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'{{Short description|Method of hunting dolphins}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} '''Dolphin drive hunting''', also called '''dolphin drive fishing''', is a method of [[hunting]] [[dolphin]]s and occasionally other small [[cetacean]]s by driving them together with boats and then usually into a bay or onto a beach. Their escape is prevented by closing off the route to the open sea or ocean with boats and nets. Dolphins are hunted this way in several places around the world including the [[Solomon Islands]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Peru]], and [[Japan]], which is the most well-known practitioner of the method. In large numbers dolphins are mostly hunted for their [[whale meat|meat]]; some end up in [[dolphinarium]]s. Despite the controversial nature of the hunt resulting in international criticism, and the possible health risk that the often polluted meat causes, tens of thousands of dolphins are caught in drive hunts each year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awionline.org/press-releases/report-100000-dolphins-small-whales-and-porpoises-slaughtered-globally-each-year|title=Report: 100,000+ Dolphins, Small Whales and Porpoises Slaughtered Globally Each Year|date=7 August 2018 }}</ref> [[File:Hvalba 26-08-06 (3).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Atlantic white-sided dolphin]] caught in a drive hunt in [[Hvalba]] on the [[Faroe Islands]] being taken away with a forklift]] ==By country== === Faroe Islands === {{Main|Whaling in the Faroe Islands}} [[File:Killed pilot wales in hvalba, faroe islands.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Killed [[pilot whale]]s on the beach in the village [[Hvalba]] on the southernmost Faroese island [[Suðuroy]], August 2002]] Whaling in the [[Faroe Islands]] takes the form of beaching and slaughtering [[long-finned pilot whale]]s. It has been practiced since about the time of the first [[Norsemen|Norse]] settlements on these [[North Atlantic]] islands, and thus can be considered [[aboriginal whaling]]. It is mentioned in the [[Sheep Letter]], a Faroese law from 1298, a supplement to the [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[Gulating]] law.<ref name="Disappearing Foods">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XR9YIaG0kIcC&q=sheep+letter+1298+grind&pg=PA86|title=Disappearing Foods: Studies in Foods and Dishes at Risk|last=Walker|first=Harlan|isbn=9780907325628|year=1995|publisher=Oxford Symposium }}</ref> It is closely regulated by the Faroese authorities,<ref name="logir.fo">[http://www.logir.fo/Logtingslog/56-fra-19-05-2015-um-grind-og-annan-smahval logir.fo]</ref> with around 800 long-finned pilot whales<ref name="hagstova.fo">[http://www.hagstova.fo/fo/hagtalsgrunnur/vinna-og-veida/grind Grind | Hagstova Føroya<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and some [[Atlantic white-sided dolphin]]s slaughtered annually;<ref>{{cite web|title=Grinds de 2000 à 2013 |url=http://www.whaling.fo/Default.aspx?ID=7125 |website=www.whaling.fo/ Catch figures |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106012321/http://whaling.fo/Default.aspx?ID=7125 |archive-date=6 November 2014 }}</ref> mainly during the summer. The hunts, called ''grindadráp'' in [[Faroese language|Faroese]], are non-commercial and are organized on a community level. Anyone who has a special training certificate on slaughtering a pilot whale with the spinal-cord lance can participate.<ref name="Certificate2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.in.fo/news-detail/news/nu-eru-1380-foeroyingar-klarir-at-fara-i-grind/|title=Nú eru 1380 føroyingar klárir at fara í grind|last=Bertholdsen|first=Áki|date=5 March 2015|publisher=Sosialurin - in.fo|language=fo|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="The Grind Law">{{cite web|url=http://www.logir.fo/Logtingslog/56-fra-19-05-2015-um-grind-og-annan-smahval|title=Løgtingslóg um grind og annan smáhval, sum seinast broytt við løgtingslóg nr. 93 frá 22. juni 2015|date=19 May 2015|publisher=Logir.fo|language=fo|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref> The police and Grindaformenn are allowed to remove people from the grind area.<ref name="logir.fo"/> The hunters first surround the pilot whales with a wide semicircle of boats. The boats then drive the pilot whales into a [[bay]] or to the bottom of a [[fjord]]. Not all bays are certified, and the slaughter will only take place on a certified beach. Many Faroese consider the whale meat an important part of their food culture and history. Animal rights groups criticize the slaughter as being cruel and unnecessary.