Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|City in Karbala Governorate, Iraq}}
{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Kerbela|the moth genus|Kerbela (moth)}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Karbala
| population_metro =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 42.4
| elevation_m = 28
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est = 711,530
| pop_est_as_of = 2018
| image_map1 = {{Infobox mapframe |shape-fill-opacity=.1|wikidata=yes |zoom=11 |frame-height=300 | stroke-width=4 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/iraq/cities.html|title=Iraq: Governorates & Cities}}</ref>
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_density_urban_sq_mi =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| leader_name =
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_demonym = Karbalaei
| population_note =
| timezone1 = Arabian Standard Time
| utc_offset1 = +3
| timezone1_DST = No DST
| utc_offset_DST = +3
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 10001 to 10090
| area_code_type =
| website =
| footnotes =
| total_type =
| leader_title =
| official_name = Mayoralty of Karbala
| pushpin_mapsize =
| native_name = {{lang|ar|كَرْبَلَاء}}
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = File:Karbala collage2.jpg
| image_size = 275
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_seal =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = Iraq#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Karbala within Iraq
| leader_party =
| coordinates = {{coord|32|37|N|44|02|E|region:IQ|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Iraq}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of Iraq|Governorate]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karbala Governorate|Karbala]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 690 [[Common Era|CE]]
| founder =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]
| governing_body =
| Increase in population =
}}
{{Shia Islam}}
'''Karbala''' or '''Kerbala''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑːr|b|ə|l|ə}} {{respell|KAR|bə|lə}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/karbala|title=Karbala|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Karbala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182548/https://www.lexico.com/definition/karbala |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Karbala |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˌ|k|ɑːr|b|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː}} {{respell|KAR|bə|LAH}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Karbala|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Karbalā'|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> {{lang-ar|كَرْبَلَاء|Karbalāʾ}}, {{IPA|ar|karbaˈlaːʔ|IPA}}) is a city in central [[Iraq]], located about {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Baghdad]], and a few miles east of [[Lake Milh]], also known as Razzaza Lake.<ref name="Risk2008">{{Cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/77116/iraq-livelihoods-at-risk-as-level-of-lake-razaza-falls|title=Iraq: Livelihoods at risk as level of Lake Razaza falls |date=5 March 2008 |access-date=25 November 2015 |publisher=[[IRIN News]]}}</ref><ref name="UF2004">{{cite book |title=Under Fire: Untold Stories from the Front Line of the Iraq War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWVtAAAAMAAJ |date=January 2004 |publisher=Reuters Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-142397-8 |page=15}}</ref> Karbala is the capital of [[Karbala Governorate]], and has an estimated population of 711,530 people (2018).<ref name="citypopulation.de"/>
The city, best known as the location of the [[Battle of Karbala]] in 680 AD, or for the [[shrine]]s of [[Imam Husayn Shrine|Hussain]] and [[Al Abbas Mosque|Al Abbas]],<ref name="Shimoni & Levine, 1974, p. 160">Shimoni & Levine, 1974, p. 160.</ref><ref name="Aghaie, 2004, pp. 10-11">Aghaie, 2004, pp. 10–11.</ref> is considered a [[holy city]] for Shia Muslims. Tens of millions of Shi'ite Muslims visit the site twice a year. <ref name="Islam in the World">{{cite book|author1=Malise Ruthven|title=Islam in the World|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195305036|page=180}}</ref><ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|author1=David Seddon|title=Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East|date=11 Jan 2013|publisher=Routledge|location=Karbala (Kerbala)|isbn=9781135355616}}</ref><ref name="Zondervan">{{cite book|author1=John Azumah|author2=Dr. Kwame Bediako (Foreword)|title=My Neighbour's Faith: Islam Explained for African Christians|date=26 May 2009|publisher=Zondervan|location=Main Divisions and Movements Within Islam|isbn=9780310574620}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Grieve|title=A Brief Guide to Islam: History, Faith and Politics: The Complete Introduction|date=2006|publisher=Carroll and Graf Publishers|isbn=9780786718047|page=[https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212 212]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212}}</ref> The martyrdom of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] and [[Abbas ibn Ali]]
is commemorated annually by millions of Shi'ites.<ref name="Islam in the World"/><ref name="Routledge"/><ref name="Zondervan"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Grieve|title=A Brief Guide to Islam: History, Faith and Politics : the Complete Introduction|date=2006|publisher=Carroll and Graf Publishers|isbn=9780786718047|page=[https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212 212]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212}}</ref>
Up to 34 million pilgrims visit the city to observe ''[[Ashura|ʿĀshūrāʾ]]'' (the tenth day of the month of [[Muharram]]), which marks the anniversary of Husayn's death, but the main event is the ''[[Arbaeen|Arbaʿīn]]'' (the 40th day after 'Ashura'), where up to 40 million visit the graves. Most of the pilgrims travel on foot from all around Iraq and more than 56 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interactive Maps: Sunni & Shia: The Worlds of Islam |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/iran/map2.html |work=PBS |access-date=June 9, 2017}}</ref>
==Etymology==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2023}}
There are many opinions among different investigators, as to the origin of the word ''Karbala''. Some have pointed out that ''Karbala'' has a connection to the "Karbalato" language, while others attempt to derive the meaning of word by analyzing its spelling and language.{{clarify|date=October 2023}} They conclude that it originates from the "Kar Babel" group of ancient Babylonian villages that included Nainawa, Al-Ghadiriyya, Karbella (or Karb Illu), Al-Nawaweess, and Al-Heer. This last name is today known as Al-Hair and is where [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] ibn Ali's grave is located.
The investigator [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] had pointed out that the meaning of ''Karbala'' could have several explanations, one of which is that the place where Husayn ibn Ali was martyred is made of soft earth—{{transl|ar|al-Karbalāt}}.
According to Shia's belief, the archangel [[Gabriel]] narrated the true meaning of the name ''Karbala'' to [[Muhammad]]: a combination of {{transl|ar|karb}} ({{lang-ar|كَرْب|links=no}}, "the land which will cause many agonies") and {{transl|ar|balāʾ}} ({{lang|ar|بَلَاء}}, "afflictions").<ref name="kamil01">{{cite book |last=al-Qummi |first=Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh |translator=Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni |title=Kāmil al-Ziyārāt |year=2008 |publisher=Shiabooks.ca Press |page=545}}</ref>
==History==
===Battle of Karbala===
{{main|Battle of Karbala}}
The Battle of Karbala was fought on the bare deserts on the way to Kufa on October 10, AD 680 (10 Muharram 61 AH). Both Husayn ibn Ali and his brother [[Abbas ibn Ali]] were buried by the local Banī Asad tribe, at what later became known as the ''Mashhad Al-Husayn''. The battle itself occurred as a result of Husain's refusal of [[Yazid I]]'s demand for allegiance to his caliphate. The Kufan governor, Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad, sent thirty thousand horsemen against Husayn as he traveled to [[Kufa]]. Husayn had no army, he was with his family and few friends who joined them, so there were around 73 men, including a 6-month-old Ali Asghar, son of Imam Husayn, in total. The horsemen, under 'Umar ibn Sa'd, were ordered to deny Husayn and his followers water in order to force Husayn to agree to give an oath of allegiance. On the 9th of Muharram, Husayn refused, and asked to be given the night to pray. On 10 Muharram, Husayn ibn Ali prayed the morning prayer and led his troops into battle along with his brother Abbas. Many of Husayn's followers, including all of his present sons [[Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn|Ali Akbar]], [[Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn|Ali Asghar]] (six months old) and his nephews Qassim, Aun and Muhammad were killed.<ref>al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir – History of the Prophets and Kings; Volume XIX The Caliphate of Yazid ibn Muawiyah, translated by I.K.A Howard, SUNY Press, 1991</ref>
In 63 AH (AD AD), Yazid ibn Mu'awiya released the surviving members of Husayn's family from prison as there was a threat of uprisings and some of the people in his court were unaware of who the battle was with, when they got to know that the descendants of Muhammad were killed, they were horrified. On their way to Mecca, they stopped at the site of the battle. There is record of Sulayman ibn Surad going on pilgrimage to the site as early as 65 AH (685 AD). The city began as a tomb and shrine to [[Husayn ibn Ali]], grandson of [[Muhammad]] and son of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]],<ref name="Seyyed"/> and grew as a city in order to meet the needs of pilgrims. The city and tombs were greatly expanded by successive Muslim rulers, but suffered repeated destruction from attacking armies. The original shrine was destroyed by the [[Abbasid]] Caliph [[Al-Mutawakkil]] in 850 but was rebuilt in its present form around 979, only to be partly destroyed by fire in 1086 and rebuilt yet again.
===Early modern===
Like [[Najaf]], the city suffered from severe water shortages that were only resolved in the early 18th century by building a dam at the head of the Husayniyya Canal. In 1737, the city replaced [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]] in [[Iran]] as the main centre of Shia scholarship. In the mid-eighteenth century it was dominated by the dean of scholarship, [[Yusuf Al Bahrani]], a key proponent of the [[Akhbari]] tradition of Shia thought, until his death in 1772,<ref>Juan Cole, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C Sacred Space and Holy War]'', IB Tauris, 2007 p. 71–72</ref> after which the more state-centric [[Usuli]] school became more influential.
