Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|English writer, novelist and journalist (1940–1989)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Bruce Chatwin
| honorific_suffix = {{postnom|country=GBR|size=100|FRSL}}
| image = Bruce Chatwin, July 1982.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Chatwin, photographed by [[Lord Snowdon]], in 1982
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Charles Bruce Chatwin
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|5|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sheffield]], [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1989|1|18|1940|5|13|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Nice]], [[Alpes-Maritimes]], France
| resting_place = [[Agios Nikolaos, Messenia]], Greece{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=573}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Novelist
* Travel writer
* Art and antiquities advisor
}}
| education = [[Marlborough College]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Edinburgh]]
| period = 1977–1989
| genre = [[Travel writing]], fiction
| subject = [[Nomad]]ism, [[slave trade]]
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = {{marriage|Elizabeth Chanler|21 August 1965}}
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Charles Bruce Chatwin''' {{postnom|country=GBR|FRSL}} (13 May 1940{{spaced ndash}}18 January 1989) was an English travel writer, novelist and journalist. His first book, ''[[In Patagonia]]'' (1977), established Chatwin as a [[travel writer]], although he considered himself instead a [[storytelling|storyteller]], interested in bringing to light unusual tales. He won the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for his novel ''[[On the Black Hill]]'' (1982), while his novel ''[[Utz (novel)|Utz]]'' (1988) was [[shortlisted]] for the [[Booker Prize]]. In 2008 ''[[The Times]]'' ranked Chatwin as number 46 on their list of "50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945."
Chatwin was born in [[Sheffield]]. After completing his secondary education at [[Marlborough College]],<ref>The Chatwin Colloquium [http://www.marlboroughcollege.org/news/speakers/article/date/2014/02/the-chatwin-colloquium/ Retrieved 9 February 2018.]</ref> he went to work at the age of 18 at [[Sotheby's]] in [[London]], where he gained an extensive knowledge of art and eventually ran the auction house's [[Antiquities]] and [[Impressionism|Impressionist Art]] departments. In 1966 he left Sotheby's to read [[archaeology]] at the [[University of Edinburgh]], but he abandoned his studies after two years to pursue a career as a writer.
''[[The Sunday Times Magazine]]'' hired Chatwin in 1972. He travelled the world for work and interviewed figures such as the politicians [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[André Malraux]]. He left the magazine in 1974 to visit [[Patagonia]], Argentina, a trip that inspired his first book, ''In Patagonia'' (1977). He wrote five other books, including ''[[The Songlines]]'' (1987), about [[Australia]], which was a bestseller. His work is credited with reviving the genre of travel writing, and his works influenced other writers such as [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]], [[Claudio Magris]], [[Philip Marsden]], [[Luis Sepúlveda]], [[Rich Cohen]], and [[Rory Stewart]].
==Life==
===Early years===
Chatwin was born on 13 May 1940 at the Shearwood Road Nursing Home in [[Sheffield]], England, to Charles Leslie Chatwin, a [[Birmingham]] solicitor and [[Royal Naval Reserve]] officer during [[World War II]], and Margharita (née Turnell), daughter of a Sheffield knife manufacturer's clerk. She was born in Sheffield and worked for the local [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative party]] prior to her marriage.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=17–24}}<ref>Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin, Bruce Chatwin, ed. Elizabeth Chatwin and Nicholas Shakespeare, Vintage Books, 2011 p. 21</ref><ref>{{cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-39826|title=Chatwin, (Charles) Bruce |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/39826 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref> The Chatwin family were well known in Birmingham, with Charles Chatwin's grandfather, [[J. A. Chatwin|Julius Alfred Chatwin]], an eminent architect.<ref>Bruce Chatwin, Nicholas Shakespeare, Random House, 2010, p. 28</ref>
Chatwin's early years were spent moving regularly with his mother while his father was at sea.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun|date=2010|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London|page=21}}</ref> Prior to his birth, Chatwin's parents had lived at [[Barnt Green]], [[Worcestershire]], but Margharita moved to her parents' house in [[Dronfield]], near Sheffield, shortly before giving birth.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=23–24}} Mother and son remained there for a few weeks.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=25}} Worried about [[The Blitz]], Margharita sought a safer place to stay.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=Under the Sun|first1=Elizabeth|date=2010|page=21}}</ref> She took her son with her as they travelled to stay with various relatives during the war. They would remain in one place until Margharita decided to move, either because of concern for their safety, or because of friction among family members.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=22}} Later in life Chatwin recalled of the war, "Home, if we had one, was a solid black suitcase called the Rev-Robe, in which there was a corner for my clothes and my [[Mickey Mouse]] gas mask."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=The Songlines|date=1987|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London|page=6}}</ref>
One of their stays during the war was at the home of his paternal grandparents, who had a [[curiosity cabinet]] that fascinated him. Among the items it contained was a "piece of [[brontosaurus]]" (actually a [[mylodon]], a [[giant sloth]]), which had been sent to Chatwin's grandmother by her cousin Charles Milward. Travelling in [[Patagonia]], Milward had discovered the remains of a giant sloth, which he later sold to the [[British Museum]]. He sent his cousin a piece of the animal's skin, and members of the family mistakenly referred to it as a "piece of brontosaurus". The skin was later lost, but it inspired Chatwin decades later to visit and write about Patagonia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=In Patagonia|date=1977|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London|pages=1–3}}</ref>
After the war, Chatwin lived with his parents and younger brother Hugh (1944{{spaced ndash}}2012){{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=43}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rangefree.blogspot.com/2012/07/hugh-chatwin-rip.html|title=freeranger: Hugh Chatwin RIP|first=Martin|last=Davis|date=11 July 2012|access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://funeral-notices.co.uk/West+Midlands-West+Midlands-Birmingham/death-notices/notice/chatwin/268452|title=Lasting Tribute page for Hugh Philip CHATWIN|website=funeral-notices.co.uk|access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> in [[West Heath, West Midlands|West Heath]] in Birmingham, where his father had a [[lawyer|law practice]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun|date=2010|page=22}}</ref> At the age of seven he was sent to [[boarding school]] at Old Hall School in [[Shropshire]], and then [[Marlborough College]], in [[Wiltshire]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=65}} An unexceptional student, Chatwin garnered attention from his performances in school plays.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=71–72}} While at Marlborough, Chatwin attained [[GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)|A-levels]] in Latin, Greek, and Ancient History.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=88}}
Chatwin had hoped to read [[Classics]] at [[Merton College]], [[Oxford]], but the end of [[National Service in the United Kingdom]] meant there was more competition for university places. He was forced to consider other options. His parents discouraged the ideas he offered: an acting career or work in the [[Colonial Service]] in [[Kenya]]. Instead, Chatwin's father asked one of his clients for a letter of introduction to the auction house [[Sotheby's]]. An interview was arranged, and Chatwin secured a job there.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=87–88}}
===Art and archaeology===
In 1958, Chatwin moved to London to begin work as a porter in the Works of Art department at Sotheby's.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=86}} Chatwin was ill-suited for this job, which included dusting objects that had been kept in storage.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=92–93}} [[Sotheby's]] moved him to a junior cataloguer position, working in both the [[Antiquities]] and [[Impressionist|Impressionist Art]] departments.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=93}} This position enabled him to develop his eye for art, and he quickly became known for his ability to discern [[forgeries]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=97–98}}{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=106–107}} His work as a cataloguer also taught him to describe objects in a concise manner and required him to research these objects.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=95}} Chatwin advanced to become Sotheby's expert on Antiquities and Impressionist art and would later run both departments.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=176}} Many of Chatwin's colleagues thought he would eventually become chairman of the auction house.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=165}}
During this period Chatwin travelled extensively for his job and also for adventure.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=119–120, 166–167}} Travel offered him a relief from the [[Social class in the United Kingdom|British class system]], which he found stifling.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ignatieff|first1=Michael|title=Interview: Bruce Chatwin|journal=Granta|date=25 June 1987|issue=21|page=32}}</ref> An admirer of [[Robert Byron]] and his book, ''[[The Road to Oxiana]]'', he travelled twice to [[Afghanistan]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=514}} He also used these trips to visit markets and shops, where he would buy antiques that he would resell at a profit in order to supplement his income from Sotheby's.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=119}} He became friends with artists, art collectors and dealers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clapp|title=With Chatwin|date=1996|pages=101–104}}</ref>{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=98–99; 118–119}} One friend, [[Howard Hodgkin]], painted Chatwin in ''[https://howard-hodgkin.com/artwork/small-japanese-screen-or-the-japanese-screen The Japanese Screen]'' (1962). Chatwin said he was the "acid green smear on the left."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=What Am I Doing Here|url=https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc|url-access=registration|date=1989|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/76 76]|publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670825080}}</ref>
Chatwin was ambivalent about his sexual orientation and had affairs with both men and women during this period of his life.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=131–136}} One of his girlfriends, Elizabeth Chanler, an American and a descendant of [[John Jacob Astor]], was a secretary at Sotheby's.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=139–141}} Chanler had earned a degree in [[history]] from [[Radcliffe College]] and worked at Sotheby's [[New York (state)|New York]] offices for two years before transferring to their London office in 1961.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=146–148}} Her love of travel and independent nature appealed to Chatwin.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=178}}
In the mid-1960s Chatwin grew unhappy at Sotheby's. There were various reasons for his disenchantment. Both women and men found Chatwin attractive, and [[Peter Wilson (auctioneer)|Peter Wilson]], then chairman of Sotheby's, used this appeal to the auction house's advantage when using Chatwin to try to persuade wealthy individuals to sell their art collections. Chatwin became increasingly uncomfortable with the situation.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=123–127}} Later in life Chatwin also spoke of having become "burnt out" and said, "In the end I felt I might just as well be working for a rather superior funeral parlour. One's whole life seemed to be spent valuing for probate the apartment of somebody recently dead."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Nicholas | author-link = Nicholas Murray (biographer)|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1994|publisher=[[Seren Books]]|pages=30–31}}</ref>
In late 1964 he began to suffer from problems with his sight, which he attributed to the close analysis of art work entailed by his job. He consulted eye specialist [[Patrick Trevor-Roper]], who diagnosed a latent [[Strabismus|squint]] and recommended that Chatwin take a six-month break from his work at Sotheby's. Trevor-Roper had been involved in the design of an eye hospital in [[Addis Ababa]], and suggested Chatwin visit [[East Africa]]. In February 1965, Chatwin left for [[Sudan]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=158–159}} It was on this trip that Chatwin first encountered a [[nomad]]ic tribe; their way of life intrigued him. "My nomadic guide," he wrote, "carried a sword, a purse and a pot of scented goat's grease for anointing his hair. He made me feel overburdened and inadequate...."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=Anatomy of Restlessness|url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat|url-access=registration|date=1996|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat/page/11 11–12]}}</ref> Chatwin would remain fascinated by nomads for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=171–172}}
Chatwin returned to Sotheby's, and to the surprise of his friends, proposed marriage to Elizabeth Chanler.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=173}} They married on 21 August 1965.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=181}} Chatwin was bisexual throughout their married life, a circumstance Elizabeth knew and accepted.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=178}} Chatwin had hoped he would "grow out of" his homosexual behaviour and have a successful marriage like his parents.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=177}} During their marriage, Chatwin had many affairs, mostly with men. Some who were aware of Chatwin's affairs with men assumed the Chatwins had a chaste marriage, but according to [[Nicholas Shakespeare]], the author's biographer, this was not true.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shakespeare|first1=Nicholas|title=He wandered, but always came back: Bruce Chatwin's letters reveal the rock-solid marriage that survived his gay flings|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA235968816&v=2.1&u=nysl_ca_bethlm&it=r&p=STND&sw=w&asid=8c5ef3b85cebb9613bd2adf44d32a11e|access-date=27 July 2015|work=Sunday Times|date=29 August 2010}}</ref> Both Chatwin and his wife had hoped to have children, but they remained childless.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=210}}
In April 1966, at the age of 26, Chatwin was promoted to a director of Sotheby's, a position to which he had aspired.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=189}} To his disappointment, he was made a junior director and lacked voting rights on the board.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=186}} This disappointment, along with boredom and increasing discomfort over potentially illegal side deals taking place at Sotheby's, including the sale of objects from the [[Pitt Rivers Museum|Pitt-Rivers museum collection]], led Chatwin to resign from his Sotheby's post in June 1966.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=178}}
Chatwin enrolled in October 1966 at the [[University of Edinburgh]] to study [[Archaeology]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=189}} He had regretted not attending Oxford and had been contemplating going to university for a few years. A visit in December 1965 to the [[Hermitage Museum|Hermitage]] in [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] sparked his interest in the field of archaeology.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=199}} Despite winning the Wardrop Prize for the best first year's work,{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=192}} he found the [[rigour]] of academic archaeology tiresome, and he left after two years without taking a degree.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=214}}
===''The Nomadic Alternative''===
Following his departure from Edinburgh, Chatwin decided to pursue a career as a writer, successfully pitching a book proposal on [[nomad]]s to [[Tom Maschler]], publisher at [[Jonathan Cape]]. Chatwin tentatively titled the book ''The Nomadic Alternative'' and sought to answer the question "Why do men wander rather than stand still?"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=Anatomy of Restlessness|date=1996|publisher=Viking|location=New York|isbn=0-670-86859-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat/page/75 75]|url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat/page/75}}</ref> Chatwin delivered the manuscript in 1972, and Maschler declined to publish it, calling it a "chore to read".{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=270}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun|date=2010|page=223}}</ref>
Between 1969 and 1972, as he was working on ''The Nomadic Alternative'', Chatwin travelled extensively and pursued other endeavours in an attempt to establish a creative career. He co-curated an exhibit on ''Nomadic Art of the Asian Steppes,'' which opened at Asia House Gallery in [[New York City]] in 1970.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=218}} He considered publishing an account of his 1969 trip to Afghanistan with [[Peter Levi]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=241}} Levi published his own book about it, ''The Light Garden of the Angel King: Journeys in Afghanistan'' (1972).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|page=35}}</ref> Chatwin contributed two articles on nomads to [[Vogue (British magazine)|''Vogue'']] and another article to ''[[History Today]]''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=280}}
In the early 1970s Chatwin had an affair with [[James Ivory]], a film director. He pitched stories to him for possible films, which Ivory did not take seriously.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=265}} In 1972 Chatwin tried his hand at film-making and travelled to [[Niger]] to make a documentary about nomads.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shakespere|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1999|page=272}}</ref> The film was lost while Chatwin was trying to sell it to European television companies.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=321}}
Chatwin also took photographs of his journeys and attempted to sell photographs from a trip to [[Mauritania]] to ''[[The Sunday Times Magazine]].''{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=273–274}} While ''The Times'' did not accept those photographs for publication, it did offer Chatwin a job.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=280}}
===''The Sunday Times Magazine'' and ''In Patagonia''===
{{Further| In Patagonia}}
In 1972, ''The Sunday Times Magazine'' hired Chatwin as an adviser on art and [[architecture]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=267}} Initially his role was to suggest story ideas and put together features such as "One Million Years of Art," which ran in several issues during the summer of 1973.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=283}} His editor, [[Francis Wyndham (writer)|Francis Wyndham]], encouraged him to write, which allowed him to develop his narrative skills.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=285–286}} Chatwin travelled on many international assignments, writing on such subjects as Algerian [[migrant workers]] and the [[Great Wall of China]], and interviewing such diverse people as [[André Malraux]], [[Maria Reiche]], and [[Madeleine Vionnet]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=280}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=Anatomy of Restlessness|url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat|url-access=registration|date=1996|page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat/page/13 13]}}</ref>
In 1972, Chatwin interviewed the 93-year-old architect and designer [[Eileen Gray]] in her Paris salon, where he noticed a map she had painted of the area of South America called [[Patagonia]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=286}} "I've always wanted to go there," Chatwin told her. "So have I," she replied, "Go there for me."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=Anatomy of Restlessness|url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00bruc|url-access=registration|date=1997|publisher=Penguin|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00bruc/page/13 13–14]|isbn=9780140256987}}</ref>
Two years later, in November 1974, Chatwin flew out to [[Lima]] in [[Peru]], and reached Patagonia, Argentina; a month later.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=287–291}} He would later claim that he sent a [[telegram]] to Wyndham merely stating: "Have gone to Patagonia." Actually he sent a letter: "I am doing a story there for myself, something I have always wanted to write up."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=301}} This marked the end of Chatwin's role as a regular writer for ''The Sunday Times Magazine'', although in subsequent years he contributed occasional pieces, including a profile of [[Indira Gandhi]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=294–295}}
Chatwin spent six months in Patagonia, travelling around gathering stories of people who came from elsewhere and settled there. This trip resulted in the book ''In Patagonia'' (1977). He used his quest for his own "piece of brontosaurus" (the one from his grandparents' cabinet had been thrown away years earlier) to frame the story of his trip. Chatwin described ''In Patagonia'' as "the narrative of an actual journey and a symbolic one.... It is supposed to fall into the category or be a spoof of Wonder Voyage: the narrator goes to a far country in search of a strange animal: on his way he lands in strange situations, people or other books tell him strange stories which add up to form a message."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun|date=2010|page=271}}</ref>
''In Patagonia'' contains fifteen black and white photographs by Chatwin. According to [[Susannah Clapp]], who edited the book, "[[Rebecca West]] amused Chatwin by telling him that these were so good they rendered superfluous the entire text of the book."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clapp|title=With Chatwin|date=1996|page=94}}</ref>
This work established Chatwin's reputation as a travel writer. One of his biographers, [[Nicholas Murray (biographer)|Nicholas Murray]], called ''In Patagonia'' "one of the most strikingly original post-war English travel books"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1999|page=39}}</ref> and said that it revitalised the genre of travel writing.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|page=44}}</ref> However, residents in the region contradicted the account of events depicted in Chatwin's book. It was the first time in his career, but not the last, that conversations and characters which Chatwin presented as fact were later alleged to be fiction.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1999|page=51}}</ref>
For ''In Patagonia'' Chatwin received the [[Hawthornden Prize]] and the [[E. M. Forster Award]] from the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=372–373}} [[Graham Greene]], [[Patrick Leigh Fermor]], and [[Paul Theroux]] praised the book.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=325–326}} As a result of the success of ''In Patagonia'', Chatwin's circle of friends expanded to include people like [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]], [[Susan Sontag]], and [[Jasper Johns]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=374–375}}
===Ouidah and the Black Hill===
{{Further| The Viceroy of Ouidah}}
{{Further| On the Black Hill}}
Upon his return from Patagonia, Chatwin discovered a change in leadership at ''The Sunday Times Magazine'' and his retainer was discontinued.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=321–322}} Chatwin intended his next project to be a [[biography]] of [[Francisco Félix de Sousa]], a 19th-century [[slave trader]] born in Brazil, who became the [[Viceroy]] of [[Ouidah]] in [[Dahomey]]. Chatwin had first heard of de Sousa during a visit to Dahomey in 1972.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=338}} He returned to the country, by then renamed the [[People's Republic of Benin]], in December 1976 to conduct research.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=341}} In January 1977, during the [[1977 Benin coup d'état attempt]], Chatwin was accused of being a mercenary and detained for three days.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=348–350}} Chatwin later wrote about this experience in "A Coup – A Story," which was published in ''Granta'' and included in ''What Am I Doing Here?'' (1989).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|page=53}}</ref>
Following his arrest and release, Chatwin left Benin and went to Brazil to continue his research on de Sousa.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=352}} Frustrated by the lack of documented information on de Sousa, Chatwin chose instead to write a fictionalised biography of him, ''The Viceroy of Ouidah''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=356}} This book was published in 1980, and [[Werner Herzog]]'s film ''[[Cobra Verde]]'' (1987) is based on it.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=What Am I Doing Here|url=https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc|url-access=registration|date=1989|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/138 138–139]|publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670825080}}</ref>{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=417}}
[[File:Grwynefechan.JPG|thumb|300px|right
|The southern part of the [[Grwyne Fechan]] valley in the Black Mountains, [[Welsh Borders]]]]
Although ''The Viceroy of Ouidah'' received good reviews, it did not sell well. Nicholas Shakespeare said that the dismal sales caused Chatwin to pursue a completely different subject for his next book.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=394–395}} In response to his growing reputation as a travel writer, Chatwin said he "decided to write something about people who never went out."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clapp|first1=Susannah|title=With Chatwin|date=1996|page=179}}</ref> His next book, ''On the Black Hill'' (1982), is a novel of twin brothers who live all of their lives in a farmhouse on the Welsh borders.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=On the Black Hill|date=1982|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London}}</ref> For this book Chatwin won the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] and the [[Whitbread prize|Whitbread Prize for Best First Novel]], even though he considered his previous book, ''The Viceroy of Ouidah'', a novel.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=395}} It was made into a film in 1987.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=417}}
