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{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
{{distinguish|Otakou|Kotaku|Ōta-ku}}
{{good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
[[File:Akihabara picture.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The [[Akihabara]] neighborhood of [[Tokyo]], a popular gathering site for otaku]]
{{Nihongo|'''''Otaku'''''|おたく{{lang|en|,}} オタク{{lang|en|, or}} ヲタク|lead=yes}} is a Japanese word that describes people with consuming interests, particularly in [[anime and manga|anime, manga]], [[video game]]s, or [[computer]]s. Its contemporary use originated with a 1983 essay by [[Akio Nakamori]] in ''[[Manga Burikko]]''.
Otaku subculture is a central theme of various anime, manga, documentaries, and academic research. The subculture began in the 1980s as changing social mentalities and the nurturing of otaku traits by Japanese schools combined with the resignation of such individuals to what was then seen as inevitably becoming social outcasts. The subculture's birth coincided with the anime boom after the release of works such as ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam]]'', before it branched into [[Comiket|Comic Market]].
The otaku culture could also be seen as a refuge from the [[nanpa]] culture. In 1980, around the Kabuki-chō district of Shinjuku in Tokyo, there was a boom of ''nyū fūzoku'', or new sex services employing female college or vocational school students. The [[burusera]] boom and the compensated dating boom in the 1990s were extensions of this. In this sense, the period from 1980 to the mid-1990s was the "age of sexual love". The higher the sexual love boom rose, the more people were disappointed in sexual love for not giving them that comprehensive acceptance. The advent of information technology and databases, first and foremost, enriched the means for the homeostasis of the self, that is, self-defense; and, secondly, it thereby rapidly weakened the sense that "reality" (or embodied communication) is more fruitful than "fiction" (or virtual reality).<ref name=Miyadai/> The otaku subculture continued to grow with the expansion of the Internet and media, as more anime, video games, shows, and comics were created.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okamoto |first=Takeshi |date=2014 |title=Otaku Tourism and the Anime Pilgrimage Phenomenon in Japan |journal=Japan Forum |volume=27 |pages=12–36 |doi=10.1080/09555803.2014.962565 |s2cid=145267918}}</ref> The definition of {{transl|ja|otaku}} subsequently became more complex, and numerous classifications of otaku emerged.
{{transl|ja|Otaku}} may be used as a pejorative, with its negativity stemming from a stereotypical view of otaku as social outcasts and the media's reporting on [[Tsutomu Miyazaki]], "The Otaku Murderer", in 1989. Otaku discrimination was particularly intense between 1989 (when the serial murder suspect was arrested) and 1996 (when the compensated dating boom was at its peak).<ref name=Miyadai>{{cite journal |last1=Miyadai |first1=Shinji |title=Transformation of Semantics in the History of Japanese Subcultures since 1992 |journal=Mechademia |date=2011 |volume=6 |pages=231-258 |doi=10.1353/mec.2011.0012}}</ref> According to studies published in 2013, the term has become less negative, and an increasing number of people now identify themselves as otaku,<ref name="mynavi"/> both in [[Japan]] and elsewhere. Out of 137,734 teens surveyed in Japan in 2013, 42.2% self-identified as a type of otaku.<ref name="mynavi"/> In 2005, the [[Nomura Research Institute]] divided otaku into twelve groups and estimated the size and market impact of each of these groups. Other institutions have split it further or focused on a single otaku interest. These publications classify distinct groups including anime, manga, camera, automobile, [[Japanese idol|J-idol]], and electronics otaku. In 2005, the economic impact of otaku was estimated to be as high as ¥2 trillion ({{USD|18}} billion).<ref name=money />
==Etymology==
{{Anime and manga}}
{{transl|ja|Otaku}} is derived from a Japanese term for another person's house or family ([[wiktionary:お宅|お宅]], {{transl|ja|otaku}}). The word can be used [[Metaphor|metaphorically]] as a part of [[honorific speech in Japanese]], as a [[Second person pronoun|second-person pronoun]]. In this usage, its literal translation is "you". It is associated with some dialects of [[Japanese_dialects#Eastern_and_Western_Japanese|Western Japanese]] and with [[Housewife|housewives]], and is less direct and more distant than intimate pronouns, such as ''anata'', and masculine pronouns, such as ''kimi'' and ''omae''.{{sfn|Galbraith|2012|p=16}}
The origin of the pronoun's use among 1980s manga and anime fans is unclear. Science fiction fans were using ''otaku'' to address owners of books by the late 1960s (in a sense of "Do[es] [your home] own this book?").<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Tamaki Saitō |title=Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams: Japanese Science Fiction from Origins to Anime|publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8166-4974-7 |editor-last=Bolton |editor-first=Christopher |location=Minneapolis |page=xxii |chapter=Introduction |editor-last2=Csicsery-Ronay Jr. |editor-first2=Istvan |editor-last3=Tatsumi |editor-first3=Takayuki}}</ref> Social critic [[Eiji Ōtsuka]] posits that ''otaku'' was used because it allowed people meeting for the first time, such as at a [[Fan convention|convention]], to interact from a comfortable distance.{{sfn|Galbraith|2012|p=16}} One theory posits that ''otaku'' was popularized as a pronoun by science fiction author [[Motoko Arai]] in a 1981 essay in ''Variety'' magazine,{{sfn|Galbraith|2012|p=16}} and another posits that it was popularized by fans of anime studio [[Gainax]], some of whose founders came from [[Tottori Prefecture]] in western Japan (where ''otaku'' is commonly used).{{sfn|Galbraith|2009|p=171}} The pronoun was also used in the popular anime ''[[Macross]]'', first aired in 1982, by the characters [[Hikaru Ichijyo]] and [[Lynn Minmay]], who address each other as ''otaku'' until they get to know each other better.{{sfn|Galbraith|2009|p=172}}<ref name="NRI"/><ref name="SDFMeps3and4"/>
The modern slang form, which is distinguished from the older usage by being written in [[hiragana]] (おたく), [[katakana]] (オタク or, less frequently, ヲタク) or rarely in [[rōmaji]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Debating otaku in contemporary Japan: historical perspectives and new horizons|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4725-9497-6|editor-last=Galbraith|editor-first=Patrick W.|location=London|pages=7–8|oclc=897946266|editor-last2=Kam|editor-first2=Thiam Huat|editor-last3=Kamm|editor-first3=Björn-Ole}}</ref> first appeared in public discourse in the 1980s, through the work of humorist and essayist [[Akio Nakamori]]. His 1983 series {{nihongo|'''Otaku' Research''|『おたく』の研究|"Otaku" no Kenkyū}}, printed in the ''[[lolicon]]'' magazine ''[[Manga Burikko]]'', applied the term as pejorative for "unpleasant" fans, attacking their supposed poor fashion sense and physical appearance in particular.{{sfn|Galbraith|2019|p=55}} Nakamori was particularly critical of "manga maniacs" drawn to cute girl characters,{{sfn|Galbraith|2019|p=55}} and explained his label ''otaku'' as the term of address used between junior high school kids at manga and anime conventions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alt |first1=Matt |title=Can Otaku Love Like Normal People? |url=http://neojaponisme.com/2008/04/07/can-otaku-love-like-normal-people/ |website=Néojaponisme |access-date=4 August 2021 |date=7 April 2008}}</ref>
In 1989, the case of [[Tsutomu Miyazaki]], "The Otaku Murderer", brought the fandom, very negatively, to national attention.<ref name="essay" /> Miyazaki, who randomly chose and murdered four girls, had a collection of 5,763 video tapes, some containing anime and [[slasher film]]s that were found interspersed with videos and pictures of his victims. Later that year, the contemporary knowledge magazine ''Bessatsu Takarajima'' dedicated its 104th issue to the topic of otaku. It was called {{nihongo|''Otaku no Hon''|おたくの本|lit. The Book of Otaku}} and delved into the subculture of otaku with 19 articles by otaku insiders, among them Akio Nakamori. This publication has been claimed by scholar Rudyard Pesimo to have popularized the term.<ref name="Nippon_Foundation"/>
==Usage==
In modern Japanese slang, the term {{transl|ja|otaku}} is mostly equivalent to "[[geek]]" or "[[nerd]]" (both in the broad sense; a technological geek would be a {{nihongo||技術オタク|gijutsu otaku}} and an academic nerd would be a {{nihongo||文化系オタク|bunkakei otaku}} or {{nihongo||ガリ勉|gariben}}), but in a more derogatory manner than used in the West.<ref name=essay /> It is also applied to any [[Fan (person)|fan]] of any particular theme, topic, hobby or form of entertainment.<ref name=essay /> "When these people are referred to as {{transl|ja|otaku}}, they are judged for their behaviors — and people suddenly see an 'otaku' as a person unable to relate to reality."<ref name="Otaku: Is it a dirty word?"/><ref name="gizmodo"/> The word entered English as a [[loanword]] from the Japanese language. It is typically used to refer to a fan of [[anime]] and [[manga]], but can also refer to [[Video games in Japan|Japanese video games]] or even [[Culture of Japan|Japanese culture]] in general. The American magazine ''[[Otaku USA]]'' popularizes and covers these aspects.<ref name="Home - Otaku USA Magazine"/><ref name=fan /> The usage of the word is a source of contention among some fans, owing to its negative connotations and stereotyping of the fandom. Widespread English exposure to the term came in 1988 with the release of ''[[Gunbuster]]'', which refers to anime fans as {{transl|ja|otaku}}. ''Gunbuster'' was released officially in English in March 1990. The term's usage spread throughout the [[Usenet newsgroup|Usenet group]] rec.arts.anime with discussions about ''[[Otaku no Video]]''{{'}}s portrayal of otaku before its 1994 English release. Positive and negative aspects, including the pejorative usage, were intermixed.<ref name="fan"/> The term was also popularized by [[William Gibson]]'s 1996 novel ''[[Idoru]]'', which references otaku.<ref name="Modern boys and mobile girls"/>
==Subculture==
Kaichirō Morikawa identifies the subculture as distinctly Japanese, a product of the [[Education in Japan|school system]] and society. Japanese schools have a class structure which functions as a [[Caste|caste system]], but [[School club|clubs]] are an exception to the social hierarchy. In these clubs, a student's interests will be recognized and nurtured, catering to the interests of otaku. Secondly, the vertical structure of Japanese society identifies the value of individuals by their success. Until the late 1980s, unathletic and unattractive males focused on academics, hoping to secure a good job and marry to raise their social standing. Those unable to succeed socially focused instead on their interests, often into adulthood, with their lifestyle centering on those interests, furthering the creation of the otaku subculture.<ref name=essay />
Even prior to the coinage of the term, the stereotypical traits of the subculture were identified in a 1981 issue of ''Fan Rōdo'' (Fan road) about "culture clubs".<ref name="essay"/> These individuals were drawn to anime, a counter-culture, with the release of [[hard science fiction]] works such as ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam]]''. These works allowed a congregation and development of obsessive interests that turned anime into a medium for unpopular students, catering to obsessed fans. After these fans discovered Comic Market, the term was used as a self-confirming and self-mocking collective identity.<ref name=essay />
The 1989 "Otaku Murderer" case gave the fandom a negative connotation from which it has not fully recovered.<ref name=essay /> The perception of otaku was again damaged in late 2004 when [[Kaoru Kobayashi (murderer)|Kaoru Kobayashi]] kidnapped, sexually assaulted, and murdered a seven-year-old first-grade student. Japanese journalist Akihiro Ōtani suspected that Kobayashi's crime was committed by a member of the ''[[figure moe zoku]]'' even before his arrest.<ref name="picnic2004"/> Although Kobayashi was not an otaku, the degree of social hostility against otaku increased. Otaku were seen by law enforcement as possible suspects for sex crimes, and local governments called for stricter laws controlling the depiction of eroticism in otaku materials.<ref name="Otaku harassed as sex-crime fears mount"/>
Not all attention has been negative. In his book ''Otaku'', [[Hiroki Azuma]] observed: "Between 2001 and 2007, the otaku forms and markets quite rapidly won social recognition in Japan", citing the fact that "[i]n 2003, [[Hayao Miyazaki]] won the [[Academy Award]] for his ''[[Spirited Away]]''; around the same time [[Takashi Murakami]] achieved recognition for otaku-like designs; in 2004, the Japanese pavilion in the [[Venice Biennale of Architecture|2004 International Architecture exhibition]] of the [[Venice Biennale]] (Biennale Architecture) featured 'otaku'. In 2005, the word {{transl|ja|moe}} — one of the keywords of the present volume — was chosen as one of the top ten '[[buzzword]]s of the year'."<ref>{{cite book |last=Azuma |first=Hiroki |date=April 10, 2009 |title=Otaku |chapter-url=http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/otaku |location=Minneapolis |publisher= University of Minnesota Press | chapter= Preface |page = xi|isbn=978-0-8166-5351-5 |access-date=January 31, 2014}}</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of Japan]] [[Tarō Asō|Taro Aso]] has also claimed to be an otaku, using this subculture to promote Japan in foreign affairs.<ref name="Otaku uses manga and anime to improve Foreign Affairs"/> In 2013, a Japanese study of 137,734 people found that 42.2% self-identify as a type of otaku. This study suggests that the stigma of the word has vanished, and the term has been embraced by many.<ref name="mynavi"/> [[Marie Kondo]] told ForbesWomen in 2020: "I credit being an otaku with helping me to focus deeply, which definitely contributed to my success."<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyschoenberger/2020/08/30/mariekondo/#4c69dc3c4500|title = Marie Kondo on Sparking Joy in a Pandemic and the Life-Changing Magic of Becoming a KonMari Consultant| website = [[Forbes]] | date= 2020-08-30}}</ref>
In the late 1990s, otaku was a popular subculture among [[Generation X|Generation Xers]] in the US.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beran |first=Dale |title=It Came from Something Awful: How a Toxic Troll Army Accidentally Memed Donald Trump into Office |date=July 30, 2019 |publisher=[[All Points Books]] |isbn=978-1-250-21947-3 |edition=1st |location=New York |page=xiv}}</ref> In the early 2000s, the otaku community in the United States often consisted of [[Suburb|suburban]] young people and niche online groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beran |first=Dale |title=It Came from Something Awful: How a Toxic Troll Army Accidentally Memed Donald Trump into Office |date=July 30, 2019 |publisher=[[All Points Books]] |isbn=978-1-250-21947-3 |edition=1st |location=New York |page=x}}</ref>
===Places===
The district of [[Akihabara]] in Tokyo, where there are [[maid café]]s featuring waitresses who dress up and act like maids or anime characters, is a notable attraction center for otaku. Akihabara also has dozens of stores specializing in anime, manga, [[Retrogaming|retro video games]], figurines, card games, and other collectibles.<ref name="Akihabara"/> Another popular location is [[Otome Road]] in Ikebukuro, Tokyo. Students from [[Nagoya City University]] started a project to help promote hidden tourist attractions and attract more otaku to [[Nagoya]].<ref name="japantimes"/>
===Subtypes===
[[File:Hinagiku Katsura itasha side front 20090726.jpg|thumb|A [[Nissan March]] featuring Hinagiku Katsura from the manga series ''[[Hayate the Combat Butler]]'']]
There are specific terms for different types of otaku, including {{nihongo|[[fujoshi]]|腐女子||lit. "rotten girl(s)"}}, a self-mockingly pejorative Japanese term for female fans of {{transl|ja|[[yaoi]]}}, which focuses on [[homosexual]] male relationships.<ref name="Mari"/> {{transl|ja|[[Reki-jo]]}} are female otaku who are interested in [[Japanese history]]. Some terms refer to a location, such as {{transl|ja|[[Akiba-kei]]}} ("Akihabara-style"), which applies to those familiar with Akihabara's culture.
