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'{{Short description|Japanese shipping line}} {{Infobox company | name = Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha | native_name = 日本郵船株式会社 | native_name_lang = ja | logo = [[File:Nippon Yusen company logo.svg|270px]] | image = [[File:Yusen Building.jpg|200px]] | image_caption = Headquarters in [[Marunouchi]], [[Chiyoda, Tokyo]] | type = [[Public company|Public]] [[Kabushiki Kaisha|K.K.]] | traded_as = {{TYO|9101}}<br/>[[Nagoya Stock Exchange|NSE]]: 9101<br/>[[Nikkei 225|Nikkei 225 Component]] | foundation = {{Start date and age|1885|09|29}} | location = [[Marunouchi]], [[Chiyoda, Tokyo]], [[Japan]] | key_people = Tadaaki Naito<br/><small>([[Chairman]], [[Director (business)|Director]])</small><br/>Hitoshi Nagasawa<br/><small>([[President (corporate title)|President]])</small><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tradewindsnews.com/boxships/new-nyk-boss-hitoshi-nagasawa-gets-tough-on-ethics/2-1-624733 |title= New NYK boss Hitoshi Nagasawa gets tough on ethics |date=20 June 2019 |website=Trade Winds |access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref> | industry = [[Transport#Economic|Transportation]] | products = {{unbulleted list|[[Marine transportation]]|[[Air transportation]]|[[Cruise ship|Cruises]]|Terminal and harbor transport|Shipping-related services}} | revenue = {{decrease}} [[Japanese yen|JP¥]] 1,829 billion ([[US dollar|US$]] 16.5 billion) — [[Fiscal year|FY]] 2019 | net_income = {{increase}} JP¥ 60.3 billion (US$ 543.4 million) — FY 2019 | num_employees = 35,711 (as of March 31, 2019) | homepage = {{Official website|http://www.nyk.com/english|name=nyk.com}} | footnotes = <ref name="Profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyk.com/english/profile/profile/profile/ |title=Corporate Profile |publisher=NYK Line |access-date=September 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110074534/http://www.nyk.com/english/profile/profile/profile/ |archive-date=January 10, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyk.com/english/profile/profile/directors/ |title=Directors and Auditors |publisher=NYK Line |access-date=September 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110074535/http://www.nyk.com/english/profile/profile/directors/ |archive-date=January 10, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=9101:JP |title=Company Snapshot |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |access-date=September 14, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=9101:JP |title=Financials |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=September 14, 2015}}</ref> }} [[Image:NYK maritime museum01s3200.jpg|275px|thumb|[[NYK Maritime Museum]] and NYK's [[Yokohama]] branch]] [[File:NYK LINE container.jpeg|275px|thumb|right|NYK Line container]] The {{Nihongo|'''Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha'''|日本郵船株式会社|Nippon Yūsen [[kabushiki kaisha]]|{{literal translation|Japan Mail Steamship Company}}}}, also known as '''NYK Line''', is a Japanese [[shipping]] company. The company headquarters are located in [[Chiyoda, Tokyo]], [[Japan]]. It operates a fleet of over 800 ships, which includes [[container ship]]s, [[Tanker (ship)|tankers]], bulk and woodchip carriers, [[roll-on/roll-off]] car carriers, reefer vessels, [[LNG carrier]]s, and cruise ships. It is a member of the [[Ocean Network Express]]<ref name="Profile"/> and [[Mitsubishi Group]]. ==History== ===1870-1900=== The company traces its history back to the ''Tsukumo Shokai'' shipping company founded by the [[Tosa Domain|Tosa]] clan in 1870. In 1875, as the renamed ''Mitsubishi Shokai'', the company inaugurated Japan's first [[passenger liner]] service, with a route from [[Yokohama]] to [[Shanghai]]; in that same year, the company name was changed to Mitsubishi Mail Steamship Company. In 1885, a merger with ''Kyodo Unyu Kaisha'' (founded 1882) led to the adoption of the company's present name.<ref name="history">NYK: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060702231242/http://www.nykline.co.jp/english/profile/about/history.htm History.]</ref> The merged company had a fleet of 58 [[steamship]]s and expanded its operations rapidly, first to other Asian ports and then worldwide, with a line service to [[Seattle]] established in 1896<ref name=shinmasu>{{citation |last=Shinmasu|first=Ikuo|title=Part 5, The Great Seattle Shipping Route | newspaper=[[North American Post]] |date=May 14, 2022 |url=https://napost.com/2022/part-5-the-great-seattle-shipping-route/}}</ref> and to [[London]] in 1899.