In the late 1970s Chatwin spent an increasing amount of time in New York City. He continued to have affairs with men, but most of these affairs were short-lived. In 1977 he began his first serious affair with Donald Richards, an Australian stockbroker.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=360}} Richards introduced him to the [[gay nightclub]] scene in New York.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=362–369}} During this period Chatwin became acquainted with [[Robert Mapplethorpe]], who photographed him. Chatwin is one of the few men Mapplethorpe photographed fully clothed.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=368}} Chatwin later contributed the introduction to a book of Mapplethorpe's photographs, ''Lady, Lisa Lyon'' (1983).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|page=88}}</ref>
Although Elizabeth Chatwin had accepted her husband's affairs, their relationship deteriorated in the late 1970s, and in 1980 she asked for a separation.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=392–393, 420}} By 1982 Chatwin's affair with Richards had ended and he began another serious affair with [[Jasper Conran]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=429, 424}}
===''The Songlines''===
{{Further| The Songlines}}
In 1983 Chatwin returned to the topic of nomads and decided to focus on [[Aboriginal Australians]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=426, 433}} He was influenced by the work of [[Ted Strehlow]], the author of ''Songs of Central Australia''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=426, 431–432}} Strehlow had collected and recorded Aboriginal songs, but he became a controversial figure when, shortly before his death in 1978, he sold photographs of secret Aboriginal initiation ceremonies to a magazine.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=431}}
Chatwin went to Australia to learn more about [[Aboriginal culture]], specifically the [[songline]]s or dreaming tracks.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=438}} Each songline is a personal story and functions as a creation tale and a map, and each Aboriginal Australian has their own songline.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=The Songlines|url=https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat|url-access=registration|date=1987|pages=[https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat/page/12 12–13]|publisher=New York, N.Y. Viking/Penguin}}</ref> Chatwin thought the songlines could be used as a metaphor to support his ideas about humans' need to wander, which he believed was genetic. However, he struggled fully to understand and describe the songlines and their place in Aboriginal culture.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=458}} This was due to Chatwin's approach to learning about the songlines. He spent several weeks in 1983 and 1984 in Australia, during which he primarily relied on non-Aboriginal people for information, as he was limited by his inability to speak the Aboriginal languages. He interviewed people involved in the [[Land Rights, Australia|Land Rights]] movement, and he alienated many of them because he was oblivious to the politics and also because he was an admirer of Strehlow's work.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=434–442}}
While in Australia, Chatwin, who had been experiencing some health problems, first read about AIDS, then known as the gay plague. It frightened him and compelled him to reconcile with his wife.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=448}} The fear of AIDS also drove him to finish the book that became ''The Songlines'' (1987). His friend the novelist [[Salman Rushdie]] said, "That book was an obsession too great for him.... His illness did him a favour, got him free of it. Otherwise, he would have gone on writing it for ten years."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=450}}
''The Songlines'' features a narrator named Bruce whose biography is almost identical to Chatwin's.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=440}} The narrator spends time in Australia trying to learn about Aboriginal culture, specifically the songlines. As the book goes on, it becomes a reflection on what Chatwin stated was "for me, the question of questions: the nature of human restlessness."<ref name="auto15">{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=The Songlines|url=https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat|url-access=registration|date=1987|page=[https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat/page/161 161]|publisher=New York, N.Y. Viking/Penguin}}</ref> Chatwin also hinted at his preoccupation over his own mortality in the text: "I had a presentiment that the 'travelling' phase of my life might be passing.... I should set down on paper a resume of the ideas, quotations, and encounters that amused me and obsessed me."<ref name="auto15"/> Following this statement in ''The Songlines'' Chatwin included extensive excerpts from his moleskine notebooks.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=The Songlines|pages=163–233}}</ref>
Chatwin published ''The Songlines'' in 1987, and it became a bestseller in the United Kingdom and in the United States.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=512}} The book was nominated for the [[Thomas Cook Travel Award]], but Chatwin requested that it be withdrawn from consideration, saying the work was fictional.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=512}} After its publication, Chatwin befriended the composer [[Kevin Volans]], who was inspired to base a theatre score on the book. The project evolved into an opera, ''The Man with Footsoles of Wind'' (1993).{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=527}}
===Illness and final works===
While at work on ''The Songlines'' between 1983 and 1986,<ref>Fermor, Patrick Leigh, Dashing for the Post: The Letters of Patrick Leigh, at 376 (John Murray, 2017)({{ISBN|978-1473622494}}). Chatwin visited Fermor in Greece in 1985 and enjoyed it so much he rented rooms in the village. "Bruce Chatwin is finishing a book too, next door and we go for huge strides across the hills every afternoon, and he and Joan concoct delicious dinners every other night or so."</ref> Chatwin frequently came down with colds.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=450, 464, 479, 487}} He also developed skin lesions that may have been symptoms of [[Kaposi's sarcoma]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=450, 522}} After finishing ''The Songlines'' in August 1986, he went to Switzerland, where he collapsed in the street.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=488}} At a clinic there, he was diagnosed as HIV-positive.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=489}} Chatwin provided different reasons to his doctors as to how he might have contracted HIV, including from a gang rape in Dahomey or possibly from [[Sam Wagstaff]], the [[patron]] and lover of Robert Mapplethorpe.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=490–491}}
Chatwin's case was unusual as he had a fungal infection, ''[[Talaromyces marneffei]]'', which at the time had rarely been seen and only in South Asia. It is now known as an [[AIDS-defining illness]], but in 1986 little was known about HIV and AIDS. Doctors were not certain if all cases of HIV developed into AIDS. The rare fungus gave Chatwin hope that he might be different and served as the basis of what he told most people about his illness. He gave various reasons for how he became infected with the fungus – ranging from eating a thousand-year-old egg to exploring a bat cave in Indonesia.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=493–494}} He never publicly disclosed that he was HIV-positive because of the stigma at the time. He wanted to protect his parents, who were unaware of his homosexual affairs.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=491–492}}
Although Chatwin never spoke or wrote publicly about his disease, in one instance he did write about the [[AIDS epidemic]] in 1988 in a letter to the editor of the ''[[London Review of Books]]'':
<blockquote> "The word 'Aids' is one of the cruellest and silliest neologisms of our time. 'Aid' means help, succour, comfort—yet with a hissing sibilant tacked onto the end it becomes a nightmare.... HIV (Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus) is a perfectly easy name to live with. 'Aids' causes panic and despair and has probably done something to facilitate the spread of the disease."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun|date=2010|page=594}}</ref> </blockquote>
During his illness, Chatwin continued to write. Elizabeth encouraged him to use a letter he had written to her from Prague in 1967 as an inspiration for a new story.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=500}} During this trip, he had met Konrad Just, an art collector.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=502}} This meeting and the letter to Elizabeth served as the basis for Chatwin's next work. ''[[Utz (novel)|Utz]]'' (1988) was a novel about the obsession that leads people to collect.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=503}} Set in [[Prague]], the novel details the life and death of Kaspar Utz, a man obsessed with his collection of [[Meissen porcelain]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=Utz|date=1988|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London}}</ref> ''Utz'' was well-received and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=507}}
Chatwin also edited a collection of his journalism, which was published as ''What Am I Doing Here'' (1989).{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=565}} At the time of his death in 1989, he was working on a number of new ideas for future novels, including a transcontinental epic provisionally titled ''Lydia Livingstone''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=529–530}}
Chatwin died at a hospital in [[Nice]] on 18 January 1989.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=561}} A memorial service was held at the [[Greek Orthodox]] Church of [[Saint Sophia (London)|Saint Sophia]] in West London on 14 February 1989, [[Salman Rushdie]], a close friend of Chatwin's, attended the service.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=571–572}} [[Paul Theroux]], who also attended the service, later commented on it and Chatwin in a piece for ''[[Granta]]''.<ref>[http://www.granta.com/Online-Only/Paul-Theroux Theroux's "admiring tribute" to Chatwin],</ref> The novelist [[Martin Amis]] described the memorial service in the essay "Salman Rushdie", included in his [[anthology]] ''[[Visiting Mrs Nabokov]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Amis|first1=Martin|title=Visiting Mrs. Nabokov|date=2012|publisher=Vintage|pages=170–178}}</ref>
In 1985, suffering from a mysterious illness (which turned out to be HIV) Chatwin interrupted his writing to make a pilgrimage to Mount Athos. Until that point he had never struck friends as being religious, but the visit had a profound effect, and he eventually decided to become an Orthodox Christian. At the memorial service Bishop Kallistos Ware told the congregation: ‘Bruce was always a traveller and he died before all his journeys could be completed… his journey into Orthodoxy was one of his unfinished voyages.’{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p={{pn|date=September 2022}}}}
Chatwin's ashes were scattered near a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] chapel above [[Kardamili|Kardamyli]] in the [[Peloponnese]]. This was close to the home of one of his mentors, the writer [[Patrick Leigh Fermor]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=573}} Chatwin had spent several months in 1985 near there, working on ''The Songlines''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=465, 469–473}}
Chatwin's papers, including 85 [[moleskine]] notebooks, were given to the [[Bodleian Library]], Oxford.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=xi}} Two collections of his photographs and excerpts from the moleskine notebooks were published as ''Photographs and Notebooks'' (US title: ''Far Journeys'') in 1993 and ''Winding Paths'' in 1999.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=Far Journeys|date=1993|publisher=Viking|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=Winding Paths: Photographs from Bruce Chatwin|date=1999|publisher=Jonathan Cape}}</ref>
News of Chatwin's AIDS diagnosis first surfaced in September 1988, although the obituaries at the time of his death had referred to Chatwin's statements about a rare fungal infection. After his death, some members of the gay community criticised Chatwin for lack of courage to reveal the true nature of his illness, thinking he would have raised public awareness of AIDS, as he was one of the first high-profile individuals in Britain known to have contracted HIV.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Nicholas|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|pages=123–124}}</ref>{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=524–525}}
==Writing style==
[[John Updike]] described Chatwin's writing as "a clipped, lapidary prose that compresses worlds into pages",<ref>{{cite book|last1=Updike|first1=John|title=Odd Jobs: Essays and Criticism|date=1991|publisher=Knopf|page=464}}</ref> while one of Chatwin's editors, Susannah Clapp, wrote, "Although his syntax was pared down, his words were not – or at least not only – plain.... His prose is both spare and flamboyant."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clapp|title=With Chatwin|date=1996|page=45}}</ref>
Chatwin's writing was shaped by his work as a cataloguer at Sotheby's, which provided him with years of practice in writing concise, yet vivid descriptions of objects with the intention of enticing buyers.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=95}} In addition, his writing was influenced by his interest in nomads. One aspect that interested him was the few possessions they had. Their Spartan way of life appealed to his aesthetic sense, and he sought to emulate it in his life and his writing, striving to strip needless objects from his life and needless words from his prose.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=117, 171, 467–468}}
Chatwin experimented with format in his writing. With ''In Patagonia'', Clapp said Chatwin described the book's structure of 97 vignettes as "[[Cubist]]." "[I]n other words," she said, "lots of small pictures tilting away and toward each other to create this strange original portrait of Patagonia."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=325}} ''The Songlines'' was another attempt by Chatwin to experiment with format.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=513}} It begins as a novel narrated by a man named Bruce, but about two-thirds of the way through it becomes a commonplace book filled with quotations, anecdotes, and summaries of others' research, in an attempt to explore restlessness.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=The Songlines|url=https://archive.org/details/songlines000chat|url-access=registration|date=1987|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780140094299}}</ref> Some of Chatwin's critics did not think he succeeded in ''The Songlines'' with this approach, but others applauded his effort at an unconventional structure.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=512–513}}
Several 19th and 20th-century writers influenced Chatwin's work. He admitted to imitating the work of Robert Byron when he first began making notes of his travels.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=What Am I Doing Here|url=https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc|url-access=registration|date=1989|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/288 288]|publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670825080}}</ref> While in Patagonia he read [[In Our Time (short story collection)|''In Our Time'']] by Ernest Hemingway, whom he admired for his spare prose.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=289–290}} While writing ''In Patagonia'', Chatwin strove to approach his writing as a "literary [[Henri Cartier-Bresson|Cartier-Bresson]]."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=329}} Chatwin's biographer described the resulting prose as "quick snapshots of ordinary people".{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=307}} Along with Hemingway and Cartier-Bresson, [[Osip Mandelstam]]'s work strongly influenced Chatwin during the writing of ''In Patagonia''. An admirer of [[Noël Coward]], Chatwin found the breakfast scene in ''[[Private Lives]]'' helpful in learning to write dialogue.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=What Am I Doing Here|url=https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc|url-access=registration|date=1989|publisher=Viking|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/366 366]|isbn=9780670825080}}</ref> Once Chatwin began work on ''The Viceroy of Ouidah'', he began studying the work of 19th-century French authors such as [[Honoré de Balzac]] and [[Gustave Flaubert]], who would continue to influence him for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=380–383}}
==Themes==
Chatwin explored several different themes in his work: human restlessness and wandering; borders and exile; and art and objects.<ref name="auto15"/><ref name="auto13">{{cite book|last1=Murray|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|page=45}}</ref>{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=502–505}}
He considered human restlessness to be the focus of his writing. He ultimately aspired to explore the subject in order to answer what he saw as a fundamental question of human existence.<ref name="auto20">{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun|date=2010|pages=131–139}}</ref><ref name="auto15"/> He thought humans were meant to be a migratory species, and once they settled in one place, their natural urges "found outlets in violence, greed, status-seeking or a mania for the new."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=230}} In his first attempt at writing a book, ''The Nomadic Alternative'', Chatwin had tried to compose an academic exposition on nomadic culture, which he believed was unexamined and unappreciated.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=230}}<ref name="auto20"/> With this, Chatwin had hoped to discover: "Why do men wander rather than sit still?"<ref name="auto14">{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun|date=2010|page=132}}</ref> In his book proposal he admitted that the interest in the subject was personal: "Why do I become restless after a month in a single place, unbearable after two?"<ref name="auto14"/>
Although Chatwin did not succeed with ''The Nomadic Alternative'', he returned to the topic of restlessness and wandering in subsequent books. Writer Jonathan Chatwin (no relation) stated that Chatwin's works can be grouped into two categories: "restlessness defined" and "restlessness explained." Most of his work focuses on describing restlessness, such as in the case of one twin in ''On the Black Hill'' who longs to leave home.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10036/41273|last1=Chatwin|first1=Jonathan|title=Anywhere Out of the World: Restlessness in the work of Bruce Chatwin|date=2008|pages=9–10}}</ref> Another example is the protagonist of ''Utz'', who feels restless to escape to [[Vichy]] each year, but always returns to [[Prague]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=508}} Chatwin attempted to explain restlessness in ''The Songlines'', which focused on the Aboriginal Australians' [[walkabout]]. For this, he returned to his research from ''The Nomadic Alternative''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10036/41273|last1=Chatwin|first1=Jonathan|title=Anywhere Out of the World: Restlessness in the work of Bruce Chatwin|date=2008|page=10}}</ref>{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=483}}
Borders are another Chatwin theme. According to Elizabeth Chatwin, he "was interested in borders, where things were always changing, not one thing or another."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=291}} Patagonia, the subject of his first published book, is an area that is in both Argentina and Chile.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=304}} The Viceroy of Ouidah is a Brazilian who trades slaves in Dahomey.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=340}} ''On the Black Hills'' takes place on the borders of Wales and England.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=395}} In ''The Songlines'' the characters the protagonist mostly interacts with are people who provide a bridge between the Aboriginal and white Australian worlds.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=434–435}} The main character in ''Utz'' travels back and forth across the [[Iron Curtain]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=508}}
"The theme of exile, of people living at the margins.... is treated in a literal and metaphorical sense throughout Chatwin's work," stated Nicholas Murray. He identified several examples. There were people who were actual exiles, like some of those profiled in ''In Patagonia'', and the Viceroy of Ouidah, unable to return to Brazil. Murray also cited the main characters in ''On the Black Hill'': "Although not strictly exiles.... [they] were exiles from the major events of their time and its dominant values." Similarly, Murray wrote, Utz is "trapped in a society whose values are not his own but which he cannot bring himself to leave."<ref name="auto13"/>
Chatwin returned to the subject of art and objects during his career. In his early writing for the ''Sunday Times Magazine'', he wrote about art and artists, and many of these articles were included in ''What Am I Doing Here''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=280–284}} The main focus of ''Utz'' is on the impact the possession of art (in this case porcelain figures) has on a collector.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=504–505}} Utz's unwillingness to give up his porcelain collection kept him in Czechoslovakia even though he had the opportunity to live in the West.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=503}} Chatwin constantly struggled with the conflicting desires to own beautiful items and to live in a space free of unnecessary objects.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=117–118}} His distaste for the art world resulted from his days at Sotheby's; some of his final writing focused on this.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=197, 505}} The topic appears in the final section of ''What Am I Doing Here'', "Tales from the Art World," which consists of four short stories. At the end of ''What Am I Doing Here'', Chatwin shares an anecdote of advice he received from [[Noël Coward]]: "Never let anything artistic stand in your way." Chatwin stated, "I've always acted on that advice."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=What Am I Doing Here|url=https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc|url-access=registration|date=1989|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/366 366]|publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670825080}}</ref>
==Influence==
With the publication of ''In Patagonia'', Chatwin invigorated the genre of [[travel writing]]; according to his biographer, Nicholas Murray, he "showed that an inventive writer could breathe new life into an old genre."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Nicholas|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|publisher=Seren Books|pages=39, 44}}</ref> The combination of his clear, yet vivid prose and an international perspective at a time when many English writers were more focused on home instead of abroad helped to set him apart.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Nicholas|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|pages=11–12}}</ref>{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=564, 569}} Aside from his writing, Chatwin was also good looking, and his image as a dashing traveller added to his appeal and helped make him a celebrity.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=564}} In the eyes of younger writers such as [[Rory Stewart]], Chatwin "made [travel writing] cool."<ref name="auto9">{{cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=Rory|title=Walking with Chatwin|journal=The New York Review of Books|date=25 June 2012|url=http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2012/06/25/walking-with-bruce-chatwin/|access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> In ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Andrew Harvey (journalist)|Andrew Harvey]] wrote,
<blockquote>"Nearly every writer of my generation in England has wanted, at some point, to be Bruce Chatwin; wanted, like him, to talk of [[Kingdom of Fez|Fez]] and [[Firdausi]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Nuristan]], with equal authority; wanted to be talked about, as he is, with raucous envy; wanted above all to have written his books."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harvey|first1=Andrew|title=Footprints of the Ancestor|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/02/books/footprints-of-the-ancestors.html?pagewanted=1|access-date=27 July 2015|work=The New York Times|date=2 August 1987}}</ref></blockquote>
Chatwin's books also inspired some readers to visit Patagonia and Australia.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=515, 577}} As a result, Patagonia experienced an increase in tourism,{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=577}} and it became a common sight for tourists to appear in the region, carrying a copy of ''In Patagonia''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Allen|first1=Sandra|title=In Patagonia in Patagonia|journal=The Paris Review|date=14 May 2013|url=http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2013/05/14/in-patagonia-in-patagonia/|access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> ''The Songlines'' also inspired readers to travel to Australia and seek out the people on whom Chatwin had based his characters, much to their consternation, as he had failed to disclose such intentions to them.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=515}}
Beyond travel, Chatwin influenced other writers, such as [[Claudio Magris]], [[Luis Sepúlveda]], [[Philip Marsden]], and [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=569}} Nicholas Shakespeare stated that some of Chatwin's impact came from the difficulty of categorising his work, which helped to "set free other writers...[from] conventional boundaries."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=568}} Although he was often called a travel writer, he did not identify himself as one, or as a novelist. ("I don't quite know the meaning of the word novel," he said).{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=11}} He preferred to call his writing stories or searches.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=11}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Nicholas|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|publisher=Seren|page=12}}</ref> He was interested in asking big questions about human existence, sharing unusual tales, and making connections between ideas from various sources. His friend and fellow writer [[Robyn Davidson]] said, "He posed questions we all want answered and perhaps gave the illusion they were answerable."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=569}}
===Posthumous influence===
According to his biographer [[Nicholas Shakespeare]], Chatwin's work developed a dedicated following in the years immediately after his death.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin|date=2010|page=12}}</ref> By 1998 a million copies of his books had been sold.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=578}} However, his reputation diminished following revelations about his personal life and questions about the accuracy of his work.