<ref>[http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/1618799/faroe_whale_killing_a_cruel_and_unnecessary_ritual_or_a_sustainable_food_practice.html theecologist.org]</ref><ref name="The Knowledge 2014">{{cite web|url=http://theknowledgeplymouth.co.uk/whaling-in-the-faroe-islands-a-cruel-and-unnecessary-ritual-or-sustainable-food-practice/|title=Whaling in the Faroe Islands: a cruel and unnecessary ritual or sustainable food practice?|last=Barrat|first=Harry|date=3 February 2014|publisher=The Knowledge|access-date=2 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222112614/http://theknowledgeplymouth.co.uk/whaling-in-the-faroe-islands-a-cruel-and-unnecessary-ritual-or-sustainable-food-practice/|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Advocacy for Animals 2010">{{cite web|url=http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2010/04/the-faroe-islands-whale-hunt/|title=The Faroe Islands Whale Hunt|last=Duignan|first=Brian|date=26 April 2010|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica - Advocacy for Animals|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref> In November 2008, Høgni Debes Joensen, chief medical officer of the Faroe Islands and Pál Weihe, scientist, have recommended in a letter to the Faroese government that pilot whales should no longer be considered fit for human consumption because of the high level of [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]] and [[DDT]] derivatives.<ref>[http://www.landslaeknin.fo/upload/tilmaeli_um_grind.pdf landslaeknin.fo]</ref><ref name="toxic-whale">{{cite news |first=Debora |last=MacKenzie |date=28 November 2008 |title=Faroe islanders told to stop eating 'toxic' whales. |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16159-faroe-islanders-told-to-stop-eating-toxic-whales.html |work=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=21 July 2009}}</ref> However, the Faroese government did not forbid whaling. On 1 July 2011 the Faroese Food and Veterinary Authority announced their recommendation regarding the safety of eating meat and blubber from the pilot whale, which was not as strict as the one of the chief medical officers. The new recommendation says only one dinner with whale meat and blubber per month, with a special recommendation for younger women, girls, pregnant women and breastfeeding women.<ref name="hfs.fo">[http://www.hfs.fo/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HFS/WWW_HFS_FO/UMSITING/KUNNANDITILFAR/KUNNANDITILFARFRABODANIR/KUNNTILFFRAMATVORUR/GRIND_0.PDF hsf.fo – the Faroese Food- and veterinary authority] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810183632/http://www.hfs.fo/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HFS/WWW_HFS_FO/UMSITING/KUNNANDITILFAR/KUNNANDITILFARFRABODANIR/KUNNTILFFRAMATVORUR/GRIND_0.PDF |date=10 August 2014 }}</ref> From 2002 to 2009 the PCB concentration in whale meat has fallen by 75%, DDT values in the same time period have fallen by 70% and mercury levels have also fallen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://us.fo/Default.aspx?ID=10642|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206224651/http://us.fo/Default.aspx?ID=10642|archive-date=6 February 2015|title=Kyksilvur í grind}}</ref> === Iceland=== {{Main|Whaling in Iceland}} In mid-1950s, fishermen in Iceland requested assistance from the government to remove [[killer whale]]s from Icelandic waters as they damaged fishing equipment. With fisheries accounting for 20% of Iceland's employment at the time, the perceived economic impact was significant. The Icelandic government asked the United States for assistance. As a [[NATO]] ally with an air base in Iceland, the [[United States Navy|US Navy]] deployed Patrol Squadrons VP-18 and VP-7 to achieve this task. According to the US Navy, hundreds of animals were killed with [[machinegun]]s, [[rocket]]s and [[depth charge]]s.<ref>United States Navy Archive / Naval Aviation News (1956) [http://www.history.navy.mil/nan/backissues/1950s/1956/dec56.pdf Killer Whales Destroyed - VP-7 accomplishes special task] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309231158/http://www.history.navy.mil/nan/backissues/1950s/1956/dec56.pdf |date=9 March 2014 }}</ref> In the late 1970s, after the [[Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972]] and the ban on hunting killer whales in [[Washington (state)|Washington]] in 1976 as discussed later in this article, the hunting of killer whales in Iceland resumed, this time aiming to capture live animals for the entertainment industry. The first two killer whales captured went to [[Dolfinarium Harderwijk]] in the [[Netherlands]]. One of these animals was soon after transferred to [[SeaWorld]]. These captures continued until 1989 with the additional animals going to SeaWorld, [[Marineland (Antibes)|Marineland Antibes]], [[Marineland of Canada]], [[Kamogawa Sea World]], [[Ocean Park, Hong Kong|Ocean Park Hong Kong]], and [[Conny-Land]].