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'{{short description|Island in the Great Salt Lake in Utah, United States}} {{for|another island|Lake Powell}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Antelope Island State Park | iucn_category = <!-- images --> | photo = Antelope Island Cove 2005.jpg | photo_caption = View from Buffalo Point, Antelope Island <!-- map --> | map = | map_image = Antelope Island State Park Map.jpg | map_size = | map_caption = Map of Antelope Island State Park | relief = <!-- location --> | location = [[Davis County, Utah]], United States | nearest_city = | nearest_town = | coordinates = {{Coord|40|57|30|N|112|12|50|W|region:US-UT_dim:20000|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = <!-- stats --> | length = | length_mi = | length_km = 24 | width = | width_mi = | width_km = 7.8 | area_km2 = 109 | area_ref = | elevation = {{convert|5308|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="gnis">{{cite web |url={{Gnis3|1425131}} |title=Antelope Island |date=December 31, 1979 |work=[[Geographic Names Information System]] |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |access-date=2010-01-07}}</ref> | elevation_avg = | elevation_min = | elevation_max = | dimensions = | designation = <!-- dates & info --> | authorized = | created = | designated = | established = 1969 | named_for = Antelope Island | visitation_num = 885,078 | visitation_year = 2022 | visitation_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2023 |title=Park Visitation Data |url=https://stateparks.utah.gov/resources/park-visitation-data/ |website=Utah State Parks}}</ref> | governing_body = Utah State Parks | administrator = | operator = [[List of Utah State Parks|Utah State Parks]] | owner = <!-- website, embedded --> | website = {{URL|https://stateparks.utah.gov/parks/antelope-island/}} | embedded = |alt_name=Pa'ri-bi-na}} '''Antelope Island''' ([[Shoshoni language|Shoshoni]]: '''''Pa’ri-bi-na''''', “Elk breeding place”)<ref>{{Cite web |title=ArcGIS Web Application |url=https://mlibgisservices.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=82b345020c4248a9a0a27cb1febf3072 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=mlibgisservices.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref>,with an area of 42 square miles (109&nbsp;km²), is the largest of ten [[island]]s located within the [[Great Salt Lake]] in [[Utah]]. The island lies in the southeastern portion of the lake, near Salt Lake City and Davis County, and becomes a [[peninsula]] when the lake is at extremely low levels. It is protected as '''Antelope Island State Park'''. The first known non-natives to visit the island were [[John C. Frémont]] and [[Kit Carson]] during exploration of the Great Salt Lake in 1845, who "rode on horseback over salt from the thickness of a wafer to twelve inches" and "were informed by the Indians that there was an abundance of fresh water on it and plenty of antelope".<ref>Carson, K., Autobiography, 1935, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, {{ISBN|0803250312}}, p.89</ref> It is said they shot a [[pronghorn|pronghorn antelope]] on the island, and in gratitude for the meat, they named it Antelope Island. Antelope Island holds populations of pronghorn, [[bighorn sheep]], [[American bison]], [[porcupine]], [[badger]], [[coyote]], [[bobcat]], [[mule deer]], and millions of waterfowl. The bison were introduced to the island in 1893, and the [[Antelope Island bison herd]] has proven to be a valuable genetic pool for bison breeding and conservation purposes. The bison do well, because much of the island is covered by dry, native grassland. The geology of Antelope Island consists mostly of [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plains with prairie grassland on the north, east and south of the island, along with a mountainous central area of older [[Precambrian]] metamorphic and igneous rocks and late Precambrian to [[Paleozoic]] sedimentary rocks, covered by a thin layer of [[Quaternary]] lake deposits, [[colluvium]] and alluvium.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Antelope Island Field Trip: Physiography|url=https://faculty.weber.edu/sharley/aift/physiography.htm|url-status=live|website=Weber State University Department of Botany|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030329031445/http://faculty.weber.edu:80/sharley/AIFT/physiography.htm |archive-date=2003-03-29 }}</ref> The Precambrian deposits on Antelope Island are some of the oldest rocks in the United States, older even than the Precambrian rocks at the bottom of the [[Grand Canyon]]. == State park == [[File:393 MSS P 24 B3 F5.jpg|thumb|left|Antelope Island, {{circa}} 1875–1890. Photo by [[Charles Roscoe Savage]].]] Antelope Island State Park is a Utah [[state park]] and the entire island is included in the park. Early in the 20th century, because of its wildlife and scenery, some suggested that Antelope Island should become a national park, but the movement never came to fruition.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722719,00.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110131221415/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722719,00.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = January 31, 2011 | title = Sport: Hunt | date = 1926-11-25 | access-date = 2010-01-24 | work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> When the [[List of Utah State Parks|Utah State Parks]] System was created, proposals were made to turn Antelope Island into Antelope Island State Park and the proposal gradually gathered public support, but Antelope Island was privately owned at the time. Originally, Antelope Island was used as a ranch for cattle and sheep, starting from the earliest days of the arrival of the [[Mormon pioneers]] into the Salt Lake Valley. [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (Mormons) controlled the ranch on the island from 1848 until approximately 1870. The island was purchased in 1870 by John Dooly Sr., and he established the Island Improvement Company, which managed the island and ranches from 1884 until 1981. The State of Utah purchased the northern part of the island in 1969, and acquired the remainder in 1981 when the state purchased the historical [[Fielding Garr Ranch]]. Subsequently, the cattle and sheep were removed. Antelope Island State Park was established in 1981 as part of the Utah State Parks System. The island is accessible via a 7-mile [[causeway]] from [[Syracuse, Utah|Syracuse]] in [[Davis County, Utah|Davis County]]. Access from [[Interstate 15 in Utah|Interstate 15]] is via exit 332,<ref>[http://www.udot.utah.gov/mileposts/progress_i15.html UDOT Milepost Project: Progress Detail I-15] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018233021/http://www.udot.utah.gov/mileposts/progress_i15.html |date=October 18, 2007}}</ref> then west along Antelope Drive ([[Utah State Route 108|SR-108]]). The island's shore (all but west side of the island) is mostly flat with beaches and plains to the base of the mountains on the island. These steep mountains are visible from most of the northern [[Wasatch Front]], reaching a maximum elevation of {{Convert|6596|ft|m|0}}, which is about {{Convert|2500|ft|m|0}} above the level of the lake. Antelope Island State Park operates a 10-[[watt]] [[travelers' information station]] on 530&nbsp;[[Hertz|kHz]]&nbsp;[[Medium wave|AM]]. The transmitter is on the south side of the causeway near the island. This station can be heard in [[Ogden, Utah|Ogden]] and as far south as [[Salt Lake City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ubstudios.com/slcdx.html|title=SLC DX Report|website=www.ubstudios.com|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref> It carries information about the park's hours of operation & promotes upcoming events that the state park coordinates.