The [[Wahhabi sack of Karbala]] occurred on 21 April 1802 (1216 Hijri) (1801),<ref name="LOC">{{cite web|last1=Staff writers|title=The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam, 1500–1818|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/loc/sa/saud_wahhabi.htm|website=www.au.af.mil|access-date=8 August 2016}}</ref> under the rule of [[Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad]] the second ruler of the [[First Saudi State]], when 12,000 Wahhabi Muslims from [[Najd]] attacked the city of Karbala.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Martin |editor1-first=Richard C. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world |date=2003 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |location=New York |isbn=0-02-865603-2 |edition=[Online-Ausg.] |oclc=52178942 }}</ref> The attack was coincident with the anniversary of [[The event of Ghadir Khumm|Ghadir Khum]] event,<ref name="Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Litvak |first=Meir |encyclopedia= Iranica Online |title=KARBALA |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karbala |year=2010 }}</ref> or 10 [[Muharram]].<ref name="Seyyed">{{cite book|last1=Khatab|first1=Sayed|title=Understanding Islamic Fundamentalism: The Theological and Ideological Basis of Al-Qa'ida's Political Tactics|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-977-416-499-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBYnDAAAQBAJ&q=1802+fall+of+karbala&pg=PA74 |access-date=11 August 2016|language=en}}</ref> This fight left 3,000–5,000 deaths and the dome of the tomb of [[Husayn ibn Ali]],<ref name="Seyyed"/> was destroyed. The fight lasted for 8 hours.<ref name="Alexei">{{cite book|last1=Vassiliev|first1=Alexei|title=The History of Saudi Arabia|date=September 2013|publisher=Saqi|isbn=978-0-86356-779-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEIhBQAAQBAJ&q=Wahhabi+sack+of+Karbala&pg=PT81 |access-date=9 August 2016|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Destruction of the Tomb of Husain at Kerbela.jpg|thumb|200px|Destruction of the Tomb of Husain at Karbala on the orders of Caliph [[al-Mutawakkil]].|left]]After the [[First Saudi State]] invasion, the city enjoyed semi-autonomy during Ottoman rule, governed by a group of gangs and mafia variously allied with members of the 'ulama. In order to reassert their authority, the Ottoman army laid siege to the city. On January 13, 1843, Ottoman troops entered the city. Many of the city leaders fled leaving defense of the city largely to tradespeople. About 3,000 Arabs were killed in the city, and another 2,000 outside the walls (this represented about 15% of the city's normal population). The Turks lost 400 men.<ref>Cole, Juan R.I. and Moojan Momen. 1986. "[https://www.academia.edu/661030/Mafia_Mob_and_Shiism_in_Iraq_The_Rebellion_of_Ottoman_Karbala_1824-1843 Mafia, Mob and Shiism in Iraq: The Rebellion of Ottoman Karbala 1824–1843]." Past & Present. No 112: 112–143.</ref> This prompted many students and scholars to move to Najaf, which became the main Shia religious centre.<ref>Cole, Juan R. I. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C Sacred Space and Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'ite Islam]''. London: I.B. Tauris, 2002.</ref> Between 1850 and 1903, Karbala enjoyed a generous influx of money through the [[Oudh Bequest]]. The Shia-ruled Indian Province of [[Awadh]], known by the British as Oudh, had always sent money and pilgrims to the holy city. The Oudh money, 10 million rupees, originated in 1825 from the Awadh [[Nawab]] [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haider]]. One third was to go to his wives, and the other two-thirds went to holy cities of Karbala and Najaf. When his wives died in 1850, the money piled up with interest in the hands of the British [[East India Company]]. The EIC sent the money to Karbala and Najaf per the wives' wishes, in the hopes of influencing the [[Ulama]] in Britain's favor. This effort to curry favor is generally considered to have been a failure.<ref>"A Failed Manipulation: The British, the Oudh Bequest and the Shī'ī 'Ulamā' of Najaf and Karbalā'." Meir Litvak, ''British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies'', {{JSTOR|826171}}</ref>
In 1915, Karbala was the scene of an [[1915 uprising in Karbala|uprising against the Ottoman Empire]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZgAAwAAQBAJ|title=The Arab Movements in World War I|last=Tauber|first=Eliezer|date=2014-03-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135199784|pages=30|language=en}}</ref>
In 1928, an important drainage project was carried out to relieve the city of unhealthy swamps, formed between Hussainiya and the Bani Hassan Canals on the Euphrates.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Report by His Britannic Majesty's Government to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Iraq 1927–28|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b405474&view=1up&seq=177&q1=Karbala|access-date=2020-07-17|via=HathiTrust|page=177|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Karbala 07402u.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mosque in Karbala (1932)]]
[[Defense of the Karbala City Hall|Defense of the City Hall in Karbala]] – a series of skirmishes fought from April 3 to April 6, 2004, between the Iraqi rebels of the [[Peace Companies|Mahdi Army]] trying to conquer the city hall and the defending Polish and Bulgarian soldiers from the [[Multinational Division Central-South]]
In 2003 following the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|American invasion]], the Karbala town council attempted to elect [[United States Marine Corps]] [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] Matthew Lopez as mayor. Ostensibly so that his Marines, contractors, and funds could not leave.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mattis, James N., 1950–|title=Call sign chaos : learning to lead|others=West, Francis J.|year=2019|isbn=978-0-8129-9683-8|edition=First|location=New York|pages=112|oclc=1112672474}}</ref>
On April 14, 2007, a car bomb exploded about {{convert|600|ft|m|abbr=on}} from the shrine to Husayn, killing 47<ref>{{cite news |first=Lily |last=Hamourtziadou |title=A Week in Iraq |url=http://iraqbodycount.org/editorial/weekiniraq/40/ |publisher=iraqbodycount.org |date=2007-04-15 |access-date=2007-04-15 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070429005149/http://www.iraqbodycount.org/editorial/weekiniraq/40/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-04-29}}</ref> and wounding over 150.
On January 19, 2008, 2 million [[Iraq]]i [[Shia]] [[pilgrim]]s marched through Karbala city, [[Iraq]] to commemorate [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]]. 20,000 Iraqi troops and police guarded the event amid tensions due to clashes between Iraqi troops and Shia which left 263 people dead (in [[Basra]] and [[Nasiriya]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7197473.stm|title=Iraqi Shia pilgrims mark holy day|date=19 January 2008|via=bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
==Geography==
===Climate===
Karbala experiences a [[hot desert climate]] (''BWh'' in the [[Köppen climate classification]]) with extremely hot, long, dry summers and mild winters. Almost all of the yearly precipitation is received between November and April, though no month is wet.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Karbala (1991-2020)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan high C = 16.6
|Feb high C = 19.5
|Mar high C = 24.6
|Apr high C = 31.3
|May high C = 37.6
|Jun high C = 42.4
|Jul high C = 44.7
|Aug high C = 44.7
|Sep high C = 40.9
|Oct high C = 34.2
|Nov high C = 24.1
|Dec high C = 18.3
|Jan mean C = 10.6
|Feb mean C = 12.9
|Mar mean C = 17.4
|Apr mean C = 23.9
|May mean C = 29.7
|Jun mean C = 33.9
|Jul mean C = 36.4
|Aug mean C = 35.9
|Sep mean C = 32.3
|Oct mean C = 26.2
|Nov mean C = 17.7
|Dec mean C = 12.3
|Jan low C = 6.0
|Feb low C = 8.0
|Mar low C = 12.1
|Apr low C = 17.9
|May low C = 23.5
|Jun low C = 27.6
|Jul low C = 29.8
|Aug low C = 29.3
|Sep low C = 25.6
|Oct low C = 20.1
|Nov low C = 12.1
|Dec low C = 7.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 17.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 14.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 14.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 11.9
|May precipitation mm = 2.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 0.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 0.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 4.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 14.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 13.8
|Jan precipitation days = 7
|Feb precipitation days = 5
|Mar precipitation days = 6
|Apr precipitation days = 5
|May precipitation days = 3
|Jun precipitation days = 0
|Jul precipitation days = 0
|Aug precipitation days = 0
|Sep precipitation days = 0
|Oct precipitation days = 4
|Nov precipitation days = 5
|Dec precipitation days = 7
| Jan humidity = 72.1
| Feb humidity = 60.7
| Mar humidity = 49.8
| Apr humidity = 42.5
| May humidity = 34.1
| Jun humidity = 28.2
| Jul humidity = 28.6
| Aug humidity = 30.2
| Sep humidity = 34.9
| Oct humidity = 44.7
| Nov humidity = 61.5
| Dec humidity = 70.5
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]] (precipitation days 1976-2008)<ref name= WMO >{{cite web
| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/154/c01465.htm
| title = World Weather Information Service – Karbala
| access-date = 1 January 2011
| publisher = United Nations }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iraq/CSV/KERBALLA_40656.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Kerballa |format=CSV
| publisher = [[NOAA|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref>}}
==Religious tourism==
[[File:Shrine in Karbala.jpg|thumb|Shrine in Karbala, showing use of [[Arabesque]]]]
Karbala, alongside [[Najaf]], is considered a thriving tourist destination for Shia Muslims and the tourism industry in the city boomed after the end of Saddam Hussein's rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/art-and-culture/2013/04/04/Iraq-s-holy-cities-enjoy-boom-in-religious-tourism.html|title=Iraq's holy cities enjoy boom in religious tourism|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=4 April 2013}}</ref> Some religious tourism attractions include:
* [[Al Abbas Mosque]]
* [[Imam Husayn Shrine]]
* [[Euphrates]]
* [[Ruins of Mujada]], about {{convert|40|km|mile|abbr=in}} to the west of the city<ref name="Al-Shirazi">[http://www.alshirazi.net/karbala/torath/04.htm منارة موجدة «مَعلَمٌ حددت وظيفته تسميته»]. ''Al-Shirazi''. Retrieved January 5, 2018.</ref><ref name="Holy Karbala">[http://www.holykarbala.net/v2/index.php/ar/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9-3/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1/258-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9 الآثار منارة موجدة]. ''Holy Karbala''. Retrieved January 5, 2018.</ref>
==Religious beliefs==
===Mesopotamia in the Quran===
{{See also|Dhu al-Kifl|Harut and Marut|Idris (prophet)|Noah in Islam|Tower of Babel in Islamic tradition}}
[[File:Meso2mil-English.JPG|thumb|<!--No need to "fix" this false-positive Linter bogus image option error. See phab:T279682-->A map of [[Mesopotamia]] in the 3rd millennium BCE, showing [[Nineveh]] (the township of [[Jonah in Islam|Yunus]])),<ref name="qref|10|98|b=y"/><ref name="IbnHisham, V.1, P.419–421"/><ref name=SycOrth/> [[Tell al-Rimah|Qattara (or Karana)]], [[Dūr-Katlimmu]], [[Assur]], [[Arrapha]], [[Terqa]], [[Nuzi]], [[Mari, Syria|Mari]], [[Eshnunna]], [[Dur-Kurigalzu]], [[Der (Sumer)|Der]], [[Sippar]], [[Babylon]], [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]], [[Susa]], [[Borsippa]], [[Nippur]], [[Isin]], [[Uruk]], [[Larsa]] and [[Ur]], from north to south. Note the relative proximity of Babylon and Sippar to [[Lake Milh]], which is near Karbala.<ref name="Risk2008"/><ref name="UF2004"/>]]
Some Shi'ites consider this verse of the [[Quran]] to refer to Iraq, land of the Shi'ite sacred sites of [[Kufa]]h,<ref name="Tabatabaei1979">{{Cite book |title=Shi'ite Islam |last=Tabatabaei |first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |publisher=Suny Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |pages=192}}</ref><ref name="Kamil2008">{{cite book |last=al-Qummi |first=Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh |translator=Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni |title=Kāmil al-Ziyārāt |year=2008 |publisher=Shiabooks.ca Press |pages=66–67}}</ref> Najaf, Karbala, [[Kadhimiyyah]]{{efn|Kadhimyyah used to be a township of its own, but is now a part of the city of Baghdad.<ref name="EOIAH, Kadhimiyyah">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Kadhimiya |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Iranian Architectural History |language=fa |url=http://iranshahrpedia.ir/view/9341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003210802/http://iranshahrpedia.ir/view/9341 |archive-date=3 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} and [[Samarra]],<ref name="AI2006">{{cite web |title=History of the Shrine of Imam Ali al-Naqi & Imam Hasan Al-Askari, Peace Be Upon Them |work=Al-Islam.org |url=http://www.al-islam.org/shrines/samarra.htm |access-date=23 February 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060223121838/http://www.al-islam.org/shrines/samarra.htm |archive-date= 23 February 2006 <!--DASHBot-->|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC2007Unesco">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6248244.stm | publisher=[[BBC News]] | title=Unesco names World Heritage sites | date=2007-06-28 | access-date=2010-05-23}}</ref> since the [[Tauhid|Monotheist]]ic preachers [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] ([[Abraham]]) and [[Lot in Islam|Lūṭ]] ([[Lot (biblical person)|Lot]]),<ref name="qref|26|160|b=y">{{qref|26|160|b=y}}</ref> who are regarded as [[Prophets in Islam]],<ref name="Wheeler2002">{{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Brannon M. |title=Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIDZIep-GIQC&q=%2225+prophets+mentioned+by+name%22&pg=PA8 |series=Comparative Islamic studies |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8264-4957-3 |pages=1–393}}</ref> are believed to have lived in the [[ancient Iraq]]i city of [[Kutha|Kutha Rabba]],<ref name="MAH">''History of Islam'', volume 1, by Professor Masudul Hasan.{{page needed|date=September 2021}}{{edition needed|date=September 2021}}</ref> before going to "[[Holy Land|The Blessed Land]]".<ref name="qref|21|51|b=y}">{{qref|21|51|b=y}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Then We delivered him(Ibrahim), along with Lot, to the land We had showered with blessings for all people.|{{qref|21|71|b=yl}}}}