<ref name="history" /> The company's [[Katori Maru (1913)|''Katori Maru'']] was used by [[Islam in China|Chinese Muslims]] to travel to Singapore on their way to [[Makkah]] for the [[Hajj]] in 1925. From there, the company had the pilgrims travel on board other Japanese steamships to Suez and then to Makkah. The company promised to take responsibility for all the necessary formalities and helped contact other local transportation agencies that could take the pilgrims to Makkah. Chinese pilgrims were promised a 20% discount for their tickets. A third-class ticket that sold for £5/10/0 would be £4/8/0, while a second-class ticket sold for £14/0/0 would be sold for £11/5/0.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Li|first=Gang|title=The Hui Muslims' Identity Negotiations (PhD Thesis)|publisher=University of Groningen|year=2021|pages=212–213}}</ref> ===1900-1945=== The majority of Japanese merchant ships, tankers, and liners sailed under the NYK banner in this period. Regular services linked [[Kobe]] and [[Yokohama]] with South America, [[Jakarta|Batavia]], [[Melbourne]], and [[Cape Town]], with frequent crossings to [[San Francisco]] and [[Seattle]]. Other routes connected local Chinese [[cabotage]] vessels on the Chinese coasts and upper [[Yangtze River]]. Ocean routes went east from Japan to [[Vancouver]] (Canada) or Seattle. Another way was to stop in [[Hawaii]], which continued to San Francisco and the [[Panama Canal]]. The next commercial routes were south from Japan, across the [[East China Sea]]. These went to Southeast Asia, the China coasts, and towards India and the Indian Ocean, to Europe or Batavia ([[Dutch Indies]]), or [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]. The fastest services took 10 days from Yokohama to Seattle, and one month to Europe. Local sea routes connected 78 home seaports (38 open to foreign trade). Yokohama, Kobe, and Osaka had the greatest importance for trading with Japan. These ports had the third, fourth, and eighth place in net tonnage registered in the world. Coal passed from [[Moji, Fukuoka|Moji]] to Osaka and Yokohama. [[Karafuto]] timber represented a third part of local trade. [[Soybean]] products from [[Dairen]] and [[Ryojun]] arrived at Yokohama. The [[sugarcane]] of the [[South Seas Mandate]] and [[Taiwan|Formosa]], cotton, salt, and minerals represented other important parts of these transport transactions. In 1926, Toyo Kisen Line (TKK), with its fleet of nine ships, merged with NYK. The current funnel livery was introduced in 1929. The company also ran services connecting metropolitan Japan to its exterior provinces ([[Korea under Japanese rule|Chosen]], [[Karafuto]], [[Kwantung]], [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Formosa]] and [[South Seas Mandate|South Mandate]]) of the Empire. From 1924, all new cargo ships for NYK were [[motor ship]]s.{{sfn|Talbot-Booth|1942|pp=516–517}} NYK introduced its first passenger motor ships in 1929, but continued to buy a mixture of steam and motor passenger ships until 1939.{{sfn|Talbot-Booth|1942|pp=515–516}} In World War II, the NYK Line provided military transport and [[hospital ship]]s for the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy. Many vessels were sunk by the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] navies, and installations and ports were attacked from the air. Only 37 NYK ships survived the war. The company lost 185 ships in support of military operations in the Pacific.<ref>[http://www.nykeurope.com/index.php NYK Europe:] Europe: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080921025022/http://www.nykeurope.com/history.php Corporate Profile, history]</ref> Before the war, NYK had 36 passenger ships;{{sfn|Talbot-Booth|1942|pp=515–516}} by the time of [[Surrender of Japan#Surrender|Japan's surrender]] only one, the motor ship ''[[Hikawa Maru]]'', survived.