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.smeter.net/antelope-island/wpwa752-transmitter.php |title=WPWA752 Traveler's Information Station Transmitter Site |access-date=2008-02-01 |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527035723/http://www.smeter.net/antelope-island/wpwa752-transmitter.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> On the east side of the island, {{Convert|11|mi|km|0}} south of the causeway, is the Fielding Garr Ranch. Here is the oldest building in Utah built by European-Americans that is still on its original foundation. Classes are sometimes taught at the ranch and tours are available. During the warmer parts of the year horses are also available for hourly rental at the ranch, and a tour guide can take riders out to observe the bison. Another option available to explore the island are on a tour or rental on electric bikes from the Antelope E-Bikes shop located in the marina parking lot. The southern part of the road to the Fielding Garr Ranch is controlled by a gate that is open from 9&nbsp;a.m. to 6&nbsp;p.m. on most days. Antelope Island State Park has approximately 300,000 visitors annually. In 2010 it was the fifth most-visited state park in Utah.<ref>[http://stateparks.utah.gov/about/visitation Park Visitation Data | Utah State Parks<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316151606/http://www.stateparks.utah.gov/about/visitation |date=2011-03-16}}</ref> == History == === Native Americans === [[Archeology|Archeological]] evidence dates the earliest habitation of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] in [[Utah]] to about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. [[Paleolithic]] people lived near the [[Great Basin]]'s wetlands, which had an abundance of fish, birds, and small game animals. Big game, including [[Bison occidentalis|giant bison]], [[mammoth]]s and [[Eremotherium|ground sloths]], were also attracted to the water sources. Over the years, the [[megafauna]] disappeared, while American bison, mule deer and pronghorn became more predominant.<ref name="book">{{cite book|last=May|first=Dean L. C.|title=Utah: A People's History|publisher=Bonneville Books|year=1987|isbn=0-87480-284-9|location=Salt Lake City, Utah}}</ref> Around 8000 BC, this population was replaced by the [[Desert Archaic]] people, who sheltered in caves near the [[Great Salt Lake]]. Relying more on gathering than the previous Utah residents, their diet was largely made of [[Typha|cattails]] and other salt tolerant plants such as [[Batis (plant)|pickleweed]], [[Ambrosia dumosa|burro weed]] and [[Cyperaceae|sedge]]. Red meat appears to have been a luxury. The Desert Archaic people used nets and the [[atlatl]] to hunt water fowl, small animals and pronghorns. Artifacts include nets woven with rabbit skin and plant fibers, gaming sticks, woven sandals, and animal figures made from split-twigs. About 3,500 years ago, lake levels rose and the population of Desert Archaic people appears to have dramatically decreased.<ref name="book" /> Artifacts discovered at Antelope Island State Park show that the island was occupied by prehistoric peoples more than 6,000 years ago.<ref name="uoa">{{cite web|url=http://www.utahoutdooractivities.com/antelopeisland.html|title=Antelope Island State Park|publisher=Utah Outdoor Activities|access-date=2010-01-08}}</ref> There are forty [[freshwater]] [[Spring (hydrosphere)|springs]] on Antelope Island. The Fielding Garr Ranch was built near the strongest and most consistent of the springs. Archaeologists have determined that human activity has taken place near these springs for at least 1,000 years.<ref name="garr">{{cite web|url=http://www.utahoutdooractivities.com/fieldingranch.html|title=The Fielding Garr Ranch - Antelope Island State Park|publisher=Utah Outdoor Activities|access-date=2010-01-08}}</ref> === Fielding Garr Ranch === The first [[English American|Anglo-Americans]] to reach the island were [[John C. Fremont]] and [[Kit Carson]]. They explored Antelope Island in 1845 and named the island for the herds of grazing [[pronghorn]].<ref name="uoa" /> Captain [[Howard Stansbury]] used the island as a base. He mapped the lake and attempted to locate where the waters of the lake drained in an attempt to find a waterway to the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="jeff14">{{cite web|url=http://www.utah.com/schmerker/1999/bison.htm|title=On an Island Named for the Antelope, The Bison|author=Schmerker, Jeff|year=1999|publisher=Utah Travel Industry Website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603204741/http://www.utah.com/schmerker/1999/bison.htm|archive-date=2013-06-03|access-date=2010-01-31}}</ref> The first permanent settler on the island was Fielding Garr.<ref name="garr" /> Garr was sent to the island by [[LDS Church]] to establish a ranch for the "church tithing herds".<ref name="garr" /> The [[Fielding Garr Ranch]] was owned and operated by the church until the 1870s for the purpose of providing funds for the [[Perpetual Emigration Fund]]. This fund financed the immigration of Mormon converts from Europe to Utah.<ref name="garr" /> The ranch house, built in 1848, still stands and is the oldest Mormon-built home that is still on its original foundation, in Utah.<ref name="brochure">{{cite web|url=http://www.davisareacvb.com/AntelopeIslandBrochure2008Final.pdf|title=Discover the Adventure: Antelope Island|date=2008-04-11|publisher=Davis Area Convention and Visitors Bureau|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509012656/http://www.davisareacvb.com/AntelopeIslandBrochure2008Final.pdf|archive-date=May 9, 2009|access-date=2010-01-12}}</ref> [[File:Fielding_Garr_Ranch.jpg|thumb|A view of the ranch]] The building of the [[Transcontinental Railroad]] in 1869 opened the rest of the island to settlement by [[Homestead (buildings)|homesteaders]]. The first federal surveys of the island revealed that only the area surrounding the Fielding Garr Ranch had been improved. This discovery gave the federal government the authority to open the island to settlement under the [[Homestead Act]].