Miyadai describes two big subtypes of the otaku type, a world type and a battle royle type. There is a chronological development from the world type of the late 1990s to the battle royale type of the 2000s but they also coexisted. The antagonism between the world type and the battle royale type emerged in the age in which reality and fiction are regarded as equivalent tools for self-defense. He further describes the internet society as a rhizomic structure which invalidates the distinction between "reality" and "fiction". The world type treats fiction as an equivalent of reality (real-ization of fiction), while the battle royale type treats reality as an equivalent of fiction (fictionalization of reality).<ref name=Miyadai/>
===Media===
Otaku often participate in self-mocking through the production or interest in humor directed at their subculture. Anime and manga otaku are the subject of numerous self-critical works, such as ''Otaku no Video'', which contains a live-interview [[mockumentary]] that pokes fun at the otaku subculture and includes [[Gainax]]'s own staff as the interviewees.<ref name="Buried Treasure - In Praise of Nerdiness"/> Other works depict otaku subculture less critically, such as ''[[Genshiken]]'' and ''[[Comic Party]]''. A well-known [[light novel]], which later received a manga and anime adaptation, is ''[[Welcome to the N.H.K.]]'', which focuses on otaku subcultures and highlights other social outcasts, such as {{transl|ja|[[hikikomori]]}} and [[NEET]]s. Works that focus on otaku characters include ''[[WataMote]]'', the story of an unattractive and unsociable [[otome game|otome gamer]] otaku who exhibits delusions about her social status;<ref name="animenewsnetwork"/> and ''[[No More Heroes (video game)|No More Heroes]]'', a video game about an otaku assassin named [[Travis Touchdown]] and his surrealistic adventures inspired by anime and manga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travis Touchdown has a comfortable home life |url=http://nintendo.joystiq.com/2007/08/29/travis-touchdown-has-a-comfortable-home-life/ |publisher=Joystiq |first=JC |last= Fletcher |access-date=2007-09-21 |date=2007-08-29 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Media about otaku also exist outside of Japan, such as the American documentary ''[[Otaku Unite!]]'' which focuses on the American side of the otaku culture,<ref name="animenewsnetwork2004"/> and the Filipino novel ''[[Otaku Girl]]'', which tells the story of a virtual reality world where otaku can [[Role-playing|role-play]] and use the powers of their favorite anime characters.<ref name="Vocal">{{cite web|url= https://vocal.media/geeks/otaku-girl-book-review-where-memes-and-literature-mix|title=Otaku Girl (Book Review): Where Memes and Literature Mix|website=[[Voice Media Group]]|author=Hannigan, Carl}} July 1, 2021</ref>
[[File:GuP itansha.jpg|thumb|alt=Girls und Panzer cosplayers take photos in the itasha exhibition area of the doujinshi sale.|[[Girls und Panzer]] cosplayers take photos in the itasha exhibition area of the [[doujinshi convention]].]]
=== Habits ===
A term used in the otaku fandom is {{nihongo|[[wotagei]] or otagei|ヲタ芸 or オタ芸}}, a type of cheering performed as a group. Another term is {{nihongo|''[[itasha]]''|痛車|4=literally "painful (i.e. cringeworthy) car(s)"}}, which describes vehicles decorated with fictional characters, especially [[bishōjo game]] or [[eroge]] characters.<ref name="Itasha: Japan's Creepiest Car Fetish" /><ref name="Behold. A Fleet of Cars Owned by Nerds." />
==Classification==
[[File:Railfantokyo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Railfan]]s taking photos of trains at an annual depot open-day event in Tokyo in August 2011]]
The [[Nomura Research Institute]] (NRI) has made two major studies into otaku, the first in 2004 and a revised study with a more specific definition in 2005.<ref name="nri2004"/><ref name="nri2005"/> The 2005 study defines twelve major fields of otaku interests. Of these groups:
* manga otaku were the largest group, with 350,000 individuals and an ¥83 billion market scale.
* Idol otaku were the next largest group, with 280,000 individuals and ¥61 billion.
* Travel otaku were third, with 250,000 individuals and ¥81 billion.
* PC otaku were fourth, with 190,000 individuals and ¥36 billion.
* Video game otaku were fifth, with 160,000 individuals and ¥21 billion.
* Automobile otaku were sixth, with 140,000 individuals and ¥54 billion.
* Anime otaku were seventh, with 110,000 individuals and ¥20 billion.
The remaining five categories include [[mobile device]] otaku, with 70,000 individuals and ¥8 billion; audio-visual equipment otaku, with 60,000 individuals and ¥12 billion; camera otaku, with 50,000 individuals and ¥18 billion; [[fashion]] otaku, with 40,000 individuals and ¥13 billion; and [[Railfan|railway]] otaku, with 20,000 individuals and ¥4 billion. These values were partially released with a much higher estimation in 2004, but this definition focused on [[consumerism]] and not the "unique psychological characteristics" of otaku used in the 2005 study.<ref name="nri2004" /><ref name="nri2005" />
The NRI's 2005 study also put forth five archetypes of otaku:
* The first is the family-oriented otaku, who has broad interests and is more mature than other otaku; their object of interest is secretive and they are "[[Coming out#Non-LGBT contexts|closet]] otaku".
* The second is the serious "leaving my own mark on the world" otaku, with interests in mechanical or business personality fields.
* The third type is the "media-sensitive multiple interest" otaku, whose diverse interests are shared with others.
* The fourth type is the "outgoing and assertive otaku", who gain recognition by promoting their hobby.
* The last is the "fan magazine-obsessed otaku", which is predominately female with a small group of males being the "[[Moe (slang)|''moe'']] type"; their secret hobby is focused on the production or interest in fan works.<ref name="nri2005" />
The Hamagin Research Institute found that {{transl|ja|moe}}-related content was worth ¥88.8 billion ($807 million) in 2005, and one analyst estimated the market could be as much as ¥2 trillion ($18 billion).<ref name="money" /> Japan-based ''Tokyo Otaku Mode'', a place for news related to otaku, has been liked on [[Facebook]] almost 10 million times.<ref name="Tokyo Otaku Mode has 10 million Facebook fans but now what" />
Other classifications of otaku interests include [[Vocaloid]], [[cosplay]], [[Model figure#Japanese figures|figures]], and [[professional wrestling]], as categorized by the Yano Research Institute, which reports and tracks market growth and trends in sectors heavily influenced by otaku consumerism. In 2012, it noted around 30% of growth in [[dating sim]] and [[Online game|online gaming]] otaku, while Vocaloid, cosplay, idols and [[Maid café|maid services]] grew by 10%, confirming its 2011 predictions.<ref name="Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2012" /><ref name="Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2011" />
=== Ōkina otomodachi ===
{{See also|Brony}}
{{nihongo|''Ōkina otomodachi''|大きなお友達}} is a [[Japanese language|Japanese]] phrase that literally translates to "big friend" or "adult friend".<ref>When this phrase is actually pronounced, the colloquial form {{nihongo|''okkina otomodachi''|おっきなお友達}} is often used. The phrase {{nihongo|''ōkii otomodachi''|大きいお友達}} is also used with the same meaning.</ref> Japanese otaku use it to describe themselves as adult fans of an [[anime]], a [[manga]], or a TV show that is originally [[Children's anime and manga|aimed at children]].<ref>[http://www.paradisearmy.com/PASOK10.HTM#341 Dōjin Lingo ({{lang|ja|同人用語の基礎知識|nocat=true}})] {{in lang|ja}}<!--Japanese--> Retrieved on August 4, 2006.</ref> A parent who watches such a show with their children is not considered an ''ōkina otomodachi'', nor is a parent who buys anime DVDs or manga volumes for their children; ''ōkina otomodachi'' are those who consume such content by themselves.
==See also==
{{Portal|Japan|Speculative fiction|Video games}}
<!--PLEASE DO NOT ADD LINKS HERE THAT ARE BROAD IN SCOPE, WORDS SUCH AS "FAN" and "GEEK" ARE ALREADY LINKED IN THE ARTICLE.-->
* ''[[Daicon III and IV Opening Animations]]''
* [[Hentai]]
* [[Japanification]]
* [[Japanophilia]]
* [[Nijikon]]
* {{ill|Otaku-gari|ja|おたく狩り}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Akihabara">{{cite web | url=http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e3003.html | title=Akihabara | publisher=japanguide.com | date=July 24, 2013 | access-date=August 19, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427005552/http://japan-guide.com/e/e3003.html | archive-date=April 27, 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name="Behold. A Fleet of Cars Owned by Nerds.">{{cite web | url=http://kotaku.com/5848520/behold-a-fleet-of-cars-owned-by-nerds/ | title=Behold. A Fleet of Cars Owned by Nerds. | publisher=Kotaku | date=11 October 2011 | access-date=13 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824161631/http://kotaku.com/5848520/behold-a-fleet-of-cars-owned-by-nerds/ | archive-date=24 August 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Buried Treasure - In Praise of Nerdiness">{{cite news | url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/buried-treasure/2007-11-15 | title=Buried Treasure - In Praise of Nerdiness | work=Anime News Network | date=15 November 2007 | access-date=13 August 2013 | author=Sevakis, Justin | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729055645/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/buried-treasure/2007-11-15 | archive-date=29 July 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Home - Otaku USA Magazine">{{cite web | url=http://www.otakuusamagazine.com/Main/Home.aspx | title=Home - Otaku USA Magazine | publisher=Otaku USA | access-date=14 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913140014/http://otakuusamagazine.com/Main/Home.aspx | archive-date=13 September 2013 }}</ref>
<ref name="Itasha: Japan's Creepiest Car Fetish">{{cite web | url=http://jalopnik.com/5320386/itasha-japans-creepiest-car-fetish/ | title=Itasha: Japan's Creepiest Car Fetish | publisher=Jalopnik | date=23 July 2009 | access-date=13 August 2013 | author=Hardigree, Matt | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727111338/http://jalopnik.com/5320386/itasha-japans-creepiest-car-fetish/ | archive-date=27 July 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Mari">{{cite book | title=Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams | publisher=University of Minnesota Press | first= Tamaki | last= Saitō | author-link= Tamaki Saitō | year=2007 | page=224 | isbn=978-0-8166-4974-7 | editor-last=Bolton | editor-first=Christopher | editor-last2=Csicsery-Ronay Jr. | editor-first2=Istvan | editor-last3=Tatsumi | editor-first3=Takayuki | location=Minneapolis | translator-last=Bolton | translator-first=Christopher | chapter=Otaku Sexuality}}</ref>
<ref name="Modern boys and mobile girls">{{cite news | url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/life/story/0,6903,466391,00.html | title=Modern boys and mobile girls | newspaper=[[The Observer]] | date=2001-04-01 | access-date=August 19, 2013 | last=Gibson | first=William | location=London | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706143608/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/life/story/0,6903,466391,00.html | archive-date=July 6, 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="NRI">{{cite book | title=オタク市場の研究 (Otaku Shijou no Kenkyuu) / Targeting Otaku | publisher=野村総合研究所 (Nomura Research Institute) / Shang and Zhou (Chinese Edition) | author=Zhen, Jiang Yu | date=January 2000 | isbn=978-986-124-768-7}}</ref>
<ref name="Nippon_Foundation">{{cite book|last=Pesimo |first=Rudyard C. |title=Reflections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity |publisher=The Nippon Foundation |year=2007 |page=167 |chapter="Asianizing" Animation in Asia: Digital Content Identity Construction within the Animation Landscapes of Japan and Thailand}}</ref>
<ref name="Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/pdf/1002.pdf | title=Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2011 | publisher=Yano Research | access-date=12 August 2013 | date=15 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218055751/http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/pdf/1002.pdf | archive-date=18 December 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2012">{{cite web | url=http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/press.php/001002 | title=Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2012 | publisher=Yano Research Institute | date=October 15, 2012 | access-date=12 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630031233/http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/press.php/001002 | archive-date=30 June 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name="Otaku harassed as sex-crime fears mount">{{cite news|title=Otaku harassed as sex-crime fears mount|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20050206t3.html|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=August 19, 2013|first=Michael|last=Hoffman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216162834/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20050206t3.html|archive-date=December 16, 2007 |date=February 6, 2005}}</ref>
<ref name="Otaku uses manga and anime to improve Foreign Affairs">{{cite web | url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/09/23/GJ0809230014.htm | title=Otaku uses manga and anime to improve Foreign Affairs | date=23 August 2008 | access-date=15 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603193105/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/09/23/GJ0809230014.htm | archive-date=3 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Otaku: Is it a dirty word?">{{cite web | url=http://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/12/otaku-is-it-a-dirty-word/ | title=Otaku: Is it a dirty word? | work=cnnblogs.com | date=12 September 2011 | access-date=19 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522190438/http://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/12/otaku-is-it-a-dirty-word/ | archive-date=22 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Tokyo Otaku Mode has 10 million Facebook fans but now what">{{cite web | url=http://www.startup-dating.com/2013/02/tokyo-otaku-mode-has-10-million-facebook-fans-but-now-what | title=Tokyo Otaku Mode has 10 million Facebook fans but now what | publisher=Startup-dating.com | date=February 1, 2013 | access-date=August 19, 2013 | author=Martin, Rick | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816072102/http://www.startup-dating.com/2013/02/tokyo-otaku-mode-has-10-million-facebook-fans-but-now-what | archive-date=August 16, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="animenewsnetwork">{{cite news | url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2013-07-09/sentai-filmworks-licenses-watamote | title=Sentai Filmworks Licenses WataMote ~ No Matter How I Look at it, It's You Guys' Fault I'm not Popular! | work=Anime News Network | date=9 July 2013 | access-date=13 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824094230/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2013-07-09/sentai-filmworks-licenses-watamote | archive-date=24 August 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="animenewsnetwork2004">{{cite news | url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/otaku-unite | title=Otaku Unite! - Review | work=Anime News Network | date=2 March 2004 | access-date=13 August 2013 | author=Dong, Bamboo | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824174339/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/otaku-unite | archive-date=24 August 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="essay">{{cite journal | url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/5zb9r8cr# | title=おたく/ Otaku / Geek | website=Center for Japanese Studies UC Berkeley | date=20 April 2012 | access-date=13 August 2013 | author=Morikawa, Kaichirō | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210102/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zb9r8cr | archive-date=3 November 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="fan">{{cite book | last=Eng | first=Lawrence | editor1-last=Ito | editor1-first=Mizuko | editor2-last=Okabe | editor2-first=Daisuke | editor3-last=Tsuji | editor3-first= Izumi | title=Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World | publisher=Yale University Press | date=February 28, 2012 | pages=85–104 | chapter=Chapter 4: Strategies of Engagement: Discovering, Defining, and Describing Otaku Culture in the United States | isbn=978-0-300-15864-9}}</ref>
<ref name="gizmodo">{{cite web | url=https://gizmodo.com/5321350/japans-2+d-lovers-falling-in-love-with-a-body-pillow | title=Japan's 2-D Lovers: Falling In Love with a Body Pillow | work=gizmodo.com | date=July 23, 2009 | access-date=August 19, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201121104/http://gizmodo.com/5321350/japans-2+d-lovers-falling-in-love-with-a-body-pillow | archive-date=December 1, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="japantimes">{{cite news | url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/02/02/national/cosplay-students-promote-nagoyas-highlights/ | title='Cosplay' students promote Nagoya's highlights | newspaper=The Japan Times | date=2013-02-02 | access-date=2013-02-08 | author=Chunichi Shimbun credited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701164211/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/02/02/national/cosplay-students-promote-nagoyas-highlights/ | archive-date=2013-07-01 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="money">{{cite web | url=http://web-japan.org/trends/business/bus050830.html | title=Otaku Business Gives Japan's Economy a Lift | publisher=Web-Japan.org | date=30 August 2005 | access-date=19 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314144838/http://web-japan.org/trends/business/bus050830.html | archive-date=14 March 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="mynavi">{{cite web | url=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2013/04/27/076/ | title=自分のことを「オタク」と認識してる人10代は62％、70代は23％ |trans-title=62% of Teens identify as "otaku", 70's 23% | publisher=Mynavi | date=27 April 2013 | access-date=4 February 2014 | first=Michael | last=Jakusoso | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703184904/http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2013/04/27/076 | archive-date=3 July 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="nri2004">{{cite web | url=http://www.nri.co.jp/english/opinion/papers/2004/pdf/np200484.pdf | title=The Otaku Group from a Business Perspective: Revaluation of Enthusiastic Consumers | publisher=Nomura Research Institute | date=1 December 2004 | access-date=12 August 2013 | author=Kitabayashi, Ken | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507221927/http://www.nri.co.jp/english/opinion/papers/2004/pdf/np200484.pdf | archive-date=7 May 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name="nri2005">{{cite web | url=http://www.nri.co.jp/english/news/2005/051006.html | title=New Market Scale Estimation for Otaku: Population of 1.72 Million with Market Scale of ¥411 Billion — NRI classifies 5 types of otaku group, proposing a "New 3Cs" marketing frame — | publisher=Nomura Research Institute | date=6 October 2005 | access-date=12 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713033155/http://www.nri.co.jp/english/news/2005/051006.html | archive-date=13 July 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name="picnic2004">{{cite web|url=http://picnic.to/~ami/ool.htm |title=公開質問状 (Open letter ) |work=NGO-AMI |date=2004-12-09 |access-date=2008-03-04 |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501103354/http://picnic.to/~ami/ool.htm |archive-date=2008-05-01 }}</ref>
<ref name="SDFMeps3and4">{{Cite episode |title=Episodes three (スペース・フォールド/Supēsu Fōrudo/Space Fold) and four (リン・ミンメイ/Rin Minmei/Lynn Minmay) |series=超 時空 要塞マクロス (Chō Jikū Yōsai Makurosu/Super Dimensional Fortress Macross) |series-link=The_Super_Dimension_Fortress_Macross |network=MBS (Mainichi Broadcasting System) |date=October 1982 |season=1 |language=ja}}</ref>
}}
===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Galbraith |first1=Patrick W. |title=Otaku Spaces |date=2012 |publisher=Chin Music Press |location=Seattle |isbn=978-0-9844576-5-6}}
* {{cite book|title=The Otaku Encyclopedia|first=Patrick W.|last=Galbraith|date=2009|location=Tokyo|publisher=Kodansha }}
* {{cite book |title=Otaku and the Struggle for Imagination in Japan |last=Galbraith |first=Patrick W. |location=Durham |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2019 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1220mhm |isbn=978-1-4780-0509-4 |jstor=j.ctv1220mhm |s2cid=240980856 |oclc=1148100778}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://www.cjas.org/~leng/otaku-e.htm "I'm alone, but not lonely"] – an early article about Japanese otaku, December 1990
*https://www.academia.edu/35783297/Léthique_otaku_Tous_seuls_ensemble_la_crise_de_contact_et_autres_troubles_des_sens_1999 Article in French by [[Maurice Benayoun]]
* [http://www.cjas.org/~leng/otaku-p.htm The Politics of Otaku] – a general commentary on the usage and meanings of "otaku" in Japan and internationally, September 2001
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306022123/http://www.brunel.ac.uk/4042/entertext4.1/lamarre1.pdf An Introduction to Otaku Movement], paper by [[Thomas LaMarre|Thomas Lamarre]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111120225555/https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.07/posts.html?pg=5 Meet the Geek Elite], [[Wired Magazine]], July 2006
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010073854/http://www.transcript-verlag.de/ts313/ts313.htm Michael Manfé – Otakismus] {{in lang|de}}
{{Japanese subcultures}}
{{Fandom}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Otaku| ]]
[[Category:Fandom]]
[[Category:English-language slang]]
[[Category:Japanese slang]]
[[Category:Japanese values]]
[[Category:1983 neologisms]]
[[Category:Epithets related to nerd culture]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'Otaku must save the world, heres how we do it.