<ref>PBS - Frontline - [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/whales/etc/cron.html A whale of a business - historical chronology], article retrieved 9 March 2014.</ref> Although commercial whaling does still take place in Icelandic waters today, dolphins are no longer hunted and [[whale watching]] is popular amongst tourists. === Japan === {{Main|Taiji dolphin drive hunt|History of dolphin fishing and utilization in Japan}} {{See also|Fishing industry in Japan|Whaling in Japan}} [[File:Taiji.JPG|thumb|The fishing village of [[Taiji, Wakayama|Taiji]]]] The Taiji dolphin drive hunt captures small cetaceans for [[whale meat|their meat]] and for sale to [[dolphinarium]]s. [[Taiji, Wakayama|Taiji]] has a long connection to [[whaling in Japan|Japanese whaling]]. The 2009 documentary film ''[[The Cove (film)|The Cove]]'' drew international attention to the hunt. Taiji is the only town in Japan where drive hunting still takes place on a large scale. Concern is majority through the methodology of the hunt, as actions are viewed as inhumane. An article by ''[[National Geographic]]'' refers to The [[Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums]]' decision to no longer support the Taiji hunt. In 2015, it was announced that there would be a ban in the buying and selling of dolphins through the means of this hunt.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} === Kiribati === Similar drive hunting existed in [[Kiribati]] at least until the mid-20th century.<ref>British diplomat Arthur Grimble's memoir, ''A Pattern of Islands'' (1952)</ref> === Peru === [[File:Dusky Dolphin being skinned.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Dusky dolphin]] being skinned on a boat in Peru]] Though it is forbidden under Peruvian law to hunt dolphins or eat their meat (sold as ''chancho marino'', or ''sea pork'' in English), a large number of dolphins are still killed illegally by fishermen each year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hall |first=Kevin G. |title=Dolphin meat widely available in Peruvian stores: Despite protected status, 'sea pork' is popular fare |newspaper=The Seattle Times |year=2003 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Dolphin+meat+widely+available+in+Peruvian+stores+Despite+protected...-a0102897976 |access-date=7 December 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> To catch the dolphins, they are driven together with boats and encircled with nets, then [[harpoon]]ed, dragged on to the boat, and clubbed to death if still alive. Various species are hunted, such as the [[Bottlenose dolphin|bottlenose]] and [[dusky dolphin]].<ref>Stefan Austermühle (2003), [http://www.awionline.org/pubs/Quarterly/sp03/0603p9.htm Peru's Illegal Dolphin Hunting Kills 1,000 Dolphins or More], article retrieved on 21 June 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061242/http://www.awionline.org/pubs/Quarterly/sp03/0603p9.htm |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> According to estimates from local animal welfare organisation Mundo Azul released in October 2013, between 1,000 and 2,000 dolphins are killed annually for consumption, with a further 5,000 to 15,000 being killed for use as shark bait. Sharks are captured both for their meat and for use of their fins in [[shark fin soup]].<ref>Hispanic Business (2013), [http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2013/10/25/peruvian_officials_to_take_action_to.htm Peruvian Officials to Take Action to Deal with Dolphin Slaughter] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030011252/http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/2013/10/25/peruvian_officials_to_take_action_to.htm |date=30 October 2013 }}, article retrieved 30 October 2013.</ref><ref>All Voices (2013), [http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/15814517-fishermen-butchering-dolphins-for-shark-bait-sparks-global-outrage Fishermen butchering dolphins for shark bait sparks global outrage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102065833/http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/15814517-fishermen-butchering-dolphins-for-shark-bait-sparks-global-outrage |date=2013-11-02 }}, article retrieved 30 October 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Cindy|last2=Romo|first2=Rafael|title=Dolphins killed for shark bait in Peru|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/world/americas/dolphins-killed-peru/|access-date=8 October 2016|work=CNN|date=23 October 2013}}</ref> === Solomon Islands === {{Main|Malaita dolphin drive hunt}} <!