tallest bridges">Bridges</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_chimneys" title="List of tallest chimneys">Chimneys</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_church_buildings" title="List of tallest church buildings">Churches</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_Orthodox_church_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest Orthodox church buildings">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_dams" title="List of tallest dams">Dams</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_domes" title="List of tallest domes">Domes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_educational_buildings" title="List of tallest educational buildings">Educational</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flagpoles_by_height" title="List of flagpoles by height">Flagpoles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures" title="List of tallest freestanding structures">Freestanding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_hospitals" title="List of tallest hospitals">Hospitals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_hotels" title="List of tallest hotels">Hotels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_lighthouses" title="List of tallest lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_oil_platforms" title="List of tallest oil platforms">Oil platforms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_residential_buildings" title="List of tallest residential buildings">Residential</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">Statues</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures" title="List of tallest structures">Structures</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers" title="List of tallest towers">Towers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_clock_towers" title="List of tallest clock towers">clock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_cooling_towers" title="List of tallest cooling towers">cooling</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_twin_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest twin buildings and structures">Twin buildings and structures</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_wooden_buildings" title="List of tallest wooden buildings">Wood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">Cities with the most skyscrapers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Largest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_buildings" title="List of largest buildings">Buildings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_church_buildings" title="List of largest church buildings">Churches</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_city_squares_by_size" title="List of city squares by size">City squares</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_dams" title="List of largest dams">Dams</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_domes" title="List of largest domes">Domes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_large_Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of large Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_hotels" title="List of largest hotels">Hotels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_mosques" title="List of largest mosques">Mosques</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World%27s_largest_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="World's largest palace">Palace</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations" title="List of largest power stations">Power stations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of largest hydroelectric power stations">hydroelectric</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#World's_largest_malls">Shopping malls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_urban_parks_by_size" title="List of urban parks by size">Urban parks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Longest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_buildings" title="List of longest buildings">Buildings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_bridges" title="List of longest bridges">Bridges</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_arch_bridge_spans" title="List of longest arch bridge spans">arched</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_cable-stayed_bridge_spans" title="List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans">cable-stayed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_cantilever_bridge_spans" title="List of longest cantilever bridge spans">cantilevered</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_continuous_truss_bridge_spans" title="List of longest continuous truss bridge spans">continuous truss</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_masonry_arch_bridge_spans" title="List of longest masonry arch bridge spans">masonry arch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_suspension_bridge_spans" title="List of longest suspension bridge spans">suspension</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_church_buildings" title="List of longest church buildings">Churches</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_tunnels" title="List of longest tunnels">Tunnels</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_long_tunnels_by_type" title="List of long tunnels by type">longest by type</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_railway_tunnels" title="List of longest railway tunnels">railway</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_road_tunnels" title="List of longest road tunnels">road</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_subway_tunnel_sections" title="List of longest subway tunnel sections">subway tunnel sections</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_ring_roads" title="List of longest ring roads">Ring roads</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31374404#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538954805171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85121784">United States</a></span></li></ul>
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