<ref name=CF>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/Hikawa_t.htm |last1=Hackett |first1=Bob |last2=Kingsepp |first2=Sander |last3=Cundall |first3=Peter |title=IJN Hospital Ship Hikawa Maru: Tabular Record of Movement |work=Japanese Hospital Ships |date=1998–2011 |access-date=16 April 2013}}</ref> NYK's surviving vessels and equipment were confiscated by the Allied authorities as [[war reparations|reparation]]s, or taken by recently liberated Asian states in 1945-46. [[Shipping Control Authority for the Japanese Merchant Marine]] requisitioned ''Hikawa Maru'' as a transport ship to repatriate Japanese soldiers and civilians from territories that had been liberated from Japanese occupation.<ref name=CF/> ===Fleet until 1945=== The NYK tonnage expanded in bursts, responding to changes economic conditions and perceived changes in the market for passenger liner travel. The evolution of the fleet mirrors some of those developments. In the following lists, the dates of maiden voyages are indicated with each ship's name.<ref>Although conventionally used today, unofficial names or sobriquets like ''Yamashiro Maru II'' or ''Yamashiro III'' are not used here, since each ship's official name was simply ''Yamashiro Maru''. Instead, the year of the ship's maiden voyage or year the vessel entered service is used to tell the ships apart when names are repeated (as in article names), hence [[Yamashiro Maru (1899)]], [[Yamashiro Maru (1912)]] and [[Yamashiro Maru (1963)]] — not ''Yamashiro Maru'', ''Yamashiro Maru II'' and ''Yamashiro Maru III''.</ref> Amongst the many ships in the early NYK fleet, some names comprise serial categories.<ref name="sl_nyk1">ShipsList: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060518102731/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/nyk.htm NYK Line fleet].</ref> Some ships were named after [[Shinto]] shrines, and others were named after ancient [[provinces of Japan]], [[cities of Japan]], [[List of mountains and hills of Japan by height|mountains of Japan]] or [[List of islands of Japan|islands of Japan]]. Some ships had explicitly non-Japanese names, such as ships named after cities. {{dynamic list}} {{col-begin}} {{col-5}} <u>Shinto shrines</u><br/> ''[[Chichibu Maru]]'' (1930).{{sfn|Ponsonby-Fane|1931|p=48}}<br/> ''[[Hie Maru]]'' (1930).{{sfn|Jordan|2006|p=258}}<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4036219 ''Hie Maru,'' ID#4036219].</ref><br/> ''[[Heian Maru (1930)|Heian Maru]]'' (1930).{{sfn|Jordan|2006|p=258}}<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4036813 ''Heian Maru,'' ID#4036813].</ref><br/> ''[[Hikawa Maru]]'' (1930).<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4035370 ''HIkawa Maru,'' ID#4035370].</ref> <br/> ''[[Japanese aircraft carrier Taiyō|Kasuga Maru]]'' (1940).{{sfn|Jordan|2006|p=258}}<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4035370 ''Kasuga Maru,'' ID#4035370].</ref><br/><!-- [[Japanese aircraft carrier Taiyō|Taiyō]] --> ''[[Kitano Maru]]'' (1909).<ref>[http://alberteinstein.info/vufind1/Record/EAR000077849 N.Y.K. Line S. S. Kitano Maru, Einstein Archives Online], named after the shrine [[Kitano Tenmangū]]</ref><br/> ''[[Nitta Maru]]'' (1939).<ref>Haworth, R.B. Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4046813 ''Nitta Maru,'' ID#4046813].</ref> <br/> <!-- [[Japanese aircraft carrier Chūyō|Chūyō]] --> ''[[Tatsuta Maru]]'' (1930).{{sfn|Jordan|2006|p=258}}{{sfn|Ponsonby-Fane|1931|p=50}}<ref>Haworth, R.B. Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4035362 ''Tatsuta Maru,'' ID#4035362].</ref><br/> [[Terukuni Maru (1929)|''Terukuni Maru'']] (1930).{{sfn|Ponsonby-Fane|1931|p=39}}<br/> ''[[Yawata Maru]]'' (1939)<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4047477 ''Yawata Maru,'' ID#4047477].</ref><br/><!-- [[Japanese aircraft carrier Unyō|Unyō]] --> {{col-5}} <u>Provinces</u><ref>{{cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Ponsonby-Fane |year=1964 |title=Visiting Famous Shrines in Japan |location=Kyoto |publisher=Kamikamo |page=365}}</ref><ref>''N.b.'' NYK ships named after the former provinces of Japan or ''kunikyū class''</ref><br/> [[Awa Maru (1899)|''Awa Maru'']] (1899).{{sfn|Ponsonby-Fane|1931|p=8}}<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4004181 ''Awa Maru,'' ID#4004181]{{dead link|date=January 2017}}.</ref><br/> [[Awa Maru (1943)|''Awa Maru'']] (1943).<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4049894 ''Awa Maru,'' ID#4049894].</ref><br/> ''[[Kaga Maru]]'' (19__).{{sfn|Ponsonby-Fane|1931|p=9}}<br/> ''[[Noto Maru]]'' (1934).<ref>Peterson, Rick. [http://www.bataansurvivor.com/content/the_hell_ships/1.php Noto Maru, Hell ship]</ref><ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4039723 ''Noto Maru,'' ID#4039723].