-- FAIR USE of Dolphinhuntsolomon.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dolphinhuntsolomon.jpg for rationale --> [[File:Dolphinhuntsolomon.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Dolphins in a canoe after being killed by locals on the [[Solomon Islands]]]] Dolphin are hunted in Malaita, in the [[Solomon Islands]] in the [[South Sea Islands|South Pacific]], mainly for [[whale meat|their meat]] and teeth, and also sometimes for live capture for [[dolphinarium]]s. The hunt on [[South Malaita Island]] is smaller in scale than Tajai.<ref name="TAK1">{{cite book|last1=Takekawa|first1=Daisuke|title=Hunting method and the ecological knowledge of dolphins among the Fanalei villagers of Malaita, Solomon Islands|url=http://westernsolomons.uib.no/docs/Hviding,%20Edvard/Johannes%20&%20Hviding%202000%20SPC%20Traditional%2012.pdf|year=2000|publisher=SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin No. 12|page=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093949/http://westernsolomons.uib.no/docs/Hviding%2C%20Edvard/Johannes%20%26%20Hviding%202000%20SPC%20Traditional%2012.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> After capture, the meat is shared equally between households. Dolphin teeth are also used in jewelry and as currency on the island.<ref>Takekawa Daisuke & Ethel Falu (1995, 2006), [http://www.apa-apa.net/kirio/kirio-e.htm Dolphin hunting in the Solomon Islands] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064137/http://www.apa-apa.net/kirio/kirio-e.htm |date=2007-09-28 }}, article retrieved on 21 June 2008.</ref> === Taiwan === On the [[Penghu Islands]] in [[Taiwan]], drive fishing of bottlenose dolphins was practiced until 1990, when the practice was outlawed by the government. Mainly [[Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphin]]s but also common bottlenose dolphins were captured in these hunts.<ref>R. R. Reeves, W. F. Perrin, B. L. Taylor, C. S. Baker and S. L. Mesnick (2004), ''Report of the Workshop on Shortcomings of Cetacean Taxonomy in Relation to Needs of Conservation and Management'', page 27, section ''Management of cetacean exploitation''. Article retrieved on 21 October 2006.</ref> === United States === {{See also|Whaling in the United States}} ====New England==== [[File:Black Fish driven ashore at South Wellfleet, Cape Cod, Mass., about 1500 in the school, sold for fifteen thousand dollars, which was divided among 300 inhabitants (68237).jpg|left|thumb|1500 pilot whales driven ashore at [[Cape Cod]] in 1885, and sold for a considerable sum for their oil]] From 1644 at [[Southampton, New York]], on [[Long Island]], the colonists established an organised whale fishery, chasing [[pilot whale]]s ("blackfish") onto the shelving beaches for slaughter. They also processed [[drift whale]]s they found on shore. They observed the Native Americans hunting techniques, improved on their weapons and boats, and then went out to ocean hunting.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Federal Writers' Project|title=Whaling Masters|publisher=Works Progress Administration}}</ref>{{update inline|date=July 2019}}<!-- no longer practiced; when did it stop? --> ==== Hawaii ==== In ancient [[Hawaii]], fishermen occasionally hunted dolphins for their meat by driving them onto the beach and killing them. In their ancient legal system, dolphin meat was considered to be ''[[Kapu (Hawaiian culture)|kapu]]'' (forbidden) for women together with several other kinds of food. As of 2008, dolphin drive hunting no longer takes place in Hawaii.<ref>Earthtrust (year unknown), [https://web.archive.org/web/20130816121045/http://earthtrust.org/wlcurric/dolphins.html - Hunting/Subsistence Use], article retrieved on 21 June 2008.</ref> ==== Texas ==== Hunting dolphins (at the time still often incorrectly referred to as fish or porpoises), primarily using harpoons and firearms, was considered a form of recreational hunting along the shores of the [[Gulf of Mexico]] in [[Texas]] in the late 19th and early 20th century. Pleasure dolphin hunting cruises could be booked in [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]] in the 1920s, with a promise to tourists that if no successful dolphin kill was made, the excursion would be free of charge.