A value war is upon us we can save by creating the media helping our frends from Japan and therefore saving the masculine and femenine spirit, in true God we trust, if you are more curious see privous edit for more info. Please save we world, we otaku must save the world. ^_^ Thank you.
==Etymology==
{{Anime and manga}}
{{transl|ja|Otaku}} is derived from a Japanese term for another person's house or family ([[wiktionary:お宅|お宅]], {{transl|ja|otaku}}). The word can be used [[Metaphor|metaphorically]] as a part of [[honorific speech in Japanese]], as a [[Second person pronoun|second-person pronoun]]. In this usage, its literal translation is "you". It is associated with some dialects of [[Japanese_dialects#Eastern_and_Western_Japanese|Western Japanese]] and with [[Housewife|housewives]], and is less direct and more distant than intimate pronouns, such as ''anata'', and masculine pronouns, such as ''kimi'' and ''omae''.{{sfn|Galbraith|2012|p=16}}
The origin of the pronoun's use among 1980s manga and anime fans is unclear. Science fiction fans were using ''otaku'' to address owners of books by the late 1960s (in a sense of "Do[es] [your home] own this book?").<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Tamaki Saitō |title=Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams: Japanese Science Fiction from Origins to Anime|publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8166-4974-7 |editor-last=Bolton |editor-first=Christopher |location=Minneapolis |page=xxii |chapter=Introduction |editor-last2=Csicsery-Ronay Jr. |editor-first2=Istvan |editor-last3=Tatsumi |editor-first3=Takayuki}}</ref> Social critic [[Eiji Ōtsuka]] posits that ''otaku'' was used because it allowed people meeting for the first time, such as at a [[Fan convention|convention]], to interact from a comfortable distance.{{sfn|Galbraith|2012|p=16}} One theory posits that ''otaku'' was popularized as a pronoun by science fiction author [[Motoko Arai]] in a 1981 essay in ''Variety'' magazine,{{sfn|Galbraith|2012|p=16}} and another posits that it was popularized by fans of anime studio [[Gainax]], some of whose founders came from [[Tottori Prefecture]] in western Japan (where ''otaku'' is commonly used).{{sfn|Galbraith|2009|p=171}} The pronoun was also used in the popular anime ''[[Macross]]'', first aired in 1982, by the characters [[Hikaru Ichijyo]] and [[Lynn Minmay]], who address each other as ''otaku'' until they get to know each other better.{{sfn|Galbraith|2009|p=172}}<ref name="NRI"/><ref name="SDFMeps3and4"/>
The modern slang form, which is distinguished from the older usage by being written in [[hiragana]] (おたく), [[katakana]] (オタク or, less frequently, ヲタク) or rarely in [[rōmaji]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Debating otaku in contemporary Japan: historical perspectives and new horizons|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4725-9497-6|editor-last=Galbraith|editor-first=Patrick W.|location=London|pages=7–8|oclc=897946266|editor-last2=Kam|editor-first2=Thiam Huat|editor-last3=Kamm|editor-first3=Björn-Ole}}</ref> first appeared in public discourse in the 1980s, through the work of humorist and essayist [[Akio Nakamori]]. His 1983 series {{nihongo|'''Otaku' Research''|『おたく』の研究|"Otaku" no Kenkyū}}, printed in the ''[[lolicon]]'' magazine ''[[Manga Burikko]]'', applied the term as pejorative for "unpleasant" fans, attacking their supposed poor fashion sense and physical appearance in particular.{{sfn|Galbraith|2019|p=55}} Nakamori was particularly critical of "manga maniacs" drawn to cute girl characters,{{sfn|Galbraith|2019|p=55}} and explained his label ''otaku'' as the term of address used between junior high school kids at manga and anime conventions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alt |first1=Matt |title=Can Otaku Love Like Normal People? |url=http://neojaponisme.com/2008/04/07/can-otaku-love-like-normal-people/ |website=Néojaponisme |access-date=4 August 2021 |date=7 April 2008}}</ref>
In 1989, the case of [[Tsutomu Miyazaki]], "The Otaku Murderer", brought the fandom, very negatively, to national attention.<ref name="essay" /> Miyazaki, who randomly chose and murdered four girls, had a collection of 5,763 video tapes, some containing anime and [[slasher film]]s that were found interspersed with videos and pictures of his victims. Later that year, the contemporary knowledge magazine ''Bessatsu Takarajima'' dedicated its 104th issue to the topic of otaku. It was called {{nihongo|''Otaku no Hon''|おたくの本|lit. The Book of Otaku}} and delved into the subculture of otaku with 19 articles by otaku insiders, among them Akio Nakamori. This publication has been claimed by scholar Rudyard Pesimo to have popularized the term.<ref name="Nippon_Foundation"/>
==Usage==
In modern Japanese slang, the term {{transl|ja|otaku}} is mostly equivalent to "[[geek]]" or "[[nerd]]" (both in the broad sense; a technological geek would be a {{nihongo||技術オタク|gijutsu otaku}} and an academic nerd would be a {{nihongo||文化系オタク|bunkakei otaku}} or {{nihongo||ガリ勉|gariben}}), but in a more derogatory manner than used in the West.<ref name=essay /> It is also applied to any [[Fan (person)|fan]] of any particular theme, topic, hobby or form of entertainment.<ref name=essay /> "When these people are referred to as {{transl|ja|otaku}}, they are judged for their behaviors — and people suddenly see an 'otaku' as a person unable to relate to reality."<ref name="Otaku: Is it a dirty word?"/><ref name="gizmodo"/> The word entered English as a [[loanword]] from the Japanese language. It is typically used to refer to a fan of [[anime]] and [[manga]], but can also refer to [[Video games in Japan|Japanese video games]] or even [[Culture of Japan|Japanese culture]] in general. The American magazine ''[[Otaku USA]]'' popularizes and covers these aspects.<ref name="Home - Otaku USA Magazine"/><ref name=fan /> The usage of the word is a source of contention among some fans, owing to its negative connotations and stereotyping of the fandom. Widespread English exposure to the term came in 1988 with the release of ''[[Gunbuster]]'', which refers to anime fans as {{transl|ja|otaku}}. ''Gunbuster'' was released officially in English in March 1990. The term's usage spread throughout the [[Usenet newsgroup|Usenet group]] rec.arts.anime with discussions about ''[[Otaku no Video]]''{{'}}s portrayal of otaku before its 1994 English release. Positive and negative aspects, including the pejorative usage, were intermixed.<ref name="fan"/> The term was also popularized by [[William Gibson]]'s 1996 novel ''[[Idoru]]'', which references otaku.<ref name="Modern boys and mobile girls"/>
==Subculture==
Kaichirō Morikawa identifies the subculture as distinctly Japanese, a product of the [[Education in Japan|school system]] and society. Japanese schools have a class structure which functions as a [[Caste|caste system]], but [[School club|clubs]] are an exception to the social hierarchy. In these clubs, a student's interests will be recognized and nurtured, catering to the interests of otaku. Secondly, the vertical structure of Japanese society identifies the value of individuals by their success. Until the late 1980s, unathletic and unattractive males focused on academics, hoping to secure a good job and marry to raise their social standing. Those unable to succeed socially focused instead on their interests, often into adulthood, with their lifestyle centering on those interests, furthering the creation of the otaku subculture.<ref name=essay />
Even prior to the coinage of the term, the stereotypical traits of the subculture were identified in a 1981 issue of ''Fan Rōdo'' (Fan road) about "culture clubs".<ref name="essay"/> These individuals were drawn to anime, a counter-culture, with the release of [[hard science fiction]] works such as ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam]]''. These works allowed a congregation and development of obsessive interests that turned anime into a medium for unpopular students, catering to obsessed fans. After these fans discovered Comic Market, the term was used as a self-confirming and self-mocking collective identity.<ref name=essay />
The 1989 "Otaku Murderer" case gave the fandom a negative connotation from which it has not fully recovered.<ref name=essay /> The perception of otaku was again damaged in late 2004 when [[Kaoru Kobayashi (murderer)|Kaoru Kobayashi]] kidnapped, sexually assaulted, and murdered a seven-year-old first-grade student. Japanese journalist Akihiro Ōtani suspected that Kobayashi's crime was committed by a member of the ''[[figure moe zoku]]'' even before his arrest.<ref name="picnic2004"/> Although Kobayashi was not an otaku, the degree of social hostility against otaku increased. Otaku were seen by law enforcement as possible suspects for sex crimes, and local governments called for stricter laws controlling the depiction of eroticism in otaku materials.<ref name="Otaku harassed as sex-crime fears mount"/>
Not all attention has been negative. In his book ''Otaku'', [[Hiroki Azuma]] observed: "Between 2001 and 2007, the otaku forms and markets quite rapidly won social recognition in Japan", citing the fact that "[i]n 2003, [[Hayao Miyazaki]] won the [[Academy Award]] for his ''[[Spirited Away]]''; around the same time [[Takashi Murakami]] achieved recognition for otaku-like designs; in 2004, the Japanese pavilion in the [[Venice Biennale of Architecture|2004 International Architecture exhibition]] of the [[Venice Biennale]] (Biennale Architecture) featured 'otaku'. In 2005, the word {{transl|ja|moe}} — one of the keywords of the present volume — was chosen as one of the top ten '[[buzzword]]s of the year'."<ref>{{cite book |last=Azuma |first=Hiroki |date=April 10, 2009 |title=Otaku |chapter-url=http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/otaku |location=Minneapolis |publisher= University of Minnesota Press | chapter= Preface |page = xi|isbn=978-0-8166-5351-5 |access-date=January 31, 2014}}</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of Japan]] [[Tarō Asō|Taro Aso]] has also claimed to be an otaku, using this subculture to promote Japan in foreign affairs.<ref name="Otaku uses manga and anime to improve Foreign Affairs"/> In 2013, a Japanese study of 137,734 people found that 42.2% self-identify as a type of otaku. This study suggests that the stigma of the word has vanished, and the term has been embraced by many.<ref name="mynavi"/> [[Marie Kondo]] told ForbesWomen in 2020: "I credit being an otaku with helping me to focus deeply, which definitely contributed to my success."<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyschoenberger/2020/08/30/mariekondo/#4c69dc3c4500|title = Marie Kondo on Sparking Joy in a Pandemic and the Life-Changing Magic of Becoming a KonMari Consultant| website = [[Forbes]] | date= 2020-08-30}}</ref>
In the late 1990s, otaku was a popular subculture among [[Generation X|Generation Xers]] in the US.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beran |first=Dale |title=It Came from Something Awful: How a Toxic Troll Army Accidentally Memed Donald Trump into Office |date=July 30, 2019 |publisher=[[All Points Books]] |isbn=978-1-250-21947-3 |edition=1st |location=New York |page=xiv}}</ref> In the early 2000s, the otaku community in the United States often consisted of [[Suburb|suburban]] young people and niche online groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beran |first=Dale |title=It Came from Something Awful: How a Toxic Troll Army Accidentally Memed Donald Trump into Office |date=July 30, 2019 |publisher=[[All Points Books]] |isbn=978-1-250-21947-3 |edition=1st |location=New York |page=x}}</ref>
===Places===
The district of [[Akihabara]] in Tokyo, where there are [[maid café]]s featuring waitresses who dress up and act like maids or anime characters, is a notable attraction center for otaku. Akihabara also has dozens of stores specializing in anime, manga, [[Retrogaming|retro video games]], figurines, card games, and other collectibles.<ref name="Akihabara"/> Another popular location is [[Otome Road]] in Ikebukuro, Tokyo. Students from [[Nagoya City University]] started a project to help promote hidden tourist attractions and attract more otaku to [[Nagoya]].<ref name="japantimes"/>
===Subtypes===
[[File:Hinagiku Katsura itasha side front 20090726.jpg|thumb|A [[Nissan March]] featuring Hinagiku Katsura from the manga series ''[[Hayate the Combat Butler]]'']]
There are specific terms for different types of otaku, including {{nihongo|[[fujoshi]]|腐女子||lit. "rotten girl(s)"}}, a self-mockingly pejorative Japanese term for female fans of {{transl|ja|[[yaoi]]}}, which focuses on [[homosexual]] male relationships.<ref name="Mari"/> {{transl|ja|[[Reki-jo]]}} are female otaku who are interested in [[Japanese history]]. Some terms refer to a location, such as {{transl|ja|[[Akiba-kei]]}} ("Akihabara-style"), which applies to those familiar with Akihabara's culture.