<ref name="garr" /> Settlement on the island was unsuccessful and by 1900 most of the settlers had not improved their claims and, except for the ranch, the island was free of human habitation.<ref name="garr" /> John Dooly Sr. purchased the island for one million dollars and established the Island Improvement Company. Dooly is responsible for the introduction of the bison, and the foundation of the [[Antelope Island bison herd]]. He brought twelve bison to the island.<ref name="uoa" /> Four bulls, four cows, and four calves were transported by boat on February 15, 1893.<ref name="roundup">{{cite web|url=http://stateparks.utah.gov/roundup|title=Antelope Island Bison Roundup|publisher=Utah State Parks|access-date=2010-01-08}}</ref> At the time there were fewer than 1,000 head of bison in all of North America.<ref name="garr" /> Historians speculate that Dooly introduced the herd to the island for commercial purposes with the idea of establishing a rare opportunity for [[hunter]]s to take the nearly extinct [[American bison]].<ref name="garr" /> The twelve bison became the foundation of the Antelope Island bison herd that numbers between 500 and 700 animals, making it one of the largest and oldest publicly owned American bison herds in the United States.<ref name="roundup" /> [[File:Antelope_Island_State_Park_Old_Truck.jpg|thumb|An old [[Dodge]] pick up truck is a reminder of the days when Antelope Island State Park was an active ranch.]] John Dooly Jr. assumed responsibility for the day-to-day operation of the ranch in about 1902. He focused on raising [[sheep]]. The Fielding Garr Ranch became one of the most industrialized and largest sheep ranching operations in the western United States. A failing [[wool]] market in the 1950s caused a shift in focus on the ranch. Sheep were dropped in favor of [[cattle]]. The cattle ranch worked as one of the largest cattle operations in Utah until 1984 when the ranch was sold to the state to go with {{convert|2000|acre}} of the island that had been purchased by the state in 1969.<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://stateparks.utah.gov/parks/antelope-island/about|title=About the Park|publisher=Utah State Parks|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107095550/http://stateparks.utah.gov/parks/antelope-island/about|archive-date=7 January 2010|access-date=2010-01-08}}</ref><ref name="garr" /> The last herds of cattle were removed from the island in 1984 after an extremely snowy winter that caused the death by starvation of about 350 heifers and calves. The meltwater from the heavy snows flooded the causeway, limiting access to the island. Ranchers resorted to hiring [[barge]]s and making multiple trips from shore to island to salvage their stock.<ref name="barge">{{cite news|author=Hills, Bruce|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LwcPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DYMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4916,1523600&dq=antelope+island&hl=en|title=Cattle barge off Antelope Island|date=1984-06-19|access-date=2010-01-31|publisher=The Deseret News|page=B-1}}</ref> === Protected status === The process of changing Antelope Island from a privately owned ranch to a state park took many years. During the early 20th century there was talk of the island being acquired by the federal government for the establishment of a [[national park]].<ref name="time2">{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722719,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131221415/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722719,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 31, 2011|title=Sport: Hunt|date=1926-11-25|work=Time |access-date=2010-01-24}}</ref> Later the focus turned to making the island a state park. The first successful bid towards the creation of a state park took place in 1969 when {{convert|2000|acre}} on the northern end of the island were acquired by the State of Utah. The final purchase of the Fielding Garr Ranch in 1981 led to the entirety of Antelope Island being given protected status as Antelope Island State Park. A. H. Leonard purchased the herd of bison from the Dooly family in 1926.<ref name="time2"/> Leonard intended to sell the herd to zoos. He found it impossible to get the bison off the island due to the water level and the [[Draft (hull)|drafts]] and sizes of the boats that were available to him.<ref name="time2"/> At this point he offered to sell the herd to the federal government if a national park were to be established on the island. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine cites "Congressional apathy" as being the reason the island and bison herd were not protected.<ref name="time2"/> [[United States senator|Senator]] [[Frank Moss (politician)|Frank E. Moss]] of Utah asked the National Park Service consider the Great Salt Lake for inclusion in the National Park System in 1959.<ref name="moss">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AvknAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ckgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5126,123583&dq=national+park+on+antelope+island&hl=en|title=Value of Great Salt Lake Doubted: Park Study Hails Antelope Island|date=1959-12-01|access-date=2010-01-10|publisher=The Deseret News|page=B5}}</ref> The study had high praise for Antelope Island as a potential national park, but found "little else worthwhile about the Great Salt Lake". The National Park Service was concerned with a lack of planning by the State of Utah and the fact that the lake was used as a dumping site for municipal and industrial waste.<ref name="moss" /> The Park Service was impressed by the scenic and recreational possibilities of the northern end of Antelope Island, describing it as the "most impressive site of the lake." The qualities of the island were not enough to persuade the park service to seek the creation of a national park encompassing the Great Salt Lake. The park service cited years of "mismanagement, apathy, and lack of any coordinated plan for its proper development."<ref name="moss" /> [[Sewage]] from [[Salt Lake City]] that was being dumped untreated into the lake at the time and waste from a [[smelting]] facility on the southern end of the lake were two of the greatest sources of pollution. The Park Service did express interest in safeguarding the lake since it is a remnant of the [[Pleistocene]]. The Park Service also noted a lack of recreation on the lake and an inaction by the state to positively respond to an earlier request for the formation of a state park.<ref name="moss" /> Antelope Island State Park was established in 1969<ref name="jeff14"/> as Great Salt Lake State Park.