<ref name="Caller">Allison Ehrlich, David Sikes for the Corpus Christi Caller (2011), [http://www.caller.com/news/2011/apr/10/the-evolution-of-our-attitudes-on-dolphin/ Bottlenose dolphins make journey from harpoon target to darling of the sea], article retrieved 9 March 2014.</ref> The brutality of the practice started to spark animal welfare concerns and there is no reference of this practice still occurring in Texas after the [[Second World War]].<ref name="Caller"/><ref>The Galveston Daily News (1936) / Newspaper Archive [https://newspaperarchive.com/us/texas/galveston/galveston-daily-news/1936/12-04/page-9?tag=porpoise+harpoon&rtserp=tags/porpoise-harpoon?pci=7 Man who had porpoise on line tells of companion's loyalty and pitiful moans.]</ref> ====Washington==== Drive hunting methods were used to capture orcas in [[Puget Sound]] in the 1960s and 1970s. These hunts were led by aquarium owner and entrepreneur [[Edward "Ted" Griffin]] and his partner Don Goldsberry. After Griffin purchased an orca that was caught by accident by fishermen in [[Namu, British Columbia|Namu]], [[British Columbia]], in 1965, Griffin and Goldsberry used drive hunting techniques in the Puget Sound area to capture orcas for the entertainment industry.<ref>[[PBS]] - [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/whales/etc/summary.html Edward "Ted" Griffin - The Life and Adventures of a man who caught Killer Whales], article retrieved 19 December 2013.</ref> They implemented their new methods for orca capture in their [[Yukon Harbor orca capture operation|Yukon Harbor operation]] in 1967.<ref name=Colby103>{{cite book |last=Colby |first=Jason M. |title=Orca: how we came to know and love the ocean's greatest predator |year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780190673116 |page=103 }}</ref> Others followed and despite the [[Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972]] the practice continued until 1976 when the state of Washington ordered the release of a number of orcas that were being held in [[Budd Inlet]] and subsequently banned the practice.<ref>Timothy Egan, The Good Rain: Across Time & Terrain in the Pacific Northwest, page 141.</ref> == See also == * [[Animal welfare]] * [[Whaling]] == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [http://www.atlanticblue.de atlanticblue - The inhumane dolphin slaughter in Taiji, Japan 2011] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3956355.stm BBC news - dining with the dolphin hunters in Japan] * [http://www.whaling.fo/ Faroe Islands official whaling website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110227051045/http://www.eia-international.org/campaigns/species/cetaceans/ EIA reports]: Up to date info. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110512171654/http://www.eia-global.org/species_in_peril/whales_dolphins_purposes.html EIA in the USA - reports on drive hunts]: Up to date reports and info * [http://www.atlanticblue.de/ Atlanticblue e.V. website, with current information about the Taiji dolphin hunt in Japan] (German only) * [http://www.takepart.com/thecove/ Create worldwide awareness of dolphin slaughter and high level of toxic mercury in dolphin meat] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070703180122/http://www.earthisland.org/saveTaijiDolphins/movieObarry.html 3D animation of how a drive works, including links to two videos] * [http://www.glumbert.com:80/media/dolphin Video at Glumbert.com - well known footage of a drive hunt in Futo in 1999] * [http://www.educatedearth.net/video.php?id=2675 Matt Damon Narrated Film via EducatedEarth] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061230192804/http://www.tappedinto.com/asx/bluevoice/Japandolphins.ram Video report produced by BlueVoice.org] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wK31g_ufHg?id=41&type=1 Video about the Taiji drive hunts from November 2007 produced by atlanticblue.de] * [http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/11/japan.dolphins/index.html CNN report on the Taiji drive hunts, 11 February 2008.] ;Mercury poisoning *http://www.theage.com.au/national/mercury-poisoning-linked-to-dolphin-deaths-20080605-2mbw.html *http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090923f2.html *http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/20/world/asia/20iht-dolphin.1.10223011.html {{Whaling}} {{good article}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dolphin Drive Hunting}} [[Category:Animal welfare]] [[Category:Hunting]] [[Category:Cruelty to animals]] [[Category:Dolphins and humans]] [[Category:Environmental impact of fishing]] [[Category:Environmental controversies]] [[Category:Types of whaling]]'