Miyadai describes two big subtypes of the otaku type, a world type and a battle royle type. There is a chronological development from the world type of the late 1990s to the battle royale type of the 2000s but they also coexisted. The antagonism between the world type and the battle royale type emerged in the age in which reality and fiction are regarded as equivalent tools for self-defense. He further describes the internet society as a rhizomic structure which invalidates the distinction between "reality" and "fiction". The world type treats fiction as an equivalent of reality (real-ization of fiction), while the battle royale type treats reality as an equivalent of fiction (fictionalization of reality).<ref name=Miyadai/>
===Media===
Otaku often participate in self-mocking through the production or interest in humor directed at their subculture. Anime and manga otaku are the subject of numerous self-critical works, such as ''Otaku no Video'', which contains a live-interview [[mockumentary]] that pokes fun at the otaku subculture and includes [[Gainax]]'s own staff as the interviewees.<ref name="Buried Treasure - In Praise of Nerdiness"/> Other works depict otaku subculture less critically, such as ''[[Genshiken]]'' and ''[[Comic Party]]''. A well-known [[light novel]], which later received a manga and anime adaptation, is ''[[Welcome to the N.H.K.]]'', which focuses on otaku subcultures and highlights other social outcasts, such as {{transl|ja|[[hikikomori]]}} and [[NEET]]s. Works that focus on otaku characters include ''[[WataMote]]'', the story of an unattractive and unsociable [[otome game|otome gamer]] otaku who exhibits delusions about her social status;<ref name="animenewsnetwork"/> and ''[[No More Heroes (video game)|No More Heroes]]'', a video game about an otaku assassin named [[Travis Touchdown]] and his surrealistic adventures inspired by anime and manga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travis Touchdown has a comfortable home life |url=http://nintendo.joystiq.com/2007/08/29/travis-touchdown-has-a-comfortable-home-life/ |publisher=Joystiq |first=JC |last= Fletcher |access-date=2007-09-21 |date=2007-08-29 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Media about otaku also exist outside of Japan, such as the American documentary ''[[Otaku Unite!]]'' which focuses on the American side of the otaku culture,<ref name="animenewsnetwork2004"/> and the Filipino novel ''[[Otaku Girl]]'', which tells the story of a virtual reality world where otaku can [[Role-playing|role-play]] and use the powers of their favorite anime characters.<ref name="Vocal">{{cite web|url= https://vocal.media/geeks/otaku-girl-book-review-where-memes-and-literature-mix|title=Otaku Girl (Book Review): Where Memes and Literature Mix|website=[[Voice Media Group]]|author=Hannigan, Carl}} July 1, 2021</ref>
[[File:GuP itansha.jpg|thumb|alt=Girls und Panzer cosplayers take photos in the itasha exhibition area of the doujinshi sale.|[[Girls und Panzer]] cosplayers take photos in the itasha exhibition area of the [[doujinshi convention]].]]
=== Habits ===
A term used in the otaku fandom is {{nihongo|[[wotagei]] or otagei|ヲタ芸 or オタ芸}}, a type of cheering performed as a group. Another term is {{nihongo|''[[itasha]]''|痛車|4=literally "painful (i.e. cringeworthy) car(s)"}}, which describes vehicles decorated with fictional characters, especially [[bishōjo game]] or [[eroge]] characters.<ref name="Itasha: Japan's Creepiest Car Fetish" /><ref name="Behold. A Fleet of Cars Owned by Nerds." />
==Classification==
[[File:Railfantokyo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Railfan]]s taking photos of trains at an annual depot open-day event in Tokyo in August 2011]]
The [[Nomura Research Institute]] (NRI) has made two major studies into otaku, the first in 2004 and a revised study with a more specific definition in 2005.<ref name="nri2004"/><ref name="nri2005"/> The 2005 study defines twelve major fields of otaku interests. Of these groups:
* manga otaku were the largest group, with 350,000 individuals and an ¥83 billion market scale.
* Idol otaku were the next largest group, with 280,000 individuals and ¥61 billion.
* Travel otaku were third, with 250,000 individuals and ¥81 billion.
* PC otaku were fourth, with 190,000 individuals and ¥36 billion.
* Video game otaku were fifth, with 160,000 individuals and ¥21 billion.
* Automobile otaku were sixth, with 140,000 individuals and ¥54 billion.
* Anime otaku were seventh, with 110,000 individuals and ¥20 billion.
The remaining five categories include [[mobile device]] otaku, with 70,000 individuals and ¥8 billion; audio-visual equipment otaku, with 60,000 individuals and ¥12 billion; camera otaku, with 50,000 individuals and ¥18 billion; [[fashion]] otaku, with 40,000 individuals and ¥13 billion; and [[Railfan|railway]] otaku, with 20,000 individuals and ¥4 billion. These values were partially released with a much higher estimation in 2004, but this definition focused on [[consumerism]] and not the "unique psychological characteristics" of otaku used in the 2005 study.<ref name="nri2004" /><ref name="nri2005" />
The NRI's 2005 study also put forth five archetypes of otaku:
* The first is the family-oriented otaku, who has broad interests and is more mature than other otaku; their object of interest is secretive and they are "[[Coming out#Non-LGBT contexts|closet]] otaku".
* The second is the serious "leaving my own mark on the world" otaku, with interests in mechanical or business personality fields.
* The third type is the "media-sensitive multiple interest" otaku, whose diverse interests are shared with others.
* The fourth type is the "outgoing and assertive otaku", who gain recognition by promoting their hobby.
* The last is the "fan magazine-obsessed otaku", which is predominately female with a small group of males being the "[[Moe (slang)|''moe'']] type"; their secret hobby is focused on the production or interest in fan works.<ref name="nri2005" />
The Hamagin Research Institute found that {{transl|ja|moe}}-related content was worth ¥88.8 billion ($807 million) in 2005, and one analyst estimated the market could be as much as ¥2 trillion ($18 billion).<ref name="money" /> Japan-based ''Tokyo Otaku Mode'', a place for news related to otaku, has been liked on [[Facebook]] almost 10 million times.<ref name="Tokyo Otaku Mode has 10 million Facebook fans but now what" />
Other classifications of otaku interests include [[Vocaloid]], [[cosplay]], [[Model figure#Japanese figures|figures]], and [[professional wrestling]], as categorized by the Yano Research Institute, which reports and tracks market growth and trends in sectors heavily influenced by otaku consumerism. In 2012, it noted around 30% of growth in [[dating sim]] and [[Online game|online gaming]] otaku, while Vocaloid, cosplay, idols and [[Maid café|maid services]] grew by 10%, confirming its 2011 predictions.<ref name="Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2012" /><ref name="Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2011" />
=== Ōkina otomodachi ===
{{See also|Brony}}
{{nihongo|''Ōkina otomodachi''|大きなお友達}} is a [[Japanese language|Japanese]] phrase that literally translates to "big friend" or "adult friend".<ref>When this phrase is actually pronounced, the colloquial form {{nihongo|''okkina otomodachi''|おっきなお友達}} is often used. The phrase {{nihongo|''ōkii otomodachi''|大きいお友達}} is also used with the same meaning.</ref> Japanese otaku use it to describe themselves as adult fans of an [[anime]], a [[manga]], or a TV show that is originally [[Children's anime and manga|aimed at children]].<ref>[http://www.paradisearmy.com/PASOK10.HTM#341 Dōjin Lingo ({{lang|ja|同人用語の基礎知識|nocat=true}})] {{in lang|ja}}<!--Japanese--> Retrieved on August 4, 2006.</ref> A parent who watches such a show with their children is not considered an ''ōkina otomodachi'', nor is a parent who buys anime DVDs or manga volumes for their children; ''ōkina otomodachi'' are those who consume such content by themselves.
==See also==
{{Portal|Japan|Speculative fiction|Video games}}
<!--PLEASE DO NOT ADD LINKS HERE THAT ARE BROAD IN SCOPE, WORDS SUCH AS "FAN" and "GEEK" ARE ALREADY LINKED IN THE ARTICLE.-->
* ''[[Daicon III and IV Opening Animations]]''
* [[Hentai]]
* [[Japanification]]
* [[Japanophilia]]
* [[Nijikon]]
* {{ill|Otaku-gari|ja|おたく狩り}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Akihabara">{{cite web | url=http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e3003.html | title=Akihabara | publisher=japanguide.com | date=July 24, 2013 | access-date=August 19, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427005552/http://japan-guide.com/e/e3003.html | archive-date=April 27, 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name="Behold. A Fleet of Cars Owned by Nerds.">{{cite web | url=http://kotaku.com/5848520/behold-a-fleet-of-cars-owned-by-nerds/ | title=Behold. A Fleet of Cars Owned by Nerds. | publisher=Kotaku | date=11 October 2011 | access-date=13 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824161631/http://kotaku.com/5848520/behold-a-fleet-of-cars-owned-by-nerds/ | archive-date=24 August 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Buried Treasure - In Praise of Nerdiness">{{cite news | url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/buried-treasure/2007-11-15 | title=Buried Treasure - In Praise of Nerdiness | work=Anime News Network | date=15 November 2007 | access-date=13 August 2013 | author=Sevakis, Justin | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729055645/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/buried-treasure/2007-11-15 | archive-date=29 July 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Home - Otaku USA Magazine">{{cite web | url=http://www.otakuusamagazine.com/Main/Home.aspx | title=Home - Otaku USA Magazine | publisher=Otaku USA | access-date=14 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913140014/http://otakuusamagazine.com/Main/Home.aspx | archive-date=13 September 2013 }}</ref>
<ref name="Itasha: Japan's Creepiest Car Fetish">{{cite web | url=http://jalopnik.com/5320386/itasha-japans-creepiest-car-fetish/ | title=Itasha: Japan's Creepiest Car Fetish | publisher=Jalopnik | date=23 July 2009 | access-date=13 August 2013 | author=Hardigree, Matt | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727111338/http://jalopnik.com/5320386/itasha-japans-creepiest-car-fetish/ | archive-date=27 July 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Mari">{{cite book | title=Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams | publisher=University of Minnesota Press | first= Tamaki | last= Saitō | author-link= Tamaki Saitō | year=2007 | page=224 | isbn=978-0-8166-4974-7 | editor-last=Bolton | editor-first=Christopher | editor-last2=Csicsery-Ronay Jr. | editor-first2=Istvan | editor-last3=Tatsumi | editor-first3=Takayuki | location=Minneapolis | translator-last=Bolton | translator-first=Christopher | chapter=Otaku Sexuality}}</ref>
<ref name="Modern boys and mobile girls">{{cite news | url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/life/story/0,6903,466391,00.html | title=Modern boys and mobile girls | newspaper=[[The Observer]] | date=2001-04-01 | access-date=August 19, 2013 | last=Gibson | first=William | location=London | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706143608/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/life/story/0,6903,466391,00.html | archive-date=July 6, 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="NRI">{{cite book | title=オタク市場の研究 (Otaku Shijou no Kenkyuu) / Targeting Otaku | publisher=野村総合研究所 (Nomura Research Institute) / Shang and Zhou (Chinese Edition) | author=Zhen, Jiang Yu | date=January 2000 | isbn=978-986-124-768-7}}</ref>
<ref name="Nippon_Foundation">{{cite book|last=Pesimo |first=Rudyard C. |title=Reflections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity |publisher=The Nippon Foundation |year=2007 |page=167 |chapter="Asianizing" Animation in Asia: Digital Content Identity Construction within the Animation Landscapes of Japan and Thailand}}</ref>
<ref name="Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/pdf/1002.pdf | title=Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2011 | publisher=Yano Research | access-date=12 August 2013 | date=15 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218055751/http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/pdf/1002.pdf | archive-date=18 December 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2012">{{cite web | url=http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/press.php/001002 | title=Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2012 | publisher=Yano Research Institute | date=October 15, 2012 | access-date=12 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630031233/http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/press.php/001002 | archive-date=30 June 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name="Otaku harassed as sex-crime fears mount">{{cite news|title=Otaku harassed as sex-crime fears mount|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20050206t3.html|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=August 19, 2013|first=Michael|last=Hoffman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216162834/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20050206t3.html|archive-date=December 16, 2007 |date=February 6, 2005}}</ref>
<ref name="Otaku uses manga and anime to improve Foreign Affairs">{{cite web | url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/09/23/GJ0809230014.htm | title=Otaku uses manga and anime to improve Foreign Affairs | date=23 August 2008 | access-date=15 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603193105/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/09/23/GJ0809230014.htm | archive-date=3 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Otaku: Is it a dirty word?">{{cite web | url=http://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/12/otaku-is-it-a-dirty-word/ | title=Otaku: Is it a dirty word? | work=cnnblogs.com | date=12 September 2011 | access-date=19 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522190438/http://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/12/otaku-is-it-a-dirty-word/ | archive-date=22 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Tokyo Otaku Mode has 10 million Facebook fans but now what">{{cite web | url=http://www.startup-dating.com/2013/02/tokyo-otaku-mode-has-10-million-facebook-fans-but-now-what | title=Tokyo Otaku Mode has 10 million Facebook fans but now what | publisher=Startup-dating.com | date=February 1, 2013 | access-date=August 19, 2013 | author=Martin, Rick | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816072102/http://www.startup-dating.com/2013/02/tokyo-otaku-mode-has-10-million-facebook-fans-but-now-what | archive-date=August 16, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="animenewsnetwork">{{cite news | url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2013-07-09/sentai-filmworks-licenses-watamote | title=Sentai Filmworks Licenses WataMote ~ No Matter How I Look at it, It's You Guys' Fault I'm not Popular! | work=Anime News Network | date=9 July 2013 | access-date=13 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824094230/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2013-07-09/sentai-filmworks-licenses-watamote | archive-date=24 August 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="animenewsnetwork2004">{{cite news | url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/otaku-unite | title=Otaku Unite! - Review | work=Anime News Network | date=2 March 2004 | access-date=13 August 2013 | author=Dong, Bamboo | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824174339/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/otaku-unite | archive-date=24 August 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="essay">{{cite journal | url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/5zb9r8cr# | title=おたく/ Otaku / Geek | website=Center for Japanese Studies UC Berkeley | date=20 April 2012 | access-date=13 August 2013 | author=Morikawa, Kaichirō | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210102/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zb9r8cr | archive-date=3 November 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="fan">{{cite book | last=Eng | first=Lawrence | editor1-last=Ito | editor1-first=Mizuko | editor2-last=Okabe | editor2-first=Daisuke | editor3-last=Tsuji | editor3-first= Izumi | title=Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World | publisher=Yale University Press | date=February 28, 2012 | pages=85–104 | chapter=Chapter 4: Strategies of Engagement: Discovering, Defining, and Describing Otaku Culture in the United States | isbn=978-0-300-15864-9}}</ref>