</ref><br/> ''Tango Maru'' (1905).{{sfn|Jordan|2006|p=258}}<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4009330 ''Tango Maru,'' ID#4009330].</ref> {{col-5}} <u>Mountains</u><br/> ''[[Asama Maru]]'' (1929).{{sfn|Ponsonby-Fane|1931|p=45}}<ref>Haworth, R.B. [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ Miramar Ship Index]: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4035342 ''Asama Maru,'' ID#4035342].</ref><br/> ''[[Maya Maru]]'' (1925).{{sfn|Ponsonby-Fane|1931|loc=Appendix, p. 3}}<br/> ''[[Rokko Maru]]'' (1923).{{sfn|Ponsonby-Fane|1931|loc=Appendix, p. 3}} {{col-5}} <u>Cities</u><br/> [[Asuka Maru (1924)|''Asuka Maru'']] (1924).<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4030494 ''Asuka Maru,'' ID#4030494].</ref><br/> ''Calcutta Maru'' (1917).<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4020373 ''Calcutta Maru,'' ID#4020373].</ref><br/> ''Dakar Maru'' (1920).<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4026933 ''Dakar Maru,'' ID#4026933].</ref><br/> ''Durban Maru'' (1920).<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4026431 ''Durban Maru,'' ID#4026431].</ref><br/> ''Hakone Maru'' (1921)<ref>Jordan 1931, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lhac0fSx-rsC&dq=kasuga+maru&pg=PT258 p. 257]</ref><ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4028453 ''Hakone Maru,'' ID#4028453].</ref><br/> ''[[Lima Maru]]'' (1920).<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4026947 ''Lima Maru,'' ID#4026947].</ref><br/> ''[[Lisbon Maru]]'' (1920).<ref>[http://www.lisbonmaru.com/ Sinking of Lisbon Maru]; Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4027254 ''Lisbon Maru,'' ID#4027254].</ref><br/> ''[[Lyons Maru]]'' (1920).<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4026949 ''Lyons Maru,'' ID#4026949].</ref> {{col-5}} <u>Miscellaneous</u><br/> ''[[Korea Maru]]'' (1901).<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=2161196 ''Korea Maru,'' ID#2161196].</ref><br/> ''[[Kyushu Maru]]'' (1862).<ref name="sl_nyk1"/><br/> ''[[Rosetta Maru]]'' (1900).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/94407ROSETTA-1880pdf.pdf|title=Rosetta (1880)|website=P&O Heritage}}</ref><br/> ''[[Siberia Maru]]'' (1901).<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=2117179 ''Siberia Maru,'' ID #2117179].</ref><br/> ''[[Taiyo Maru]]'' (1911).{{sfn|Ponsonby-Fane|1931|p=48-49}}<br/> ''[[Toyama Maru]]'' (1915).<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4018180 ''Toyama Maru,'' ID#4018180].</ref><br/> ''[[Yoshida Maru]]'' (1941).<ref>ShipHistory: [http://www.ussmcgowandd678.org/ship_history2.htm Yoshida Maru, April 26, 1944]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130055749/http://www.ussmcgowandd678.org/ship_history2.htm |date=January 30, 2009 }}</ref><ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=4048724 ''Yoshida Maru,'' ID#4048724].</ref> {{col-end}} ===Fleet in post-war era=== The modern NYK tonnage encompasses a variety of ship names.<ref name="sl_nyk1" /> Some names form series, as in those ships named after [[flowers]], [[List of brightest stars|stars]], [[Lists of stars by constellation|star constellations]], and [[List of provinces of Japan|provinces]] of pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] Japan. {{dynamic list}} {{col-begin}} {{col-5}} <u>Flowers</u><br/> ''ACX Cherry'' (1994)<ref name="nykfleet">NYK: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070830205359/http://www2.nykline.com/liner/fleet_list/index.html fleet list]</ref><br/> ''ACX Hibiscus'' (1997)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''ACX Jasmine'' (1996)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''ACX Lily'' (1990)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''ACX Magnolia'' (1998)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''ACX Marguerite'' (1997)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''ACX Salvia'' (1997)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''Plumeria Leader'' (2022) {{col-5}} <u>Stars</u><br/> ''Altair Leader'' (2011)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''NYK Altair'' (2010)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''NYK Canopus'' (1998)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''NYK Deneb'' (2007)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''NYK Rigel'' (2009)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''NYK