<ref name="weekend">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8CwhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yHoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2972,6785592&dq=antelope+island&hl=en|title=A 'Long Weekend' for Antelope Island|date=1969-05-28|access-date=2010-01-10|publisher=The Deseret News|page=B1}}</ref> At the time the facilities at the park were minimal. Temporary shower facilities were constructed and available for a "long weekend" over the [[Memorial Day]] weekend of 1969. Boating facilities were also available on a limited basis.<ref name="weekend" /> In 1971 the directors of the Golden Spike Empire, Inc., a local civic group that sought to promote the Great Salt Lake area as a tourist destination, recommended that all of Antelope Island be purchased. The group encouraged the development of the [[state park]] on the northern end of the island. GSE encouraged the establishment of a [[National monument (United States)|national monument]] on the remainder of the island.<ref name="spike">{{cite news|author=Lund, Wanda|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GWwxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qVUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2494,1163937&dq=national+park+on+antelope+island&hl=en|title=Antelope Island Plan Urged|date=1971-05-05|access-date=2010-01-10|publisher=The Deseret News|page=1E}}</ref> Davis County commissioners were against the establishment of a national monument citing the "look but don't touch" rules of national monuments. The local government was in favor of the state park and encouraged its development as a means of attracting tourists and increasing county revenues.<ref name="spike" /> The Fielding Garr Ranch was purchased by the state in 1982 at a cost of $4.5 million.<ref name="sale">{{cite news|author=Hills, Bruce|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GP0yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WoMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6128,6769934&dq=fielding+garr+ranch+sold&hl=en|title=State sees Antelope Island as potential tourist hot sport|date=1982-03-24|access-date=2010-01-31|publisher=The Deseret News|page=6S}}</ref> Access to the park was limited to a [[causeway]] on the southern end of the park at [[Saltair, Utah|Saltair]]<ref name="sale" /> that was built in the 1950s. The park hosted a "moderate number" of visitors during the 1960s and 1970s. Visitation came to a stop in 1983 when floodwaters washed out the southern causeway. Cars did not return to the park until 1993 when the northern causeway was opened.<ref name="jeff14"/> == Natural history == === Great Salt Lake === [[File:White_Rock_Bay_Sunset.jpg|thumb|Looking south towards White Rock Bay]] [[File:BuffaloBayAntelope.jpg|thumb|View of Buffalo Bay and the causeway to the mainland]] Antelope Island State Park is surrounded by the Great Salt Lake. The lake is the last remaining part of a vast inland Pleistocene sea, [[Lake Bonneville]]. At more than 1,000 feet (305&nbsp;m) deep<ref name="where">{{cite web|url=http://geology.utah.gov/online/PI-39/pi39pg01.htm|title=Where was Lake Bonneville, how large was it, and when did it exist?|publisher=Utah Geological Survey|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009065415/http://geology.utah.gov/online/PI-39/pi39pg01.htm|archive-date=2009-10-09|access-date=2010-01-15}}</ref> and more than {{convert|19691|sqmi|km2}}<ref name="flood">{{cite web|url=http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/hydr/lkbflood/lbf.htm|title=The Lake Bonneville Flood|publisher=Digital Atlas of Idaho|access-date=2010-01-15}}</ref> in [[area]], the lake was nearly as large as [[Lake Michigan]] and significantly deeper.<ref name="Morgan">{{cite book|author=Morgan, Dale L.|title=The Great Salt Lake|publisher=University of Utah Press|year=1947|isbn=0-87480-478-7|location=Salt Lake City, Utah}}</ref> With the change in climate, the lake began drying up, leaving [[Great Salt Lake]], [[Utah Lake]], [[Sevier Lake]], and [[Rush Lake (Tooele County, Utah)|Rush Lake]] as remnants.<ref name="Morgan" /> As Lake Bonneville receded it left behind the [[Great Basin]], which is made of narrow mountain ranges and broad valleys, known locally as basins.<ref name="about" /> The Great Salt Lake is [[endorheic]] and has very high [[salinity]], far saltier than [[sea water]].<ref name="Morgan" /> The [[Jordan River (Utah)|Jordan]], [[Weber River|Weber]], and [[Bear River (Great Salt Lake)|Bear]] rivers deposit around 1.1 million tons of minerals in the lake each year. Due to its high [[salt]] concentration, most people can easily float in the lake as a result of the high [[density]] of the water.<ref name="Morgan" /> The Great Salt Lake is the fourth-largest [[Endorheic basin|terminal lake]] in the world,<ref name="USGS-GSL">{{cite web|url=http://ut.water.usgs.gov/greatsaltlake|title=Great Salt Lake, Utah|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|access-date=2010-01-15}}</ref> In an average year the lake covers an area of approximately {{convert|1700|sqmi|km2}},<ref name="USGS-GSL" /> but the lake's size fluctuates due to low water levels. For example, in 1963 it reached its lowest recorded level at 950 square miles (2,460&nbsp;km²), but in 1987 the surface area was at the historic high of {{convert|3300|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name="USGS-GSL" /> Great Salt Lake does not support fish, but does support large numbers of [[brine shrimp]] and brine flies<ref>{{Cite web|title=Antelope Island State Park Current Conditions|url=https://stateparks.utah.gov/parks/antelope-island/current-conditions/|url-status=live|website=Utah State Parks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428055909/http://stateparks.utah.gov:80/parks/antelope-island/current-conditions/ |archive-date=2015-04-28 }}</ref> which provide food for visiting waterfowl. Because of the high salinity, the island is mostly without readily available fresh water. === Geology === Antelope Island is {{convert|28022|acre}} and is {{convert|15|mi}} long and {{convert|4.5|mi}} at its widest point.<ref name="static">{{cite web|url=http://static.stateparks.utah.gov/docs/AntelopeIslandBrochure.pdf|title=State Park|publisher=Utah State Parks and Recreation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122092741/http://static.stateparks.utah.gov/docs/AntelopeIslandBrochure.pdf|archive-date=22 January 2010|access-date=2010-01-21}}</ref> The island is in the midst of the Great Basin between the [[Wasatch Range|Wasatch]] and [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] mountain ranges. The highest point on the island is Frary Peak at {{convert|6589|ft}} above [[sea level]].<ref name="static" /> It is one of eight important islands in the lake. The others are Badger, Bird, Dolphin, [[Gunnison Island|Gunnison]], [[Carrington Island|Carrington]], [[Stansbury Island|Stansbury]] and [[Fremont Island|Fremont]]. Two of the major islands, Gunnison and Bird, and two minor islands, Egg and White Rock are [[Rookery|rookeries]] and as such are protected. Visitor access is not permitted on the protected islands.