The accuracy problem had arisen before his death, and Chatwin had admitted to "counting up the lies" in ''In Patagonia'', though he stated there were not many.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Nicholas|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|page=90}}</ref> While researching Chatwin's life, Nicholas Shakespeare stated he found "few cases of mere invention" in ''In Patagonia''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=335}} Mostly, these tended to be instances of embellishment, such as when Chatwin wrote of a nurse who loved the work of [[Osip Mandelstam]] – one of his favorite authors – when in fact she was a fan of [[Agatha Christie]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=335}} When [[Michael Ignatieff]] asked Chatwin his opinion of what divided fact from fiction, he replied, "I don't think there is [a division]."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ignatieff|first1=Michael|title=Interview: Bruce Chatwin|journal=Granta|date=25 June 1987|issue=21|page=24}}</ref>
Some individuals profiled in ''In Patagonia'' were unhappy with Chatwin's portrayals of them. They included a man whom Chatwin insinuated was homosexual and a woman who thought her father was unjustly accused of killing Indians.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=309}} However, Chatwin's biographer found one farmer who was featured in the book who thought Chatwin's depictions of himself and other members of his community were truthful. He stated, "No one likes looking at their own passport photograph, but I found it accurate. It's not flattering, but it's the truth."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=307}}
Chatwin's bestseller, ''The Songlines'', has been the focus of much criticism. Some describe his viewpoint as "[[colonialist]]", citing his lack of interviews with [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginals]] and reliance instead on [[European Australians|white Australians]] for information about Aboriginal culture.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=515–516}} Other criticism comes from anthropologists and other researchers who spent years studying Aboriginal culture and dismiss Chatwin's work because he visited Australia briefly.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=434–435}} Yet others, such as writer [[Thomas Keneally]], believe ''The Songlines'' should be widely read in Australia, where many people had not previously heard of the songlines.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=513, 516}}
The questions about the veracity of Chatwin's writing are compounded by the revelation of his sexual orientation and the true cause of his death.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=566}} Once it became known that Chatwin had been bisexual and had died of an AIDS-related illness, some critics viewed him as a liar and dismissed his work.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin|date=2010|pages=13–14}}</ref> Nicholas Shakespeare said, "His denial [of his AIDS diagnosis] bred a sense that if he lied about his life, he must have lied about his work. Some readers have taken this as a cue to pass judgement on his books – or else not to bother with them."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin|date=2010|publisher=Jonathan Cape|page=14}}</ref> In 2010 ''[[The Guardian]]'s'' review of ''Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin'' opened with the question, "Does anyone read Bruce Chatwin these days?"<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Morrison|first1=Blake|title=Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin|journal=The Guardian|date=3 September 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/sep/04/bruce-chatwin-letters-nicholas-shakespeare|access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> However, [[Rory Stewart]] has stated, "His personality, his learning, his myths, and even his prose are less hypnotizing [than they once were]. And yet he remains a great writer, of deep and enduring importance".<ref name="auto9"/> In 2008 ''[[The Times]]'' rated Chatwin No. 46 on their list of "50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945".<ref>{{cite news|title=46. Bruce Chatwin; The 50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA173066618&v=2.1&u=nysl_ca_bethlm&it=r&p=STND&sw=w&asid=c87255bba66a6fb8db49007ee6fc1ba5|access-date=23 July 2015|work=The Times (London)|date=5 January 2008}}</ref>
===Legacy===
Chatwin's name is used to sell [[Moleskine]] notebooks.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=564}} Chatwin wrote in ''The Songlines'' of little black [[oilskin]]-covered notebooks that he bought in [[Paris]] and called "moleskines".<ref name="auto7">{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=The Songlines|url=https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat|url-access=registration|date=1987|pages=[https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat/page/160 160–161]|publisher=New York, N.Y. Viking/Penguin}}</ref> The quotes and anecdotes he had compiled in them serve as a major section of ''The Songlines'', where Chatwin mourned the closure of the last producer of such books.<ref name="auto7"/> In 1995, Marta Sebregondi read ''The Songlines'' and proposed to her employer, the Italian design and publishing firm Modo & Modo, that they produce moleskine notebooks.<ref name="auto10">{{cite magazine|last1=Raphel|first1=Adrienne|title=The Virtual Moleskine|magazine=The New Yorker|date=14 April 2014|url=http://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/the-virtual-moleskine|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> In 1997, the company began to sell them and use Chatwin's name to promote them.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Harkin|first1=James|title=Resurrecting Moleskine Notebooks|journal=Newsweek|date=12 June 2011|url=http://www.newsweek.com/resurrecting-moleskine-notebooks-67817|access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> Modo & Modo was sold in 2006, and the company became known as Moleskine SpA.<ref name="auto10"/>
In 2014 the clothing label [[Burberry]] produced a collection inspired by Chatwin's books.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marriott|first1=Hannah|title=Books inspire Burberry's show at London Collections: Men|journal=The Guardian|date=17 June 2014|url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/jun/17/books-inspire-burberry-show-london-collections-men}}</ref> The following year Burberry released a limited edition of Chatwin's books with specially designed covers.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Connor|first1=Liz|title=Burberry's Bruce Chatwin books just made your shelf far more stylish|journal=GQ|date=8 May 2015|url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2015-05/09/burberry-bruce-chatwin-book-release-christopher-bailey|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208121230/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2015-05/09/burberry-bruce-chatwin-book-release-christopher-bailey|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>
In September 2019 the documentary film ''[[Nomad: In the Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin]]'', by [[Werner Herzog]], was broadcast by the BBC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0008rqv|title=BBC Two – Nomad: In the Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin|publisher=BBC}}</ref>
==Works==
*''[[In Patagonia]]'' (1977)
*''[[The Viceroy of Ouidah]]'' (1980)
*''[[On the Black Hill]]'' (1982)
*''Patagonia Revisited'', with [[Paul Theroux]] (1985)
*''[[The Songlines]]'' (1987)
*''[[Utz (novel)|Utz]]'' (1988)
*''[[What Am I Doing Here (book)|What Am I Doing Here]]'' (1989)
===Posthumously published===
*''[[Photographs and Notebooks]]'' (1993)
*''[[Anatomy of Restlessness: Uncollected Writings]]'' (1997)
*''[[Winding Paths]]'' (1998)
*''[[Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin]]'' (2012)
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Sources===
*{{cite book
| surname = Chatwin
| given = Bruce
| year = 1977
| title = In Patagonia
| publisher = Jonathan Cape
| isbn = 014011291X
| url = https://archive.org/details/inpatagonia00chat
}}
*{{cite book
| surname = Chatwin
| given = Bruce
| year = 1987
| title = The Songlines
| publisher = Jonathan Cape
| isbn = 9780224024525
}}
*{{cite book
| surname = Chatwin
| given = Bruce
| year = 2010
| title = Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin
| publisher = Jonathan Cape
| editor = Elizabeth Chatwin
| isbn = 978-0-224-08989-0}}
*{{cite book
| surname = Chatwin
| given = Bruce
| year = 1990
| title = What Am I Doing Here
| publisher = Pan
| isbn = 0-330-31310-X
}}
*{{cite book
| surname = Murray
| given = Nicholas
| year = 1993
| title = Bruce Chatwin
| publisher = Seren
| isbn = 1-85411-079-9}}
*{{cite book
| surname = Clapp
| given = Susannah
| year = 1997
| title = With Chatwin: Portrait of a Writer
| publisher = Jonathan Cape
| isbn = 978-0-224-03258-2}}
*{{cite book
| surname = Shakespeare
| given = Nicholas
| author-link = Nicholas Shakespeare
| year = 1999
| title = Bruce Chatwin
| publisher = The Harvill Press
| isbn = 1-86046-544-7}}
* [http://www.campanottoeditore.com Antonella Riem, ''La gabbia innaturale – l'opera di Bruce Chatwin''] (pp. 175). Udine: Campanotto (Italy). 1993.
==Documentaries==
* [[Paul Yule (photojournalist)|Paul Yule]], ''In The Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin'' (2x60 mins), BBC, 1999 – Berwick Universal Pictures
* [[Werner Herzog]], ''[[Nomad: In the Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin]]'', BBC Scotland, BBC Studios, BBC2, 2019 – Sideways Films
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080206101145/http://www.brucechatwin.co.uk/ "Bruce Chatwin"], a resource for news related to Bruce Chatwin and his work
*[http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=3066 "''On the Black Hill''." Entry] in ''[[The Literary Encyclopedia (English)|Literary Encyclopedia]]''
*[http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=7782 "''The Songlines''." Entry] in ''[[The Literary Encyclopedia (English)|Literary Encyclopedia]]''
*[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=837 "Bruce Chatwin." Entry] in ''[[The Literary Encyclopedia (English)|Literary Encyclopedia]]''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161121084609/http://www.moleskine.com/en/moleskine-world Moleskine official website]
*{{IMDb name|154223}}
*[https://archives.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/2774 Archive of (Charles) Bruce Chatwin]; Bodleian Libraries
{{Bruce Chatwin}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatwin, Bruce}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:AIDS-related deaths in France]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Bisexual male writers]]
[[Category:Bisexual novelists]]
[[Category:Burials in Greece]]
[[Category:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:English male novelists]]
[[Category:English people imprisoned abroad]]
[[Category:English travel writers]]
[[Category:James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients]]
[[Category:English LGBT novelists]]
[[Category:People educated at Marlborough College]]
[[Category:People from Dronfield]]
[[Category:Writers from Sheffield]]
[[Category:Sotheby's people]]
[[Category:The Sunday Times people]]
[[Category:British Vogue]]
[[Category:20th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:English male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century English LGBT people]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|English writer, novelist and journalist (1940–1989)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Bruce Chatwin
| honorific_suffix = {{postnom|country=GBR|size=100|FRSL}}
| image = Bruce Chatwin, July 1982.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Chatwin, photographed by [[Lord Snowdon]], in 1982
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Charles Bruce Chatwin
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|5|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sheffield]], [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1989|1|18|1940|5|13|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Nice]], [[Alpes-Maritimes]], France
| resting_place = [[Agios Nikolaos, Messenia]], Greece{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=573}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Novelist
* Travel writer
* Art and antiquities advisor
}}
| education = [[Marlborough College]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Edinburgh]]
| period = 1977–1989
| genre = [[Travel writing]], fiction
| subject = [[Nomad]]ism, [[slave trade]]
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = {{marriage|Elizabeth Chanler|21 August 1965}}
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Charles Bruce Chatwin''' {{postnom|country=GBR|FRSL}} (13 May 1940{{spaced ndash}}18 January 1989) was an English travel writer, novelist and journalist. His first book, ''[[In Patagonia]]'' (1977), established Chatwin as a [[travel writer]], although he considered himself instead a [[storytelling|storyteller]], interested in bringing to light unusual tales. He won the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for his novel ''[[On the Black Hill]]'' (1982), while his novel ''[[Utz (novel)|Utz]]'' (1988) was [[shortlisted]] for the [[Booker Prize]]. In 2008 ''[[The Times]]'' ranked Chatwin as number 46 on their list of "50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945."
Chatwin was born in [[Sheffield]]. After completing his secondary education at [[Marlborough College]],<ref>The Chatwin Colloquium [http://www.marlboroughcollege.org/news/speakers/article/date/2014/02/the-chatwin-colloquium/ Retrieved 9 February 2018.]</ref> he went to work at the age of 18 at [[Sotheby's]] in [[London]], where he gained an extensive knowledge of art and eventually ran the auction house's [[Antiquities]] and [[Impressionism|Impressionist Art]] departments. In 1966 he left Sotheby's to read [[archaeology]] at the [[University of Edinburgh]], but he abandoned his studies after two years to pursue a career as a writer.
''[[The Sunday Times Magazine]]'' hired Chatwin in 1972. He travelled the world for work and interviewed figures such as the politicians [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[André Malraux]]. He left the magazine in 1974 to visit [[Patagonia]], Argentina, a trip that inspired his first book, ''In Patagonia'' (1977). He wrote five other books, including ''[[The Songlines]]'' (1987), about [[Australia]], which was a bestseller. His work is credited with reviving the genre of travel writing, and his works influenced other writers such as [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]], [[Claudio Magris]], [[Philip Marsden]], [[Luis Sepúlveda]], [[Rich Cohen]], and [[Rory Stewart]].
==Life==
===Early years===
Chatwin was born on 13 May 1940 at the Shearwood Road Nursing Home in [[Sheffield]], England, to Charles Leslie Chatwin, a [[Birmingham]] solicitor and [[Royal Naval Reserve]] officer during [[World War II]], and Margharita (née Turnell), daughter of a Sheffield knife manufacturer's clerk. She was born in Sheffield and worked for the local [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative party]] prior to her marriage.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=17–24}}<ref>Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin, Bruce Chatwin, ed. Elizabeth Chatwin and Nicholas Shakespeare, Vintage Books, 2011 p. 21</ref><ref>{{cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-39826|title=Chatwin, (Charles) Bruce |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/39826 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref> The Chatwin family were well known in Birmingham, with Charles Chatwin's grandfather, [[J. A. Chatwin|Julius Alfred Chatwin]], an eminent architect.<ref>Bruce Chatwin, Nicholas Shakespeare, Random House, 2010, p. 28</ref>
Chatwin's early years were spent moving regularly with his mother while his father was at sea.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun|date=2010|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London|page=21}}</ref> Prior to his birth, Chatwin's parents had lived at [[Barnt Green]], [[Worcestershire]], but Margharita moved to her parents' house in [[Dronfield]], near Sheffield, shortly before giving birth.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=23–24}} Mother and son remained there for a few weeks.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=25}} Worried about [[The Blitz]], Margharita sought a safer place to stay.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=Under the Sun|first1=Elizabeth|date=2010|page=21}}</ref> She took her son with her as they travelled to stay with various relatives during the war. They would remain in one place until Margharita decided to move, either because of concern for their safety, or because of friction among family members.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=22}} Later in life Chatwin recalled of the war, "Home, if we had one, was a solid black suitcase called the Rev-Robe, in which there was a corner for my clothes and my [[Mickey Mouse]] gas mask."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=The Songlines|date=1987|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London|page=6}}</ref>
One of their stays during the war was at the home of his paternal grandparents, who had a [[curiosity cabinet]] that fascinated him. Among the items it contained was a "piece of [[brontosaurus]]" (actually a [[mylodon]], a [[giant sloth]]), which had been sent to Chatwin's grandmother by her cousin Charles Milward. Travelling in [[Patagonia]], Milward had discovered the remains of a giant sloth, which he later sold to the [[British Museum]]. He sent his cousin a piece of the animal's skin, and members of the family mistakenly referred to it as a "piece of brontosaurus". The skin was later lost, but it inspired Chatwin decades later to visit and write about Patagonia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=In Patagonia|date=1977|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London|pages=1–3}}</ref>
After the war, Chatwin lived with his parents and younger brother Hugh (1944{{spaced ndash}}2012){{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=43}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rangefree.blogspot.com/2012/07/hugh-chatwin-rip.html|title=freeranger: Hugh Chatwin RIP|first=Martin|last=Davis|date=11 July 2012|access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://funeral-notices.co.uk/West+Midlands-West+Midlands-Birmingham/death-notices/notice/chatwin/268452|title=Lasting Tribute page for Hugh Philip CHATWIN|website=funeral-notices.co.uk|access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> in [[West Heath, West Midlands|West Heath]] in Birmingham, where his father had a [[lawyer|law practice]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun|date=2010|page=22}}</ref> At the age of seven he was sent to [[boarding school]] at Old Hall School in [[Shropshire]], and then [[Marlborough College]], in [[Wiltshire]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=65}} An unexceptional student, Chatwin garnered attention from his performances in school plays.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=71–72}} While at Marlborough, Chatwin attained [[GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)|A-levels]] in Latin, Greek, and Ancient History.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=88}}
Chatwin had hoped to read [[Classics]] at [[Merton College]], [[Oxford]], but the end of [[National Service in the United Kingdom]] meant there was more competition for university places. He was forced to consider other options. His parents discouraged the ideas he offered: an acting career or work in the [[Colonial Service]] in [[Kenya]]. Instead, Chatwin's father asked one of his clients for a letter of introduction to the auction house [[Sotheby's]]. An interview was arranged, and Chatwin secured a job there.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=87–88}}
===Art and archaeology===
In 1958, Chatwin moved to London to begin work as a porter in the Works of Art department at Sotheby's.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=86}} Chatwin was ill-suited for this job, which included dusting objects that had been kept in storage.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=92–93}} [[Sotheby's]] moved him to a junior cataloguer position, working in both the [[Antiquities]] and [[Impressionist|Impressionist Art]] departments.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=93}} This position enabled him to develop his eye for art, and he quickly became known for his ability to discern [[forgeries]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=97–98}}{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=106–107}} His work as a cataloguer also taught him to describe objects in a concise manner and required him to research these objects.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=95}} Chatwin advanced to become Sotheby's expert on Antiquities and Impressionist art and would later run both departments.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=176}} Many of Chatwin's colleagues thought he would eventually become chairman of the auction house.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=165}}
During this period Chatwin travelled extensively for his job and also for adventure.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=119–120, 166–167}} Travel offered him a relief from the [[Social class in the United Kingdom|British class system]], which he found stifling.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ignatieff|first1=Michael|title=Interview: Bruce Chatwin|journal=Granta|date=25 June 1987|issue=21|page=32}}</ref> An admirer of [[Robert Byron]] and his book, ''[[The Road to Oxiana]]'', he travelled twice to [[Afghanistan]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=514}} He also used these trips to visit markets and shops, where he would buy antiques that he would resell at a profit in order to supplement his income from Sotheby's.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=119}} He became friends with artists, art collectors and dealers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clapp|title=With Chatwin|date=1996|pages=101–104}}</ref>{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=98–99; 118–119}} One friend, [[Howard Hodgkin]], painted Chatwin in ''[https://howard-hodgkin.com/artwork/small-japanese-screen-or-the-japanese-screen The Japanese Screen]'' (1962). Chatwin said he was the "acid green smear on the left."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=What Am I Doing Here|url=https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc|url-access=registration|date=1989|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/76 76]|publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670825080}}</ref>
Chatwin was ambivalent about his sexual orientation and had affairs with both men and women during this period of his life.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=131–136}} One of his girlfriends, Elizabeth Chanler, an American and a descendant of [[John Jacob Astor]], was a secretary at Sotheby's.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=139–141}} Chanler had earned a degree in [[history]] from [[Radcliffe College]] and worked at Sotheby's [[New York (state)|New York]] offices for two years before transferring to their London office in 1961.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=146–148}} Her love of travel and independent nature appealed to Chatwin.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=178}}
In the mid-1960s Chatwin grew unhappy at Sotheby's. There were various reasons for his disenchantment. Both women and men found Chatwin attractive, and [[Peter Wilson (auctioneer)|Peter Wilson]], then chairman of Sotheby's, used this appeal to the auction house's advantage when using Chatwin to try to persuade wealthy individuals to sell their art collections. Chatwin became increasingly uncomfortable with the situation.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=123–127}} Later in life Chatwin also spoke of having become "burnt out" and said, "In the end I felt I might just as well be working for a rather superior funeral parlour. One's whole life seemed to be spent valuing for probate the apartment of somebody recently dead."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Nicholas | author-link = Nicholas Murray (biographer)|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1994|publisher=[[Seren Books]]|pages=30–31}}</ref>
In late 1964 he began to suffer from problems with his sight, which he attributed to the close analysis of art work entailed by his job. He consulted eye specialist [[Patrick Trevor-Roper]], who diagnosed a latent [[Strabismus|squint]] and recommended that Chatwin take a six-month break from his work at Sotheby's. Trevor-Roper had been involved in the design of an eye hospital in [[Addis Ababa]], and suggested Chatwin visit [[East Africa]]. In February 1965, Chatwin left for [[Sudan]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=158–159}} It was on this trip that Chatwin first encountered a [[nomad]]ic tribe; their way of life intrigued him. "My nomadic guide," he wrote, "carried a sword, a purse and a pot of scented goat's grease for anointing his hair. He made me feel overburdened and inadequate...."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=Anatomy of Restlessness|url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat|url-access=registration|date=1996|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat/page/11 11–12]}}</ref> Chatwin would remain fascinated by nomads for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=171–172}}
Chatwin returned to Sotheby's, and to the surprise of his friends, proposed marriage to Elizabeth Chanler.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=173}} They married on 21 August 1965.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=181}} Chatwin was bisexual throughout their married life, a circumstance Elizabeth knew and accepted.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=178}} Chatwin had hoped he would "grow out of" his homosexual behaviour and have a successful marriage like his parents.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=177}} During their marriage, Chatwin had many affairs, mostly with men. One of these was with film director [[James Ivory]], according the Ivory's own account in his memoir, ''Solid Ivory''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/mar/12/merchant-ivory-oscar-shocking-truth-emma-thompson-anthony-hopkins-howards-end?utm_term=65f132d2ad0c3ab84ad7c7ec72861a17&utm_campaign=GuardianTodayUK&utm_source=esp&utm_medium=Email&CMP=GTUK_email |title= I got you an Oscar. Why do I need to pay you? |first= Ryan |last=Gilbey |date=12 March 2024 |publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> Some who were aware of Chatwin's affairs with men assumed the Chatwins had a chaste marriage, but according to [[Nicholas Shakespeare]], the author's biographer, this was not true.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shakespeare|first1=Nicholas|title=He wandered, but always came back: Bruce Chatwin's letters reveal the rock-solid marriage that survived his gay flings|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA235968816&v=2.1&u=nysl_ca_bethlm&it=r&p=STND&sw=w&asid=8c5ef3b85cebb9613bd2adf44d32a11e|access-date=27 July 2015|work=Sunday Times|date=29 August 2010}}</ref> Both Chatwin and his wife had hoped to have children, but they remained childless.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=210}}
In April 1966, at the age of 26, Chatwin was promoted to a director of Sotheby's, a position to which he had aspired.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=189}} To his disappointment, he was made a junior director and lacked voting rights on the board.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=186}} This disappointment, along with boredom and increasing discomfort over potentially illegal side deals taking place at Sotheby's, including the sale of objects from the [[Pitt Rivers Museum|Pitt-Rivers museum collection]], led Chatwin to resign from his Sotheby's post in June 1966.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=178}}
Chatwin enrolled in October 1966 at the [[University of Edinburgh]] to study [[Archaeology]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=189}} He had regretted not attending Oxford and had been contemplating going to university for a few years. A visit in December 1965 to the [[Hermitage Museum|Hermitage]] in [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] sparked his interest in the field of archaeology.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=199}} Despite winning the Wardrop Prize for the best first year's work,{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=192}} he found the [[rigour]] of academic archaeology tiresome, and he left after two years without taking a degree.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=214}}
===''The Nomadic Alternative''===
Following his departure from Edinburgh, Chatwin decided to pursue a career as a writer, successfully pitching a book proposal on [[nomad]]s to [[Tom Maschler]], publisher at [[Jonathan Cape]]. Chatwin tentatively titled the book ''The Nomadic Alternative'' and sought to answer the question "Why do men wander rather than stand still?"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=Anatomy of Restlessness|date=1996|publisher=Viking|location=New York|isbn=0-670-86859-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat/page/75 75]|url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat/page/75}}</ref> Chatwin delivered the manuscript in 1972, and Maschler declined to publish it, calling it a "chore to read".{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=270}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun|date=2010|page=223}}</ref>
Between 1969 and 1972, as he was working on ''The Nomadic Alternative'', Chatwin travelled extensively and pursued other endeavours in an attempt to establish a creative career. He co-curated an exhibit on ''Nomadic Art of the Asian Steppes,'' which opened at Asia House Gallery in [[New York City]] in 1970.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=218}} He considered publishing an account of his 1969 trip to Afghanistan with [[Peter Levi]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=241}} Levi published his own book about it, ''The Light Garden of the Angel King: Journeys in Afghanistan'' (1972).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|page=35}}</ref> Chatwin contributed two articles on nomads to [[Vogue (British magazine)|''Vogue'']] and another article to ''[[History Today]]''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=280}}
In the early 1970s Chatwin had an affair with [[James Ivory]], a film director. He pitched stories to him for possible films, which Ivory did not take seriously.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=265}} In 1972 Chatwin tried his hand at film-making and travelled to [[Niger]] to make a documentary about nomads.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shakespere|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1999|page=272}}</ref> The film was lost while Chatwin was trying to sell it to European television companies.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=321}}
Chatwin also took photographs of his journeys and attempted to sell photographs from a trip to [[Mauritania]] to ''[[The Sunday Times Magazine]].''{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=273–274}} While ''The Times'' did not accept those photographs for publication, it did offer Chatwin a job.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=280}}
===''The Sunday Times Magazine'' and ''In Patagonia''===
{{Further| In Patagonia}}
In 1972, ''The Sunday Times Magazine'' hired Chatwin as an adviser on art and [[architecture]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=267}} Initially his role was to suggest story ideas and put together features such as "One Million Years of Art," which ran in several issues during the summer of 1973.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=283}} His editor, [[Francis Wyndham (writer)|Francis Wyndham]], encouraged him to write, which allowed him to develop his narrative skills.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=285–286}} Chatwin travelled on many international assignments, writing on such subjects as Algerian [[migrant workers]] and the [[Great Wall of China]], and interviewing such diverse people as [[André Malraux]], [[Maria Reiche]], and [[Madeleine Vionnet]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=280}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=Anatomy of Restlessness|url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat|url-access=registration|date=1996|page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat/page/13 13]}}</ref>
In 1972, Chatwin interviewed the 93-year-old architect and designer [[Eileen Gray]] in her Paris salon, where he noticed a map she had painted of the area of South America called [[Patagonia]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=286}} "I've always wanted to go there," Chatwin told her. "So have I," she replied, "Go there for me."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=Anatomy of Restlessness|url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00bruc|url-access=registration|date=1997|publisher=Penguin|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00bruc/page/13 13–14]|isbn=9780140256987}}</ref>
Two years later, in November 1974, Chatwin flew out to [[Lima]] in [[Peru]], and reached Patagonia, Argentina; a month later.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=287–291}} He would later claim that he sent a [[telegram]] to Wyndham merely stating: "Have gone to Patagonia." Actually he sent a letter: "I am doing a story there for myself, something I have always wanted to write up."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=301}} This marked the end of Chatwin's role as a regular writer for ''The Sunday Times Magazine'', although in subsequent years he contributed occasional pieces, including a profile of [[Indira Gandhi]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=294–295}}
