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'{{Short description|Federal country in Northern Germany, 1867–1871}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}} {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = {{native name|de|Norddeutscher Bund}} |conventional_long_name = North German Confederation |common_name = North German Confederation |era = [[New Imperialism]] |status = [[Federation]] |common_languages = [[German language|German]], [[Low German]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Saterland Frisian language|East Frisian]], [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]], [[Slovincian language|Slovincian]], [[Silesian language|Silesian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Moravian language|Moravian]], [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]], [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]], [[Polabian language|Polabian]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Kursenieki language|Kursenieki]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], [[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]], [[French language|French]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]] |religion = '''Majority:'''<br/>[[Protestantism]] ([[Lutheran]], [[Calvinist]], [[United and uniting churches|United churches]])<br/>{{hidden|'''Minorities:'''|[[Catholicism]], [[Judaism]]|style=font-size:100%;padding:0.25em 0 0; |headerstyle=text-align:left;font-weight:normal;}} |currency = [[Vereinsthaler]] |year_start = 1867 |year_end = 1871 |event_pre = [[Peace of Prague (1866)|Peace of Prague; German Confederation dissolved]] |date_pre = 20 August 1866 |event_start = [[North German Constitution|Constitution took effect]] |date_start = 1 July |event1 = [[Constitution of the German Confederation (1871)|Accession of southern states; German Empire adopted as name]] |date_event1 = 1 January 1871 |event_end = {{nowrap|[[Proclamation of the German Empire|Empire proclaimed]]}} |date_end = 18 January |event_post = [[Constitution of the German Empire|Constitution of the Empire]] |date_post = 4 May 1871 |p1 = German Confederation{{!}}German Confederation{{efn|''de facto'', except [[Austrian Empire]], [[Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)]], [[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] and [[Principality of Liechtenstein]]}} |image_p1 = <span style="padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px;">[[File:Wappen Deutscher Bund.svg|16px|link=German Confederation]]</span> |p2 = Duchy of Schleswig |image_p2 = <span style="padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px;">[[File:Schleswig Arms.svg|16px|link=Duchy of Schleswig]]</span> |p3 = Province of Prussia |flag_p3 = Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg |p4 = Province of Posen |flag_p4 = Flagge Preußen - Provinz Posen.svg |p5 = Kingdom of Prussia |flag_p5 = Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg |s1 = German Empire |flag_s1 = Flag of the German Empire.svg |image_flag = Flag of the German Empire.svg |flag_type_article = Flag of Germany#North German Confederation and the German Empire (1867–1918) |image_coat = Coat of arms of the North German Confederation.svg |symbol_type = Coat of arms |symbol_type_article = Coat of arms of Germany#North German Confederation |image_map = North German Confederation 1870.svg |image_map_caption = The North German Confederation in 1870 |image_map2 = Map-NDB.svg |image_map2_caption = The North German Confederation (red). The southern German states that [[Unification of Germany|joined in 1870]] to form the [[German Empire]] are in orange. [[Alsace–Lorraine]], the territory annexed following the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, is in tan. The red territory in the south marks the [[Province of Hohenzollern|original princedom]] of the House of Hohenzollern, rulers of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. |capital = [[Berlin]] |government_type = [[Confederation|Confederal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[semi-constitutional monarchy]] |title_leader = [[President of the North German Confederation|President]] |leader1 = [[Wilhelm I, German Emperor|Wilhelm I]] |year_leader1 = 1867–1871 |title_deputy = [[List of Chancellors of Germany|Chancellor]] |deputy1 = [[Otto von Bismarck]] |year_deputy1 = 1867–1871 |legislature = [[Bicameralism|Bicameral]] |upper_house = [[Bundesrat (German Empire)|Bundesrat]] |lower_house = [[Reichstag (North German Confederation)|Reichstag]] |demonym= North German|area_km2=|area_rank=|GDP_PPP=|GDP_PPP_year=|HDI=|HDI_year=}} {{History of Germany}} [[File:NB 1866-1871.99.