<ref name="static" /> The rocks in and around the Fielding Garr Ranch are some of the oldest rocks in the United States.<ref name="static" /> At 2.7 billion years old, they are older than the rocks in the bottom of the [[Grand Canyon]].<ref name="static" /> Tintic [[quartzite]] is found on the northern third of the island. It is about 550 million years old.<ref name="static" /> [[Tufa]] rocks on the island are some of the youngest rocks in the United States.<ref name="about" /> They were deposited as Lake Bonneville receded between 10,000–15,000 years ago. The tufa rocks resemble [[concrete]] and are in the vicinity of Buffalo Point.<ref name="static" /> == Activities == {{travel guide|section|date=November 2021}} [[File:Sunset_Road.jpg|thumb|Road]] Antelope Island State Park is open for year-round recreation. It features a marina, beach, campground and hiking trails.<ref name="wildlife3">{{cite web|url=http://www.utah.com/stateparks/antelope_island_wildlife.htm|title=Wildlife on Antelope Island State Park|publisher=Utah Travel Industry|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201102148/http://utah.com/stateparks/antelope_island_wildlife.htm|archive-date=1 February 2010|access-date=2010-01-24}}</ref> Tourists pay a fee to access the park via the islands causeways. The northern {{convert|2000|acres}} are developed. There are several campsites, a day use area, swimming area, and picnic areas near Bridger Bay on the northwestern end of the island. There is a restaurant on Buffalo Point. The rest of the park is largely undeveloped. A few old roads cross the island and so do some hiking trails. The remnants of old mining claims and the Fielding Garr Ranch are open to park visitors.<ref name="jeff14"/> There are plans to construct a historic boat display at the marina.<ref name="record">{{cite web|url=http://stateparks.utah.gov/about/visitation|title=Utah State Park Visitation|publisher=Utah State Parks Planning|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316151606/http://www.stateparks.utah.gov/about/visitation|archive-date=16 March 2011|access-date=2011-02-10}}</ref> Antelope Island is known for its scenic beauty,{{fact|date=November 2023}} especially in the northwest quadrant of the island at Buffalo Point and White Rock Bay, where mountains and hills overlook beaches as well as the reflecting waters of the Great Salt Lake and other islands that are visible in the lake.{{fact|date=November 2023}} A balloon festival is held yearly, around Labor Day. Birdwatching on Antelope Island is popular.<ref name="utahbirds.org">{{Cite web|date=2004|title=The Birds of Antelope Island State Park|url=http://www.utahbirds.org/PrintCenter/ChListAntelopeIsland.pdf|url-status=live|website=Utah Birds|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205061502/http://www.utahbirds.org:80/PrintCenter/ChListAntelopeIsland.pdf |archive-date=2004-12-05 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://birding.about.com/od/birdingtravel/gr/Antelope-Island-State-Park.htm |title=Antelope Island State Park – Utah Birding – Where to Go Birding in Utah<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2011-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002014511/http://birding.about.com/od/birdingtravel/gr/Antelope-Island-State-Park.htm |archive-date=2011-10-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hiking and cycling<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.utah.com/bike/trails/antelope_island.htm |title=Antelope Island Trail {{!}} Utah.com<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2006-07-12 |archive-date=2008-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921041334/http://www.utah.com/bike/trails/antelope_island.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> are common activities, but water is scarce and there are few trees on the island. Though not strictly a [[desert island]] there are no permanent human inhabitants and conditions are quite dry and can be very hot during the summer. Freely flowing freshwater is not readily available on the island, though there are a few natural springs, mostly in the mountainous spine of the island and towards the south end of the island. Water and restrooms are available in the visitor areas of the island. There is a gift shop and a small fast-food restaurant that is open during the main visitor season at Buffalo Point. [[Electric bike]]s are available for rentals or tours. Public beaches, a marina, and overnight camping areas are available on the northern part of the island.<ref>[http://stateparks.utah.gov/parks/antelope-island Antelope Island State Park | Utah State Parks<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Observing wildlife is also popular on Antelope Island, especially the large numbers of bison which are part of the [[Antelope Island bison herd]]. Coyotes and antelope are sometimes seen close to the main roads and campsites, and bison often wander across the roads, though the bison are most often found towards the south end of the island near the Fielding Garr Ranch. Other activities on the island include visiting the historic Fielding Garr Ranch, horseback riding and photography. Several trail running races are held on the island each year at distances of {{Convert|25|km|mi|abbr=off}}, {{Convert|50|km|mi|abbr=off}}, {{Convert|50|mi|km|abbr=off}} and {{Convert|100|mi|km|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Antelope Island Buffalo Run|url=https://www.buffalorunadventures.com/buffalo-run/|url-status=live|website=Buffalo Run Adventures|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410060433/http://www.buffalorunadventures.com:80/buffalo-run/ |archive-date=2015-04-10 }}</ref> <gallery perrow="4"> File:Antelope Island Causeway 2005.JPG|[[Causeway]] connecting Antelope Island to [[Syracuse, Utah]] File:Coast of Antelope Island as seen from the causeway.jpg|Coast of Antelope Island as seen from the causeway File:Antelope Island.jpg|Antelope Island File:2015-10-27 15 35 29 View northeast across Antelope Island, Utah from an aircraft departing Salt Lake City International Airport.jpg|Aerial view of Antelope Island File:Antelope Island Buffalo Point 2005.jpg|View of [[Great Salt Lake]] from Buffalo Point, Antelope Island File:Diamictite Mineral Fork.JPG|Boulder of [[diamictite]] of the [[Precambrian]] [[Mineral Fork Formation]], along the Elephant Head Trail File:LoganAntelopeIsland 244.jpg|[[American bison]] grazing on Antelope Island File:Antelope island sunset.jpg|Antelope Island sunset File:Sunset on Antelope Island Causeway.jpg|Sunset on the causeway </gallery> === Annual special events === [[File:Antelope_Island_State_Park_Ranch.jpg|thumb|Fielding Garr Ranch]] * Great Salt Lake Bird Festival - May<ref name="brochure" /> * Moonlight Bike Ride - June/July<ref name="brochure2">{{cite web|url=http://www.davisareacvb.com/AntelopeIslandBrochure2008Final.pdf|title=Discover the Adventure: Antelope Island|date=2008-04-11|publisher=Davis Area Convention and Visitors Bureau|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509012656/http://www.davisareacvb.com/AntelopeIslandBrochure2008Final.pdf|archive-date=May 9, 2009|access-date=2010-01-12}}</ref> * Balloon Stampede - September<ref name="brochure2" /> * Buffalo Days - September<ref name="brochure2" /> * The Bison Range Ride and Roundup - held every autumn attracts tourists from around the world.