Sirius'' (1998)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''[[NYK Vega]]'' (2006)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''Rigel Leader'' (2011)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> {{col-5}} <u>Constellations</u><br/> ''Andromeda Leader'' (2007)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''Aphrodite Leader'' (2007)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''Apollon Leader'' (2007)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''Aries Leader'' (2014)<ref name="ariesleader">[http://www.nyk.com/english/release/3132/003318.html New Car Carrier Aries Leader Delivered]</ref><br/> ''[[Auriga Leader]]'' (2008)<ref name="aurigaleader">NYK-Nippon Oil Joint Project: [http://www.nyk.com/english/news/2009/0105_2/index.htm The World First Solar-Powered Ship Sails] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171643/http://www.nyk.com/english/news/2009/0105_2/index.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref><br/> ''Cepheus Leader'' (2006) <ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''Cetus Leader'' (2005) <ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''Equuleus Leader'' (2005) <ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''NYK Antares'' (1997)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''NYK Leo'' (2002)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''NYK Orion'' (2008)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''NYK Pegasus'' (2003)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''NYK Phoenix'' (2003)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''[[NYK Virgo]]'' (2007)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''Volans Leader'' (2003)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> {{col-5}} <u>Provinces</u><br/> ''Iga Maru'' (1996)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''Izu Maru'' (1997)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''Izumo Maru'' (1997)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''Kaga Maru'' (1988)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''Sanuki Maru'' (1997)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''Settsu Maru'' (1997)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> ''Shima Maru'' (1997)<ref name="nykfleet"/> {{col-5}} <u>Miscellaneous</u> <br/> ''Asama Maru'' (1954)<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=5026499 ''Asama Maru,'' ID#5026499].</ref><br/> ''Astoria Maru'' (1952)<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=5027572 ''Astoria Maru,'' ID#5027572].</ref><br/> ''[[Galaxy Leader]]'' (2002)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060704041611/http://www.shipphotos.co.uk/sheets/nyk.htm ShipPhotos, NYK]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060713163627/http://www.shipphotos.co.uk/pages/galaxyleader.htm ship at Southampton, 2006];</ref><ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=9237307 ''Galaxy Leader,'' ID#9237307.]{{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref><br/> ''Hakone Maru'' (1968)<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=6817194 ''Hakone Maru,'' ID#6817194].</ref><br/> ''Hikawa Maru'' (1974)<ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=7380590 ''Hikawa Maru,'' ID#7380590].</ref><br/> ''Zeus Leader'' (2009)<ref name="nykfleet"/><br/> {{col-end}} ===1950-present=== [[Image:Yusen Building, at Marunouchi 1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Head office of NYK Line (日本郵船) at Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan]] [[File:Hikawa-maruYokohama.jpg|thumb|The NYK liner ''[[Hikawa Maru]]'' preserved at [[Naka-ku, Yokohama]]]] By the mid-1950s NYK ships were again seen around the world. As the demand for passenger ships dwindled in the 1960s, NYK expanded its cargo operation, running Japan's first [[container ship]] [[Hakone Maru (1968)|''Hakone Maru'']] on a route to [[California]] in 1968 and soon establishing container ship routes to many other ports. NYK became a partner in [[Nippon Cargo Airlines]] in 1978, and in 1985, added [[United States]] container train service in cooperation with [[Southern Pacific Railroad|Southern Pacific]]. NYK revived its passenger ship business in 1989 with [[cruise ship]]s operated by its newly formed subsidiary [[Crystal Cruises]]. In 1990 NYK resumed passenger services under its own name when {{MS|Asuka}} entered service on the Japanese cruise market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/asuka_1991.htm |title=M/S ''Asuka'' |access-date=7 July 2009 |last=Asklander |first=Micke |work=Fakta om Fartyg |language=sv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101213920/http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/asuka_1991.htm |archive-date=January 1, 2009 }}</ref><ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=8913162 ''Asuka,'' ID#8913162].