Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name) | '94.158.61.39' |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => '*'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
6 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
7 => 'editmyoptions',
8 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
9 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
10 => 'centralauth-merge',
11 => 'abusefilter-view',
12 => 'abusefilter-log',
13 => 'vipsscaler-test'
] |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | true |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 9844976 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Uzbek alphabet' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Uzbek alphabet' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => '94.158.61.39',
1 => '江毛',
2 => 'Modun',
3 => 'Alexlatham96',
4 => '213.230.76.1',
5 => 'Kwamikagami',
6 => '213.230.100.248',
7 => '2806:2F0:9181:C0BC:F0E0:F49E:A2A6:7567',
8 => '2806:2F0:9181:C0BC:121A:1289:173:6356',
9 => 'Mazewaxie'
] |
Page age in seconds (page_age) | 540171386 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | '/* Correspondence chart */' |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Scripts used to write the Uzbek language}}
[[File:Adib-i sani.jpg|thumb|upright|A page from an Uzbek book printed in Arabic script. [[Tashkent]], 1911.]]
The [[Uzbek language]] has been written in various scripts: [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] and [[Arabic script|Arabic]]. The language traditionally used Arabic script, but the official Uzbek government under the Soviet Union started to use Cyrillic in 1940, which is when [[Likbez|widespread literacy campaigns]] were initiated by the Soviet government across the Union. In [[Uzbekistan]], the Latin script was officially reintroduced, along with Cyrillic, in 1992, and a full transition to Latin script is awaiting implementation. In neighboring [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Tajikistan]], people use Cyrillic. In the [[Xinjiang]] region of China, some Uzbek speakers write using Cyrillic, others with an alphabet based on the [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet]]. Uzbeks of [[Afghanistan]] also write the language using [[Arabic script]], and the Arabic '''Uzbek alphabet''' is taught at some schools in the country.
== History ==
=== Arabic script ===
{{For|more information on Uzbek Arabic Alphabet|Southern Uzbek language}}
[[File:Uzbek_Arabic_Nastaliq_Alphabet.jpg|thumb|right|The Uzbek alphabet written in a variant of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] in the ''[[Nastaliq]]'' style.]]
Like all [[Turkic languages]] in [[Central Asia]] and its literary predecessor [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], Uzbek was written in various forms of the [[Arabic script]] historically. Following the [[October Revolution|Russian revolution]] and Soviet takeover of [[Russian Turkestan]], in January 1921, a reformed Arabic orthography designed by the [[Jadidist]]s was adopted, which replaced the [[Arabic diacritics|harakat]] marks used for short vowels with a fully alphabetic system that indicated every vowel and removed all letters that occurred only in Arabic loanwords and did not have a distinct phonetic value. It had six vowels and twenty-three consonants. Notably, unlike the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets that followed, it did not contain a letter to represent [[/f/]], due to the argument that it was always assimilated to [[/p/]] in the orthophony. Some had also proposed that there be no letter to represent [[/h/]], due to many dialects assimilating it to [[Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]], but this was not implemented in the end.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Khalid |first=Adeeb |url=http://archive.org/details/adeeb-khalid-making-uzbekistan-nation-empire-and-revolution-in-the-early-ussr-co |title=Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=2019 |isbn=9781501735851 |pages=264, 389 |quote=Latinization had been mooted in the wider Turkic world, but in January 1921 was nowhere a serious proposition. It was voted off the agenda, but the orthography ultimately approved by the conference was quite radical. It contained six vowels and twenty-three consonants. There were to be special letters for /ŋ/ and /v/, but /f/ was excluded on the argument that it was not used in Uzbek speech; it was assimilated to /p/. (Botu’s proposition to exclude /h/ as well and thus to recognize the ''h'' —> ''x'' shift in many dialects as standard was defeated.) All Arabic-specific letters were excluded, and Fitrat’s arguments for spelling Arabic loanwords according to general rules won the day. (...) the rural, hyper-Turkic phonetics of the Uzbek literary language adopted in 1929 had already been abandoned in favor of a six-vowel standard without vowel harmony in 1934. |author-link=Adeeb Khalid |access-date=12 January 2024 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
The Arabic script is still used for writing Uzbek in Afghanistan and by Afghan-Uzbek diaspora elsewhere. In the early 21st century, with the publication of dictionaries<ref name="DictionaryAimaq">Uzbek Turki to Persian/Dari Dictionary, authored by D. Faizullah Aimaq (فرهنگ تورکی اوزبیکی به فارسی/ دری، تألیف داکتر فیض الله ایماق) [https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf] ([https://archive.today/20230410155036/https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf Archive])</ref><ref>BBC News. BBC Persian. Harun Najafizaheh. “Publication of the first dictionary of Afghanistan’s Uzbek Language” (نجفیزاده هارون. “انتشار نخستین فرهنگ زبان ازبکی افغانستان.” ) BBC News. BBC, February 10, 2008. https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan/story/2008/02/080210_k-a-uzbek-dictionary.</ref> and literature by Afghan-Uzbek scholars, as well as the adaptation of Uzbek Arabic script by domestic as well as international news outlets (such as [[BBC News]] Uzbek Afghanistan, [https://www.bbc.com/uzbek/afghanistan Link]), the Arabic script has undergone a process of documentation and standardization.
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:right; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ا / آ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ب
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | پ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ت
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ث
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ج
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | چ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ح
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | خ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | د
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ذ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ر
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ز
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ژ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | س
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ش
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ص
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ض
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ط
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ظ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ع
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | غ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ف
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ق
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ک
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | گ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ل
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | م
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ن
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | نگ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | و
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ۉ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ۋ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ھ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ی
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ې
|
|}
=== Latin script ===
In 1929, as part of comprehensive programs to "[[Likbez|educate]]" (politically influence) [[Uzbeks|Uzbek people]], who for the first time now had their own cartographically delineated (administrative) region, Uzbek writing in the [[Uzbek SSR]] was switched to Latin script. The latinization of Uzbek was carried out in the context of [[Latinisation in the Soviet Union|latinization of all languages]] in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Language Planning and National Development: The Uzbek |last=Fierman |first=William |year=1991 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-012454-8 |pages=75 }}</ref> The new Latin script also brought about the letter {{Lang-uz|f|label=none}} to represent [[/f/]] and distinction of back and front vowels, adding a number of new characters for them.
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B ʙ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ç ç
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ə ə
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ƣ ƣ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ꞑ ꞑ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ө ө
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Q q
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | X x
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ƶ ƶ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '
|}
In 1934, the script underwent another reform, which reverted the addition of back-front vowel distinctions.<ref name=":0" /> The letters '''Ө ө, Y y, Ь ь''' were removed from the alphabet.
=== Cyrillic script ===
In 1940, Uzbek was [[Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union|switched]] to the [[Cyrillic script]] under [[Joseph Stalin]]:
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Б б
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |В в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Г г
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Д д
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Е е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ё ё
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ж ж
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |З з
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |И и
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Й й
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |К к
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Л л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |М м
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Н н
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |О о
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |П п
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Р р
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |С с
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Т т
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |У у
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ф ф
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ц ц
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ч ч
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ш ш
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ъ ъ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Э э
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ю ю
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Я я
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ў ў
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Қ қ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ғ ғ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ҳ ҳ
|}
The Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet contains all the letters of the Russian alphabet, apart from Щ and Ы, plus four extra ones, namely Ў, Қ, Ғ and Ҳ. These four letters are considered as separate letters and not letter variants. They come in alphabetical order after the letter Я.
The letters Ц and Ь are not used in Uzbek native words, but are included in the alphabet for writing loanwords, e. g. кальций (calcium). However, Щ and Ы are not included, so they are replaced by ШЧ and И in loanwords and names from Russian, e. g. the Russian surnames Щедрин (Shchedrin) and Быков (Bykov) are rendered Шчедрин and Биков in Uzbek Cyrillic.
=== Modern Latin alphabet ===
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Е е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |F f
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |K k
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |М m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |О о
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Q q
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Т t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |U u
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |X x
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Z z
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Oʻ oʻ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Gʻ gʻ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Sh sh
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ch ch
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ng ng
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |ʼ
|}
Until 1992, Uzbek in the USSR continued to be written using a [[Cyrillic alphabets|Cyrillic alphabet]] almost exclusively, but now in Uzbekistan the [[Latin script]] has been officially re-introduced, although the use of Cyrillic is still widespread. The deadline in Uzbekistan for making this transition has been repeatedly changed. In 1993, President of Uzbekistan at the time [[Islam Karimov]] proposed a new Uzbek alphabet with ⟨c⟩ /ts/, ⟨ç⟩, ⟨ğ⟩, ⟨[[J with stroke|ɉ]]⟩, ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨ş⟩, until it was replaced with the current 1995 alphabet. The letter J with stroke is said to have been the equivalent of Cyrillic letter [[Zhje]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.evertype.com/standards/uz/uzlat.html|title=Özbek Alifbosi}}</ref>
Education in many areas of Uzbekistan is in the Latin script, and in 2001 the Latin script began to be used on [[Uzbekistani soum|coins]]. Since 2004, some official websites have switched over to using the Latin script when writing in Uzbek.<ref name="gov.uz"/> Most street signs are also in the new Latin script. The main national TV channel of Uzbekistan, [[Oʻzbekiston Telekanali]] (owned by [[National Television and Radio Company of Uzbekistan|MTRK]]), has also switched to the Latin script when writing in Uzbek, although news programs are still broadcast in Cyrillic script (compare with another TV channel owned by the same company, Yoshlar, broadcasts news programs in Latin script). Additionally, in Afghanistan Uzbek continues to be written in the Arabic script.
In 2018, the Uzbek government launched another reform effort for the Uzbek Latin alphabet. The new proposal called for replacing some [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] with [[diacritical sign]]s.<ref name=proposal>{{cite web | title=Лотин ёзувига асосланган ўзбек алифбоси ҳақида ишчи гуруҳнинг сўнгги хулосаси | language=UZ | trans-title=Final conclusions of the working group on the Uzbek Latin alphabet | publisher=[[Uzbekistan National News Agency|UzA]] | date=2018-11-06 | access-date=2018-11-07 | url=http://www.uza.uz/oz/society/lotin-yezuviga-asoslangan-zbek-alifbosi-a-ida-ishchi-guru-ni-06-11-2018}}</ref> In March 2021, the proposed changes were put up for public discussion and debate. They called for replacing Ch ch, Sh sh, Gʻ gʻ, Oʻ oʻ with Ç ç, Ş ş, Ḡ ḡ, Ō ō (and, in loans, Ts ts with C c).<ref>{{cite news|title=Проект нового узбекского алфавита представлен для обсуждения|url=https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2021/03/16/alphabet/|language=ru|website=Газета.uz|date=2021-03-16|accessdate=2021-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Uzbekistan unveils its latest bash at Latin alphabet | date=2019-05-22 | access-date=2019-05-23 | url=https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-unveils-its-latest-bash-at-latin-alphabet}}</ref> This would largely reverse the 1995 reform and bring the orthography closer to those of [[Turkish alphabet|Turkish]], [[Turkmen alphabet|Turkmen]], [[Karakalpak alphabet|Karakalpak]], [[Kazakh alphabets|Kazakh]] (2018 version) and [[Azerbaijani alphabet|Azerbaijani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://windowoneurasia2.blogspot.com/2019/05/uzbekistan-moves-to-make-its-latin.html|title=Uzbekistan Moves to Make Its Latin Script Closer to One Used in Turkey|last=Goble|first=Paul|date=2019-05-27|website=Window on Eurasia – New Series|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref> This was met with mixed reactions from the citizens. The proposal was put up again for discussion in May of the same year, this time with a deadline of 1 November 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Проект закона о новом узбекском алфавите на латинской графике вновь опубликован для обсуждения |url=https://kun.uz/ru/news/2021/05/22/proyekt-zakona-o-novom-uzbekskom-alfavite-na-latinskoy-grafike-vnov-opublikovan-dlya-obsujdeniya |access-date=30 October 2021 |agency=Kun |date=22 May 2012 |language=Russian}}</ref>
In February 2021, the Uzbek government announced that Uzbekistan plans to fully transition the Uzbek language from the Cyrillic script to a Latin-based alphabet by 1 January 2023.<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-aims-for-full-transition-to-latin-based-alphabet-by-2023/31099723.html Uzbekistan Aims For Full Transition To Latin-Based Alphabet By 2023], February 12, 2021 12:54 GMT, RadioFreeEurope</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://interfax.az/view/826747|title=В Узбекистане в 2023 году узбекский алфавит в делопроизводстве переведут с кириллицы на латинскую графику}}</ref> Similar deadlines had been extended several times.<ref>{{cite web | title=Uzbekistan: Keeping the Karakalpak Language Alive | date=2019-05-17 | access-date=2019-05-20 | url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/uzbekistan-keeping-karakalpak-language-alive | archive-date=2019-05-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517114925/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/uzbekistan-keeping-karakalpak-language-alive | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Generally the younger generation prefers to use the Latin alphabet, while the older generation, who grew up in the Soviet era, prefers the Cyrillic alphabet. The Latin alphabet is mainly used in business and tourism, and the Cyrillic alphabet is mainly used in official government documents.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://centralasiaprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/CAP-Paper-231.pdf|title= Alphabet Transition in Uzbekistan: Political Implications and Influences on Uzbek Identity|author= Ryan Michael Schweitzer|work=Central Asia Program}}</ref>
According to a report in 2023, Uzbek publishing houses still mostly used the Cyrillic alphabet.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/redeeming-book-culture-in-uzbekistan/|title= Redeeming Book Culture in Uzbekistan|date=2023-06-20|work=The Diplomat}}</ref>
In September 2023, linguists proposed another project for reform of the Uzbek alphabet. Thus, in the new alphabet it is proposed to modify four letters: Ў/ў, Ғ/ғ, Ч/ч, & Ш/ш respectively to Õ/õ, Ğ/ğ, C/c, Ş/ş. This is the third attempt to reform the Uzbek alphabet since 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title= Анонсирован очередной проект по изменению некоторых букв узбекского алфавита |url= https://uznews.uz/posts/68082 |website=Uznews.uz|date=2023-09-22|accessdate=2023-10-01|language=ru}}</ref>
== Alphabetical order ==
The current (1995) Uzbek Latin alphabet has 29 letters:
{|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; width: 100%;"
|+ style="font-size: 110%;" |Uzbek alphabet
|-
|1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||10||11||12||13||14||15||16||17||18||19
|20||21||22||23||24||25||26||27||28||29
|-
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="29" |'''[[Uppercase|Majuscule forms]]''' (also called '''uppercase''' or '''capital letters''')
|-
|[[A]]||[[B]]||[[D]]||[[E]]||[[F]]||[[G]]||[[H]]||[[I]]||[[J]]||[[K]]||[[L]]||[[M]]||[[N]]||[[O]]||[[P]]||[[Q]]||[[R]]||[[S]]||[[T]]
|[[U]]||[[V]]||[[X]]||[[Y]]||[[Z]]||[[Õ]]||[[Ğ]]||[[Sh (digraph)|Ş]]||[[Ch (digraph)|Ç]]||[[Ng (digraph)|Ŋ]]
|-
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="29" |'''[[Lowercase|Minuscule forms]]''' (also called '''lowercase''' or '''small letters''')
|-
|a||b||d||e||f||g||h||i||j||k||l||m||n||o||p||q||r||s||t
|u||v||x||y||z||õ||ğ||ş||c||ŋ
|}
The symbol ⟨‘⟩ does not constitute a separate letter.
== Correspondence chart ==
Below is a table of Uzbek Cyrillic and Latin alphabets with represented sounds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Представлен новый вариант узбекского алфавита: без сочетаний sh и ch и с двумя буквами, как в казахском |url=https://www.currenttime.tv/a/uzbekistan-alvafit-aphabet-letters-linguistics/29955997.html |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=Настоящее Время |date=22 May 2019 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts: Uzbek|url=http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Uzbek.pdf|work=Institute of the Estonian Language|access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Latin<ref group=N>1995 orthography</ref>
!Yañalif (1929–1934)
! Yañalif (1934–1940)
! Cyrillic equivalent
! Name<ref>{{cite book|last=Ismatullayev|first=Xayrulla|title=Teach-Yourself Uzbek Textbook|year=1991|publisher=Oʻqituvchi|location=Tashkent|isbn=5-645-01104-X|page=4|language=uz}}</ref>
!Yangi Imlo
! Arabic
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! English approximation
|-
| rowspan="2" |A a
|A a
| rowspan="2" |Ə ə
| rowspan="2" |А а
| rowspan="2" |a
| rowspan="2" |ە
| rowspan="2" |ا / ه
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/a/}},
/æ/
| rowspan="2" |ch'''a'''i, c'''a'''t
|-
|Ə ə
|-
| B b
| colspan="2" |B ʙ
| Б б
| be
|ب
| ب
| {{IPA|/b/}}
| align="left" | '''b'''at
|-
| D d
| colspan="2" |D d
| Д д
| de
|د
| د
| {{IPA|/d̪/}}
| align="left" | '''d'''en
|-
| E e
| colspan="2" |E e
| Э э / Е е
| e
|ئې / ې
| اې / ې
| {{IPA|/e/}}<ref group="N">Cyrillic "Е е" at the beginning of a word and after a vowel is "Ye ye" in Latin.</ref>
| align="left" | b'''e'''t
|-
| F f
| colspan="2" |F f
| Ф ф
| ef
|ف
| ف
| {{IPAslink|ɸ}}
| align="left" | '''f'''ish
|-
| G g
| colspan="2" |G g
| Г г
| ge
|گ
| گ
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| align="left" | '''g'''o
|-
| H h
| colspan="2" |H h
| Ҳ ҳ
| ha
|ھ
| ھ and ح
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| align="left" | '''h'''ouse
|-
| rowspan="2" |I i
|I i
| rowspan="2" |I i
| rowspan="2" |И и
| rowspan="2" |i
| rowspan="2" |ئى / ى
| rowspan="2" |ای / ی
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/i/}}, /ɨ/
| rowspan="2" |m'''e'''
|-
|Ь ь
|-
| rowspan="2" | J j
| colspan="2" |Ç ç
| rowspan="2" |Ж ж
| rowspan="2" |je
|ج
| ج
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}}
| align="left" | '''j'''oke
|-
| colspan="2" |Ƶ ƶ
|ژ
| ژ
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}<ref name="loan" group="N">In Russian borrowings.</ref>
| vi'''si'''on
|-
| K k
| colspan="2" |K k
| К к
| ka
|ك
| ک
| {{IPA|/k/}}
| align="left" | '''c'''old
|-
| L l
| colspan="2" |L l
| Л л
| el
|ل
| ل
| {{IPA|/l/}}
| align="left" | '''l'''ist
|-
| M m
| colspan="2" |M m
| М м
| em
|م
| م
| {{IPA|/m/}}
| align="left" | '''m'''an
|-
| N n
| colspan="2" |N n
| Н н
| en
|ن
| ن
| {{IPA|/n/}}
| align="left" | '''n'''ext
|-
| O o
| colspan="2" |A a
| О о
| o
|ا
| ا / آ
| {{IPAslink|ɒ}}, {{IPA|/ɔ/}}<ref name="loan" group="N" />
| align="left" | h'''o'''t, c'''a'''ll ([[Received Pronunciation]])
|-
| P p
| colspan="2" |P p
| П п
| pe
|پ
| پ
| {{IPA|/p/}}
| align="left" | '''p'''in
|-
| Q q
| colspan="2" |Q q
| Қ қ
| qa
|ق
| ق
| {{IPAslink|q}}, {{IPAslink|χ}}<ref group="N">In some words written with the letter "q", the sound has now changed to /χ/, such as o‘quvchi [oˈχuv.tʃi] "pupil" and haqiqiy [hæχiˈχiː] "real". There is no regular sound change law regarding when this process occurs.</ref>
| align="left" | like a "k", but further back in the throat
|-
| R r
| colspan="2" |R r
| Р р
| er
|ر
| ر
| {{IPA|/r/}}
| align="left" | (trilled) '''r'''at
|-
| S s
| colspan="2" |S s
| С с
| es
|س
| ث and س and ص
| {{IPA|/s/}}
| align="left" | '''s'''ick
|-
| T t
| colspan="2" |T t
| Т т
| te
|ت
| ت and ط
| {{IPA|/t̪/}}
| align="left" | '''t'''oe
|-
| rowspan="2" |U u
|U u
| rowspan="2" |U u
| rowspan="2" |У у
| rowspan="2" |u
| rowspan="2" |ئۇ / ۇ
| rowspan="2" |او / و
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/u/}}, /ʉ/
| rowspan="2" |p'''u'''t, ch'''oo'''se
|-
|Y y
|-
| V v
| colspan="2" |V v
| В в
| ve
|ۋ
| ۋ
| {{IPA|/v~w/}}
| align="left" | '''v'''an
|-
| X x
| colspan="2" |X x
| Х х
| xa
|خ
| خ
| {{IPAslink|χ}}
| align="left" | "ch" as in German "Ba'''ch'''" or Scottish "lo'''ch'''"
|-
| Y y
| colspan="2" |J j
| Й й
| ye
|ي
| ی
| {{IPA|/j/}}
| align="left" | '''y'''es
|-
| Z z
| colspan="2" |Z z
| З з
| ze
|ز
| ذ and ز and ض and ظ
| {{IPA|/z/}}
| align="left" | '''z'''ebra
|-
| rowspan="2" |Oʻ oʻ
|O o
| rowspan="2" |O o
| rowspan="2" |Ў ў
| rowspan="2" |oʻ
| rowspan="2" |ئو / و
| rowspan="2" |اۉ / ۉ
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/o/}}, /ɵ/
| rowspan="2" |r'''o'''w, f'''u'''r
|-
|Ө ө
|-
| Gʻ gʻ
| colspan="2" |Ƣ ƣ
| Ғ ғ
| gʻa
|غ
| غ
| {{IPAslink|ʁ}}
| align="left" | like a French or German "r"
|-
| Sh sh
| colspan="2" |Ş ş
| Ш ш
| sha
|ش
| ش
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| align="left" | '''sh'''oe
|-
| Ch ch
| colspan="2" |C c
| Ч ч
| che
|چ
| چ
| {{IPA|/tʃ/}}
| align="left" | '''ch'''ew
|-
| Ng ng
| colspan="2" |Ꞑ ꞑ
| Нг нг
| nge
|ڭ
| نگ
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
| align="left" | ki'''ng'''
|-
| ʼ
|ʼ (məʼlym)
| ʼ (məʼlum)
| ъ
| tutuq belgisi (ʼ) ("apostrophe"); ayirish/ajratish belgisi (ъ)
|ئ
| ء / أ / ؤ / ئ and ع
| {{IPAslink|ʔ}}
| align="left" | Both "'''ʼ'''" ({{lang|uz|tutuq belgisi}}) and "'''ъ'''" ({{lang|uz|ayirish belgisi}}) are used either (1) to mark the phonetic glottal stop when put immediately before a vowel or (2) to mark a long vowel when placed immediately after a vowel <ref group="N">{{lang|uz|Tutuq belgisi}} ('''ʼ''') is also used to indicate that the letters "s" and "h" should be pronounced separately, not as the digraph "sh" in Latin. For example, in the name {{lang|uz|Isʼhoq}} (''Исҳоқ'') "s" and "h" are pronounced separately.</ref>
|}
The Cyrillic letters Ё ё, Ю ю, Я я correspond to the sound combinations '''yo, yu, ya'''.
The Cyrillic letters Ц ц and ь (capital Ь occurs only in all-capitals writing) are used only in loanwords. In the modern Uzbek Latin alphabet ц becomes '''ts''' after vowels, '''s''' otherwise; ь is omitted (except ье, ьи, ьо, that become '''ye, yi, yo''').
The letters ''c'' (apart from the digraph ''ch'') and ''w'', not considered distinct letters of the Uzbek alphabet, are named {{lang|uz|tse}} and {{lang|uz|dubl-ve}} respectively. In mathematics, ''x, y, z'' are named {{lang|uz|iks, igrek, zet}}.
;Notes
<references group=N />
=== Distinct characters ===
[[File:Uzbekistan State Art Museum.JPG|thumb|A [[Nowruz]] sign in front of the State Art Museum of Uzbekistan written using an [[ʻokina]]-like symbol]]
When the Uzbek language is written using the Latin script, the letters '''Oʻ''' (Cyrillic '''Ў''') and '''Gʻ''' (Cyrillic '''Ғ''') are properly rendered{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} using the character {{unichar|02BB|MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA}},<ref>{{cite web|title=The Unicode Consortium|url=https://www.unicode.org/udhr/n/notes_uzn_latn.html|access-date=13 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822032541/http://www.unicode.org/udhr/n/notes_uzn_latn.html}}</ref> which is also known as the [[ʻokina]]. However, since this character is absent from most keyboard layouts (except for the Hawaiian keyboard in Windows 8, or above, computers) and many fonts, most Uzbek websites – including some operated by the Uzbek government<ref name="gov.uz">{{cite web|title=The Governmental Portal of the Republic of Uzbekistan|url=http://www.gov.uz/uz/|access-date=6 December 2012|language=uz}}</ref> – use either {{unichar|2018|LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK}} or {{unichar|0027|APOSTROPHE}} to represent these letters.
The character {{unichar|02BC|MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE}} (''tutuq belgisi'') is used to mark the phonetic [[glottal stop]] when it is put immediately before a vowel in borrowed words, as in ''sanʼat'' (art). The modifier letter apostrophe is also used to mark a [[Vowel length|long vowel]] when placed immediately after a vowel, as in ''maʼno'' (meaning).<ref>"Principal Orthographic Rules For The Uzbek Language", the Uzbekistan Cabinet of Minister's Resolution No. 339. Adopted on August 24, 1995. Tashkent, Uzbekistan.</ref> Since this character is also absent from most keyboard layouts, many Uzbek websites use {{unichar|2019|RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK}} or {{unichar|0027|APOSTROPHE}} instead.
Currently most typists do not bother with the differentiation between the modifier letter turned comma and modifier letter apostrophe as their keyboard layouts likely accommodate only the straight apostrophe.
==Sample of the scripts==
Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]:
{| class="wikitable"
!Uzbek in Latin script<br>{{small|(official)}}
!Uzbek in Cyrillic script
!Uzbek in Arabic script
!Uzbek in [[Yaña imlâ alphabet|Yangi imlo]]<br>{{small|(1923–1928)}}
|-
|{{lang|uz|Barcha odamlar erkin, qadr-qimmat va huquqlarda teng boʻlib tugʻiladilar. Ular aql va vijdon sohibidirlar va bir-birlari ila birodarlarcha muomala qilishlari zarur.}}
|{{lang|uz-Cyrl|Барча одамлар эркин, қадр-қиммат ва ҳуқуқларда тенг бўлиб туғиладилар. Улар ақл ва виждон соҳибидирлар ва бир-бирлари ила биродарларча муомала қилишлари зарур.}}
|<span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|برچه آدملر اېرکین، قدرقیمت و حقوقلرده تېݣ بولیب توغیلدیلر. اولر عقل و وجدان صاحبیدیرلر و بیربیرلری ایله برادرلرچه معامله قیلیشلری ضرور.}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|بەرچە ئادەملەر ئېركىن، قەدر-قىممەت ۋە ھۇقۇقلەردە تېڭ بولىب تۇغىلەدىلەر. ئۇلەر ئەقل ۋە ۋىجدان ساھىبىدىرلەر ۋە بىر-بىرلەرى ئىلە بىرادەرلەرچە مۇامەلە قىلىشلەرى زەرۇر.}}</span>
|-
!|'''Uzbek in [[Yañalif|Yangalif]]<br>{{small|(1929–1934)}}'''
!|'''Uzbek in [[Yañalif|Yangalif]]<br>{{small|(1934–1940)}}'''
!|'''English translation'''
!|'''Uzbek in [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]'''
|-
|Barca adamlar erkin, qadr-qьmmat və huquqlarda teꞑ ʙolьʙ tuƣьladьlar. Ular aql və vьçdan sahьʙьdьrlar və ʙir-ʙirləri ilə ʙiradərlərcə muamala qьlьşlarь zəryr.
|{{lang|uz|Bərcə adəmlər erkin, qədr-qimmət və huquqlərdə teꞑ ʙoliʙ tuƣilədilər. Ulər əql və viçdan sahiʙidirlər və ʙir-ʙirləri ilə ʙiradərlərcə muamələ qilişləri zərur.}}
|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
|[[Help:IPA/Uzbek|[bɑrˈtʃɑ ɒd̪ɑmˈlɑr erˈkɪn ǀ qɑd̪r̩ qɨmˈmɑt̪ ʋæ huquqlɑrˈd̪æ t̪eŋ‿bɵˈlɨp t̪uʁɨlɑd̪ɨˈlɑr ǁ uˈlɑr ɑql̩ ʋæ ʋɪdʒˈd̪ɒn sɒhɨbɨdɨrˈlɑr ǀ ʋæ bɨr bɨrlɑˈrɨ iˈlɑ bɨrɒdɑrlɑrˈtʃæ mu.ɒmɑˈlɑ qɨlɨʃlɑˈrɨ zɑˈrur ǁ]]]
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://type.today/en/journal/uzbek Uzbek: extended Latin and Cyrillic]
* [https://www.gazeta.uz/en/2023/12/11/saida-mirziyoyeva-on-uzbek-alphabet/ Saida Mirzoyoyeva on Uzbek alphabet reform: ‘We should make final decision']
* [https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2024/02/14/uzbek-latin-alphabet/ Буквы преткновения: Затянувшаяся на 30 лет реформа узбекского алфавита (The letters of stumbling: The reform of the Uzbek alphabet, which has dragged on for 30 years)] {{in lang|ru}}
{{Arabic alphabets}}
[[Category:Alphabets used by Turkic languages]]
[[Category:Cyrillic alphabets]]
[[Category:Latin alphabets]]
[[Category:Uzbek language]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Scripts used to write the Uzbek language}}
[[File:Adib-i sani.jpg|thumb|upright|A page from an Uzbek book printed in Arabic script. [[Tashkent]], 1911.]]
The [[Uzbek language]] has been written in various scripts: [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] and [[Arabic script|Arabic]]. The language traditionally used Arabic script, but the official Uzbek government under the Soviet Union started to use Cyrillic in 1940, which is when [[Likbez|widespread literacy campaigns]] were initiated by the Soviet government across the Union. In [[Uzbekistan]], the Latin script was officially reintroduced, along with Cyrillic, in 1992, and a full transition to Latin script is awaiting implementation. In neighboring [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Tajikistan]], people use Cyrillic. In the [[Xinjiang]] region of China, some Uzbek speakers write using Cyrillic, others with an alphabet based on the [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet]]. Uzbeks of [[Afghanistan]] also write the language using [[Arabic script]], and the Arabic '''Uzbek alphabet''' is taught at some schools in the country.
== History ==
=== Arabic script ===
{{For|more information on Uzbek Arabic Alphabet|Southern Uzbek language}}
[[File:Uzbek_Arabic_Nastaliq_Alphabet.jpg|thumb|right|The Uzbek alphabet written in a variant of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] in the ''[[Nastaliq]]'' style.]]
Like all [[Turkic languages]] in [[Central Asia]] and its literary predecessor [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], Uzbek was written in various forms of the [[Arabic script]] historically. Following the [[October Revolution|Russian revolution]] and Soviet takeover of [[Russian Turkestan]], in January 1921, a reformed Arabic orthography designed by the [[Jadidist]]s was adopted, which replaced the [[Arabic diacritics|harakat]] marks used for short vowels with a fully alphabetic system that indicated every vowel and removed all letters that occurred only in Arabic loanwords and did not have a distinct phonetic value. It had six vowels and twenty-three consonants. Notably, unlike the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets that followed, it did not contain a letter to represent [[/f/]], due to the argument that it was always assimilated to [[/p/]] in the orthophony. Some had also proposed that there be no letter to represent [[/h/]], due to many dialects assimilating it to [[Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]], but this was not implemented in the end.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Khalid |first=Adeeb |url=http://archive.org/details/adeeb-khalid-making-uzbekistan-nation-empire-and-revolution-in-the-early-ussr-co |title=Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=2019 |isbn=9781501735851 |pages=264, 389 |quote=Latinization had been mooted in the wider Turkic world, but in January 1921 was nowhere a serious proposition. It was voted off the agenda, but the orthography ultimately approved by the conference was quite radical. It contained six vowels and twenty-three consonants. There were to be special letters for /ŋ/ and /v/, but /f/ was excluded on the argument that it was not used in Uzbek speech; it was assimilated to /p/. (Botu’s proposition to exclude /h/ as well and thus to recognize the ''h'' —> ''x'' shift in many dialects as standard was defeated.) All Arabic-specific letters were excluded, and Fitrat’s arguments for spelling Arabic loanwords according to general rules won the day. (...) the rural, hyper-Turkic phonetics of the Uzbek literary language adopted in 1929 had already been abandoned in favor of a six-vowel standard without vowel harmony in 1934. |author-link=Adeeb Khalid |access-date=12 January 2024 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
The Arabic script is still used for writing Uzbek in Afghanistan and by Afghan-Uzbek diaspora elsewhere. In the early 21st century, with the publication of dictionaries<ref name="DictionaryAimaq">Uzbek Turki to Persian/Dari Dictionary, authored by D. Faizullah Aimaq (فرهنگ تورکی اوزبیکی به فارسی/ دری، تألیف داکتر فیض الله ایماق) [https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf] ([https://archive.today/20230410155036/https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf Archive])</ref><ref>BBC News. BBC Persian. Harun Najafizaheh. “Publication of the first dictionary of Afghanistan’s Uzbek Language” (نجفیزاده هارون. “انتشار نخستین فرهنگ زبان ازبکی افغانستان.” ) BBC News. BBC, February 10, 2008. https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan/story/2008/02/080210_k-a-uzbek-dictionary.</ref> and literature by Afghan-Uzbek scholars, as well as the adaptation of Uzbek Arabic script by domestic as well as international news outlets (such as [[BBC News]] Uzbek Afghanistan, [https://www.bbc.com/uzbek/afghanistan Link]), the Arabic script has undergone a process of documentation and standardization.
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:right; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ا / آ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ب
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | پ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ت
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ث
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ج
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | چ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ح
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | خ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | د
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ذ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ر
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ز
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ژ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | س
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ش
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ص
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ض
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ط
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ظ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ع
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | غ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ف
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ق
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ک
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | گ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ل
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | م
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ن
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | نگ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | و
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ۉ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ۋ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ھ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ی
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ې
|
|}
=== Latin script ===
In 1929, as part of comprehensive programs to "[[Likbez|educate]]" (politically influence) [[Uzbeks|Uzbek people]], who for the first time now had their own cartographically delineated (administrative) region, Uzbek writing in the [[Uzbek SSR]] was switched to Latin script. The latinization of Uzbek was carried out in the context of [[Latinisation in the Soviet Union|latinization of all languages]] in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Language Planning and National Development: The Uzbek |last=Fierman |first=William |year=1991 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-012454-8 |pages=75 }}</ref> The new Latin script also brought about the letter {{Lang-uz|f|label=none}} to represent [[/f/]] and distinction of back and front vowels, adding a number of new characters for them.
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B ʙ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ç ç
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ə ə
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ƣ ƣ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ꞑ ꞑ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ө ө
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Q q
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | X x
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ƶ ƶ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '
|}
In 1934, the script underwent another reform, which reverted the addition of back-front vowel distinctions.<ref name=":0" /> The letters '''Ө ө, Y y, Ь ь''' were removed from the alphabet.
=== Cyrillic script ===
In 1940, Uzbek was [[Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union|switched]] to the [[Cyrillic script]] under [[Joseph Stalin]]:
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Б б
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |В в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Г г
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Д д
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Е е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ё ё
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ж ж
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |З з
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |И и
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Й й
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |К к
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Л л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |М м
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Н н
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |О о
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |П п
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Р р
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |С с
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Т т
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |У у
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ф ф
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ц ц
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ч ч
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ш ш
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ъ ъ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Э э
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ю ю
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Я я
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ў ў
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Қ қ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ғ ғ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ҳ ҳ
|}
The Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet contains all the letters of the Russian alphabet, apart from Щ and Ы, plus four extra ones, namely Ў, Қ, Ғ and Ҳ. These four letters are considered as separate letters and not letter variants. They come in alphabetical order after the letter Я.
The letters Ц and Ь are not used in Uzbek native words, but are included in the alphabet for writing loanwords, e. g. кальций (calcium). However, Щ and Ы are not included, so they are replaced by ШЧ and И in loanwords and names from Russian, e. g. the Russian surnames Щедрин (Shchedrin) and Быков (Bykov) are rendered Шчедрин and Биков in Uzbek Cyrillic.
=== Modern Latin alphabet ===
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Е е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |F f
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |K k
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |М m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |О о
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Q q
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Т t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |U u
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |X x
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Z z
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Oʻ oʻ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Gʻ gʻ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Sh sh
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ch ch
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ng ng
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |ʼ
|}
Until 1992, Uzbek in the USSR continued to be written using a [[Cyrillic alphabets|Cyrillic alphabet]] almost exclusively, but now in Uzbekistan the [[Latin script]] has been officially re-introduced, although the use of Cyrillic is still widespread. The deadline in Uzbekistan for making this transition has been repeatedly changed. In 1993, President of Uzbekistan at the time [[Islam Karimov]] proposed a new Uzbek alphabet with ⟨c⟩ /ts/, ⟨ç⟩, ⟨ğ⟩, ⟨[[J with stroke|ɉ]]⟩, ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨ş⟩, until it was replaced with the current 1995 alphabet. The letter J with stroke is said to have been the equivalent of Cyrillic letter [[Zhje]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.evertype.com/standards/uz/uzlat.html|title=Özbek Alifbosi}}</ref>
Education in many areas of Uzbekistan is in the Latin script, and in 2001 the Latin script began to be used on [[Uzbekistani soum|coins]]. Since 2004, some official websites have switched over to using the Latin script when writing in Uzbek.<ref name="gov.uz"/> Most street signs are also in the new Latin script. The main national TV channel of Uzbekistan, [[Oʻzbekiston Telekanali]] (owned by [[National Television and Radio Company of Uzbekistan|MTRK]]), has also switched to the Latin script when writing in Uzbek, although news programs are still broadcast in Cyrillic script (compare with another TV channel owned by the same company, Yoshlar, broadcasts news programs in Latin script). Additionally, in Afghanistan Uzbek continues to be written in the Arabic script.
In 2018, the Uzbek government launched another reform effort for the Uzbek Latin alphabet. The new proposal called for replacing some [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] with [[diacritical sign]]s.<ref name=proposal>{{cite web | title=Лотин ёзувига асосланган ўзбек алифбоси ҳақида ишчи гуруҳнинг сўнгги хулосаси | language=UZ | trans-title=Final conclusions of the working group on the Uzbek Latin alphabet | publisher=[[Uzbekistan National News Agency|UzA]] | date=2018-11-06 | access-date=2018-11-07 | url=http://www.uza.uz/oz/society/lotin-yezuviga-asoslangan-zbek-alifbosi-a-ida-ishchi-guru-ni-06-11-2018}}</ref> In March 2021, the proposed changes were put up for public discussion and debate. They called for replacing Ch ch, Sh sh, Gʻ gʻ, Oʻ oʻ with Ç ç, Ş ş, Ḡ ḡ, Ō ō (and, in loans, Ts ts with C c).<ref>{{cite news|title=Проект нового узбекского алфавита представлен для обсуждения|url=https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2021/03/16/alphabet/|language=ru|website=Газета.uz|date=2021-03-16|accessdate=2021-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Uzbekistan unveils its latest bash at Latin alphabet | date=2019-05-22 | access-date=2019-05-23 | url=https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-unveils-its-latest-bash-at-latin-alphabet}}</ref> This would largely reverse the 1995 reform and bring the orthography closer to those of [[Turkish alphabet|Turkish]], [[Turkmen alphabet|Turkmen]], [[Karakalpak alphabet|Karakalpak]], [[Kazakh alphabets|Kazakh]] (2018 version) and [[Azerbaijani alphabet|Azerbaijani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://windowoneurasia2.blogspot.com/2019/05/uzbekistan-moves-to-make-its-latin.html|title=Uzbekistan Moves to Make Its Latin Script Closer to One Used in Turkey|last=Goble|first=Paul|date=2019-05-27|website=Window on Eurasia – New Series|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref> This was met with mixed reactions from the citizens. The proposal was put up again for discussion in May of the same year, this time with a deadline of 1 November 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Проект закона о новом узбекском алфавите на латинской графике вновь опубликован для обсуждения |url=https://kun.uz/ru/news/2021/05/22/proyekt-zakona-o-novom-uzbekskom-alfavite-na-latinskoy-grafike-vnov-opublikovan-dlya-obsujdeniya |access-date=30 October 2021 |agency=Kun |date=22 May 2012 |language=Russian}}</ref>
In February 2021, the Uzbek government announced that Uzbekistan plans to fully transition the Uzbek language from the Cyrillic script to a Latin-based alphabet by 1 January 2023.<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-aims-for-full-transition-to-latin-based-alphabet-by-2023/31099723.html Uzbekistan Aims For Full Transition To Latin-Based Alphabet By 2023], February 12, 2021 12:54 GMT, RadioFreeEurope</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://interfax.az/view/826747|title=В Узбекистане в 2023 году узбекский алфавит в делопроизводстве переведут с кириллицы на латинскую графику}}</ref> Similar deadlines had been extended several times.<ref>{{cite web | title=Uzbekistan: Keeping the Karakalpak Language Alive | date=2019-05-17 | access-date=2019-05-20 | url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/uzbekistan-keeping-karakalpak-language-alive | archive-date=2019-05-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517114925/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/uzbekistan-keeping-karakalpak-language-alive | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Generally the younger generation prefers to use the Latin alphabet, while the older generation, who grew up in the Soviet era, prefers the Cyrillic alphabet. The Latin alphabet is mainly used in business and tourism, and the Cyrillic alphabet is mainly used in official government documents.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://centralasiaprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/CAP-Paper-231.pdf|title= Alphabet Transition in Uzbekistan: Political Implications and Influences on Uzbek Identity|author= Ryan Michael Schweitzer|work=Central Asia Program}}</ref>
According to a report in 2023, Uzbek publishing houses still mostly used the Cyrillic alphabet.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/redeeming-book-culture-in-uzbekistan/|title= Redeeming Book Culture in Uzbekistan|date=2023-06-20|work=The Diplomat}}</ref>
In September 2023, linguists proposed another project for reform of the Uzbek alphabet. Thus, in the new alphabet it is proposed to modify four letters: Ў/ў, Ғ/ғ, Ч/ч, & Ш/ш respectively to Õ/õ, Ğ/ğ, C/c, Ş/ş. This is the third attempt to reform the Uzbek alphabet since 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title= Анонсирован очередной проект по изменению некоторых букв узбекского алфавита |url= https://uznews.uz/posts/68082 |website=Uznews.uz|date=2023-09-22|accessdate=2023-10-01|language=ru}}</ref>
== Alphabetical order ==
The current (1995) Uzbek Latin alphabet has 29 letters:
{|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; width: 100%;"
|+ style="font-size: 110%;" |Uzbek alphabet
|-
|1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||10||11||12||13||14||15||16||17||18||19
|20||21||22||23||24||25||26||27||28||29
|-
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="29" |'''[[Uppercase|Majuscule forms]]''' (also called '''uppercase''' or '''capital letters''')
|-
|[[A]]||[[B]]||[[D]]||[[E]]||[[F]]||[[G]]||[[H]]||[[I]]||[[J]]||[[K]]||[[L]]||[[M]]||[[N]]||[[O]]||[[P]]||[[Q]]||[[R]]||[[S]]||[[T]]
|[[U]]||[[V]]||[[X]]||[[Y]]||[[Z]]||[[Õ]]||[[Ğ]]||[[Sh (digraph)|Ş]]||[[Ch (digraph)|Ç]]||[[Ng (digraph)|Ŋ]]
|-
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="29" |'''[[Lowercase|Minuscule forms]]''' (also called '''lowercase''' or '''small letters''')
|-
|a||b||d||e||f||g||h||i||j||k||l||m||n||o||p||q||r||s||t
|u||v||x||y||z||õ||ğ||ş||c||ŋ
|}
The symbol ⟨‘⟩ does not constitute a separate letter.
== Correspondence chart ==
Below is a table of Uzbek Cyrillic and Latin alphabets with represented sounds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Представлен новый вариант узбекского алфавита: без сочетаний sh и ch и с двумя буквами, как в казахском |url=https://www.currenttime.tv/a/uzbekistan-alvafit-aphabet-letters-linguistics/29955997.html |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=Настоящее Время |date=22 May 2019 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts: Uzbek|url=http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Uzbek.pdf|work=Institute of the Estonian Language|access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Latin<ref group=N>1995 orthography</ref>
!Yañalif (1929–1934)
! Yañalif (1934–1940)
! Cyrillic equivalent
! Name<ref>{{cite book|last=Ismatullayev|first=Xayrulla|title=Teach-Yourself Uzbek Textbook|year=1991|publisher=Oʻqituvchi|location=Tashkent|isbn=5-645-01104-X|page=4|language=uz}}</ref>
!Yangi Imlo
! Arabic
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! English approximation
|-
| rowspan="2" |A a
|A a
| rowspan="2" |𐤠 ⲁ
| rowspan="2" |А а
| rowspan="2" |ە
| rowspan="2" |ا / ه
| rowspan="2" |al {{IPA|/a/}},
/æ/
| rowspan="2" |ch'''a'''i, c'''a'''t
|-
|Æ ә
|-
| B b
| colspan="2" |𐤡 β
| Б б
| bo
|ب
| ب
| {{IPA|/b/}}
| align="left" | '''b'''at
|-
| D d
| colspan="2" |𐓉 Ԁ
| Д д
| do
|د
| د
| {{IPA|/d̪/}}
| align="left" | '''d'''en
|-
| E e
| colspan="2" |Є ę
| Э э / Е е
| ec
|ئې / ې
| اې / ې
| {{IPA|/e/}}<ref group="N">Cyrillic "Е е" at the beginning of a word and after a vowel is "Ye ye" in Latin.</ref>
| align="left" | b'''e'''t
|-
| F f
| colspan="2" |Ѱ ƒ
| Ф ф
| fe
|ف
| ف
| {{IPAslink|ɸ}}
| align="left" | '''f'''ish
|-
| G g
| colspan="2" |ꓨ ⲅ
| Г г
| ga
|گ
| گ
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| align="left" | '''g'''o
|-
| H h
| colspan="2" |Ң ћ
| Ҳ ҳ
| hi
|ھ
| ھ and ح
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| align="left" | '''h'''ouse
|-
| rowspan="2" |I i
|I i
| rowspan="2" |I i
| rowspan="2" |И и
| rowspan="2" |i
| rowspan="2" |ئى / ى
| rowspan="2" |ای / ی
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/i/}}, /ɨ/
| rowspan="2" |m'''e'''
|-
|Ь ь
|-
| rowspan="2" | J j
| colspan="2" |Ç ç
| rowspan="2" |Ж ж
| rowspan="2" |je
|ج
| ج
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}}
| align="left" | '''j'''oke
|-
| colspan="2" |Ƶ ƶ
|ژ
| ژ
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}<ref name="loan" group="N">In Russian borrowings.</ref>
| vi'''si'''on
|-
| K k
| colspan="2" |K k
| К к
| ka
|ك
| ک
| {{IPA|/k/}}
| align="left" | '''c'''old
|-
| L l
| colspan="2" |L l
| Л л
| el
|ل
| ل
| {{IPA|/l/}}
| align="left" | '''l'''ist
|-
| M m
| colspan="2" |M m
| М м
| em
|م
| م
| {{IPA|/m/}}
| align="left" | '''m'''an
|-
| N n
| colspan="2" |N n
| Н н
| en
|ن
| ن
| {{IPA|/n/}}
| align="left" | '''n'''ext
|-
| O o
| colspan="2" |A a
| О о
| o
|ا
| ا / آ
| {{IPAslink|ɒ}}, {{IPA|/ɔ/}}<ref name="loan" group="N" />
| align="left" | h'''o'''t, c'''a'''ll ([[Received Pronunciation]])
|-
| P p
| colspan="2" |P p
| П п
| pe
|پ
| پ
| {{IPA|/p/}}
| align="left" | '''p'''in
|-
| Q q
| colspan="2" |Q q
| Қ қ
| qa
|ق
| ق
| {{IPAslink|q}}, {{IPAslink|χ}}<ref group="N">In some words written with the letter "q", the sound has now changed to /χ/, such as o‘quvchi [oˈχuv.tʃi] "pupil" and haqiqiy [hæχiˈχiː] "real". There is no regular sound change law regarding when this process occurs.</ref>
| align="left" | like a "k", but further back in the throat
|-
| R r
| colspan="2" |R r
| Р р
| er
|ر
| ر
| {{IPA|/r/}}
| align="left" | (trilled) '''r'''at
|-
| S s
| colspan="2" |S s
| С с
| es
|س
| ث and س and ص
| {{IPA|/s/}}
| align="left" | '''s'''ick
|-
| T t
| colspan="2" |T t
| Т т
| te
|ت
| ت and ط
| {{IPA|/t̪/}}
| align="left" | '''t'''oe
|-
| rowspan="2" |U u
|U u
| rowspan="2" |U u
| rowspan="2" |У у
| rowspan="2" |u
| rowspan="2" |ئۇ / ۇ
| rowspan="2" |او / و
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/u/}}, /ʉ/
| rowspan="2" |p'''u'''t, ch'''oo'''se
|-
|Y y
|-
| V v
| colspan="2" |V v
| В в
| ve
|ۋ
| ۋ
| {{IPA|/v~w/}}
| align="left" | '''v'''an
|-
| X x
| colspan="2" |X x
| Х х
| xa
|خ
| خ
| {{IPAslink|χ}}
| align="left" | "ch" as in German "Ba'''ch'''" or Scottish "lo'''ch'''"
|-
| Y y
| colspan="2" |J j
| Й й
| ye
|ي
| ی
| {{IPA|/j/}}
| align="left" | '''y'''es
|-
| Z z
| colspan="2" |Z z
| З з
| ze
|ز
| ذ and ز and ض and ظ
| {{IPA|/z/}}
| align="left" | '''z'''ebra
|-
| rowspan="2" |Oʻ oʻ
|O o
| rowspan="2" |O o
| rowspan="2" |Ў ў
| rowspan="2" |oʻ
| rowspan="2" |ئو / و
| rowspan="2" |اۉ / ۉ
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/o/}}, /ɵ/
| rowspan="2" |r'''o'''w, f'''u'''r
|-
|Ө ө
|-
| Gʻ gʻ
| colspan="2" |Ƣ ƣ
| Ғ ғ
| gʻa
|غ
| غ
| {{IPAslink|ʁ}}
| align="left" | like a French or German "r"
|-
| Sh sh
| colspan="2" |Ş ş
| Ш ш
| sha
|ش
| ش
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| align="left" | '''sh'''oe
|-
| Ch ch
| colspan="2" |C c
| Ч ч
| che
|چ
| چ
| {{IPA|/tʃ/}}
| align="left" | '''ch'''ew
|-
| Ng ng
| colspan="2" |Ꞑ ꞑ
| Нг нг
| nge
|ڭ
| نگ
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
| align="left" | ki'''ng'''
|-
| ʼ
|ʼ (məʼlym)
| ʼ (məʼlum)
| ъ
| tutuq belgisi (ʼ) ("apostrophe"); ayirish/ajratish belgisi (ъ)
|ئ
| ء / أ / ؤ / ئ and ع
| {{IPAslink|ʔ}}
| align="left" | Both "'''ʼ'''" ({{lang|uz|tutuq belgisi}}) and "'''ъ'''" ({{lang|uz|ayirish belgisi}}) are used either (1) to mark the phonetic glottal stop when put immediately before a vowel or (2) to mark a long vowel when placed immediately after a vowel <ref group="N">{{lang|uz|Tutuq belgisi}} ('''ʼ''') is also used to indicate that the letters "s" and "h" should be pronounced separately, not as the digraph "sh" in Latin. For example, in the name {{lang|uz|Isʼhoq}} (''Исҳоқ'') "s" and "h" are pronounced separately.</ref>
|}
The Cyrillic letters Ё ё, Ю ю, Я я correspond to the sound combinations '''yo, yu, ya'''.
The Cyrillic letters Ц ц and ь (capital Ь occurs only in all-capitals writing) are used only in loanwords. In the modern Uzbek Latin alphabet ц becomes '''ts''' after vowels, '''s''' otherwise; ь is omitted (except ье, ьи, ьо, that become '''ye, yi, yo''').
The letters ''c'' (apart from the digraph ''ch'') and ''w'', not considered distinct letters of the Uzbek alphabet, are named {{lang|uz|tse}} and {{lang|uz|dubl-ve}} respectively. In mathematics, ''x, y, z'' are named {{lang|uz|iks, igrek, zet}}.
;Notes
<references group=N />
=== Distinct characters ===
[[File:Uzbekistan State Art Museum.JPG|thumb|A [[Nowruz]] sign in front of the State Art Museum of Uzbekistan written using an [[ʻokina]]-like symbol]]
When the Uzbek language is written using the Latin script, the letters '''Oʻ''' (Cyrillic '''Ў''') and '''Gʻ''' (Cyrillic '''Ғ''') are properly rendered{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} using the character {{unichar|02BB|MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA}},<ref>{{cite web|title=The Unicode Consortium|url=https://www.unicode.org/udhr/n/notes_uzn_latn.html|access-date=13 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822032541/http://www.unicode.org/udhr/n/notes_uzn_latn.html}}</ref> which is also known as the [[ʻokina]]. However, since this character is absent from most keyboard layouts (except for the Hawaiian keyboard in Windows 8, or above, computers) and many fonts, most Uzbek websites – including some operated by the Uzbek government<ref name="gov.uz">{{cite web|title=The Governmental Portal of the Republic of Uzbekistan|url=http://www.gov.uz/uz/|access-date=6 December 2012|language=uz}}</ref> – use either {{unichar|2018|LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK}} or {{unichar|0027|APOSTROPHE}} to represent these letters.
The character {{unichar|02BC|MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE}} (''tutuq belgisi'') is used to mark the phonetic [[glottal stop]] when it is put immediately before a vowel in borrowed words, as in ''sanʼat'' (art). The modifier letter apostrophe is also used to mark a [[Vowel length|long vowel]] when placed immediately after a vowel, as in ''maʼno'' (meaning).<ref>"Principal Orthographic Rules For The Uzbek Language", the Uzbekistan Cabinet of Minister's Resolution No. 339. Adopted on August 24, 1995. Tashkent, Uzbekistan.</ref> Since this character is also absent from most keyboard layouts, many Uzbek websites use {{unichar|2019|RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK}} or {{unichar|0027|APOSTROPHE}} instead.
Currently most typists do not bother with the differentiation between the modifier letter turned comma and modifier letter apostrophe as their keyboard layouts likely accommodate only the straight apostrophe.
==Sample of the scripts==
Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]:
{| class="wikitable"
!Uzbek in Latin script<br>{{small|(official)}}
!Uzbek in Cyrillic script
!Uzbek in Arabic script
!Uzbek in [[Yaña imlâ alphabet|Yangi imlo]]<br>{{small|(1923–1928)}}
|-
|{{lang|uz|Barcha odamlar erkin, qadr-qimmat va huquqlarda teng boʻlib tugʻiladilar. Ular aql va vijdon sohibidirlar va bir-birlari ila birodarlarcha muomala qilishlari zarur.}}
|{{lang|uz-Cyrl|Барча одамлар эркин, қадр-қиммат ва ҳуқуқларда тенг бўлиб туғиладилар. Улар ақл ва виждон соҳибидирлар ва бир-бирлари ила биродарларча муомала қилишлари зарур.}}
|<span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|برچه آدملر اېرکین، قدرقیمت و حقوقلرده تېݣ بولیب توغیلدیلر. اولر عقل و وجدان صاحبیدیرلر و بیربیرلری ایله برادرلرچه معامله قیلیشلری ضرور.}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|بەرچە ئادەملەر ئېركىن، قەدر-قىممەت ۋە ھۇقۇقلەردە تېڭ بولىب تۇغىلەدىلەر. ئۇلەر ئەقل ۋە ۋىجدان ساھىبىدىرلەر ۋە بىر-بىرلەرى ئىلە بىرادەرلەرچە مۇامەلە قىلىشلەرى زەرۇر.}}</span>
|-
!|'''Uzbek in [[Yañalif|Yangalif]]<br>{{small|(1929–1934)}}'''
!|'''Uzbek in [[Yañalif|Yangalif]]<br>{{small|(1934–1940)}}'''
!|'''English translation'''
!|'''Uzbek in [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]'''
|-
|Barca adamlar erkin, qadr-qьmmat və huquqlarda teꞑ ʙolьʙ tuƣьladьlar. Ular aql və vьçdan sahьʙьdьrlar və ʙir-ʙirləri ilə ʙiradərlərcə muamala qьlьşlarь zəryr.
|{{lang|uz|Bərcə adəmlər erkin, qədr-qimmət və huquqlərdə teꞑ ʙoliʙ tuƣilədilər. Ulər əql və viçdan sahiʙidirlər və ʙir-ʙirləri ilə ʙiradərlərcə muamələ qilişləri zərur.}}
|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
|[[Help:IPA/Uzbek|[bɑrˈtʃɑ ɒd̪ɑmˈlɑr erˈkɪn ǀ qɑd̪r̩ qɨmˈmɑt̪ ʋæ huquqlɑrˈd̪æ t̪eŋ‿bɵˈlɨp t̪uʁɨlɑd̪ɨˈlɑr ǁ uˈlɑr ɑql̩ ʋæ ʋɪdʒˈd̪ɒn sɒhɨbɨdɨrˈlɑr ǀ ʋæ bɨr bɨrlɑˈrɨ iˈlɑ bɨrɒdɑrlɑrˈtʃæ mu.ɒmɑˈlɑ qɨlɨʃlɑˈrɨ zɑˈrur ǁ]]]
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://type.today/en/journal/uzbek Uzbek: extended Latin and Cyrillic]
* [https://www.gazeta.uz/en/2023/12/11/saida-mirziyoyeva-on-uzbek-alphabet/ Saida Mirzoyoyeva on Uzbek alphabet reform: ‘We should make final decision']
* [https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2024/02/14/uzbek-latin-alphabet/ Буквы преткновения: Затянувшаяся на 30 лет реформа узбекского алфавита (The letters of stumbling: The reform of the Uzbek alphabet, which has dragged on for 30 years)] {{in lang|ru}}
{{Arabic alphabets}}
[[Category:Alphabets used by Turkic languages]]
[[Category:Cyrillic alphabets]]
[[Category:Latin alphabets]]
[[Category:Uzbek language]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -240,19 +240,18 @@
| rowspan="2" |A a
|A a
-| rowspan="2" |Ə ə
+| rowspan="2" |𐤠 ⲁ
| rowspan="2" |А а
-| rowspan="2" |a
| rowspan="2" |ە
| rowspan="2" |ا / ه
-| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/a/}},
+| rowspan="2" |al {{IPA|/a/}},
/æ/
| rowspan="2" |ch'''a'''i, c'''a'''t
|-
-|Ə ə
+|Æ ә
|-
| B b
-| colspan="2" |B ʙ
+| colspan="2" |𐤡 β
| Б б
-| be
+| bo
|ب
| ب
@@ -261,7 +260,7 @@
|-
| D d
-| colspan="2" |D d
+| colspan="2" |𐓉 Ԁ
| Д д
-| de
+| do
|د
| د
@@ -270,7 +269,7 @@
|-
| E e
-| colspan="2" |E e
+| colspan="2" |Є ę
| Э э / Е е
-| e
+| ec
|ئې / ې
| اې / ې
@@ -279,7 +278,7 @@
|-
| F f
-| colspan="2" |F f
+| colspan="2" |Ѱ ƒ
| Ф ф
-| ef
+| fe
|ف
| ف
@@ -288,7 +287,7 @@
|-
| G g
-| colspan="2" |G g
+| colspan="2" |ꓨ ⲅ
| Г г
-| ge
+| ga
|گ
| گ
@@ -297,7 +296,7 @@
|-
| H h
-| colspan="2" |H h
+| colspan="2" |Ң ћ
| Ҳ ҳ
-| ha
+| hi
|ھ
| ھ and ح
' |
New page size (new_size) | 35317 |
Old page size (old_size) | 35309 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 8 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '| rowspan="2" |𐤠 ⲁ',
1 => '| rowspan="2" |al {{IPA|/a/}},',
2 => '|Æ ә',
3 => '| colspan="2" |𐤡 β',
4 => '| bo ',
5 => '| colspan="2" |𐓉 Ԁ',
6 => '| do ',
7 => '| colspan="2" |Є ę',
8 => '| ec ',
9 => '| colspan="2" |Ѱ ƒ',
10 => '| fe',
11 => '| colspan="2" |ꓨ ⲅ ',
12 => '| ga ',
13 => '| colspan="2" |Ң ћ',
14 => '| hi '
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '| rowspan="2" |Ə ə',
1 => '| rowspan="2" |a',
2 => '| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/a/}},',
3 => '|Ə ə',
4 => '| colspan="2" |B ʙ',
5 => '| be ',
6 => '| colspan="2" |D d',
7 => '| de ',
8 => '| colspan="2" |E e',
9 => '| e ',
10 => '| colspan="2" |F f',
11 => '| ef',
12 => '| colspan="2" |G g',
13 => '| ge ',
14 => '| colspan="2" |H h',
15 => '| ha '
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'http://archive.org/details/adeeb-khalid-making-uzbekistan-nation-empire-and-revolution-in-the-early-ussr-co',
1 => 'https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf',
2 => 'https://archive.today/20230410155036/https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf',
3 => 'https://www.evertype.com/standards/uz/uzlat.html',
4 => 'http://www.gov.uz/uz/',
5 => 'http://www.uza.uz/oz/society/lotin-yezuviga-asoslangan-zbek-alifbosi-a-ida-ishchi-guru-ni-06-11-2018',
6 => 'https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2021/03/16/alphabet/',
7 => 'https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-unveils-its-latest-bash-at-latin-alphabet',
8 => 'http://windowoneurasia2.blogspot.com/2019/05/uzbekistan-moves-to-make-its-latin.html',
9 => 'https://kun.uz/ru/news/2021/05/22/proyekt-zakona-o-novom-uzbekskom-alfavite-na-latinskoy-grafike-vnov-opublikovan-dlya-obsujdeniya',
10 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-aims-for-full-transition-to-latin-based-alphabet-by-2023/31099723.html',
11 => 'http://interfax.az/view/826747',
12 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190517114925/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/uzbekistan-keeping-karakalpak-language-alive',
13 => 'https://iwpr.net/global-voices/uzbekistan-keeping-karakalpak-language-alive',
14 => 'https://centralasiaprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/CAP-Paper-231.pdf',
15 => 'https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/redeeming-book-culture-in-uzbekistan/',
16 => 'https://uznews.uz/posts/68082',
17 => 'https://www.currenttime.tv/a/uzbekistan-alvafit-aphabet-letters-linguistics/29955997.html',
18 => 'http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Uzbek.pdf',
19 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140822032541/http://www.unicode.org/udhr/n/notes_uzn_latn.html',
20 => 'https://www.unicode.org/udhr/n/notes_uzn_latn.html',
21 => 'https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan/story/2008/02/080210_k-a-uzbek-dictionary',
22 => 'https://www.bbc.com/uzbek/afghanistan',
23 => 'https://type.today/en/journal/uzbek',
24 => 'https://www.gazeta.uz/en/2023/12/11/saida-mirziyoyeva-on-uzbek-alphabet/',
25 => 'https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2024/02/14/uzbek-latin-alphabet/'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Uzbek.pdf',
1 => 'https://www.unicode.org/udhr/n/notes_uzn_latn.html',
2 => 'http://www.uza.uz/oz/society/lotin-yezuviga-asoslangan-zbek-alifbosi-a-ida-ishchi-guru-ni-06-11-2018',
3 => 'https://iwpr.net/global-voices/uzbekistan-keeping-karakalpak-language-alive',
4 => 'https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-unveils-its-latest-bash-at-latin-alphabet',
5 => 'http://windowoneurasia2.blogspot.com/2019/05/uzbekistan-moves-to-make-its-latin.html',
6 => 'https://www.currenttime.tv/a/uzbekistan-alvafit-aphabet-letters-linguistics/29955997.html',
7 => 'https://www.evertype.com/standards/uz/uzlat.html',
8 => 'http://interfax.az/view/826747',
9 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-aims-for-full-transition-to-latin-based-alphabet-by-2023/31099723.html',
10 => 'https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2021/03/16/alphabet/',
11 => 'http://www.gov.uz/uz/',
12 => 'https://kun.uz/ru/news/2021/05/22/proyekt-zakona-o-novom-uzbekskom-alfavite-na-latinskoy-grafike-vnov-opublikovan-dlya-obsujdeniya',
13 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190517114925/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/uzbekistan-keeping-karakalpak-language-alive',
14 => 'https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf',
15 => 'https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan/story/2008/02/080210_k-a-uzbek-dictionary',
16 => 'https://www.bbc.com/uzbek/afghanistan',
17 => 'https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/redeeming-book-culture-in-uzbekistan/',
18 => 'https://centralasiaprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/CAP-Paper-231.pdf',
19 => 'https://archive.today/20230410155036/https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf',
20 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140822032541/http://www.unicode.org/udhr/n/notes_uzn_latn.html',
21 => 'https://uznews.uz/posts/68082',
22 => 'http://archive.org/details/adeeb-khalid-making-uzbekistan-nation-empire-and-revolution-in-the-early-ussr-co',
23 => 'https://www.gazeta.uz/en/2023/12/11/saida-mirziyoyeva-on-uzbek-alphabet/',
24 => 'https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2024/02/14/uzbek-latin-alphabet/',
25 => 'https://type.today/en/journal/uzbek'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scripts used to write the Uzbek language</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Adib-i_sani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Adib-i_sani.jpg/170px-Adib-i_sani.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Adib-i_sani.jpg/255px-Adib-i_sani.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Adib-i_sani.jpg/340px-Adib-i_sani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="3160" /></a><figcaption>A page from an Uzbek book printed in Arabic script. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, 1911.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek language</a> has been written in various scripts: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>. The language traditionally used Arabic script, but the official Uzbek government under the Soviet Union started to use Cyrillic in 1940, which is when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Likbez" title="Likbez">widespread literacy campaigns</a> were initiated by the Soviet government across the Union. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, the Latin script was officially reintroduced, along with Cyrillic, in 1992, and a full transition to Latin script is awaiting implementation. In neighboring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, people use Cyrillic. In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> region of China, some Uzbek speakers write using Cyrillic, others with an alphabet based on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur Arabic alphabet</a>. Uzbeks of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> also write the language using <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, and the Arabic <b>Uzbek alphabet</b> is taught at some schools in the country.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Arabic_script"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Arabic script</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Latin_script"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Latin script</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Cyrillic_script"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cyrillic script</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern_Latin_alphabet"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Modern Latin alphabet</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Alphabetical_order"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Alphabetical order</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Correspondence_chart"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Correspondence chart</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Distinct_characters"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Distinct characters</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Sample_of_the_scripts"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Sample of the scripts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_alphabet&action=edit&section=1"title="Edit section: History"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arabic_script">Arabic script</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_alphabet&action=edit&section=2"title="Edit section: Arabic script"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more information on Uzbek Arabic Alphabet, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Uzbek_language" title="Southern Uzbek language">Southern Uzbek language</a>.</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Uzbek_Arabic_Nastaliq_Alphabet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Uzbek_Arabic_Nastaliq_Alphabet.jpg/220px-Uzbek_Arabic_Nastaliq_Alphabet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Uzbek_Arabic_Nastaliq_Alphabet.jpg/330px-Uzbek_Arabic_Nastaliq_Alphabet.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Uzbek_Arabic_Nastaliq_Alphabet.jpg/440px-Uzbek_Arabic_Nastaliq_Alphabet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3816" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Uzbek alphabet written in a variant of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a> in the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></i> style.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Like all <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and its literary predecessor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a>, Uzbek was written in various forms of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> historically. Following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Russian revolution</a> and Soviet takeover of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a>, in January 1921, a reformed Arabic orthography designed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jadidist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jadidist">Jadidists</a> was adopted, which replaced the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">harakat</a> marks used for short vowels with a fully alphabetic system that indicated every vowel and removed all letters that occurred only in Arabic loanwords and did not have a distinct phonetic value. It had six vowels and twenty-three consonants. Notably, unlike the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets that followed, it did not contain a letter to represent <a href="/enwiki/wiki//f/" class="mw-redirect" title="/f/">/f/</a>, due to the argument that it was always assimilated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki//p/" class="mw-redirect" title="/p/">/p/</a> in the orthophony. Some had also proposed that there be no letter to represent <a href="/enwiki/wiki//h/" class="mw-redirect" title="/h/">/h/</a>, due to many dialects assimilating it to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">/x/</a>, but this was not implemented in the end.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Arabic script is still used for writing Uzbek in Afghanistan and by Afghan-Uzbek diaspora elsewhere. In the early 21st century, with the publication of dictionaries<sup id="cite_ref-DictionaryAimaq_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictionaryAimaq-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> and literature by Afghan-Uzbek scholars, as well as the adaptation of Uzbek Arabic script by domestic as well as international news outlets (such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> Uzbek Afghanistan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/uzbek/afghanistan">Link</a>), the Arabic script has undergone a process of documentation and standardization.
</p>
<table style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:right; background-color:#F8F8EF">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ا / آ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ب
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">پ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ت
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ث
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ج
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">چ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ح
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">خ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">د
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ذ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ر
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ز
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ژ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">س
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ش
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ص
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ض
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ط
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ظ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ع
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">غ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ف
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ق
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ک
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">گ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ل
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">م
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ن
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">نگ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">و
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ۉ
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ۋ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ھ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ی
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ې
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Latin_script">Latin script</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_alphabet&action=edit&section=3"title="Edit section: Latin script"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h3>
<p>In 1929, as part of comprehensive programs to "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Likbez" title="Likbez">educate</a>" (politically influence) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek people</a>, who for the first time now had their own cartographically delineated (administrative) region, Uzbek writing in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbek_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek SSR">Uzbek SSR</a> was switched to Latin script. The latinization of Uzbek was carried out in the context of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">latinization of all languages</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> The new Latin script also brought about the letter <span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz">f</span></span> to represent <a href="/enwiki/wiki//f/" class="mw-redirect" title="/f/">/f/</a> and distinction of back and front vowels, adding a number of new characters for them.
</p>
<table style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">A a
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">B ʙ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">C c
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ç ç
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">D d
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">E e
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ə ə
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">F f
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">G g
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ƣ ƣ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">H h
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">I i
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">J j
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">K k
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">L l
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">M m
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">N n
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ꞑ ꞑ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">O o
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ө ө
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">P p
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Q q
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">R r
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">S s
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ş ş
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">T t
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">U u
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">V v
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">X x
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Y y
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Z z
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ƶ ƶ
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ь ь
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">'
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In 1934, the script underwent another reform, which reverted the addition of back-front vowel distinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup> The letters <b>Ө ө, Y y, Ь ь</b> were removed from the alphabet.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cyrillic_script">Cyrillic script</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_alphabet&action=edit&section=4"title="Edit section: Cyrillic script"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h3>
<p>In 1940, Uzbek was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">switched</a> to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>:
</p>
<table style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">А а
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Б б
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">В в
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Г г
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Д д
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Е е
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ё ё
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ж ж
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">З з
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">И и
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Й й
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">К к
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Л л
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">М м
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Н н
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">О о
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">П п
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Р р
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">С с
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Т т
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">У у
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ф ф
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Х х
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ц ц
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ч ч
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ш ш
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ъ ъ
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ь ь
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Э э
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ю ю
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Я я
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ў ў
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Қ қ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ғ ғ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ҳ ҳ
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet contains all the letters of the Russian alphabet, apart from Щ and Ы, plus four extra ones, namely Ў, Қ, Ғ and Ҳ. These four letters are considered as separate letters and not letter variants. They come in alphabetical order after the letter Я.
</p><p>The letters Ц and Ь are not used in Uzbek native words, but are included in the alphabet for writing loanwords, e. g. кальций (calcium). However, Щ and Ы are not included, so they are replaced by ШЧ and И in loanwords and names from Russian, e. g. the Russian surnames Щедрин (Shchedrin) and Быков (Bykov) are rendered Шчедрин and Биков in Uzbek Cyrillic.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_Latin_alphabet">Modern Latin alphabet</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_alphabet&action=edit&section=5"title="Edit section: Modern Latin alphabet"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h3>
<table style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">А а
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">B b
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">D d
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Е е
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">F f
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">G g
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">H h
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">I i
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">J j
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">K k
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">L l
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">М m
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">N n
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">О о
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">P p
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Q q
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">R r
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">S s
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Т t
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">U u
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">V v
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">X x
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Y y
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Z z
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Oʻ oʻ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Gʻ gʻ
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Sh sh
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ch ch
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ng ng
</td>
<td style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">ʼ
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Until 1992, Uzbek in the USSR continued to be written using a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic alphabet</a> almost exclusively, but now in Uzbekistan the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> has been officially re-introduced, although the use of Cyrillic is still widespread. The deadline in Uzbekistan for making this transition has been repeatedly changed. In 1993, President of Uzbekistan at the time <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a> proposed a new Uzbek alphabet with ⟨c⟩ /ts/, ⟨ç⟩, ⟨ğ⟩, ⟨<a href="/enwiki/wiki/J_with_stroke" title="J with stroke">ɉ</a>⟩, ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨ş⟩, until it was replaced with the current 1995 alphabet. The letter J with stroke is said to have been the equivalent of Cyrillic letter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhje" title="Zhje">Zhje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Education in many areas of Uzbekistan is in the Latin script, and in 2001 the Latin script began to be used on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbekistani_soum" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekistani soum">coins</a>. Since 2004, some official websites have switched over to using the Latin script when writing in Uzbek.<sup id="cite_ref-gov.uz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.uz-6">[6]</a></sup> Most street signs are also in the new Latin script. The main national TV channel of Uzbekistan, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/O%CA%BBzbekiston_Telekanali" class="mw-redirect" title="Oʻzbekiston Telekanali">Oʻzbekiston Telekanali</a> (owned by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Television_and_Radio_Company_of_Uzbekistan" title="National Television and Radio Company of Uzbekistan">MTRK</a>), has also switched to the Latin script when writing in Uzbek, although news programs are still broadcast in Cyrillic script (compare with another TV channel owned by the same company, Yoshlar, broadcasts news programs in Latin script). Additionally, in Afghanistan Uzbek continues to be written in the Arabic script.
</p><p>In 2018, the Uzbek government launched another reform effort for the Uzbek Latin alphabet. The new proposal called for replacing some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diacritical_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical sign">diacritical signs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-proposal_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proposal-7">[7]</a></sup> In March 2021, the proposed changes were put up for public discussion and debate. They called for replacing Ch ch, Sh sh, Gʻ gʻ, Oʻ oʻ with Ç ç, Ş ş, Ḡ ḡ, Ō ō (and, in loans, Ts ts with C c).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> This would largely reverse the 1995 reform and bring the orthography closer to those of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karakalpak_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakalpak alphabet">Karakalpak</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a> (2018 version) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> This was met with mixed reactions from the citizens. The proposal was put up again for discussion in May of the same year, this time with a deadline of 1 November 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2021, the Uzbek government announced that Uzbekistan plans to fully transition the Uzbek language from the Cyrillic script to a Latin-based alphabet by 1 January 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Similar deadlines had been extended several times.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>Generally the younger generation prefers to use the Latin alphabet, while the older generation, who grew up in the Soviet era, prefers the Cyrillic alphabet. The Latin alphabet is mainly used in business and tourism, and the Cyrillic alphabet is mainly used in official government documents.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to a report in 2023, Uzbek publishing houses still mostly used the Cyrillic alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2023, linguists proposed another project for reform of the Uzbek alphabet. Thus, in the new alphabet it is proposed to modify four letters: Ў/ў, Ғ/ғ, Ч/ч, & Ш/ш respectively to Õ/õ, Ğ/ğ, C/c, Ş/ş. This is the third attempt to reform the Uzbek alphabet since 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Alphabetical_order">Alphabetical order</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_alphabet&action=edit&section=6"title="Edit section: Alphabetical order"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h2>
<p>The current (1995) Uzbek Latin alphabet has 29 letters:
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; width: 100%;">
<caption style="font-size: 110%;">Uzbek alphabet
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>16</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>19
</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>23</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>25</td>
<td>26</td>
<td>27</td>
<td>28</td>
<td>29
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="29"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uppercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Uppercase">Majuscule forms</a></b> (also called <b>uppercase</b> or <b>capital letters</b>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T" title="T">T</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%95" title="Õ">Õ</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C4%9E" title="Ğ">Ğ</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Ş</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ç</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Ŋ</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="29"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lowercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowercase">Minuscule forms</a></b> (also called <b>lowercase</b> or <b>small letters</b>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>a</td>
<td>b</td>
<td>d</td>
<td>e</td>
<td>f</td>
<td>g</td>
<td>h</td>
<td>i</td>
<td>j</td>
<td>k</td>
<td>l</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>n</td>
<td>o</td>
<td>p</td>
<td>q</td>
<td>r</td>
<td>s</td>
<td>t
</td>
<td>u</td>
<td>v</td>
<td>x</td>
<td>y</td>
<td>z</td>
<td>õ</td>
<td>ğ</td>
<td>ş</td>
<td>c</td>
<td>ŋ
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The symbol ⟨‘⟩ does not constitute a separate letter.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Correspondence_chart">Correspondence chart</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_alphabet&action=edit&section=7"title="Edit section: Correspondence chart"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h2>
<p>Below is a table of Uzbek Cyrillic and Latin alphabets with represented sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Latin<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[N 1]</a></sup>
</th>
<th>Yañalif (1929–1934)
</th>
<th>Yañalif (1934–1940)
</th>
<th>Cyrillic equivalent
</th>
<th>Name<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup>
</th>
<th>Yangi Imlo
</th>
<th>Arabic
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>
</th>
<th>English approximation
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">A a
</td>
<td>A a
</td>
<td rowspan="2">𐤠 ⲁ
</td>
<td rowspan="2">А а
</td>
<td rowspan="2">ە
</td>
<td rowspan="2">ا / ه
</td>
<td rowspan="2">al <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>,
<p>/æ/
</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">ch<b>a</b>i, c<b>a</b>t
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Æ ә
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>B b
</td>
<td colspan="2">𐤡 β
</td>
<td>Б б
</td>
<td>bo
</td>
<td>ب
</td>
<td>ب
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>b</b>at
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>D d
</td>
<td colspan="2">𐓉 Ԁ
</td>
<td>Д д
</td>
<td>do
</td>
<td>د
</td>
<td>د
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d̪/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>d</b>en
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>E e
</td>
<td colspan="2">Є ę
</td>
<td>Э э / Е е
</td>
<td>ec
</td>
<td>ئې / ې
</td>
<td>اې / ې
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[N 2]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="left">b<b>e</b>t
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>F f
</td>
<td colspan="2">Ѱ ƒ
</td>
<td>Ф ф
</td>
<td>fe
</td>
<td>ف
</td>
<td>ف
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>f</b>ish
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>G g
</td>
<td colspan="2">ꓨ ⲅ
</td>
<td>Г г
</td>
<td>ga
</td>
<td>گ
</td>
<td>گ
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>g</b>o
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>H h
</td>
<td colspan="2">Ң ћ
</td>
<td>Ҳ ҳ
</td>
<td>hi
</td>
<td>ھ
</td>
<td>ھ and ح
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>h</b>ouse
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">I i
</td>
<td>I i
</td>
<td rowspan="2">I i
</td>
<td rowspan="2">И и
</td>
<td rowspan="2">i
</td>
<td rowspan="2">ئى / ى
</td>
<td rowspan="2">ای / ی
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, /ɨ/
</td>
<td rowspan="2">m<b>e</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ь ь
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">J j
</td>
<td colspan="2">Ç ç
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Ж ж
</td>
<td rowspan="2">je
</td>
<td>ج
</td>
<td>ج
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>j</b>oke
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">Ƶ ƶ
</td>
<td>ژ
</td>
<td>ژ
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-loan_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loan-23">[N 3]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>vi<b>si</b>on
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>K k
</td>
<td colspan="2">K k
</td>
<td>К к
</td>
<td>ka
</td>
<td>ك
</td>
<td>ک
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>c</b>old
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>L l
</td>
<td colspan="2">L l
</td>
<td>Л л
</td>
<td>el
</td>
<td>ل
</td>
<td>ل
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>l</b>ist
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>M m
</td>
<td colspan="2">M m
</td>
<td>М м
</td>
<td>em
</td>
<td>م
</td>
<td>م
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>m</b>an
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>N n
</td>
<td colspan="2">N n
</td>
<td>Н н
</td>
<td>en
</td>
<td>ن
</td>
<td>ن
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>n</b>ext
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>O o
</td>
<td colspan="2">A a
</td>
<td>О о
</td>
<td>o
</td>
<td>ا
</td>
<td>ا / آ
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-loan_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loan-23">[N 3]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="left">h<b>o</b>t, c<b>a</b>ll (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>P p
</td>
<td colspan="2">P p
</td>
<td>П п
</td>
<td>pe
</td>
<td>پ
</td>
<td>پ
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>p</b>in
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Q q
</td>
<td colspan="2">Q q
</td>
<td>Қ қ
</td>
<td>qa
</td>
<td>ق
</td>
<td>ق
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[N 4]</a></sup>
</td>
<td align="left">like a "k", but further back in the throat
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>R r
</td>
<td colspan="2">R r
</td>
<td>Р р
</td>
<td>er
</td>
<td>ر
</td>
<td>ر
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>
</td>
<td align="left">(trilled) <b>r</b>at
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>S s
</td>
<td colspan="2">S s
</td>
<td>С с
</td>
<td>es
</td>
<td>س
</td>
<td>ث and س and ص
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>s</b>ick
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>T t
</td>
<td colspan="2">T t
</td>
<td>Т т
</td>
<td>te
</td>
<td>ت
</td>
<td>ت and ط
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>t</b>oe
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">U u
</td>
<td>U u
</td>
<td rowspan="2">U u
</td>
<td rowspan="2">У у
</td>
<td rowspan="2">u
</td>
<td rowspan="2">ئۇ / ۇ
</td>
<td rowspan="2">او / و
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, /ʉ/
</td>
<td rowspan="2">p<b>u</b>t, ch<b>oo</b>se
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Y y
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>V v
</td>
<td colspan="2">V v
</td>
<td>В в
</td>
<td>ve
</td>
<td>ۋ
</td>
<td>ۋ
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v~w/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>v</b>an
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>X x
</td>
<td colspan="2">X x
</td>
<td>Х х
</td>
<td>xa
</td>
<td>خ
</td>
<td>خ
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/</span>
</td>
<td align="left">"ch" as in German "Ba<b>ch</b>" or Scottish "lo<b>ch</b>"
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Y y
</td>
<td colspan="2">J j
</td>
<td>Й й
</td>
<td>ye
</td>
<td>ي
</td>
<td>ی
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>y</b>es
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Z z
</td>
<td colspan="2">Z z
</td>
<td>З з
</td>
<td>ze
</td>
<td>ز
</td>
<td>ذ and ز and ض and ظ
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>z</b>ebra
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">Oʻ oʻ
</td>
<td>O o
</td>
<td rowspan="2">O o
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Ў ў
</td>
<td rowspan="2">oʻ
</td>
<td rowspan="2">ئو / و
</td>
<td rowspan="2">اۉ / ۉ
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>, /ɵ/
</td>
<td rowspan="2">r<b>o</b>w, f<b>u</b>r
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ө ө
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Gʻ gʻ
</td>
<td colspan="2">Ƣ ƣ
</td>
<td>Ғ ғ
</td>
<td>gʻa
</td>
<td>غ
</td>
<td>غ
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span>
</td>
<td align="left">like a French or German "r"
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Sh sh
</td>
<td colspan="2">Ş ş
</td>
<td>Ш ш
</td>
<td>sha
</td>
<td>ش
</td>
<td>ش
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>sh</b>oe
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ch ch
</td>
<td colspan="2">C c
</td>
<td>Ч ч
</td>
<td>che
</td>
<td>چ
</td>
<td>چ
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span>
</td>
<td align="left"><b>ch</b>ew
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ng ng
</td>
<td colspan="2">Ꞑ ꞑ
</td>
<td>Нг нг
</td>
<td>nge
</td>
<td>ڭ
</td>
<td>نگ
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>
</td>
<td align="left">ki<b>ng</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>ʼ
</td>
<td>ʼ (məʼlym)
</td>
<td>ʼ (məʼlum)
</td>
<td>ъ
</td>
<td>tutuq belgisi (ʼ) ("apostrophe"); ayirish/ajratish belgisi (ъ)
</td>
<td>ئ
</td>
<td>ء / أ / ؤ / ئ and ع
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span>
</td>
<td align="left">Both "<b>ʼ</b>" (<span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">tutuq belgisi</i></span>) and "<b>ъ</b>" (<span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">ayirish belgisi</i></span>) are used either (1) to mark the phonetic glottal stop when put immediately before a vowel or (2) to mark a long vowel when placed immediately after a vowel <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[N 5]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The Cyrillic letters Ё ё, Ю ю, Я я correspond to the sound combinations <b>yo, yu, ya</b>.
</p><p>The Cyrillic letters Ц ц and ь (capital Ь occurs only in all-capitals writing) are used only in loanwords. In the modern Uzbek Latin alphabet ц becomes <b>ts</b> after vowels, <b>s</b> otherwise; ь is omitted (except ье, ьи, ьо, that become <b>ye, yi, yo</b>).
</p><p>The letters <i>c</i> (apart from the digraph <i>ch</i>) and <i>w</i>, not considered distinct letters of the Uzbek alphabet, are named <span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">tse</i></span> and <span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">dubl-ve</i></span> respectively. In mathematics, <i>x, y, z</i> are named <span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">iks, igrek, zet</i></span>.
</p>
<dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl>
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1995 orthography</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrillic "Е е" at the beginning of a word and after a vowel is "Ye ye" in Latin.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-loan-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loan_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loan_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In Russian borrowings.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some words written with the letter "q", the sound has now changed to /χ/, such as o‘quvchi [oˈχuv.tʃi] "pupil" and haqiqiy [hæχiˈχiː] "real". There is no regular sound change law regarding when this process occurs.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">Tutuq belgisi</i></span> (<b>ʼ</b>) is also used to indicate that the letters "s" and "h" should be pronounced separately, not as the digraph "sh" in Latin. For example, in the name <span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">Isʼhoq</i></span> (<i>Исҳоқ</i>) "s" and "h" are pronounced separately.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Distinct_characters">Distinct characters</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_alphabet&action=edit&section=8"title="Edit section: Distinct characters"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Uzbekistan_State_Art_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Uzbekistan_State_Art_Museum.JPG/220px-Uzbekistan_State_Art_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Uzbekistan_State_Art_Museum.JPG/330px-Uzbekistan_State_Art_Museum.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Uzbekistan_State_Art_Museum.JPG/440px-Uzbekistan_State_Art_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> sign in front of the State Art Museum of Uzbekistan written using an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%CA%BBokina" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻokina">ʻokina</a>-like symbol</figcaption></figure>
<p>When the Uzbek language is written using the Latin script, the letters <b>Oʻ</b> (Cyrillic <b>Ў</b>) and <b>Gʻ</b> (Cyrillic <b>Ғ</b>) are properly rendered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> using the character <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+02BB</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ʻ</span> <span style="font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;">MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a></sup> which is also known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%CA%BBokina" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻokina">ʻokina</a>. However, since this character is absent from most keyboard layouts (except for the Hawaiian keyboard in Windows 8, or above, computers) and many fonts, most Uzbek websites – including some operated by the Uzbek government<sup id="cite_ref-gov.uz_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.uz-6">[6]</a></sup> – use either <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2018</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">‘</span> <span style="font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;">LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK</span> or <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0027</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">'</span> <span style="font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;">APOSTROPHE</span> to represent these letters.
</p><p>The character <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02BC</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ʼ</span> <span style="font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;">MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE</span> (<i>tutuq belgisi</i>) is used to mark the phonetic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> when it is put immediately before a vowel in borrowed words, as in <i>sanʼat</i> (art). The modifier letter apostrophe is also used to mark a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowel</a> when placed immediately after a vowel, as in <i>maʼno</i> (meaning).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a></sup> Since this character is also absent from most keyboard layouts, many Uzbek websites use <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2019</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">’</span> <span style="font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;">RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK</span> or <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0027</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">'</span> <span style="font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;">APOSTROPHE</span> instead.
</p><p>Currently most typists do not bother with the differentiation between the modifier letter turned comma and modifier letter apostrophe as their keyboard layouts likely accommodate only the straight apostrophe.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sample_of_the_scripts">Sample of the scripts</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_alphabet&action=edit&section=9"title="Edit section: Sample of the scripts"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h2>
<p>Article 1 of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Uzbek in Latin script<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(official)</span>
</th>
<th>Uzbek in Cyrillic script
</th>
<th>Uzbek in Arabic script
</th>
<th>Uzbek in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yangi imlo</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1923–1928)</span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">Barcha odamlar erkin, qadr-qimmat va huquqlarda teng boʻlib tugʻiladilar. Ular aql va vijdon sohibidirlar va bir-birlari ila birodarlarcha muomala qilishlari zarur.</i></span>
</td>
<td><span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz-Cyrl">Барча одамлар эркин, қадр-қиммат ва ҳуқуқларда тенг бўлиб туғиладилар. Улар ақл ва виждон соҳибидирлар ва бир-бирлари ила биродарларча муомала қилишлари зарур.</span></span>
</td>
<td><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1206473241">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Scheherazade,Lateef,Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Microsoft Uighur","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">برچه آدملر اېرکین، قدرقیمت و حقوقلرده تېݣ بولیب توغیلدیلر. اولر عقل و وجدان صاحبیدیرلر و بیربیرلری ایله برادرلرچه معامله قیلیشلری ضرور.</span>‎</span>
</td>
<td><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1206473241"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بەرچە ئادەملەر ئېركىن، قەدر-قىممەت ۋە ھۇقۇقلەردە تېڭ بولىب تۇغىلەدىلەر. ئۇلەر ئەقل ۋە ۋىجدان ساھىبىدىرلەر ۋە بىر-بىرلەرى ئىلە بىرادەرلەرچە مۇامەلە قىلىشلەرى زەرۇر.</span>‎</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><b>Uzbek in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ya%C3%B1alif" title="Yañalif">Yangalif</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1929–1934)</span></b>
</th>
<th><b>Uzbek in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ya%C3%B1alif" title="Yañalif">Yangalif</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1934–1940)</span></b>
</th>
<th><b>English translation</b>
</th>
<th><b>Uzbek in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></b>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Barca adamlar erkin, qadr-qьmmat və huquqlarda teꞑ ʙolьʙ tuƣьladьlar. Ular aql və vьçdan sahьʙьdьrlar və ʙir-ʙirləri ilə ʙiradərlərcə muamala qьlьşlarь zəryr.
</td>
<td><span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">Bərcə adəmlər erkin, qədr-qimmət və huquqlərdə teꞑ ʙoliʙ tuƣilədilər. Ulər əql və viçdan sahiʙidirlər və ʙir-ʙirləri ilə ʙiradərlərcə muamələ qilişləri zərur.</i></span>
</td>
<td>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek" title="Help:IPA/Uzbek">[bɑrˈtʃɑ ɒd̪ɑmˈlɑr erˈkɪn ǀ qɑd̪r̩ qɨmˈmɑt̪ ʋæ huquqlɑrˈd̪æ t̪eŋ‿bɵˈlɨp t̪uʁɨlɑd̪ɨˈlɑr ǁ uˈlɑr ɑql̩ ʋæ ʋɪdʒˈd̪ɒn sɒhɨbɨdɨrˈlɑr ǀ ʋæ bɨr bɨrlɑˈrɨ iˈlɑ bɨrɒdɑrlɑrˈtʃæ mu.ɒmɑˈlɑ qɨlɨʃlɑˈrɨ zɑˈrur ǁ]</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_alphabet&action=edit&section=10"title="Edit section: References"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhalid2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adeeb_Khalid" title="Adeeb Khalid">Khalid, Adeeb</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/adeeb-khalid-making-uzbekistan-nation-empire-and-revolution-in-the-early-ussr-co"><i>Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. 264, 389. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501735851" title="Special:BookSources/9781501735851"><bdi>9781501735851</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <q>Latinization had been mooted in the wider Turkic world, but in January 1921 was nowhere a serious proposition. It was voted off the agenda, but the orthography ultimately approved by the conference was quite radical. It contained six vowels and twenty-three consonants. There were to be special letters for /ŋ/ and /v/, but /f/ was excluded on the argument that it was not used in Uzbek speech; it was assimilated to /p/. (Botu's proposition to exclude /h/ as well and thus to recognize the <i>h</i> —> <i>x</i> shift in many dialects as standard was defeated.) All Arabic-specific letters were excluded, and Fitrat's arguments for spelling Arabic loanwords according to general rules won the day. (...) the rural, hyper-Turkic phonetics of the Uzbek literary language adopted in 1929 had already been abandoned in favor of a six-vowel standard without vowel harmony in 1934.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Uzbekistan%3A+Nation%2C+Empire%2C+and+Revolution+in+the+Early+USSR&rft.pages=264%2C+389&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781501735851&rft.aulast=Khalid&rft.aufirst=Adeeb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadeeb-khalid-making-uzbekistan-nation-empire-and-revolution-in-the-early-ussr-co&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DictionaryAimaq-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DictionaryAimaq_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uzbek Turki to Persian/Dari Dictionary, authored by D. Faizullah Aimaq (فرهنگ تورکی اوزبیکی به فارسی/ دری، تألیف داکتر فیض الله ایماق) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf">[1]</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230410155036/https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf">Archive</a>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC News. BBC Persian. Harun Najafizaheh. “Publication of the first dictionary of Afghanistan’s Uzbek Language” (نجفیزاده هارون. “انتشار نخستین فرهنگ زبان ازبکی افغانستان.” ) BBC News. BBC, February 10, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan/story/2008/02/080210_k-a-uzbek-dictionary">https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan/story/2008/02/080210_k-a-uzbek-dictionary</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFierman1991" class="citation book cs1">Fierman, William (1991). <i>Language Planning and National Development: The Uzbek</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 75. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-012454-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-012454-8"><bdi>3-11-012454-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Planning+and+National+Development%3A+The+Uzbek&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=3-11-012454-8&rft.aulast=Fierman&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.evertype.com/standards/uz/uzlat.html">"Özbek Alifbosi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%96zbek+Alifbosi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fstandards%2Fuz%2Fuzlat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-gov.uz-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gov.uz_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gov.uz_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.uz/uz/">"The Governmental Portal of the Republic of Uzbekistan"</a> (in Uzbek)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Governmental+Portal+of+the+Republic+of+Uzbekistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uz%2Fuz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-proposal-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-proposal_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uza.uz/oz/society/lotin-yezuviga-asoslangan-zbek-alifbosi-a-ida-ishchi-guru-ni-06-11-2018">"Лотин ёзувига асосланган ўзбек алифбоси ҳақида ишчи гуруҳнинг сўнгги хулосаси"</a> [Final conclusions of the working group on the Uzbek Latin alphabet] (in Uzbek). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbekistan_National_News_Agency" title="Uzbekistan National News Agency">UzA</a>. 2018-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D1%91%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8+%D2%B3%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3+%D1%81%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8&rft.pub=UzA&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uza.uz%2Foz%2Fsociety%2Flotin-yezuviga-asoslangan-zbek-alifbosi-a-ida-ishchi-guru-ni-06-11-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2021/03/16/alphabet/">"Проект нового узбекского алфавита представлен для обсуждения"</a>. <i>Газета.uz</i> (in Russian). 2021-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.uz&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazeta.uz%2Fru%2F2021%2F03%2F16%2Falphabet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-unveils-its-latest-bash-at-latin-alphabet">"Uzbekistan unveils its latest bash at Latin alphabet"</a>. 2019-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan+unveils+its+latest+bash+at+Latin+alphabet&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fuzbekistan-unveils-its-latest-bash-at-latin-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGoble2019" class="citation web cs1">Goble, Paul (2019-05-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://windowoneurasia2.blogspot.com/2019/05/uzbekistan-moves-to-make-its-latin.html">"Uzbekistan Moves to Make Its Latin Script Closer to One Used in Turkey"</a>. <i>Window on Eurasia – New Series</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Window+on+Eurasia+%E2%80%93+New+Series&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+Moves+to+Make+Its+Latin+Script+Closer+to+One+Used+in+Turkey&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft.aulast=Goble&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwindowoneurasia2.blogspot.com%2F2019%2F05%2Fuzbekistan-moves-to-make-its-latin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kun.uz/ru/news/2021/05/22/proyekt-zakona-o-novom-uzbekskom-alfavite-na-latinskoy-grafike-vnov-opublikovan-dlya-obsujdeniya">"Проект закона о новом узбекском алфавите на латинской графике вновь опубликован для обсуждения"</a> (in Russian). Kun. 22 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkun.uz%2Fru%2Fnews%2F2021%2F05%2F22%2Fproyekt-zakona-o-novom-uzbekskom-alfavite-na-latinskoy-grafike-vnov-opublikovan-dlya-obsujdeniya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-aims-for-full-transition-to-latin-based-alphabet-by-2023/31099723.html">Uzbekistan Aims For Full Transition To Latin-Based Alphabet By 2023</a>, February 12, 2021 12:54 GMT, RadioFreeEurope</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interfax.az/view/826747">"В Узбекистане в 2023 году узбекский алфавит в делопроизводстве переведут с кириллицы на латинскую графику"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2+2023+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82+%D1%81+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finterfax.az%2Fview%2F826747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517114925/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/uzbekistan-keeping-karakalpak-language-alive">"Uzbekistan: Keeping the Karakalpak Language Alive"</a>. 2019-05-17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iwpr.net/global-voices/uzbekistan-keeping-karakalpak-language-alive">the original</a> on 2019-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan%3A+Keeping+the+Karakalpak+Language+Alive&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiwpr.net%2Fglobal-voices%2Fuzbekistan-keeping-karakalpak-language-alive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_Michael_Schweitzer" class="citation web cs1">Ryan Michael Schweitzer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centralasiaprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/CAP-Paper-231.pdf">"Alphabet Transition in Uzbekistan: Political Implications and Influences on Uzbek Identity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Central Asia Program</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Asia+Program&rft.atitle=Alphabet+Transition+in+Uzbekistan%3A+Political+Implications+and+Influences+on+Uzbek+Identity&rft.au=Ryan+Michael+Schweitzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentralasiaprogram.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F05%2FCAP-Paper-231.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/redeeming-book-culture-in-uzbekistan/">"Redeeming Book Culture in Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>The Diplomat</i>. 2023-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Redeeming+Book+Culture+in+Uzbekistan&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2023%2F06%2Fredeeming-book-culture-in-uzbekistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uznews.uz/posts/68082">"Анонсирован очередной проект по изменению некоторых букв узбекского алфавита"</a>. <i>Uznews.uz</i> (in Russian). 2023-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uznews.uz&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2+%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.date=2023-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuznews.uz%2Fposts%2F68082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currenttime.tv/a/uzbekistan-alvafit-aphabet-letters-linguistics/29955997.html">"Представлен новый вариант узбекского алфавита: без сочетаний sh и ch и с двумя буквами, как в казахском"</a>. <i>Настоящее Время</i> (in Russian). 22 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82+%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%3A+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+sh+%D0%B8+ch+%D0%B8+%D1%81+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%2C+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currenttime.tv%2Fa%2Fuzbekistan-alvafit-aphabet-letters-linguistics%2F29955997.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Uzbek.pdf">"Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts: Uzbek"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Institute of the Estonian Language</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+the+Estonian+Language&rft.atitle=Transliteration+of+Non-Roman+Scripts%3A+Uzbek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransliteration.eki.ee%2Fpdf%2FUzbek.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFIsmatullayev1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ismatullayev, Xayrulla (1991). <i>Teach-Yourself Uzbek Textbook</i> (in Uzbek). Tashkent: Oʻqituvchi. p. 4. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-645-01104-X" title="Special:BookSources/5-645-01104-X"><bdi>5-645-01104-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach-Yourself+Uzbek+Textbook&rft.place=Tashkent&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=O%CA%BBqituvchi&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=5-645-01104-X&rft.aulast=Ismatullayev&rft.aufirst=Xayrulla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822032541/http://www.unicode.org/udhr/n/notes_uzn_latn.html">"The Unicode Consortium"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/udhr/n/notes_uzn_latn.html">the original</a> on 22 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fudhr%2Fn%2Fnotes_uzn_latn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbek+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Principal Orthographic Rules For The Uzbek Language", the Uzbekistan Cabinet of Minister's Resolution No. 339. Adopted on August 24, 1995. Tashkent, Uzbekistan.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_alphabet&action=edit&section=11"title="Edit section: External links"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span
class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://type.today/en/journal/uzbek">Uzbek: extended Latin and Cyrillic</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazeta.uz/en/2023/12/11/saida-mirziyoyeva-on-uzbek-alphabet/">Saida Mirzoyoyeva on Uzbek alphabet reform: ‘We should make final decision'</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2024/02/14/uzbek-latin-alphabet/">Буквы преткновения: Затянувшаяся на 30 лет реформа узбекского алфавита (The letters of stumbling: The reform of the Uzbek alphabet, which has dragged on for 30 years)</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_alphabets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Arabic_script" title="Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_script" title="Template talk:Arabic script"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_script" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avar_language#Writing_systems" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chechen_language#Alphabets" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li>
<li>Circassian (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adyghe_language#Other_writing_systems" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabardian_language#Orthography" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lak_language#Writing_Comparison_Table" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Serbo-Croatian</a></li>
<li>Tatar (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buri_Wolio" title="Buri Wolio">Buri Wolio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burushaski#Writing_system" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li>
<li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_cham" class="extiw" title="fr:Jawi cham">Cham Jawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish alphabet">Kurdish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li>
<li>Pamir (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munjani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rohingya_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Rohingya Arabic Alphabet">Rohingya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhi_language#Writing_system" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhī</a></li>
<li>Shina (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shina_language#Orthography" title="Shina language">Gilgiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kohistani_Shina#Alphabet" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torwali_language#Alphabet" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula Ajami</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adamawa_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Adamawa Fulfulde">Adamawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bagirmi_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Bagirmi Fulfulde">Bagirmi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pular_language#Writing" title="Pular language">Fuuta Jalon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pulaar_language#Orthography" title="Pulaar language">Fuuta Tooro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maasina_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Maasina Fulfulde">Maasina</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanembu_language" title="Kanembu language">Kanembu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serer_language#Writing_system" title="Serer language">Serer Ajami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humburi_Senni_language" title="Humburi Senni language">Humburi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Air Tamajeq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Ajami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad's</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolofal_alphabet" title="Wolofal alphabet">Wolof</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Arabic_script" title="Category:Arabic script">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1713134624' |