<ref name="jeff14"/><ref name="brochure2" /> Bison are herded from the southern end of the island to holding pens on the northern end of the island. There the bison are vaccinated for [[parasite]]s, infectious [[bovine rhino tracheitis]], [[clostridium]] and [[bovine vibriosis]]. [[DNA]] and blood samples are taken. The bison are tagged with microchips and weighed and measured. The female bison are also vaccinated for [[brucellosis]] and checked for pregnancy.<ref name="jeff14"/> With the goal of keeping the herd at a manageable level the excess bison, about 150-200 head, are auctioned off in an annual sale that nets about $120,000 for the park.<ref name="ksl2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=125801|title=Antelope Island Rounds Up Its Resident Roamers|date=2005-11-05|publisher=KSL Television and Radio|access-date=2010-01-24}}</ref> == Wildlife == Antelope Island State Park provides a habitat for a wide variety of [[wildlife]]. Despite its name, the park is most famous for its herd of [[American bison|bison]]. The size of the [[Antelope Island bison herd]] ranges from 550 to 700 animals and is controlled by an annual bison [[Muster (livestock)|round-up]].<ref name="wildlife3"/> The Antelope Island bison herd is one of the oldest and largest in the United States. The park is also home to [[jackrabbit]]s, [[pronghorn]], [[bobcat]]s, [[mule deer]], [[coyote]]s, and several species of rodents. The island and Great Salt Lake attract migrating birds. The inland grasslands on the island provide habitat for [[Chukar partridge|chukars]], [[burrowing owl]]s, [[long-billed curlew]]s and several species of birds of prey.<ref name="wildlife3"/> === Bison === John Dooly, owner of the island in 1893, with the help of William Glassman brought a herd of twelve bison to Antelope Island. At the time American bison were nearly extinct in North America, having suffered years of over hunting and extermination during the settlement of the American West. Biologists estimate that as many as 60 million bison roamed the western United States prior to the lands being settled by [[Anglo-America|Anglo Americans]]. These bison once inhabited the [[grassland]]s of North America in massive [[herd]]s; their range stretched across most of what is now the United States, from [[Florida]] and [[New York (state)|New York]] in the east and south to the [[Texas]]/[[Mexico]] border and the [[Yukon Territory]] in [[Canada]] to the south and north and all the way west to the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific Coast]].<ref name="jeff14"/> The bison were an important resource for the [[Native Americans in the United States|native tribes]] of the western United States. The United States government knew this and began a campaign to rid the plains of the bison, thereby depriving the Native Americans of their most prized natural resource and making them dependent on handouts from the government.<ref name="jeff14" /> Without the bison the Native Americans were forced to "seek peace". Some conservationists saw that destroying the bison population was detrimental to the future of the nation and in 1874 Congress voted to stop the government sponsored slaughter.<ref name="jeff14" /> By the 1890s approximately 800 bison remained.<ref name="jeff14" /><ref name="wildlife3"/> Dooly purchased the bison after Glassman had failed to establish a bison preserve on the south shore of the Great Salt Lake.<ref name="ksl2"/> Glassman had hope to attract tourists to the area with some of the few remaining bison in the United States at the time. His venture failed and he was forced to sell some of the herd at [[auction]]. Dooly bought the bison with the intention of supplementing his income with private bison hunts.<ref name="ksl2" /> At approximately the same time a herd of [[elk]] was brought to the island. The elk did not last very long due to the island being a poor habitat for elk. In 1993, 17 elk were reintroduced to the island with negative results; three drowned, three were never found, the remaining eleven survived.<ref name="deseret news">{{cite web|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/280606/SURVIVING-ELK-DOING-WELL-OFFICIALS-SAY.html?pg=all|title=Surviving Elk Doing Well, Officials Say|date=1993-03-16|publisher=Deseret News|access-date=2014-01-08}}</ref> However, due to the lack of a natural predator, the [[gray wolf]],<ref name="jeff14" /> the bison thrived on the island and the herd rapidly increased in size.<ref name="ksl2" /> [[File:American Bison in Antelope Island State Park.jpg|thumb|320x320px|One of the many bison found on Antelope Island]] The island was opened for bison hunts beginning in 1896.<ref name="ksl2" /> The hunting of bison on the island was limited to those who could afford the $200<ref name="ksl2" /> requested by Dooly and his ancestors. Heavyweight boxing champion [[Jack Dempsey]] and 1920s sports writer [[Robert Edgren]] were just two of the celebrities that came to the island to shoot a bison.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6ZMuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UJgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5406,4585701&dq=antelope+island&hl=en|title=Dempsey Seeks Conquest of Real Wild Bull|date=1923-09-25|access-date=2010-01-24|publisher=The Reading Eagle|page=14}}</ref> Bison hunting continued on the island until 1926 when the final "Big Buffalo Hunt" eliminated all but a few of the bison. Public sentiment changed during the 1920s and activists began to call for the protection of the herd on Antelope Island.<ref name="ksl2" /> A [[silent film]] produced by [[Paramount Pictures]], ''[[The Covered Wagon]]'' (1923), was partly filmed on Antelope Island when buffalo hunt and buffalo stampede scenes were needed. At the time, the bison herd on Antelope Island was possibly the largest herd of bison in the United States. After much effort, about 350 of the animals were herded into a stampede, which was then filmed under the direction of [[James Cruze]]. The movie is considered by some people to be the first great Western epic and it established some of the tropes that persist in Western movies, such as [[Wagon fort|circling the wagons]] in time of danger or attacks. During filming of the movie, seven buffalo were shot and killed for the hunting scenes. "Don't grow sentimental over the seven", said Cruze, the director of the film. "The folks out there would like to get rid of the whole herd and they would, but for the sentimental hubbub that is always raised when they talk of rounding out the buffalo. The animals are worthless&nbsp;— there isn't worse meat on Earth to eat&nbsp;— and they ruin the whole territory for cattle grazing purposes. So the buffalo remain&nbsp;— sentimental reminders of the America of the past."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Frederick James|date=June 1923|title=How the Covered Wagon Was Made|journal=Photoplay|volume=24|issue=1|pages=38–39;106–107|via=Google Books}}</ref> The hunt of 1926 was covered by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine. A herd of approximately 300-400 bison<ref name="time2"/><ref name="ksl2" /> was culled to about 50 by a large group of hunters on horseback with modern rifles.<ref name="time2" /> John Dooly had sold the herd to A. H. Leonard in 1924. Leonard intended to sell the bison to zoos, but was not able to corral them.<ref name="time2" /> He next tried to offer the island and the Antelope Island bison herd to the United States [[Department of the Interior]]. Leonard had hoped that a national park would be established on the island therefore preserving the herd. ''Time'' cites "Congressional apathy" for the lack of a land transfer. Leonard was once again forced to change his business plan. This time he wanted to expand the cattle ranching on the island and to do this the number of bison needed to be reduced.<ref name="time2" /> Leonard announced that a hunt would be held in the fall of 1926. The hunt took place in November, but not without protests from around the nation. The ''[[New York World]]'' and other newspapers of the day tried to arouse public sentiment against the hunt.<ref name="time2" /> Utah Governor [[George Dern]] received formal protests of the hunt from the American [[Humane Society]], [[Massachusetts]] Governor [[Alvan T. Fuller]] and [[Boston]] Mayor [[Malcolm Nichols]]. Governor Dern declined to prevent the hunt stating, "Antelope Island and the buffalo herd are privately owned."<ref name="time2" /> The hunt took place with noted participants Ralph and Edward Ammerman of [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[Big game hunting|big game]] hunter J. O. Beebe of [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]], [[Nebraska]].<ref name="time2" /> The Antelope Island bison herd and the island remained in private hands until 1969 when the northern {{convert|2000|acre}} of the island were purchased by the state of Utah.<ref name="jeff14" /> The southern end of the island was acquired in 1981, granting the entire herd protected status on Antelope Island State Park.<ref name="jeff14" /> In 1986, park rangers saw the need to begin controlling the bison population to prevent [[overgrazing]] and disease. The first roundup was held in 1987<ref name="ksl2" /> and it has since become an annual event that brings in revenue by way of the sale of excess bison and tourist dollars brought in by spectators.<ref name="jeff14" /><ref name="ksl2" /> Every year, in late October, all the bison on the island are herded to a central area in a "Great Buffalo Roundup" and sent briefly into pens where they are examined, weighed and vaccinated, whereupon decisions are made on culling and selecting breeding stock. The majority of the bison are then released within a few days, and are again allowed to roam free on the island. The Antelope Island bison herd fluctuates in size between 550 and 700 head, and is one of the largest publicly owned bison herds in the nation. The reason for the variability of the size of the herd is that the bison produce approximately 150 to 200 calves annually, and since this is prime prairie habitat for bison, with no significant predators, the herd can increase by up to half every year. It has been determined that 700 head is near the maximum preferred carrying capacity for bison on the island, so the excess bison need to be culled. Bison from this island are often sent to other herd locations around North America due to their genetic isolation, some unique genetic markers contained in the population, and because of their disease-free condition. Some bison are also purchased at the pen site in a yearly public auction, and are taken as meat or breeding stock for commercial farms in other parts of the world. In 2020, the podcast ''[[This Is Love (podcast)|This is Love]]'' released an episode featuring Antelope Island and two bison attacks that took place there.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 29, 2020|title=Antelope Island|url=https://thisislovepodcast.com/episode-21-antelope-island|website=[[This Is Love (podcast)|This is Love]]}}</ref> === Bighorn sheep === [[Bighorn sheep]] were introduced to Antelope Island State Park in the late 1990s.<ref name="sheep">{{cite web|url=http://www.usu.edu/ust/index.cfm?article=24327|title=A Fighting Chance for Antelope Island's Bighorn Sheep|author=Muffoletto, Mary-Ann|date=2008-02-07|publisher=Utah State Today online news|access-date=2010-02-28}}</ref> The herd on the island was gathered from herds in [[Nevada]] and [[British Columbia]].<ref name="sheep" /> Biologists at the park and with the state of Utah felt that Antelope Island would be an "ideal oasis" for establishing a "nursery herd" of bighorn.<ref name="sheep" /><ref name="capture">{{cite web|url=http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=2419700|title=Bighorn capture underway on Antelope Island|author=Hollenhorst, John|date=2008-01-02|publisher=KSL Television and Radio|access-date=2010-02-28}}</ref> The sheep are protected from human threats on the island and can be used to reintroduce the bighorn in areas throughout western North America.<ref name="sheep" /><ref name="capture" /> The target population for the herd on the island is about 125–150 head. When the numbers are greater than 150 the excess sheep are gathered and sent to new homes.<ref name="capture" /> The nursery herd has largely been a success. The herd is thriving and it is providing the needed animals to re-establish or strengthen herds of bighorn sheep elsewhere.<ref name="sheep" /> There are some problems. One is the lack of natural [[predator]]s on the island. There are no [[cougar]]s on the island and the sheep that grow up on Antelope Island grow up without an "innate fear" of their primary predators on the lands away from the island.<ref name="sheep" /> Another problem with moving the sheep is the financial cost of moving them off the island. It can cost up to $1,000 per animal. The sheep are moved by helicopter from the island and then by truck to their final destination.<ref name="capture" /> Also the sheep undergo a tremendous amount of stress with the move and biologists liken moving an animal from one place to another with transplanting organs in humans.