</ref> In 2006 ''Asuka'' was replaced by the much larger {{MS|Asuka II||2}}, formerly Crystal Cruises' ''Crystal Harmony''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/crystal_harmony_1990.htm |title=M/S ''Crystal Harmony'' (1990) |access-date=7 July 2009 |last=Asklander |first=Micke |work=Fakta om Fartyg |language=sv |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729133058/http://www.faktaomfartyg.nu/crystal_harmony_1990.htm |archive-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Miramar Ship Index: [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/list?search_op=OR&IDNo=8806204 ''Crystal Harmony,'' ID#8806204].</ref> At the end of March 2008, the NYK Group was operating about 776 major ocean vessels, as well as fleets of planes, trains, and trucks. The company's shipping fleet includes around 155 containerships, 286 bulk carriers, 55 woodchip carriers, 113 car carriers, 21 reefer carriers, 78 tankers, 30 LNG carriers, and three cruise ships. NYK's revenue in fiscal 2007 was about US$26 billion, and as a group NYK employs about 55,000 people worldwide. The company has offices in 240 places in 27 countries, warehouses on nearly every continent, and harbor operations in Asia, North America, and Europe. NYK head office is based in Tokyo, and has regional headquarters in London, New York, Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Sydney, and São Paulo. During the first decade of 2000s, NYK reached a remarkable position within the Liner ranking, as one of top twelve companies in the number of containers carried, number one RORO Carrier, and one of the main player in LNG and break bulk transport fields, plus several prominent awards for its cruise service quality. In April 2014, eight container sister ships of a new series were commissioned, and two more units were inserted as options in the construction contract. Both options were converted into firm orders in July 2014. The building began in spring 2015 at the shipyard Japan Marine United in Kure, [[Hiroshima]]. The first delivered ship of the ten units to be built within end of 2018, was ''mv NYK Blue Jay'' launched in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.containerst.com/news/view,introducing-inyk-blue-jayi_43354.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011110658/http://www.containerst.com/news/view,introducing-inyk-blue-jayi_43354.htm|archive-date=11 October 2016|title=Introducing NYK Blue Jay|date=16 June 2016|first=Andrew|last=McAlpine|website=Container Shipping and Trade}}</ref> All 10 vessels received names of bird species (therefore called the [[:de:NYK-Bird-Klasse|NYK-bird class]]). The ships are used on the European Far East route and are the largest container ships built in Japan so far, having a maximum container capacity of 14,026 TEU. In May 2021 NYK Line became the first Japanese shipping firm to join the [[Sustainable Shipping Initiative]]'s [[Ship Recycling Transparency Initiative]], which incorporates the [[Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Labrut |first=Michele |date=May 19, 2021 |title=NYK joins ship recycling transparency initiative |url=https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/environmental/nyk-joins-ship-recycling-transparency-initiative |work=Seatrade Maritime News |location= |access-date=May 19, 2021}}</ref> [[File:Car carrier Galaxy Leader.jpg|thumb|The NYK car carrier ''[[Galaxy Leader]]'']] On 19 November 2023, the NYK operated vessel ''[[Galaxy Leader]]'', while sailing in Red Sea en route to India, was hijacked by the Iranian backed [[Houthi]] on the grounds it was an Israeli owned vessel. ==Merger of container operations== {{Main|Ocean Network Express}} On Monday, 31 October 2016, [[Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha]], [[Mitsui OSK Lines]] and Nippon Yusen Kaisha agreed to merge their container shipping business by establishing a completely new joint venture company. The integration included their overseas terminal activities. The joint venture company operates under the name "[[Ocean Network Express]]" (ONE), with the company headquarters in Japan (Tokyo), a global business operations headquarters in Singapore and regional headquarters in United Kingdom (London), United States (Richmond, VA), Hong Kong, and Brazil (São Paulo).