Aside from the story of Abraham and Lot in [[Ancient Mesopotamian polytheism|Polytheistic]]<ref name="Brit, AMR">{{cite web |author=Jacobsen, Thorkild |title=Mesopotamian religion |date=3 October 2023 |publisher=Britannica.com |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mesopotamian-religion}}</ref> [[Mesopotamia]],<ref name="MAH"/><ref name="qref|21|51|b=y}"/> there are passages in the Quran about [[Mount Judi]],<ref name="qref|11|44|b=y">{{qref|11|44|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|23|23|b=y">{{qref|23|23|b=y}}</ref><ref name="Lewis1984">J. P. Lewis, ''Noah and the Flood: In Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Tradition'', The Biblical Archaeologist, December 1984, p.237</ref> [[Babil]] ("Babylon")<ref name="qref|2|102|b=y">{{qref|2|102|b=y}}</ref><ref name=JE>[[Morris Jastrow]], Ira Maurice Price, [[Marcus Jastrow]], [[Louis Ginzberg]], and [[Duncan Black MacDonald|Duncan B. MacDonald]]; "[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2279-babel-tower-of Babel, Tower of]", ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''; Funk & Wagnalls, 1906.</ref> and ''[[Nineveh|Qaryat Yunus]]'' ("Town of [[Jonah in Islam|Jonah]]").<ref name="qref|10|98|b=y">{{qref|10|98|b=y}}</ref><ref name="IbnHisham, V.1, P.419–421">Summarized from the book of story of Muhammad by [[Ibn Hisham]] Volume 1 pg.419–421</ref><ref name=SycOrth>{{cite web|title=Three Day Fast of Nineveh |url=http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/news/2011/02/10/three-day-fast-of-nineveh/ |publisher=Syrian orthodox Church |access-date=1 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025123007/http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/news/2011/02/10/three-day-fast-of-nineveh/ |archive-date=2012-10-25}}</ref>
===Hadith===
There are many [[Shia]] traditions that narrate the status of Karbala:
{{blockquote|"Karbala, where [[Husayn ibn Ali|your grandson]] and his family will be killed, is the most blessed and sacred land on Earth, and it is one of the valleys of Paradise."<ref>{{cite book |last=al-Qummi |first=Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh |translator=Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni |title=Kāmil al-Ziyārāt |year=2008 |publisher= Shiabooks.ca Press |page=545 |chapter=Addendum before chapter 89}}</ref> |The archangel [[Gabriel]]}}
{{blockquote|"God chose the land of Karbala as a safe and blessed sanctuary, twenty-four thousand years before He created the land of the [[Ka'bah]] and chose it as a sanctuary. Verily it [Karbala] will shine among the gardens of Paradise, like a shining star shines among the stars for the people of Earth."<ref>{{cite book |last=al-Qummi |first=Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh |translator=Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni |title=Kāmil al-Ziyārāt |year=2008 |publisher= Shiabooks.ca Press |page=534 |chapter=88}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=April 2021|reason=the source provided doesn't speak of ánything mentioned here}} |[[Zayn al-Abidin|'Alī Zaynul-'Ābidīn]]}}
{{blockquote|"Not one night passes in which [[Gabriel]] and [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] do not go to visit him [Husayn]."<ref>{{cite book |last=al-Qummi |first=Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh |translator=Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Milani |title=Kāmil al-Ziyārāt |year=2008 |publisher= Shiabooks.ca Press |page=536 |chapter=88}}</ref> |[[Ja'far al-Sadiq|Ja'far as-Sādiq]]}}
Thus the tomb of the martyred Imam has acquired this great significance in Shi'ite tradition because the Imam and his fellow martyrs are seen as models of jihad in the way of God. Shi'ites believe that Karbala is one of the holiest places on Earth according to the following traditions (among others):
* The angel [[Gabriel]] narrated to [[Muhammad]] that:<ref name="kamil01"/>
{{blockquote|text=Karbala, where your [[Hussein ibn Ali|grandson]] and his family will be martyred, is one of the most blessed and the most sacred lands on Earth, and it is one of the valleys of Paradise.}}
* The fourth [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Shi'ite Imam]], that is [[Zayn al-Abidin]] narrated:<ref>{{cite book |last=al-Qummi |first=Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh |translator=Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni |title=Kāmil al-Ziyārāt |year=2008 |publisher= Shiabooks.ca Press |page=534}}</ref>
{{blockquote|text=God chose the land of Karbalā' as a safe and blessed sanctuary twenty-four thousand years before He created the land of the [[Ka'bah]] and chose it as a sanctuary. Verily it (Karbala) will shine among the gardens of Paradise like a shining star shines among the stars for the people of Earth.}}
* In this regard, [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] narrates, 'Allah, the Almighty, has made the dust of my ancestor's grave – Imam Husain (r.a) as a cure for every sickness and safety from every fear.'<ref>Amali by [[Shaykh Tusi]], vol. 1 pg. 326</ref>
* It is narrated from Ja'far that: "The earth of the pure and holy grave of Husayn ibn ‘Ali (r.a) is a pure and blessed musk. For those who consume it, it is a cure for every ailment, and if our enemy uses it then he will melt the way fat melts, when you intend to consume that pure earth recite the following supplication"<ref>Mustadrakul Wasail, vol. 10, pg 339-40 tradition 2; Jadid Makarimul Akhlaq pg.189; Beharul Anwaar vol. 101, tradition 60</ref>
==Culture==
===Sports===
[[Karbalaa FC]] is a football club based in Karbala.
===Media===
There are many references in books in films to "Karbala", generally referring to Husayn's death at the Battle of Karbala. Husayn is often depicted on a white horse impaled by arrows.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} There are films and documentaries about the events of Karbala in both animated and realistic form{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
===University===
{{main|Ahlulbait University College}}
[[File:Karbala City (1).jpg|thumb|Karbala at night.]]
[[Hawza]] are the Islamic education institutions that are run collectively by mujtahid or Allamas to teach Shia Muslims and guide them through the rigorous journey of becoming an Alim. In terms of the Hawza in Karbala, after the death of a renowned Alama, the Sayyid Muhammad, the leadership in terms of teacher shifted to taqlid to mujtahid. This was a significant factor that lead to the leadership of Ulama to reside in Karbala and as well as Najaf. Initially Karbala's hawza (Islamic education institution) consisted mostly of [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] and Turkish Ulama. After the death of Sharif-ul-Ulama Mazandarani in 1830 and the repression of the shia population by the Ottomans in 1843 both played an important role in the relocation of many Ulamas and thus Najaf becoming the center of Shia Islamic leadership in education.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth Century: The Ulama of Najaf and Karbala|last=Litvak |first=Meir|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-521-62356-1|location=United Kingdom|pages=51–141}}</ref>
As of now, there are two universities in Karbala. University of Karbala, which was inaugurated on March 1, 2002, is one of the top most universities in Iraq regarding academic administration, human resources, and scientific research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.uokerbala.edu.iq/index.php/about-us-uni|title=Karbala University: A General View|website=University of Karbala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075548/http://en.uokerbala.edu.iq/index.php/about-us-uni|archive-date=2017-10-10|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-04-21}}</ref> The Ahl Al Bayt University was founded in September 2003 by Dr. Mohsen Baqir Mohammed-Salih Al-Qazwini. The university has six major colleges: College of Law, Arts, Islamic Sciences, Medical & Health Technology, Pharmacy and Dentistry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abu.edu.iq/en|title=Ahl Al Bayt University Website|website=Ahl Al Bayt University|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref>
Warith al-Anbiya University in Karbala, has recently been established under a project of Husayn Holy Shrine, having the faculties of engineering, administration, economics, law and pathology, which is ready to receive students for the first academic year 2017–2018.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ali Tekmaji| url=http://im.imamhussain.org/english/reports/7306|title= Karbala opens new advanced academic university|publisher=Imam Hussein Holy Shrine (International Media) |date=September 20, 2017 |access-date=September 23, 2017}}</ref>
===Indian subcontinent===
In the [[Indian subcontinent]], ''Karbala'', apart from meaning the city of Karbala (which is usually referred to as ''Karbala-e-Mualla'' meaning Karbala the exalted), also means local grounds where commemorative processions end and/or ''[[Ta'zieh#Ta'zīya in India|ta'zīya]]'' are buried during Ashura or Arba'een, usually such grounds will have ''shabeeh'' (copy) of ''Rauza'' or some other structures.<ref>[http://ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3A8307ae11-21a4-4a2e-95b0-cb76d59212fb/datastreams/ATTACHMENT03 (Re-)defining Some Genre-Specific Words: Evidence from some English Texts about Ashura], Muhammad-Reza Fakhr-Rohani, University of Qom, Iran</ref><ref>A citation from Fruzzetti, "Muslim Rituals," for this use of Karbala is as follows: "The Muslims then proceed to 'Karbala' to bury the flowers which were used to decorate the tazziyas, the tazziyas themselves being kept for the next year's celebration." (pp. 108–109).</ref>
In South Asia where ''ta'zīya'' refer to specifically to the miniature mausoleums used in processions held in Muharram. It all started from the fact that the great distance of India from Karbala prevented Indian Shi'is being buried near the tomb of Husayn or making frequent pilgrimages ([[ziyarat]]) to the tomb. This is the reason why Indian Shi'is established local karbalas on the subcontinent by bringing soil from Karbala and sprinkling it on lots designated as future cemeteries. Once the karbalas were established on the subcontinent, the next step was to bring Husayn's tomb-shrine to India. This was established by building replicas of Husayn's mausoleum called ''ta'zīya'' to be carried in Muharram processions. Thousands of ''ta'zīyas'' in various shapes and sizes are made every year for the months of mourning of Muharram and Safar; and are carried in processions and may be buried at the end of Ashura or Arba'een.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Behrens-Abouseif|first1=Doris|last2=Vernoit|first2=Stephen|title=Islamic Art in the 19th Century: Tradition, Innovation, And Eclecticism|year=2006|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004144420|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4q58Af5zAoC&q=taziya+in+India&pg=PA413|access-date=12 August 2016|language=en}}</ref>
==Infrastructure==
Airports in Karbala include:<ref name="Frbiu 03-2017">{{cite news |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)|Foreign Relations Bureau – Iraq]] |title=$500 Million Airport Scandal Exposes Industrial Scale Corruption in Holy Karbala |url=https://www.frbiu.com/articles/500-million-airport-scandal-exposes-industrial-scale-corruption-in-holy-karbala |date=2017-03-07 |access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref>
*[[Karbala Northeast Airport]]<ref name="CAPA">{{cite web |publisher=CAPA Centre for Aviation |title=Karbala Northeast (Imam Hussein) Airport |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/karbala-northeast-imam-hussein-airport |access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref>
*[[Karbala International Airport]]<ref name="MEED 2018">{{cite book |publisher=[[MEED|Economic East Economic Digest]] |title=MEED. |volume=42 |issue=27–39 |pages=38–48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=559WAAAAYAAJ&q=karbala+international+airport |year=2018}}</ref> (located to the southeast of Karbala)
==See also==
* [[Battle of Karbala]]
* [[1977 Shia uprising in Iraq]]
* [[Battle of Karbala (1991)]]
*[[Battle of Karbala (2003)]]
* [[2003 Karbala bombings]]
* [[2004 Ashura massacre]]
* [[2007 Karbala mosque bombings]]
*[[Karbala provincial headquarters raid|Karbala raid]]
* [[Arba'een]]
* [[Karbala, Iran]]
== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
===Published in the 19th century===
* {{cite book |title=Dictionnaire geographique, historique, descriptif, acheologique des pèlerinages anciens et modernes |year=1859 |location=Paris |language=fr |editor=Louis de Sivry |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jRsAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA859|chapter=Karbala }}
===Published in the 20th century===
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Kerbela |volume= 15 |last= Peters |first= John Punnett |author-link= John Punnett Peters | pages = 753–754 |short= 1}}
===Published in the 21st century===
* {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=C. Edmund Bosworth |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Karbala }}
* {{Citation |publisher = [[ABC-CLIO]] |location = Santa Barbara, USA |editor1 = Michael R.T. Dumper |editor2=Bruce E. Stanley |title = Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date = 2008 |chapter= Karbala }}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Karbala}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
*[http://www.sacred-destinations.com/iraq/karbala.htm Shia Shrines of Karbala] – Sacred Destinations
*[http://www.123shayari.com/category/karbala-shayari/ Shia Karbala Poetry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106044903/http://www.123shayari.com/category/karbala-shayari/ |date=6 November 2013 }}
*[https://archive.today/20130108100039/http://indianmuslims.in/karbala-a-lesson-for-mankind/ Karbala – A Lesson for Mankind] (archived)
*[http://www.smsblaze.com/category/karbala-sms/ Karbala Quotes and Sayings]
*[http://minhaj-al-nubuwwah.cf/karbala.html Karbala and Martyrdom]
*[http://twelvershia.net/2016/01/29/karbala-the-facts-and-the-fairytales/ Karbala – The Facts and the Fairy-tales]
*[https://www.al-islam.org/articles/karbala-the-chain-of-events-ramzan-sabir Karbala, the Chain of Events]
{{Districts of Iraq}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Karbala| ]]
[[Category:Holy cities]]
[[Category:Shia holy cities]]
[[Category:Populated places in Karbala Province]]
[[Category:District capitals of Iraq]]
[[Category:Cities in Iraq]]
[[Category:Husayn ibn Ali]]
[[Category:Karbala Governorate]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|City in Karbala Governorate, Iraq}}
{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Kerbela|the moth genus|Kerbela (moth)}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Karbala
| population_metro =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 42.4
| elevation_m = 28
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est = 711,530
| pop_est_as_of = 2018
| image_map1 = {{Infobox mapframe |shape-fill-opacity=.1|wikidata=yes |zoom=11 |frame-height=300 | stroke-width=4 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/iraq/cities.html|title=Iraq: Governorates & Cities}}</ref>
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_density_urban_sq_mi =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| leader_name =
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_demonym = Karbalaei
| population_note =
| timezone1 = Arabian Standard Time
| utc_offset1 = +3
| timezone1_DST = No DST
| utc_offset_DST = +3
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 10001 to 10090
| area_code_type =
| website =
| footnotes =
| total_type =
| leader_title =
| official_name = Mayoralty of Karbala
| pushpin_mapsize =
| native_name = {{lang|ar|كَرْبَلَاء}}
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = File:Karbala collage2.jpg
| image_size = 275
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_seal =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = Iraq#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Karbala within Iraq
| leader_party =
| coordinates = {{coord|32|37|N|44|02|E|region:IQ|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Iraq}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of Iraq|Governorate]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karbala Governorate|Karbala]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 690 [[Common Era|CE]]
| founder =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]
| governing_body =
| Increase in population =
}}
{{Shia Islam}}
'''Karbala''' or '''Kerbala''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑːr|b|ə|l|ə}} {{respell|KAR|bə|lə}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/karbala|title=Karbala|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Karbala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182548/https://www.lexico.com/definition/karbala |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Karbala |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˌ|k|ɑːr|b|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː}} {{respell|KAR|bə|LAH}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Karbala|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Karbalā'|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> {{lang-ar|كَرْبَلَاء|Karbalāʾ}}, {{IPA|ar|karbaˈlaːʔ|IPA}}) is a city in central [[Iraq]], located about {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Baghdad]], and a few miles east of [[Lake Milh]], also known as Razzaza Lake.<ref name="Risk2008">{{Cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/77116/iraq-livelihoods-at-risk-as-level-of-lake-razaza-falls|title=Iraq: Livelihoods at risk as level of Lake Razaza falls |date=5 March 2008 |access-date=25 November 2015 |publisher=[[IRIN News]]}}</ref><ref name="UF2004">{{cite book |title=Under Fire: Untold Stories from the Front Line of the Iraq War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWVtAAAAMAAJ |date=January 2004 |publisher=Reuters Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-142397-8 |page=15}}</ref> Karbala is the capital of [[Karbala Governorate]], and has an estimated population of 711,530 people (2018).<ref name="citypopulation.de"/>
The city, best known as the location of the [[Battle of Karbala]] in 680 AD, or for the [[shrine]]s of [[Imam Husayn Shrine|Hussain]] and [[Al Abbas Mosque|Al Abbas]],<ref name="Shimoni & Levine, 1974, p. 160">Shimoni & Levine, 1974, p. 160.</ref><ref name="Aghaie, 2004, pp. 10-11">Aghaie, 2004, pp. 10–11.</ref> is considered a [[holy city]] for Shia Muslims. Tens of millions of Shi'ite Muslims visit the site twice a year. <ref name="Islam in the World">{{cite book|author1=Malise Ruthven|title=Islam in the World|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195305036|page=180}}</ref><ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|author1=David Seddon|title=Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East|date=11 Jan 2013|publisher=Routledge|location=Karbala (Kerbala)|isbn=9781135355616}}</ref><ref name="Zondervan">{{cite book|author1=John Azumah|author2=Dr. Kwame Bediako (Foreword)|title=My Neighbour's Faith: Islam Explained for African Christians|date=26 May 2009|publisher=Zondervan|location=Main Divisions and Movements Within Islam|isbn=9780310574620}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Grieve|title=A Brief Guide to Islam: History, Faith and Politics: The Complete Introduction|date=2006|publisher=Carroll and Graf Publishers|isbn=9780786718047|page=[https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212 212]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212}}</ref> The martyrdom of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] and [[Abbas ibn Ali]]
is commemorated annually by millions of Shi'ites.<ref name="Islam in the World"/><ref name="Routledge"/><ref name="Zondervan"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Grieve|title=A Brief Guide to Islam: History, Faith and Politics : the Complete Introduction|date=2006|publisher=Carroll and Graf Publishers|isbn=9780786718047|page=[https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212 212]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212}}</ref>
Up to 34 million pilgrims visit the city to observe ''[[Ashura|ʿĀshūrāʾ]]'' (the tenth day of the month of [[Muharram]]), which marks the anniversary of Husayn's death, but the main event is the ''[[Arbaeen|Arbaʿīn]]'' (the 40th day after 'Ashura'), where up to 40 million visit the graves. Most of the pilgrims travel on foot from all around Iraq and more than 56 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interactive Maps: Sunni & Shia: The Worlds of Islam |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/iran/map2.html |work=PBS |access-date=June 9, 2017}}</ref>
==Etymology==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2023}}
There are many opinions among different investigators, as to the origin of the word ''Karbala''. Some have pointed out that ''Karbala'' has a connection to the "Karbalato" language, while others attempt to derive the meaning of word by analyzing its spelling and language.{{clarify|date=October 2023}} They conclude that it originates from the "Kar Babel" group of ancient Babylonian villages that included Nainawa, Al-Ghadiriyya, Karbella (or Karb Illu), Al-Nawaweess, and Al-Heer. This last name is today known as Al-Hair and is where [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] ibn Ali's grave is located.
The investigator [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] had pointed out that the meaning of ''Karbala'' could have several explanations, one of which is that the place where Husayn ibn Ali was martyred is made of soft earth—{{transl|ar|al-Karbalāt}}.
According to Shia's belief, the archangel [[Gabriel]] narrated the true meaning of the name ''Karbala'' to [[Muhammad]]: a combination of {{transl|ar|karb}} ({{lang-ar|كَرْب|links=no}}, "the land which will cause many agonies") and {{transl|ar|balāʾ}} ({{lang|ar|بَلَاء}}, "afflictions").<ref name="kamil01">{{cite book |last=al-Qummi |first=Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh |translator=Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni |title=Kāmil al-Ziyārāt |year=2008 |publisher=Shiabooks.ca Press |page=545}}</ref>
==History==
===Battle of Karbala===
{{main|Battle of Karbala}}
The Battle of Karbala was fought on the bare deserts on the way to Kufa on October 10, AD 680 (10 Muharram 61 AH). Both Husayn ibn Ali and his brother [[Abbas ibn Ali]] were buried by the local Banī Asad tribe, at what later became known as the ''Mashhad Al-Husayn''. The battle itself occurred as a result of Husain's refusal of [[Yazid I]]'s demand for allegiance to his caliphate. The Kufan governor, Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad, sent thirty thousand horsemen against Husayn as he traveled to [[Kufa]]. Husayn had no army, he was with his family and few friends who joined them, so there were around 73 men, including a 6-month-old Ali Asghar, son of Imam Husayn, in total. The horsemen, under 'Umar ibn Sa'd, were ordered to deny Husayn and his followers water in order to force Husayn to agree to give an oath of allegiance. On the 9th of Muharram, Husayn refused, and asked to be given the night to pray. On 10 Muharram, Husayn ibn Ali prayed the morning prayer and led his troops into battle along with his brother Abbas. Many of Husayn's followers, including all of his present sons [[Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn|Ali Akbar]], [[Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn|Ali Asghar]] (six months old) and his nephews Qassim, Aun and Muhammad were killed.<ref>al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir – History of the Prophets and Kings; Volume XIX The Caliphate of Yazid ibn Muawiyah, translated by I.K.A Howard, SUNY Press, 1991</ref>
In 63 AH (AD AD), Yazid ibn Mu'awiya released the surviving members of Husayn's family from prison as there was a threat of uprisings and some of the people in his court were unaware of who the battle was with, when they got to know that the descendants of Muhammad were killed, they were horrified. On their way to Mecca, they stopped at the site of the battle. There is record of Sulayman ibn Surad going on pilgrimage to the site as early as 65 AH (685 AD). The city began as a tomb and shrine to [[Husayn ibn Ali]], grandson of [[Muhammad]] and son of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]],<ref name="Seyyed"/> and grew as a city in order to meet the needs of pilgrims. The city and tombs were greatly expanded by successive Muslim rulers, but suffered repeated destruction from attacking armies. The original shrine was destroyed by the [[Abbasid]] Caliph [[Al-Mutawakkil]] in 850 but was rebuilt in its present form around 979, only to be partly destroyed by fire in 1086 and rebuilt yet again.
===Early modern===
Like [[Najaf]], the city suffered from severe water shortages that were only resolved in the early 18th century by building a dam at the head of the Husayniyya Canal. In 1737, the city replaced [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]] in [[Iran]] as the main centre of Shia scholarship. In the mid-eighteenth century it was dominated by the dean of scholarship, [[Yusuf Al Bahrani]], a key proponent of the [[Akhbari]] tradition of Shia thought, until his death in 1772,<ref>Juan Cole, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C Sacred Space and Holy War]'', IB Tauris, 2007 p. 71–72</ref> after which the more state-centric [[Usuli]] school became more influential.