<ref name="gizmodo">{{cite web | url=https://gizmodo.com/5321350/japans-2+d-lovers-falling-in-love-with-a-body-pillow | title=Japan's 2-D Lovers: Falling In Love with a Body Pillow | work=gizmodo.com | date=July 23, 2009 | access-date=August 19, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201121104/http://gizmodo.com/5321350/japans-2+d-lovers-falling-in-love-with-a-body-pillow | archive-date=December 1, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="japantimes">{{cite news | url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/02/02/national/cosplay-students-promote-nagoyas-highlights/ | title='Cosplay' students promote Nagoya's highlights | newspaper=The Japan Times | date=2013-02-02 | access-date=2013-02-08 | author=Chunichi Shimbun credited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701164211/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/02/02/national/cosplay-students-promote-nagoyas-highlights/ | archive-date=2013-07-01 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="money">{{cite web | url=http://web-japan.org/trends/business/bus050830.html | title=Otaku Business Gives Japan's Economy a Lift | publisher=Web-Japan.org | date=30 August 2005 | access-date=19 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314144838/http://web-japan.org/trends/business/bus050830.html | archive-date=14 March 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="mynavi">{{cite web | url=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2013/04/27/076/ | title=自分のことを「オタク」と認識してる人10代は62％、70代は23％ |trans-title=62% of Teens identify as "otaku", 70's 23% | publisher=Mynavi | date=27 April 2013 | access-date=4 February 2014 | first=Michael | last=Jakusoso | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703184904/http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2013/04/27/076 | archive-date=3 July 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="nri2004">{{cite web | url=http://www.nri.co.jp/english/opinion/papers/2004/pdf/np200484.pdf | title=The Otaku Group from a Business Perspective: Revaluation of Enthusiastic Consumers | publisher=Nomura Research Institute | date=1 December 2004 | access-date=12 August 2013 | author=Kitabayashi, Ken | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507221927/http://www.nri.co.jp/english/opinion/papers/2004/pdf/np200484.pdf | archive-date=7 May 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name="nri2005">{{cite web | url=http://www.nri.co.jp/english/news/2005/051006.html | title=New Market Scale Estimation for Otaku: Population of 1.72 Million with Market Scale of ¥411 Billion — NRI classifies 5 types of otaku group, proposing a "New 3Cs" marketing frame — | publisher=Nomura Research Institute | date=6 October 2005 | access-date=12 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713033155/http://www.nri.co.jp/english/news/2005/051006.html | archive-date=13 July 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name="picnic2004">{{cite web|url=http://picnic.to/~ami/ool.htm |title=公開質問状 (Open letter ) |work=NGO-AMI |date=2004-12-09 |access-date=2008-03-04 |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501103354/http://picnic.to/~ami/ool.htm |archive-date=2008-05-01 }}</ref>
<ref name="SDFMeps3and4">{{Cite episode |title=Episodes three (スペース・フォールド/Supēsu Fōrudo/Space Fold) and four (リン・ミンメイ/Rin Minmei/Lynn Minmay) |series=超 時空 要塞マクロス (Chō Jikū Yōsai Makurosu/Super Dimensional Fortress Macross) |series-link=The_Super_Dimension_Fortress_Macross |network=MBS (Mainichi Broadcasting System) |date=October 1982 |season=1 |language=ja}}</ref>
}}
===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Galbraith |first1=Patrick W. |title=Otaku Spaces |date=2012 |publisher=Chin Music Press |location=Seattle |isbn=978-0-9844576-5-6}}
* {{cite book|title=The Otaku Encyclopedia|first=Patrick W.|last=Galbraith|date=2009|location=Tokyo|publisher=Kodansha }}
* {{cite book |title=Otaku and the Struggle for Imagination in Japan |last=Galbraith |first=Patrick W. |location=Durham |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2019 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1220mhm |isbn=978-1-4780-0509-4 |jstor=j.ctv1220mhm |s2cid=240980856 |oclc=1148100778}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://www.cjas.org/~leng/otaku-e.htm "I'm alone, but not lonely"] – an early article about Japanese otaku, December 1990
*https://www.academia.edu/35783297/Léthique_otaku_Tous_seuls_ensemble_la_crise_de_contact_et_autres_troubles_des_sens_1999 Article in French by [[Maurice Benayoun]]
* [http://www.cjas.org/~leng/otaku-p.htm The Politics of Otaku] – a general commentary on the usage and meanings of "otaku" in Japan and internationally, September 2001
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306022123/http://www.brunel.ac.uk/4042/entertext4.1/lamarre1.pdf An Introduction to Otaku Movement], paper by [[Thomas LaMarre|Thomas Lamarre]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111120225555/https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.07/posts.html?pg=5 Meet the Geek Elite], [[Wired Magazine]], July 2006
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010073854/http://www.transcript-verlag.de/ts313/ts313.htm Michael Manfé – Otakismus] {{in lang|de}}
{{Japanese subcultures}}
{{Fandom}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Otaku| ]]
[[Category:Fandom]]
[[Category:English-language slang]]
[[Category:Japanese slang]]
[[Category:Japanese values]]
[[Category:1983 neologisms]]
[[Category:Epithets related to nerd culture]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,15 +1,4 @@
-{{Short description|Someone highly interested in anime and manga}}
-{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
-{{distinguish|Otakou|Kotaku|Ōta-ku}}
-{{good article}}
-{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
-[[File:Akihabara picture.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The [[Akihabara]] neighborhood of [[Tokyo]], a popular gathering site for otaku]]
-
-{{Nihongo|'''''Otaku'''''|おたく{{lang|en|,}} オタク{{lang|en|, or}} ヲタク|lead=yes}} is a Japanese word that describes people with consuming interests, particularly in [[anime and manga|anime, manga]], [[video game]]s, or [[computer]]s. Its contemporary use originated with a 1983 essay by [[Akio Nakamori]] in ''[[Manga Burikko]]''.
-
-Otaku subculture is a central theme of various anime, manga, documentaries, and academic research. The subculture began in the 1980s as changing social mentalities and the nurturing of otaku traits by Japanese schools combined with the resignation of such individuals to what was then seen as inevitably becoming social outcasts. The subculture's birth coincided with the anime boom after the release of works such as ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam]]'', before it branched into [[Comiket|Comic Market]].
-The otaku culture could also be seen as a refuge from the [[nanpa]] culture. In 1980, around the Kabuki-chō district of Shinjuku in Tokyo, there was a boom of ''nyū fūzoku'', or new sex services employing female college or vocational school students. The [[burusera]] boom and the compensated dating boom in the 1990s were extensions of this. In this sense, the period from 1980 to the mid-1990s was the "age of sexual love". The higher the sexual love boom rose, the more people were disappointed in sexual love for not giving them that comprehensive acceptance. The advent of information technology and databases, first and foremost, enriched the means for the homeostasis of the self, that is, self-defense; and, secondly, it thereby rapidly weakened the sense that "reality" (or embodied communication) is more fruitful than "fiction" (or virtual reality).<ref name=Miyadai/> The otaku subculture continued to grow with the expansion of the Internet and media, as more anime, video games, shows, and comics were created.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okamoto |first=Takeshi |date=2014 |title=Otaku Tourism and the Anime Pilgrimage Phenomenon in Japan |journal=Japan Forum |volume=27 |pages=12–36 |doi=10.1080/09555803.2014.962565 |s2cid=145267918}}</ref> The definition of {{transl|ja|otaku}} subsequently became more complex, and numerous classifications of otaku emerged.
-
-{{transl|ja|Otaku}} may be used as a pejorative, with its negativity stemming from a stereotypical view of otaku as social outcasts and the media's reporting on [[Tsutomu Miyazaki]], "The Otaku Murderer", in 1989. Otaku discrimination was particularly intense between 1989 (when the serial murder suspect was arrested) and 1996 (when the compensated dating boom was at its peak).<ref name=Miyadai>{{cite journal |last1=Miyadai |first1=Shinji |title=Transformation of Semantics in the History of Japanese Subcultures since 1992 |journal=Mechademia |date=2011 |volume=6 |pages=231-258 |doi=10.1353/mec.2011.0012}}</ref> According to studies published in 2013, the term has become less negative, and an increasing number of people now identify themselves as otaku,<ref name="mynavi"/> both in [[Japan]] and elsewhere. Out of 137,734 teens surveyed in Japan in 2013, 42.2% self-identified as a type of otaku.<ref name="mynavi"/> In 2005, the [[Nomura Research Institute]] divided otaku into twelve groups and estimated the size and market impact of each of these groups. Other institutions have split it further or focused on a single otaku interest. These publications classify distinct groups including anime, manga, camera, automobile, [[Japanese idol|J-idol]], and electronics otaku. In 2005, the economic impact of otaku was estimated to be as high as ¥2 trillion ({{USD|18}} billion).<ref name=money />
+Otaku must save the world, heres how we do it.
+A value war is upon us we can save by creating the media helping our frends from Japan and therefore saving the masculine and femenine spirit, in true God we trust, if you are more curious see privous edit for more info. Please save we world, we otaku must save the world. ^_^ Thank you.
==Etymology==
' |
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0 => 'Otaku must save the world, heres how we do it.',
1 => 'A value war is upon us we can save by creating the media helping our frends from Japan and therefore saving the masculine and femenine spirit, in true God we trust, if you are more curious see privous edit for more info. Please save we world, we otaku must save the world. ^_^ Thank you.'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '{{Short description|Someone highly interested in anime and manga}}',
1 => '{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}',
2 => '{{distinguish|Otakou|Kotaku|Ōta-ku}}',
3 => '{{good article}}',
4 => '{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}',
5 => '[[File:Akihabara picture.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The [[Akihabara]] neighborhood of [[Tokyo]], a popular gathering site for otaku]]',
6 => '',
7 => '{{Nihongo|'''''Otaku'''''|おたく{{lang|en|,}} オタク{{lang|en|, or}} ヲタク|lead=yes}} is a Japanese word that describes people with consuming interests, particularly in [[anime and manga|anime, manga]], [[video game]]s, or [[computer]]s. Its contemporary use originated with a 1983 essay by [[Akio Nakamori]] in ''[[Manga Burikko]]''.',
8 => '',
9 => 'Otaku subculture is a central theme of various anime, manga, documentaries, and academic research. The subculture began in the 1980s as changing social mentalities and the nurturing of otaku traits by Japanese schools combined with the resignation of such individuals to what was then seen as inevitably becoming social outcasts. The subculture's birth coincided with the anime boom after the release of works such as ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam]]'', before it branched into [[Comiket|Comic Market]]. ',
10 => 'The otaku culture could also be seen as a refuge from the [[nanpa]] culture. In 1980, around the Kabuki-chō district of Shinjuku in Tokyo, there was a boom of ''nyū fūzoku'', or new sex services employing female college or vocational school students. The [[burusera]] boom and the compensated dating boom in the 1990s were extensions of this. In this sense, the period from 1980 to the mid-1990s was the "age of sexual love". The higher the sexual love boom rose, the more people were disappointed in sexual love for not giving them that comprehensive acceptance. The advent of information technology and databases, first and foremost, enriched the means for the homeostasis of the self, that is, self-defense; and, secondly, it thereby rapidly weakened the sense that "reality" (or embodied communication) is more fruitful than "fiction" (or virtual reality).<ref name=Miyadai/> The otaku subculture continued to grow with the expansion of the Internet and media, as more anime, video games, shows, and comics were created.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okamoto |first=Takeshi |date=2014 |title=Otaku Tourism and the Anime Pilgrimage Phenomenon in Japan |journal=Japan Forum |volume=27 |pages=12–36 |doi=10.1080/09555803.2014.962565 |s2cid=145267918}}</ref> The definition of {{transl|ja|otaku}} subsequently became more complex, and numerous classifications of otaku emerged.',
11 => '',
12 => '{{transl|ja|Otaku}} may be used as a pejorative, with its negativity stemming from a stereotypical view of otaku as social outcasts and the media's reporting on [[Tsutomu Miyazaki]], "The Otaku Murderer", in 1989. Otaku discrimination was particularly intense between 1989 (when the serial murder suspect was arrested) and 1996 (when the compensated dating boom was at its peak).<ref name=Miyadai>{{cite journal |last1=Miyadai |first1=Shinji |title=Transformation of Semantics in the History of Japanese Subcultures since 1992 |journal=Mechademia |date=2011 |volume=6 |pages=231-258 |doi=10.1353/mec.2011.0012}}</ref> According to studies published in 2013, the term has become less negative, and an increasing number of people now identify themselves as otaku,<ref name="mynavi"/> both in [[Japan]] and elsewhere. Out of 137,734 teens surveyed in Japan in 2013, 42.2% self-identified as a type of otaku.<ref name="mynavi"/> In 2005, the [[Nomura Research Institute]] divided otaku into twelve groups and estimated the size and market impact of each of these groups. Other institutions have split it further or focused on a single otaku interest. These publications classify distinct groups including anime, manga, camera, automobile, [[Japanese idol|J-idol]], and electronics otaku. In 2005, the economic impact of otaku was estimated to be as high as ¥2 trillion ({{USD|18}} billion).<ref name=money />'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>Otaku must save the world, heres how we do it.