<ref name="sheep" /> The bighorn are placed on public and private lands with the help of the Foundation for North American Wild Sheep.<ref name="capture" /> The foundation buys grazing permits from domestic sheep ranchers. In exchange for the grazing rights the ranchers agree to remove their domestic herds.<ref name="capture" /> In 2018 a mysterious respiratory ailment felled most of the island's sheep. The remaining sheep were shot in 2019 in order to prepare the island for repopulation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/environment/2019/01/12/mystery-epidemic-wipes/|title=Mystery epidemic wipes out Antelope Island's bighorn sheep; it may take years to rebuild herd to what it was|website=The Salt Lake Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref> On January 29, 2020, 25 bighorn sheep were relocated from Montana's [[Rocky Boy Reservation]] in order to restore the population.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Olsen|first=Megan|date=30 January 2020|title=Bighorn sheep return to Antelope Island|work=Standard-Examiner (Ogden, Utah)|url=https://www.standard.net/lifestyle/recreation/bighorn-sheep-return-to-antelope-island/article_702cccb9-85cf-536b-9a65-13a293f5a581.html|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215602/https://www.standard.net/lifestyle/recreation/bighorn-sheep-return-to-antelope-island/article_702cccb9-85cf-536b-9a65-13a293f5a581.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In October, 2022, 27 more bighorn sheep were relocated to Antelope Island from the Morenci-Clifton area in Arizona. The new sheep will provide more genetic diversity to the Antelope Island herd. The eventual management goal of the island is 125 sheep.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Copper Era Staff |title=Greenlee County bighorn help replenish Utah herd |url=https://www.eacourier.com/copper_era/news/greenlee-county-bighorn-help-replenish-utah-herd/article_f82c8c30-4e36-11ed-a4fe-d3e750441065.html |website=The Copper Era |publisher=Eastern Arizona Courier |access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref> Other mammals found on the island include mule deer (estimated to number 250), pronghorn antelope (approximately 200 on the island), bighorn sheep (estimated 200), coyotes, bobcats, badgers, porcupines, [[cottontail rabbit]]s, [[Hare|jackrabbits]], and several species of ground squirrels and other rodents. === Birds === The wetlands surrounding the Great Salt Lake account for nearly 80% of the wetlands in Utah.<ref name="brochure" /><ref name="static" /> The lake and surrounding wetlands are home to over 250 species of birds and form a stop over on the [[Pacific Flyway]] between South and North America.<ref name="static" /><ref name="utahbirds.org" /> Between four and six million birds nest and feed on the lake every year. The world's largest populations of [[white-faced ibis]] and [[California gull]]s make their homes near the lake. A large population of [[black-necked stilt]]s, [[American avocet]]s and newborn [[pelican]]s are also found on and near the Great Salt Lake.<ref name="brochure" /> Many of the birds come to Antelope Island State Park to feed on the abundant quantities of [[Ephydridae|brine flies]] and [[brine shrimp]].<ref name="wildlife3" /> The two most popular places for bird watching on the island are at the causeway and near the Fielding Garr Ranch. Along the shoreline of the island, [[mallard]], [[Canada goose]], [[avocet]]s, [[black-necked stilt]]s, [[willet]]s, [[long-billed curlew]]s, [[sanderling]]s, [[American white pelican]]s, [[pied-billed grebe]]s, [[killdeer]], [[great blue heron]]s, [[snowy egret]]s, [[white-faced ibis]] and many migratory birds can be observed. The island grasslands provide habitat for [[Common pheasant|ring-necked pheasants]], [[California quail]], [[burrowing owl]]s, [[chukar partridge]]s, [[rock dove]]s, [[mourning dove]]s, [[horned lark]]s, [[red-winged blackbird]]s and many other species, plus several species of raptors. [[Bald eagle]]s, [[golden eagle]]s, [[prairie falcon]]s, [[peregrine falcon]]s, [[northern harrier]]s, [[American kestrel]]s, [[great horned owl]]s, [[barn owl]]s, [[osprey]]s and [[red-tailed hawk]]s are some of the species of raptors that can occur on the island. <gallery perrow="5"> File:Bison On Antelope Island.jpg|A herd of bison on Antelope Island File:Fielding Garr Ranch on Antelope Island.jpg|Fielding Garr Ranch on Antelope Island File:AntelopeIsland_jackrabbit.JPG|Jackrabbit in Antelope Island State Park File:Buffalo Bison Pair.jpg|Bison pair File:Coyote arizona.jpg|Coyote File:Venado bura.JPG|Mule deer File:Desert Bighorn Sheep Joshua Tree 3.JPG|Bighorn sheep File:Pronghorn antelope.jpg|Pronghorn antelope File:Pronghorn - Antelope Island.jpg|Pronghorn antelope File:Haliaeetus leucocephalus -Snake river, Wyomng, USA -juvenile-8.jpg|Juvenile bald eagle </gallery> == See also == {{Portal|North America}} * [[Antelope Island State Park]] * [[Fielding Garr Ranch]] * [[Antelope Island bison herd]] * [[Henry Mountains bison herd]] * [[Fremont Island]] * [[Stansbury Island]] * [[Black Rock (Great Salt Lake)]] * [[North Shore Monster]], an entity from Utah folklore == Notes == <!-- <nowiki> See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the<ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below </nowiki> --> {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|Antelope Island}} *[http://stateparks.utah.gov/stateparks/parks/antelope-island/ Antelope Island State Park] *[http://www.utahgeology.org/road_logs/uga-29_first_edition/SP_guide/antelope.pdf W. Adolph Yonkee, et al., ''Road and Trail Logs of Antelope Island State Park, Davis County, Utah'', in Geologic Road, Trail, and Lake Guides to Utah's Parks and Monuments 2000 Utah Geological Association Publication 29] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728151423/http://www.utahgeology.org/road_logs/uga-29_first_edition/SP_guide/antelope.pdf |date=2011-07-28 }} *[http://curiouscat.com/travels/2007/great_salt_lake/ Photos of Antelope Island State Park] *[http://faculty.weber.edu/sharley/AIFT/home.htm Antelope Island Field Trip Home Page] Weber State University Department of Botany *[http://www.utah.com/bike/trails/antelope_island.htm Antelope Island Bike Trail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921041334/http://www.utah.com/bike/trails/antelope_island.htm |date=2008-09-21 }} Utah.com *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080602195924/http://www.frankstehno.com/sagemesa/destinations/utah/antelopeislandsp/aispintro.htm Canyon Country Hiking and Camping Notebook: Antelope Island State Park] *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} {{Protected areas of Utah}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Landforms of Davis County, Utah]] [[Category:Lake islands of Utah]] [[Category:Great Salt Lake]] [[Category:Islands of Utah]]'