The [[Wahhabi sack of Karbala]] occurred on 21 April 1802 (1216 Hijri) (1801),<ref name="LOC">{{cite web|last1=Staff writers|title=The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam, 1500–1818|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/loc/sa/saud_wahhabi.htm|website=www.au.af.mil|access-date=8 August 2016}}</ref> under the rule of [[Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad]] the second ruler of the [[First Saudi State]], when 12,000 Wahhabi Muslims from [[Najd]] attacked the city of Karbala.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Martin |editor1-first=Richard C. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world |date=2003 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |location=New York |isbn=0-02-865603-2 |edition=[Online-Ausg.] |oclc=52178942 }}</ref> The attack was coincident with the anniversary of [[The event of Ghadir Khumm|Ghadir Khum]] event,<ref name="Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Litvak |first=Meir |encyclopedia= Iranica Online |title=KARBALA |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karbala |year=2010 }}</ref> or 10 [[Muharram]].<ref name="Seyyed">{{cite book|last1=Khatab|first1=Sayed|title=Understanding Islamic Fundamentalism: The Theological and Ideological Basis of Al-Qa'ida's Political Tactics|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-977-416-499-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBYnDAAAQBAJ&q=1802+fall+of+karbala&pg=PA74 |access-date=11 August 2016|language=en}}</ref> This fight left 3,000–5,000 deaths and the dome of the tomb of [[Husayn ibn Ali]],<ref name="Seyyed"/> was destroyed. The fight lasted for 8 hours.<ref name="Alexei">{{cite book|last1=Vassiliev|first1=Alexei|title=The History of Saudi Arabia|date=September 2013|publisher=Saqi|isbn=978-0-86356-779-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEIhBQAAQBAJ&q=Wahhabi+sack+of+Karbala&pg=PT81 |access-date=9 August 2016|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Destruction of the Tomb of Husain at Kerbela.jpg|thumb|200px|Destruction of the Tomb of Husain at Karbala on the orders of Caliph [[al-Mutawakkil]].|left]]After the [[First Saudi State]] invasion, the city enjoyed semi-autonomy during Ottoman rule, governed by a group of gangs and mafia variously allied with members of the 'ulama. In order to reassert their authority, the Ottoman army laid siege to the city. On January 13, 1843, Ottoman troops entered the city. Many of the city leaders fled leaving defense of the city largely to tradespeople. About 3,000 Arabs were killed in the city, and another 2,000 outside the walls (this represented about 15% of the city's normal population). The Turks lost 400 men.<ref>Cole, Juan R.I. and Moojan Momen. 1986. "[https://www.academia.edu/661030/Mafia_Mob_and_Shiism_in_Iraq_The_Rebellion_of_Ottoman_Karbala_1824-1843 Mafia, Mob and Shiism in Iraq: The Rebellion of Ottoman Karbala 1824–1843]." Past & Present. No 112: 112–143.</ref> This prompted many students and scholars to move to Najaf, which became the main Shia religious centre.<ref>Cole, Juan R. I. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C Sacred Space and Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'ite Islam]''. London: I.B. Tauris, 2002.</ref> Between 1850 and 1903, Karbala enjoyed a generous influx of money through the [[Oudh Bequest]]. The Shia-ruled Indian Province of [[Awadh]], known by the British as Oudh, had always sent money and pilgrims to the holy city. The Oudh money, 10 million rupees, originated in 1825 from the Awadh [[Nawab]] [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haider]]. One third was to go to his wives, and the other two-thirds went to holy cities of Karbala and Najaf. When his wives died in 1850, the money piled up with interest in the hands of the British [[East India Company]]. The EIC sent the money to Karbala and Najaf per the wives' wishes, in the hopes of influencing the [[Ulama]] in Britain's favor. This effort to curry favor is generally considered to have been a failure.<ref>"A Failed Manipulation: The British, the Oudh Bequest and the Shī'ī 'Ulamā' of Najaf and Karbalā'." Meir Litvak, ''British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies'', {{JSTOR|826171}}</ref>
In 1915, Karbala was the scene of an [[1915 uprising in Karbala|uprising against the Ottoman Empire]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZgAAwAAQBAJ|title=The Arab Movements in World War I|last=Tauber|first=Eliezer|date=2014-03-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135199784|pages=30|language=en}}</ref>
In 1928, an important drainage project was carried out to relieve the city of unhealthy swamps, formed between Hussainiya and the Bani Hassan Canals on the Euphrates.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Report by His Britannic Majesty's Government to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Iraq 1927–28|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b405474&view=1up&seq=177&q1=Karbala|access-date=2020-07-17|via=HathiTrust|page=177|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Karbala 07402u.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mosque in Karbala (1932)]]
[[Defense of the Karbala City Hall|Defense of the City Hall in Karbala]] – a series of skirmishes fought from April 3 to April 6, 2004, between the Iraqi rebels of the [[Peace Companies|Mahdi Army]] trying to conquer the city hall and the defending Polish and Bulgarian soldiers from the [[Multinational Division Central-South]]
In 2003 following the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|American invasion]], the Karbala town council attempted to elect [[United States Marine Corps]] [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] Matthew Lopez as mayor. Ostensibly so that his Marines, contractors, and funds could not leave.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mattis, James N., 1950–|title=Call sign chaos : learning to lead|others=West, Francis J.|year=2019|isbn=978-0-8129-9683-8|edition=First|location=New York|pages=112|oclc=1112672474}}</ref>
On April 14, 2007, a car bomb exploded about {{convert|600|ft|m|abbr=on}} from the shrine to Husayn, killing 47<ref>{{cite news |first=Lily |last=Hamourtziadou |title=A Week in Iraq |url=http://iraqbodycount.org/editorial/weekiniraq/40/ |publisher=iraqbodycount.org |date=2007-04-15 |access-date=2007-04-15 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070429005149/http://www.iraqbodycount.org/editorial/weekiniraq/40/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-04-29}}</ref> and wounding over 150.
On January 19, 2008, 2 million [[Iraq]]i [[Shia]] [[pilgrim]]s marched through Karbala city, [[Iraq]] to commemorate [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]]. 20,000 Iraqi troops and police guarded the event amid tensions due to clashes between Iraqi troops and Shia which left 263 people dead (in [[Basra]] and [[Nasiriya]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7197473.stm|title=Iraqi Shia pilgrims mark holy day|date=19 January 2008|via=bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
==Geography==
===Climate===
Karbala experiences a [[hot desert climate]] (''BWh'' in the [[Köppen climate classification]]) with extremely hot, long, dry summers and mild winters. Almost all of the yearly precipitation is received between November and April, though no month is wet.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Karbala (1991-2020)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan high C = 16.6
|Feb high C = 19.5
|Mar high C = 24.6
|Apr high C = 31.3
|May high C = 37.6
|Jun high C = 42.4
|Jul high C = 44.7
|Aug high C = 44.7
|Sep high C = 40.9
|Oct high C = 34.2
|Nov high C = 24.1
|Dec high C = 18.3
|Jan mean C = 10.6
|Feb mean C = 12.9
|Mar mean C = 17.4
|Apr mean C = 23.9
|May mean C = 29.7
|Jun mean C = 33.9
|Jul mean C = 36.4
|Aug mean C = 35.9
|Sep mean C = 32.3
|Oct mean C = 26.2
|Nov mean C = 17.7
|Dec mean C = 12.3
|Jan low C = 6.0
|Feb low C = 8.0
|Mar low C = 12.1
|Apr low C = 17.9
|May low C = 23.5
|Jun low C = 27.6
|Jul low C = 29.8
|Aug low C = 29.3
|Sep low C = 25.6
|Oct low C = 20.1
|Nov low C = 12.1
|Dec low C = 7.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 17.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 14.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 14.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 11.9
|May precipitation mm = 2.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 0.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 0.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 4.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 14.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 13.8
|Jan precipitation days = 7
|Feb precipitation days = 5
|Mar precipitation days = 6
|Apr precipitation days = 5
|May precipitation days = 3
|Jun precipitation days = 0
|Jul precipitation days = 0
|Aug precipitation days = 0
|Sep precipitation days = 0
|Oct precipitation days = 4
|Nov precipitation days = 5
|Dec precipitation days = 7
| Jan humidity = 72.1
| Feb humidity = 60.7
| Mar humidity = 49.8
| Apr humidity = 42.5
| May humidity = 34.1
| Jun humidity = 28.2
| Jul humidity = 28.6
| Aug humidity = 30.2
| Sep humidity = 34.9
| Oct humidity = 44.7
| Nov humidity = 61.5
| Dec humidity = 70.5
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]] (precipitation days 1976-2008)<ref name= WMO >{{cite web
| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/154/c01465.htm
| title = World Weather Information Service – Karbala
| access-date = 1 January 2011
| publisher = United Nations }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iraq/CSV/KERBALLA_40656.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Kerballa |format=CSV
| publisher = [[NOAA|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref>}}
==Religious beliefs==
===Mesopotamia in the Quran===
{{See also|Dhu al-Kifl|Harut and Marut|Idris (prophet)|Noah in Islam|Tower of Babel in Islamic tradition}}
[[File:Meso2mil-English.JPG|thumb|<!--No need to "fix" this false-positive Linter bogus image option error. See phab:T279682-->A map of [[Mesopotamia]] in the 3rd millennium BCE, showing [[Nineveh]] (the township of [[Jonah in Islam|Yunus]])),<ref name="qref|10|98|b=y"/><ref name="IbnHisham, V.1, P.419–421"/><ref name=SycOrth/> [[Tell al-Rimah|Qattara (or Karana)]], [[Dūr-Katlimmu]], [[Assur]], [[Arrapha]], [[Terqa]], [[Nuzi]], [[Mari, Syria|Mari]], [[Eshnunna]], [[Dur-Kurigalzu]], [[Der (Sumer)|Der]], [[Sippar]], [[Babylon]], [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]], [[Susa]], [[Borsippa]], [[Nippur]], [[Isin]], [[Uruk]], [[Larsa]] and [[Ur]], from north to south. Note the relative proximity of Babylon and Sippar to [[Lake Milh]], which is near Karbala.<ref name="Risk2008"/><ref name="UF2004"/>]]
Some Shi'ites consider this verse of the [[Quran]] to refer to Iraq, land of the Shi'ite sacred sites of [[Kufa]]h,<ref name="Tabatabaei1979">{{Cite book |title=Shi'ite Islam |last=Tabatabaei |first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |publisher=Suny Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |pages=192}}</ref><ref name="Kamil2008">{{cite book |last=al-Qummi |first=Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh |translator=Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni |title=Kāmil al-Ziyārāt |year=2008 |publisher=Shiabooks.ca Press |pages=66–67}}</ref> Najaf, Karbala, [[Kadhimiyyah]]{{efn|Kadhimyyah used to be a township of its own, but is now a part of the city of Baghdad.<ref name="EOIAH, Kadhimiyyah">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Kadhimiya |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Iranian Architectural History |language=fa |url=http://iranshahrpedia.ir/view/9341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003210802/http://iranshahrpedia.ir/view/9341 |archive-date=3 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} and [[Samarra]],<ref name="AI2006">{{cite web |title=History of the Shrine of Imam Ali al-Naqi & Imam Hasan Al-Askari, Peace Be Upon Them |work=Al-Islam.org |url=http://www.al-islam.org/shrines/samarra.htm |access-date=23 February 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060223121838/http://www.al-islam.org/shrines/samarra.htm |archive-date= 23 February 2006 <!--DASHBot-->|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC2007Unesco">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6248244.stm | publisher=[[BBC News]] | title=Unesco names World Heritage sites | date=2007-06-28 | access-date=2010-05-23}}</ref> since the [[Tauhid|Monotheist]]ic preachers [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] ([[Abraham]]) and [[Lot in Islam|Lūṭ]] ([[Lot (biblical person)|Lot]]),<ref name="qref|26|160|b=y">{{qref|26|160|b=y}}</ref> who are regarded as [[Prophets in Islam]],<ref name="Wheeler2002">{{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Brannon M. |title=Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIDZIep-GIQC&q=%2225+prophets+mentioned+by+name%22&pg=PA8 |series=Comparative Islamic studies |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8264-4957-3 |pages=1–393}}</ref> are believed to have lived in the [[ancient Iraq]]i city of [[Kutha|Kutha Rabba]],<ref name="MAH">''History of Islam'', volume 1, by Professor Masudul Hasan.{{page needed|date=September 2021}}{{edition needed|date=September 2021}}</ref> before going to "[[Holy Land|The Blessed Land]]".<ref name="qref|21|51|b=y}">{{qref|21|51|b=y}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Then We delivered him(Ibrahim), along with Lot, to the land We had showered with blessings for all people.|{{qref|21|71|b=yl}}}}
Aside from the story of Abraham and Lot in [[Ancient Mesopotamian polytheism|Polytheistic]]<ref name="Brit, AMR">{{cite web |author=Jacobsen, Thorkild |title=Mesopotamian religion |date=3 October 2023 |publisher=Britannica.com |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mesopotamian-religion}}</ref> [[Mesopotamia]],<ref name="MAH"/><ref name="qref|21|51|b=y}"/> there are passages in the Quran about [[Mount Judi]],<ref name="qref|11|44|b=y">{{qref|11|44|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|23|23|b=y">{{qref|23|23|b=y}}</ref><ref name="Lewis1984">J. P. Lewis, ''Noah and the Flood: In Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Tradition'', The Biblical Archaeologist, December 1984, p.237</ref> [[Babil]] ("Babylon")<ref name="qref|2|102|b=y">{{qref|2|102|b=y}}</ref><ref name=JE>[[Morris Jastrow]], Ira Maurice Price, [[Marcus Jastrow]], [[Louis Ginzberg]], and [[Duncan Black MacDonald|Duncan B. MacDonald]]; "[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2279-babel-tower-of Babel, Tower of]", ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''; Funk & Wagnalls, 1906.</ref> and ''[[Nineveh|Qaryat Yunus]]'' ("Town of [[Jonah in Islam|Jonah]]").<ref name="qref|10|98|b=y">{{qref|10|98|b=y}}</ref><ref name="IbnHisham, V.1, P.419–421">Summarized from the book of story of Muhammad by [[Ibn Hisham]] Volume 1 pg.419–421</ref><ref name=SycOrth>{{cite web|title=Three Day Fast of Nineveh |url=http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/news/2011/02/10/three-day-fast-of-nineveh/ |publisher=Syrian orthodox Church |access-date=1 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025123007/http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/news/2011/02/10/three-day-fast-of-nineveh/ |archive-date=2012-10-25}}</ref>
===Hadith===
There are many [[Shia]] traditions that narrate the status of Karbala:
{{blockquote|"Karbala, where [[Husayn ibn Ali|your grandson]] and his family will be killed, is the most blessed and sacred land on Earth, and it is one of the valleys of Paradise."<ref>{{cite book |last=al-Qummi |first=Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh |translator=Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni |title=Kāmil al-Ziyārāt |year=2008 |publisher= Shiabooks.ca Press |page=545 |chapter=Addendum before chapter 89}}</ref> |The archangel [[Gabriel]]}}