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theloadstar.co.uk/creation-ocean-network-express-will-turning-point-nyk-says-president/|website=The Loadstar|title=Creation of Ocean Network Express will be a turning point for NYK, says president|first=Mike|last=Wackett|date=3 October 2017}}</ref> The new company started its operations on 1 April 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://splash247.com/japans-big-three-lines-christen-new-merged-container-entity-ocean-network-express/|title=Japan's big three lines christen new merged container entity Ocean Network Express|first=Sam|last=Chambers|date=31 May 2017|website=Splash 247}}</ref> ==Container vessels fleet== [[File:NYK Virgo (8154929586).jpg|thumb|right|NYK Virgo]] {| class="wikitable" |+Container ship classes of NYK Line !Ship class !Built !Capacity (TEU) !Ships in class !Notes |- |[[NYK Vega-class container ship|''NYK Vega''-class]] |2006–2007 |9,012 |4 |Operated by [[Ocean Network Express]] |- |''NYK Oceanus''-class |2007–2008 |8,628–9,040 |4 |Operated by [[Ocean Network Express]] |- |''NYK Adonis''-class |2010–2011 |9,592 |3 |Operated by [[Ocean Network Express]] |- |[[Bird-class container ship|''NYK Bird''-class]] |2016–2019 |14,000 |15 |Operated by [[Ocean Network Express]] |} ==Roll-on/roll-off division== [[File:Heritage Leader, Southampton.jpg|thumb|''Heritage Leader'' vehicle carrier at Southampton]] NYK is also the world's largest [[roll-on/roll-off]] ocean carrier. NYK's RORO fleet has a 660,000 car capacity which represents just over 17% of the global car transportation fleet capacity. Over 123 vessels are deployed worldwide transporting cars<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/automobiles/around-the-world-with-5500-cars.html|title=Around the World With 5,500 Cars|date=13 July 2012|author= Ken Belson}}</ref> manufactured in Japan, US, EU towards Asia, Middle East, North & South America,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/205927/nyk-starts-south-america-roro-service-from-port-everglades/|title=NYK Line Starts South America RoRo Service from Port Everglades|work=World Maritime News}}</ref> Australia, Africa and Europe. In addition to brand new cars, High and Heavy cargo (such as excavators, mobile cranes, new and used trucks and buses, trailers, [[Mafi roll trailer]]s) and break bulk static pieces are carried all over the globe by NYK. [[File:Nippon Yusen Kaisha 1918 ad.png|thumb|Advertisement of Seattle, Washington sailings, March 1918]] [[File:NYK art waves and cranes c1930s.jpg|thumb|Advertisement ''circa'' 1930s]] [[File:NYK Line departure1935.jpg|220px|thumb|Advertisement ''circa'' 1935]] ==See also== {{Portal|Japan|Transport|Companies|Tokyo}} * {{Sclass|Hikawa Maru|ocean liner|2}} * ''[[New Carissa]]'' * {{Sclass|Terukuni Maru|ocean liner|2}} * [[John Wilson (Captain)|John Wilson]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin}} *{{cite book |last1=Chida |first1=Momohei |last2=Davies |first2=Peter |author2-link=Peter Davies (economic historian) |year=1990 |title=The Japanese Shipping and Shipbuilding Industries: A History of their Modern Growth |location=London |publisher=[[Athlone Press]] |isbn=978-0-485-11271-9 |oclc=20799046 }} *{{cite book |last=Jordan |first=Roger |year=2006 |title=The World's Merchant Fleets, 1939: The Particulars And Wartime Fates of 6,000 Ships |isbn= 9781591149590|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lhac0fSx-rsC&q=kasuga+maru&pg=PT258 |pages=257–261 }} *{{cite book |last=Kizu |first=Shigetoshi |year=1984 |title=A 100 Years' History of the Ships of Nippon Yusen Kaisha |location=Tokyo |publisher=NYK |isbn=978-4-905551-20-1 |oclc=16781302 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ2gPQAACAAJ&q=100+Year+History+of+the+Ships+of+Nippon+Yusen+Kaisha }} *{{cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Ponsonby-Fane |year=1935 |title=The Nomenclature of the N.Y.K. Fleet |location=Tokyo |publisher=NYK |oclc=27933596 