A value war is upon us we can save by creating the media helping our frends from Japan and therefore saving the masculine and femenine spirit, in true God we trust, if you are more curious see privous edit for more info. Please save we world, we otaku must save the world. ^_^ Thank you.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Usage"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Usage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Subculture"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Subculture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Places"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Places</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Subtypes"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Subtypes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Habits"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Habits</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ōkina_otomodachi"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ōkina otomodachi</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Works_cited"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Works cited</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h2>
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href="/enwiki/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size nopageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Anime_eye.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/70px-Anime_eye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/105px-Anime_eye.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/140px-Anime_eye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Anime</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan" title="Voice acting in Japan">Voice acting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_anime_companies" title="List of anime companies">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Japanese_animation_studios" title="List of Japanese animation studios">Studios</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">Original video animation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">Original net animation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_anime" title="Lists of anime">Lists</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">Longest series</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">Longest franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Manga</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_manga_publishers" title="List of manga publishers">Publishers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manga_outside_Japan" title="Manga outside Japan">International market</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manga_artist" title="Manga artist">Manga artist</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">Iconography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">Lists</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">Best-selling series</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_manga_series_by_volume_count" title="List of manga series by volume count">Longest series</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Demographic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Children</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga"><i>Shōnen</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga"><i>Shōjo</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga"><i>Seinen</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga"><i>Josei</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Anime_and_manga_by_genre" title="Category:Anime and manga by genre">Genres</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)"><i>Bara</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooking_manga" title="Cooking manga">Cooking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iyashikei" title="Iyashikei">Iyashikei</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Mecha</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otomechikku" title="Otomechikku">Otomechikku</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ryona" title="Ryona">Ryona</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sports_manga" title="Sports manga">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teens%27_love" title="Teens' love">Teens' love</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Manga artists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_anime_directors" title="List of anime directors">Anime directors</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Fandom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anime_convention" title="Anime convention">Conventions</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" title="List of anime conventions">list</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anime_club" title="Anime club">Clubs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Otaku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" title="Yaoi fandom">Yaoi fandom</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_anime_and_manga" title="Glossary of anime and manga">Glossary</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)"><i>Moe</i></a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">Anime-influenced animation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2.5D_musical" title="2.5D musical">2.5D musical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">
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<p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Otaku</i></span> is derived from a Japanese term for another person's house or family (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E5%AE%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:お宅">お宅</a>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">otaku</i></span>). The word can be used <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorically</a> as a part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">honorific speech in Japanese</a>, as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_person_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Second person pronoun">second-person pronoun</a>. In this usage, its literal translation is "you". It is associated with some dialects of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_dialects#Eastern_and_Western_Japanese" title="Japanese dialects">Western Japanese</a> and with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Housewife" title="Housewife">housewives</a>, and is less direct and more distant than intimate pronouns, such as <i>anata</i>, and masculine pronouns, such as <i>kimi</i> and <i>omae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The origin of the pronoun's use among 1980s manga and anime fans is unclear. Science fiction fans were using <i>otaku</i> to address owners of books by the late 1960s (in a sense of "Do[es] [your home] own this book?").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Social critic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eiji_%C5%8Ctsuka" title="Eiji Ōtsuka">Eiji Ōtsuka</a> posits that <i>otaku</i> was used because it allowed people meeting for the first time, such as at a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">convention</a>, to interact from a comfortable distance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216-1">[1]</a></sup> One theory posits that <i>otaku</i> was popularized as a pronoun by science fiction author <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motoko_Arai" title="Motoko Arai">Motoko Arai</a> in a 1981 essay in <i>Variety</i> magazine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216-1">[1]</a></sup> and another posits that it was popularized by fans of anime studio <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gainax" title="Gainax">Gainax</a>, some of whose founders came from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tottori_Prefecture" title="Tottori Prefecture">Tottori Prefecture</a> in western Japan (where <i>otaku</i> is commonly used).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009171_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009171-3">[3]</a></sup> The pronoun was also used in the popular anime <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macross" title="Macross">Macross</a></i>, first aired in 1982, by the characters <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hikaru_Ichijyo" title="Hikaru Ichijyo">Hikaru Ichijyo</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynn_Minmay" title="Lynn Minmay">Lynn Minmay</a>, who address each other as <i>otaku</i> until they get to know each other better.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009172_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009172-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NRI_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRI-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SDFMeps3and4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDFMeps3and4-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>The modern slang form, which is distinguished from the older usage by being written in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a> (おたく), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> (オタク or, less frequently, ヲタク) or rarely in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rōmaji">rōmaji</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> first appeared in public discourse in the 1980s, through the work of humorist and essayist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akio_Nakamori" title="Akio Nakamori">Akio Nakamori</a>. His 1983 series '<i>Otaku' Research</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">『おたく』の研究</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Otaku" no Kenkyū</i></span>)</span>, printed in the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">lolicon</a></i> magazine <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manga_Burikko" title="Manga Burikko">Manga Burikko</a></i>, applied the term as pejorative for "unpleasant" fans, attacking their supposed poor fashion sense and physical appearance in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201955_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201955-8">[8]</a></sup> Nakamori was particularly critical of "manga maniacs" drawn to cute girl characters,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201955_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201955-8">[8]</a></sup> and explained his label <i>otaku</i> as the term of address used between junior high school kids at manga and anime conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1989, the case of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsutomu_Miyazaki" title="Tsutomu Miyazaki">Tsutomu Miyazaki</a>, "The Otaku Murderer", brought the fandom, very negatively, to national attention.<sup id="cite_ref-essay_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essay-10">[10]</a></sup> Miyazaki, who randomly chose and murdered four girls, had a collection of 5,763 video tapes, some containing anime and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">slasher films</a> that were found interspersed with videos and pictures of his victims. Later that year, the contemporary knowledge magazine <i>Bessatsu Takarajima</i> dedicated its 104th issue to the topic of otaku. It was called <i>Otaku no Hon</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">おたくの本</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">lit. The Book of Otaku</i></span>)</span> and delved into the subculture of otaku with 19 articles by otaku insiders, among them Akio Nakamori. This publication has been claimed by scholar Rudyard Pesimo to have popularized the term.<sup id="cite_ref-Nippon_Foundation_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nippon_Foundation-11">[11]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Usage">Usage</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In modern Japanese slang, the term <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">otaku</i></span> is mostly equivalent to "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geek" title="Geek">geek</a>" or "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nerd" title="Nerd">nerd</a>" (both in the broad sense; a technological geek would be a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">gijutsu otaku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">技術オタク</span></span>)</span> and an academic nerd would be a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bunkakei otaku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">文化系オタク</span></span>)</span> or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">gariben</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ガリ勉</span></span>)</span>), but in a more derogatory manner than used in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-essay_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essay-10">[10]</a></sup> It is also applied to any <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">fan</a> of any particular theme, topic, hobby or form of entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-essay_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essay-10">[10]</a></sup> "When these people are referred to as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">otaku</i></span>, they are judged for their behaviors — and people suddenly see an 'otaku' as a person unable to relate to reality."<sup id="cite_ref-Otaku:_Is_it_a_dirty_word?_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otaku:_Is_it_a_dirty_word?-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gizmodo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gizmodo-13">[13]</a></sup> The word entered English as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from the Japanese language. It is typically used to refer to a fan of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, but can also refer to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Japanese video games</a> or even <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a> in general. The American magazine <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otaku_USA" title="Otaku USA">Otaku USA</a></i> popularizes and covers these aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-Home_-_Otaku_USA_Magazine_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Home_-_Otaku_USA_Magazine-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fan-15">[15]</a></sup> The usage of the word is a source of contention among some fans, owing to its negative connotations and stereotyping of the fandom. Widespread English exposure to the term came in 1988 with the release of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunbuster" title="Gunbuster">Gunbuster</a></i>, which refers to anime fans as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">otaku</i></span>. <i>Gunbuster</i> was released officially in English in March 1990. The term's usage spread throughout the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Usenet group</a> rec.arts.anime with discussions about <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otaku_no_Video" title="Otaku no Video">Otaku no Video</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s portrayal of otaku before its 1994 English release. Positive and negative aspects, including the pejorative usage, were intermixed.<sup id="cite_ref-fan_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fan-15">[15]</a></sup> The term was also popularized by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>'s 1996 novel <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Idoru" title="Idoru">Idoru</a></i>, which references otaku.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_boys_and_mobile_girls_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_boys_and_mobile_girls-16">[16]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Subculture">Subculture</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Kaichirō Morikawa identifies the subculture as distinctly Japanese, a product of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">school system</a> and society. Japanese schools have a class structure which functions as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste system</a>, but <a href="/enwiki/wiki/School_club" class="mw-redirect" title="School club">clubs</a> are an exception to the social hierarchy. In these clubs, a student's interests will be recognized and nurtured, catering to the interests of otaku. Secondly, the vertical structure of Japanese society identifies the value of individuals by their success. Until the late 1980s, unathletic and unattractive males focused on academics, hoping to secure a good job and marry to raise their social standing. Those unable to succeed socially focused instead on their interests, often into adulthood, with their lifestyle centering on those interests, furthering the creation of the otaku subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-essay_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essay-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Even prior to the coinage of the term, the stereotypical traits of the subculture were identified in a 1981 issue of <i>Fan Rōdo</i> (Fan road) about "culture clubs".<sup id="cite_ref-essay_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essay-10">[10]</a></sup> These individuals were drawn to anime, a counter-culture, with the release of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a> works such as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam" title="Mobile Suit Gundam">Mobile Suit Gundam</a></i>. These works allowed a congregation and development of obsessive interests that turned anime into a medium for unpopular students, catering to obsessed fans. After these fans discovered Comic Market, the term was used as a self-confirming and self-mocking collective identity.<sup id="cite_ref-essay_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essay-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>The 1989 "Otaku Murderer" case gave the fandom a negative connotation from which it has not fully recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-essay_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essay-10">[10]</a></sup> The perception of otaku was again damaged in late 2004 when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaoru_Kobayashi_(murderer)" title="Kaoru Kobayashi (murderer)">Kaoru Kobayashi</a> kidnapped, sexually assaulted, and murdered a seven-year-old first-grade student. Japanese journalist Akihiro Ōtani suspected that Kobayashi's crime was committed by a member of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Figure_moe_zoku" title="Figure moe zoku">figure moe zoku</a></i> even before his arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-picnic2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picnic2004-17">[17]</a></sup> Although Kobayashi was not an otaku, the degree of social hostility against otaku increased. Otaku were seen by law enforcement as possible suspects for sex crimes, and local governments called for stricter laws controlling the depiction of eroticism in otaku materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Otaku_harassed_as_sex-crime_fears_mount_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otaku_harassed_as_sex-crime_fears_mount-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>Not all attention has been negative. In his book <i>Otaku</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiroki_Azuma" title="Hiroki Azuma">Hiroki Azuma</a> observed: "Between 2001 and 2007, the otaku forms and markets quite rapidly won social recognition in Japan", citing the fact that "[i]n 2003, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a> won the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> for his <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spirited_Away" title="Spirited Away">Spirited Away</a></i>; around the same time <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Takashi_Murakami" title="Takashi Murakami">Takashi Murakami</a> achieved recognition for otaku-like designs; in 2004, the Japanese pavilion in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture" title="Venice Biennale of Architecture">2004 International Architecture exhibition</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> (Biennale Architecture) featured 'otaku'. In 2005, the word <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">moe</i></span> — one of the keywords of the present volume — was chosen as one of the top ten '<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">buzzwords</a> of the year'."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> Former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D" title="Tarō Asō">Taro Aso</a> has also claimed to be an otaku, using this subculture to promote Japan in foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Otaku_uses_manga_and_anime_to_improve_Foreign_Affairs_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otaku_uses_manga_and_anime_to_improve_Foreign_Affairs-20">[20]</a></sup> In 2013, a Japanese study of 137,734 people found that 42.2% self-identify as a type of otaku. This study suggests that the stigma of the word has vanished, and the term has been embraced by many.<sup id="cite_ref-mynavi_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mynavi-21">[21]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marie_Kondo" title="Marie Kondo">Marie Kondo</a> told ForbesWomen in 2020: "I credit being an otaku with helping me to focus deeply, which definitely contributed to my success."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the late 1990s, otaku was a popular subculture among <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation Xers</a> in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> In the early 2000s, the otaku community in the United States often consisted of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> young people and niche online groups.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Places">Places</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The district of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akihabara" title="Akihabara">Akihabara</a> in Tokyo, where there are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maid_caf%C3%A9" title="Maid café">maid cafés</a> featuring waitresses who dress up and act like maids or anime characters, is a notable attraction center for otaku. Akihabara also has dozens of stores specializing in anime, manga, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retrogaming" title="Retrogaming">retro video games</a>, figurines, card games, and other collectibles.<sup id="cite_ref-Akihabara_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akihabara-25">[25]</a></sup> Another popular location is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otome_Road" title="Otome Road">Otome Road</a> in Ikebukuro, Tokyo. Students from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nagoya_City_University" title="Nagoya City University">Nagoya City University</a> started a project to help promote hidden tourist attractions and attract more otaku to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-26">[26]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Subtypes">Subtypes</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hinagiku_Katsura_itasha_side_front_20090726.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hinagiku_Katsura_itasha_side_front_20090726.jpg/220px-Hinagiku_Katsura_itasha_side_front_20090726.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hinagiku_Katsura_itasha_side_front_20090726.jpg/330px-Hinagiku_Katsura_itasha_side_front_20090726.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hinagiku_Katsura_itasha_side_front_20090726.jpg/440px-Hinagiku_Katsura_itasha_side_front_20090726.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nissan_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan March">Nissan March</a> featuring Hinagiku Katsura from the manga series <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hayate_the_Combat_Butler" title="Hayate the Combat Butler">Hayate the Combat Butler</a></i></figcaption></figure>
<p>There are specific terms for different types of otaku, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fujoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujoshi">fujoshi</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">腐女子</span></span>, lit. "rotten girl(s)")</span>, a self-mockingly pejorative Japanese term for female fans of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi">yaoi</a></i></span>, which focuses on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> male relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Mari_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mari-27">[27]</a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reki-jo" title="Reki-jo">Reki-jo</a></i></span> are female otaku who are interested in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese history">Japanese history</a>. Some terms refer to a location, such as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akiba-kei" title="Akiba-kei">Akiba-kei</a></i></span> ("Akihabara-style"), which applies to those familiar with Akihabara's culture.