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Map of the North German Confederation ([[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] with its [[Provinces of Prussia|provinces]] are shown in blue)]] The '''North German Confederation''' ({{Audio-de|Norddeutscher Bund|De-Norddeutscher Bund.ogg}})<ref>An alternative translation is "North German Federation." The German word ''Bund'' is used in the German constitutional history (a) for confederations (associations of states, in German ''Staatenbund'') such as the [[German Confederation]] of 1815, but (b) also for federations (federal states, in German ''Bundesstaat'' or ''Föderaler Staat'') such as the Federal Republic of Germany or the United States of America.</ref> was a [[federal state]] under [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] leadership in [[Central Europe]] that existed from 1 July 1867 to 18 January 1870. Its predecessor was a [[military alliance]] through the 1866 [[North German Confederation Treaty]]. A milestone of the [[Unification of Germany|German Unification]], it was the earliest [[Succession of states|continual legal predecessor]] of the modern German nation-state known today as the [[Federal Republic of Germany]].<ref>See Michael Kotulla: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934).'' Springer, Berlin 2008, p. 526. R. Stettner, in: H. Dreier (ed.), Grundgesetz-Kommentar, vol. 2, second edition 2006, Art. 123, Rn. 14. Bernhard Diestelkamp: ''Rechtsgeschichte als Zeitgeschichte. Historische Betrachtungen zur Entstehung und Durchsetzung der Theorie vom Fortbestand des Deutschen Reiches als Staat nach 1945.'' In: ''Zeitschrift für Neuere Rechtsgeschichte'' 7 (1985), pp. 187 and following.</ref> The Confederation came into existence following the Prussian victory in the [[Austro-Prussian War]] of 1866 over the lordship of two small Danish [[duchies]] ([[Schleswig-Holstein]]) resulting in the [[Peace of Prague (1866)|Peace of Prague]], where Prussia pressured Austria and its allies into accepting the dissolution of the existing [[German Confederation]] (an association of German states under the leadership of the [[Austrian Empire]]), thus paving the way for the [[Lesser Germany|Lesser German version]] of German unification in the form of a federal state in Northern Germany. Construction of such state became a reality in August 1866, following the [[North German Confederation Treaty]], initially as a military alliance only, while its first federal constitution establishing a constitutional monarchy with the Prussian king holding as the head of state the ''{{lang|de|[[Bundespräsidium]]}}'' was adopted on 1 July 1867.<ref>Michael Kotulla: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934)''. Springer, Berlin 2008, pp. 487–489.</ref> Laws could only be enabled with the consent of the ''{{lang|de|Reichstag}}'' (a parliament based on universal male suffrage) and the [[Bundesrat (German Empire)|Federal Council]] ({{lang|de|Bundesrat}}, a representation of the states). During the initial three and a half years of the Confederation, a conservative-liberal cooperation undertook important steps to unify (Northern) Germany with regard to law and infrastructure. The designed political system and the political parties remained essentially the same also after 1870. Shortly after its inception, tensions emerged between the North German Confederation and the [[Second French Empire]], which was ruled by the [[Emperor of the French|French Emperor]] [[Napoleon III]]. In Summer 1870, a dispute over a new king for Spain escalated into the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. At the time, the original Confederation had nearly 30 million inhabitants of whom 80% lived in [[Prussia]], thus making up roughly 75% of the population of the future German Empire. Under these circumstances, the South German states of [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]], [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse-Darmstadt]], [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]] and [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]] previously opposed to the Confederation ultimately decided to join it.<ref>Michael Kotulla: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934)''. Springer, Berlin 2008, pp. 525–527.</ref> [[Constitution of the German Confederation 1871|A new short-lived constitution]] subsequently entered into force on 1 January 1871 proclaiming in its preamble and article 11 the "[[German Empire]]" despite being titled as one of a new "German Confederation", but it lasted only four months. Following the victory in the war with France, the German princes and senior military commanders [[William I of Germany#Emperor|proclaimed Wilhelm "German Emperor"]] in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles.<ref>[http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/kaiserreich/innenpolitik/reichsgruendung/index.html Die Reichsgründung 1871] (The Foundation of the Empire, 1871), Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online, accessed 2008-12-22. German text translated: [...] on the wishes of Wilhelm I, on the 170th anniversary of the elevation of the House of Brandenburg to royal status on January 18, 1701, the assembled German princes and high military officials proclaimed Wilhelm I as German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Versailles Palace.</ref> Transition from the Confederation to the Empire was completed when the [[Constitution of the German Empire]] which prevailed until the demise of the monarchy entered into force on 4 May 1871, while France recognised the empire on 10 May 1871 in the [[Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)|Treaty of Frankfurt]].<ref>Crankshaw, Edward. ''Bismarck''. New York, The Viking Press, 1981, p. 299.</ref><ref>Ernst Rudolf Huber: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789.'' Vol. III: ''Bismarck und das Reich.'' 3rd edition, W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart [et al.] 1988, p. 747.</ref> == Prelude == For most of 1815–1833, Austria and Prussia worked together and used the [[German Confederation]] as a tool to suppress liberal and national ambitions in the German population. ===''Zollverein''=== The first major step towards a [[Lesser Germany|Lesser German solution]] was the ''[[Zollverein]]'', a customs union formed by the treaties of 1833, with [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] being the primary driver behind the customs union.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ploeckl|first=Florian|date=2020|title=A novel institution: the ''Zollverein'' and the origins of the customs union|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-institutional-economics/article/abs/novel-institution-the-zollverein-and-the-origins-of-the-customs-union/44D39974F7D2B3B9DE3DCD1135764EB4|journal=Journal of Institutional Economics|volume=17|issue=2|language=en|pages=305–319|doi=10.1017/S1744137420000387|s2cid=211238300|issn=1744-1374}}</ref> Although it was formally inaugurated on 1 January 1834, its origins may be traced to a variety of [[custom union]]s among the German states, formed beginning from 1818. The ''Zollverein'' was not subordinate to the Austrian-led [[German Confederation]] (1815–1866) and [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] itself was excluded because of its highly [[Protectionism|protectionist]] trade policy, the unwillingness to split its customs territory into the separate Austrian, Hungarian and Galician-Lodomerian ones, as well as due to opposition of [[Prince von Metternich]] to the idea.<ref>{{cite web |title=Germany – The age of Metternich and the era of unification, 1815–71 |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/The-age-of-Metternich-and-the-era-of-unification-1815-71 |publisher=Britannica}}</ref> Nevertheless, the ''Zollverein'' managed to include by 1866 the majority of the German states.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ploeckl|first=Florian|date=2020|title=A novel institution: the ''Zollverein'' and the origins of the customs union|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-institutional-economics/article/abs/novel-institution-the-zollverein-and-the-origins-of-the-customs-union/44D39974F7D2B3B9DE3DCD1135764EB4|journal=Journal of Institutional Economics|volume=17|issue=2|language=en|pages=305–319|doi=10.1017/S1744137420000387|s2cid=211238300|issn=1744-1374}}</ref> ===Frankfurt Parliament and the Erfurt Union=== In 1849, the National Assembly in Frankfurt elected the Prussian king as the Emperor of a [[Lesser Germany]] (a Germany without Austria). The king refused and tried to unite Germany with the [[Erfurt Union]] of 1849–1850. When the union parliament met in early 1850 to discuss the constitution, the participating states were mainly only those in Northern and Central Germany. Austria and the southern German states Württemberg and Bavaria forced Prussia to give up its union plans in late 1850.<ref>David E. Barclay: ''Preußen und die Unionspolitik 1849/1850''. In: Gunther Mai (ed.): ''Die Erfurter Union und das Erfurter Unionsparlament 1850''. 2000, pp. 53–80, here pp. 78–80.</ref> In April and June 1866, Prussia proposed a Lesser Germany again. A corner stone of the proposal was the election of a German parliament based on universal male suffrage.<ref>Ernst Rudolf Huber: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789''. Vol. III: ''Bismarck und das Reich''. 3rd edition, [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], Stuttgart et al. 1988, pp. 536/537.