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PdNAAAAAIAAJ&q=intitle:The+intitle:Nomeclature+intitle:of+intitle:the+intitle:NYK+intitle:Fleet }} *{{cite book |last=Talbot-Booth |first=E.C. |orig-year=1936 |year=1942 |title=Ships and the Sea |edition=Seventh |publisher=[[Sampson Low]], Marston & Co. Ltd |location=London |pages=515–517 }} *{{cite book |last=Wray |first=William D |year=1984 |title=Mitsubishi and the N.Y.K., 1870-1914: Business Strategy in the Japanese Shipping Industry |location=Harvard |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-57665-0 |oclc=10825248 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mitsubishinyk1870000wray }} {{Refend}} ==Further reading== *{{cite book |first1=Richard |last1=Cook |first2=Marcus |last2=Oleniuk |year=2007 |title=Around the World in 40 Feet, Two Hundred Days in the Life of a 40&nbsp;ft NYK Shipping Container |publisher=WordAsia Publishing |isbn=978-988-97392-3-2}} ==External links== {{commons category|NYK Line|Nippon Yusen}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040121030650/http://www2.nykline.com/home/index.html Company website (in English)] *[http://www.nykeurope.com/ Regional website for NYK Group in Europe (in English)] *[https://www.nyk.com/english/profile/history NYK History] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060518102731/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/nyk.htm NYK Group vessels at The Ships List] *[http://menus.nypl.org/search?utf8=✓&query=Nippon+Yusen+ Menus c.1900 & others from various Nippon Yusen oceanliners] *[http://www.nykroro.com/ NYK Line RORO] ==Image gallery== <gallery> File:Nyk Aphrodite p5 approaching Port of Rotterdam, Holland 09-Apr-2007.jpg|NYK Aphrodite File:NYK Argus (ship, 2003) 001.jpg|NYK Argus File:NYK Meteor - IMO 9337638, Port of Antwerp, pic1.JPG|NYK Meteor File:NYK Fuji (ship, 2011) 001.jpg|NYK Fuji File:Nyk Venus, at the Amazone harbour, Port of Rotterdam, Holland 29-Aug-2007.jpg|NYK Venus File:Neubau NYK HELIOS der NYK LINE einkommend Hamburg Höhe Tinsdal.jpg|NYK Helios File:NYK Leo p2 15feb2008 IJmuiden 15-Feb-2008.jpg|NYK Leo File:NYK Libra (ship, 2002) 001.jpg|NYK Libra File:NYK Orpheus (ship, 2008) 001.jpg|NYK Orpheus File:Le Havre (France), NYK Vega in containers terminal (2013) 2.JPG|NYK Vega File:Nyk Vesta, at the Amazone harbour, Port of Rotterdam, Holland 08-Apr-2007.jpg|NYK Vesta File:Apollon Leader departs Barbados.jpg|Apollon Leader File:Car carrier Galaxy Leader.jpg|Galaxy Leader File:Pegasus Leader.jpg|Pegasus Leader File:Car carrier Pleiades Leader.jpg|Pleiades Leader File:Car carrier CASTOR LEADER au port de Casablanca.jpg|Castor Leader File:NYK Line - panoramio (1).jpg|Cetus Leader File:Car carrier Gentle Leader 1.jpg|Gentle Leader File:Car carrier Cepheus Leader.jpg|Cepheus Leader File:Eridanus Leader (2).jpg|Eridanus Leader File:Car Carrier Rhea Leader.jpg|Rhea Leader File:Car carrier Coral Leader River Weser.jpg|Coral Leader File:Car carrier Cygnus Leader.jpg|Cygnus Leader File:Car carrier Daedalus Leader.jpg|Daedalus Leader File:NYK Line Glorious Express.jpg|Glorious Express File:NYK Aries Leader in San Diego Harbor.jpg|Aries Leader File:Pegasus Leader 01.jpg|Pegasus Leader File:Pyxis Leader NYK Line - IMO 9284738 - Panama.jpg|Pyxis Leader File:Victory Leader in Curaçao.JPG|Victory Leader File:Car carrier Volans Leader.jpg|Volans Leader File:NYK Bulk Carrier (30675228534).jpg|Pacific Islander File:Chihiro p3 approaching Port of Rotterdam, Holland 15-Dec-2007.jpg|Chichiro File:Ocean Clarion p4 Port of Rotterdam 21March2009.jpg|Ocean Clarion File:Ocean Corona (ship, 2009) IMO 9410404, Mississippi haven Port of Rotterdam pic1.jpg|Ocean Corona File:Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha asuka.jpg|Asuka </gallery> {{Mitsubishi Group}} {{Nikkei 225}} {{Container shipping companies}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Transport companies based in Tokyo]] [[Category:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]] [[Category:Companies listed on the Nagoya Stock Exchange]] [[Category:Companies in the Nikkei 225]] [[Category:Mitsubishi companies]] [[Category:Shipping companies of Japan]] [[Category:Container shipping companies]] [[Category:Empire of Japan]] [[Category:Postwar Japan]] [[Category:Transport companies established in 1885]] [[Category:Japanese companies established in 1885]] [[Category:Japanese brands]] [[Category:Car carrier shipping companies]] [[Category:Ro-ro shipping companies]]'