</p><p>Miyadai describes two big subtypes of the otaku type, a world type and a battle royle type. There is a chronological development from the world type of the late 1990s to the battle royale type of the 2000s but they also coexisted. The antagonism between the world type and the battle royale type emerged in the age in which reality and fiction are regarded as equivalent tools for self-defense. He further describes the internet society as a rhizomic structure which invalidates the distinction between "reality" and "fiction". The world type treats fiction as an equivalent of reality (real-ization of fiction), while the battle royale type treats reality as an equivalent of fiction (fictionalization of reality).<sup id="cite_ref-Miyadai_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyadai-28">[28]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Otaku often participate in self-mocking through the production or interest in humor directed at their subculture. Anime and manga otaku are the subject of numerous self-critical works, such as <i>Otaku no Video</i>, which contains a live-interview <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">mockumentary</a> that pokes fun at the otaku subculture and includes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gainax" title="Gainax">Gainax</a>'s own staff as the interviewees.<sup id="cite_ref-Buried_Treasure_-_In_Praise_of_Nerdiness_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buried_Treasure_-_In_Praise_of_Nerdiness-29">[29]</a></sup> Other works depict otaku subculture less critically, such as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genshiken" title="Genshiken">Genshiken</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comic_Party" title="Comic Party">Comic Party</a></i>. A well-known <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">light novel</a>, which later received a manga and anime adaptation, is <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welcome_to_the_N.H.K." title="Welcome to the N.H.K.">Welcome to the N.H.K.</a></i>, which focuses on otaku subcultures and highlights other social outcasts, such as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">hikikomori</a></i></span> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NEET" title="NEET">NEETs</a>. Works that focus on otaku characters include <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/WataMote" class="mw-redirect" title="WataMote">WataMote</a></i>, the story of an unattractive and unsociable <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otome_game" title="Otome game">otome gamer</a> otaku who exhibits delusions about her social status;<sup id="cite_ref-animenewsnetwork_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-animenewsnetwork-30">[30]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/No_More_Heroes_(video_game)" title="No More Heroes (video game)">No More Heroes</a></i>, a video game about an otaku assassin named <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Travis_Touchdown" title="Travis Touchdown">Travis Touchdown</a> and his surrealistic adventures inspired by anime and manga.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> Media about otaku also exist outside of Japan, such as the American documentary <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otaku_Unite!" title="Otaku Unite!">Otaku Unite!</a></i> which focuses on the American side of the otaku culture,<sup id="cite_ref-animenewsnetwork2004_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-animenewsnetwork2004-32">[32]</a></sup> and the Filipino novel <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otaku_Girl" title="Otaku Girl">Otaku Girl</a></i>, which tells the story of a virtual reality world where otaku can <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Role-playing" title="Role-playing">role-play</a> and use the powers of their favorite anime characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Vocal_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vocal-33">[33]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:GuP_itansha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Girls und Panzer cosplayers take photos in the itasha exhibition area of the doujinshi sale." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/GuP_itansha.jpg/220px-GuP_itansha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/GuP_itansha.jpg/330px-GuP_itansha.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/GuP_itansha.jpg/440px-GuP_itansha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Girls_und_Panzer" title="Girls und Panzer">Girls und Panzer</a> cosplayers take photos in the itasha exhibition area of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doujinshi_convention" title="Doujinshi convention">doujinshi convention</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Habits">Habits</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>A term used in the otaku fandom is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wotagei" title="Wotagei">wotagei</a> or otagei<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ヲタ芸 or オタ芸</span></span>)</span>, a type of cheering performed as a group. Another term is <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itasha" title="Itasha">itasha</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">痛車</span></span>, literally "painful (i.e. cringeworthy) car(s)")</span>, which describes vehicles decorated with fictional characters, especially <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo_game" title="Bishōjo game">bishōjo game</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">eroge</a> characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Itasha:_Japan's_Creepiest_Car_Fetish_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itasha:_Japan's_Creepiest_Car_Fetish-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Behold._A_Fleet_of_Cars_Owned_by_Nerds._35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behold._A_Fleet_of_Cars_Owned_by_Nerds.-35">[35]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification">Classification</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Railfantokyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Railfantokyo.jpg/220px-Railfantokyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Railfantokyo.jpg/330px-Railfantokyo.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Railfantokyo.jpg/440px-Railfantokyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Railfan" title="Railfan">Railfans</a> taking photos of trains at an annual depot open-day event in Tokyo in August 2011</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nomura_Research_Institute" title="Nomura Research Institute">Nomura Research Institute</a> (NRI) has made two major studies into otaku, the first in 2004 and a revised study with a more specific definition in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-nri2004_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nri2004-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nri2005_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nri2005-37">[37]</a></sup> The 2005 study defines twelve major fields of otaku interests. Of these groups:
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<ul><li>manga otaku were the largest group, with 350,000 individuals and an ¥83 billion market scale.</li>
<li>Idol otaku were the next largest group, with 280,000 individuals and ¥61 billion.</li>
<li>Travel otaku were third, with 250,000 individuals and ¥81 billion.</li>
<li>PC otaku were fourth, with 190,000 individuals and ¥36 billion.</li>
<li>Video game otaku were fifth, with 160,000 individuals and ¥21 billion.</li>
<li>Automobile otaku were sixth, with 140,000 individuals and ¥54 billion.</li>
<li>Anime otaku were seventh, with 110,000 individuals and ¥20 billion.</li></ul>
<p>The remaining five categories include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile device</a> otaku, with 70,000 individuals and ¥8 billion; audio-visual equipment otaku, with 60,000 individuals and ¥12 billion; camera otaku, with 50,000 individuals and ¥18 billion; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a> otaku, with 40,000 individuals and ¥13 billion; and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Railfan" title="Railfan">railway</a> otaku, with 20,000 individuals and ¥4 billion. These values were partially released with a much higher estimation in 2004, but this definition focused on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> and not the "unique psychological characteristics" of otaku used in the 2005 study.<sup id="cite_ref-nri2004_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nri2004-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nri2005_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nri2005-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>The NRI's 2005 study also put forth five archetypes of otaku:
</p>
<ul><li>The first is the family-oriented otaku, who has broad interests and is more mature than other otaku; their object of interest is secretive and they are "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coming_out#Non-LGBT_contexts" title="Coming out">closet</a> otaku".</li>
<li>The second is the serious "leaving my own mark on the world" otaku, with interests in mechanical or business personality fields.</li>
<li>The third type is the "media-sensitive multiple interest" otaku, whose diverse interests are shared with others.</li>
<li>The fourth type is the "outgoing and assertive otaku", who gain recognition by promoting their hobby.</li>
<li>The last is the "fan magazine-obsessed otaku", which is predominately female with a small group of males being the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)"><i>moe</i></a> type"; their secret hobby is focused on the production or interest in fan works.<sup id="cite_ref-nri2005_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nri2005-37">[37]</a></sup></li></ul>
<p>The Hamagin Research Institute found that <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">moe</i></span>-related content was worth ¥88.8 billion ($807 million) in 2005, and one analyst estimated the market could be as much as ¥2 trillion ($18 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-money_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-money-38">[38]</a></sup> Japan-based <i>Tokyo Otaku Mode</i>, a place for news related to otaku, has been liked on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> almost 10 million times.<sup id="cite_ref-Tokyo_Otaku_Mode_has_10_million_Facebook_fans_but_now_what_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokyo_Otaku_Mode_has_10_million_Facebook_fans_but_now_what-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other classifications of otaku interests include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vocaloid" title="Vocaloid">Vocaloid</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Model_figure#Japanese_figures" title="Model figure">figures</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a>, as categorized by the Yano Research Institute, which reports and tracks market growth and trends in sectors heavily influenced by otaku consumerism. In 2012, it noted around 30% of growth in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dating_sim" title="Dating sim">dating sim</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online gaming</a> otaku, while Vocaloid, cosplay, idols and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maid_caf%C3%A9" title="Maid café">maid services</a> grew by 10%, confirming its 2011 predictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2012_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2012-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2011_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2011-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id=".C5.8Ckina_otomodachi"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ōkina_otomodachi">Ōkina otomodachi</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><i>Ōkina otomodachi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大きなお友達</span></span>)</span> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> phrase that literally translates to "big friend" or "adult friend".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> Japanese otaku use it to describe themselves as adult fans of an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, or a TV show that is originally <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">aimed at children</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> A parent who watches such a show with their children is not considered an <i>ōkina otomodachi</i>, nor is a parent who buys anime DVDs or manga volumes for their children; <i>ōkina otomodachi</i> are those who consume such content by themselves.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalbraith2012">Galbraith 2012</a>, p. 16.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoltonCsicsery-Ronay_Jr.Tatsumi2007" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Christopher; Csicsery-Ronay Jr., Istvan; Tatsumi, Takayuki, eds. (2007). "Introduction". <i>Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams: Japanese Science Fiction from Origins to Anime</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. xxii. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4974-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-4974-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Robot+Ghosts+and+Wired+Dreams%3A+Japanese+Science+Fiction+from+Origins+to+Anime&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4974-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009171-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009171_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalbraith2009">Galbraith 2009</a>, p. 171.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009172-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009172_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalbraith2009">Galbraith 2009</a>, p. 172.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NRI-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NRI_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFZhen,_Jiang_Yu2000" class="citation book cs1">Zhen, Jiang Yu (January 2000). <i>オタク市場の研究 (Otaku Shijou no Kenkyuu) / Targeting Otaku</i>. 野村総合研究所 (Nomura Research Institute) / Shang and Zhou (Chinese Edition). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-124-768-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-124-768-7"><bdi>978-986-124-768-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AF%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E3%81%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6+%28Otaku+Shijou+no+Kenkyuu%29+%2F+Targeting+Otaku&rft.pub=%E9%87%8E%E6%9D%91%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80+%28Nomura+Research+Institute%29+%2F+Shang+and+Zhou+%28Chinese+Edition%29&rft.date=2000-01&rft.isbn=978-986-124-768-7&rft.au=Zhen%2C+Jiang+Yu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SDFMeps3and4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SDFMeps3and4_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation episode cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Episodes three (スペース・フォールド/Supēsu Fōrudo/Space Fold) and four (リン・ミンメイ/Rin Minmei/Lynn Minmay)". <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Super_Dimension_Fortress_Macross" class="mw-redirect" title="The Super Dimension Fortress Macross"><i>超 時空 要塞マクロス (Chō Jikū Yōsai Makurosu/Super Dimensional Fortress Macross)</i></a>. Season 1 (in Japanese). October 1982. MBS (Mainichi Broadcasting System).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%B6%85+%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA+%E8%A6%81%E5%A1%9E%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9+%28Ch%C5%8D+Jik%C5%AB+Y%C5%8Dsai+Makurosu%2FSuper+Dimensional+Fortress+Macross%29&rft.series=Season+1&rft.date=1982-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraithKamKamm2015" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, Patrick W.; Kam, Thiam Huat; Kamm, Björn-Ole, eds. (2015). <i>Debating otaku in contemporary Japan: historical perspectives and new horizons</i>. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 7–8. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-9497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-9497-6"><bdi>978-1-4725-9497-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/897946266">897946266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+otaku+in+contemporary+Japan%3A+historical+perspectives+and+new+horizons&rft.place=London&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F897946266&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-9497-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201955-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201955_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201955_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalbraith2019">Galbraith 2019</a>, p. 55.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAlt2008" class="citation web cs1">Alt, Matt (7 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neojaponisme.com/2008/04/07/can-otaku-love-like-normal-people/">"Can Otaku Love Like Normal People?"</a>. <i>Néojaponisme</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=N%C3%A9ojaponisme&rft.atitle=Can+Otaku+Love+Like+Normal+People%3F&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft.aulast=Alt&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneojaponisme.com%2F2008%2F04%2F07%2Fcan-otaku-love-like-normal-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-essay-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-essay_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-essay_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-essay_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-essay_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-essay_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-essay_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-essay_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMorikawa,_Kaichirō2012" class="citation journal cs1">Morikawa, Kaichirō (20 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/5zb9r8cr#">"おたく/ Otaku / Geek"</a>. <i>Center for Japanese Studies UC Berkeley</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210102/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zb9r8cr">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Japanese+Studies+UC+Berkeley&rft.atitle=%E3%81%8A%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8F%2F+Otaku+%2F+Geek&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft.au=Morikawa%2C+Kaichir%C5%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F5zb9r8cr%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nippon_Foundation-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nippon_Foundation_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPesimo2007" class="citation book cs1">Pesimo, Rudyard C. (2007). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Asianizing" Animation in Asia: Digital Content Identity Construction within the Animation Landscapes of Japan and Thailand". <i>Reflections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity</i>. The Nippon Foundation. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Asianizing%22+Animation+in+Asia%3A+Digital+Content+Identity+Construction+within+the+Animation+Landscapes+of+Japan+and+Thailand&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+the+Human+Condition%3A+Change%2C+Conflict+and+Modernity&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=The+Nippon+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pesimo&rft.aufirst=Rudyard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Otaku:_Is_it_a_dirty_word?-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Otaku:_Is_it_a_dirty_word?_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/12/otaku-is-it-a-dirty-word/">"Otaku: Is it a dirty word?"</a>. <i>cnnblogs.com</i>. 12 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522190438/http://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/12/otaku-is-it-a-dirty-word/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnnblogs.com&rft.atitle=Otaku%3A+Is+it+a+dirty+word%3F&rft.date=2011-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeekout.blogs.cnn.com%2F2011%2F09%2F12%2Fotaku-is-it-a-dirty-word%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gizmodo-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gizmodo_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/5321350/japans-2+d-lovers-falling-in-love-with-a-body-pillow">"Japan's 2-D Lovers: Falling In Love with a Body Pillow"</a>. <i>gizmodo.com</i>. July 23, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131201121104/http://gizmodo.com/5321350/japans-2+d-lovers-falling-in-love-with-a-body-pillow">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gizmodo.com&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+2-D+Lovers%3A+Falling+In+Love+with+a+Body+Pillow&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2F5321350%2Fjapans-2%2Bd-lovers-falling-in-love-with-a-body-pillow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Home_-_Otaku_USA_Magazine-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Home_-_Otaku_USA_Magazine_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130913140014/http://otakuusamagazine.com/Main/Home.aspx">"Home - Otaku USA Magazine"</a>. Otaku USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otakuusamagazine.com/Main/Home.aspx">the original</a> on 13 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+-+Otaku+USA+Magazine&rft.pub=Otaku+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otakuusamagazine.com%2FMain%2FHome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-fan-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fan_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fan_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEng2012" class="citation book cs1">Eng, Lawrence (February 28, 2012). "Chapter 4: Strategies of Engagement: Discovering, Defining, and Describing Otaku Culture in the United States". In Ito, Mizuko; Okabe, Daisuke; Tsuji, Izumi (eds.). <i>Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 85–104. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15864-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15864-9"><bdi>978-0-300-15864-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Strategies+of+Engagement%3A+Discovering%2C+Defining%2C+and+Describing+Otaku+Culture+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Fandom+Unbound%3A+Otaku+Culture+in+a+Connected+World&rft.pages=85-104&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15864-9&rft.aulast=Eng&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Modern_boys_and_mobile_girls-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modern_boys_and_mobile_girls_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2001" class="citation news cs1">Gibson, William (2001-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/life/story/0,6903,466391,00.html">"Modern boys and mobile girls"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706143608/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/life/story/0,6903,466391,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Modern+boys+and+mobile+girls&rft.date=2001-04-01&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Flife%2Fstory%2F0%2C6903%2C466391%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-picnic2004-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-picnic2004_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501103354/http://picnic.to/~ami/ool.htm">"公開質問状 (Open letter )"</a>. <i>NGO-AMI</i> (in Japanese). 2004-12-09. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://picnic.to/~ami/ool.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NGO-AMI&rft.atitle=%E5%85%AC%E9%96%8B%E8%B3%AA%E5%95%8F%E7%8A%B6+%28Open+letter+%29&rft.date=2004-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpicnic.to%2F~ami%2Fool.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Otaku_harassed_as_sex-crime_fears_mount-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Otaku_harassed_as_sex-crime_fears_mount_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2005" class="citation news cs1">Hoffman, Michael (February 6, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216162834/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20050206t3.html">"Otaku harassed as sex-crime fears mount"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20050206t3.html">the original</a> on December 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Otaku+harassed+as+sex-crime+fears+mount&rft.date=2005-02-06&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Ffd20050206t3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAzuma2009" class="citation book cs1">Azuma, Hiroki (April 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/otaku">"Preface"</a>. <i>Otaku</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. xi. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5351-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5351-5"><bdi>978-0-8166-5351-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Otaku&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2009-04-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5351-5&rft.aulast=Azuma&rft.aufirst=Hiroki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upress.umn.edu%2Fbook-division%2Fbooks%2Fotaku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Otaku_uses_manga_and_anime_to_improve_Foreign_Affairs-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Otaku_uses_manga_and_anime_to_improve_Foreign_Affairs_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/09/23/GJ0809230014.htm">"Otaku uses manga and anime to improve Foreign Affairs"</a>. 23 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603193105/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/09/23/GJ0809230014.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otaku+uses+manga+and+anime+to+improve+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2008-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaper.wenweipo.com%2F2008%2F09%2F23%2FGJ0809230014.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-mynavi-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mynavi_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJakusoso2013" class="citation web cs1">Jakusoso, Michael (27 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703184904/http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2013/04/27/076">"自分のことを「オタク」と認識してる人10代は62％、70代は23％"</a> [62% of Teens identify as "otaku", 70's 23%]. Mynavi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2013/04/27/076/">the original</a> on 3 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%87%AA%E5%88%86%E3%81%AE%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%82%92%E3%80%8C%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AF%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A8%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%82%8B%E4%BA%BA10%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AF62%EF%BC%85%E3%80%8170%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AF23%EF%BC%85&rft.pub=Mynavi&rft.date=2013-04-27&rft.aulast=Jakusoso&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.mynavi.jp%2Fnews%2F2013%2F04%2F27%2F076%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/amyschoenberger/2020/08/30/mariekondo/#4c69dc3c4500">"Marie Kondo on Sparking Joy in a Pandemic and the Life-Changing Magic of Becoming a KonMari Consultant"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. 2020-08-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Marie+Kondo+on+Sparking+Joy+in+a+Pandemic+and+the+Life-Changing+Magic+of+Becoming+a+KonMari+Consultant&rft.date=2020-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Famyschoenberger%2F2020%2F08%2F30%2Fmariekondo%2F%234c69dc3c4500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBeran2019" class="citation book cs1">Beran, Dale (July 30, 2019). <i>It Came from Something Awful: How a Toxic Troll Army Accidentally Memed Donald Trump into Office</i> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/All_Points_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="All Points Books">All Points Books</a>. p. xiv. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-21947-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-21947-3"><bdi>978-1-250-21947-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Came+from+Something+Awful%3A+How+a+Toxic+Troll+Army+Accidentally+Memed+Donald+Trump+into+Office&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xiv&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=All+Points+Books&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft.isbn=978-1-250-21947-3&rft.aulast=Beran&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBeran2019" class="citation book cs1">Beran, Dale (July 30, 2019). <i>It Came from Something Awful: How a Toxic Troll Army Accidentally Memed Donald Trump into Office</i> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/All_Points_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="All Points Books">All Points Books</a>. p. x. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-21947-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-21947-3"><bdi>978-1-250-21947-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Came+from+Something+Awful%3A+How+a+Toxic+Troll+Army+Accidentally+Memed+Donald+Trump+into+Office&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=x&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=All+Points+Books&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft.isbn=978-1-250-21947-3&rft.aulast=Beran&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Akihabara-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akihabara_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427005552/http://japan-guide.com/e/e3003.html">"Akihabara"</a>. japanguide.com. July 24, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e3003.html">the original</a> on April 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Akihabara&rft.pub=japanguide.com&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japan-guide.com%2Fe%2Fe3003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-japantimes-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-japantimes_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChunichi_Shimbun_credited2013" class="citation news cs1">Chunichi Shimbun credited (2013-02-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/02/02/national/cosplay-students-promote-nagoyas-highlights/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cosplay' students promote Nagoya's highlights"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701164211/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/02/02/national/cosplay-students-promote-nagoyas-highlights/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=%27Cosplay%27+students+promote+Nagoya%27s+highlights&rft.date=2013-02-02&rft.au=Chunichi+Shimbun+credited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2013%2F02%2F02%2Fnational%2Fcosplay-students-promote-nagoyas-highlights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mari-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mari_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSaitō2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamaki_Sait%C5%8D" title="Tamaki Saitō">Saitō, Tamaki</a> (2007). "Otaku Sexuality". In Bolton, Christopher; Csicsery-Ronay Jr., Istvan; Tatsumi, Takayuki (eds.). <i>Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams</i>. Translated by Bolton, Christopher. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 224. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4974-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-4974-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Otaku+Sexuality&rft.btitle=Robot+Ghosts+and+Wired+Dreams&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4974-7&rft.aulast=Sait%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Tamaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Miyadai-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miyadai_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Miyadai</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Buried_Treasure_-_In_Praise_of_Nerdiness-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buried_Treasure_-_In_Praise_of_Nerdiness_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSevakis,_Justin2007" class="citation news cs1">Sevakis, Justin (15 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/buried-treasure/2007-11-15">"Buried Treasure - In Praise of Nerdiness"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729055645/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/buried-treasure/2007-11-15">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Buried+Treasure+-+In+Praise+of+Nerdiness&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft.au=Sevakis%2C+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fburied-treasure%2F2007-11-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-animenewsnetwork-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-animenewsnetwork_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2013-07-09/sentai-filmworks-licenses-watamote">"Sentai Filmworks Licenses WataMote ~ No Matter How I Look at it, It's You Guys' Fault I'm not Popular!"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. 9 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824094230/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2013-07-09/sentai-filmworks-licenses-watamote">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Sentai+Filmworks+Licenses+WataMote+~+No+Matter+How+I+Look+at+it%2C+It%27s+You+Guys%27+Fault+I%27m+not+Popular%21&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fpress-release%2F2013-07-09%2Fsentai-filmworks-licenses-watamote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2007" class="citation web cs1">Fletcher, JC (2007-08-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nintendo.joystiq.com/2007/08/29/travis-touchdown-has-a-comfortable-home-life/">"Travis Touchdown has a comfortable home life"</a>. Joystiq<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travis+Touchdown+has+a+comfortable+home+life&rft.pub=Joystiq&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=JC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnintendo.joystiq.com%2F2007%2F08%2F29%2Ftravis-touchdown-has-a-comfortable-home-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-animenewsnetwork2004-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-animenewsnetwork2004_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDong,_Bamboo2004" class="citation news cs1">Dong, Bamboo (2 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/otaku-unite">"Otaku Unite! - Review"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824174339/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/otaku-unite">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Otaku+Unite%21+-+Review&rft.date=2004-03-02&rft.au=Dong%2C+Bamboo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Freview%2Fotaku-unite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Vocal-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vocal_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHannigan,_Carl" class="citation web cs1">Hannigan, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocal.media/geeks/otaku-girl-book-review-where-memes-and-literature-mix">"Otaku Girl (Book Review): Where Memes and Literature Mix"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voice_Media_Group" title="Voice Media Group">Voice Media Group</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+Media+Group&rft.atitle=Otaku+Girl+%28Book+Review%29%3A+Where+Memes+and+Literature+Mix&rft.au=Hannigan%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvocal.media%2Fgeeks%2Fotaku-girl-book-review-where-memes-and-literature-mix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span> July 1, 2021</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Itasha:_Japan's_Creepiest_Car_Fetish-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Itasha:_Japan's_Creepiest_Car_Fetish_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHardigree,_Matt2009" class="citation web cs1">Hardigree, Matt (23 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jalopnik.com/5320386/itasha-japans-creepiest-car-fetish/">"Itasha: Japan's Creepiest Car Fetish"</a>. Jalopnik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727111338/http://jalopnik.com/5320386/itasha-japans-creepiest-car-fetish/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Itasha%3A+Japan%27s+Creepiest+Car+Fetish&rft.pub=Jalopnik&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.au=Hardigree%2C+Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjalopnik.com%2F5320386%2Fitasha-japans-creepiest-car-fetish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Behold._A_Fleet_of_Cars_Owned_by_Nerds.-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Behold._A_Fleet_of_Cars_Owned_by_Nerds._35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/5848520/behold-a-fleet-of-cars-owned-by-nerds/">"Behold. A Fleet of Cars Owned by Nerds"</a>. Kotaku. 11 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824161631/http://kotaku.com/5848520/behold-a-fleet-of-cars-owned-by-nerds/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Behold.+A+Fleet+of+Cars+Owned+by+Nerds.&rft.pub=Kotaku&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2F5848520%2Fbehold-a-fleet-of-cars-owned-by-nerds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nri2004-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nri2004_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nri2004_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKitabayashi,_Ken2004" class="citation web cs1">Kitabayashi, Ken (1 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507221927/http://www.nri.co.jp/english/opinion/papers/2004/pdf/np200484.pdf">"The Otaku Group from a Business Perspective: Revaluation of Enthusiastic Consumers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nomura Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nri.co.jp/english/opinion/papers/2004/pdf/np200484.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Otaku+Group+from+a+Business+Perspective%3A+Revaluation+of+Enthusiastic+Consumers&rft.pub=Nomura+Research+Institute&rft.date=2004-12-01&rft.au=Kitabayashi%2C+Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nri.co.jp%2Fenglish%2Fopinion%2Fpapers%2F2004%2Fpdf%2Fnp200484.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nri2005-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nri2005_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nri2005_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nri2005_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713033155/http://www.nri.co.jp/english/news/2005/051006.html">"New Market Scale Estimation for Otaku: Population of 1.72 Million with Market Scale of ¥411 Billion — NRI classifies 5 types of otaku group, proposing a "New 3Cs" marketing frame —"</a>. Nomura Research Institute. 6 October 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nri.co.jp/english/news/2005/051006.html">the original</a> on 13 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Market+Scale+Estimation+for+Otaku%3A+Population+of+1.72+Million+with+Market+Scale+of+%C2%A5411+Billion+%E2%80%94+NRI+classifies+5+types+of+otaku+group%2C+proposing+a+%22New+3Cs%22+marketing+frame+%E2%80%94&rft.pub=Nomura+Research+Institute&rft.date=2005-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nri.co.jp%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F2005%2F051006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-money-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-money_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web-japan.org/trends/business/bus050830.html">"Otaku Business Gives Japan's Economy a Lift"</a>. Web-Japan.org. 30 August 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314144838/http://web-japan.org/trends/business/bus050830.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otaku+Business+Gives+Japan%27s+Economy+a+Lift&rft.pub=Web-Japan.org&rft.date=2005-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb-japan.org%2Ftrends%2Fbusiness%2Fbus050830.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tokyo_Otaku_Mode_has_10_million_Facebook_fans_but_now_what-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tokyo_Otaku_Mode_has_10_million_Facebook_fans_but_now_what_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_Rick2013" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Rick (February 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startup-dating.com/2013/02/tokyo-otaku-mode-has-10-million-facebook-fans-but-now-what">"Tokyo Otaku Mode has 10 million Facebook fans but now what"</a>. Startup-dating.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816072102/http://www.startup-dating.com/2013/02/tokyo-otaku-mode-has-10-million-facebook-fans-but-now-what">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tokyo+Otaku+Mode+has+10+million+Facebook+fans+but+now+what&rft.pub=Startup-dating.com&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.au=Martin%2C+Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startup-dating.com%2F2013%2F02%2Ftokyo-otaku-mode-has-10-million-facebook-fans-but-now-what&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2012-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2012_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630031233/http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/press.php/001002">"Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2012"</a>. Yano Research Institute. October 15, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/press.php/001002">the original</a> on 30 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otaku+Market+in+Japan%3A+Key+Research+Findings+2012&rft.pub=Yano+Research+Institute&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yanoresearch.com%2Fpress%2Fpress.php%2F001002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2011-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2011_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/pdf/1002.pdf">"Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Yano Research. 15 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218055751/http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/pdf/1002.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otaku+Market+in+Japan%3A+Key+Research+Findings+2011&rft.pub=Yano+Research&rft.date=2011-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yanoresearch.com%2Fpress%2Fpdf%2F1002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When this phrase is actually pronounced, the colloquial form <i>okkina otomodachi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">おっきなお友達</span></span>)</span> is often used. The phrase <i>ōkii otomodachi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大きいお友達</span></span>)</span> is also used with the same meaning.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paradisearmy.com/PASOK10.HTM#341">Dōjin Lingo (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">同人用語の基礎知識</span></span>)</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span> Retrieved on August 4, 2006.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Works_cited">Works cited</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith2012" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, Patrick W. (2012). <i>Otaku Spaces</i>. Seattle: Chin Music Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9844576-5-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9844576-5-6"><bdi>978-0-9844576-5-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otaku+Spaces&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=Chin+Music+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-9844576-5-6&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Patrick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith2009" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, Patrick W. (2009). <i>The Otaku Encyclopedia</i>. Tokyo: Kodansha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Otaku+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Patrick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith2019" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, Patrick W. (2019). <i>Otaku and the Struggle for Imagination in Japan</i>. Durham: Duke University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1220mhm">10.2307/j.ctv1220mhm</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-0509-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-0509-4"><bdi>978-1-4780-0509-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1220mhm">j.ctv1220mhm</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1148100778">1148100778</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240980856">240980856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otaku+and+the+Struggle+for+Imagination+in+Japan&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1220mhm%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1220mhm&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148100778&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240980856%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-1-4780-0509-4&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Patrick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Otaku" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Otaku">Otaku</a></span>.</div></div>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1134653256"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/otaku" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/otaku">otaku</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjas.org/~leng/otaku-e.htm">"I'm alone, but not lonely"</a> – an early article about Japanese otaku, December 1990</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/35783297/Léthique_otaku_Tous_seuls_ensemble_la_crise_de_contact_et_autres_troubles_des_sens_1999">https://www.academia.edu/35783297/Léthique_otaku_Tous_seuls_ensemble_la_crise_de_contact_et_autres_troubles_des_sens_1999</a> Article in French by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maurice_Benayoun" title="Maurice Benayoun">Maurice Benayoun</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjas.org/~leng/otaku-p.htm">The Politics of Otaku</a> – a general commentary on the usage and meanings of "otaku" in Japan and internationally, September 2001</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306022123/http://www.brunel.ac.uk/4042/entertext4.1/lamarre1.pdf">An Introduction to Otaku Movement</a>, paper by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_LaMarre" title="Thomas LaMarre">Thomas Lamarre</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120225555/https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.07/posts.html?pg=5">Meet the Geek Elite</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wired_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired Magazine">Wired Magazine</a>, July 2006</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010073854/http://www.transcript-verlag.de/ts313/ts313.htm">Michael Manfé – Otakismus</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B%C5%8Ds%C5%8Dzoku" title="Bōsōzoku">Bōsōzoku</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gyaru" title="Gyaru">Gyaru</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gyaruo" title="Gyaruo">gyaruo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kogal" title="Kogal">Kogal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lolita_fashion" title="Lolita fashion">Lolita</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sukeban" title="Sukeban">Sukeban</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gyaru-moji" title="Gyaru-moji">Gyaru-moji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fantasy fandom</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Anime and manga fandom</a></li>
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<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire_fandom" title="A Song of Ice and Fire fandom">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i></li>
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<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctor_Who_fandom" title="Doctor Who fandom">Doctor Who</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EarthBound_fandom" title="EarthBound fandom">EarthBound</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom">Harry Potter</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Bond_fandom" title="James Bond fandom">James Bond</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janeite" title="Janeite">Janeite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juggalo" title="Juggalo">Juggalo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Jackson_fandom" title="Michael Jackson fandom">Moonwalker</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000" title="Mystery Science Theater 3000">MST3K</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic_fandom" title="My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom">MLP: FIM</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parrothead" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrothead">Parrothead</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrek_fandom" title="Shrek fandom">Shrek</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_fandom" title="Sherlock Holmes fandom">Sherlock Holmes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Star_Wars" title="Cultural impact of Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stargate_fandom" title="Stargate fandom">Stargate</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swifties" title="Swifties">Swiftie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trekkie" title="Trekkie">Trekkie</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twilight_fandom" title="Twilight fandom">Twilight</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anorak_(slang)" title="Anorak (slang)">Anorak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-fan" title="Anti-fan">Anti-fan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celebrity_worship_syndrome" title="Celebrity worship syndrome">Celebrity worship syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">Cult following</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">Fan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fursona" title="Fursona">Furry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geek" title="Geek">Geek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Groupie" title="Groupie">Groupie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nerd" title="Nerd">Nerd</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Otaku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sasaeng_fan" title="Sasaeng fan">Sasaeng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shipping_(fandom)" title="Shipping (fandom)">Shipper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stan_(fan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stan (fan)">Stan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tifosi" title="Tifosi">Tifosi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ultras" title="Ultras">Ultras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Waifu">Waifu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">Amateur press association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Car_club" title="Car club">Car club</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boy_racer" title="Boy racer">Boy racer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cruising_(driving)" title="Cruising (driving)">Cruising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Import_scene" title="Import scene">Import scene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rodding</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kustom_Kulture" title="Kustom Kulture">Kustom Kulture</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lowrider_Club" title="Lowrider Club">Lowrider Club</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supercar_Season" title="Supercar Season">Supercar Season</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_club" title="Fan club">Fan club</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">Fan convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fandom_names" title="List of fandom names">Fandom names</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Game_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Game club">Game club</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Live_action_role-playing_game" title="Live action role-playing game">Live action role-playing game</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motorcycle_club" title="Motorcycle club">Motorcycle club</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harley_Owners_Group" title="Harley Owners Group">Harley Owners Group</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Railfan" title="Railfan">Railfan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stan_Twitter" title="Stan Twitter">Stan Twitter</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications<br />and activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autograph_collecting" title="Autograph collecting">Autograph collecting</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doujin" title="Doujin">Doujin</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music"><i>Doujin</i> music</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">Fan art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_edit" title="Fan edit">Fan edit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">Fan labor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_mail" title="Fan mail">Fan mail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_rice" title="Fan rice">Fan rice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fanac" title="Fanac">Fanac</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Mod</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fansite" title="Fansite">Fansite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">Fanzine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_person_fiction" title="Real person fiction">Real person fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vidding" title="Vidding">Vidding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">Zine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">Conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anime_convention" title="Anime convention">Anime</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" title="List of anime conventions">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comic_book_convention" title="Comic book convention">Comic book</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_comic_book_conventions" title="List of comic book conventions">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doujinshi_convention" title="Doujinshi convention"><i>Doujinshi</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Furry_convention" title="Furry convention">Furry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaming_convention" title="Gaming convention">Gaming</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_gaming_conventions" title="List of gaming conventions">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Horror</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_multigenre_conventions" title="List of multigenre conventions">Multigenre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_conventions" title="List of professional wrestling conventions">Professional wrestling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Science fiction</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_conventions" title="List of science fiction conventions">list</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fan_conventions_by_date_of_founding" title="List of fan conventions by date of founding">by date of establishment</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autograph" title="Autograph">Autograph</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_loyalty" title="Fan loyalty">Fan loyalty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_service" title="Fan service">Fan service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odagiri_effect" title="Odagiri effect">Odagiri effect</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194448#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7698432-1">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01163039">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="otaku (subkultura)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1079536&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1706475309' |
