Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|1911 ballet by Igor Stravinsky}}
{{Redirect|Petrouchka|the Soso Maness song|Petrouchka (song)}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox ballet
| name = Petrushka
| image = Nijinski Petrouchka 3.jpg
| caption = Nijinsky as Petrushka
| choreographer = [[Michel Fokine]]
| composer = [[Igor Stravinsky]]
| librettist = Igor Stravinsky<br/>[[Alexandre Benois]]
| based_on = Russian folk material
| premiere = 13 June 1911
| place = [[Théâtre du Châtelet]]<br/>Paris
| ballet_company = [[Ballets Russes]]
| characters = [[Petrushka]]<br/>The Ballerina<br/>The Moor<br/>The Charlatan
| designer = Alexandre Benois
| setting = Admiralty Square<br />[[Saint Petersburg]]<br/>Shrovetide, 1830
| created_for = [[Vaslav Nijinsky]]
| genre = Ballet burlesque
| type =
}}
'''''Petrushka''''' ({{lang-fr|link=no|Pétrouchka}}; {{lang-ru|link=no|Петрушка}}) is a ballet by Russian composer [[Igor Stravinsky]]. It was written for the 1911 Paris season of [[Sergei Diaghilev]]'s [[Ballets Russes]] company; the original choreography was by [[Michel Fokine]] and stage designs and costumes by [[Alexandre Benois]], who assisted Stravinsky with the libretto. The ballet premiered at the [[Théâtre du Châtelet]] on 13 June 1911 with [[Vaslav Nijinsky]] as [[Petrushka]], [[Tamara Karsavina]] as the lead ballerina, Alexander Orlov as the Moor, and [[Enrico Cecchetti]] the charlatan.<ref>Balanchine 1952, p. 305{{incomplete short citation|date=August 2021}}</ref>
''Petrushka'' tells the story of the loves and jealousies of three puppets. The three are brought to life by the Charlatan during the 1830 [[Shrovetide]] Fair (''[[Maslenitsa]]'') in [[Saint Petersburg]]. Petrushka loves the Ballerina, but she rejects him. She prefers the Moor. Petrushka is angry and hurt, and challenges the Moor. The Moor kills him with his [[scimitar]]. Petrushka's ghost rises above the puppet theatre as night falls. He shakes his fist at the Charlatan, then collapses in a second death.
''Petrushka'' brings music, dance, and design together in a unified whole. It is one of the most popular of the Ballets Russes productions. It is usually performed today using the original designs and choreography. Grace Robert wrote in 1946, "Although more than thirty years have elapsed since ''Petrushka'' was first performed, its position as one of the greatest ballets remains unassailed. Its perfect fusion of music, choreography, and décor and its theme{{mdash}}the timeless tragedy of the human spirit{{mdash}}unite to make its appeal universal".{{sfn|Robert|1946|p=231}}
==Russian puppets==
[[File:Маковский Кукольный-театр 1908.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|250px|Petrushka performance in a Russian village, 1908]]
[[Petrushka]] is a [[puppet]]. He is a character known across Europe under different names: [[Punch and Judy|Punch]] in England, [[Pulcinella|Polichinelle]] in France, [[Pulcinella]] in Italy, [[Kasperle]] in Germany, and Petrushka in Russia. Whatever his name, he is a trickster, a rebel, and a wife beater. He enforces moral justice with a wooden club, speaks in a high-pitched, squeaky voice, and argues with the devil. His plays were formulaic and subversive. They repeated key scenes from one play to another. The plays usually ended with a dog, a policeman, or the devil dragging him away.{{sfn|Beumers|2005|pp=160–161}}
Empress [[Anna Ivanovna]] brought marionettes to Russia in the 18th century. These puppets were an amusement for the [[aristocracy]]. Rod puppets were an Asian import. They performed religious plays, mostly at Christmas. Petrushka, however, was a hand puppet. He was loved by the common people. He performed in street theatres and other open air venues in small portable booths or behind screens that could be easily assembled and just as easily disassembled. After the [[Russian Revolution]], Soviet authorities forced Petrushka indoors. They wanted to be better able to monitor his subversiveness.{{sfn|Beumers|2005|pp=160–161}}
==Composition==
[[File:Stravinsky-Nijinsky-Petrouchka.jpg|thumb|340x340px|[[Igor Stravinsky]] with [[Vaslav Nijinsky]] in costume for ''Petrushka''.]]
The gestation of ''Petrushka'' was not a straightforward matter. While completing ''[[The Firebird]]'' during the spring of 1910, Stravinsky had a "vision" of a solemn pagan rite: sage elders, seated in a circle, watching a young girl dance herself to death. They were sacrificing her to propitiate the god of Spring. Such was the theme of ''[[The Rite of Spring]].''<ref>Stravinsky 47.{{incomplete short citation|date=August 2021}}</ref> Immediately following the stunning success of ''The Firebird'' in June 1910, [[Sergei Diaghilev|Diaghilev]] approached Stravinsky about a new ballet; the composer proposed the ''Rite'' theme. Diaghilev accepted in principle and suggested that the premiere might take place during the Paris season of the [[Ballets Russes]] during the spring of 1912.
At the end of September 1910, Diaghilev went to visit Stravinsky in [[Clarens, Switzerland]], where he was living at the time. Expecting to discuss the new ballet, Diaghilev was astonished to find Stravinsky hard at work on a totally different project. Stravinsky, it seems, had had another vision: "I saw a man in evening dress, with long hair, the musician or poet of the romantic tradition. He placed several heteroclite objects on the keyboard and rolled them up and down. At this the orchestra exploded with the most vehement protestations – hammer blows, in fact …"<ref>Quoted in {{harvnb|V. Stravinsky and Craft|1978|p=66}}</ref>
Later, Stravinsky wrote: "[i]n composing the music, I had in my mind a distinct picture of a puppet, suddenly endowed with life, exasperating the patience of the orchestra with diabolical cascades of [[arpeggio]]s. The orchestra in turn retaliates with menacing trumpet blasts."{{sfn|Stravinsky|1936|p=48}} Although Stravinsky had conceived the music as a pure concert work—a ''[[Concert piece|Konzertstück]]'', Diaghilev immediately realized its theatrical potential. The notion of a puppet put Diaghilev in mind of Petrushka, the Russian version of [[Punch and Judy]] puppetry that had formed a traditional part of the pre-Lenten [[Carnival]] festivities in 1830s St. Petersburg.
Stravinsky composed the music during the winter of 1910–11 for Diaghilev's [[Ballets Russes]]. It was premièred in Paris at the [[Théâtre du Châtelet]] on 13 June 1911 under conductor [[Pierre Monteux]], with choreography by [[Michel Fokine]] and sets by [[Alexandre Benois]]. The title role was danced by [[Vaslav Nijinsky]].{{sfn|Walsh|2001}} The work is characterized by the so-called [[Petrushka chord]] (consisting of C major and F{{music|sharp}} major triads played together), a [[bitonality]] device heralding the appearance of the main character.
==Instrumentation==
===1911 original version===
This is scored as follows:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;[[Woodwind instrument|Woodwind]]:
:4 [[Western concert flute|flute]]s (3rd and 4th doubling [[piccolo]])
:4 oboes (4th doubling [[cor anglais]])
:4 clarinets in B{{music|flat}} (4th doubling [[bass clarinet]] in B{{music|flat}})
:4 bassoons (4th doubling [[contrabassoon]])
;[[Brass section|Brass]]:
:4 [[French horn|horns]] in F
:2 trumpets in B{{music|flat}} and A (1st doubling [[piccolo trumpet]] in D)
:2 [[cornet]]s in B{{music|flat}} and A
:3 trombones
:1 tuba
{{col-2}}
;Percussion:
:[[Timpani]]
:[[Bass drum]]
:[[Cymbal]]s
:2 [[snare drum]]s (one offstage)
:[[Tambourine]] (tambour de basque)
:[[Tenor drum]] (tambourin) (offstage)
:[[Triangle (musical instrument)|Triangle]]
:[[Gong|Tamtam]]
:[[Glockenspiel]]
:[[Xylophone]]
:Piano
:[[Celesta]] (2- and 4-hand)
:2 [[harp]]s
;[[String instrument|Strings]]
{{col-end}}
===1946 revised version===
Stravinsky's 1946 version, published in 1947, is for a smaller orchestra.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Woodwind:
:3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo)
:2 oboes
:1 cor anglais
:3 clarinets in B{{music|flat}} (3rd doubling bass clarinet in B{{music|flat}})
:2 bassoons
:1 contrabassoon
;Brass:
:4 horns in F
:3 trumpets in B{{music|flat}} and C
:3 trombones
:1 tuba
{{col-2}}
;Percussion:
:Timpani
:Bass drum
:Cymbals
:Snare drum
:Tambourine
:Triangle
:Tamtam
:Xylophone
:Piano
:Celesta
:Harp
;Strings
{{col-end}}
==Libretto and story==
[[File:Petrouchka by A. Benois 01.jpg|thumb|left|280x280px|The Shrovetide Fair by Benois]]
While the original idea was Stravinsky's, [[Alexandre Benois]] provided the ethnographic details of the Shrovetide Fair and the traditions of the Russian puppet theater. And although ''Petrushka'' is frequently cited as an example of the complete integration of libretto, music, choreography, and scenic design, Stravinsky had composed significant portions of the music (chiefly the second tableau) before Benois became involved with the project.
<!-- According to [[Leonard Bernstein]] on his ''[[Young People's Concerts]]'', one of the hallmarks of this ballet and Stravinsky's ''[[The Firebird]]'' is that there are no ''[[divertissement]]s'' in them; every single dance is firmly integrated into the plotline. -->
=== First tableau: ''The Shrovetide Fair'' ===
''Petrushka'' begins with a festive orchestral introduction based, in part, on historical Russian street-hawkers' cries.<ref name="TarTunes696">Taruskin 1998, p. 696{{incomplete short citation|date=April 2020}}</ref> The curtain rises to reveal [[St. Petersburg]]'s Admiralty Square during the 1830s. The stage set (also by Benois) depicts several hucksters' booths, a ferris-wheel, a carousel, and (upstage center) a puppet theater. A crowd has gathered for the [[Shrovetide]] Fair (known as ''[[Maslenitsa]]''), the carnival (analogous to [[Mardi Gras]]) preceding [[Lent]].
In Fokine's original choreography, a group of Drunken Revelers emerges from the crowd, dancing to Stravinsky's adaptation of the folk-tune "Song of the Volochobniki" ("Dalalin' Dalalin'" from Rimsky-Korsakov Op. 24 No. 47).<ref name="TarTunes696" />
{{Block indent|<score sound="1">
\relative {
\key f \major
\time 2/4
\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 128
{g''4 g4 | g4 c4 | bes4 a8 g8 | f4 a4 | g4 c4 | bes4 a8 g8 | f4 a4
| g4 g4 | a4 g8 f8 | \time 3/4 g4 f4 a4 | \time 2/4 g8 f8 g4 | g4}
}
</score>}}
Suddenly, the festive music is interrupted by strident brass announcing the appearance of the Master of Ceremonies on the balcony of his booth. The equivalent of a carnival "barker", he boasts of the attractions to be seen within. <!-- Stravinsky's use of ostinato and off-beat rhythms -->
The squeaks of a street-organ are heard (clarinets and flutes) as an Organ-Grinder and Dancing Girl emerge from the crowd, which at first pays little attention as the barker continues to shout. The Dancer moves downstage and begins to dance to another Russian folk-song, "Toward Evening, in Rainy Autumn",<ref name="TarTunes696" /> while playing the triangle.
At the other end of the stage, a second Dancing Girl appears, accompanied by a music box (suggested in the orchestra by the celesta). The two Dancing Girls compete for the crowd's attention to the strains of a ribald French music-hall song about a woman with a wooden leg: "Une Jambe de bois".<ref name="TarTunes696" /> Both tunes are repeated.
{{Block indent|<score sound="1">
\relative {
\time 2/4
\partial 4
{g''8. (f16 | e8) e8 e8 e8 e4 c8 (d8 | e8 d8 c8 e8 d4)
f8. (e16 | d8) d8 d8 d8 d4 d8 d8 | g8 (f8 e8 d8 e8) r8}
}
</score>}}
The Drunken Revelers return (again to the "Song of the Volochobniki") interrupted several times by the Barker's boasts. The street-hawkers' cries of the very opening are heard once more.
Suddenly, two drummers summon the crowd to the puppet theater with deafening drumrolls. The Magician (sometimes called the "Charlatan") appears to mystical groans from the bassoon and contrabassoon. When he has everyone's attention, he produces a flute and begins to play a long, improvisatory melody. The curtain of the puppet theater rises to reveal three puppets hanging on the wall: the Moor, the Ballerina, and Petrushka. When the Magician touches them with his flute (to chirps in the orchestra), they seem to awaken.
The astonished crowd watches as, with a wave of the Magician's hand, the three puppets begin a vigorous Russian Dance (based on two more Russian folk-tunes: "A Linden Tree Is in the Field" and "Song for St. John's Eve").<ref name="TarTunes696" />
{{Block indent|<score sound="1">
\relative c''' {
\key c \major
\time 2/4
{ b16^\markup "First theme of Russian Dance" c16 d8 e16 d16 c16 b16 | a8 a8 b4 | b16 c16 d16 e16 d8 c16 b16 | a8 a8 b4 |
b16 c16 d8 e16 d16 c16 b16 | a8 a8 b8 b8 | b16 c16 d16 e16 d16 c16 b16 a16 | g8 f8 e4 }
}
</score>}}
{{Block indent|<score sound="1">
\relative c'' {
\key a \major
\time 2/4
{ e8-.^\markup "Song for St. John's Eve" a8-. gis16 (fis16 b8) |a8 [(b8 a8 gis8)] | b4-> (gis8) cis8 | b8 (gis16 fis16 e8) r8}
}
</score>}}
In Fokine's choreography, they first begin to move their feet (while still hanging on the wall), then burst forth from the puppet theater into the midst of the crowd. The Moor (resplendent in turban and exaggerated pantaloons) is swashbuckling. The Ballerina dances perpetually ''en pointe''. Petrushka, on the other hand, is wooden and awkward. It becomes apparent Petrushka loves the Ballerina; but she has eyes only for the Moor. The Magician calls the dance to a halt; the curtain falls rapidly.
[[File:Petrutxca de Fokine-1911.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Petrushka's Room by [[Alexandre Benois]]]]
=== Second tableau: ''Petrushka's Room'' ===
Although Petrushka's room is inside the puppet theater, the Benois design is fantastical, portraying the night sky with stars and a half-moon; abstract icebergs (or snow-capped mountains), and a prominent portrait of the Magician.