{{blockquote|"God chose the land of Karbala as a safe and blessed sanctuary, twenty-four thousand years before He created the land of the [[Ka'bah]] and chose it as a sanctuary. Verily it [Karbala] will shine among the gardens of Paradise, like a shining star shines among the stars for the people of Earth."<ref>{{cite book |last=al-Qummi |first=Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh |translator=Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni |title=Kāmil al-Ziyārāt |year=2008 |publisher= Shiabooks.ca Press |page=534 |chapter=88}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=April 2021|reason=the source provided doesn't speak of ánything mentioned here}} |[[Zayn al-Abidin|'Alī Zaynul-'Ābidīn]]}}
{{blockquote|"Not one night passes in which [[Gabriel]] and [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] do not go to visit him [Husayn]."<ref>{{cite book |last=al-Qummi |first=Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh |translator=Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Milani |title=Kāmil al-Ziyārāt |year=2008 |publisher= Shiabooks.ca Press |page=536 |chapter=88}}</ref> |[[Ja'far al-Sadiq|Ja'far as-Sādiq]]}}
Thus the tomb of the martyred Imam has acquired this great significance in Shi'ite tradition because the Imam and his fellow martyrs are seen as models of jihad in the way of God. Shi'ites believe that Karbala is one of the holiest places on Earth according to the following traditions (among others):
* The angel [[Gabriel]] narrated to [[Muhammad]] that:<ref name="kamil01"/>
{{blockquote|text=Karbala, where your [[Hussein ibn Ali|grandson]] and his family will be martyred, is one of the most blessed and the most sacred lands on Earth, and it is one of the valleys of Paradise.}}
* The fourth [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Shi'ite Imam]], that is [[Zayn al-Abidin]] narrated:<ref>{{cite book |last=al-Qummi |first=Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh |translator=Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni |title=Kāmil al-Ziyārāt |year=2008 |publisher= Shiabooks.ca Press |page=534}}</ref>
{{blockquote|text=God chose the land of Karbalā' as a safe and blessed sanctuary twenty-four thousand years before He created the land of the [[Ka'bah]] and chose it as a sanctuary. Verily it (Karbala) will shine among the gardens of Paradise like a shining star shines among the stars for the people of Earth.}}
* In this regard, [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] narrates, 'Allah, the Almighty, has made the dust of my ancestor's grave – Imam Husain (r.a) as a cure for every sickness and safety from every fear.'<ref>Amali by [[Shaykh Tusi]], vol. 1 pg. 326</ref>
* It is narrated from Ja'far that: "The earth of the pure and holy grave of Husayn ibn ‘Ali (r.a) is a pure and blessed musk. For those who consume it, it is a cure for every ailment, and if our enemy uses it then he will melt the way fat melts, when you intend to consume that pure earth recite the following supplication"<ref>Mustadrakul Wasail, vol. 10, pg 339-40 tradition 2; Jadid Makarimul Akhlaq pg.189; Beharul Anwaar vol. 101, tradition 60</ref>
==Culture==
===Sports===
[[Karbalaa FC]] is a football club based in Karbala.
===Media===
There are many references in books in films to "Karbala", generally referring to Husayn's death at the Battle of Karbala. Husayn is often depicted on a white horse impaled by arrows.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} There are films and documentaries about the events of Karbala in both animated and realistic form{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
===University===
{{main|Ahlulbait University College}}
[[File:Karbala City (1).jpg|thumb|Karbala at night.]]
[[Hawza]] are the Islamic education institutions that are run collectively by mujtahid or Allamas to teach Shia Muslims and guide them through the rigorous journey of becoming an Alim. In terms of the Hawza in Karbala, after the death of a renowned Alama, the Sayyid Muhammad, the leadership in terms of teacher shifted to taqlid to mujtahid. This was a significant factor that lead to the leadership of Ulama to reside in Karbala and as well as Najaf. Initially Karbala's hawza (Islamic education institution) consisted mostly of [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] and Turkish Ulama. After the death of Sharif-ul-Ulama Mazandarani in 1830 and the repression of the shia population by the Ottomans in 1843 both played an important role in the relocation of many Ulamas and thus Najaf becoming the center of Shia Islamic leadership in education.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth Century: The Ulama of Najaf and Karbala|last=Litvak |first=Meir|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-521-62356-1|location=United Kingdom|pages=51–141}}</ref>
As of now, there are two universities in Karbala. University of Karbala, which was inaugurated on March 1, 2002, is one of the top most universities in Iraq regarding academic administration, human resources, and scientific research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.uokerbala.edu.iq/index.php/about-us-uni|title=Karbala University: A General View|website=University of Karbala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075548/http://en.uokerbala.edu.iq/index.php/about-us-uni|archive-date=2017-10-10|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-04-21}}</ref> The Ahl Al Bayt University was founded in September 2003 by Dr. Mohsen Baqir Mohammed-Salih Al-Qazwini. The university has six major colleges: College of Law, Arts, Islamic Sciences, Medical & Health Technology, Pharmacy and Dentistry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abu.edu.iq/en|title=Ahl Al Bayt University Website|website=Ahl Al Bayt University|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref>
Warith al-Anbiya University in Karbala, has recently been established under a project of Husayn Holy Shrine, having the faculties of engineering, administration, economics, law and pathology, which is ready to receive students for the first academic year 2017–2018.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ali Tekmaji| url=http://im.imamhussain.org/english/reports/7306|title= Karbala opens new advanced academic university|publisher=Imam Hussein Holy Shrine (International Media) |date=September 20, 2017 |access-date=September 23, 2017}}</ref>
===Indian subcontinent===
In the [[Indian subcontinent]], ''Karbala'', apart from meaning the city of Karbala (which is usually referred to as ''Karbala-e-Mualla'' meaning Karbala the exalted), also means local grounds where commemorative processions end and/or ''[[Ta'zieh#Ta'zīya in India|ta'zīya]]'' are buried during Ashura or Arba'een, usually such grounds will have ''shabeeh'' (copy) of ''Rauza'' or some other structures.<ref>[http://ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3A8307ae11-21a4-4a2e-95b0-cb76d59212fb/datastreams/ATTACHMENT03 (Re-)defining Some Genre-Specific Words: Evidence from some English Texts about Ashura], Muhammad-Reza Fakhr-Rohani, University of Qom, Iran</ref><ref>A citation from Fruzzetti, "Muslim Rituals," for this use of Karbala is as follows: "The Muslims then proceed to 'Karbala' to bury the flowers which were used to decorate the tazziyas, the tazziyas themselves being kept for the next year's celebration." (pp. 108–109).</ref>
In South Asia where ''ta'zīya'' refer to specifically to the miniature mausoleums used in processions held in Muharram. It all started from the fact that the great distance of India from Karbala prevented Indian Shi'is being buried near the tomb of Husayn or making frequent pilgrimages ([[ziyarat]]) to the tomb. This is the reason why Indian Shi'is established local karbalas on the subcontinent by bringing soil from Karbala and sprinkling it on lots designated as future cemeteries. Once the karbalas were established on the subcontinent, the next step was to bring Husayn's tomb-shrine to India. This was established by building replicas of Husayn's mausoleum called ''ta'zīya'' to be carried in Muharram processions. Thousands of ''ta'zīyas'' in various shapes and sizes are made every year for the months of mourning of Muharram and Safar; and are carried in processions and may be buried at the end of Ashura or Arba'een.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Behrens-Abouseif|first1=Doris|last2=Vernoit|first2=Stephen|title=Islamic Art in the 19th Century: Tradition, Innovation, And Eclecticism|year=2006|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004144420|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4q58Af5zAoC&q=taziya+in+India&pg=PA413|access-date=12 August 2016|language=en}}</ref>
==Infrastructure==
Airports in Karbala include:<ref name="Frbiu 03-2017">{{cite news |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)|Foreign Relations Bureau – Iraq]] |title=$500 Million Airport Scandal Exposes Industrial Scale Corruption in Holy Karbala |url=https://www.frbiu.com/articles/500-million-airport-scandal-exposes-industrial-scale-corruption-in-holy-karbala |date=2017-03-07 |access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref>
*[[Karbala Northeast Airport]]<ref name="CAPA">{{cite web |publisher=CAPA Centre for Aviation |title=Karbala Northeast (Imam Hussein) Airport |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/karbala-northeast-imam-hussein-airport |access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref>
*[[Karbala International Airport]]<ref name="MEED 2018">{{cite book |publisher=[[MEED|Economic East Economic Digest]] |title=MEED. |volume=42 |issue=27–39 |pages=38–48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=559WAAAAYAAJ&q=karbala+international+airport |year=2018}}</ref> (located to the southeast of Karbala)
==See also==
* [[Battle of Karbala]]
* [[1977 Shia uprising in Iraq]]
* [[Battle of Karbala (1991)]]
*[[Battle of Karbala (2003)]]
* [[2003 Karbala bombings]]
* [[2004 Ashura massacre]]
* [[2007 Karbala mosque bombings]]
*[[Karbala provincial headquarters raid|Karbala raid]]
* [[Arba'een]]
* [[Karbala, Iran]]
== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
===Published in the 19th century===
* {{cite book |title=Dictionnaire geographique, historique, descriptif, acheologique des pèlerinages anciens et modernes |year=1859 |location=Paris |language=fr |editor=Louis de Sivry |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jRsAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA859|chapter=Karbala }}
===Published in the 20th century===
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Kerbela |volume= 15 |last= Peters |first= John Punnett |author-link= John Punnett Peters | pages = 753–754 |short= 1}}
===Published in the 21st century===
* {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=C. Edmund Bosworth |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Karbala }}
* {{Citation |publisher = [[ABC-CLIO]] |location = Santa Barbara, USA |editor1 = Michael R.T. Dumper |editor2=Bruce E. Stanley |title = Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date = 2008 |chapter= Karbala }}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Karbala}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
*[http://www.sacred-destinations.com/iraq/karbala.htm Shia Shrines of Karbala] – Sacred Destinations
*[http://www.123shayari.com/category/karbala-shayari/ Shia Karbala Poetry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106044903/http://www.123shayari.com/category/karbala-shayari/ |date=6 November 2013 }}
*[https://archive.today/20130108100039/http://indianmuslims.in/karbala-a-lesson-for-mankind/ Karbala – A Lesson for Mankind] (archived)
*[http://www.smsblaze.com/category/karbala-sms/ Karbala Quotes and Sayings]
*[http://minhaj-al-nubuwwah.cf/karbala.html Karbala and Martyrdom]
*[http://twelvershia.net/2016/01/29/karbala-the-facts-and-the-fairytales/ Karbala – The Facts and the Fairy-tales]
*[https://www.al-islam.org/articles/karbala-the-chain-of-events-ramzan-sabir Karbala, the Chain of Events]
{{Districts of Iraq}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Karbala| ]]
[[Category:Holy cities]]
[[Category:Shia holy cities]]
[[Category:Populated places in Karbala Province]]
[[Category:District capitals of Iraq]]
[[Category:Cities in Iraq]]
[[Category:Husayn ibn Ali]]
[[Category:Karbala Governorate]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Karbala Governorate, Iraq</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karbala_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Karbala (disambiguation)">Karbala (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kerbela" redirects here. For the moth genus, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerbela_(moth)" title="Kerbela (moth)">Kerbela (moth)</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Iraq</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Karbala</div>
<div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كَرْبَلَاء</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mayoralty of Karbala</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Karbala_collage2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Karbala_collage2.jpg/275px-Karbala_collage2.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="597" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Karbala_collage2.jpg/413px-Karbala_collage2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Karbala_collage2.jpg/550px-Karbala_collage2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="3113" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="300" data-zoom="11" data-overlays="["_59a06e66403bef0ac83f5f8fafa46993bdfe38cc"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,270x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Karbala&groups=_59a06e66403bef0ac83f5f8fafa46993bdfe38cc" width="270" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,270x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Karbala&groups=_59a06e66403bef0ac83f5f8fafa46993bdfe38cc 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219143323">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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.mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#000;color:#fff}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Iraq_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karbala is located in Iraq"><img alt="Karbala is located in Iraq" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/250px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/375px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/500px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.656%;left:53.648%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Karbala"><img alt="Karbala" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;right:4px"><div>Karbala</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Karbala within Iraq</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Iraq</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1219143323"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karbala is located in Asia"><img alt="Karbala is located in Asia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.415%;left:13.043%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Karbala"><img alt="Karbala" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;right:4px"><div>Karbala</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Karbala (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karbala&params=32_37_N_44_02_E_region:IQ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°37′N</span> <span class="longitude">44°02′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.617°N 44.033°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.617; 