Chatwin spent six months in Patagonia, travelling around gathering stories of people who came from elsewhere and settled there. This trip resulted in the book ''In Patagonia'' (1977). He used his quest for his own "piece of brontosaurus" (the one from his grandparents' cabinet had been thrown away years earlier) to frame the story of his trip. Chatwin described ''In Patagonia'' as "the narrative of an actual journey and a symbolic one.... It is supposed to fall into the category or be a spoof of Wonder Voyage: the narrator goes to a far country in search of a strange animal: on his way he lands in strange situations, people or other books tell him strange stories which add up to form a message."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun|date=2010|page=271}}</ref>
''In Patagonia'' contains fifteen black and white photographs by Chatwin. According to [[Susannah Clapp]], who edited the book, "[[Rebecca West]] amused Chatwin by telling him that these were so good they rendered superfluous the entire text of the book."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clapp|title=With Chatwin|date=1996|page=94}}</ref>
This work established Chatwin's reputation as a travel writer. One of his biographers, [[Nicholas Murray (biographer)|Nicholas Murray]], called ''In Patagonia'' "one of the most strikingly original post-war English travel books"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1999|page=39}}</ref> and said that it revitalised the genre of travel writing.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|page=44}}</ref> However, residents in the region contradicted the account of events depicted in Chatwin's book. It was the first time in his career, but not the last, that conversations and characters which Chatwin presented as fact were later alleged to be fiction.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1999|page=51}}</ref>
For ''In Patagonia'' Chatwin received the [[Hawthornden Prize]] and the [[E. M. Forster Award]] from the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=372–373}} [[Graham Greene]], [[Patrick Leigh Fermor]], and [[Paul Theroux]] praised the book.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=325–326}} As a result of the success of ''In Patagonia'', Chatwin's circle of friends expanded to include people like [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]], [[Susan Sontag]], and [[Jasper Johns]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=374–375}}
===Ouidah and the Black Hill===
{{Further| The Viceroy of Ouidah}}
{{Further| On the Black Hill}}
Upon his return from Patagonia, Chatwin discovered a change in leadership at ''The Sunday Times Magazine'' and his retainer was discontinued.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=321–322}} Chatwin intended his next project to be a [[biography]] of [[Francisco Félix de Sousa]], a 19th-century [[slave trader]] born in Brazil, who became the [[Viceroy]] of [[Ouidah]] in [[Dahomey]]. Chatwin had first heard of de Sousa during a visit to Dahomey in 1972.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=338}} He returned to the country, by then renamed the [[People's Republic of Benin]], in December 1976 to conduct research.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=341}} In January 1977, during the [[1977 Benin coup d'état attempt]], Chatwin was accused of being a mercenary and detained for three days.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=348–350}} Chatwin later wrote about this experience in "A Coup – A Story," which was published in ''Granta'' and included in ''What Am I Doing Here?'' (1989).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|page=53}}</ref>
Following his arrest and release, Chatwin left Benin and went to Brazil to continue his research on de Sousa.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=352}} Frustrated by the lack of documented information on de Sousa, Chatwin chose instead to write a fictionalised biography of him, ''The Viceroy of Ouidah''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=356}} This book was published in 1980, and [[Werner Herzog]]'s film ''[[Cobra Verde]]'' (1987) is based on it.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=What Am I Doing Here|url=https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc|url-access=registration|date=1989|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/138 138–139]|publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670825080}}</ref>{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=417}}
[[File:Grwynefechan.JPG|thumb|300px|right
|The southern part of the [[Grwyne Fechan]] valley in the Black Mountains, [[Welsh Borders]]]]
Although ''The Viceroy of Ouidah'' received good reviews, it did not sell well. Nicholas Shakespeare said that the dismal sales caused Chatwin to pursue a completely different subject for his next book.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=394–395}} In response to his growing reputation as a travel writer, Chatwin said he "decided to write something about people who never went out."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clapp|first1=Susannah|title=With Chatwin|date=1996|page=179}}</ref> His next book, ''On the Black Hill'' (1982), is a novel of twin brothers who live all of their lives in a farmhouse on the Welsh borders.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=On the Black Hill|date=1982|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London}}</ref> For this book Chatwin won the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] and the [[Whitbread prize|Whitbread Prize for Best First Novel]], even though he considered his previous book, ''The Viceroy of Ouidah'', a novel.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=395}} It was made into a film in 1987.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=417}}
In the late 1970s Chatwin spent an increasing amount of time in New York City. He continued to have affairs with men, but most of these affairs were short-lived. In 1977 he began his first serious affair with Donald Richards, an Australian stockbroker.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=360}} Richards introduced him to the [[gay nightclub]] scene in New York.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=362–369}} During this period Chatwin became acquainted with [[Robert Mapplethorpe]], who photographed him. Chatwin is one of the few men Mapplethorpe photographed fully clothed.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=368}} Chatwin later contributed the introduction to a book of Mapplethorpe's photographs, ''Lady, Lisa Lyon'' (1983).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|page=88}}</ref>
Although Elizabeth Chatwin had accepted her husband's affairs, their relationship deteriorated in the late 1970s, and in 1980 she asked for a separation.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=392–393, 420}} By 1982 Chatwin's affair with Richards had ended and he began another serious affair with [[Jasper Conran]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=429, 424}}
===''The Songlines''===
{{Further| The Songlines}}
In 1983 Chatwin returned to the topic of nomads and decided to focus on [[Aboriginal Australians]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=426, 433}} He was influenced by the work of [[Ted Strehlow]], the author of ''Songs of Central Australia''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=426, 431–432}} Strehlow had collected and recorded Aboriginal songs, but he became a controversial figure when, shortly before his death in 1978, he sold photographs of secret Aboriginal initiation ceremonies to a magazine.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=431}}
Chatwin went to Australia to learn more about [[Aboriginal culture]], specifically the [[songline]]s or dreaming tracks.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=438}} Each songline is a personal story and functions as a creation tale and a map, and each Aboriginal Australian has their own songline.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=The Songlines|url=https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat|url-access=registration|date=1987|pages=[https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat/page/12 12–13]|publisher=New York, N.Y. Viking/Penguin}}</ref> Chatwin thought the songlines could be used as a metaphor to support his ideas about humans' need to wander, which he believed was genetic. However, he struggled fully to understand and describe the songlines and their place in Aboriginal culture.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=458}} This was due to Chatwin's approach to learning about the songlines. He spent several weeks in 1983 and 1984 in Australia, during which he primarily relied on non-Aboriginal people for information, as he was limited by his inability to speak the Aboriginal languages. He interviewed people involved in the [[Land Rights, Australia|Land Rights]] movement, and he alienated many of them because he was oblivious to the politics and also because he was an admirer of Strehlow's work.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=434–442}}
While in Australia, Chatwin, who had been experiencing some health problems, first read about AIDS, then known as the gay plague. It frightened him and compelled him to reconcile with his wife.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=448}} The fear of AIDS also drove him to finish the book that became ''The Songlines'' (1987). His friend the novelist [[Salman Rushdie]] said, "That book was an obsession too great for him.... His illness did him a favour, got him free of it. Otherwise, he would have gone on writing it for ten years."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=450}}
''The Songlines'' features a narrator named Bruce whose biography is almost identical to Chatwin's.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=440}} The narrator spends time in Australia trying to learn about Aboriginal culture, specifically the songlines. As the book goes on, it becomes a reflection on what Chatwin stated was "for me, the question of questions: the nature of human restlessness."<ref name="auto15">{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=The Songlines|url=https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat|url-access=registration|date=1987|page=[https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat/page/161 161]|publisher=New York, N.Y. Viking/Penguin}}</ref> Chatwin also hinted at his preoccupation over his own mortality in the text: "I had a presentiment that the 'travelling' phase of my life might be passing.... I should set down on paper a resume of the ideas, quotations, and encounters that amused me and obsessed me."<ref name="auto15"/> Following this statement in ''The Songlines'' Chatwin included extensive excerpts from his moleskine notebooks.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=The Songlines|pages=163–233}}</ref>
Chatwin published ''The Songlines'' in 1987, and it became a bestseller in the United Kingdom and in the United States.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=512}} The book was nominated for the [[Thomas Cook Travel Award]], but Chatwin requested that it be withdrawn from consideration, saying the work was fictional.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=512}} After its publication, Chatwin befriended the composer [[Kevin Volans]], who was inspired to base a theatre score on the book. The project evolved into an opera, ''The Man with Footsoles of Wind'' (1993).{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=527}}
===Illness and final works===
While at work on ''The Songlines'' between 1983 and 1986,<ref>Fermor, Patrick Leigh, Dashing for the Post: The Letters of Patrick Leigh, at 376 (John Murray, 2017)({{ISBN|978-1473622494}}). Chatwin visited Fermor in Greece in 1985 and enjoyed it so much he rented rooms in the village. "Bruce Chatwin is finishing a book too, next door and we go for huge strides across the hills every afternoon, and he and Joan concoct delicious dinners every other night or so."</ref> Chatwin frequently came down with colds.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=450, 464, 479, 487}} He also developed skin lesions that may have been symptoms of [[Kaposi's sarcoma]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=450, 522}} After finishing ''The Songlines'' in August 1986, he went to Switzerland, where he collapsed in the street.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=488}} At a clinic there, he was diagnosed as HIV-positive.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=489}} Chatwin provided different reasons to his doctors as to how he might have contracted HIV, including from a gang rape in Dahomey or possibly from [[Sam Wagstaff]], the [[patron]] and lover of Robert Mapplethorpe.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=490–491}}
Chatwin's case was unusual as he had a fungal infection, ''[[Talaromyces marneffei]]'', which at the time had rarely been seen and only in South Asia. It is now known as an [[AIDS-defining illness]], but in 1986 little was known about HIV and AIDS. Doctors were not certain if all cases of HIV developed into AIDS. The rare fungus gave Chatwin hope that he might be different and served as the basis of what he told most people about his illness. He gave various reasons for how he became infected with the fungus – ranging from eating a thousand-year-old egg to exploring a bat cave in Indonesia.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=493–494}} He never publicly disclosed that he was HIV-positive because of the stigma at the time. He wanted to protect his parents, who were unaware of his homosexual affairs.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=491–492}}
Although Chatwin never spoke or wrote publicly about his disease, in one instance he did write about the [[AIDS epidemic]] in 1988 in a letter to the editor of the ''[[London Review of Books]]'':
<blockquote> "The word 'Aids' is one of the cruellest and silliest neologisms of our time. 'Aid' means help, succour, comfort—yet with a hissing sibilant tacked onto the end it becomes a nightmare.... HIV (Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus) is a perfectly easy name to live with. 'Aids' causes panic and despair and has probably done something to facilitate the spread of the disease."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun|date=2010|page=594}}</ref> </blockquote>
During his illness, Chatwin continued to write. Elizabeth encouraged him to use a letter he had written to her from Prague in 1967 as an inspiration for a new story.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=500}} During this trip, he had met Konrad Just, an art collector.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=502}} This meeting and the letter to Elizabeth served as the basis for Chatwin's next work. ''[[Utz (novel)|Utz]]'' (1988) was a novel about the obsession that leads people to collect.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=503}} Set in [[Prague]], the novel details the life and death of Kaspar Utz, a man obsessed with his collection of [[Meissen porcelain]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=Utz|date=1988|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London}}</ref> ''Utz'' was well-received and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=507}}
Chatwin also edited a collection of his journalism, which was published as ''What Am I Doing Here'' (1989).{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=565}} At the time of his death in 1989, he was working on a number of new ideas for future novels, including a transcontinental epic provisionally titled ''Lydia Livingstone''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=529–530}}
Chatwin died at a hospital in [[Nice]] on 18 January 1989.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=561}} A memorial service was held at the [[Greek Orthodox]] Church of [[Saint Sophia (London)|Saint Sophia]] in West London on 14 February 1989, [[Salman Rushdie]], a close friend of Chatwin's, attended the service.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=571–572}} [[Paul Theroux]], who also attended the service, later commented on it and Chatwin in a piece for ''[[Granta]]''.<ref>[http://www.granta.com/Online-Only/Paul-Theroux Theroux's "admiring tribute" to Chatwin],</ref> The novelist [[Martin Amis]] described the memorial service in the essay "Salman Rushdie", included in his [[anthology]] ''[[Visiting Mrs Nabokov]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Amis|first1=Martin|title=Visiting Mrs. Nabokov|date=2012|publisher=Vintage|pages=170–178}}</ref>
In 1985, suffering from a mysterious illness (which turned out to be HIV) Chatwin interrupted his writing to make a pilgrimage to Mount Athos. Until that point he had never struck friends as being religious, but the visit had a profound effect, and he eventually decided to become an Orthodox Christian. At the memorial service Bishop Kallistos Ware told the congregation: ‘Bruce was always a traveller and he died before all his journeys could be completed… his journey into Orthodoxy was one of his unfinished voyages.’{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p={{pn|date=September 2022}}}}
Chatwin's ashes were scattered near a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] chapel above [[Kardamili|Kardamyli]] in the [[Peloponnese]]. This was close to the home of one of his mentors, the writer [[Patrick Leigh Fermor]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=573}} Chatwin had spent several months in 1985 near there, working on ''The Songlines''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=465, 469–473}}
Chatwin's papers, including 85 [[moleskine]] notebooks, were given to the [[Bodleian Library]], Oxford.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=xi}} Two collections of his photographs and excerpts from the moleskine notebooks were published as ''Photographs and Notebooks'' (US title: ''Far Journeys'') in 1993 and ''Winding Paths'' in 1999.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=Far Journeys|date=1993|publisher=Viking|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=Winding Paths: Photographs from Bruce Chatwin|date=1999|publisher=Jonathan Cape}}</ref>
News of Chatwin's AIDS diagnosis first surfaced in September 1988, although the obituaries at the time of his death had referred to Chatwin's statements about a rare fungal infection. After his death, some members of the gay community criticised Chatwin for lack of courage to reveal the true nature of his illness, thinking he would have raised public awareness of AIDS, as he was one of the first high-profile individuals in Britain known to have contracted HIV.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Nicholas|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|pages=123–124}}</ref>{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=524–525}}
==Writing style==
[[John Updike]] described Chatwin's writing as "a clipped, lapidary prose that compresses worlds into pages",<ref>{{cite book|last1=Updike|first1=John|title=Odd Jobs: Essays and Criticism|date=1991|publisher=Knopf|page=464}}</ref> while one of Chatwin's editors, Susannah Clapp, wrote, "Although his syntax was pared down, his words were not – or at least not only – plain.... His prose is both spare and flamboyant."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clapp|title=With Chatwin|date=1996|page=45}}</ref>
Chatwin's writing was shaped by his work as a cataloguer at Sotheby's, which provided him with years of practice in writing concise, yet vivid descriptions of objects with the intention of enticing buyers.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=95}} In addition, his writing was influenced by his interest in nomads. One aspect that interested him was the few possessions they had. Their Spartan way of life appealed to his aesthetic sense, and he sought to emulate it in his life and his writing, striving to strip needless objects from his life and needless words from his prose.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=117, 171, 467–468}}
Chatwin experimented with format in his writing. With ''In Patagonia'', Clapp said Chatwin described the book's structure of 97 vignettes as "[[Cubist]]." "[I]n other words," she said, "lots of small pictures tilting away and toward each other to create this strange original portrait of Patagonia."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=325}} ''The Songlines'' was another attempt by Chatwin to experiment with format.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=513}} It begins as a novel narrated by a man named Bruce, but about two-thirds of the way through it becomes a commonplace book filled with quotations, anecdotes, and summaries of others' research, in an attempt to explore restlessness.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=The Songlines|url=https://archive.org/details/songlines000chat|url-access=registration|date=1987|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780140094299}}</ref> Some of Chatwin's critics did not think he succeeded in ''The Songlines'' with this approach, but others applauded his effort at an unconventional structure.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=512–513}}
Several 19th and 20th-century writers influenced Chatwin's work. He admitted to imitating the work of Robert Byron when he first began making notes of his travels.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=What Am I Doing Here|url=https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc|url-access=registration|date=1989|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/288 288]|publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670825080}}</ref> While in Patagonia he read [[In Our Time (short story collection)|''In Our Time'']] by Ernest Hemingway, whom he admired for his spare prose.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=289–290}} While writing ''In Patagonia'', Chatwin strove to approach his writing as a "literary [[Henri Cartier-Bresson|Cartier-Bresson]]."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=329}} Chatwin's biographer described the resulting prose as "quick snapshots of ordinary people".{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=307}} Along with Hemingway and Cartier-Bresson, [[Osip Mandelstam]]'s work strongly influenced Chatwin during the writing of ''In Patagonia''. An admirer of [[Noël Coward]], Chatwin found the breakfast scene in ''[[Private Lives]]'' helpful in learning to write dialogue.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Bruce|title=What Am I Doing Here|url=https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc|url-access=registration|date=1989|publisher=Viking|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/366 366]|isbn=9780670825080}}</ref> Once Chatwin began work on ''The Viceroy of Ouidah'', he began studying the work of 19th-century French authors such as [[Honoré de Balzac]] and [[Gustave Flaubert]], who would continue to influence him for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=380–383}}
==Themes==
Chatwin explored several different themes in his work: human restlessness and wandering; borders and exile; and art and objects.<ref name="auto15"/><ref name="auto13">{{cite book|last1=Murray|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|page=45}}</ref>{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=502–505}}
He considered human restlessness to be the focus of his writing. He ultimately aspired to explore the subject in order to answer what he saw as a fundamental question of human existence.<ref name="auto20">{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun|date=2010|pages=131–139}}</ref><ref name="auto15"/> He thought humans were meant to be a migratory species, and once they settled in one place, their natural urges "found outlets in violence, greed, status-seeking or a mania for the new."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=230}} In his first attempt at writing a book, ''The Nomadic Alternative'', Chatwin had tried to compose an academic exposition on nomadic culture, which he believed was unexamined and unappreciated.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=230}}<ref name="auto20"/> With this, Chatwin had hoped to discover: "Why do men wander rather than sit still?"<ref name="auto14">{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun|date=2010|page=132}}</ref> In his book proposal he admitted that the interest in the subject was personal: "Why do I become restless after a month in a single place, unbearable after two?"<ref name="auto14"/>
Although Chatwin did not succeed with ''The Nomadic Alternative'', he returned to the topic of restlessness and wandering in subsequent books. Writer Jonathan Chatwin (no relation) stated that Chatwin's works can be grouped into two categories: "restlessness defined" and "restlessness explained." Most of his work focuses on describing restlessness, such as in the case of one twin in ''On the Black Hill'' who longs to leave home.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10036/41273|last1=Chatwin|first1=Jonathan|title=Anywhere Out of the World: Restlessness in the work of Bruce Chatwin|date=2008|pages=9–10}}</ref> Another example is the protagonist of ''Utz'', who feels restless to escape to [[Vichy]] each year, but always returns to [[Prague]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=508}} Chatwin attempted to explain restlessness in ''The Songlines'', which focused on the Aboriginal Australians' [[walkabout]]. For this, he returned to his research from ''The Nomadic Alternative''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10036/41273|last1=Chatwin|first1=Jonathan|title=Anywhere Out of the World: Restlessness in the work of Bruce Chatwin|date=2008|page=10}}</ref>{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=483}}
Borders are another Chatwin theme. According to Elizabeth Chatwin, he "was interested in borders, where things were always changing, not one thing or another."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=291}} Patagonia, the subject of his first published book, is an area that is in both Argentina and Chile.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=304}} The Viceroy of Ouidah is a Brazilian who trades slaves in Dahomey.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=340}} ''On the Black Hills'' takes place on the borders of Wales and England.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=395}} In ''The Songlines'' the characters the protagonist mostly interacts with are people who provide a bridge between the Aboriginal and white Australian worlds.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=434–435}} The main character in ''Utz'' travels back and forth across the [[Iron Curtain]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=508}}
"The theme of exile, of people living at the margins.... is treated in a literal and metaphorical sense throughout Chatwin's work," stated Nicholas Murray. He identified several examples. There were people who were actual exiles, like some of those profiled in ''In Patagonia'', and the Viceroy of Ouidah, unable to return to Brazil. Murray also cited the main characters in ''On the Black Hill'': "Although not strictly exiles.... [they] were exiles from the major events of their time and its dominant values." Similarly, Murray wrote, Utz is "trapped in a society whose values are not his own but which he cannot bring himself to leave."<ref name="auto13"/>
Chatwin returned to the subject of art and objects during his career. In his early writing for the ''Sunday Times Magazine'', he wrote about art and artists, and many of these articles were included in ''What Am I Doing Here''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=280–284}} The main focus of ''Utz'' is on the impact the possession of art (in this case porcelain figures) has on a collector.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=504–505}} Utz's unwillingness to give up his porcelain collection kept him in Czechoslovakia even though he had the opportunity to live in the West.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=503}} Chatwin constantly struggled with the conflicting desires to own beautiful items and to live in a space free of unnecessary objects.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=117–118}} His distaste for the art world resulted from his days at Sotheby's; some of his final writing focused on this.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=197, 505}} The topic appears in the final section of ''What Am I Doing Here'', "Tales from the Art World," which consists of four short stories. At the end of ''What Am I Doing Here'', Chatwin shares an anecdote of advice he received from [[Noël Coward]]: "Never let anything artistic stand in your way." Chatwin stated, "I've always acted on that advice."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=What Am I Doing Here|url=https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc|url-access=registration|date=1989|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/366 366]|publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670825080}}</ref>
==Influence==
With the publication of ''In Patagonia'', Chatwin invigorated the genre of [[travel writing]]; according to his biographer, Nicholas Murray, he "showed that an inventive writer could breathe new life into an old genre."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Nicholas|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|publisher=Seren Books|pages=39, 44}}</ref> The combination of his clear, yet vivid prose and an international perspective at a time when many English writers were more focused on home instead of abroad helped to set him apart.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Nicholas|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|pages=11–12}}</ref>{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=564, 569}} Aside from his writing, Chatwin was also good looking, and his image as a dashing traveller added to his appeal and helped make him a celebrity.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=564}} In the eyes of younger writers such as [[Rory Stewart]], Chatwin "made [travel writing] cool."<ref name="auto9">{{cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=Rory|title=Walking with Chatwin|journal=The New York Review of Books|date=25 June 2012|url=http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2012/06/25/walking-with-bruce-chatwin/|access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> In ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Andrew Harvey (journalist)|Andrew Harvey]] wrote,
<blockquote>"Nearly every writer of my generation in England has wanted, at some point, to be Bruce Chatwin; wanted, like him, to talk of [[Kingdom of Fez|Fez]] and [[Firdausi]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Nuristan]], with equal authority; wanted to be talked about, as he is, with raucous envy; wanted above all to have written his books."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harvey|first1=Andrew|title=Footprints of the Ancestor|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/02/books/footprints-of-the-ancestors.html?pagewanted=1|access-date=27 July 2015|work=The New York Times|date=2 August 1987}}</ref></blockquote>
Chatwin's books also inspired some readers to visit Patagonia and Australia.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=515, 577}} As a result, Patagonia experienced an increase in tourism,{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=577}} and it became a common sight for tourists to appear in the region, carrying a copy of ''In Patagonia''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Allen|first1=Sandra|title=In Patagonia in Patagonia|journal=The Paris Review|date=14 May 2013|url=http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2013/05/14/in-patagonia-in-patagonia/|access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> ''The Songlines'' also inspired readers to travel to Australia and seek out the people on whom Chatwin had based his characters, much to their consternation, as he had failed to disclose such intentions to them.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=515}}
Beyond travel, Chatwin influenced other writers, such as [[Claudio Magris]], [[Luis Sepúlveda]], [[Philip Marsden]], and [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=569}} Nicholas Shakespeare stated that some of Chatwin's impact came from the difficulty of categorising his work, which helped to "set free other writers...[from] conventional boundaries."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=568}} Although he was often called a travel writer, he did not identify himself as one, or as a novelist. ("I don't quite know the meaning of the word novel," he said).{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=11}} He preferred to call his writing stories or searches.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=11}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Nicholas|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|publisher=Seren|page=12}}</ref> He was interested in asking big questions about human existence, sharing unusual tales, and making connections between ideas from various sources. His friend and fellow writer [[Robyn Davidson]] said, "He posed questions we all want answered and perhaps gave the illusion they were answerable."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=569}}
===Posthumous influence===
According to his biographer [[Nicholas Shakespeare]], Chatwin's work developed a dedicated following in the years immediately after his death.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin|date=2010|page=12}}</ref> By 1998 a million copies of his books had been sold.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=578}} However, his reputation diminished following revelations about his personal life and questions about the accuracy of his work.
The accuracy problem had arisen before his death, and Chatwin had admitted to "counting up the lies" in ''In Patagonia'', though he stated there were not many.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Nicholas|title=Bruce Chatwin|date=1993|page=90}}</ref> While researching Chatwin's life, Nicholas Shakespeare stated he found "few cases of mere invention" in ''In Patagonia''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=335}} Mostly, these tended to be instances of embellishment, such as when Chatwin wrote of a nurse who loved the work of [[Osip Mandelstam]] – one of his favorite authors – when in fact she was a fan of [[Agatha Christie]].{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=335}} When [[Michael Ignatieff]] asked Chatwin his opinion of what divided fact from fiction, he replied, "I don't think there is [a division]."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ignatieff|first1=Michael|title=Interview: Bruce Chatwin|journal=Granta|date=25 June 1987|issue=21|page=24}}</ref>
Some individuals profiled in ''In Patagonia'' were unhappy with Chatwin's portrayals of them. They included a man whom Chatwin insinuated was homosexual and a woman who thought her father was unjustly accused of killing Indians.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=309}} However, Chatwin's biographer found one farmer who was featured in the book who thought Chatwin's depictions of himself and other members of his community were truthful. He stated, "No one likes looking at their own passport photograph, but I found it accurate. It's not flattering, but it's the truth."{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=307}}
Chatwin's bestseller, ''The Songlines'', has been the focus of much criticism. Some describe his viewpoint as "[[colonialist]]", citing his lack of interviews with [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginals]] and reliance instead on [[European Australians|white Australians]] for information about Aboriginal culture.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=515–516}} Other criticism comes from anthropologists and other researchers who spent years studying Aboriginal culture and dismiss Chatwin's work because he visited Australia briefly.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=434–435}} Yet others, such as writer [[Thomas Keneally]], believe ''The Songlines'' should be widely read in Australia, where many people had not previously heard of the songlines.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|pp=513, 516}}
The questions about the veracity of Chatwin's writing are compounded by the revelation of his sexual orientation and the true cause of his death.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=566}} Once it became known that Chatwin had been bisexual and had died of an AIDS-related illness, some critics viewed him as a liar and dismissed his work.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin|date=2010|pages=13–14}}</ref> Nicholas Shakespeare said, "His denial [of his AIDS diagnosis] bred a sense that if he lied about his life, he must have lied about his work. Some readers have taken this as a cue to pass judgement on his books – or else not to bother with them."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin|date=2010|publisher=Jonathan Cape|page=14}}</ref> In 2010 ''[[The Guardian]]'s'' review of ''Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin'' opened with the question, "Does anyone read Bruce Chatwin these days?"<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Morrison|first1=Blake|title=Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin|journal=The Guardian|date=3 September 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/sep/04/bruce-chatwin-letters-nicholas-shakespeare|access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> However, [[Rory Stewart]] has stated, "His personality, his learning, his myths, and even his prose are less hypnotizing [than they once were]. And yet he remains a great writer, of deep and enduring importance".<ref name="auto9"/> In 2008 ''[[The Times]]'' rated Chatwin No. 46 on their list of "50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945".<ref>{{cite news|title=46. Bruce Chatwin; The 50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA173066618&v=2.1&u=nysl_ca_bethlm&it=r&p=STND&sw=w&asid=c87255bba66a6fb8db49007ee6fc1ba5|access-date=23 July 2015|work=The Times (London)|date=5 January 2008}}</ref>
===Legacy===
Chatwin's name is used to sell [[Moleskine]] notebooks.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1999|p=564}} Chatwin wrote in ''The Songlines'' of little black [[oilskin]]-covered notebooks that he bought in [[Paris]] and called "moleskines".<ref name="auto7">{{cite book|last1=Chatwin|title=The Songlines|url=https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat|url-access=registration|date=1987|pages=[https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat/page/160 160–161]|publisher=New York, N.Y. Viking/Penguin}}</ref> The quotes and anecdotes he had compiled in them serve as a major section of ''The Songlines'', where Chatwin mourned the closure of the last producer of such books.<ref name="auto7"/> In 1995, Marta Sebregondi read ''The Songlines'' and proposed to her employer, the Italian design and publishing firm Modo & Modo, that they produce moleskine notebooks.<ref name="auto10">{{cite magazine|last1=Raphel|first1=Adrienne|title=The Virtual Moleskine|magazine=The New Yorker|date=14 April 2014|url=http://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/the-virtual-moleskine|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> In 1997, the company began to sell them and use Chatwin's name to promote them.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Harkin|first1=James|title=Resurrecting Moleskine Notebooks|journal=Newsweek|date=12 June 2011|url=http://www.newsweek.com/resurrecting-moleskine-notebooks-67817|access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> Modo & Modo was sold in 2006, and the company became known as Moleskine SpA.<ref name="auto10"/>
In 2014 the clothing label [[Burberry]] produced a collection inspired by Chatwin's books.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marriott|first1=Hannah|title=Books inspire Burberry's show at London Collections: Men|journal=The Guardian|date=17 June 2014|url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/jun/17/books-inspire-burberry-show-london-collections-men}}</ref> The following year Burberry released a limited edition of Chatwin's books with specially designed covers.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Connor|first1=Liz|title=Burberry's Bruce Chatwin books just made your shelf far more stylish|journal=GQ|date=8 May 2015|url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2015-05/09/burberry-bruce-chatwin-book-release-christopher-bailey|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208121230/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2015-05/09/burberry-bruce-chatwin-book-release-christopher-bailey|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>
In September 2019 the documentary film ''[[Nomad: In the Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin]]'', by [[Werner Herzog]], was broadcast by the BBC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0008rqv|title=BBC Two – Nomad: In the Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin|publisher=BBC}}</ref>
==Works==
*''[[In Patagonia]]'' (1977)
*''[[The Viceroy of Ouidah]]'' (1980)
*''[[On the Black Hill]]'' (1982)
*''Patagonia Revisited'', with [[Paul Theroux]] (1985)
*''[[The Songlines]]'' (1987)
*''[[Utz (novel)|Utz]]'' (1988)
*''[[What Am I Doing Here (book)|What Am I Doing Here]]'' (1989)
===Posthumously published===
*''[[Photographs and Notebooks]]'' (1993)
*''[[Anatomy of Restlessness: Uncollected Writings]]'' (1997)
*''[[Winding Paths]]'' (1998)
*''[[Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin]]'' (2012)
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Sources===
*{{cite book
| surname = Chatwin
| given = Bruce
| year = 1977
| title = In Patagonia
| publisher = Jonathan Cape
| isbn = 014011291X
| url = https://archive.org/details/inpatagonia00chat
}}
*{{cite book
| surname = Chatwin
| given = Bruce
| year = 1987
| title = The Songlines
| publisher = Jonathan Cape
| isbn = 9780224024525
}}
*{{cite book
| surname = Chatwin
| given = Bruce
| year = 2010
| title = Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin
| publisher = Jonathan Cape
| editor = Elizabeth Chatwin
| isbn = 978-0-224-08989-0}}
*{{cite book
| surname = Chatwin
| given = Bruce
| year = 1990
| title = What Am I Doing Here
| publisher = Pan
| isbn = 0-330-31310-X
}}
*{{cite book
| surname = Murray
| given = Nicholas
| year = 1993
| title = Bruce Chatwin
| publisher = Seren
| isbn = 1-85411-079-9}}
*{{cite book
| surname = Clapp
| given = Susannah
| year = 1997
| title = With Chatwin: Portrait of a Writer
| publisher = Jonathan Cape
| isbn = 978-0-224-03258-2}}
*{{cite book
| surname = Shakespeare
| given = Nicholas
| author-link = Nicholas Shakespeare
| year = 1999
| title = Bruce Chatwin
| publisher = The Harvill Press
| isbn = 1-86046-544-7}}
* [http://www.campanottoeditore.com Antonella Riem, ''La gabbia innaturale – l'opera di Bruce Chatwin''] (pp. 175). Udine: Campanotto (Italy). 1993.
==Documentaries==
* [[Paul Yule (photojournalist)|Paul Yule]], ''In The Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin'' (2x60 mins), BBC, 1999 – Berwick Universal Pictures
* [[Werner Herzog]], ''[[Nomad: In the Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin]]'', BBC Scotland, BBC Studios, BBC2, 2019 – Sideways Films
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080206101145/http://www.brucechatwin.co.uk/ "Bruce Chatwin"], a resource for news related to Bruce Chatwin and his work
*[http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=3066 "''On the Black Hill''." Entry] in ''[[The Literary Encyclopedia (English)|Literary Encyclopedia]]''
*[http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=7782 "''The Songlines''." Entry] in ''[[The Literary Encyclopedia (English)|Literary Encyclopedia]]''
*[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=837 "Bruce Chatwin." Entry] in ''[[The Literary Encyclopedia (English)|Literary Encyclopedia]]''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161121084609/http://www.moleskine.com/en/moleskine-world Moleskine official website]
*{{IMDb name|154223}}
*[https://archives.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/2774 Archive of (Charles) Bruce Chatwin]; Bodleian Libraries
{{Bruce Chatwin}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatwin, Bruce}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:AIDS-related deaths in France]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Bisexual male writers]]
[[Category:Bisexual novelists]]
[[Category:Burials in Greece]]
[[Category:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:English male novelists]]
[[Category:English people imprisoned abroad]]
[[Category:English travel writers]]
[[Category:James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients]]
[[Category:English LGBT novelists]]
[[Category:People educated at Marlborough College]]
[[Category:People from Dronfield]]
[[Category:Writers from Sheffield]]
[[Category:Sotheby's people]]
[[Category:The Sunday Times people]]
[[Category:British Vogue]]
[[Category:20th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:English male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century English LGBT people]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English writer, novelist and journalist (1940–1989)</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Bruce Chatwin</div><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:100; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bruce_Chatwin,_July_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chatwin, photographed by Lord Snowdon, in 1982"><img alt="Chatwin, photographed by Lord Snowdon, in 1982" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Bruce_Chatwin%2C_July_1982.jpg/220px-Bruce_Chatwin%2C_July_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/7/72/Bruce_Chatwin%2C_July_1982.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="317" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Chatwin, photographed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lord_Snowdon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Snowdon">Lord Snowdon</a>, in 1982</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Charles Bruce Chatwin<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1940-05-13</span>)</span>13 May 1940<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">18 January 1989<span style="display:none">(1989-01-18)</span> (aged 48)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes" title="Alpes-Maritimes">Alpes-Maritimes</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agios_Nikolaos,_Messenia" title="Agios Nikolaos, Messenia">Agios Nikolaos, Messenia</a>, Greece<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999573_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999573-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist">
<ul><li>Novelist</li>
<li>Travel writer</li>
<li>Art and antiquities advisor</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marlborough_College" title="Marlborough College">Marlborough College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1977–1989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Travel_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel writing">Travel writing</a>, fiction</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">Nomadism</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave trade">slave trade</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style>
<div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Elizabeth Chanler</div> <div style="display:inline-block;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="21 August 1965">1965</span>)<wbr />​</div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Charles Bruce Chatwin</b> <span class="noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></span> (13 May 1940 – 18 January 1989) was an English travel writer, novelist and journalist. His first book, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/In_Patagonia" title="In Patagonia">In Patagonia</a></i> (1977), established Chatwin as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Travel_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel writer">travel writer</a>, although he considered himself instead a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storyteller</a>, interested in bringing to light unusual tales. He won the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Tait_Black_Memorial_Prize" title="James Tait Black Memorial Prize">James Tait Black Memorial Prize</a> for his novel <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/On_the_Black_Hill" title="On the Black Hill">On the Black Hill</a></i> (1982), while his novel <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utz_(novel)" title="Utz (novel)">Utz</a></i> (1988) was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shortlisted" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortlisted">shortlisted</a> for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a>. In 2008 <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> ranked Chatwin as number 46 on their list of "50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945."
</p><p>Chatwin was born in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>. After completing his secondary education at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marlborough_College" title="Marlborough College">Marlborough College</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> he went to work at the age of 18 at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, where he gained an extensive knowledge of art and eventually ran the auction house's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antiquities" title="Antiquities">Antiquities</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionist Art</a> departments. In 1966 he left Sotheby's to read <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, but he abandoned his studies after two years to pursue a career as a writer.
</p><p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_Magazine" title="The Sunday Times Magazine">The Sunday Times Magazine</a></i> hired Chatwin in 1972. He travelled the world for work and interviewed figures such as the politicians <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a>. He left the magazine in 1974 to visit <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, Argentina, a trip that inspired his first book, <i>In Patagonia</i> (1977). He wrote five other books, including <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Songlines" title="The Songlines">The Songlines</a></i> (1987), about <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, which was a bestseller. His work is credited with reviving the genre of travel writing, and his works influenced other writers such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">William Dalrymple</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claudio_Magris" title="Claudio Magris">Claudio Magris</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Marsden" title="Philip Marsden">Philip Marsden</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luis_Sep%C3%BAlveda" title="Luis Sepúlveda">Luis Sepúlveda</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rich_Cohen" title="Rich Cohen">Rich Cohen</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rory_Stewart" title="Rory Stewart">Rory Stewart</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_years"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early years</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Art_and_archaeology"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Art and archaeology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_Nomadic_Alternative"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>The Nomadic Alternative</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#The_Sunday_Times_Magazine_and_In_Patagonia"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext"><i>The Sunday Times Magazine</i> and <i>In Patagonia</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ouidah_and_the_Black_Hill"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Ouidah and the Black Hill</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#The_Songlines"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext"><i>The Songlines</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Illness_and_final_works"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Illness and final works</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Writing_style"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Writing style</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Themes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Themes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Influence"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Influence</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Posthumous_influence"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Posthumous influence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Posthumously_published"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Posthumously published</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Documentaries"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Documentaries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_years">Early years</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Chatwin was born on 13 May 1940 at the Shearwood Road Nursing Home in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England, to Charles Leslie Chatwin, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> solicitor and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve" title="Royal Naval Reserve">Royal Naval Reserve</a> officer during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and Margharita (née Turnell), daughter of a Sheffield knife manufacturer's clerk. She was born in Sheffield and worked for the local <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative party</a> prior to her marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199917–24_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199917–24-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> The Chatwin family were well known in Birmingham, with Charles Chatwin's grandfather, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J._A._Chatwin" title="J. A. Chatwin">Julius Alfred Chatwin</a>, an eminent architect.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin's early years were spent moving regularly with his mother while his father was at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Prior to his birth, Chatwin's parents had lived at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barnt_Green" title="Barnt Green">Barnt Green</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>, but Margharita moved to her parents' house in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dronfield" title="Dronfield">Dronfield</a>, near Sheffield, shortly before giving birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199923–24_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199923–24-8">[8]</a></sup> Mother and son remained there for a few weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199925_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199925-9">[9]</a></sup> Worried about <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a>, Margharita sought a safer place to stay.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> She took her son with her as they travelled to stay with various relatives during the war. They would remain in one place until Margharita decided to move, either because of concern for their safety, or because of friction among family members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199922_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199922-11">[11]</a></sup> Later in life Chatwin recalled of the war, "Home, if we had one, was a solid black suitcase called the Rev-Robe, in which there was a corner for my clothes and my <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> gas mask."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>One of their stays during the war was at the home of his paternal grandparents, who had a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curiosity_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity cabinet">curiosity cabinet</a> that fascinated him. Among the items it contained was a "piece of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brontosaurus" title="Brontosaurus">brontosaurus</a>" (actually a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mylodon" title="Mylodon">mylodon</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giant_sloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant sloth">giant sloth</a>), which had been sent to Chatwin's grandmother by her cousin Charles Milward. Travelling in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, Milward had discovered the remains of a giant sloth, which he later sold to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. He sent his cousin a piece of the animal's skin, and members of the family mistakenly referred to it as a "piece of brontosaurus". The skin was later lost, but it inspired Chatwin decades later to visit and write about Patagonia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the war, Chatwin lived with his parents and younger brother Hugh (1944 – 2012)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199943_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199943-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Heath,_West_Midlands" title="West Heath, West Midlands">West Heath</a> in Birmingham, where his father had a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">law practice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> At the age of seven he was sent to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a> at Old Hall School in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, and then <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marlborough_College" title="Marlborough College">Marlborough College</a>, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199965_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199965-18">[18]</a></sup> An unexceptional student, Chatwin garnered attention from his performances in school plays.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199971–72_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199971–72-19">[19]</a></sup> While at Marlborough, Chatwin attained <a href="/enwiki/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_(United_Kingdom)" title="GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)">A-levels</a> in Latin, Greek, and Ancient History.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199988_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199988-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin had hoped to read <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton College">Merton College</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, but the end of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Service_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="National Service in the United Kingdom">National Service in the United Kingdom</a> meant there was more competition for university places. He was forced to consider other options. His parents discouraged the ideas he offered: an acting career or work in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colonial_Service" title="Colonial Service">Colonial Service</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. Instead, Chatwin's father asked one of his clients for a letter of introduction to the auction house <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a>. An interview was arranged, and Chatwin secured a job there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199987–88_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199987–88-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Art_and_archaeology">Art and archaeology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Art and archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 1958, Chatwin moved to London to begin work as a porter in the Works of Art department at Sotheby's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199986_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199986-22">[22]</a></sup> Chatwin was ill-suited for this job, which included dusting objects that had been kept in storage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199992–93_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199992–93-23">[23]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> moved him to a junior cataloguer position, working in both the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antiquities" title="Antiquities">Antiquities</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">Impressionist Art</a> departments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199993_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199993-24">[24]</a></sup> This position enabled him to develop his eye for art, and he quickly became known for his ability to discern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forgeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Forgeries">forgeries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199997–98_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199997–98-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999106–107_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999106–107-26">[26]</a></sup> His work as a cataloguer also taught him to describe objects in a concise manner and required him to research these objects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199995_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199995-27">[27]</a></sup> Chatwin advanced to become Sotheby's expert on Antiquities and Impressionist art and would later run both departments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999176_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999176-28">[28]</a></sup> Many of Chatwin's colleagues thought he would eventually become chairman of the auction house.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999165_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999165-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>During this period Chatwin travelled extensively for his job and also for adventure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999119–120,_166–167_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999119–120,_166–167-30">[30]</a></sup> Travel offered him a relief from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">British class system</a>, which he found stifling.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> An admirer of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Byron" title="Robert Byron">Robert Byron</a> and his book, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Road_to_Oxiana" title="The Road to Oxiana">The Road to Oxiana</a></i>, he travelled twice to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999514_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999514-32">[32]</a></sup> He also used these trips to visit markets and shops, where he would buy antiques that he would resell at a profit in order to supplement his income from Sotheby's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999119_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999119-33">[33]</a></sup> He became friends with artists, art collectors and dealers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199998–99,_118–119_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199998–99,_118–119-35">[35]</a></sup> One friend, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Howard_Hodgkin" title="Howard Hodgkin">Howard Hodgkin</a>, painted Chatwin in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://howard-hodgkin.com/artwork/small-japanese-screen-or-the-japanese-screen">The Japanese Screen</a></i> (1962). Chatwin said he was the "acid green smear on the left."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin was ambivalent about his sexual orientation and had affairs with both men and women during this period of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999131–136_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999131–136-37">[37]</a></sup> One of his girlfriends, Elizabeth Chanler, an American and a descendant of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a>, was a secretary at Sotheby's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999139–141_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999139–141-38">[38]</a></sup> Chanler had earned a degree in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College">Radcliffe College</a> and worked at Sotheby's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> offices for two years before transferring to their London office in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999146–148_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999146–148-39">[39]</a></sup> Her love of travel and independent nature appealed to Chatwin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999178_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999178-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the mid-1960s Chatwin grew unhappy at Sotheby's. There were various reasons for his disenchantment. Both women and men found Chatwin attractive, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Wilson_(auctioneer)" title="Peter Wilson (auctioneer)">Peter Wilson</a>, then chairman of Sotheby's, used this appeal to the auction house's advantage when using Chatwin to try to persuade wealthy individuals to sell their art collections. Chatwin became increasingly uncomfortable with the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999123–127_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999123–127-41">[41]</a></sup> Later in life Chatwin also spoke of having become "burnt out" and said, "In the end I felt I might just as well be working for a rather superior funeral parlour. One's whole life seemed to be spent valuing for probate the apartment of somebody recently dead."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>In late 1964 he began to suffer from problems with his sight, which he attributed to the close analysis of art work entailed by his job. He consulted eye specialist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Trevor-Roper" title="Patrick Trevor-Roper">Patrick Trevor-Roper</a>, who diagnosed a latent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strabismus" title="Strabismus">squint</a> and recommended that Chatwin take a six-month break from his work at Sotheby's. Trevor-Roper had been involved in the design of an eye hospital in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, and suggested Chatwin visit <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. In February 1965, Chatwin left for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999158–159_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999158–159-43">[43]</a></sup> It was on this trip that Chatwin first encountered a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> tribe; their way of life intrigued him. "My nomadic guide," he wrote, "carried a sword, a purse and a pot of scented goat's grease for anointing his hair. He made me feel overburdened and inadequate...."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Chatwin would remain fascinated by nomads for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999171–172_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999171–172-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin returned to Sotheby's, and to the surprise of his friends, proposed marriage to Elizabeth Chanler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999173_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999173-46">[46]</a></sup> They married on 21 August 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999181_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999181-47">[47]</a></sup> Chatwin was bisexual throughout their married life, a circumstance Elizabeth knew and accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999178_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999178-40">[40]</a></sup> Chatwin had hoped he would "grow out of" his homosexual behaviour and have a successful marriage like his parents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999177_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999177-48">[48]</a></sup> During their marriage, Chatwin had many affairs, mostly with men. One of these was with film director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Ivory" title="James Ivory">James Ivory</a>, according the Ivory's own account in his memoir, <i>Solid Ivory</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> Some who were aware of Chatwin's affairs with men assumed the Chatwins had a chaste marriage, but according to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_Shakespeare" title="Nicholas Shakespeare">Nicholas Shakespeare</a>, the author's biographer, this was not true.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> Both Chatwin and his wife had hoped to have children, but they remained childless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999210_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999210-51">[51]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 1966, at the age of 26, Chatwin was promoted to a director of Sotheby's, a position to which he had aspired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999189_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999189-52">[52]</a></sup> To his disappointment, he was made a junior director and lacked voting rights on the board.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999186_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999186-53">[53]</a></sup> This disappointment, along with boredom and increasing discomfort over potentially illegal side deals taking place at Sotheby's, including the sale of objects from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pitt_Rivers_Museum" title="Pitt Rivers Museum">Pitt-Rivers museum collection</a>, led Chatwin to resign from his Sotheby's post in June 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999178_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999178-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin enrolled in October 1966 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> to study <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999189_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999189-52">[52]</a></sup> He had regretted not attending Oxford and had been contemplating going to university for a few years. A visit in December 1965 to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a> sparked his interest in the field of archaeology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999199_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999199-54">[54]</a></sup> Despite winning the Wardrop Prize for the best first year's work,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999192_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999192-55">[55]</a></sup> he found the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rigour" title="Rigour">rigour</a> of academic archaeology tiresome, and he left after two years without taking a degree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999214_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999214-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Nomadic_Alternative"><i>The Nomadic Alternative</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Nomadic Alternative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Following his departure from Edinburgh, Chatwin decided to pursue a career as a writer, successfully pitching a book proposal on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Maschler" title="Tom Maschler">Tom Maschler</a>, publisher at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>. Chatwin tentatively titled the book <i>The Nomadic Alternative</i> and sought to answer the question "Why do men wander rather than stand still?"<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> Chatwin delivered the manuscript in 1972, and Maschler declined to publish it, calling it a "chore to read".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999270_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999270-58">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup>
</p><p>Between 1969 and 1972, as he was working on <i>The Nomadic Alternative</i>, Chatwin travelled extensively and pursued other endeavours in an attempt to establish a creative career. He co-curated an exhibit on <i>Nomadic Art of the Asian Steppes,</i> which opened at Asia House Gallery in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999218_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999218-60">[60]</a></sup> He considered publishing an account of his 1969 trip to Afghanistan with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Levi" title="Peter Levi">Peter Levi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999241_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999241-61">[61]</a></sup> Levi published his own book about it, <i>The Light Garden of the Angel King: Journeys in Afghanistan</i> (1972).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> Chatwin contributed two articles on nomads to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogue (British magazine)"><i>Vogue</i></a> and another article to <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999280_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999280-63">[63]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the early 1970s Chatwin had an affair with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Ivory" title="James Ivory">James Ivory</a>, a film director. He pitched stories to him for possible films, which Ivory did not take seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999265_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999265-64">[64]</a></sup> In 1972 Chatwin tried his hand at film-making and travelled to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> to make a documentary about nomads.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> The film was lost while Chatwin was trying to sell it to European television companies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999321_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999321-66">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin also took photographs of his journeys and attempted to sell photographs from a trip to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> to <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_Magazine" title="The Sunday Times Magazine">The Sunday Times Magazine</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999273–274_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999273–274-67">[67]</a></sup> While <i>The Times</i> did not accept those photographs for publication, it did offer Chatwin a job.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999280_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999280-63">[63]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Sunday_Times_Magazine_and_In_Patagonia"><i>The Sunday Times Magazine</i> and <i>In Patagonia</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Sunday Times Magazine and In Patagonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/In_Patagonia" title="In Patagonia">In Patagonia</a></div>
<p>In 1972, <i>The Sunday Times Magazine</i> hired Chatwin as an adviser on art and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999267_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999267-68">[68]</a></sup> Initially his role was to suggest story ideas and put together features such as "One Million Years of Art," which ran in several issues during the summer of 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999283_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999283-69">[69]</a></sup> His editor, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Wyndham_(writer)" title="Francis Wyndham (writer)">Francis Wyndham</a>, encouraged him to write, which allowed him to develop his narrative skills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999285–286_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999285–286-70">[70]</a></sup> Chatwin travelled on many international assignments, writing on such subjects as Algerian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Migrant_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrant workers">migrant workers</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>, and interviewing such diverse people as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maria_Reiche" title="Maria Reiche">Maria Reiche</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madeleine_Vionnet" title="Madeleine Vionnet">Madeleine Vionnet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999280_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999280-63">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1972, Chatwin interviewed the 93-year-old architect and designer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eileen_Gray" title="Eileen Gray">Eileen Gray</a> in her Paris salon, where he noticed a map she had painted of the area of South America called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999286_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999286-72">[72]</a></sup> "I've always wanted to go there," Chatwin told her. "So have I," she replied, "Go there for me."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup>
</p><p>Two years later, in November 1974, Chatwin flew out to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, and reached Patagonia, Argentina; a month later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999287–291_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999287–291-74">[74]</a></sup> He would later claim that he sent a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegram</a> to Wyndham merely stating: "Have gone to Patagonia." Actually he sent a letter: "I am doing a story there for myself, something I have always wanted to write up."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999301_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999301-75">[75]</a></sup> This marked the end of Chatwin's role as a regular writer for <i>The Sunday Times Magazine</i>, although in subsequent years he contributed occasional pieces, including a profile of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999294–295_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999294–295-76">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin spent six months in Patagonia, travelling around gathering stories of people who came from elsewhere and settled there. This trip resulted in the book <i>In Patagonia</i> (1977). He used his quest for his own "piece of brontosaurus" (the one from his grandparents' cabinet had been thrown away years earlier) to frame the story of his trip. Chatwin described <i>In Patagonia</i> as "the narrative of an actual journey and a symbolic one.... It is supposed to fall into the category or be a spoof of Wonder Voyage: the narrator goes to a far country in search of a strange animal: on his way he lands in strange situations, people or other books tell him strange stories which add up to form a message."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>In Patagonia</i> contains fifteen black and white photographs by Chatwin. According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Susannah_Clapp" title="Susannah Clapp">Susannah Clapp</a>, who edited the book, "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rebecca_West" title="Rebecca West">Rebecca West</a> amused Chatwin by telling him that these were so good they rendered superfluous the entire text of the book."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup>
</p><p>This work established Chatwin's reputation as a travel writer. One of his biographers, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_(biographer)" title="Nicholas Murray (biographer)">Nicholas Murray</a>, called <i>In Patagonia</i> "one of the most strikingly original post-war English travel books"<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> and said that it revitalised the genre of travel writing.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> However, residents in the region contradicted the account of events depicted in Chatwin's book. It was the first time in his career, but not the last, that conversations and characters which Chatwin presented as fact were later alleged to be fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup>
</p><p>For <i>In Patagonia</i> Chatwin received the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawthornden_Prize" title="Hawthornden Prize">Hawthornden Prize</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/E._M._Forster_Award" title="E. M. Forster Award">E. M. Forster Award</a> from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters">American Academy of Arts and Letters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999372–373_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999372–373-82">[82]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor" title="Patrick Leigh Fermor">Patrick Leigh Fermor</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Theroux" title="Paul Theroux">Paul Theroux</a> praised the book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999325–326_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999325–326-83">[83]</a></sup> As a result of the success of <i>In Patagonia</i>, Chatwin's circle of friends expanded to include people like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999374–375_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999374–375-84">[84]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ouidah_and_the_Black_Hill">Ouidah and the Black Hill</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ouidah and the Black Hill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Viceroy_of_Ouidah" title="The Viceroy of Ouidah">The Viceroy of Ouidah</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/On_the_Black_Hill" title="On the Black Hill">On the Black Hill</a></div>
<p>Upon his return from Patagonia, Chatwin discovered a change in leadership at <i>The Sunday Times Magazine</i> and his retainer was discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999321–322_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999321–322-85">[85]</a></sup> Chatwin intended his next project to be a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_F%C3%A9lix_de_Sousa" title="Francisco Félix de Sousa">Francisco Félix de Sousa</a>, a 19th-century <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slave_trader" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave trader">slave trader</a> born in Brazil, who became the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ouidah" title="Ouidah">Ouidah</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a>. Chatwin had first heard of de Sousa during a visit to Dahomey in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999338_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999338-86">[86]</a></sup> He returned to the country, by then renamed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">People's Republic of Benin</a>, in December 1976 to conduct research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999341_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999341-87">[87]</a></sup> In January 1977, during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1977_Benin_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Benin coup d'état attempt">1977 Benin coup d'état attempt</a>, Chatwin was accused of being a mercenary and detained for three days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999348–350_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999348–350-88">[88]</a></sup> Chatwin later wrote about this experience in "A Coup – A Story," which was published in <i>Granta</i> and included in <i>What Am I Doing Here?</i> (1989).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following his arrest and release, Chatwin left Benin and went to Brazil to continue his research on de Sousa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999352_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999352-90">[90]</a></sup> Frustrated by the lack of documented information on de Sousa, Chatwin chose instead to write a fictionalised biography of him, <i>The Viceroy of Ouidah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999356_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999356-91">[91]</a></sup> This book was published in 1980, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>'s film <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cobra_Verde" title="Cobra Verde">Cobra Verde</a></i> (1987) is based on it.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999417_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999417-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Grwynefechan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Grwynefechan.JPG/300px-Grwynefechan.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Grwynefechan.JPG/450px-Grwynefechan.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Grwynefechan.JPG/600px-Grwynefechan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1690" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>The southern part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grwyne_Fechan" class="mw-redirect" title="Grwyne Fechan">Grwyne Fechan</a> valley in the Black Mountains, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welsh_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Borders">Welsh Borders</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Although <i>The Viceroy of Ouidah</i> received good reviews, it did not sell well. Nicholas Shakespeare said that the dismal sales caused Chatwin to pursue a completely different subject for his next book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999394–395_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999394–395-94">[94]</a></sup> In response to his growing reputation as a travel writer, Chatwin said he "decided to write something about people who never went out."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup> His next book, <i>On the Black Hill</i> (1982), is a novel of twin brothers who live all of their lives in a farmhouse on the Welsh borders.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> For this book Chatwin won the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Tait_Black_Memorial_Prize" title="James Tait Black Memorial Prize">James Tait Black Memorial Prize</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitbread_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitbread prize">Whitbread Prize for Best First Novel</a>, even though he considered his previous book, <i>The Viceroy of Ouidah</i>, a novel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999395_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999395-97">[97]</a></sup> It was made into a film in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999417_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999417-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the late 1970s Chatwin spent an increasing amount of time in New York City. He continued to have affairs with men, but most of these affairs were short-lived. In 1977 he began his first serious affair with Donald Richards, an Australian stockbroker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999360_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999360-98">[98]</a></sup> Richards introduced him to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gay_nightclub" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay nightclub">gay nightclub</a> scene in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999362–369_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999362–369-99">[99]</a></sup> During this period Chatwin became acquainted with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a>, who photographed him. Chatwin is one of the few men Mapplethorpe photographed fully clothed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999368_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999368-100">[100]</a></sup> Chatwin later contributed the introduction to a book of Mapplethorpe's photographs, <i>Lady, Lisa Lyon</i> (1983).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although Elizabeth Chatwin had accepted her husband's affairs, their relationship deteriorated in the late 1970s, and in 1980 she asked for a separation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999392–393,_420_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999392–393,_420-102">[102]</a></sup> By 1982 Chatwin's affair with Richards had ended and he began another serious affair with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jasper_Conran" title="Jasper Conran">Jasper Conran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999429,_424_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999429,_424-103">[103]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Songlines"><i>The Songlines</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Songlines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Songlines" title="The Songlines">The Songlines</a></div>
<p>In 1983 Chatwin returned to the topic of nomads and decided to focus on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999426,_433_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999426,_433-104">[104]</a></sup> He was influenced by the work of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ted_Strehlow" title="Ted Strehlow">Ted Strehlow</a>, the author of <i>Songs of Central Australia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999426,_431–432_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999426,_431–432-105">[105]</a></sup> Strehlow had collected and recorded Aboriginal songs, but he became a controversial figure when, shortly before his death in 1978, he sold photographs of secret Aboriginal initiation ceremonies to a magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999431_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999431-106">[106]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin went to Australia to learn more about <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal culture">Aboriginal culture</a>, specifically the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songline" title="Songline">songlines</a> or dreaming tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999438_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999438-107">[107]</a></sup> Each songline is a personal story and functions as a creation tale and a map, and each Aboriginal Australian has their own songline.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup> Chatwin thought the songlines could be used as a metaphor to support his ideas about humans' need to wander, which he believed was genetic. However, he struggled fully to understand and describe the songlines and their place in Aboriginal culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999458_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999458-109">[109]</a></sup> This was due to Chatwin's approach to learning about the songlines. He spent several weeks in 1983 and 1984 in Australia, during which he primarily relied on non-Aboriginal people for information, as he was limited by his inability to speak the Aboriginal languages. He interviewed people involved in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_Rights,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Rights, Australia">Land Rights</a> movement, and he alienated many of them because he was oblivious to the politics and also because he was an admirer of Strehlow's work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999434–442_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999434–442-110">[110]</a></sup>
</p><p>While in Australia, Chatwin, who had been experiencing some health problems, first read about AIDS, then known as the gay plague. It frightened him and compelled him to reconcile with his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999448_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999448-111">[111]</a></sup> The fear of AIDS also drove him to finish the book that became <i>The Songlines</i> (1987). His friend the novelist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> said, "That book was an obsession too great for him.... His illness did him a favour, got him free of it. Otherwise, he would have gone on writing it for ten years."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999450_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999450-112">[112]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>The Songlines</i> features a narrator named Bruce whose biography is almost identical to Chatwin's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999440_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999440-113">[113]</a></sup> The narrator spends time in Australia trying to learn about Aboriginal culture, specifically the songlines. As the book goes on, it becomes a reflection on what Chatwin stated was "for me, the question of questions: the nature of human restlessness."<sup id="cite_ref-auto15_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto15-114">[114]</a></sup> Chatwin also hinted at his preoccupation over his own mortality in the text: "I had a presentiment that the 'travelling' phase of my life might be passing.... I should set down on paper a resume of the ideas, quotations, and encounters that amused me and obsessed me."<sup id="cite_ref-auto15_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto15-114">[114]</a></sup> Following this statement in <i>The Songlines</i> Chatwin included extensive excerpts from his moleskine notebooks.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin published <i>The Songlines</i> in 1987, and it became a bestseller in the United Kingdom and in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999512_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999512-116">[116]</a></sup> The book was nominated for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Cook_Travel_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Cook Travel Award">Thomas Cook Travel Award</a>, but Chatwin requested that it be withdrawn from consideration, saying the work was fictional.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999512_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999512-116">[116]</a></sup> After its publication, Chatwin befriended the composer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kevin_Volans" title="Kevin Volans">Kevin Volans</a>, who was inspired to base a theatre score on the book. The project evolved into an opera, <i>The Man with Footsoles of Wind</i> (1993).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999527_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999527-117">[117]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Illness_and_final_works">Illness and final works</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Illness and final works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>While at work on <i>The Songlines</i> between 1983 and 1986,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup> Chatwin frequently came down with colds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999450,_464,_479,_487_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999450,_464,_479,_487-119">[119]</a></sup> He also developed skin lesions that may have been symptoms of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999450,_522_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999450,_522-120">[120]</a></sup> After finishing <i>The Songlines</i> in August 1986, he went to Switzerland, where he collapsed in the street.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999488_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999488-121">[121]</a></sup> At a clinic there, he was diagnosed as HIV-positive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999489_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999489-122">[122]</a></sup> Chatwin provided different reasons to his doctors as to how he might have contracted HIV, including from a gang rape in Dahomey or possibly from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Wagstaff" title="Sam Wagstaff">Sam Wagstaff</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patron" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron">patron</a> and lover of Robert Mapplethorpe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999490–491_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999490–491-123">[123]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin's case was unusual as he had a fungal infection, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talaromyces_marneffei" title="Talaromyces marneffei">Talaromyces marneffei</a></i>, which at the time had rarely been seen and only in South Asia. It is now known as an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/AIDS-defining_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS-defining illness">AIDS-defining illness</a>, but in 1986 little was known about HIV and AIDS. Doctors were not certain if all cases of HIV developed into AIDS. The rare fungus gave Chatwin hope that he might be different and served as the basis of what he told most people about his illness. He gave various reasons for how he became infected with the fungus – ranging from eating a thousand-year-old egg to exploring a bat cave in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999493–494_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999493–494-124">[124]</a></sup> He never publicly disclosed that he was HIV-positive because of the stigma at the time. He wanted to protect his parents, who were unaware of his homosexual affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999491–492_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999491–492-125">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although Chatwin never spoke or wrote publicly about his disease, in one instance he did write about the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS epidemic">AIDS epidemic</a> in 1988 in a letter to the editor of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a></i>:
</p>
<blockquote><p> "The word 'Aids' is one of the cruellest and silliest neologisms of our time. 'Aid' means help, succour, comfort—yet with a hissing sibilant tacked onto the end it becomes a nightmare.... HIV (Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus) is a perfectly easy name to live with. 'Aids' causes panic and despair and has probably done something to facilitate the spread of the disease."<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> </p></blockquote>
<p>During his illness, Chatwin continued to write. Elizabeth encouraged him to use a letter he had written to her from Prague in 1967 as an inspiration for a new story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999500_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999500-127">[127]</a></sup> During this trip, he had met Konrad Just, an art collector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999502_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999502-128">[128]</a></sup> This meeting and the letter to Elizabeth served as the basis for Chatwin's next work. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utz_(novel)" title="Utz (novel)">Utz</a></i> (1988) was a novel about the obsession that leads people to collect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999503_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999503-129">[129]</a></sup> Set in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, the novel details the life and death of Kaspar Utz, a man obsessed with his collection of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meissen_porcelain" title="Meissen porcelain">Meissen porcelain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup> <i>Utz</i> was well-received and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999507_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999507-131">[131]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin also edited a collection of his journalism, which was published as <i>What Am I Doing Here</i> (1989).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999565_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999565-132">[132]</a></sup> At the time of his death in 1989, he was working on a number of new ideas for future novels, including a transcontinental epic provisionally titled <i>Lydia Livingstone</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999529–530_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999529–530-133">[133]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin died at a hospital in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> on 18 January 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999561_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999561-134">[134]</a></sup> A memorial service was held at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> Church of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Sophia_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia (London)">Saint Sophia</a> in West London on 14 February 1989, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, a close friend of Chatwin's, attended the service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999571–572_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999571–572-135">[135]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Theroux" title="Paul Theroux">Paul Theroux</a>, who also attended the service, later commented on it and Chatwin in a piece for <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Granta" title="Granta">Granta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup> The novelist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Martin Amis</a> described the memorial service in the essay "Salman Rushdie", included in his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visiting_Mrs_Nabokov" title="Visiting Mrs Nabokov">Visiting Mrs Nabokov</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1985, suffering from a mysterious illness (which turned out to be HIV) Chatwin interrupted his writing to make a pilgrimage to Mount Athos. Until that point he had never struck friends as being religious, but the visit had a profound effect, and he eventually decided to become an Orthodox Christian. At the memorial service Bishop Kallistos Ware told the congregation: ‘Bruce was always a traveller and he died before all his journeys could be completed… his journey into Orthodoxy was one of his unfinished voyages.’<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-138">[138]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin's ashes were scattered near a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> chapel above <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kardamili" class="mw-redirect" title="Kardamili">Kardamyli</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>. This was close to the home of one of his mentors, the writer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor" title="Patrick Leigh Fermor">Patrick Leigh Fermor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999573_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999573-1">[1]</a></sup> Chatwin had spent several months in 1985 near there, working on <i>The Songlines</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999465,_469–473_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999465,_469–473-139">[139]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin's papers, including 85 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moleskine" title="Moleskine">moleskine</a> notebooks, were given to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>, Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999xi_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999xi-140">[140]</a></sup> Two collections of his photographs and excerpts from the moleskine notebooks were published as <i>Photographs and Notebooks</i> (US title: <i>Far Journeys</i>) in 1993 and <i>Winding Paths</i> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup>
</p><p>News of Chatwin's AIDS diagnosis first surfaced in September 1988, although the obituaries at the time of his death had referred to Chatwin's statements about a rare fungal infection. After his death, some members of the gay community criticised Chatwin for lack of courage to reveal the true nature of his illness, thinking he would have raised public awareness of AIDS, as he was one of the first high-profile individuals in Britain known to have contracted HIV.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999524–525_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999524–525-144">[144]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Writing_style">Writing style</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Writing style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> described Chatwin's writing as "a clipped, lapidary prose that compresses worlds into pages",<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup> while one of Chatwin's editors, Susannah Clapp, wrote, "Although his syntax was pared down, his words were not – or at least not only – plain.... His prose is both spare and flamboyant."<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup>
Chatwin's writing was shaped by his work as a cataloguer at Sotheby's, which provided him with years of practice in writing concise, yet vivid descriptions of objects with the intention of enticing buyers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199995_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199995-27">[27]</a></sup> In addition, his writing was influenced by his interest in nomads. One aspect that interested him was the few possessions they had. Their Spartan way of life appealed to his aesthetic sense, and he sought to emulate it in his life and his writing, striving to strip needless objects from his life and needless words from his prose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999117,_171,_467–468_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999117,_171,_467–468-147">[147]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin experimented with format in his writing. With <i>In Patagonia</i>, Clapp said Chatwin described the book's structure of 97 vignettes as "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cubist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubist">Cubist</a>." "[I]n other words," she said, "lots of small pictures tilting away and toward each other to create this strange original portrait of Patagonia."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999325_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999325-148">[148]</a></sup> <i>The Songlines</i> was another attempt by Chatwin to experiment with format.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999513_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999513-149">[149]</a></sup> It begins as a novel narrated by a man named Bruce, but about two-thirds of the way through it becomes a commonplace book filled with quotations, anecdotes, and summaries of others' research, in an attempt to explore restlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup> Some of Chatwin's critics did not think he succeeded in <i>The Songlines</i> with this approach, but others applauded his effort at an unconventional structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999512–513_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999512–513-151">[151]</a></sup>
</p><p>Several 19th and 20th-century writers influenced Chatwin's work. He admitted to imitating the work of Robert Byron when he first began making notes of his travels.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup> While in Patagonia he read <a href="/enwiki/wiki/In_Our_Time_(short_story_collection)" title="In Our Time (short story collection)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> by Ernest Hemingway, whom he admired for his spare prose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999289–290_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999289–290-153">[153]</a></sup> While writing <i>In Patagonia</i>, Chatwin strove to approach his writing as a "literary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henri_Cartier-Bresson" title="Henri Cartier-Bresson">Cartier-Bresson</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999329_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999329-154">[154]</a></sup> Chatwin's biographer described the resulting prose as "quick snapshots of ordinary people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999307_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999307-155">[155]</a></sup> Along with Hemingway and Cartier-Bresson, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" title="Osip Mandelstam">Osip Mandelstam</a>'s work strongly influenced Chatwin during the writing of <i>In Patagonia</i>. An admirer of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a>, Chatwin found the breakfast scene in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Private_Lives" title="Private Lives">Private Lives</a></i> helpful in learning to write dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup> Once Chatwin began work on <i>The Viceroy of Ouidah</i>, he began studying the work of 19th-century French authors such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>, who would continue to influence him for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999380–383_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999380–383-157">[157]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Themes">Themes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Chatwin explored several different themes in his work: human restlessness and wandering; borders and exile; and art and objects.<sup id="cite_ref-auto15_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto15-114">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto13_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto13-158">[158]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999502–505_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999502–505-159">[159]</a></sup>
</p><p>He considered human restlessness to be the focus of his writing. He ultimately aspired to explore the subject in order to answer what he saw as a fundamental question of human existence.<sup id="cite_ref-auto20_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto20-160">[160]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto15_114-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto15-114">[114]</a></sup> He thought humans were meant to be a migratory species, and once they settled in one place, their natural urges "found outlets in violence, greed, status-seeking or a mania for the new."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999230_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999230-161">[161]</a></sup> In his first attempt at writing a book, <i>The Nomadic Alternative</i>, Chatwin had tried to compose an academic exposition on nomadic culture, which he believed was unexamined and unappreciated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999230_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999230-161">[161]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto20_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto20-160">[160]</a></sup> With this, Chatwin had hoped to discover: "Why do men wander rather than sit still?"<sup id="cite_ref-auto14_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto14-162">[162]</a></sup> In his book proposal he admitted that the interest in the subject was personal: "Why do I become restless after a month in a single place, unbearable after two?"<sup id="cite_ref-auto14_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto14-162">[162]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although Chatwin did not succeed with <i>The Nomadic Alternative</i>, he returned to the topic of restlessness and wandering in subsequent books. Writer Jonathan Chatwin (no relation) stated that Chatwin's works can be grouped into two categories: "restlessness defined" and "restlessness explained." Most of his work focuses on describing restlessness, such as in the case of one twin in <i>On the Black Hill</i> who longs to leave home.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup> Another example is the protagonist of <i>Utz</i>, who feels restless to escape to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a> each year, but always returns to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999508_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999508-164">[164]</a></sup> Chatwin attempted to explain restlessness in <i>The Songlines</i>, which focused on the Aboriginal Australians' <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walkabout" title="Walkabout">walkabout</a>. For this, he returned to his research from <i>The Nomadic Alternative</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999483_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999483-166">[166]</a></sup>
</p><p>Borders are another Chatwin theme. According to Elizabeth Chatwin, he "was interested in borders, where things were always changing, not one thing or another."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999291_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999291-167">[167]</a></sup> Patagonia, the subject of his first published book, is an area that is in both Argentina and Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999304_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999304-168">[168]</a></sup> The Viceroy of Ouidah is a Brazilian who trades slaves in Dahomey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999340_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999340-169">[169]</a></sup> <i>On the Black Hills</i> takes place on the borders of Wales and England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999395_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999395-97">[97]</a></sup> In <i>The Songlines</i> the characters the protagonist mostly interacts with are people who provide a bridge between the Aboriginal and white Australian worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999434–435_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999434–435-170">[170]</a></sup> The main character in <i>Utz</i> travels back and forth across the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999508_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999508-164">[164]</a></sup>
</p><p>"The theme of exile, of people living at the margins.... is treated in a literal and metaphorical sense throughout Chatwin's work," stated Nicholas Murray. He identified several examples. There were people who were actual exiles, like some of those profiled in <i>In Patagonia</i>, and the Viceroy of Ouidah, unable to return to Brazil. Murray also cited the main characters in <i>On the Black Hill</i>: "Although not strictly exiles.... [they] were exiles from the major events of their time and its dominant values." Similarly, Murray wrote, Utz is "trapped in a society whose values are not his own but which he cannot bring himself to leave."<sup id="cite_ref-auto13_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto13-158">[158]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin returned to the subject of art and objects during his career. In his early writing for the <i>Sunday Times Magazine</i>, he wrote about art and artists, and many of these articles were included in <i>What Am I Doing Here</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999280–284_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999280–284-171">[171]</a></sup> The main focus of <i>Utz</i> is on the impact the possession of art (in this case porcelain figures) has on a collector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999504–505_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999504–505-172">[172]</a></sup> Utz's unwillingness to give up his porcelain collection kept him in Czechoslovakia even though he had the opportunity to live in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999503_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999503-129">[129]</a></sup> Chatwin constantly struggled with the conflicting desires to own beautiful items and to live in a space free of unnecessary objects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999117–118_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999117–118-173">[173]</a></sup> His distaste for the art world resulted from his days at Sotheby's; some of his final writing focused on this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999197,_505_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999197,_505-174">[174]</a></sup> The topic appears in the final section of <i>What Am I Doing Here</i>, "Tales from the Art World," which consists of four short stories. At the end of <i>What Am I Doing Here</i>, Chatwin shares an anecdote of advice he received from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a>: "Never let anything artistic stand in your way." Chatwin stated, "I've always acted on that advice."<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Influence">Influence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>With the publication of <i>In Patagonia</i>, Chatwin invigorated the genre of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Travel_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel writing">travel writing</a>; according to his biographer, Nicholas Murray, he "showed that an inventive writer could breathe new life into an old genre."<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup> The combination of his clear, yet vivid prose and an international perspective at a time when many English writers were more focused on home instead of abroad helped to set him apart.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999564,_569_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999564,_569-178">[178]</a></sup> Aside from his writing, Chatwin was also good looking, and his image as a dashing traveller added to his appeal and helped make him a celebrity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999564_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999564-179">[179]</a></sup> In the eyes of younger writers such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rory_Stewart" title="Rory Stewart">Rory Stewart</a>, Chatwin "made [travel writing] cool."<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-180">[180]</a></sup> In <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Harvey_(journalist)" title="Andrew Harvey (journalist)">Andrew Harvey</a> wrote,
</p>
<blockquote><p>"Nearly every writer of my generation in England has wanted, at some point, to be Bruce Chatwin; wanted, like him, to talk of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fez" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Fez">Fez</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firdausi" class="mw-redirect" title="Firdausi">Firdausi</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristan">Nuristan</a>, with equal authority; wanted to be talked about, as he is, with raucous envy; wanted above all to have written his books."<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Chatwin's books also inspired some readers to visit Patagonia and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999515,_577_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999515,_577-182">[182]</a></sup> As a result, Patagonia experienced an increase in tourism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999577_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999577-183">[183]</a></sup> and it became a common sight for tourists to appear in the region, carrying a copy of <i>In Patagonia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup> <i>The Songlines</i> also inspired readers to travel to Australia and seek out the people on whom Chatwin had based his characters, much to their consternation, as he had failed to disclose such intentions to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999515_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999515-185">[185]</a></sup>
</p><p>Beyond travel, Chatwin influenced other writers, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claudio_Magris" title="Claudio Magris">Claudio Magris</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luis_Sep%C3%BAlveda" title="Luis Sepúlveda">Luis Sepúlveda</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Marsden" title="Philip Marsden">Philip Marsden</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">William Dalrymple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999569_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999569-186">[186]</a></sup> Nicholas Shakespeare stated that some of Chatwin's impact came from the difficulty of categorising his work, which helped to "set free other writers...[from] conventional boundaries."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999568_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999568-187">[187]</a></sup> Although he was often called a travel writer, he did not identify himself as one, or as a novelist. ("I don't quite know the meaning of the word novel," he said).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199911_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199911-188">[188]</a></sup> He preferred to call his writing stories or searches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199911_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199911-188">[188]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup> He was interested in asking big questions about human existence, sharing unusual tales, and making connections between ideas from various sources. His friend and fellow writer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robyn_Davidson" title="Robyn Davidson">Robyn Davidson</a> said, "He posed questions we all want answered and perhaps gave the illusion they were answerable."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999569_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999569-186">[186]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Posthumous_influence">Posthumous influence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Posthumous influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>According to his biographer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_Shakespeare" title="Nicholas Shakespeare">Nicholas Shakespeare</a>, Chatwin's work developed a dedicated following in the years immediately after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></sup> By 1998 a million copies of his books had been sold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999578_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999578-191">[191]</a></sup> However, his reputation diminished following revelations about his personal life and questions about the accuracy of his work.
</p><p>The accuracy problem had arisen before his death, and Chatwin had admitted to "counting up the lies" in <i>In Patagonia</i>, though he stated there were not many.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></sup> While researching Chatwin's life, Nicholas Shakespeare stated he found "few cases of mere invention" in <i>In Patagonia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999335_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999335-193">[193]</a></sup> Mostly, these tended to be instances of embellishment, such as when Chatwin wrote of a nurse who loved the work of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" title="Osip Mandelstam">Osip Mandelstam</a> – one of his favorite authors – when in fact she was a fan of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999335_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999335-193">[193]</a></sup> When <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> asked Chatwin his opinion of what divided fact from fiction, he replied, "I don't think there is [a division]."<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some individuals profiled in <i>In Patagonia</i> were unhappy with Chatwin's portrayals of them. They included a man whom Chatwin insinuated was homosexual and a woman who thought her father was unjustly accused of killing Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999309_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999309-195">[195]</a></sup> However, Chatwin's biographer found one farmer who was featured in the book who thought Chatwin's depictions of himself and other members of his community were truthful. He stated, "No one likes looking at their own passport photograph, but I found it accurate. It's not flattering, but it's the truth."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999307_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999307-155">[155]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chatwin's bestseller, <i>The Songlines</i>, has been the focus of much criticism. Some describe his viewpoint as "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colonialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialist">colonialist</a>", citing his lack of interviews with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginals</a> and reliance instead on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">white Australians</a> for information about Aboriginal culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999515–516_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999515–516-196">[196]</a></sup> Other criticism comes from anthropologists and other researchers who spent years studying Aboriginal culture and dismiss Chatwin's work because he visited Australia briefly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999434–435_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999434–435-170">[170]</a></sup> Yet others, such as writer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Keneally" title="Thomas Keneally">Thomas Keneally</a>, believe <i>The Songlines</i> should be widely read in Australia, where many people had not previously heard of the songlines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999513,_516_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999513,_516-197">[197]</a></sup>
</p><p>The questions about the veracity of Chatwin's writing are compounded by the revelation of his sexual orientation and the true cause of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999566_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999566-198">[198]</a></sup> Once it became known that Chatwin had been bisexual and had died of an AIDS-related illness, some critics viewed him as a liar and dismissed his work.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></sup> Nicholas Shakespeare said, "His denial [of his AIDS diagnosis] bred a sense that if he lied about his life, he must have lied about his work. Some readers have taken this as a cue to pass judgement on his books – or else not to bother with them."<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></sup> In 2010 <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>'s</i> review of <i>Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin</i> opened with the question, "Does anyone read Bruce Chatwin these days?"<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></sup> However, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rory_Stewart" title="Rory Stewart">Rory Stewart</a> has stated, "His personality, his learning, his myths, and even his prose are less hypnotizing [than they once were]. And yet he remains a great writer, of deep and enduring importance".<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-180">[180]</a></sup> In 2008 <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> rated Chatwin No. 46 on their list of "50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945".<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Chatwin's name is used to sell <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moleskine" title="Moleskine">Moleskine</a> notebooks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999564_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999564-179">[179]</a></sup> Chatwin wrote in <i>The Songlines</i> of little black <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oilskin" title="Oilskin">oilskin</a>-covered notebooks that he bought in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and called "moleskines".<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-203">[203]</a></sup> The quotes and anecdotes he had compiled in them serve as a major section of <i>The Songlines</i>, where Chatwin mourned the closure of the last producer of such books.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-203">[203]</a></sup> In 1995, Marta Sebregondi read <i>The Songlines</i> and proposed to her employer, the Italian design and publishing firm Modo & Modo, that they produce moleskine notebooks.<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-204">[204]</a></sup> In 1997, the company began to sell them and use Chatwin's name to promote them.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></sup> Modo & Modo was sold in 2006, and the company became known as Moleskine SpA.<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-204">[204]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2014 the clothing label <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burberry" title="Burberry">Burberry</a> produced a collection inspired by Chatwin's books.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></sup> The following year Burberry released a limited edition of Chatwin's books with specially designed covers.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2019 the documentary film <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nomad:_In_the_Footsteps_of_Bruce_Chatwin" title="Nomad: In the Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin">Nomad: In the Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin</a></i>, by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>, was broadcast by the BBC.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/In_Patagonia" title="In Patagonia">In Patagonia</a></i> (1977)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Viceroy_of_Ouidah" title="The Viceroy of Ouidah">The Viceroy of Ouidah</a></i> (1980)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/On_the_Black_Hill" title="On the Black Hill">On the Black Hill</a></i> (1982)</li>
<li><i>Patagonia Revisited</i>, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Theroux" title="Paul Theroux">Paul Theroux</a> (1985)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Songlines" title="The Songlines">The Songlines</a></i> (1987)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utz_(novel)" title="Utz (novel)">Utz</a></i> (1988)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/What_Am_I_Doing_Here_(book)" title="What Am I Doing Here (book)">What Am I Doing Here</a></i> (1989)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Posthumously_published">Posthumously published</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Posthumously published"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Photographs_and_Notebooks" title="Photographs and Notebooks">Photographs and Notebooks</a></i> (1993)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_Restlessness:_Uncollected_Writings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatomy of Restlessness: Uncollected Writings (page does not exist)">Anatomy of Restlessness: Uncollected Writings</a></i> (1997)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winding_Paths" title="Winding Paths">Winding Paths</a></i> (1998)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Under_the_Sun:_The_Letters_of_Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin (page does not exist)">Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin</a></i> (2012)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999573-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999573_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999573_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 573.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Chatwin Colloquium <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marlboroughcollege.org/news/speakers/article/date/2014/02/the-chatwin-colloquium/">Retrieved 9 February 2018.</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199917–24-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199917–24_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 17–24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin, Bruce Chatwin, ed. Elizabeth Chatwin and Nicholas Shakespeare, Vintage Books, 2011 p. 21</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-39826">"Chatwin, (Charles) Bruce"</a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F39826">10.1093/ref:odnb/39826</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chatwin%2C+%28Charles%29+Bruce&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F39826&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-39826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Chatwin, Nicholas Shakespeare, Random House, 2010, p. 28</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2010" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Elizabeth (2010). <i>Under the Sun</i>. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sun&rft.place=London&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199923–24-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199923–24_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 23–24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199925-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199925_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 25.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2010" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Elizabeth (2010). <i>Under the Sun</i>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sun&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199922-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199922_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 22.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1987" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Bruce (1987). <i>The Songlines</i>. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Songlines&rft.place=London&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1977" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Bruce (1977). <i>In Patagonia</i>. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 1–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Patagonia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199943-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199943_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 43.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2012" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Martin (11 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rangefree.blogspot.com/2012/07/hugh-chatwin-rip.html">"freeranger: Hugh Chatwin RIP"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=freeranger%3A+Hugh+Chatwin+RIP&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frangefree.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F07%2Fhugh-chatwin-rip.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://funeral-notices.co.uk/West+Midlands-West+Midlands-Birmingham/death-notices/notice/chatwin/268452">"Lasting Tribute page for Hugh Philip CHATWIN"</a>. <i>funeral-notices.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=funeral-notices.co.uk&rft.atitle=Lasting+Tribute+page+for+Hugh+Philip+CHATWIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffuneral-notices.co.uk%2FWest%2BMidlands-West%2BMidlands-Birmingham%2Fdeath-notices%2Fnotice%2Fchatwin%2F268452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2010" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Elizabeth (2010). <i>Under the Sun</i>. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sun&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199965-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199965_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 65.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199971–72-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199971–72_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 71–72.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199988-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199988_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 88.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199987–88-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199987–88_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 87–88.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199986-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199986_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 86.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199992–93-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199992–93_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 92–93.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199993-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199993_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 93.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199997–98-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199997–98_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 97–98.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999106–107-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999106–107_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 106–107.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199995-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199995_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199995_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 95.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999176-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999176_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 176.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999165-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999165_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 165.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999119–120,_166–167-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999119–120,_166–167_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 119–120, 166–167.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFIgnatieff1987" class="citation journal cs1">Ignatieff, Michael (25 June 1987). "Interview: Bruce Chatwin". <i>Granta</i> (21): 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Granta&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Bruce+Chatwin&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1987-06-25&rft.aulast=Ignatieff&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999514-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999514_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 514.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999119-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999119_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 119.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFClapp1996" class="citation book cs1">Clapp (1996). <i>With Chatwin</i>. pp. 101–104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Chatwin&rft.pages=101-104&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Clapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199998–99,_118–119-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199998–99,_118–119_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 98–99, 118–119.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1989" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin (1989). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc"><i>What Am I Doing Here</i></a></span>. Viking. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/76">76</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670825080" title="Special:BookSources/9780670825080"><bdi>9780670825080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Am+I+Doing+Here&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780670825080&rft.au=Chatwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatamidoinghere00bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999131–136-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999131–136_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 131–136.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999139–141-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999139–141_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 139–141.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999146–148-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999146–148_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 146–148.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999178-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999178_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999178_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999178_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 178.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999123–127-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999123–127_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 123–127.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_(biographer)" title="Nicholas Murray (biographer)">Murray, Nicholas</a> (1994). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seren_Books" title="Seren Books">Seren Books</a>. pp. 30–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Seren+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999158–159-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999158–159_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 158–159.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1996" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin (1996). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat"><i>Anatomy of Restlessness</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat/page/11">11–12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Restlessness&rft.pages=11-12&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Chatwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanatomyofrestles00chat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999171–172-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999171–172_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 171–172.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999173-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999173_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 173.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999181-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999181_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 181.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999177-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999177_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 177.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGilbey2024" class="citation web cs1">Gilbey, Ryan (12 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/mar/12/merchant-ivory-oscar-shocking-truth-emma-thompson-anthony-hopkins-howards-end?utm_term=65f132d2ad0c3ab84ad7c7ec72861a17&utm_campaign=GuardianTodayUK&utm_source=esp&utm_medium=Email&CMP=GTUK_email">"I got you an Oscar. Why do I need to pay you?"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+got+you+an+Oscar.+Why+do+I+need+to+pay+you%3F&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft.date=2024-03-12&rft.aulast=Gilbey&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2024%2Fmar%2F12%2Fmerchant-ivory-oscar-shocking-truth-emma-thompson-anthony-hopkins-howards-end%3Futm_term%3D65f132d2ad0c3ab84ad7c7ec72861a17%26utm_campaign%3DGuardianTodayUK%26utm_source%3Desp%26utm_medium%3DEmail%26CMP%3DGTUK_email&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare2010" class="citation news cs1">Shakespeare, Nicholas (29 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA235968816&v=2.1&u=nysl_ca_bethlm&it=r&p=STND&sw=w&asid=8c5ef3b85cebb9613bd2adf44d32a11e">"He wandered, but always came back: Bruce Chatwin's letters reveal the rock-solid marriage that survived his gay flings"</a>. <i>Sunday Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=He+wandered%2C+but+always+came+back%3A+Bruce+Chatwin%27s+letters+reveal+the+rock-solid+marriage+that+survived+his+gay+flings&rft.date=2010-08-29&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.galegroup.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA235968816%26v%3D2.1%26u%3Dnysl_ca_bethlm%26it%3Dr%26p%3DSTND%26sw%3Dw%26asid%3D8c5ef3b85cebb9613bd2adf44d32a11e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999210-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999210_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 210.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999189-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999189_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999189_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 189.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999186-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999186_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 186.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999199-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999199_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 199.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999192-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999192_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 192.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999214-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999214_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 214.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1996" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Bruce (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat/page/75"><i>Anatomy of Restlessness</i></a>. New York: Viking. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat/page/75">75</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86859-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-86859-0"><bdi>0-670-86859-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Restlessness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-670-86859-0&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanatomyofrestles00chat%2Fpage%2F75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999270-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999270_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 270.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2010" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Elizabeth (2010). <i>Under the Sun</i>. p. 223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sun&rft.pages=223&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999218-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999218_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 218.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999241-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999241_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 241.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1993" class="citation book cs1">Murray (1993). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999280-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999280_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999280_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999280_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 280.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999265-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999265_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 265.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShakespere1999" class="citation book cs1">Shakespere (1999). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. p. 272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=272&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Shakespere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999321-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999321_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 321.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999273–274-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999273–274_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 273–274.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999267-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999267_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 267.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999283-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999283_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 283.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999285–286-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999285–286_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 285–286.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1996" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin (1996). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat"><i>Anatomy of Restlessness</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00chat/page/13">13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Restlessness&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Chatwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanatomyofrestles00chat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999286-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999286_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 286.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1997" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Bruce (1997). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00bruc"><i>Anatomy of Restlessness</i></a></span>. Penguin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofrestles00bruc/page/13">13–14</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140256987" title="Special:BookSources/9780140256987"><bdi>9780140256987</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Restlessness&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780140256987&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanatomyofrestles00bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999287–291-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999287–291_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 287–291.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999301-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999301_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 301.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999294–295-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999294–295_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 294–295.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2010" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Elizabeth (2010). <i>Under the Sun</i>. p. 271.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sun&rft.pages=271&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFClapp1996" class="citation book cs1">Clapp (1996). <i>With Chatwin</i>. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Chatwin&rft.pages=94&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Clapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1999" class="citation book cs1">Murray (1999). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=39&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1993" class="citation book cs1">Murray (1993). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1999" class="citation book cs1">Murray (1999). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=51&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999372–373-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999372–373_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 372–373.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999325–326-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999325–326_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 325–326.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999374–375-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999374–375_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 374–375.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999321–322-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999321–322_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 321–322.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999338-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999338_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 338.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999341-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999341_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 341.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999348–350-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999348–350_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 348–350.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1993" class="citation book cs1">Murray (1993). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=53&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999352-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999352_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 352.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999356-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999356_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 356.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1989" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin (1989). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc"><i>What Am I Doing Here</i></a></span>. Viking. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/138">138–139</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670825080" title="Special:BookSources/9780670825080"><bdi>9780670825080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Am+I+Doing+Here&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780670825080&rft.au=Chatwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatamidoinghere00bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999417-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999417_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999417_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 417.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999394–395-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999394–395_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 394–395.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFClapp1996" class="citation book cs1">Clapp, Susannah (1996). <i>With Chatwin</i>. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Chatwin&rft.pages=179&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Clapp&rft.aufirst=Susannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1982" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Bruce (1982). <i>On the Black Hill</i>. London: Jonathan Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Black+Hill&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999395-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999395_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999395_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 395.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999360-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999360_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 360.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999362–369-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999362–369_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 362–369.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999368-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999368_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 368.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1993" class="citation book cs1">Murray (1993). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999392–393,_420-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999392–393,_420_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 392–393, 420.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999429,_424-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999429,_424_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 429, 424.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999426,_433-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999426,_433_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 426, 433.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999426,_431–432-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999426,_431–432_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 426, 431–432.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999431-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999431_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 431.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999438-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999438_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 438.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1987" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin (1987). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat"><i>The Songlines</i></a></span>. New York, N.Y. Viking/Penguin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat/page/12">12–13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Songlines&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=New+York%2C+N.Y.+Viking%2FPenguin&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Chatwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsonglines00chat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999458-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999458_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 458.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999434–442-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999434–442_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 434–442.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999448-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999448_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 448.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999450-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999450_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 450.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999440-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999440_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 440.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto15-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto15_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto15_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto15_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto15_114-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1987" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin (1987). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat"><i>The Songlines</i></a></span>. New York, N.Y. Viking/Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat/page/161">161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Songlines&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=New+York%2C+N.Y.+Viking%2FPenguin&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Chatwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsonglines00chat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin. <i>The Songlines</i>. pp. 163–233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Songlines&rft.pages=163-233&rft.au=Chatwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999512-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999512_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999512_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 512.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999527-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999527_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 527.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fermor, Patrick Leigh, Dashing for the Post: The Letters of Patrick Leigh, at 376 (John Murray, 2017)(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473622494" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473622494">978-1473622494</a>). Chatwin visited Fermor in Greece in 1985 and enjoyed it so much he rented rooms in the village. "Bruce Chatwin is finishing a book too, next door and we go for huge strides across the hills every afternoon, and he and Joan concoct delicious dinners every other night or so."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999450,_464,_479,_487-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999450,_464,_479,_487_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 450, 464, 479, 487.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999450,_522-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999450,_522_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 450, 522.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999488-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999488_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 488.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999489-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999489_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 489.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999490–491-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999490–491_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 490–491.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999493–494-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999493–494_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 493–494.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999491–492-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999491–492_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 491–492.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2010" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Elizabeth (2010). <i>Under the Sun</i>. p. 594.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sun&rft.pages=594&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999500-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999500_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 500.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999502-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999502_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 502.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999503-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999503_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999503_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 503.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1988" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Bruce (1988). <i>Utz</i>. London: Jonathan Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utz&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999507-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999507_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 507.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999565-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999565_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 565.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999529–530-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999529–530_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 529–530.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999561-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999561_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 561.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999571–572-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999571–572_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 571–572.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.granta.com/Online-Only/Paul-Theroux">Theroux's "admiring tribute" to Chatwin</a>,</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAmis2012" class="citation book cs1">Amis, Martin (2012). <i>Visiting Mrs. Nabokov</i>. Vintage. pp. 170–178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visiting+Mrs.+Nabokov&rft.pages=170-178&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Amis&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999465,_469–473-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999465,_469–473_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 465, 469–473.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999xi-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999xi_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. xi.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1993" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Bruce (1993). <i>Far Journeys</i>. New York: Viking.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far+Journeys&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1999" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Bruce (1999). <i>Winding Paths: Photographs from Bruce Chatwin</i>. Jonathan Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winding+Paths%3A+Photographs+from+Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1993" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Nicholas (1993). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. pp. 123–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=123-124&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999524–525-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999524–525_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 524–525.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFUpdike1991" class="citation book cs1">Updike, John (1991). <i>Odd Jobs: Essays and Criticism</i>. Knopf. p. 464.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odd+Jobs%3A+Essays+and+Criticism&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Updike&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFClapp1996" class="citation book cs1">Clapp (1996). <i>With Chatwin</i>. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Chatwin&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Clapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999117,_171,_467–468-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999117,_171,_467–468_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 117, 171, 467–468.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999325-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999325_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 325.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999513-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999513_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 513.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1987" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin (1987). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songlines000chat"><i>The Songlines</i></a></span>. Penguin Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140094299" title="Special:BookSources/9780140094299"><bdi>9780140094299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Songlines&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780140094299&rft.au=Chatwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsonglines000chat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999512–513-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999512–513_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 512–513.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1989" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Bruce (1989). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc"><i>What Am I Doing Here</i></a></span>. Viking. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/288">288</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670825080" title="Special:BookSources/9780670825080"><bdi>9780670825080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Am+I+Doing+Here&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780670825080&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatamidoinghere00bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999289–290-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999289–290_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 289–290.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999329-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999329_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 329.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999307-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999307_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999307_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 307.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1989" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Bruce (1989). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc"><i>What Am I Doing Here</i></a></span>. New York: Viking. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/366">366</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670825080" title="Special:BookSources/9780670825080"><bdi>9780670825080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Am+I+Doing+Here&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780670825080&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatamidoinghere00bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999380–383-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999380–383_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 380–383.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto13-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1993" class="citation book cs1">Murray (1993). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999502–505-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999502–505_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 502–505.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto20-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto20_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto20_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2010" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Elizabeth (2010). <i>Under the Sun</i>. pp. 131–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sun&rft.pages=131-139&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999230-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999230_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999230_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 230.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto14-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto14_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto14_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2010" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Elizabeth (2010). <i>Under the Sun</i>. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sun&rft.pages=132&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2008" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Jonathan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10036/41273"><i>Anywhere Out of the World: Restlessness in the work of Bruce Chatwin</i></a>. pp. 9–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anywhere+Out+of+the+World%3A+Restlessness+in+the+work+of+Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=9-10&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fore.exeter.ac.uk%2Frepository%2Fhandle%2F10036%2F41273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999508-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999508_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999508_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 508.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2008" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Jonathan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10036/41273"><i>Anywhere Out of the World: Restlessness in the work of Bruce Chatwin</i></a>. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anywhere+Out+of+the+World%3A+Restlessness+in+the+work+of+Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fore.exeter.ac.uk%2Frepository%2Fhandle%2F10036%2F41273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999483-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999483_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 483.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999291-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999291_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 291.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999304-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999304_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 304.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999340-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999340_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 340.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999434–435-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999434–435_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999434–435_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 434–435.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999280–284-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999280–284_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 280–284.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999504–505-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999504–505_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 504–505.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999117–118-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999117–118_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 117–118.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999197,_505-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999197,_505_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 197, 505.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1989" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin (1989). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc"><i>What Am I Doing Here</i></a></span>. Viking. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatamidoinghere00bruc/page/366">366</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670825080" title="Special:BookSources/9780670825080"><bdi>9780670825080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Am+I+Doing+Here&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780670825080&rft.au=Chatwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatamidoinghere00bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1993" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Nicholas (1993). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. Seren Books. pp. 39, 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=39%2C+44&rft.pub=Seren+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1993" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Nicholas (1993). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. pp. 11–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=11-12&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999564,_569-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999564,_569_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 564, 569.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999564-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999564_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999564_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 564.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto9-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_180-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_180-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2012" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, Rory (25 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2012/06/25/walking-with-bruce-chatwin/">"Walking with Chatwin"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Walking+with+Chatwin&rft.date=2012-06-25&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2012%2F06%2F25%2Fwalking-with-bruce-chatwin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1987" class="citation news cs1">Harvey, Andrew (2 August 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/02/books/footprints-of-the-ancestors.html?pagewanted=1">"Footprints of the Ancestor"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Footprints+of+the+Ancestor&rft.date=1987-08-02&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F08%2F02%2Fbooks%2Ffootprints-of-the-ancestors.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999515,_577-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999515,_577_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 515, 577.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999577-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999577_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 577.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Sandra (14 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2013/05/14/in-patagonia-in-patagonia/">"In Patagonia in Patagonia"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=In+Patagonia+in+Patagonia&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Fblog%2F2013%2F05%2F14%2Fin-patagonia-in-patagonia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999515-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999515_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 515.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999569-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999569_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999569_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 569.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999568-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999568_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 568.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199911-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199911_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare199911_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 11.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1993" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Nicholas (1993). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. Seren. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Seren&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2010" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Elizabeth (2010). <i>Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin</i>. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sun%3A+The+Letters+of+Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999578-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999578_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 578.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1993" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Nicholas (1993). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999335-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999335_193-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999335_193-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 335.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFIgnatieff1987" class="citation journal cs1">Ignatieff, Michael (25 June 1987). "Interview: Bruce Chatwin". <i>Granta</i> (21): 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Granta&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Bruce+Chatwin&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1987-06-25&rft.aulast=Ignatieff&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999309-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999309_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 309.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999515–516-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999515–516_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 515–516.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999513,_516-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999513,_516_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, pp. 513, 516.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999566-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1999566_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1999">Shakespeare 1999</a>, p. 566.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2010" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Elizabeth (2010). <i>Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin</i>. pp. 13–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sun%3A+The+Letters+of+Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=13-14&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2010" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Elizabeth (2010). <i>Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin</i>. Jonathan Cape. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sun%3A+The+Letters+of+Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2010" class="citation journal cs1">Morrison, Blake (3 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/sep/04/bruce-chatwin-letters-nicholas-shakespeare">"Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Under+the+Sun%3A+The+Letters+of+Bruce+Chatwin&rft.date=2010-09-03&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Blake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2010%2Fsep%2F04%2Fbruce-chatwin-letters-nicholas-shakespeare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA173066618&v=2.1&u=nysl_ca_bethlm&it=r&p=STND&sw=w&asid=c87255bba66a6fb8db49007ee6fc1ba5">"46. Bruce Chatwin; The 50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945"</a>. <i>The Times (London)</i>. 5 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+%28London%29&rft.atitle=46.+Bruce+Chatwin%3B+The+50+Greatest+British+Writers+Since+1945&rft.date=2008-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.galegroup.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA173066618%26v%3D2.1%26u%3Dnysl_ca_bethlm%26it%3Dr%26p%3DSTND%26sw%3Dw%26asid%3Dc87255bba66a6fb8db49007ee6fc1ba5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto7-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_203-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_203-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1987" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin (1987). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat"><i>The Songlines</i></a></span>. New York, N.Y. Viking/Penguin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songlines00chat/page/160">160–161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Songlines&rft.pages=160-161&rft.pub=New+York%2C+N.Y.+Viking%2FPenguin&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Chatwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsonglines00chat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto10-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRaphel2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Raphel, Adrienne (14 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/the-virtual-moleskine">"The Virtual Moleskine"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Virtual+Moleskine&rft.date=2014-04-14&rft.aulast=Raphel&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fbusiness%2Fcurrency%2Fthe-virtual-moleskine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHarkin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Harkin, James (12 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/resurrecting-moleskine-notebooks-67817">"Resurrecting Moleskine Notebooks"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Resurrecting+Moleskine+Notebooks&rft.date=2011-06-12&rft.aulast=Harkin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fresurrecting-moleskine-notebooks-67817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMarriott2014" class="citation journal cs1">Marriott, Hannah (17 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/jun/17/books-inspire-burberry-show-london-collections-men">"Books inspire Burberry's show at London Collections: Men"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Books+inspire+Burberry%27s+show+at+London+Collections%3A+Men&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.aulast=Marriott&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffashion%2F2014%2Fjun%2F17%2Fbooks-inspire-burberry-show-london-collections-men&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2015" class="citation journal cs1">Connor, Liz (8 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208121230/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2015-05/09/burberry-bruce-chatwin-book-release-christopher-bailey">"Burberry's Bruce Chatwin books just made your shelf far more stylish"</a>. <i>GQ</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2015-05/09/burberry-bruce-chatwin-book-release-christopher-bailey">the original</a> on 8 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GQ&rft.atitle=Burberry%27s+Bruce+Chatwin+books+just+made+your+shelf+far+more+stylish&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq-magazine.co.uk%2Fstyle%2Farticles%2F2015-05%2F09%2Fburberry-bruce-chatwin-book-release-christopher-bailey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0008rqv">"BBC Two – Nomad: In the Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Two+%E2%80%93+Nomad%3A+In+the+Footsteps+of+Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fm0008rqv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1977" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Bruce (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inpatagonia00chat"><i>In Patagonia</i></a>. Jonathan Cape. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/014011291X" title="Special:BookSources/014011291X"><bdi>014011291X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Patagonia&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=014011291X&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finpatagonia00chat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1987" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Bruce (1987). <i>The Songlines</i>. Jonathan Cape. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780224024525" title="Special:BookSources/9780224024525"><bdi>9780224024525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Songlines&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780224024525&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2010" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Bruce (2010). Elizabeth Chatwin (ed.). <i>Under the Sun: The Letters of Bruce Chatwin</i>. Jonathan Cape. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-08989-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-08989-0"><bdi>978-0-224-08989-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sun%3A+The+Letters+of+Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-224-08989-0&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin1990" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Bruce (1990). <i>What Am I Doing Here</i>. Pan. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-31310-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-31310-X"><bdi>0-330-31310-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Am+I+Doing+Here&rft.pub=Pan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-330-31310-X&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1993" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Nicholas (1993). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. Seren. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85411-079-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85411-079-9"><bdi>1-85411-079-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pub=Seren&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85411-079-9&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFClapp1997" class="citation book cs1">Clapp, Susannah (1997). <i>With Chatwin: Portrait of a Writer</i>. Jonathan Cape. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-03258-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-03258-2"><bdi>978-0-224-03258-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Chatwin%3A+Portrait+of+a+Writer&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-224-03258-2&rft.aulast=Clapp&rft.aufirst=Susannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_Shakespeare" title="Nicholas Shakespeare">Shakespeare, Nicholas</a> (1999). <i>Bruce Chatwin</i>. The Harvill Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86046-544-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86046-544-7"><bdi>1-86046-544-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Chatwin&rft.pub=The+Harvill+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86046-544-7&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Chatwin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.campanottoeditore.com">Antonella Riem, <i>La gabbia innaturale – l'opera di Bruce Chatwin</i></a> (pp. 175). Udine: Campanotto (Italy). 1993.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Documentaries">Documentaries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Documentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Yule_(photojournalist)" title="Paul Yule (photojournalist)">Paul Yule</a>, <i>In The Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin</i> (2x60 mins), BBC, 1999 – Berwick Universal Pictures</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nomad:_In_the_Footsteps_of_Bruce_Chatwin" title="Nomad: In the Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin">Nomad: In the Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin</a></i>, BBC Scotland, BBC Studios, BBC2, 2019 – Sideways Films</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1134653256">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style>
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bruce_Chatwin" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Bruce Chatwin">Bruce Chatwin</a></b></i>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080206101145/http://www.brucechatwin.co.uk/">"Bruce Chatwin"</a>, a resource for news related to Bruce Chatwin and his work</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=3066">"<i>On the Black Hill</i>." Entry</a> in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Literary_Encyclopedia_(English)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Literary Encyclopedia (English)">Literary Encyclopedia</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=7782">"<i>The Songlines</i>." Entry</a> in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Literary_Encyclopedia_(English)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Literary Encyclopedia (English)">Literary Encyclopedia</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=837">"Bruce Chatwin." Entry</a> in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Literary_Encyclopedia_(English)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Literary Encyclopedia (English)">Literary Encyclopedia</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121084609/http://www.moleskine.com/en/moleskine-world">Moleskine official website</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0154223/">Bruce Chatwin</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/2774">Archive of (Charles) Bruce Chatwin</a>; Bodleian Libraries</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bruce_Chatwin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Bruce_Chatwin" title="Template:Bruce Chatwin"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Bruce_Chatwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Bruce Chatwin (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bruce_Chatwin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bruce Chatwin"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bruce_Chatwin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bruce Chatwin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/In_Patagonia" title="In Patagonia">In Patagonia</a></i> (1977)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Songlines" title="The Songlines">The Songlines</a></i> (1987)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Viceroy_of_Ouidah" title="The Viceroy of Ouidah">The Viceroy of Ouidah</a></i> (1980)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/On_the_Black_Hill" title="On the Black Hill">On the Black Hill</a></i> (1982)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utz_(novel)" title="Utz (novel)">Utz</a></i> (1988)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/What_Am_I_Doing_Here_(book)" title="What Am I Doing Here (book)">What Am I Doing Here</a></i> (1988)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Photographs_and_Notebooks" title="Photographs and Notebooks">Photographs and Notebooks</a></i> (1993)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anatomy_of_Restlessness" title="Anatomy of Restlessness">Anatomy of Restlessness</a></i> (1997)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winding_Paths" title="Winding Paths">Winding Paths</a></i> (1998)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cobra_Verde" title="Cobra Verde">Cobra Verde</a></i> (1987)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/On_the_Black_Hill_(film)" title="On the Black Hill (film)">On the Black Hill</a></i> (1987)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utz_(film)" title="Utz (film)">Utz</a></i> (1992)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nomad:_In_the_Footsteps_of_Bruce_Chatwin" title="Nomad: In the Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin">Nomad: In the Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin</a></i> (2019)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moleskine" title="Moleskine">Moleskine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q348916#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q348916#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q348916#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/12303/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000115802936">ISNI</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000124037316">2</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/110567910">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90074122">Norway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX840320">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118963553">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118963553">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000060041">Argentina</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511804006706">Catalonia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11886128X">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chatwin, Bruce"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV003042">Italy</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272098605171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14823832">Belgium</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50036212">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8bdkng56lqln9">Sweden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000229810&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00464472">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000603102&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36557044">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record64230">Greece</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200410875">Korea</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000028346&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073570605">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810644410205606">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/34340">Portugal</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03686633?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/378823">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500338410">ULAN</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11886128X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1290806">Trove</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cn8k8f">SNAC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026782464">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