</ref> The proposal explicitly mentioned the Frankfurt election law of 1849. [[Otto von Bismarck]], the minister-president of Prussia, wanted to gain sympathy within the national and liberal movement of the time. Austria and its allies refused the proposal. In summer 1866 Austria and Prussia fought with their respective allies in the [[Austro-Prussian War]]. === Peace of Prague and dissolution of German Confederation=== Prussia and Austria signed a Nikolsburg preliminary (26 July) and a final [[Peace of Prague (1866)|peace treaty of Prague]] (23 August). Austria accepted the Prussian demand for the German Confederation to be dissolved. Prussia was allowed to create instead a "closer federation" ({{lang|de|einen engeren Bund}}) in Germany north of the river Main. Bismarck had already agreed on this limitation with the French emperor Napoleon III prior to the peace talks.<ref>Ernst Rudolf Huber: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789''. Vol. III: ''Bismarck und das Reich''. W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart [et al.] 1963, p. 570.</ref> ==Formation of the North German Confederation== ===Military alliance=== On 18 August 1866, Prussia and a larger number of North and Central German states signed the [[North German Confederation Treaty]] establishing a {{lang|de|Bündniß}} (alliance). The treaty created a military alliance for one year. It also affirmed that the states wanted to form a federal state based on the Prussian proposals of June 1866. They agreed to have a parliament elected to discuss a draft constitution. At the same time, the original East Prussian cradle of the Prussian statehood as well as the Prussian-held Polish- or Kashubian-speaking territories of [[Province of Posen]] and [[West Prussia]] were formally ′annexed into Germany. Saxony and Hesse-Darmstadt, former enemies in the war of 1866, had to agree their accession to the new federation in their respective peace treaties (Hesse-Darmstadt only joined with its northern province, Upper Hesse).<ref>Michael Kotulla: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934)''. Springer, Berlin 2008, pp. 491–492.</ref> Later in 1866, other states joined the treaty. The liberals in the Prussian parliament favored a wholesale annexation of all North German territories by Prussia. In a similar way, Sardinia–Piedmont had created the [[Kingdom of Italy]]. But Bismarck chose a different approach. Prussia incorporated (in October 1866) only the former military opponents Hannover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, the free city of Frankfurt, and the Hesse-Homburg area of Hesse Darmstadt. These areas were combined into the two new Prussian provinces of Hannover and Hesse-Nassau. Schleswig and Holstein also became a Prussian province.<ref>Ernst Rudolf Huber: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789''. Vol. III: "Bismarck und das Reich". 3rd edition, W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart (et al.) 1988, pp. 580–583.</ref> === Towards a federal constitution === [[File:Chart Constitution of the North German Confederation 1867 EN.svg|thumb|Chart illustrating the constitution of the North German Confederation]] Bismarck sought advice from conservative and democratic politicians and finally presented a draft constitution to the other state governments. At the same time, in late 1866, Prussia and the other states prepared the election of a North German parliament. This {{lang|de|konstituierender Reichstag}} was elected in February 1867 based on state laws. The {{lang|de|konstituierender Reichstag}} gathered from February to April. In close talks with Bismarck, it altered the draft constitution in some significant points. The {{lang|de|konstituierender Reichstag}} was not a parliament but only an organ to discuss and accept the draft constitution. After that, the state parliaments (June 1867) ratified it so that on 1 July the constitution was enabled. In August, the first Reichstag of the new federal state was elected. A major factor in determining the form the new federal government would take was the aftermath of the recently concluded [[American Civil War]], which had seen the southern states forcibly re-incorporated into the [[United States of America]] and [[slavery in the United States|slavery]] abolished. While few Germans were particularly sympathetic toward the precise institution (i.e., slavery) which had precipitated civil war in America, the prevailing viewpoint outside the U.S. at this time was that the slaves had only been emancipated as a reprisal for Southern secession from the American Union. With this in mind, many Catholics especially in Southern Germany feared that Prussia might one day might attempt to engineer a similar sort of secession crisis within a united Germany and use it as a pretext to launch a violent repression against Catholicism throughout Germany. Thus, it was Bismarck's intention to make the new federal state look like a confederation in the tradition of the German Confederation and explains the name of the country and several provisions in the draft constitution — Bismarck needed to make the federal state more attractive (or at least less repulsive) to southern German states which might later join.<ref>Christoph Vondenhoff: ''Hegemonie und Gleichgewicht im Bundesstaat. Preußen 1867–1933: Geschichte eines hegemonialen Gliedstaates''. Diss. Bonn 2000, Shaker Verlag, Aachen 2001, pp. 31–33.</ref> == Constructing the nation-state == During the roughly three and a half years of the North German Confederation its major action existed in legislation unifying Northern Germany. The Reichstag decided on laws concerning, for example: * free movement of citizens within the territory of the Confederation (1867) * a common postal system (1867–1868) * common passports (1867) * equal rights for the different religious denominations (1869) * unified measures and weights (with the obligatory introduction of the metric system) * penal code (1870) The North German Confederation also became a member of the {{lang|de|[[Zollverein]]}}, the German customs union of 1834. === Political system === [[File:KonstsitNDBT.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|First session of the {{lang|de|konstituierender Reichstag}} on 24&nbsp;February 1867. This organ was actually not a parliament as there was no federal state then. Its sole purpose was to discuss and accept the draft constitution. Later, in August, the North Germans elected the first Reichstag as established by the new constitution.]] The [[North German Constitution]] of 16 April 1867 created a national parliament with universal suffrage (for men above the age of 25), the {{lang|de|[[Reichstag (North German Confederation)|Reichstag]]}}. Another important organ was the {{lang|de|[[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat]]}}, the 'federal council' of the representatives of the state governments. To adopt a law, a majority in the Reichstag and in the Bundesrat was necessary. This gave the allied governments, meaning the states (and, depending on the state, their princes), an important veto. Executive power was vested in a [[chancellor of Germany|chancellor]], being the only responsible federal minister of the country. There was no formal cabinet, and in the time of the North German Confederation there were only two government departments anyway: the {{lang|de|Bundeskanzleramt}} as the general office of the chancellor, and, since early 1870, the foreign office. The chancellor was installed and dismissed by the {{lang|de|Bundespräsidium}}. This office belonged automatically to the Prussian king (art. 11). The holder was de facto the head of state of the North German Confederation. (Bismarck wanted to avoid the title {{lang|de|Präsident}} with its republican air.) For all intents and purposes, the Confederation was dominated by Prussia. It had four-fifths of the confederation's territory and population – more than the other 21 members combined. The Prussian king was a kind of head of state. Chancellor Bismarck was also prime minister and foreign minister of Prussia. In that role he instructed the Prussian votes in the Bundesrat. Prussia had 17 of 43 votes in the Bundesrat despite being by far the largest state but could easily get a majority by making alliances with the smaller states. ===Customs union=== In June 1867 a conference took place between Prussia and the south German states, who were not members of the North German Confederation. After pressure from Prussia, new Customs Union ({{lang|de|Zollverein}}) treaties were signed the following month. Henceforth, the governing bodies of the Customs Union were the Bundesrat and Reichstag of the North German Confederation, augmented by representatives of the south German governments in the former and members from these states elected in the same way as the others in the latter. When augmented thus for customs matters, the institutions were known as the Federal Customs Council and the Customs Parliament ({{lang|de|Zollparlament}}).<ref name=Hend314>Henderson, William. The Zollverein. Publ Cambridge University Press, 1939; p.314</ref> On 1 January 1868, the new institutions came into force. Bismarck hoped that the {{lang|de|Zollverein}} might become the vehicle of German unification. But in the 1868 [[Zollparlament election, 1868|{{lang|de|Zollparlament|nocat=y}} election]] the South Germans voted mainly for anti-Prussian parties. On the other hand, the two Mecklenburg duchies and three Hanseatic cities were initially not members of the Customs Union. The Mecklenburgs and Lübeck joined soon after the North German Confederation was formed. Eventually, after heavy Prussian pressure, [[Accession of Hamburg to the German Customs Union (Zollverein)|Hamburg acceded to the Customs Union]] in 1888. Bremen joined at the same time. Despite this, all these states fully participated in the federal institutions, even while outside the Customs Union and not directly affected by their decisions in that regard. === Postage stamps === [[File:Stamp of North German Confederation.jpg|thumb|North German 7-[[kreuzer]] stamp, 1868. The postal services in the north German states were united into the {{lang|de|Norddeutscher Postbezirk}}, the predecessor of the {{lang|de|Reichspost}}.]] {{Main|Postage stamps and postal history of the North German Confederation}} One of the functions of the confederation was to handle mail and issue postage stamps. ===Transition to the German Empire=== {{main|German Empire}} In mid-1870, a diplomatic crisis concerning the Spanish throne led eventually to the [[Franco-Prussian War]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Manfred |last=Görtemaker |title=Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert: Entwicklungslinien |location=Opladen |year=1983 |page=244 |isbn=9783663096559 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGyEBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 }}</ref> During the war, in November 1870, the south German states of [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]], [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]], and [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]] (together with the parts of [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse-Darmstadt]] that were left out of the Confederation) joined the North German Confederation. On this occasion, the country adopted a new constitution, and the name of the federal state was changed to {{lang|de|Deutsches Reich}} (German Empire). According to a minority among German experts, the North German Confederation and the southern states created a new federal state (the German Empire). Indeed, Bismarck allowed the south German states to save face and therefore used terminology suggesting a new creation. But Kotulla emphasizes that legally only accession of the southern states to the North German Confederation was possible; the legal basis for such an accession was art. 79 of the North German federal constitution.<ref>Michael Kotulla: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934)''. Springer, Berlin 2008, p. 526.</ref> On 10 December 1870 the Reichstag of the North German Confederation had adopted a [[Constitution of the German Confederation (1871)|new constitution]], still titled as one of the {{lang|de|Deutscher Bund}} (German Confederation) in spite of establishing for the state a new name {{lang|de|Deutsches Reich}} (German Realm or German Empire) and granting the title of [[German Emperor]] to the [[King of Prussia]] holding the {{lang|de|Bundespräsidium}} of the Confederation; it entered into force on 1 January 1871, but lasted only four months.<ref name="case139-140">{{cite book |title=European Constitutional History |last=Case |first=Nelson |year=1902 |publisher=Jennings & Pye |location=Cincinnati |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_G2t9AAAAMAAJ/page/n151 139]–140 |oclc=608806061 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_G2t9AAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Following the victory in the war with France, the German princes and senior military commanders [[William I of Germany#Emperor|proclaimed Wilhelm "German Emperor"]] in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles.<ref>[http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/kaiserreich/innenpolitik/reichsgruendung/index.html Die Reichsgründung 1871] (The Foundation of the Empire, 1871), Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online, accessed 2008-12-22. German text translated: [...] on the wishes of Wilhelm I, on the 170th anniversary of the elevation of the House of Brandenburg to royal status on January 18, 1701, the assembled German princes and high military officials proclaimed Wilhelm I as German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Versailles Palace, and he accepted the title.</ref> This latter date was later customarily celebrated as the symbolic day of 'foundation of the German Empire' ({{lang|de|Deutsche Reichsgründung}}), although it had no constitutional meaning.<ref>Ernst Rudolf Huber: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789.'' Vol. III: ''Bismarck und das Reich.'' 3rd edition, W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart [et al.] 1988, pp. 750/751.</ref> After a new Reichstag was elected on 3 March 1871, the transition from the Confederation to the Empire was completed when the permanent [[Constitution of the German Empire]] prevailing until the demise of the monarchy entered into force on 4 May 1871, while France recognised the empire on 10 May 1871 in the [[Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)|Treaty of Frankfurt]].<ref>Crankshaw, Edward. ''Bismarck''. New York, The Viking Press, 1981, p. 299.</ref><ref>Ernst Rudolf Huber: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789.'' Vol. III: ''Bismarck und das Reich.'' 3rd edition, W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart [et al.] 1988, p. 747.</ref> The three constitutions (1867, January 1871, and April 1871) were nearly identical. It took roughly a decade to develop the country into a fully grown federal state, with several governmental departments (a kind of ministries), responsible state secretaries (a kind of ministers, 1878), and an imperial court ({{lang|de|Reichsgericht}}, 1879). == List of member states == [[File:North German Confederation and Prussia (Fullarton, 1872).jpg|thumb|Detailed map of North German Confederation.]] All of the member states had already belonged to the German Confederation of 1815–66. Austria and the south German states Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and the Grand Duchy of Hesse (Hesse-Darmstadt) remained outside of the North German Confederation. Though, the northern province {{lang|de|Oberhessen}} of the Grand Duchy of Hesse did join. In northern, central and eastern Germany, Prussia: * had gathered a number of allies that joined the North German Confederation via the August treaties ({{lang|de|Augustverträge}}) of August 1866; * annexed four former enemy states (Hanover, Kurhessen, Nassau, Frankfurt) which became parts of Prussia (October 1866); * included its own territories formerly outside of the Holy Roman Empire and the German Confederation, namely the East Prussian cradle of its statehood as well as the Prussian-conquered Polish territories ([[Province of Posen]], [[West Prussia]]) in the new state, thus formally annexing them into Germany * forced the remaining states into the North German Confederation via the peace treaties. Lauenburg is sometimes mentioned as one of the member states, sometimes not. It was one of the three duchies that had earlier belong to Denmark. Lauenburg was a state with the Prussian king as duke until 1876, when it became a part of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein. {{Table of states in the German Empire|NDB}} == See also == {{Commons category|North German Confederation}} * [[North German Constitution]] * [[Former countries in Europe after 1815]] * [[German unification]] ==Notes== {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * Craig, Gordon A. ''Germany, 1866–1945'' (1978) pp.&nbsp;11–22 [https://www.questia.com/library/book/germany-1866-1945-by-gordon-a-craig.jsp online edition] * {{Cite book |last=Holborn |first=Hajo |title=A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945 |date=1959 |isbn=9780394302782 |pages=173–232|publisher=Knopf }} * Hudson, Richard. "The Formation of the North German Confederation." ''[[Political Science Quarterly]]'' (1891) 6#3 pp: 424–438. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139487 in JSTOR] * Nipperdey, Thomas. ''Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866'' (1996), very dense coverage of every aspect of German society, economy and government * Pflanze, Otto. ''Bismarck and the Development of Germany, Vol. 1: The Period of Unification, 1815–1871'' (1971) * Taylor, A.J.P. ''Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman'' (1967) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14683010 online edition] {{States of the North German Confederation}} {{GermanUnification}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|52|31|N|13|24|E|type:country_source:kolossus-ptwiki|display=title}} [[Category:North German Confederation| ]] [[Category:Modern history of Germany]] [[Category:Former confederations]] [[Category:Kingdom of Prussia]] [[Category:Kingdom of Saxony]] [[Category:1860s in Germany]] [[Category:1870s in Germany]] [[Category:1860s in Prussia]] [[Category:1870s in Prussia]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1867]] [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1871]] [[Category:1867 establishments in Germany]] [[Category:1871 disestablishments in Germany]] [[Category:1867 establishments in Prussia]] [[Category:1870s disestablishments in Prussia]] [[Category:19th century in Germany]] [[Category:19th century in Prussia]]'