44.033</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate">Karbala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">690 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">42.4 km<sup>2</sup> (16.4 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 m (92 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2018)<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-1">[1]</a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">711,530</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Karbalaei</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (Arabian Standard Time)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (No DST)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">10001 to 10090</div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/110px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/165px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/220px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Beliefs and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Books</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Ismaili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Twelver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Zaydi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgment Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Clergy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Four_Companions" title="The Four Companions">The Four Companions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arba%CA%BDeen_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage">Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shia_days_of_remembrance" title="Shia days of remembrance">Days of remembrance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Eid al-Ghadir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omar_Koshan" title="Omar Koshan">Omar Koshan</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">Verse of purification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hadith_of_the_two_weighty_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the two weighty things">Two things</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Event_of_the_mubahala" title="Event of the mubahala">Mubahala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pond of Khumm">Khumm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umar_at_Fatimah%27s_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar at Fatimah's house">Fatimah's house</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam" title="Origin of Shia Islam">Origin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shia_Islam#Branches" title="Shia Islam">Branches and sects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelvers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Usuli" title="Usuli">Usuli</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shi'a</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musta%CA%BDli_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaʽli Ismailism">Musta'li</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">Batini</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Shi'a sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Ahl al-Kisa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatima" title="Shia view of Fatima">Fatima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">Holy women</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija bint Khuwaylid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umm_Salama" title="Umm Salama">Umm Salama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab bint Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum bint Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umm_ul-Banin" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm ul-Banin">Umm ul-Banin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah bint Hasan">Fatimah bint Hasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sukayna_bint_Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukayna bint Husayn">Sukayna bint Husayn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rubab_bint_Imra_al-Qais" title="Rubab bint Imra al-Qais">Rubab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahrbanu" title="Shahrbanu">Shahrbanu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah bint Musa">Fatimah bint Musa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hakimah_Kh%C4%81t%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakimah Khātūn">Hakimah Khātūn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narjis" title="Narjis">Narjis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Asad" title="Fatimah bint Asad">Fatimah bint Asad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umm_Farwah_bint_al-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim">Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sayyida_Ruqayya_bint_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyida Ruqayya bint Ali">Sayyida Ruqayya bint Ali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sayyida_Nafisa" title="Sayyida Nafisa">Sayyida Nafisa</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<p><b>Karbala</b> or <b>Kerbala</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAR</span>-bə-lə</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAR</span>-bə-<span style="font-size:90%">LAH</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كَرْبَلَاء</span>, <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Karbalāʾ</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[karbaˈlaːʔ]</a></span>) is a city in central <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, located about 100 km (62 mi) southwest of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, and a few miles east of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake_Milh" title="Lake Milh">Lake Milh</a>, also known as Razzaza Lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Risk2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risk2008-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UF2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UF2004-7">[7]</a></sup> Karbala is the capital of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate">Karbala Governorate</a>, and has an estimated population of 711,530 people (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The city, best known as the location of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> in 680 AD, or for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Hussain</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Abbas_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Abbas Mosque">Al Abbas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shimoni_&_Levine,_1974,_p._160_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shimoni_&_Levine,_1974,_p._160-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aghaie,_2004,_pp._10-11_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aghaie,_2004,_pp._10-11-9">[9]</a></sup> is considered a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_city" title="Holy city">holy city</a> for Shia Muslims. Tens of millions of Shi'ite Muslims visit the site twice a year. <sup id="cite_ref-Islam_in_the_World_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_in_the_World-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zondervan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zondervan-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The martyrdom of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Ali" title="Abbas ibn Ali">Abbas ibn Ali</a>
is commemorated annually by millions of Shi'ites.<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_in_the_World_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_in_the_World-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zondervan_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zondervan-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>Up to 34 million pilgrims visit the city to observe <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">ʿĀshūrāʾ</a></i> (the tenth day of the month of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>), which marks the anniversary of Husayn's death, but the main event is the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arbaeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaeen">Arbaʿīn</a></i> (the 40th day after 'Ashura'), where up to 40 million visit the graves. Most of the pilgrims travel on foot from all around Iraq and more than 56 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Battle_of_Karbala"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Battle of Karbala</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_modern"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early modern</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Religious_beliefs"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Religious beliefs</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mesopotamia in the Quran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Hadith"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hadith</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#University"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">University</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Indian_subcontinent"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Indian subcontinent</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Infrastructure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Explanatory_notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Explanatory notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Published_in_the_19th_century"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Published in the 19th century</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Published_in_the_20th_century"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Published in the 20th century</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Published_in_the_21st_century"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Published in the 21st century</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>There are many opinions among different investigators, as to the origin of the word <i>Karbala</i>. Some have pointed out that <i>Karbala</i> has a connection to the "Karbalato" language, while others attempt to derive the meaning of word by analyzing its spelling and language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They conclude that it originates from the "Kar Babel" group of ancient Babylonian villages that included Nainawa, Al-Ghadiriyya, Karbella (or Karb Illu), Al-Nawaweess, and Al-Heer. This last name is today known as Al-Hair and is where <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a> ibn Ali's grave is located.
</p><p>The investigator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> had pointed out that the meaning of <i>Karbala</i> could have several explanations, one of which is that the place where Husayn ibn Ali was martyred is made of soft earth—<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Karbalāt</i></span>.
</p><p>According to Shia's belief, the archangel <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> narrated the true meaning of the name <i>Karbala</i> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>: a combination of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">karb</i></span> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كَرْب</span>, "the land which will cause many agonies") and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">balāʾ</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بَلَاء</span></span>, "afflictions").<sup id="cite_ref-kamil01_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamil01-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Battle_of_Karbala">Battle of Karbala</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle of Karbala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></div>
<p>The Battle of Karbala was fought on the bare deserts on the way to Kufa on October 10, AD 680 (10 Muharram 61 AH). Both Husayn ibn Ali and his brother <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Ali" title="Abbas ibn Ali">Abbas ibn Ali</a> were buried by the local Banī Asad tribe, at what later became known as the <i>Mashhad Al-Husayn</i>. The battle itself occurred as a result of Husain's refusal of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a>'s demand for allegiance to his caliphate. The Kufan governor, Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad, sent thirty thousand horsemen against Husayn as he traveled to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>. Husayn had no army, he was with his family and few friends who joined them, so there were around 73 men, including a 6-month-old Ali Asghar, son of Imam Husayn, in total. The horsemen, under 'Umar ibn Sa'd, were ordered to deny Husayn and his followers water in order to force Husayn to agree to give an oath of allegiance. On the 9th of Muharram, Husayn refused, and asked to be given the night to pray. On 10 Muharram, Husayn ibn Ali prayed the morning prayer and led his troops into battle along with his brother Abbas. Many of Husayn's followers, including all of his present sons <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_al-Akbar_ibn_Husayn" title="Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn">Ali Akbar</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_al-Asghar_ibn_Husayn" title="Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn">Ali Asghar</a> (six months old) and his nephews Qassim, Aun and Muhammad were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 63 AH (AD AD), Yazid ibn Mu'awiya released the surviving members of Husayn's family from prison as there was a threat of uprisings and some of the people in his court were unaware of who the battle was with, when they got to know that the descendants of Muhammad were killed, they were horrified. On their way to Mecca, they stopped at the site of the battle. There is record of Sulayman ibn Surad going on pilgrimage to the site as early as 65 AH (685 AD). The city began as a tomb and shrine to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, grandson of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and son of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-18">[18]</a></sup> and grew as a city in order to meet the needs of pilgrims. The city and tombs were greatly expanded by successive Muslim rulers, but suffered repeated destruction from attacking armies. The original shrine was destroyed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> Caliph <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">Al-Mutawakkil</a> in 850 but was rebuilt in its present form around 979, only to be partly destroyed by fire in 1086 and rebuilt yet again.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_modern">Early modern</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, the city suffered from severe water shortages that were only resolved in the early 18th century by building a dam at the head of the Husayniyya Canal. In 1737, the city replaced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isfahan_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfahan (city)">Isfahan</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> as the main centre of Shia scholarship. In the mid-eighteenth century it was dominated by the dean of scholarship, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yusuf_Al_Bahrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf Al Bahrani">Yusuf Al Bahrani</a>, a key proponent of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a> tradition of Shia thought, until his death in 1772,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> after which the more state-centric <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Usuli" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> school became more influential.
</p><p>
The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala" title="Wahhabi sack of Karbala">Wahhabi sack of Karbala</a> occurred on 21 April 1802 (1216 Hijri) (1801),<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-20">[20]</a></sup> under the rule of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdul-Aziz_bin_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad">Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad</a> the second ruler of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi State">First Saudi State</a>, when 12,000 Wahhabi Muslims from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> attacked the city of Karbala.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> The attack was coincident with the anniversary of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="The event of Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khum</a> event,<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-22">[22]</a></sup> or 10 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-18">[18]</a></sup> This fight left 3,000–5,000 deaths and the dome of the tomb of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-18">[18]</a></sup> was destroyed. The fight lasted for 8 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexei_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexei-23">[23]</a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Destruction_of_the_Tomb_of_Husain_at_Kerbela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Destruction_of_the_Tomb_of_Husain_at_Kerbela.jpg/200px-Destruction_of_the_Tomb_of_Husain_at_Kerbela.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Destruction_of_the_Tomb_of_Husain_at_Kerbela.jpg/300px-Destruction_of_the_Tomb_of_Husain_at_Kerbela.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Destruction_of_the_Tomb_of_Husain_at_Kerbela.jpg/400px-Destruction_of_the_Tomb_of_Husain_at_Kerbela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption>Destruction of the Tomb of Husain at Karbala on the orders of Caliph <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi State">First Saudi State</a> invasion, the city enjoyed semi-autonomy during Ottoman rule, governed by a group of gangs and mafia variously allied with members of the 'ulama. In order to reassert their authority, the Ottoman army laid siege to the city. On January 13, 1843, Ottoman troops entered the city. Many of the city leaders fled leaving defense of the city largely to tradespeople. About 3,000 Arabs were killed in the city, and another 2,000 outside the walls (this represented about 15% of the city's normal population). The Turks lost 400 men.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> This prompted many students and scholars to move to Najaf, which became the main Shia religious centre.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> Between 1850 and 1903, Karbala enjoyed a generous influx of money through the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oudh_Bequest" title="Oudh Bequest">Oudh Bequest</a>. The Shia-ruled Indian Province of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a>, known by the British as Oudh, had always sent money and pilgrims to the holy city. The Oudh money, 10 million rupees, originated in 1825 from the Awadh <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghazi-ud-Din_Haider" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazi-ud-Din Haider">Ghazi-ud-Din Haider</a>. One third was to go to his wives, and the other two-thirds went to holy cities of Karbala and Najaf. When his wives died in 1850, the money piled up with interest in the hands of the British <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. The EIC sent the money to Karbala and Najaf per the wives' wishes, in the hopes of influencing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a> in Britain's favor. This effort to curry favor is generally considered to have been a failure.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1915, Karbala was the scene of an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1915_uprising_in_Karbala" title="1915 uprising in Karbala">uprising against the Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1928, an important drainage project was carried out to relieve the city of unhealthy swamps, formed between Hussainiya and the Bani Hassan Canals on the Euphrates.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Karbala_07402u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Karbala_07402u.jpg/250px-Karbala_07402u.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Karbala_07402u.jpg/375px-Karbala_07402u.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Karbala_07402u.jpg/500px-Karbala_07402u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>Mosque in Karbala (1932)</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defense_of_the_Karbala_City_Hall" title="Defense of the Karbala City Hall">Defense of the City Hall in Karbala</a> – a series of skirmishes fought from April 3 to April 6, 2004, between the Iraqi rebels of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Companies">Mahdi Army</a> trying to conquer the city hall and the defending Polish and Bulgarian soldiers from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multinational_Division_Central-South" title="Multinational Division Central-South">Multinational Division Central-South</a>
</p><p>In 2003 following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">American invasion</a>, the Karbala town council attempted to elect <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a> Matthew Lopez as mayor. Ostensibly so that his Marines, contractors, and funds could not leave.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>On April 14, 2007, a car bomb exploded about 600 ft (180 m) from the shrine to Husayn, killing 47<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> and wounding over 150.
</p><p>On January 19, 2008, 2 million <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pilgrim" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> marched through Karbala city, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> to commemorate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Ashura</a>. 20,000 Iraqi troops and police guarded the event amid tensions due to clashes between Iraqi troops and Shia which left 263 people dead (in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nasiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasiriya">Nasiriya</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Karbala experiences a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (<i>BWh</i> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>) with extremely hot, long, dry summers and mild winters. Almost all of the yearly precipitation is received between November and April, though no month is wet.
</p>
<div>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="14">Climate data for Karbala (1991-2020)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Month
</th>
<th scope="col">Jan
</th>
<th scope="col">Feb
</th>
<th scope="col">Mar
</th>
<th scope="col">Apr
</th>
<th scope="col">May
</th>
<th scope="col">Jun
</th>
<th scope="col">Jul
</th>
<th scope="col">Aug
</th>
<th scope="col">Sep
</th>
<th scope="col">Oct
</th>
<th scope="col">Nov
</th>
<th scope="col">Dec
</th>
<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3<br />(88.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #F20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.4<br />(108.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7<br />(112.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7<br />(112.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.9<br />(105.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.8)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4<br />(97.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(96.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3<br />(84.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches)
</th>
<td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(0.69)
</td>
<td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(0.57)
</td>
<td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(0.56)
</td>
<td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(0.47)
</td>
<td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(0.09)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.01)
</td>
<td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(0.16)
</td>
<td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(0.58)
</td>
<td style="background: #EAFFEA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(0.54)
</td>
<td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">93.5<br />(3.67)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days
</th>
<td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7
</td>
<td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5
</td>
<td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5
</td>
<td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0
</td>
<td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5
</td>
<td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7
</td>
<td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%)
</th>
<td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.1
</td>
<td style="background: #1616FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.7
</td>
<td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.8
</td>
<td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.5
</td>
<td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1
</td>
<td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2
</td>
<td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6
</td>
<td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2
</td>
<td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9
</td>
<td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7
</td>
<td style="background: #1313FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61.5
</td>
<td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.5
</td>
<td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.5
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Meteorological Organisation">World Meteorological Organisation</a> (precipitation days 1976-2008)<sup id="cite_ref-WMO_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-32">[32]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<p><br />
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_beliefs">Religious beliefs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religious beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran">Mesopotamia in the Quran</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia in the Quran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhu_al-Kifl" title="Dhu al-Kifl">Dhu al-Kifl</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idris (prophet)</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Noah in Islam</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tower_of_Babel_in_Islamic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower of Babel in Islamic tradition">Tower of Babel in Islamic tradition</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Meso2mil-English.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/220px-Meso2mil-English.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/330px-Meso2mil-English.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/440px-Meso2mil-English.JPG 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the 3rd millennium BCE, showing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> (the township of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Yunus</a>)),<sup id="cite_ref-qref|10|98|b=y_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|10|98|b=y-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IbnHisham,_V.1,_P.419–421_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbnHisham,_V.1,_P.419–421-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SycOrth_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SycOrth-36">[36]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tell_al-Rimah" title="Tell al-Rimah">Qattara (or Karana)</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%C5%ABr-Katlimmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dūr-Katlimmu">Dūr-Katlimmu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arrapha" title="Arrapha">Arrapha</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuzi" title="Nuzi">Nuzi</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dur-Kurigalzu" title="Dur-Kurigalzu">Dur-Kurigalzu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, from north to south. Note the relative proximity of Babylon and Sippar to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake_Milh" title="Lake Milh">Lake Milh</a>, which is near Karbala.<sup id="cite_ref-Risk2008_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risk2008-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UF2004_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UF2004-7">[7]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Some Shi'ites consider this verse of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> to refer to Iraq, land of the Shi'ite sacred sites of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tabatabaei1979_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabatabaei1979-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kamil2008_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamil2008-38">[38]</a></sup> Najaf, Karbala, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kadhimiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadhimiyyah">Kadhimiyyah</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[a]</a></sup> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AI2006_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI2006-41">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC2007Unesco_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2007Unesco-42">[41]</a></sup> since the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tauhid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauhid">Monotheistic</a> preachers <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-qref|26|160|b=y_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|26|160|b=y-43">[42]</a></sup> who are regarded as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">Prophets in Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler2002_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler2002-44">[43]</a></sup> are believed to have lived in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iraq">ancient Iraqi</a> city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kutha" title="Kutha">Kutha Rabba</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MAH_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAH-45">[44]</a></sup> before going to "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">The Blessed Land</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-qref|21|51|b=y}_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|21|51|b=y}-46">[45]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Then We delivered him(Ibrahim), along with Lot, to the land We had showered with blessings for all people.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=71">21:71</a></cite></div></blockquote>
<p>Aside from the story of Abraham and Lot in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mesopotamian polytheism">Polytheistic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brit,_AMR_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit,_AMR-47">[46]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MAH_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAH-45">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-qref|21|51|b=y}_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|21|51|b=y}-46">[45]</a></sup> there are passages in the Quran about <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-qref|11|44|b=y_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|11|44|b=y-48">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-qref|23|23|b=y_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|23|23|b=y-49">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis1984_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis1984-50">[49]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babil" class="mw-redirect" title="Babil">Babil</a> ("Babylon")<sup id="cite_ref-qref|2|102|b=y_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|2|102|b=y-51">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JE_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-52">[51]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Qaryat Yunus</a></i> ("Town of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-qref|10|98|b=y_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|10|98|b=y-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IbnHisham,_V.1,_P.419–421_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbnHisham,_V.1,_P.419–421-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SycOrth_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SycOrth-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hadith">Hadith</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hadith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>There are many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> traditions that narrate the status of Karbala:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Karbala, where <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">your grandson</a> and his family will be killed, is the most blessed and sacred land on Earth, and it is one of the valleys of Paradise."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup> </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The archangel <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></cite></div></blockquote>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"God chose the land of Karbala as a safe and blessed sanctuary, twenty-four thousand years before He created the land of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ka%27bah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'bah">Ka'bah</a> and chose it as a sanctuary. Verily it [Karbala] will shine among the gardens of Paradise, like a shining star shines among the stars for the people of Earth."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="the source provided doesn't speak of ánything mentioned here (April 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayn al-Abidin">'Alī Zaynul-'Ābidīn</a></cite></div></blockquote>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Not one night passes in which <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> do not go to visit him [Husayn]."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></sup> </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far as-Sādiq</a></cite></div></blockquote>
<p>Thus the tomb of the martyred Imam has acquired this great significance in Shi'ite tradition because the Imam and his fellow martyrs are seen as models of jihad in the way of God. Shi'ites believe that Karbala is one of the holiest places on Earth according to the following traditions (among others):
</p>
<ul><li>The angel <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> narrated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> that:<sup id="cite_ref-kamil01_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamil01-16">[16]</a></sup></li></ul>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Karbala, where your <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hussein_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein ibn Ali">grandson</a> and his family will be martyred, is one of the most blessed and the most sacred lands on Earth, and it is one of the valleys of Paradise.</p></blockquote>
<ul><li>The fourth <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Shi'ite Imam</a>, that is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayn al-Abidin">Zayn al-Abidin</a> narrated:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup></li></ul>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>God chose the land of Karbalā' as a safe and blessed sanctuary twenty-four thousand years before He created the land of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ka%27bah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'bah">Ka'bah</a> and chose it as a sanctuary. Verily it (Karbala) will shine among the gardens of Paradise like a shining star shines among the stars for the people of Earth.</p></blockquote>
<ul><li>In this regard, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a> narrates, 'Allah, the Almighty, has made the dust of my ancestor's grave – Imam Husain (r.a) as a cure for every sickness and safety from every fear.'<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup></li>
<li>It is narrated from Ja'far that: "The earth of the pure and holy grave of Husayn ibn ‘Ali (r.a) is a pure and blessed musk. For those who consume it, it is a cure for every ailment, and if our enemy uses it then he will melt the way fat melts, when you intend to consume that pure earth recite the following supplication"<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karbalaa_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbalaa FC">Karbalaa FC</a> is a football club based in Karbala.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>There are many references in books in films to "Karbala", generally referring to Husayn's death at the Battle of Karbala. Husayn is often depicted on a white horse impaled by arrows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are films and documentaries about the events of Karbala in both animated and realistic form<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="University">University</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahlulbait_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahlulbait University College">Ahlulbait University College</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Karbala_City_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Karbala_City_%281%29.jpg/220px-Karbala_City_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Karbala_City_%281%29.jpg/330px-Karbala_City_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Karbala_City_%281%29.jpg/440px-Karbala_City_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Karbala at night.</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawza" title="Hawza">Hawza</a> are the Islamic education institutions that are run collectively by mujtahid or Allamas to teach Shia Muslims and guide them through the rigorous journey of becoming an Alim. In terms of the Hawza in Karbala, after the death of a renowned Alama, the Sayyid Muhammad, the leadership in terms of teacher shifted to taqlid to mujtahid. This was a significant factor that lead to the leadership of Ulama to reside in Karbala and as well as Najaf. Initially Karbala's hawza (Islamic education institution) consisted mostly of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a> and Turkish Ulama. After the death of Sharif-ul-Ulama Mazandarani in 1830 and the repression of the shia population by the Ottomans in 1843 both played an important role in the relocation of many Ulamas and thus Najaf becoming the center of Shia Islamic leadership in education.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of now, there are two universities in Karbala. University of Karbala, which was inaugurated on March 1, 2002, is one of the top most universities in Iraq regarding academic administration, human resources, and scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup> The Ahl Al Bayt University was founded in September 2003 by Dr. Mohsen Baqir Mohammed-Salih Al-Qazwini. The university has six major colleges: College of Law, Arts, Islamic Sciences, Medical & Health Technology, