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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Pigmented area on the breast around the nipple}}
{{for multi|the other anatomic sense|Loose connective tissue|other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Aureola|Ariola}}
{{More medical citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Areola
| Latin = areola mammae
| Image = large dark Areola
|
|Image2 =
[[File:Large areolas and breasts of a woman.jpg|Large_areolas_and_breasts_of_a_woman]]
| Caption2 = '''Breast schematic diagram'''<br />(adult female human cross section)<br />Legend: 1. [[Thoracic wall]] 2. [[Pectoral muscles|Pectoralis muscles]]<br />3. [[Lobe (anatomy)|Lobules]] 4. [[Nipple]] 5. Areola 6. [[Duct (anatomy)|Duct]]<br />7. [[Adipose tissue|Fatty tissue]] 8. [[Human skin|Skin]]
}}
[[File:Male Areola.jpg|thumb|right| 150px |A male areola]]
The human '''areola''' (''areola mammae'', {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|r|iː|ə|l|ə}}<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989.</ref><ref name="merriam-webster">{{cite Merriam-Webster|areola}}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ær|i|ˈ|oʊ|l|ə}}<ref name="merriam-webster" /><ref>The plural of ''areola'' is ''areolas'' or ''areolae'' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|r|iː|ə|ˌ|l|i|}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ær|i|ˈ|oʊ|ˌ|l|i|,_|ˌ|ɛr|-}}). ''Areola'' is the diminutive of Latin ''area'', meaning "open place".</ref>) is the [[pigment]]ed area on the [[breast]] around the [[nipple]]. Areola, more generally, is a small circular area on the [[Human body|body]] with a different [[histology]] from the surrounding [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]], or other small circular areas such as an inflamed region of skin.
The mature human female nipple has several small openings arranged radially around the tip of the [[lactiferous duct]]s from which milk is released during [[lactation]]. Other small openings in the areola are [[sebaceous gland]]s, also known as [[Areolar gland|areolar glands]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Secretion of Areolar (Montgomery's) Glands from Lactating Women Elicits Selective, Unconditional Responses in Neonates |journal=[[PLOS One]] |date=2009 |vauthors=Doucet S, Soussignan R, Sagot P, Schaal B |volume=4 |number=10 |page=e7579 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007579 |pmid=19851461 |pmc=2761488 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.7579D |doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Shade==
The areolae can range from pink to red to brown to dark brown or nearly black, but generally tend to be paler among people with lighter skin tones and darker among people with darker skin tones. A reason for the differing color may be to make the nipple area more visible to the infant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fletcher |first=Jenna |date=3 April 2018 |title=Dark nipples: 7 causes and when to see a doctor |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321383.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210152635/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321383.php |archive-date=2019-02-10 |access-date=2019-02-10 |website=Medical News Today |language=en}}</ref>
==Size and shape==
[[File:Female areola with measuring tape.jpg|thumb|Female areola measuring 83 mm (3.25 in).]]
[[File:Hairynipples.jpg|thumb|A young woman with large and hairy areolae.]]
The size and shape of areolae and [[nipple]]s are also highly variable, with those of women usually being larger than those of men and [[Preadolescence|prepubescent]] girls. Human areolae are mostly circular in shape, but many women have large areolae that are noticeably [[Ellipse|elliptical]].
The average [[diameter]] of male areolae is around {{convert|28.0|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. Sexually mature women have an average of {{convert|38.1|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, but sizes can exceed {{convert|100|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Hussain 2003 356–358">{{cite journal |first1=M. |last1=Hussain |first2=L. |last2=Rynn |first3=C. |last3=Riordan |first4=P. J. |last4=Regan |title=Nipple-areola reconstruction: outcome assessment |journal=European Journal of Plastic Surgery |volume=26 |issue=7 |year=2003 |pages=356–358 |doi=10.1007/s00238-003-0566-x |s2cid=40150919 }}</ref> Lactating women, and women with particularly large breasts, may have even larger areolae. A function of the specialized dermis of the areola is to protect the regular breast skin from wear, [[cracked nipple|cracking]], and irritation. Infants sometimes create trauma to the nipple and areolae by [[latch (breastfeeding)|latching-on]].<ref name="Sant2016">{{cite journal|last1=Santos|first1=Kamila Juliana da Silva|last2=Santana|first2=Géssica Silva|last3=Vieira|first3=Tatiana de Oliveira|last4=Santos|first4=Carlos Antônio de Souza Teles|last5=Giugliani|first5=Elsa Regina Justo|last6=Vieira|first6=Graciete Oliveira|title=Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|volume=16|issue=1|year=2016|page=209|issn=1471-2393|doi=10.1186/s12884-016-0999-4|pmc=4975913|pmid=27496088 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Rated according to the [[Tanner scale]] of female physical development, the areolae enlarge during stage 3, but they show no separation of contour. During stage 4, the areolae and [[nipple|papillae]] rise above breast level and form secondary mounds. By stage 5, the breasts have fully developed. As this has resulted in recession of the areolae, the papillae may reach a little above the breasts' contour.<ref name="J. Zitelli">{{Cite book|last1 =J. Zitelli|first1 =Basil|last2=McIntire|first2=Sara C|last3=J Nowalk|first3=Andrew|title=Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis E-Book|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323511858|page=345|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SrZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA345}}</ref>
==Mechanoreceptors==
[[Breastfeeding]] by the baby stimulates slowly and rapidly adapting [[mechanoreceptor]]s that are densely packed around the areolar region.
==Diseases==
[[Paget's disease of the breast]] is a malignant condition that outwardly may have the appearance of [[eczema]], with skin changes involving the areola and nipple.
==See also==
*[[List of specialized glands within the human integumentary system]]
==References==
{{Commons category|Areola}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Breast anatomy|state=collapsed}}
{{Breastfeeding}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Breast anatomy]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{
[[File:Large areolas and breasts of a woman.jpg|Large_areolas_and_breasts_of_a_woman]]
{{for multi|the other anatomic sense|Loose connective tissue|other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Aureola|Ariola}}
{{More medical citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Areola
| Latin = areola mammae
| Image = large dark Areola
|
|Image2 =
[[Fi
| Caption2 = '''Breast schematic diagram'''<br />(adult female human cross section)<br />Legend: 1. [[Thoracic wall]] 2. [[Pectoral muscles|Pectoralis muscles]]<br />3. [[Lobe (anatomy)|Lobules]] 4. [[Nipple]] 5. Areola 6. [[Duct (anatomy)|Duct]]<br />7. [[Adipose tissue|Fatty tissue]] 8. [[Human skin|Skin]]
}}
[[File:Male Areola.jpg|thumb|right| 150px |A male areola]]
The human '''areola''' (''areola mammae'', {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|r|iː|ə|l|ə}}<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989.</ref><ref name="merriam-webster">{{cite Merriam-Webster|areola}}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ær|i|ˈ|oʊ|l|ə}}<ref name="merriam-webster" /><ref>The plural of ''areola'' is ''areolas'' or ''areolae'' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|r|iː|ə|ˌ|l|i|}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ær|i|ˈ|oʊ|ˌ|l|i|,_|ˌ|ɛr|-}}). ''Areola'' is the diminutive of Latin ''area'', meaning "open place".</ref>) is the [[pigment]]ed area on the [[breast]] around the [[nipple]]. Areola, more generally, is a small circular area on the [[Human body|body]] with a different [[histology]] from the surrounding [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]], or other small circular areas such as an inflamed region of skin.
The mature human female nipple has several small openings arranged radially around the tip of the [[lactiferous duct]]s from which milk is released during [[lactation]]. Other small openings in the areola are [[sebaceous gland]]s, also known as [[Areolar gland|areolar glands]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Secretion of Areolar (Montgomery's) Glands from Lactating Women Elicits Selective, Unconditional Responses in Neonates |journal=[[PLOS One]] |date=2009 |vauthors=Doucet S, Soussignan R, Sagot P, Schaal B |volume=4 |number=10 |page=e7579 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007579 |pmid=19851461 |pmc=2761488 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.7579D |doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Shade==
The areolae can range from pink to red to brown to dark brown or nearly black, but generally tend to be paler among people with lighter skin tones and darker among people with darker skin tones. A reason for the differing color may be to make the nipple area more visible to the infant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fletcher |first=Jenna |date=3 April 2018 |title=Dark nipples: 7 causes and when to see a doctor |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321383.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210152635/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321383.php |archive-date=2019-02-10 |access-date=2019-02-10 |website=Medical News Today |language=en}}</ref>
==Size and shape==
[[File:Female areola with measuring tape.jpg|thumb|Female areola measuring 83 mm (3.25 in).]]
[[File:Hairynipples.jpg|thumb|A young woman with large and hairy areolae.]]
The size and shape of areolae and [[nipple]]s are also highly variable, with those of women usually being larger than those of men and [[Preadolescence|prepubescent]] girls. Human areolae are mostly circular in shape, but many women have large areolae that are noticeably [[Ellipse|elliptical]].
The average [[diameter]] of male areolae is around {{convert|28.0|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. Sexually mature women have an average of {{convert|38.1|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, but sizes can exceed {{convert|100|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Hussain 2003 356–358">{{cite journal |first1=M. |last1=Hussain |first2=L. |last2=Rynn |first3=C. |last3=Riordan |first4=P. J. |last4=Regan |title=Nipple-areola reconstruction: outcome assessment |journal=European Journal of Plastic Surgery |volume=26 |issue=7 |year=2003 |pages=356–358 |doi=10.1007/s00238-003-0566-x |s2cid=40150919 }}</ref> Lactating women, and women with particularly large breasts, may have even larger areolae. A function of the specialized dermis of the areola is to protect the regular breast skin from wear, [[cracked nipple|cracking]], and irritation. Infants sometimes create trauma to the nipple and areolae by [[latch (breastfeeding)|latching-on]].<ref name="Sant2016">{{cite journal|last1=Santos|first1=Kamila Juliana da Silva|last2=Santana|first2=Géssica Silva|last3=Vieira|first3=Tatiana de Oliveira|last4=Santos|first4=Carlos Antônio de Souza Teles|last5=Giugliani|first5=Elsa Regina Justo|last6=Vieira|first6=Graciete Oliveira|title=Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|volume=16|issue=1|year=2016|page=209|issn=1471-2393|doi=10.1186/s12884-016-0999-4|pmc=4975913|pmid=27496088 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Rated according to the [[Tanner scale]] of female physical development, the areolae enlarge during stage 3, but they show no separation of contour. During stage 4, the areolae and [[nipple|papillae]] rise above breast level and form secondary mounds. By stage 5, the breasts have fully developed. As this has resulted in recession of the areolae, the papillae may reach a little above the breasts' contour.<ref name="J. Zitelli">{{Cite book|last1 =J. Zitelli|first1 =Basil|last2=McIntire|first2=Sara C|last3=J Nowalk|first3=Andrew|title=Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis E-Book|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323511858|page=345|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SrZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA345}}</ref>
==Mechanoreceptors==
[[Breastfeeding]] by the baby stimulates slowly and rapidly adapting [[mechanoreceptor]]s that are densely packed around the areolar region.
==Diseases==
[[Paget's disease of the breast]] is a malignant condition that outwardly may have the appearance of [[eczema]], with skin changes involving the areola and nipple.
==See also==
*[[List of specialized glands within the human integumentary system]]
==References==
{{Commons category|Areola}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Breast anatomy|state=collapsed}}
{{Breastfeeding}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Breast anatomy]]' |
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6 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2761488',
7 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PLoSO...4.7579D',
8 => 'https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0007579',
9 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19851461',
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13 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2393',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>{
<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Large_areolas_and_breasts_of_a_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large_areolas_and_breasts_of_a_woman"><img alt="Large_areolas_and_breasts_of_a_woman" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Large_areolas_and_breasts_of_a_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="1080" height="1440" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the other anatomic sense, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loose_connective_tissue" title="Loose connective tissue">Loose connective tissue</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Areola_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Areola (disambiguation)">Areola (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aureola" title="Aureola">Aureola</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ariola" title="Ariola">Ariola</a>.</div>
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<p>{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Areola
| Latin = areola mammae
| Image = large dark Areola
|
|Image2 =
[[Fi
| Caption2 = <b>Breast schematic diagram</b><br />(adult female human cross section)<br />Legend: 1. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thoracic_wall" title="Thoracic wall">Thoracic wall</a> 2. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pectoral_muscles" title="Pectoral muscles">Pectoralis muscles</a><br />3. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lobe_(anatomy)" title="Lobe (anatomy)">Lobules</a> 4. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a> 5. Areola 6. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duct_(anatomy)" title="Duct (anatomy)">Duct</a><br />7. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Fatty tissue</a> 8. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a>
}}
</p>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Male_Areola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Male_Areola.jpg/150px-Male_Areola.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Male_Areola.jpg/225px-Male_Areola.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Male_Areola.jpg/300px-Male_Areola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>A male areola</figcaption></figure>
<p>The human <b>areola</b> (<i>areola mammae</i>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-merriam-webster_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster-2">[2]</a></sup> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-merriam-webster_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>) is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigmented</a> area on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a> around the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">nipple</a>. Areola, more generally, is a small circular area on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a> with a different <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> from the surrounding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a>, or other small circular areas such as an inflamed region of skin.
</p><p>The mature human female nipple has several small openings arranged radially around the tip of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lactiferous_duct" title="Lactiferous duct">lactiferous ducts</a> from which milk is released during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>. Other small openings in the areola are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous glands</a>, also known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Areolar_gland" title="Areolar gland">areolar glands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Shade"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Shade</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Size_and_shape"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Size and shape</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Mechanoreceptors"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Mechanoreceptors</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Diseases"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Diseases</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Shade">Shade</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Areola&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Shade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The areolae can range from pink to red to brown to dark brown or nearly black, but generally tend to be paler among people with lighter skin tones and darker among people with darker skin tones. A reason for the differing color may be to make the nipple area more visible to the infant.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Size_and_shape">Size and shape</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Areola&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Size and shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Female_areola_with_measuring_tape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Female_areola_with_measuring_tape.jpg/220px-Female_areola_with_measuring_tape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Female_areola_with_measuring_tape.jpg/330px-Female_areola_with_measuring_tape.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Female_areola_with_measuring_tape.jpg/440px-Female_areola_with_measuring_tape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Female areola measuring 83 mm (3.25 in).</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hairynipples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hairynipples.jpg/220px-Hairynipples.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hairynipples.jpg/330px-Hairynipples.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hairynipples.jpg/440px-Hairynipples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>A young woman with large and hairy areolae.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The size and shape of areolae and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">nipples</a> are also highly variable, with those of women usually being larger than those of men and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">prepubescent</a> girls. Human areolae are mostly circular in shape, but many women have large areolae that are noticeably <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">elliptical</a>.
</p><p>The average <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> of male areolae is around 28.0 mm (1.1 in). Sexually mature women have an average of 38.1 mm (1.5 in), but sizes can exceed 100 mm (4 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Hussain_2003_356–358_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussain_2003_356–358-6">[6]</a></sup> Lactating women, and women with particularly large breasts, may have even larger areolae. A function of the specialized dermis of the areola is to protect the regular breast skin from wear, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cracked_nipple" title="Cracked nipple">cracking</a>, and irritation. Infants sometimes create trauma to the nipple and areolae by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latch_(breastfeeding)" title="Latch (breastfeeding)">latching-on</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sant2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sant2016-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Rated according to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanner_scale" title="Tanner scale">Tanner scale</a> of female physical development, the areolae enlarge during stage 3, but they show no separation of contour. During stage 4, the areolae and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">papillae</a> rise above breast level and form secondary mounds. By stage 5, the breasts have fully developed. As this has resulted in recession of the areolae, the papillae may reach a little above the breasts' contour.<sup id="cite_ref-J._Zitelli_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Zitelli-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mechanoreceptors">Mechanoreceptors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Areola&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanoreceptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a> by the baby stimulates slowly and rapidly adapting <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreceptors</a> that are densely packed around the areolar region.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Diseases">Diseases</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Areola&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paget%27s_disease_of_the_breast" title="Paget's disease of the breast">Paget's disease of the breast</a> is a malignant condition that outwardly may have the appearance of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>, with skin changes involving the areola and nipple.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Areola&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_specialized_glands_within_the_human_integumentary_system" class="mw-redirect" title="List of specialized glands within the human integumentary system">List of specialized glands within the human integumentary system</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Areola&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">OED</a></i> 2nd edition, 1989.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-merriam-webster-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-merriam-webster_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-merriam-webster_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/areola">"areola"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=areola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fareola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAreola" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The plural of <i>areola</i> is <i>areolas</i> or <i>areolae</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span></span>-/</a></span></span>). <i>Areola</i> is the diminutive of Latin <i>area</i>, meaning "open place".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDoucetSoussignanSagotSchaal2009" class="citation journal cs1">Doucet S, Soussignan R, Sagot P, Schaal B (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2761488">"The Secretion of Areolar (Montgomery's) Glands from Lactating Women Elicits Selective, Unconditional Responses in Neonates"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a></i>. <b>4</b> (10): e7579. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PLoSO...4.7579D">2009PLoSO...4.7579D</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0007579">10.1371/journal.pone.0007579</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2761488">2761488</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19851461">19851461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=The+Secretion+of+Areolar+%28Montgomery%27s%29+Glands+from+Lactating+Women+Elicits+Selective%2C+Unconditional+Responses+in+Neonates&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e7579&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2761488%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19851461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0007579&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PLoSO...4.7579D&rft.aulast=Doucet&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Soussignan%2C+R&rft.au=Sagot%2C+P&rft.au=Schaal%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2761488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAreola" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2018" class="citation web cs1">Fletcher, Jenna (3 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321383.php">"Dark nipples: 7 causes and when to see a doctor"</a>. <i>Medical News Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190210152635/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321383.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medical+News+Today&rft.atitle=Dark+nipples%3A+7+causes+and+when+to+see+a+doctor&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Jenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F321383.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAreola" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hussain_2003_356–358-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hussain_2003_356–358_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHussainRynnRiordanRegan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hussain, M.; Rynn, L.; Riordan, C.; Regan, P. J. (2003). "Nipple-areola reconstruction: outcome assessment". <i>European Journal of Plastic Surgery</i>. <b>26</b> (7): 356–358. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00238-003-0566-x">10.1007/s00238-003-0566-x</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40150919">40150919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Plastic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Nipple-areola+reconstruction%3A+outcome+assessment&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=356-358&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00238-003-0566-x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40150919%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Rynn%2C+L.&rft.au=Riordan%2C+C.&rft.au=Regan%2C+P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAreola" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sant2016-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sant2016_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSantosSantanaVieiraSantos2016" class="citation journal cs1">Santos, Kamila Juliana da Silva; Santana, Géssica Silva; Vieira, Tatiana de Oliveira; Santos, Carlos Antônio de Souza Teles; Giugliani, Elsa Regina Justo; Vieira, Graciete Oliveira (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975913">"Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum"</a>. <i>BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 209. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12884-016-0999-4">10.1186/s12884-016-0999-4</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2393">1471-2393</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975913">4975913</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27496088">27496088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Pregnancy+and+Childbirth&rft.atitle=Prevalence+and+factors+associated+with+cracked+nipples+in+the+first+month+postpartum&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=209&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4975913%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1471-2393&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27496088&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12884-016-0999-4&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Kamila+Juliana+da+Silva&rft.au=Santana%2C+G%C3%A9ssica+Silva&rft.au=Vieira%2C+Tatiana+de+Oliveira&rft.au=Santos%2C+Carlos+Ant%C3%B4nio+de+Souza+Teles&rft.au=Giugliani%2C+Elsa+Regina+Justo&rft.au=Vieira%2C+Graciete+Oliveira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4975913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAreola" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-J._Zitelli-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-J._Zitelli_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJ._ZitelliMcIntireJ_Nowalk2017" class="citation book cs1">J. Zitelli, Basil; McIntire, Sara C; J Nowalk, Andrew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2SrZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA345"><i>Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis E-Book</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 345. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0323511858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0323511858"><bdi>978-0323511858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zitelli+and+Davis%27+Atlas+of+Pediatric+Physical+Diagnosis+E-Book&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0323511858&rft.aulast=J.+Zitelli&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft.au=McIntire%2C+Sara+C&rft.au=J+Nowalk%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2SrZDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAreola" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Breast_anatomy" title="Template talk:Breast anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breast_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breast anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_breast" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Areola</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Areolar_gland" title="Areolar gland">Areolar gland (gland of Montgomery)</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooper%27s_ligaments" title="Cooper's ligaments">Cooper's ligaments</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tail_of_Spence" title="Tail of Spence">Tail of Spence</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lactiferous_duct" title="Lactiferous duct">Lactiferous duct</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terminal_end_bud" title="Terminal end bud">Terminal end bud</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammary_alveolus" title="Mammary alveolus">Mammary alveolus</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inframammary_fold" title="Inframammary fold">Inframammary fold</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intermammary_cleft" title="Intermammary cleft">Intermammary cleft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retromammary_space" title="Retromammary space">Retromammary space</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dense_breast_tissue" title="Dense breast tissue">Dense breast tissue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammary_ridge" title="Mammary ridge">Mammary ridge</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti_inflammatory_agents_in_breast_milk" title="Anti inflammatory agents in breast milk">Anti inflammatory agents in breast milk</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Areola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Areolar_gland" title="Areolar gland">Areolar gland (gland of Montgomery)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breast_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast anatomy">Breast anatomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breast_crawl" title="Breast crawl">Breast crawl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">Breast milk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_medications" title="Breastfeeding and medications">Breastfeeding and medications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dysphoric_milk_ejection_reflex" title="Dysphoric milk ejection reflex">Dysphoric milk ejection reflex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frenulum_of_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Frenulum of tongue">Frenulum of tongue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_milk_oligosaccharide" title="Human milk oligosaccharide">Human milk oligosaccharide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93prolactin_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latch_(breastfeeding)" title="Latch (breastfeeding)">Latching on</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lactation_suppression" title="Lactation suppression">Lactation suppression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lactiferous_duct" title="Lactiferous duct">Lactiferous duct</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overactive_let-down" title="Overactive let-down">Overactive let-down</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Passive_immunity" title="Passive immunity">Passive immunity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prolactin_modulator" title="Prolactin modulator">Prolactin modulator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">Colostrum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammary_alveoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammary alveoli">Mammary alveoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammary_lobule" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammary lobule">Mammary lobule</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders<br />and difficulties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blocked_milk_duct" title="Blocked milk duct">Blocked milk duct</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding_difficulties" title="Breastfeeding difficulties">Breastfeeding difficulties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breast_engorgement" title="Breast engorgement">Breast engorgement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low_milk_supply" title="Low milk supply">Low milk supply</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fissure_of_the_nipple" title="Fissure of the nipple">Fissure of the nipple</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inverted_nipple" title="Inverted nipple">Inverted nipple</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cracked_nipple" title="Cracked nipple">Cracked nipple</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mastitis" title="Mastitis">Mastitis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Milk_blister" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk blister">Milk blister</a> (milk bleb)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nipple_vasospasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipple vasospasm">Nipple vasospasm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">Neonatal jaundice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nipple_pain_in_breastfeeding" title="Nipple pain in breastfeeding">Nipple pain in breastfeeding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding_infertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastfeeding infertility">Breastfeeding infertility</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_HIV" title="Breastfeeding and HIV">Breastfeeding and HIV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prolactinoma" title="Prolactinoma">Prolactinoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and<br />support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding_advocacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastfeeding advocacy">Breastfeeding advocacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Breastfeeding_in_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breastfeeding in art (page does not exist)">Breastfeeding in art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_Islam" title="Breastfeeding in Islam">Breastfeeding in Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_public" title="Breastfeeding in public">Breastfeeding in public</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastfeeding in the United States">Breastfeeding in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Breastfeeding_organizations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breastfeeding organizations (page does not exist)">Breastfeeding organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding_promotion" title="Breastfeeding promotion">Breastfeeding promotion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Child%27s_Right_to_Nurse_Act" title="Child's Right to Nurse Act">Child's Right to Nurse Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diana_West_(lactation_consultant)" title="Diana West (lactation consultant)">Diana West (lactation consultant)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_and_culture_of_breastfeeding" title="History and culture of breastfeeding">History and culture of breastfeeding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human-animal_breastfeeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-animal breastfeeding">Human-animal breastfeeding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_milk_bank" title="Human milk bank">Human milk bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_milk_banking_in_North_America" title="Human milk banking in North America">Human milk banking in North America</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Breastfeeding_Symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="International Breastfeeding Symbol">International Breastfeeding Symbol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Newman_(doctor)" title="Jack Newman (doctor)">Jack Newman (doctor)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Breast_Milk_Project" title="International Breast Milk Project">International Breast Milk Project</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Leche_League" title="La Leche League">La Leche League</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lactation_room" title="Lactation room">Lactation room</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lactivism" title="Lactivism">Lactivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mothers%27_rights" title="Mothers' rights">Mothers' rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pat_Shelly" title="Pat Shelly">Pat Shelly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amy_Spangler" title="Amy Spangler">Amy Spangler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_Rose_Tully" title="Mary Rose Tully">Mary Rose Tully</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Breastfeeding_Week" title="World Breastfeeding Week">World Breastfeeding Week</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">Midwifery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lactation_consultant" title="Lactation consultant">Lactation consultant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lactation_counselor" title="Lactation counselor">Lactation counselor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_breastfeeding_activists" title="List of breastfeeding activists">List of breastfeeding activists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">Wet nurse</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment used<br />with breastfeeding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breast_pump" title="Breast pump">Breast pump</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nipple_shield_(breastfeeding)" title="Nipple shield (breastfeeding)">Nipple shield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nursing_bra" title="Nursing bra">Nursing bra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nursing_chair" title="Nursing chair">Nursing chair</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supplemental_nursing_system" title="Supplemental nursing system">Supplemental nursing system</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baby-led_weaning" title="Baby-led weaning">Baby-led weaning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">Weaning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extended_breastfeeding" title="Extended breastfeeding">Extended breastfeeding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nipple_confusion" title="Nipple confusion">Nipple confusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_fertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastfeeding and fertility">Breastfeeding and fertility</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_medications" title="Breastfeeding and medications">Breastfeeding and medications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding_contraindications" title="Breastfeeding contraindications">Breastfeeding contraindications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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