Drumrolls announce the beginning of the second tableau. Without an Introduction, the music begins menacingly. "A foot kicks him onstage; Petrushka falls..."<ref name="Score">{{harvnb|Stravinsky|1912|loc={{Page needed|date=February 2015}}<!--If this is within the score itself, and not in the preface, a bar number would be just as satisfactory as a page number.-->}}</ref>
As Petrushka gradually pulls himself together, we hear a strange [[arpeggio]] in the clarinets: this is the famous "[[Petrushka chord]]" (consisting of juxtaposed triads of C major and F{{music|♯}} major). Petrushka gets to his feet (although shakily) to the accompaniment of waves of arpeggios from the piano (revealing the music's origins in Stravinsky's ''Konzertstück''). The "Petrushka Chord" returns, now violently scored for trumpets, marked in the score "Petrushka's Curses", directed at the portrait of the Magician.
The music turns lyrical as Petrushka falls to his knees and mimes (in turn) his self-pity, love for the Ballerina, and hatred of the Magician.
The Ballerina (still ''en pointe'') sneaks into Petrushka's room, at first unnoticed. As soon as Petrushka sees her, he begins a manic, athletic display of leaps and frantic gestures (although he was barely able to stand before she arrived). Frightened by his exuberance, the Ballerina flees. Petrushka falls to the floor to the mocking of the clarinets.
Another passage of arpeggios for piano grows into a second round of curses directed at the Magician, again represented musically by the "Petrushka Chord", this time scored for full orchestra.<ref name="Score" />
For just a moment, Petrushka peers out of his room at the crowd assembled in Admiralty Square (Stravinsky provides a brief reference to the "crowd music" of the first tableau). Then, Petrushka collapses as we hear a taunting reprise of the clarinets playing the "Petrushka Chord", followed by an odd trumpet call signalling "blackout, curtain."<ref name="Score" />
[[File:Golden Cockerel by A. Benois 01.jpg|thumb|left|251x251px|The Moor's Room by Benois]]
=== Third tableau: ''The Moor's Room'' ===
As before, drumrolls link the third tableau to its predecessor (in the 1911 score, Stravinsky directs that this drumroll should be omitted in concert performance). In sharp contrast to the darkness of Petrushka's Room, the brilliant colors of the Benois design for the Moor's Room evoke a romanticized desert: palm trees, exotic flowers, sand.
In Fokine's choreography, the Moor reclines on a [[Divan (furniture)|divan]] playing with a [[coconut]]. He then jumps to his feet and attempts to cut it with his scimitar. When he fails he believes that the coconut must be a god and proceeds to pray to it.
The Charlatan places the Ballerina in the Moor's room. The Ballerina is attracted to the Moor's handsome appearance. She plays a saucy tune on a toy trumpet (represented by a [[cornet]] in the original 1911 orchestration) and then dances with the Moor in a [[waltz]] (the themes taken from [[Joseph Lanner]]'s Op. 165 No. 1 and Op. 200 No. 1).{{sfn|Peyser|1999|p=75}}
Petrushka finally breaks free from his cell; he interrupts the seduction of the Ballerina. Petrushka attacks the Moor but soon realizes he is too small and weak. The Moor beats Petrushka. The ballerina faints. The clown-puppet flees for his life, with the Moor chasing him, and escapes from the room.
=== Fourth tableau: ''The Shrovetide Fair (Toward Evening)'' ===
The fourth and final scene returns to the carnival. Some time has passed; it is now early evening. The orchestra introduces a chain of colourful dances as a series of apparently unrelated characters come and go about the stage as snow begins to fall. The first and most prominent is the Wet-Nurses' Dance, performed to the tune of the folk song "Down the Petersky Road". Then comes a peasant with his [[dancing bear]], followed in turn by a group of a gypsies, coachmen and grooms and masqueraders.
As the merrymaking reaches its peak, a cry is heard from the puppet-theater. Petrushka suddenly runs across the scene, followed by the Moor in hot pursuit brandishing his sword, and the terrified Ballerina chasing after the Moor, fearful of what he might do. The crowd is horrified when the Moor catches up with Petrushka and slays him with a single stroke of his blade.
The police question the Charlatan. The Charlatan seeks to restore calm by holding the "corpse" above his head and shaking it to remind everyone that Petrushka is but a puppet.
As night falls and the crowd disperses, the Charlatan leaves, carrying Petrushka's limp body. All of a sudden, Petrushka's ghost appears on the roof of the little theatre, his cry now in the form of angry defiance. Petrushka's spirit thumbs its nose at his tormentor from beyond the wood and straw of his carcass.
Now completely alone, the Charlatan is terrified to see the leering ghost of Petrushka. He runs away while allowing himself a single frightened glance over his shoulder. The scene is hushed, leaving the audience to wonder who is "real" and who is not.{{sfn|Beaumont|1937}}
==Structure==
The work is divided into four ''tableaux'' (scenes). The score further indicates the following episodes:<ref name="Score" />
*First tableau: ''The Shrovetide Fair''
#[Introduction]
#A group of Drunken Revelers passes, dancing
#The Master of Ceremonies entertains the Crowd from his booth above
#An Organ-Grinder appears in the Crowd with a [woman] Dancer
#The Organ-Grinder begins to play
#The Dancer dances, beating time on the triangle
#At the other end of the stage a Music Box plays, another [woman] Dancer dancing around it.
#The first Dancer plays the triangle again
#The Organ and Music Box stop playing; the Master of Ceremonies resumes his pitch
#The Merry Group returns
#Two Drummers, stepping up in front of the Little Theater, attract the attention of the Crowd by their drumrolls
#At the front of [i.e. from inside] the Little Theater appears the Old Magician.
#The Magic Trick<br/>{{Ordered list|type=lower-alpha|The Magician plays the flute|The curtain of the Little Theater opens and the Crowd sees three puppets: Petrushka (Guignol), a Moor, and a Ballerina|The Magician brings them to life by touching them lightly with his flute.}}
#Russian Dance<br/>{{Ordered list|type=lower-alpha|Petrushka, the Moor, and the Ballerina suddenly begin to dance, to the great astonishment of the Crowd|Darkness, the Curtain falls}}
*Second tableau: ''Petrushka's Room''
#As the Curtain rises, the door to Petrushka's room opens suddenly; a foot kicks him onstage; Petrushka falls and the door closes again behind him
#Petrushka's curses
#The Ballerina enters
#The Ballerina leaves
#Petrushka's despair
#Darkness. Curtain.
*Third tableau: ''The Moor's Room'''
#[Introduction]
#The Moor dances
#Appearance of the Ballerina
#Dance of the Ballerina (cornet in hand)
#Waltz (the Ballerina and the Moor)
#The Moor and the Ballerina prick up their ears
#Appearance of Petrushka
#The Fight between the Moor and Petrushka. The Ballerina faints.
#The Moor throws Petrushka Out. Darkness. Curtain.
*Fourth tableau: ''The Shrovetide Fair (Toward Evening)''
#[Introduction]
#The Wet-Nurses' Dance
#A Peasant enters with a Bear. Everyone scatters.
#The Peasant plays the pipe. The Bear walks on his hind feet.
#The Peasant and the Bear leave.
#A Reveling Merchant and two Gypsy Women Enter. He irresponsibly amuses himself by throwing bank notes to the Crowd.
#The Gypsy Women dance. The Merchant plays the accordion.
#The Merchant and the Gypsies leave
#Dance of the Coachmen and the Grooms<br/>{{Ordered list|type=lower-alpha|The Wet-Nurses dance with the Coachmen and the Grooms}}
#The Mummers<br/>{{Ordered list|type=lower-alpha|The Devil (Mummer) induces the Crowd to frolic with him|Buffoonery of the Mummers (Goat and Pig)|The Mummers and the Maskers dance|The rest of the Crowd joins in the Mummers' Dance|The Crowd continues to dance without taking notice of the cries coming from the Little Theater.}}
#The dances break off. Petrushka dashes from the Little Theater, pursued by the Moor, whom the Ballerina tries to restrain.
#The furious Moor seizes him and strikes him with his saber.
#Petrushka falls, his head broken
#A crowd forms around Petrushka
#He dies, still moaning.
#A Policeman is sent to look for the Magician
#The Magician arrives
#He picks up Petrushka's corpse, shaking it.
#The Crowd disperses.
#The Magician remains alone on stage. He drags Petrushka's corpse toward the Little Theater.
#Above the Little Theater appears the Ghost of Petrushka, menacing, thumbing his nose at the Magician.
#The terrified Magician lets the Puppet-Petrushka drop from his hands, and exits quickly, casting frightened glances over his shoulder.
#Curtain
==Other versions==
During rehearsals for the 1911 premiere, Stravinsky and other pianists including Russian composer [[Nikolai Tcherepnin]] used a [[Piano four hands|piano four-hand]] version of the score. This has never been published, although [[Paul Jacobs (pianist)|Paul Jacobs]] and [[Ursula Oppens]], among other pianists, have played it in concert.{{sfn|Jacobs|2008|p=5}}
In 1921, Stravinsky created a virtuosic and celebrated piano arrangement for [[Arthur Rubinstein]], ''[[Trois mouvements de Petrouchka]]'', which the composer admitted he could not play himself, for want of adequate left-hand technique.
[[Herbert Stothart]], who composed the score for ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'', was visited by Stravinsky at MGM in 1936.{{sfn|Daubney|Rosar|2001}} Stravinsky gave Stothart a personal, signed copy of ''Petrushka''. As the main characters in the film run through the Deadly Poppy Field, the opening to the fourth tableau can be heard briefly.{{Citation needed |date=February 2023}}
In 1946, he thinned the ballet's scoring, in part because the original was not covered everywhere by [[copyright]]. The rapid continuous timpani and snare-drum notes that link each scene, optional in 1911, are compulsory in this version, which was published in 1947. The Ballerina's tune is assigned to a trumpet in 1946 in place of a [[cornet]], and the 1946 version provides an optional {{serif|''fff''}} (''[[fortississimo]]'') near the ''piano'' conclusion. Stravinsky also removed some difficult [[metric modulation]]s in the first tableau.
Separately Stravinsky created a [[suite (music)|suite]] for concert performance, an almost complete version of the ballet but cutting the last three sections.
In 1956, an animated version of the ballet appeared as part of [[NBC]]'s ''[[Sol Hurok|Sol Hurok Music Hour]]''. It was personally conducted by Stravinsky himself and was the first such collaboration. Directed by animator [[John David Wilson]] with [[Fine Arts Films]], it has been noted as the first animated special ever to air on television.
[[Frank Zappa]]'s 1960's iteration of his band the [[Mothers of Invention]], would frequently quote ''Petrushka'' either as a standalone performance or during their longer performances of the song King Kong.
In 1988, Maddalena Fagandini directed a version of ''Petrushka'' along with ''[[The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)|The Sleeping Beauty]]'' ([[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]), ''[[The Nutcracker]]'' (and ''the Mouse King'') ([[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]) and ''[[Coppélia]]'' ([[Léo Delibes|Delibes]]) in the BBC puppet film ''Musical Tales'' which was released in VHS.
[[Basil Twist]] debuted his puppetry version of ''Petrushka'' at Lincoln Center in 2001; it was performed as well at [[New York City Center]]'s 2009 [[Fall for Dance Festival]].
A full transcription of the 1911 version for [[Wind Ensemble|symphonic wind ensemble]] in the original key was made by Don Patterson.
Themes from ''Petrushka'' are played on banjo in the track "Russian Folk Themes and Yodel" on [[Pete Seeger]]'s album [[Goofing-Off Suite]], released in 1955 on [[Folkways Records]].
In the 2022 film ''[[Goodbye, Petrushka]]'', Petrushka is a major plot element.
==Notable recordings==
* [[Leopold Stokowski]] conducting the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]], studio recording from 1937, Victor; reissued by Pearl ''(1911 version)'' (mono)
* [[Arturo Toscanini]] conducting the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]], live performance from 1940, [[RCA]] ''(1911 concert suite)'' (mono)
* [[Ferenc Fricsay]] conducting the [[RIAS Symphony Orchestra]], live performance from 1953, [[Deutsche Grammophon]], ''(1947 concert suite)'' (mono)
* [[Ernest Ansermet]] conducting the [[Orchestre de la Suisse Romande]], studio recording from 1950 (London LLP 130) and 1957, [[Decca Records|Decca]], ''(1911 version)''
* [[Pierre Monteux]] conducting the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1959, [[RCA]] ''(1911 version)''
*[[Eugene Aynsley Goossens|Eugene Goossens]] conducting the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], studio [[Walthamstow Assembly Hall]] September 1959, 35mm film master [[Everest Records|Everest]] (1911 "original" version)
* [[Igor Stravinsky]] conducting the [[Columbia Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1961, [[Sony]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Karel Ančerl]] conducting the [[Czech Philharmonic]], studio recording from 1962, [[Supraphon]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Antal Doráti]] conducting the [[Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1962, [[Mercury Records|Mercury]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Leonard Bernstein]] conducting the [[New York Philharmonic]], studio recording from 1969, [[Sony Classical]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Seiji Ozawa]] conducting the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1970, [[RCA]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Pierre Boulez]] conducting the [[New York Philharmonic]], studio recording from 1971, [[Sony]] ''(1911 version)''
* [[Kirill Kondrashin]] conducting the [[Concertgebouw Orchestra]], live performance from 1973, [[Philips]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Bernard Haitink]] conducting the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]], studio recording from 1973, [[Philips]] ''(1911 version)''
* Sir [[Colin Davis]] conducting the [[Concertgebouw Orchestra]], studio recording from 1977, [[Philips]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Claudio Abbado]] conducting the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1980, [[Deutsche Grammophon]] ''(1947 version mislabeled as 1911)''
* [[Charles Dutoit]] conducting the [[Montreal Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1987, [[Decca Records|Decca]] ''(1911 version)''
* [[Riccardo Chailly]] conducting the [[Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra]], studio recording from 1995, London ''(1947 version)''
* [[Robert Craft]] conducting the [[Philharmonia Orchestra]], studio recording from 1997, [[Abbey Road Studios]], London, [[Naxos Records|Naxos]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Lorin Maazel]] conducting the [[Wiener Philharmoniker]] in studio sessions March 23-26, 1998, [[RCA]] ''(1911 version)''
* [[Seiji Ozawa]] conducting the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1999, [[RCA]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Paavo Järvi]] conducting the [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra]], recording in [[Cincinnati Music Hall]] from 2002, [[Telarc]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Andrew Litton]] conducting the [[Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra]], recording in [[Grieghallen]], Bergen, Norway from 2008, [[BIS Records]] SACD ''(1911 version)''
* [[Sir Simon Rattle]] conducting the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], recording in [[Barbican Centre]] from 2017, ''(1947 version)''
==Notes==
{{Reflist|18em}}
===Bibliography===
*{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Beumers|2005}}|reference=Beumers, Birgit. 2005. ''Pop Culture Russia!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle''. Popular Culture in the Contemporary World. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-459-2}} (cloth); {{ISBN|978-1-85109-464-6}} (pbk).}}
*{{cite book|last=Beaumont |first=Cyril W. |title=Complete Book of Ballets: A Guide to the Principal Ballets of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |chapter=Petrushka |publisher=Putnam |location=London |year=1937}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Daubney|first1=Kate|last2=Rosar|first2=William|chapter=Stothart, Herbert|date=2001|title=[[Oxford Music Online]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26873}}
* {{cite book|last=Peyser|first=Joan|author-link=Joan Peyser|year=1999|title=To Boulez and Beyond: Music in Europe Since The Rite of Spring|publisher=Billboard Books|isbn=978-0-8230-7875-2}}
*{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Robert|1946}}|reference=Robert, Grace. (1946). ''The Borzoi Book of Ballets''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.}}
*{{cite book |title=Stravinsky: Music for Four Hands. Jacobs & Oppens |last=Jacobs |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Jacobs (pianist) |year=2008 |publisher=Nonesuch Records & Arbiter of Cultural Traditions |location=New York |url=http://www.arbiterrecords.com/notes/155notes.html |access-date=January 28, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302202836/http://www.arbiterrecords.com/notes/155notes.html |archive-date=March 2, 2012 }}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stravinsky|1912}}|reference=Stravinsky, Igor. [1912]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120625090630/http://imslp.us/php/linkhandler.php?path=%2Fscores%2FStravinsky_Igor_1971%2FStravinsky_-_Petrushka_OrchScore.pdf Petrushka]'', orchestral score. Paris: [[Editions Russes|Éditions russes de musique]], plate R.M.V. 348. Reprinted Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 1988. Retrieved 06-20-2013.}}
*{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stravinsky|1936}}|reference=Stravinsky, Igor. 1936. ''Autobiography.'' New York: Simon and Schuster.}}
*{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|V. Stravinsky and Craft|1978}}|reference=Stravinsky, Vera, and [[Robert Craft]]. 1978. ''Stravinsky in Pictures and Documents.'' New York: Simon and Schuster.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Walsh|2001}}|reference=Walsh, Stephen. 2001. "Stravinsky, Igor". ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan.}}
==Further reading==
* [[Richard Taruskin|Taruskin, Richard]]. 25 October 1998. [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/25/arts/bartok-and-stravinsky-odd-couple-reunited.html "Bartók and Stravinsky: Odd Couple Reunited?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', pp. [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1998/10/25/436356.html?zoom=15.56&pageNumber=88 88], [https://nyti.ms/3t1VkNo 601].
* Taruskin, Richard. 1998. "'Entoiling the Falconet': Russian Musical Orientalism in Context". In ''The Exotic in Western Music'', edited by [[Jonathan Bellman]], 194–217. Boston: Northeastern University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-555-53320-5}} (cloth); {{ISBN|978-1-555-53319-9}} (pbk).
* {{cite book|last=Taruskin|first=Richard|year=1998|chapter=4. Stravinsky's ''Petrushka''|pages=67–113|editor-last=Wachtel|editor-first=Andrew|editor-link=Andrew Wachtel|title=Petrushka: Sources and Contexts|location=Evanston, Illinois|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=978-0-8101-1566-8|ref=none}}
==External links==
* {{IMSLP|work=Petrushka (Stravinsky, Igor)|cname=''Petrushka''}}
* {{cite journal|last=Senderovich|first=Savely|title=Review: ''Petrushka: Sources and Contexts'' by Andrew Wachtel|journal=[[Slavic and East European Journal]]|volume=43|number=4|date=Winter 1999|pages=746–748|jstor=309449|doi=10.2307/309449|ref=none}}
*[https://www.superopera.com/mp3/therecital/therecital.htm Recording] of ''[[Trois mouvements de Petrouchka]]'', Alberto Cobo 2002 (piano)
*[http://www.petruschka-klavierfestival.de/index.asp?lang=2 Petrushka] education website from the [[Klavier-Festival Ruhr]]
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New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '==Russian puppets==
[[File:Маковский Кукольный-театр 1908.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|250px|Petrushka performance in a Russian village, 1908]]
[[Petrushka]] is a [[puppet]]. He is a character known across Europe under different names: [[Punch and Judy|Punch]] in England, [[Pulcinella|Polichinelle]] in France, [[Pulcinella]] in Italy, [[Kasperle]] in Germany, and Petrushka in Russia. Whatever his name, he is a trickster, a rebel, and a wife beater. He enforces moral justice with a wooden club, speaks in a high-pitched, squeaky voice, and argues with the devil. His plays were formulaic and subversive. They repeated key scenes from one play to another. The plays usually ended with a dog, a policeman, or the devil dragging him away.{{sfn|Beumers|2005|pp=160–161}}
Empress [[Anna Ivanovna]] brought marionettes to Russia in the 18th century. These puppets were an amusement for the [[aristocracy]]. Rod puppets were an Asian import. They performed religious plays, mostly at Christmas. Petrushka, however, was a hand puppet. He was loved by the common people. He performed in street theatres and other open air venues in small portable booths or behind screens that could be easily assembled and just as easily disassembled. After the [[Russian Revolution]], Soviet authorities forced Petrushka indoors. They wanted to be better able to monitor his subversiveness.{{sfn|Beumers|2005|pp=160–161}}
==Composition==
[[File:Stravinsky-Nijinsky-Petrouchka.jpg|thumb|340x340px|[[Igor Stravinsky]] with [[Vaslav Nijinsky]] in costume for ''Petrushka''.]]
The gestation of ''Petrushka'' was not a straightforward matter. While completing ''[[The Firebird]]'' during the spring of 1910, Stravinsky had a "vision" of a solemn pagan rite: sage elders, seated in a circle, watching a young girl dance herself to death. They were sacrificing her to propitiate the god of Spring. Such was the theme of ''[[The Rite of Spring]].''<ref>Stravinsky 47.{{incomplete short citation|date=August 2021}}</ref> Immediately following the stunning success of ''The Firebird'' in June 1910, [[Sergei Diaghilev|Diaghilev]] approached Stravinsky about a new ballet; the composer proposed the ''Rite'' theme. Diaghilev accepted in principle and suggested that the premiere might take place during the Paris season of the [[Ballets Russes]] during the spring of 1912.
At the end of September 1910, Diaghilev went to visit Stravinsky in [[Clarens, Switzerland]], where he was living at the time. Expecting to discuss the new ballet, Diaghilev was astonished to find Stravinsky hard at work on a totally different project. Stravinsky, it seems, had had another vision: "I saw a man in evening dress, with long hair, the musician or poet of the romantic tradition. He placed several heteroclite objects on the keyboard and rolled them up and down. At this the orchestra exploded with the most vehement protestations – hammer blows, in fact …"<ref>Quoted in {{harvnb|V. Stravinsky and Craft|1978|p=66}}</ref>
Later, Stravinsky wrote: "[i]n composing the music, I had in my mind a distinct picture of a puppet, suddenly endowed with life, exasperating the patience of the orchestra with diabolical cascades of [[arpeggio]]s. The orchestra in turn retaliates with menacing trumpet blasts."{{sfn|Stravinsky|1936|p=48}} Although Stravinsky had conceived the music as a pure concert work—a ''[[Concert piece|Konzertstück]]'', Diaghilev immediately realized its theatrical potential. The notion of a puppet put Diaghilev in mind of Petrushka, the Russian version of [[Punch and Judy]] puppetry that had formed a traditional part of the pre-Lenten [[Carnival]] festivities in 1830s St. Petersburg.
Stravinsky composed the music during the winter of 1910–11 for Diaghilev's [[Ballets Russes]]. It was premièred in Paris at the [[Théâtre du Châtelet]] on 13 June 1911 under conductor [[Pierre Monteux]], with choreography by [[Michel Fokine]] and sets by [[Alexandre Benois]]. The title role was danced by [[Vaslav Nijinsky]].{{sfn|Walsh|2001}} The work is characterized by the so-called [[Petrushka chord]] (consisting of C major and F{{music|sharp}} major triads played together), a [[bitonality]] device heralding the appearance of the main character.
==Instrumentation==
===1911 original version===
This is scored as follows:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;[[Woodwind instrument|Woodwind]]:
:4 [[Western concert flute|flute]]s (3rd and 4th doubling [[piccolo]])
:4 oboes (4th doubling [[cor anglais]])
:4 clarinets in B{{music|flat}} (4th doubling [[bass clarinet]] in B{{music|flat}})
:4 bassoons (4th doubling [[contrabassoon]])
;[[Brass section|Brass]]:
:4 [[French horn|horns]] in F
:2 trumpets in B{{music|flat}} and A (1st doubling [[piccolo trumpet]] in D)
:2 [[cornet]]s in B{{music|flat}} and A
:3 trombones
:1 tuba
{{col-2}}
;Percussion:
:[[Timpani]]
:[[Bass drum]]
:[[Cymbal]]s
:2 [[snare drum]]s (one offstage)
:[[Tambourine]] (tambour de basque)
:[[Tenor drum]] (tambourin) (offstage)
:[[Triangle (musical instrument)|Triangle]]
:[[Gong|Tamtam]]
:[[Glockenspiel]]
:[[Xylophone]]
:Piano
:[[Celesta]] (2- and 4-hand)
:2 [[harp]]s
;[[String instrument|Strings]]
{{col-end}}
===1946 revised version===
Stravinsky's 1946 version, published in 1947, is for a smaller orchestra.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Woodwind:
:3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo)
:2 oboes
:1 cor anglais
:3 clarinets in B{{music|flat}} (3rd doubling bass clarinet in B{{music|flat}})
:2 bassoons
:1 contrabassoon
;Brass:
:4 horns in F
:3 trumpets in B{{music|flat}} and C
:3 trombones
:1 tuba
{{col-2}}
;Percussion:
:Timpani
:Bass drum
:Cymbals
:Snare drum
:Tambourine
:Triangle
:Tamtam
:Xylophone
:Piano
:Celesta
:Harp
;Strings
{{col-end}}
==Libretto and story==
[[File:Petrouchka by A. Benois 01.jpg|thumb|left|280x280px|The Shrovetide Fair by Benois]]
While the original idea was Stravinsky's, [[Alexandre Benois]] provided the ethnographic details of the Shrovetide Fair and the traditions of the Russian puppet theater. And although ''Petrushka'' is frequently cited as an example of the complete integration of libretto, music, choreography, and scenic design, Stravinsky had composed significant portions of the music (chiefly the second tableau) before Benois became involved with the project.
<!-- According to [[Leonard Bernstein]] on his ''[[Young People's Concerts]]'', one of the hallmarks of this ballet and Stravinsky's ''[[The Firebird]]'' is that there are no ''[[divertissement]]s'' in them; every single dance is firmly integrated into the plotline. -->
=== First tableau: ''The Shrovetide Fair'' ===
''Petrushka'' begins with a festive orchestral introduction based, in part, on historical Russian street-hawkers' cries.<ref name="TarTunes696">Taruskin 1998, p. 696{{incomplete short citation|date=April 2020}}</ref> The curtain rises to reveal [[St. Petersburg]]'s Admiralty Square during the 1830s. The stage set (also by Benois) depicts several hucksters' booths, a ferris-wheel, a carousel, and (upstage center) a puppet theater. A crowd has gathered for the [[Shrovetide]] Fair (known as ''[[Maslenitsa]]''), the carnival (analogous to [[Mardi Gras]]) preceding [[Lent]].
In Fokine's original choreography, a group of Drunken Revelers emerges from the crowd, dancing to Stravinsky's adaptation of the folk-tune "Song of the Volochobniki" ("Dalalin' Dalalin'" from Rimsky-Korsakov Op. 24 No. 47).<ref name="TarTunes696" />
{{Block indent|<score sound="1">
\relative {
\key f \major
\time 2/4
\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 128
{g''4 g4 | g4 c4 | bes4 a8 g8 | f4 a4 | g4 c4 | bes4 a8 g8 | f4 a4
| g4 g4 | a4 g8 f8 | \time 3/4 g4 f4 a4 | \time 2/4 g8 f8 g4 | g4}
}
</score>}}
Suddenly, the festive music is interrupted by strident brass announcing the appearance of the Master of Ceremonies on the balcony of his booth. The equivalent of a carnival "barker", he boasts of the attractions to be seen within. <!-- Stravinsky's use of ostinato and off-beat rhythms -->
The squeaks of a street-organ are heard (clarinets and flutes) as an Organ-Grinder and Dancing Girl emerge from the crowd, which at first pays little attention as the barker continues to shout. The Dancer moves downstage and begins to dance to another Russian folk-song, "Toward Evening, in Rainy Autumn",<ref name="TarTunes696" /> while playing the triangle.
At the other end of the stage, a second Dancing Girl appears, accompanied by a music box (suggested in the orchestra by the celesta). The two Dancing Girls compete for the crowd's attention to the strains of a ribald French music-hall song about a woman with a wooden leg: "Une Jambe de bois".<ref name="TarTunes696" /> Both tunes are repeated.
{{Block indent|<score sound="1">
\relative {
\time 2/4
\partial 4
{g''8. (f16 | e8) e8 e8 e8 e4 c8 (d8 | e8 d8 c8 e8 d4)
f8. (e16 | d8) d8 d8 d8 d4 d8 d8 | g8 (f8 e8 d8 e8) r8}
}
</score>}}
The Drunken Revelers return (again to the "Song of the Volochobniki") interrupted several times by the Barker's boasts. The street-hawkers' cries of the very opening are heard once more.
Suddenly, two drummers summon the crowd to the puppet theater with deafening drumrolls. The Magician (sometimes called the "Charlatan") appears to mystical groans from the bassoon and contrabassoon. When he has everyone's attention, he produces a flute and begins to play a long, improvisatory melody. The curtain of the puppet theater rises to reveal three puppets hanging on the wall: the Moor, the Ballerina, and Petrushka. When the Magician touches them with his flute (to chirps in the orchestra), they seem to awaken.
The astonished crowd watches as, with a wave of the Magician's hand, the three puppets begin a vigorous Russian Dance (based on two more Russian folk-tunes: "A Linden Tree Is in the Field" and "Song for St. John's Eve").<ref name="TarTunes696" />
{{Block indent|<score sound="1">
\relative c''' {
\key c \major
\time 2/4
{ b16^\markup "First theme of Russian Dance" c16 d8 e16 d16 c16 b16 | a8 a8 b4 | b16 c16 d16 e16 d8 c16 b16 | a8 a8 b4 |
b16 c16 d8 e16 d16 c16 b16 | a8 a8 b8 b8 | b16 c16 d16 e16 d16 c16 b16 a16 | g8 f8 e4 }
}
</score>}}
{{Block indent|<score sound="1">
\relative c'' {
\key a \major
\time 2/4
{ e8-.^\markup "Song for St. John's Eve" a8-. gis16 (fis16 b8) |a8 [(b8 a8 gis8)] | b4-> (gis8) cis8 | b8 (gis16 fis16 e8) r8}
}
</score>}}
In Fokine's choreography, they first begin to move their feet (while still hanging on the wall), then burst forth from the puppet theater into the midst of the crowd. The Moor (resplendent in turban and exaggerated pantaloons) is swashbuckling. The Ballerina dances perpetually ''en pointe''. Petrushka, on the other hand, is wooden and awkward. It becomes apparent Petrushka loves the Ballerina; but she has eyes only for the Moor. The Magician calls the dance to a halt; the curtain falls rapidly.
[[File:Petrutxca de Fokine-1911.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Petrushka's Room by [[Alexandre Benois]]]]
=== Second tableau: ''Petrushka's Room'' ===
Although Petrushka's room is inside the puppet theater, the Benois design is fantastical, portraying the night sky with stars and a half-moon; abstract icebergs (or snow-capped mountains), and a prominent portrait of the Magician.
Drumrolls announce the beginning of the second tableau. Without an Introduction, the music begins menacingly. "A foot kicks him onstage; Petrushka falls..."<ref name="Score">{{harvnb|Stravinsky|1912|loc={{Page needed|date=February 2015}}<!--If this is within the score itself, and not in the preface, a bar number would be just as satisfactory as a page number.-->}}</ref>
As Petrushka gradually pulls himself together, we hear a strange [[arpeggio]] in the clarinets: this is the famous "[[Petrushka chord]]" (consisting of juxtaposed triads of C major and F{{music|♯}} major). Petrushka gets to his feet (although shakily) to the accompaniment of waves of arpeggios from the piano (revealing the music's origins in Stravinsky's ''Konzertstück''). The "Petrushka Chord" returns, now violently scored for trumpets, marked in the score "Petrushka's Curses", directed at the portrait of the Magician.
The music turns lyrical as Petrushka falls to his knees and mimes (in turn) his self-pity, love for the Ballerina, and hatred of the Magician.
The Ballerina (still ''en pointe'') sneaks into Petrushka's room, at first unnoticed. As soon as Petrushka sees her, he begins a manic, athletic display of leaps and frantic gestures (although he was barely able to stand before she arrived). Frightened by his exuberance, the Ballerina flees. Petrushka falls to the floor to the mocking of the clarinets.
Another passage of arpeggios for piano grows into a second round of curses directed at the Magician, again represented musically by the "Petrushka Chord", this time scored for full orchestra.<ref name="Score" />
For just a moment, Petrushka peers out of his room at the crowd assembled in Admiralty Square (Stravinsky provides a brief reference to the "crowd music" of the first tableau). Then, Petrushka collapses as we hear a taunting reprise of the clarinets playing the "Petrushka Chord", followed by an odd trumpet call signalling "blackout, curtain."<ref name="Score" />
[[File:Golden Cockerel by A. Benois 01.jpg|thumb|left|251x251px|The Moor's Room by Benois]]
=== Third tableau: ''The Moor's Room'' ===
As before, drumrolls link the third tableau to its predecessor (in the 1911 score, Stravinsky directs that this drumroll should be omitted in concert performance). In sharp contrast to the darkness of Petrushka's Room, the brilliant colors of the Benois design for the Moor's Room evoke a romanticized desert: palm trees, exotic flowers, sand.
In Fokine's choreography, the Moor reclines on a [[Divan (furniture)|divan]] playing with a [[coconut]]. He then jumps to his feet and attempts to cut it with his scimitar. When he fails he believes that the coconut must be a god and proceeds to pray to it.
The Charlatan places the Ballerina in the Moor's room. The Ballerina is attracted to the Moor's handsome appearance. She plays a saucy tune on a toy trumpet (represented by a [[cornet]] in the original 1911 orchestration) and then dances with the Moor in a [[waltz]] (the themes taken from [[Joseph Lanner]]'s Op. 165 No. 1 and Op. 200 No. 1).{{sfn|Peyser|1999|p=75}}
Petrushka finally breaks free from his cell; he interrupts the seduction of the Ballerina. Petrushka attacks the Moor but soon realizes he is too small and weak. The Moor beats Petrushka. The ballerina faints. The clown-puppet flees for his life, with the Moor chasing him, and escapes from the room.
=== Fourth tableau: ''The Shrovetide Fair (Toward Evening)'' ===
The fourth and final scene returns to the carnival. Some time has passed; it is now early evening. The orchestra introduces a chain of colourful dances as a series of apparently unrelated characters come and go about the stage as snow begins to fall. The first and most prominent is the Wet-Nurses' Dance, performed to the tune of the folk song "Down the Petersky Road". Then comes a peasant with his [[dancing bear]], followed in turn by a group of a gypsies, coachmen and grooms and masqueraders.
As the merrymaking reaches its peak, a cry is heard from the puppet-theater. Petrushka suddenly runs across the scene, followed by the Moor in hot pursuit brandishing his sword, and the terrified Ballerina chasing after the Moor, fearful of what he might do. The crowd is horrified when the Moor catches up with Petrushka and slays him with a single stroke of his blade.
The police question the Charlatan. The Charlatan seeks to restore calm by holding the "corpse" above his head and shaking it to remind everyone that Petrushka is but a puppet.
As night falls and the crowd disperses, the Charlatan leaves, carrying Petrushka's limp body. All of a sudden, Petrushka's ghost appears on the roof of the little theatre, his cry now in the form of angry defiance. Petrushka's spirit thumbs its nose at his tormentor from beyond the wood and straw of his carcass.
Now completely alone, the Charlatan is terrified to see the leering ghost of Petrushka. He runs away while allowing himself a single frightened glance over his shoulder. The scene is hushed, leaving the audience to wonder who is "real" and who is not.{{sfn|Beaumont|1937}}
==Structure==
The work is divided into four ''tableaux'' (scenes). The score further indicates the following episodes:<ref name="Score" />
*First tableau: ''The Shrovetide Fair''
#[Introduction]
#A group of Drunken Revelers passes, dancing
#The Master of Ceremonies entertains the Crowd from his booth above
#An Organ-Grinder appears in the Crowd with a [woman] Dancer
#The Organ-Grinder begins to play
#The Dancer dances, beating time on the triangle
#At the other end of the stage a Music Box plays, another [woman] Dancer dancing around it.
#The first Dancer plays the triangle again
#The Organ and Music Box stop playing; the Master of Ceremonies resumes his pitch
#The Merry Group returns
#Two Drummers, stepping up in front of the Little Theater, attract the attention of the Crowd by their drumrolls
#At the front of [i.e. from inside] the Little Theater appears the Old Magician.
#The Magic Trick<br/>{{Ordered list|type=lower-alpha|The Magician plays the flute|The curtain of the Little Theater opens and the Crowd sees three puppets: Petrushka (Guignol), a Moor, and a Ballerina|The Magician brings them to life by touching them lightly with his flute.}}
#Russian Dance<br/>{{Ordered list|type=lower-alpha|Petrushka, the Moor, and the Ballerina suddenly begin to dance, to the great astonishment of the Crowd|Darkness, the Curtain falls}}
*Second tableau: ''Petrushka's Room''
#As the Curtain rises, the door to Petrushka's room opens suddenly; a foot kicks him onstage; Petrushka falls and the door closes again behind him
#Petrushka's curses
#The Ballerina enters
#The Ballerina leaves
#Petrushka's despair
#Darkness. Curtain.
*Third tableau: ''The Moor's Room'''
#[Introduction]
#The Moor dances
#Appearance of the Ballerina
#Dance of the Ballerina (cornet in hand)
#Waltz (the Ballerina and the Moor)
#The Moor and the Ballerina prick up their ears
#Appearance of Petrushka
#The Fight between the Moor and Petrushka. The Ballerina faints.
#The Moor throws Petrushka Out. Darkness. Curtain.
*Fourth tableau: ''The Shrovetide Fair (Toward Evening)''
#[Introduction]
#The Wet-Nurses' Dance
#A Peasant enters with a Bear. Everyone scatters.
#The Peasant plays the pipe. The Bear walks on his hind feet.
#The Peasant and the Bear leave.
#A Reveling Merchant and two Gypsy Women Enter. He irresponsibly amuses himself by throwing bank notes to the Crowd.
#The Gypsy Women dance. The Merchant plays the accordion.
#The Merchant and the Gypsies leave
#Dance of the Coachmen and the Grooms<br/>{{Ordered list|type=lower-alpha|The Wet-Nurses dance with the Coachmen and the Grooms}}
#The Mummers<br/>{{Ordered list|type=lower-alpha|The Devil (Mummer) induces the Crowd to frolic with him|Buffoonery of the Mummers (Goat and Pig)|The Mummers and the Maskers dance|The rest of the Crowd joins in the Mummers' Dance|The Crowd continues to dance without taking notice of the cries coming from the Little Theater.}}
#The dances break off. Petrushka dashes from the Little Theater, pursued by the Moor, whom the Ballerina tries to restrain.
#The furious Moor seizes him and strikes him with his saber.
#Petrushka falls, his head broken
#A crowd forms around Petrushka
#He dies, still moaning.
#A Policeman is sent to look for the Magician
#The Magician arrives
#He picks up Petrushka's corpse, shaking it.
#The Crowd disperses.
#The Magician remains alone on stage. He drags Petrushka's corpse toward the Little Theater.
#Above the Little Theater appears the Ghost of Petrushka, menacing, thumbing his nose at the Magician.
#The terrified Magician lets the Puppet-Petrushka drop from his hands, and exits quickly, casting frightened glances over his shoulder.
#Curtain
==Other versions==
During rehearsals for the 1911 premiere, Stravinsky and other pianists including Russian composer [[Nikolai Tcherepnin]] used a [[Piano four hands|piano four-hand]] version of the score. This has never been published, although [[Paul Jacobs (pianist)|Paul Jacobs]] and [[Ursula Oppens]], among other pianists, have played it in concert.{{sfn|Jacobs|2008|p=5}}
In 1921, Stravinsky created a virtuosic and celebrated piano arrangement for [[Arthur Rubinstein]], ''[[Trois mouvements de Petrouchka]]'', which the composer admitted he could not play himself, for want of adequate left-hand technique.
[[Herbert Stothart]], who composed the score for ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'', was visited by Stravinsky at MGM in 1936.{{sfn|Daubney|Rosar|2001}} Stravinsky gave Stothart a personal, signed copy of ''Petrushka''. As the main characters in the film run through the Deadly Poppy Field, the opening to the fourth tableau can be heard briefly.{{Citation needed |date=February 2023}}
In 1946, he thinned the ballet's scoring, in part because the original was not covered everywhere by [[copyright]]. The rapid continuous timpani and snare-drum notes that link each scene, optional in 1911, are compulsory in this version, which was published in 1947. The Ballerina's tune is assigned to a trumpet in 1946 in place of a [[cornet]], and the 1946 version provides an optional {{serif|''fff''}} (''[[fortississimo]]'') near the ''piano'' conclusion. Stravinsky also removed some difficult [[metric modulation]]s in the first tableau.
Separately Stravinsky created a [[suite (music)|suite]] for concert performance, an almost complete version of the ballet but cutting the last three sections.
In 1956, an animated version of the ballet appeared as part of [[NBC]]'s ''[[Sol Hurok|Sol Hurok Music Hour]]''. It was personally conducted by Stravinsky himself and was the first such collaboration. Directed by animator [[John David Wilson]] with [[Fine Arts Films]], it has been noted as the first animated special ever to air on television.
[[Frank Zappa]]'s 1960's iteration of his band the [[Mothers of Invention]], would frequently quote ''Petrushka'' either as a standalone performance or during their longer performances of the song King Kong.
In 1988, Maddalena Fagandini directed a version of ''Petrushka'' along with ''[[The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)|The Sleeping Beauty]]'' ([[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]), ''[[The Nutcracker]]'' (and ''the Mouse King'') ([[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]) and ''[[Coppélia]]'' ([[Léo Delibes|Delibes]]) in the BBC puppet film ''Musical Tales'' which was released in VHS.
[[Basil Twist]] debuted his puppetry version of ''Petrushka'' at Lincoln Center in 2001; it was performed as well at [[New York City Center]]'s 2009 [[Fall for Dance Festival]].
A full transcription of the 1911 version for [[Wind Ensemble|symphonic wind ensemble]] in the original key was made by Don Patterson.
Themes from ''Petrushka'' are played on banjo in the track "Russian Folk Themes and Yodel" on [[Pete Seeger]]'s album [[Goofing-Off Suite]], released in 1955 on [[Folkways Records]].
In the 2022 film ''[[Goodbye, Petrushka]]'', Petrushka is a major plot element.
==Notable recordings==
* [[Leopold Stokowski]] conducting the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]], studio recording from 1937, Victor; reissued by Pearl ''(1911 version)'' (mono)
* [[Arturo Toscanini]] conducting the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]], live performance from 1940, [[RCA]] ''(1911 concert suite)'' (mono)
* [[Ferenc Fricsay]] conducting the [[RIAS Symphony Orchestra]], live performance from 1953, [[Deutsche Grammophon]], ''(1947 concert suite)'' (mono)
* [[Ernest Ansermet]] conducting the [[Orchestre de la Suisse Romande]], studio recording from 1950 (London LLP 130) and 1957, [[Decca Records|Decca]], ''(1911 version)''
* [[Pierre Monteux]] conducting the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1959, [[RCA]] ''(1911 version)''
*[[Eugene Aynsley Goossens|Eugene Goossens]] conducting the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], studio [[Walthamstow Assembly Hall]] September 1959, 35mm film master [[Everest Records|Everest]] (1911 "original" version)
* [[Igor Stravinsky]] conducting the [[Columbia Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1961, [[Sony]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Karel Ančerl]] conducting the [[Czech Philharmonic]], studio recording from 1962, [[Supraphon]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Antal Doráti]] conducting the [[Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1962, [[Mercury Records|Mercury]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Leonard Bernstein]] conducting the [[New York Philharmonic]], studio recording from 1969, [[Sony Classical]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Seiji Ozawa]] conducting the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1970, [[RCA]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Pierre Boulez]] conducting the [[New York Philharmonic]], studio recording from 1971, [[Sony]] ''(1911 version)''
* [[Kirill Kondrashin]] conducting the [[Concertgebouw Orchestra]], live performance from 1973, [[Philips]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Bernard Haitink]] conducting the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]], studio recording from 1973, [[Philips]] ''(1911 version)''
* Sir [[Colin Davis]] conducting the [[Concertgebouw Orchestra]], studio recording from 1977, [[Philips]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Claudio Abbado]] conducting the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1980, [[Deutsche Grammophon]] ''(1947 version mislabeled as 1911)''
* [[Charles Dutoit]] conducting the [[Montreal Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1987, [[Decca Records|Decca]] ''(1911 version)''
* [[Riccardo Chailly]] conducting the [[Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra]], studio recording from 1995, London ''(1947 version)''
* [[Robert Craft]] conducting the [[Philharmonia Orchestra]], studio recording from 1997, [[Abbey Road Studios]], London, [[Naxos Records|Naxos]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Lorin Maazel]] conducting the [[Wiener Philharmoniker]] in studio sessions March 23-26, 1998, [[RCA]] ''(1911 version)''
* [[Seiji Ozawa]] conducting the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]], studio recording from 1999, [[RCA]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Paavo Järvi]] conducting the [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra]], recording in [[Cincinnati Music Hall]] from 2002, [[Telarc]] ''(1947 version)''
* [[Andrew Litton]] conducting the [[Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra]], recording in [[Grieghallen]], Bergen, Norway from 2008, [[BIS Records]] SACD ''(1911 version)''
* [[Sir Simon Rattle]] conducting the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], recording in [[Barbican Centre]] from 2017, ''(1947 version)''
==Notes==
{{Reflist|18em}}
===Bibliography===
*{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Beumers|2005}}|reference=Beumers, Birgit. 2005. ''Pop Culture Russia!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle''. Popular Culture in the Contemporary World. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-459-2}} (cloth); {{ISBN|978-1-85109-464-6}} (pbk).}}
*{{cite book|last=Beaumont |first=Cyril W. |title=Complete Book of Ballets: A Guide to the Principal Ballets of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |chapter=Petrushka |publisher=Putnam |location=London |year=1937}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Daubney|first1=Kate|last2=Rosar|first2=William|chapter=Stothart, Herbert|date=2001|title=[[Oxford Music Online]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26873}}
* {{cite book|last=Peyser|first=Joan|author-link=Joan Peyser|year=1999|title=To Boulez and Beyond: Music in Europe Since The Rite of Spring|publisher=Billboard Books|isbn=978-0-8230-7875-2}}
*{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Robert|1946}}|reference=Robert, Grace. (1946). ''The Borzoi Book of Ballets''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.}}
*{{cite book |title=Stravinsky: Music for Four Hands. Jacobs & Oppens |last=Jacobs |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Jacobs (pianist) |year=2008 |publisher=Nonesuch Records & Arbiter of Cultural Traditions |location=New York |url=http://www.arbiterrecords.com/notes/155notes.html |access-date=January 28, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302202836/http://www.arbiterrecords.com/notes/155notes.html |archive-date=March 2, 2012 }}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stravinsky|1912}}|reference=Stravinsky, Igor. [1912]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120625090630/http://imslp.us/php/linkhandler.php?path=%2Fscores%2FStravinsky_Igor_1971%2FStravinsky_-_Petrushka_OrchScore.pdf Petrushka]'', orchestral score. Paris: [[Editions Russes|Éditions russes de musique]], plate R.M.V. 348. Reprinted Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 1988. Retrieved 06-20-2013.}}
*{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stravinsky|1936}}|reference=Stravinsky, Igor. 1936. ''Autobiography.'' New York: Simon and Schuster.}}
*{{wikicite|ref={{harvid|V. Stravinsky and Craft|1978}}|reference=Stravinsky, Vera, and [[Robert Craft]]. 1978. ''Stravinsky in Pictures and Documents.'' New York: Simon and Schuster.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Walsh|2001}}|reference=Walsh, Stephen. 2001. "Stravinsky, Igor". ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan.}}
==Further reading==
* [[Richard Taruskin|Taruskin, Richard]]. 25 October 1998. [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/25/arts/bartok-and-stravinsky-odd-couple-reunited.html "Bartók and Stravinsky: Odd Couple Reunited?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', pp. [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1998/10/25/436356.html?zoom=15.56&pageNumber=88 88], [https://nyti.ms/3t1VkNo 601].
* Taruskin, Richard. 1998. "'Entoiling the Falconet': Russian Musical Orientalism in Context". In ''The Exotic in Western Music'', edited by [[Jonathan Bellman]], 194–217. Boston: Northeastern University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-555-53320-5}} (cloth); {{ISBN|978-1-555-53319-9}} (pbk).
* {{cite book|last=Taruskin|first=Richard|year=1998|chapter=4. Stravinsky's ''Petrushka''|pages=67–113|editor-last=Wachtel|editor-first=Andrew|editor-link=Andrew Wachtel|title=Petrushka: Sources and Contexts|location=Evanston, Illinois|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=978-0-8101-1566-8|ref=none}}
==External links==
* {{IMSLP|work=Petrushka (Stravinsky, Igor)|cname=''Petrushka''}}
* {{cite journal|last=Senderovich|first=Savely|title=Review: ''Petrushka: Sources and Contexts'' by Andrew Wachtel|journal=[[Slavic and East European Journal]]|volume=43|number=4|date=Winter 1999|pages=746–748|jstor=309449|doi=10.2307/309449|ref=none}}
*[https://www.superopera.com/mp3/therecital/therecital.htm Recording] of ''[[Trois mouvements de Petrouchka]]'', Alberto Cobo 2002 (piano)
*[http://www.petruschka-klavierfestival.de/index.asp?lang=2 Petrushka] education website from the [[Klavier-Festival Ruhr]]
{{Igor Stravinsky}}
{{Portal bar|Classical music}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1911 ballet premieres]]
[[Category:1911 compositions]]
[[Category:1947 compositions]]
[[Category:Fiction set in the 1830s]]
[[Category:Works set in Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Ballets by Igor Stravinsky]]
[[Category:Ballets by Michel Fokine]]
[[Category:Ballets Russes productions]]
[[Category:Ballets designed by Alexandre Benois]]
[[Category:Pulcinella]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Russian_puppets"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Russian puppets</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Composition"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Composition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Instrumentation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Instrumentation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1911_original_version"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">1911 original version</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1946_revised_version"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">1946 revised version</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Libretto_and_story"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Libretto and story</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#First_tableau:_The_Shrovetide_Fair"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">First tableau: <i>The Shrovetide Fair</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Second_tableau:_Petrushka's_Room"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Second tableau: <i>Petrushka's Room</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Third_tableau:_The_Moor's_Room"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Third tableau: <i>The Moor's Room</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Fourth_tableau:_The_Shrovetide_Fair_(Toward_Evening)"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Fourth tableau: <i>The Shrovetide Fair (Toward Evening)</i></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Structure"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Structure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Other_versions"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Other versions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notable_recordings"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notable recordings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Russian_puppets">Russian puppets</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_1908.jpg/250px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_1908.jpg/375px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_1908.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_1908.jpg/500px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Petrushka performance in a Russian village, 1908</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrushka" title="Petrushka">Petrushka</a> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">puppet</a>. He is a character known across Europe under different names: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punch_and_Judy" title="Punch and Judy">Punch</a> in England, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pulcinella" title="Pulcinella">Polichinelle</a> in France, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pulcinella" title="Pulcinella">Pulcinella</a> in Italy, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kasperle" title="Kasperle">Kasperle</a> in Germany, and Petrushka in Russia. Whatever his name, he is a trickster, a rebel, and a wife beater. He enforces moral justice with a wooden club, speaks in a high-pitched, squeaky voice, and argues with the devil. His plays were formulaic and subversive. They repeated key scenes from one play to another. The plays usually ended with a dog, a policeman, or the devil dragging him away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeumers2005160–161_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeumers2005160–161-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Empress <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anna_Ivanovna" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Ivanovna">Anna Ivanovna</a> brought marionettes to Russia in the 18th century. These puppets were an amusement for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>. Rod puppets were an Asian import. They performed religious plays, mostly at Christmas. Petrushka, however, was a hand puppet. He was loved by the common people. He performed in street theatres and other open air venues in small portable booths or behind screens that could be easily assembled and just as easily disassembled. After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, Soviet authorities forced Petrushka indoors. They wanted to be better able to monitor his subversiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeumers2005160–161_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeumers2005160–161-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Composition">Composition</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Stravinsky-Nijinsky-Petrouchka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Stravinsky-Nijinsky-Petrouchka.jpg/159px-Stravinsky-Nijinsky-Petrouchka.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Stravinsky-Nijinsky-Petrouchka.jpg/239px-Stravinsky-Nijinsky-Petrouchka.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Stravinsky-Nijinsky-Petrouchka.jpg/319px-Stravinsky-Nijinsky-Petrouchka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Vaslav Nijinsky</a> in costume for <i>Petrushka</i>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The gestation of <i>Petrushka</i> was not a straightforward matter. While completing <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i> during the spring of 1910, Stravinsky had a "vision" of a solemn pagan rite: sage elders, seated in a circle, watching a young girl dance herself to death. They were sacrificing her to propitiate the god of Spring. Such was the theme of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Immediately following the stunning success of <i>The Firebird</i> in June 1910, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a> approached Stravinsky about a new ballet; the composer proposed the <i>Rite</i> theme. Diaghilev accepted in principle and suggested that the premiere might take place during the Paris season of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a> during the spring of 1912.
</p><p>At the end of September 1910, Diaghilev went to visit Stravinsky in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarens,_Switzerland" title="Clarens, Switzerland">Clarens, Switzerland</a>, where he was living at the time. Expecting to discuss the new ballet, Diaghilev was astonished to find Stravinsky hard at work on a totally different project. Stravinsky, it seems, had had another vision: "I saw a man in evening dress, with long hair, the musician or poet of the romantic tradition. He placed several heteroclite objects on the keyboard and rolled them up and down. At this the orchestra exploded with the most vehement protestations – hammer blows, in fact …"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Later, Stravinsky wrote: "[i]n composing the music, I had in my mind a distinct picture of a puppet, suddenly endowed with life, exasperating the patience of the orchestra with diabolical cascades of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">arpeggios</a>. The orchestra in turn retaliates with menacing trumpet blasts."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStravinsky193648_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStravinsky193648-4">[4]</a></sup> Although Stravinsky had conceived the music as a pure concert work—a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concert_piece" title="Concert piece">Konzertstück</a></i>, Diaghilev immediately realized its theatrical potential. The notion of a puppet put Diaghilev in mind of Petrushka, the Russian version of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punch_and_Judy" title="Punch and Judy">Punch and Judy</a> puppetry that had formed a traditional part of the pre-Lenten <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> festivities in 1830s St. Petersburg.
</p><p>Stravinsky composed the music during the winter of 1910–11 for Diaghilev's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a>. It was premièred in Paris at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Théâtre du Châtelet">Théâtre du Châtelet</a> on 13 June 1911 under conductor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Monteux" title="Pierre Monteux">Pierre Monteux</a>, with choreography by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Michel Fokine</a> and sets by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexandre_Benois" title="Alexandre Benois">Alexandre Benois</a>. The title role was danced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Vaslav Nijinsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2001-5">[5]</a></sup> The work is characterized by the so-called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrushka_chord" title="Petrushka chord">Petrushka chord</a> (consisting of C major and F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> major triads played together), a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bitonality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitonality">bitonality</a> device heralding the appearance of the main character.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1911_original_version">1911 original version</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>This is scored as follows:
</p>
<div>
<table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width: 50%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<dl><dt><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">Woodwind</a></dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd>4 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flutes</a> (3rd and 4th doubling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>)</dd>
<dd>4 oboes (4th doubling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">cor anglais</a>)</dd>
<dd>4 clarinets in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> (4th doubling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a> in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>)</dd>
<dd>4 bassoons (4th doubling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a>)</dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brass_section" title="Brass section">Brass</a></dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd>4 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horns</a> in F</dd>
<dd>2 trumpets in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> and A (1st doubling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet" title="Piccolo trumpet">piccolo trumpet</a> in D)</dd>
<dd>2 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornets</a> in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> and A</dd>
<dd>3 trombones</dd>
<dd>1 tuba</dd></dl>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<dl><dt>Percussion</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drum</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">Cymbals</a></dd>
<dd>2 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drums</a> (one offstage)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a> (tambour de basque)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenor_drum" title="Tenor drum">Tenor drum</a> (tambourin) (offstage)</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Triangle</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">Tamtam</a></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">Glockenspiel</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophone</a></dd>
<dd>Piano</dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a> (2- and 4-hand)</dd>
<dd>2 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harps</a></dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a href="/enwiki/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">Strings</a></dt></dl>
<p> 
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1946_revised_version">1946 revised version</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Stravinsky's 1946 version, published in 1947, is for a smaller orchestra.
</p>
<div>
<table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width: 50%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<dl><dt>Woodwind</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd>3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo)</dd>
<dd>2 oboes</dd>
<dd>1 cor anglais</dd>
<dd>3 clarinets in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> (3rd doubling bass clarinet in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>)</dd>
<dd>2 bassoons</dd>
<dd>1 contrabassoon</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Brass</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd>4 horns in F</dd>
<dd>3 trumpets in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> and C</dd>
<dd>3 trombones</dd>
<dd>1 tuba</dd></dl>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<dl><dt>Percussion</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dd>Timpani</dd>
<dd>Bass drum</dd>
<dd>Cymbals</dd>
<dd>Snare drum</dd>
<dd>Tambourine</dd>
<dd>Triangle</dd>
<dd>Tamtam</dd>
<dd>Xylophone</dd>
<dd>Piano</dd>
<dd>Celesta</dd>
<dd>Harp</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Strings</dt></dl>
<p> 
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Libretto_and_story">Libretto and story</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Petrouchka_by_A._Benois_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Petrouchka_by_A._Benois_01.jpg/280px-Petrouchka_by_A._Benois_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Petrouchka_by_A._Benois_01.jpg/420px-Petrouchka_by_A._Benois_01.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Petrouchka_by_A._Benois_01.jpg/560px-Petrouchka_by_A._Benois_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>The Shrovetide Fair by Benois</figcaption></figure>
<p>While the original idea was Stravinsky's, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexandre_Benois" title="Alexandre Benois">Alexandre Benois</a> provided the ethnographic details of the Shrovetide Fair and the traditions of the Russian puppet theater. And although <i>Petrushka</i> is frequently cited as an example of the complete integration of libretto, music, choreography, and scenic design, Stravinsky had composed significant portions of the music (chiefly the second tableau) before Benois became involved with the project.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="First_tableau:_The_Shrovetide_Fair">First tableau: <i>The Shrovetide Fair</i></span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><i>Petrushka</i> begins with a festive orchestral introduction based, in part, on historical Russian street-hawkers' cries.<sup id="cite_ref-TarTunes696_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TarTunes696-6">[6]</a></sup> The curtain rises to reveal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>'s Admiralty Square during the 1830s. The stage set (also by Benois) depicts several hucksters' booths, a ferris-wheel, a carousel, and (upstage center) a puppet theater. A crowd has gathered for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrovetide" title="Shrovetide">Shrovetide</a> Fair (known as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a></i>), the carnival (analogous to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a>) preceding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>.
</p><p>In Fokine's original choreography, a group of Drunken Revelers emerges from the crowd, dancing to Stravinsky's adaptation of the folk-tune "Song of the Volochobniki" ("Dalalin' Dalalin'" from Rimsky-Korsakov Op. 24 No. 47).<sup id="cite_ref-TarTunes696_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TarTunes696-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
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<p>Suddenly, the festive music is interrupted by strident brass announcing the appearance of the Master of Ceremonies on the balcony of his booth. The equivalent of a carnival "barker", he boasts of the attractions to be seen within.
</p><p>The squeaks of a street-organ are heard (clarinets and flutes) as an Organ-Grinder and Dancing Girl emerge from the crowd, which at first pays little attention as the barker continues to shout. The Dancer moves downstage and begins to dance to another Russian folk-song, "Toward Evening, in Rainy Autumn",<sup id="cite_ref-TarTunes696_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TarTunes696-6">[6]</a></sup> while playing the triangle.
</p><p>At the other end of the stage, a second Dancing Girl appears, accompanied by a music box (suggested in the orchestra by the celesta). The two Dancing Girls compete for the crowd's attention to the strains of a ribald French music-hall song about a woman with a wooden leg: "Une Jambe de bois".<sup id="cite_ref-TarTunes696_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TarTunes696-6">[6]</a></sup> Both tunes are repeated.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><div class="mw-ext-score" data-midi="/upwiki/score/j/i/jit3v2o95n672n10min8zwc5ui7e489/jit3v2o9.midi"><img src="/upwiki/score/j/i/jit3v2o95n672n10min8zwc5ui7e489/jit3v2o9.png" width="656" height="55" alt=" \relative { \time 2/4 \partial 4 {g''8. (f16 | e8) e8 e8 e8 e4 c8 (d8 | e8 d8 c8 e8 d4) f8. (e16 | d8) d8 d8 d8 d4 d8 d8 | g8 (f8 e8 d8 e8) r8} } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="/upwiki/score/j/i/jit3v2o95n672n10min8zwc5ui7e489/jit3v2o9.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/score/j/i/jit3v2o95n672n10min8zwc5ui7e489/jit3v2o9.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div>
<p>The Drunken Revelers return (again to the "Song of the Volochobniki") interrupted several times by the Barker's boasts. The street-hawkers' cries of the very opening are heard once more.
</p><p>Suddenly, two drummers summon the crowd to the puppet theater with deafening drumrolls. The Magician (sometimes called the "Charlatan") appears to mystical groans from the bassoon and contrabassoon. When he has everyone's attention, he produces a flute and begins to play a long, improvisatory melody. The curtain of the puppet theater rises to reveal three puppets hanging on the wall: the Moor, the Ballerina, and Petrushka. When the Magician touches them with his flute (to chirps in the orchestra), they seem to awaken.
</p><p>The astonished crowd watches as, with a wave of the Magician's hand, the three puppets begin a vigorous Russian Dance (based on two more Russian folk-tunes: "A Linden Tree Is in the Field" and "Song for St. John's Eve").<sup id="cite_ref-TarTunes696_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TarTunes696-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><div class="mw-ext-score" data-midi="/upwiki/score/p/s/ps1rhj3093ecej651jwyyc8qiaikj94/ps1rhj30.midi"><img src="/upwiki/score/p/s/ps1rhj3093ecej651jwyyc8qiaikj94/ps1rhj30.png" width="757" height="79" alt=" \relative c''' { \key c \major \time 2/4 { b16^\markup "First theme of Russian Dance" c16 d8 e16 d16 c16 b16 | a8 a8 b4 | b16 c16 d16 e16 d8 c16 b16 | a8 a8 b4 | b16 c16 d8 e16 d16 c16 b16 | a8 a8 b8 b8 | b16 c16 d16 e16 d16 c16 b16 a16 | g8 f8 e4 } } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="/upwiki/score/p/s/ps1rhj3093ecej651jwyyc8qiaikj94/ps1rhj30.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/score/p/s/ps1rhj3093ecej651jwyyc8qiaikj94/ps1rhj30.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><div class="mw-ext-score" data-midi="/upwiki/score/s/4/s4fkyzvzclei2h79ww3sq2h7ocnwpb7/s4fkyzvz.midi"><img src="/upwiki/score/s/4/s4fkyzvzclei2h79ww3sq2h7ocnwpb7/s4fkyzvz.png" width="525" height="75" alt=" \relative c'' { \key a \major \time 2/4 { e8-.^\markup "Song for St. John's Eve" a8-. gis16 (fis16 b8) |a8 [(b8 a8 gis8)] | b4-> (gis8) cis8 | b8 (gis16 fis16 e8) r8} } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="/upwiki/score/s/4/s4fkyzvzclei2h79ww3sq2h7ocnwpb7/s4fkyzvz.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/score/s/4/s4fkyzvzclei2h79ww3sq2h7ocnwpb7/s4fkyzvz.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div>
<p>In Fokine's choreography, they first begin to move their feet (while still hanging on the wall), then burst forth from the puppet theater into the midst of the crowd. The Moor (resplendent in turban and exaggerated pantaloons) is swashbuckling. The Ballerina dances perpetually <i>en pointe</i>. Petrushka, on the other hand, is wooden and awkward. It becomes apparent Petrushka loves the Ballerina; but she has eyes only for the Moor. The Magician calls the dance to a halt; the curtain falls rapidly.
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Petrutxca_de_Fokine-1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Petrutxca_de_Fokine-1911.jpg/300px-Petrutxca_de_Fokine-1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Petrutxca_de_Fokine-1911.jpg/450px-Petrutxca_de_Fokine-1911.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Petrutxca_de_Fokine-1911.jpg/600px-Petrutxca_de_Fokine-1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Petrushka's Room by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexandre_Benois" title="Alexandre Benois">Alexandre Benois</a></figcaption></figure>
<h3><span id="Second_tableau:_Petrushka.27s_Room"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Second_tableau:_Petrushka's_Room">Second tableau: <i>Petrushka's Room</i></span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Although Petrushka's room is inside the puppet theater, the Benois design is fantastical, portraying the night sky with stars and a half-moon; abstract icebergs (or snow-capped mountains), and a prominent portrait of the Magician.
</p><p>Drumrolls announce the beginning of the second tableau. Without an Introduction, the music begins menacingly. "A foot kicks him onstage; Petrushka falls..."<sup id="cite_ref-Score_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Score-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>As Petrushka gradually pulls himself together, we hear a strange <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">arpeggio</a> in the clarinets: this is the famous "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrushka_chord" title="Petrushka chord">Petrushka chord</a>" (consisting of juxtaposed triads of C major and F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> major). Petrushka gets to his feet (although shakily) to the accompaniment of waves of arpeggios from the piano (revealing the music's origins in Stravinsky's <i>Konzertstück</i>). The "Petrushka Chord" returns, now violently scored for trumpets, marked in the score "Petrushka's Curses", directed at the portrait of the Magician.
</p><p>The music turns lyrical as Petrushka falls to his knees and mimes (in turn) his self-pity, love for the Ballerina, and hatred of the Magician.
</p><p>The Ballerina (still <i>en pointe</i>) sneaks into Petrushka's room, at first unnoticed. As soon as Petrushka sees her, he begins a manic, athletic display of leaps and frantic gestures (although he was barely able to stand before she arrived). Frightened by his exuberance, the Ballerina flees. Petrushka falls to the floor to the mocking of the clarinets.
</p><p>Another passage of arpeggios for piano grows into a second round of curses directed at the Magician, again represented musically by the "Petrushka Chord", this time scored for full orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-Score_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Score-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>For just a moment, Petrushka peers out of his room at the crowd assembled in Admiralty Square (Stravinsky provides a brief reference to the "crowd music" of the first tableau). Then, Petrushka collapses as we hear a taunting reprise of the clarinets playing the "Petrushka Chord", followed by an odd trumpet call signalling "blackout, curtain."<sup id="cite_ref-Score_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Score-7">[7]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Golden_Cockerel_by_A._Benois_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Golden_Cockerel_by_A._Benois_01.jpg/251px-Golden_Cockerel_by_A._Benois_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Golden_Cockerel_by_A._Benois_01.jpg/377px-Golden_Cockerel_by_A._Benois_01.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Golden_Cockerel_by_A._Benois_01.jpg/502px-Golden_Cockerel_by_A._Benois_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>The Moor's Room by Benois</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span id="Third_tableau:_The_Moor.27s_Room"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Third_tableau:_The_Moor's_Room">Third tableau: <i>The Moor's Room</i></span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>As before, drumrolls link the third tableau to its predecessor (in the 1911 score, Stravinsky directs that this drumroll should be omitted in concert performance). In sharp contrast to the darkness of Petrushka's Room, the brilliant colors of the Benois design for the Moor's Room evoke a romanticized desert: palm trees, exotic flowers, sand.
</p><p>In Fokine's choreography, the Moor reclines on a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divan_(furniture)" title="Divan (furniture)">divan</a> playing with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>. He then jumps to his feet and attempts to cut it with his scimitar. When he fails he believes that the coconut must be a god and proceeds to pray to it.
</p><p>The Charlatan places the Ballerina in the Moor's room. The Ballerina is attracted to the Moor's handsome appearance. She plays a saucy tune on a toy trumpet (represented by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornet</a> in the original 1911 orchestration) and then dances with the Moor in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a> (the themes taken from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Lanner" title="Joseph Lanner">Joseph Lanner</a>'s Op. 165 No. 1 and Op. 200 No. 1).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyser199975_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser199975-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Petrushka finally breaks free from his cell; he interrupts the seduction of the Ballerina. Petrushka attacks the Moor but soon realizes he is too small and weak. The Moor beats Petrushka. The ballerina faints. The clown-puppet flees for his life, with the Moor chasing him, and escapes from the room.
</p>
<h3><span id="Fourth_tableau:_The_Shrovetide_Fair_.28Toward_Evening.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fourth_tableau:_The_Shrovetide_Fair_(Toward_Evening)">Fourth tableau: <i>The Shrovetide Fair (Toward Evening)</i></span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The fourth and final scene returns to the carnival. Some time has passed; it is now early evening. The orchestra introduces a chain of colourful dances as a series of apparently unrelated characters come and go about the stage as snow begins to fall. The first and most prominent is the Wet-Nurses' Dance, performed to the tune of the folk song "Down the Petersky Road". Then comes a peasant with his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dancing_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing bear">dancing bear</a>, followed in turn by a group of a gypsies, coachmen and grooms and masqueraders.
</p><p>As the merrymaking reaches its peak, a cry is heard from the puppet-theater. Petrushka suddenly runs across the scene, followed by the Moor in hot pursuit brandishing his sword, and the terrified Ballerina chasing after the Moor, fearful of what he might do. The crowd is horrified when the Moor catches up with Petrushka and slays him with a single stroke of his blade.
</p><p>The police question the Charlatan. The Charlatan seeks to restore calm by holding the "corpse" above his head and shaking it to remind everyone that Petrushka is but a puppet.
</p><p>As night falls and the crowd disperses, the Charlatan leaves, carrying Petrushka's limp body. All of a sudden, Petrushka's ghost appears on the roof of the little theatre, his cry now in the form of angry defiance. Petrushka's spirit thumbs its nose at his tormentor from beyond the wood and straw of his carcass.
</p><p>Now completely alone, the Charlatan is terrified to see the leering ghost of Petrushka. He runs away while allowing himself a single frightened glance over his shoulder. The scene is hushed, leaving the audience to wonder who is "real" and who is not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaumont1937_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaumont1937-9">[9]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Structure">Structure</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The work is divided into four <i>tableaux</i> (scenes). The score further indicates the following episodes:<sup id="cite_ref-Score_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Score-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>First tableau: <i>The Shrovetide Fair</i></li></ul>
<ol><li>[Introduction]</li>
<li>A group of Drunken Revelers passes, dancing</li>
<li>The Master of Ceremonies entertains the Crowd from his booth above</li>
<li>An Organ-Grinder appears in the Crowd with a [woman] Dancer</li>
<li>The Organ-Grinder begins to play</li>
<li>The Dancer dances, beating time on the triangle</li>
<li>At the other end of the stage a Music Box plays, another [woman] Dancer dancing around it.</li>
<li>The first Dancer plays the triangle again</li>
<li>The Organ and Music Box stop playing; the Master of Ceremonies resumes his pitch</li>
<li>The Merry Group returns</li>
<li>Two Drummers, stepping up in front of the Little Theater, attract the attention of the Crowd by their drumrolls</li>
<li>At the front of [i.e. from inside] the Little Theater appears the Old Magician.</li>
<li>The Magic Trick<br /><div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>The Magician plays the flute</li><li>The curtain of the Little Theater opens and the Crowd sees three puppets: Petrushka (Guignol), a Moor, and a Ballerina</li><li>The Magician brings them to life by touching them lightly with his flute.</li></ol></div></li>
<li>Russian Dance<br /><div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>Petrushka, the Moor, and the Ballerina suddenly begin to dance, to the great astonishment of the Crowd</li><li>Darkness, the Curtain falls</li></ol></div></li></ol>
<ul><li>Second tableau: <i>Petrushka's Room</i></li></ul>
<ol><li>As the Curtain rises, the door to Petrushka's room opens suddenly; a foot kicks him onstage; Petrushka falls and the door closes again behind him</li>
<li>Petrushka's curses</li>
<li>The Ballerina enters</li>
<li>The Ballerina leaves</li>
<li>Petrushka's despair</li>
<li>Darkness. Curtain.</li></ol>
<ul><li>Third tableau: <i>The Moor's Room'</i></li></ul>
<ol><li>[Introduction]</li>
<li>The Moor dances</li>
<li>Appearance of the Ballerina</li>
<li>Dance of the Ballerina (cornet in hand)</li>
<li>Waltz (the Ballerina and the Moor)</li>
<li>The Moor and the Ballerina prick up their ears</li>
<li>Appearance of Petrushka</li>
<li>The Fight between the Moor and Petrushka. The Ballerina faints.</li>
<li>The Moor throws Petrushka Out. Darkness. Curtain.</li></ol>
<ul><li>Fourth tableau: <i>The Shrovetide Fair (Toward Evening)</i></li></ul>
<ol><li>[Introduction]</li>
<li>The Wet-Nurses' Dance</li>
<li>A Peasant enters with a Bear. Everyone scatters.</li>
<li>The Peasant plays the pipe. The Bear walks on his hind feet.</li>
<li>The Peasant and the Bear leave.</li>
<li>A Reveling Merchant and two Gypsy Women Enter. He irresponsibly amuses himself by throwing bank notes to the Crowd.</li>
<li>The Gypsy Women dance. The Merchant plays the accordion.</li>
<li>The Merchant and the Gypsies leave</li>
<li>Dance of the Coachmen and the Grooms<br /><div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>The Wet-Nurses dance with the Coachmen and the Grooms</li></ol></div></li>
<li>The Mummers<br /><div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>The Devil (Mummer) induces the Crowd to frolic with him</li><li>Buffoonery of the Mummers (Goat and Pig)</li><li>The Mummers and the Maskers dance</li><li>The rest of the Crowd joins in the Mummers' Dance</li><li>The Crowd continues to dance without taking notice of the cries coming from the Little Theater.</li></ol></div></li>
<li>The dances break off. Petrushka dashes from the Little Theater, pursued by the Moor, whom the Ballerina tries to restrain.</li>
<li>The furious Moor seizes him and strikes him with his saber.</li>
<li>Petrushka falls, his head broken</li>
<li>A crowd forms around Petrushka</li>
<li>He dies, still moaning.</li>
<li>A Policeman is sent to look for the Magician</li>
<li>The Magician arrives</li>
<li>He picks up Petrushka's corpse, shaking it.</li>
<li>The Crowd disperses.</li>
<li>The Magician remains alone on stage. He drags Petrushka's corpse toward the Little Theater.</li>
<li>Above the Little Theater appears the Ghost of Petrushka, menacing, thumbing his nose at the Magician.</li>
<li>The terrified Magician lets the Puppet-Petrushka drop from his hands, and exits quickly, casting frightened glances over his shoulder.</li>
<li>Curtain</li></ol>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_versions">Other versions</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>During rehearsals for the 1911 premiere, Stravinsky and other pianists including Russian composer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikolai_Tcherepnin" title="Nikolai Tcherepnin">Nikolai Tcherepnin</a> used a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piano_four_hands" title="Piano four hands">piano four-hand</a> version of the score. This has never been published, although <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Jacobs_(pianist)" title="Paul Jacobs (pianist)">Paul Jacobs</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursula_Oppens" title="Ursula Oppens">Ursula Oppens</a>, among other pianists, have played it in concert.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs20085_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs20085-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1921, Stravinsky created a virtuosic and celebrated piano arrangement for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trois_mouvements_de_Petrouchka" title="Trois mouvements de Petrouchka">Trois mouvements de Petrouchka</a></i>, which the composer admitted he could not play himself, for want of adequate left-hand technique.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herbert_Stothart" title="Herbert Stothart">Herbert Stothart</a>, who composed the score for <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i>, was visited by Stravinsky at MGM in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaubneyRosar2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaubneyRosar2001-11">[11]</a></sup> Stravinsky gave Stothart a personal, signed copy of <i>Petrushka</i>. As the main characters in the film run through the Deadly Poppy Field, the opening to the fourth tableau can be heard briefly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In 1946, he thinned the ballet's scoring, in part because the original was not covered everywhere by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>. The rapid continuous timpani and snare-drum notes that link each scene, optional in 1911, are compulsory in this version, which was published in 1947. The Ballerina's tune is assigned to a trumpet in 1946 in place of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornet</a>, and the 1946 version provides an optional <span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><i>fff</i></span> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fortississimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortississimo">fortississimo</a></i>) near the <i>piano</i> conclusion. Stravinsky also removed some difficult <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metric_modulation" title="Metric modulation">metric modulations</a> in the first tableau.
</p><p>Separately Stravinsky created a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">suite</a> for concert performance, an almost complete version of the ballet but cutting the last three sections.
</p><p>In 1956, an animated version of the ballet appeared as part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sol_Hurok" title="Sol Hurok">Sol Hurok Music Hour</a></i>. It was personally conducted by Stravinsky himself and was the first such collaboration. Directed by animator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_David_Wilson" title="John David Wilson">John David Wilson</a> with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fine_Arts_Films" title="Fine Arts Films">Fine Arts Films</a>, it has been noted as the first animated special ever to air on television.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>'s 1960's iteration of his band the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mothers_of_Invention" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers of Invention">Mothers of Invention</a>, would frequently quote <i>Petrushka</i> either as a standalone performance or during their longer performances of the song King Kong.
</p><p>In 1988, Maddalena Fagandini directed a version of <i>Petrushka</i> along with <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sleeping_Beauty_(ballet)" title="The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)">The Sleeping Beauty</a></i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>), <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Nutcracker" title="The Nutcracker">The Nutcracker</a></i> (and <i>the Mouse King</i>) (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>) and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copp%C3%A9lia" title="Coppélia">Coppélia</a></i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a>) in the BBC puppet film <i>Musical Tales</i> which was released in VHS.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basil_Twist" title="Basil Twist">Basil Twist</a> debuted his puppetry version of <i>Petrushka</i> at Lincoln Center in 2001; it was performed as well at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City_Center" title="New York City Center">New York City Center</a>'s 2009 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fall_for_Dance_Festival" title="Fall for Dance Festival">Fall for Dance Festival</a>.
</p><p>A full transcription of the 1911 version for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wind_Ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind Ensemble">symphonic wind ensemble</a> in the original key was made by Don Patterson.
</p><p>Themes from <i>Petrushka</i> are played on banjo in the track "Russian Folk Themes and Yodel" on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a>'s album <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goofing-Off_Suite" title="Goofing-Off Suite">Goofing-Off Suite</a>, released in 1955 on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folkways_Records" title="Folkways Records">Folkways Records</a>.
</p><p>In the 2022 film <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goodbye,_Petrushka" title="Goodbye, Petrushka">Goodbye, Petrushka</a></i>, Petrushka is a major plot element.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_recordings">Notable recordings</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a>, studio recording from 1937, Victor; reissued by Pearl <i>(1911 version)</i> (mono)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="NBC Symphony Orchestra">NBC Symphony Orchestra</a>, live performance from 1940, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> <i>(1911 concert suite)</i> (mono)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferenc_Fricsay" title="Ferenc Fricsay">Ferenc Fricsay</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RIAS_Symphony_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAS Symphony Orchestra">RIAS Symphony Orchestra</a>, live performance from 1953, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a>, <i>(1947 concert suite)</i> (mono)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernest_Ansermet" title="Ernest Ansermet">Ernest Ansermet</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orchestre_de_la_Suisse_Romande" title="Orchestre de la Suisse Romande">Orchestre de la Suisse Romande</a>, studio recording from 1950 (London LLP 130) and 1957, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca</a>, <i>(1911 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Monteux" title="Pierre Monteux">Pierre Monteux</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a>, studio recording from 1959, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> <i>(1911 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eugene_Aynsley_Goossens" title="Eugene Aynsley Goossens">Eugene Goossens</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a>, studio <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walthamstow_Assembly_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Walthamstow Assembly Hall">Walthamstow Assembly Hall</a> September 1959, 35mm film master <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Everest_Records" title="Everest Records">Everest</a> (1911 "original" version)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbia_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Columbia Symphony Orchestra">Columbia Symphony Orchestra</a>, studio recording from 1961, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> <i>(1947 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karel_An%C4%8Derl" title="Karel Ančerl">Karel Ančerl</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czech_Philharmonic" title="Czech Philharmonic">Czech Philharmonic</a>, studio recording from 1962, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supraphon" title="Supraphon">Supraphon</a> <i>(1947 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antal_Dor%C3%A1ti" title="Antal Doráti">Antal Doráti</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minneapolis_Symphony_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra">Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra</a>, studio recording from 1962, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury</a> <i>(1947 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>, studio recording from 1969, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sony_Classical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Classical">Sony Classical</a> <i>(1947 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa" title="Seiji Ozawa">Seiji Ozawa</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a>, studio recording from 1970, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> <i>(1947 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>, studio recording from 1971, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> <i>(1911 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirill_Kondrashin" title="Kirill Kondrashin">Kirill Kondrashin</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concertgebouw_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Concertgebouw Orchestra">Concertgebouw Orchestra</a>, live performance from 1973, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> <i>(1947 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bernard_Haitink" title="Bernard Haitink">Bernard Haitink</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="London Philharmonic Orchestra">London Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, studio recording from 1973, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> <i>(1911 version)</i></li>
<li>Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colin_Davis" title="Colin Davis">Colin Davis</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concertgebouw_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Concertgebouw Orchestra">Concertgebouw Orchestra</a>, studio recording from 1977, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> <i>(1947 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a>, studio recording from 1980, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a> <i>(1947 version mislabeled as 1911)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Dutoit" title="Charles Dutoit">Charles Dutoit</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montreal_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Montreal Symphony Orchestra">Montreal Symphony Orchestra</a>, studio recording from 1987, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca</a> <i>(1911 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riccardo_Chailly" title="Riccardo Chailly">Riccardo Chailly</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Concertgebouw_Orchestra" title="Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra">Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra</a>, studio recording from 1995, London <i>(1947 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Craft" title="Robert Craft">Robert Craft</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra" title="Philharmonia Orchestra">Philharmonia Orchestra</a>, studio recording from 1997, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios" title="Abbey Road Studios">Abbey Road Studios</a>, London, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naxos_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Records">Naxos</a> <i>(1947 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lorin_Maazel" title="Lorin Maazel">Lorin Maazel</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wiener_Philharmoniker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiener Philharmoniker">Wiener Philharmoniker</a> in studio sessions March 23-26, 1998, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> <i>(1911 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa" title="Seiji Ozawa">Seiji Ozawa</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a>, studio recording from 1999, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> <i>(1947 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paavo_J%C3%A4rvi" title="Paavo Järvi">Paavo Järvi</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cincinnati_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra">Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra</a>, recording in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cincinnati_Music_Hall" title="Cincinnati Music Hall">Cincinnati Music Hall</a> from 2002, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telarc" class="mw-redirect" title="Telarc">Telarc</a> <i>(1947 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Litton" title="Andrew Litton">Andrew Litton</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bergen_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra">Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, recording in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grieghallen" class="mw-redirect" title="Grieghallen">Grieghallen</a>, Bergen, Norway from 2008, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BIS_Records" title="BIS Records">BIS Records</a> SACD <i>(1911 version)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sir_Simon_Rattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Simon Rattle">Sir Simon Rattle</a> conducting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a>, recording in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbican_Centre" title="Barbican Centre">Barbican Centre</a> from 2017, <i>(1947 version)</i></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 18em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeumers2005160–161-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeumers2005160–161_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeumers2005160–161_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeumers2005">Beumers 2005</a>, pp. 160–161.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stravinsky 47.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (August 2021)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFV._Stravinsky_and_Craft1978">V. Stravinsky and Craft 1978</a>, p. 66</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStravinsky193648-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStravinsky193648_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStravinsky1936">Stravinsky 1936</a>, p. 48.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2001_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2001">Walsh 2001</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TarTunes696-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TarTunes696_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TarTunes696_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TarTunes696_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TarTunes696_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TarTunes696_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taruskin 1998, p. 696<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (April 2020)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Score-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Score_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Score_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Score_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Score_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStravinsky1912">Stravinsky 1912</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser199975-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyser199975_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeyser1999">Peyser 1999</a>, p. 75.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaumont1937-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaumont1937_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaumont1937">Beaumont 1937</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs20085-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs20085_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobs2008">Jacobs 2008</a>, p. 5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaubneyRosar2001-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaubneyRosar2001_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaubneyRosar2001">Daubney & Rosar 2001</a>.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBeumers2005">Beumers, Birgit. 2005. <i>Pop Culture Russia!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle</i>. Popular Culture in the Contemporary World. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-459-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-459-2">978-1-85109-459-2</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-464-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-464-6">978-1-85109-464-6</a> (pbk).</cite></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont1937" class="citation book cs1">Beaumont, Cyril W. (1937). "Petrushka". <i>Complete Book of Ballets: A Guide to the Principal Ballets of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries</i>. London: Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Petrushka&rft.btitle=Complete+Book+of+Ballets%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Principal+Ballets+of+the+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Cyril+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrushka+%28ballet%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDaubneyRosar2001" class="citation book cs1">Daubney, Kate; Rosar, William (2001). "Stothart, Herbert". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Music Online">Oxford Music Online</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.26873">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26873</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stothart%2C+Herbert&rft.btitle=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.26873&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Daubney&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Rosar%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrushka+%28ballet%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPeyser1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joan_Peyser" title="Joan Peyser">Peyser, Joan</a> (1999). <i>To Boulez and Beyond: Music in Europe Since The Rite of Spring</i>. Billboard Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-7875-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-7875-2"><bdi>978-0-8230-7875-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Boulez+and+Beyond%3A+Music+in+Europe+Since+The+Rite+of+Spring&rft.pub=Billboard+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8230-7875-2&rft.aulast=Peyser&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrushka+%28ballet%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFRobert1946">Robert, Grace. (1946). <i>The Borzoi Book of Ballets</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.</cite></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Jacobs_(pianist)" title="Paul Jacobs (pianist)">Jacobs, Paul</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302202836/http://www.arbiterrecords.com/notes/155notes.html"><i>Stravinsky: Music for Four Hands. Jacobs & Oppens</i></a>. New York: Nonesuch Records & Arbiter of Cultural Traditions. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arbiterrecords.com/notes/155notes.html">the original</a> on March 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stravinsky%3A+Music+for+Four+Hands.+Jacobs+%26+Oppens&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Nonesuch+Records+%26+Arbiter+of+Cultural+Traditions&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arbiterrecords.com%2Fnotes%2F155notes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrushka+%28ballet%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStravinsky1912">Stravinsky, Igor. [1912]. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625090630/http://imslp.us/php/linkhandler.php?path=%2Fscores%2FStravinsky_Igor_1971%2FStravinsky_-_Petrushka_OrchScore.pdf">Petrushka</a></i>, orchestral score. Paris: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Editions_Russes" title="Editions Russes">Éditions russes de musique</a>, plate R.M.V. 348. Reprinted Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 1988. Retrieved 06-20-2013.</cite></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStravinsky1936">Stravinsky, Igor. 1936. <i>Autobiography.</i> New York: Simon and Schuster.</cite></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFV._Stravinsky_and_Craft1978">Stravinsky, Vera, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Craft" title="Robert Craft">Robert Craft</a>. 1978. <i>Stravinsky in Pictures and Documents.</i> New York: Simon and Schuster.</cite></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWalsh2001">Walsh, Stephen. 2001. "Stravinsky, Igor". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan.</cite></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Taruskin, Richard</a>. 25 October 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/25/arts/bartok-and-stravinsky-odd-couple-reunited.html">"Bartók and Stravinsky: Odd Couple Reunited?"</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1998/10/25/436356.html?zoom=15.56&pageNumber=88">88</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyti.ms/3t1VkNo">601</a>.</li>
<li>Taruskin, Richard. 1998. "'Entoiling the Falconet': Russian Musical Orientalism in Context". In <i>The Exotic in Western Music</i>, edited by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonathan_Bellman" title="Jonathan Bellman">Jonathan Bellman</a>, 194–217. Boston: Northeastern University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-555-53320-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-555-53320-5">978-1-555-53320-5</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-555-53319-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-555-53319-9">978-1-555-53319-9</a> (pbk).</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1">Taruskin, Richard (1998). "4. Stravinsky's <i>Petrushka</i>". In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Wachtel" title="Andrew Wachtel">Wachtel, Andrew</a> (ed.). <i>Petrushka: Sources and Contexts</i>. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. pp. 67–113. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-1566-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-1566-8"><bdi>978-0-8101-1566-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.+Stravinsky%27s+Petrushka&rft.btitle=Petrushka%3A+Sources+and+Contexts&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=67-113&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-1566-8&rft.aulast=Taruskin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrushka+%28ballet%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Petrushka_(Stravinsky,_Igor)" class="extiw" title="scores:Petrushka (Stravinsky, Igor)"><i>Petrushka</i></a>: Scores at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Senderovich, Savely (Winter 1999). "Review: <i>Petrushka: Sources and Contexts</i> by Andrew Wachtel". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slavic_and_East_European_Journal" title="Slavic and East European Journal">Slavic and East European Journal</a></i>. <b>43</b> (4): 746–748. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F309449">10.2307/309449</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/309449">309449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+and+East+European+Journal&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Petrushka%3A+Sources+and+Contexts+by+Andrew+Wachtel&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=746-748&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F309449&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F309449%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Senderovich&rft.aufirst=Savely&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrushka+%28ballet%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.superopera.com/mp3/therecital/therecital.htm">Recording</a> of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trois_mouvements_de_Petrouchka" title="Trois mouvements de Petrouchka">Trois mouvements de Petrouchka</a></i>, Alberto Cobo 2002 (piano)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petruschka-klavierfestival.de/index.asp?lang=2">Petrushka</a> education website from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klavier-Festival_Ruhr" title="Klavier-Festival Ruhr">Klavier-Festival Ruhr</a></li></ul>
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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Igor_Stravinsky" title="Template:Igor Stravinsky"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #d3d3d3;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Igor_Stravinsky" title="Template talk:Igor Stravinsky"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #d3d3d3;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Igor_Stravinsky" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Igor Stravinsky"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #d3d3d3;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Igor_Stravinsky" class="fn org" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Igor_Stravinsky" title="List of compositions by Igor Stravinsky">List of compositions</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky_discography" title="Igor Stravinsky discography">Discography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Operas and<br />musical dramas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Nightingale_(opera)" title="The Nightingale (opera)"><i>The Nightingale</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renard_(Stravinsky)" title="Renard (Stravinsky)"><i>Renard</i></a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Soldier%27s_Tale" class="mw-redirect" title="The Soldier's Tale">The Soldier's Tale</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mavra" title="Mavra">Mavra</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oedipus_rex_(opera)" title="Oedipus rex (opera)"><i>Oedipus rex</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pers%C3%A9phone_(Stravinsky)" title="Perséphone (Stravinsky)"><i>Perséphone</i></a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Rake%27s_Progress" title="The Rake's Progress">The Rake's Progress</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Flood_(Stravinsky)" title="The Flood (Stravinsky)"><i>The Flood</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Ballets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i></li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Petrushka</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring_discography" title="The Rite of Spring discography">discography</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Les_noces" title="Les noces">Les noces</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pulcinella_(ballet)" title="Pulcinella (ballet)">Pulcinella</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apollo_(ballet)" title="Apollo (ballet)">Apollo</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Fairy%27s_Kiss" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fairy's Kiss">The Fairy's Kiss</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeu_de_cartes_(Stravinsky)" title="Jeu de cartes (Stravinsky)">Jeu de cartes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danses_concertantes_(Stravinsky)" title="Danses concertantes (Stravinsky)">Danses concertantes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sc%C3%A8nes_de_ballet_(Stravinsky)" title="Scènes de ballet (Stravinsky)">Scènes de ballet</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orpheus_(ballet)" title="Orpheus (ballet)">Orpheus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agon_(ballet)" title="Agon (ballet)">Agon</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Symphonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symphony_in_E-flat_(Stravinsky)" title="Symphony in E-flat (Stravinsky)">Symphony in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symphony_of_Psalms" title="Symphony of Psalms">Symphony of Psalms</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symphony_in_C_(Stravinsky)" title="Symphony in C (Stravinsky)">Symphony in C</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symphony_in_Three_Movements" title="Symphony in Three Movements">Symphony in Three Movements</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Orchestral music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scherzo_fantastique" title="Scherzo fantastique">Scherzo fantastique</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feu_d%27artifice" title="Feu d'artifice">Fireworks</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Funeral_Song_(Stravinsky)" title="Funeral Song (Stravinsky)">Funeral Song</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9tudes_(Stravinsky)" title="Quatre études (Stravinsky)">Four Études</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Nightingale" class="mw-redirect" title="The Song of the Nightingale">The Song of the Nightingale</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circus_Polka" title="Circus Polka">Circus Polka</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ode_(Stravinsky)" title="Ode (Stravinsky)">Ode</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scherzo_%C3%A0_la_russe_(Stravinsky)" title="Scherzo à la russe (Stravinsky)">Scherzo à la russe</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greeting_Prelude" title="Greeting Prelude">Greeting Prelude</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Movements_for_Piano_and_Orchestra" title="Movements for Piano and Orchestra">Movements for Piano and Orchestra</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variations:_Aldous_Huxley_in_memoriam" title="Variations: Aldous Huxley in memoriam">Variations: Aldous Huxley in memoriam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canon_on_a_Russian_Popular_Tune" title="Canon on a Russian Popular Tune">Canon on a Russian Popular Tune</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Concertos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concerto_for_Piano_and_Wind_Instruments_(Stravinsky)" title="Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments (Stravinsky)">Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capriccio_for_Piano_and_Orchestra" title="Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra">Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Stravinsky)" title="Violin Concerto (Stravinsky)">Violin Concerto in D</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concerto_in_E-flat_%22Dumbarton_Oaks%22" title="Concerto in E-flat "Dumbarton Oaks"">Concerto in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> (<i>"Dumbarton Oaks"</i>)</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ebony_Concerto_(Stravinsky)" title="Ebony Concerto (Stravinsky)">Ebony Concerto</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concerto_in_D_(Stravinsky)" title="Concerto in D (Stravinsky)">Concerto in D</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Solo<br /> vocal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pastorale_(Stravinsky)" title="Pastorale (Stravinsky)">Pastorale</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pribaoutki" title="Pribaoutki">Pribaoutki</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berceuses_du_chat" title="Berceuses du chat">Berceuses du chat</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham_and_Isaac_(Stravinsky)" title="Abraham and Isaac (Stravinsky)">Abraham and Isaac</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elegy_for_J.F.K." title="Elegy for J.F.K.">Elegy for J.F.K.</a></i></li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Owl_and_the_Pussy_Cat_(Stravinsky)" title="The Owl and the Pussy Cat (Stravinsky)">The Owl and the Pussy Cat</a>"</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Choral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zvezdoliki" title="Zvezdoliki">Zvezdoliki</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ave_Maria_(Stravinsky)" title="Ave Maria (Stravinsky)">Ave Maria</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babel_(Stravinsky)" title="Babel (Stravinsky)">Babel</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_(Stravinsky)" title="Mass (Stravinsky)">Mass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantata_(Stravinsky)" title="Cantata (Stravinsky)">Cantata</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canticum_Sacrum" title="Canticum Sacrum">Canticum Sacrum</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Threni_(Stravinsky)" title="Threni (Stravinsky)">Threni</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Sermon,_a_Narrative,_and_a_Prayer" title="A Sermon, a Narrative, and a Prayer">A Sermon, a Narrative, and a Prayer</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Requiem_Canticles" title="Requiem Canticles">Requiem Canticles</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Piano and<br /> pianola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarantella_(Stravinsky)" title="Tarantella (Stravinsky)">Tarantella</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scherzo_(Stravinsky)" title="Scherzo (Stravinsky)">Scherzo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piano_Sonata_in_F-sharp_minor_(Stravinsky)" title="Piano Sonata in F-sharp minor (Stravinsky)">Piano Sonata in F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> minor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9tudes,_Op._7_(Stravinsky)" title="Quatre études, Op. 7 (Stravinsky)">Four Études</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valse_des_fleurs_(Stravinsky)" title="Valse des fleurs (Stravinsky)">Valse des fleurs</a>"</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Easy_Pieces_(Stravinsky)" title="Three Easy Pieces (Stravinsky)">Three Easy Pieces</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Five_Easy_Pieces_(Stravinsky)" title="Five Easy Pieces (Stravinsky)">Five Easy Pieces</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89tude_for_Pianola" class="mw-redirect" title="Étude for Pianola">Étude for Pianola</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piano-Rag-Music" title="Piano-Rag-Music">Piano-Rag-Music</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Les_cinq_doigts" title="Les cinq doigts">Les cinq doigts</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Movements_from_Petrushka" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Movements from Petrushka">Three Movements from Petrushka</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piano_Sonata_(Stravinsky)" title="Piano Sonata (Stravinsky)">Piano Sonata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serenade_(Stravinsky)" title="Serenade (Stravinsky)">Serenade in A</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concerto_for_Two_Pianos_(Stravinsky)" title="Concerto for Two Pianos (Stravinsky)">Concerto for Two Pianos</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tango_(Stravinsky)" title="Tango (Stravinsky)">Tango</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sonata_for_Two_Pianos_(Stravinsky)" title="Sonata for Two Pianos (Stravinsky)">Sonata for Two Pianos</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Two_Sketches_for_a_Sonata" title="Two Sketches for a Sonata">Two Sketches for a Sonata</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Chamber<br /> music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Pieces_for_String_Quartet" title="Three Pieces for String Quartet">Three Pieces for String Quartet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Pieces_for_Solo_Clarinet" title="Three Pieces for Solo Clarinet">Three Pieces for Solo Clarinet</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lied_ohne_Name" title="Lied ohne Name">Lied ohne Name</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Octet_(Stravinsky)" title="Octet (Stravinsky)">Octet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duo_Concertant" title="Duo Concertant">Duo Concertant</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9gie_(Stravinsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Élégie (Stravinsky)">Elegy</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Septet_(Stravinsky)" title="Septet (Stravinsky)">Septet</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Epitaphium_(Stravinsky)" title="Epitaphium (Stravinsky)">Epitaphium</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Double_Canon_(Stravinsky)" title="Double Canon (Stravinsky)">Double Canon (in Memoriam Raoul Dufy)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symphonies_of_Wind_Instruments" title="Symphonies of Wind Instruments">Symphonies of Wind Instruments</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fanfare_for_a_New_Theatre" title="Fanfare for a New Theatre">Fanfare for a New Theatre</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Arrangements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bluebird_Pas_de_Deux_(Stravinsky)" title="Bluebird Pas de Deux (Stravinsky)">Bluebird Pas de Deux</a></i> (from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sleeping_Beauty_(ballet)" title="The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)">The Sleeping Beauty</a></i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monumentum_pro_Gesualdo" title="Monumentum pro Gesualdo">Monumentum pro Gesualdo</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE; text-align:center;">Parents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fyodor_Stravinsky" title="Fyodor Stravinsky">Fyodor Stravinsky</a> (father)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE; text-align:center;">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yekaterina_Stravinsky" title="Yekaterina Stravinsky">Yekaterina Nosenko</a> (first)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vera_Sudeikina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera Sudeikina">Vera Sudeikina</a> (second)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE; text-align:center;">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soulima_Stravinsky" title="Soulima Stravinsky">Soulima Stravinsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Strawinsky" title="Théodore Strawinsky">Théodore Strawinsky</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE; text-align:center;">Amanuensis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Craft" title="Robert Craft">Robert Craft</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Named for Stravinsky</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_4001%E2%80%935000#382" title="List of minor planets: 4001–5000">4382 Stravinsky</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volga_Star" title="Volga Star">Igor Stravinsky</a></i> (river cruise ship)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stravinsky_(crater)" title="Stravinsky (crater)">Stravinsky (crater)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stravinsky_Fountain" title="Stravinsky Fountain">Stravinsky Fountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stravinsky_Inlet" title="Stravinsky Inlet">Stravinsky Inlet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earnest_Andersson" title="Earnest Andersson">Earnest Andersson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernest_Ansermet" title="Ernest Ansermet">Ernest Ansermet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">George Balanchine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Nadia Boulanger</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coco_Chanel_%26_Igor_Stravinsky" title="Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky">Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky</a></i> (film)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Sergei Diaghilev</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Dushkin" title="Samuel Dushkin">Samuel Dushkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_Louri%C3%A9" title="Arthur Lourié">Arthur Lourié</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monday_Evening_Concerts" title="Monday Evening Concerts">Monday Evening Concerts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet" title="New York City Ballet">New York City Ballet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Monteux" title="Pierre Monteux">Pierre Monteux</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrushka_chord" title="Petrushka chord">Petrushka chord</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psalms_chord" title="Psalms chord">Psalms chord</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand_Ramuz" title="Charles Ferdinand Ramuz">Charles Ferdinand Ramuz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Werner_Reinhart" title="Werner Reinhart">Werner Reinhart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: #EEEEEE;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Igor_Stravinsky" title="Category:Igor Stravinsky">Category</a></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sound icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/16px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/32px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_music_by_Igor_Stravinsky" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audio files of music by Igor Stravinsky">Audio</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740162#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740162#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740162#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13919983h">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13919983h">BnF data</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brahms.ircam.fr/works/work/12232/">BRAHMS</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brahms.ircam.fr/works/work/24831/">2</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/cb04cba5-603f-4d40-b128-a7ae4a356197">MusicBrainz work</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/57deae1f-4fb3-40c3-aa4f-3167ea0e806a">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
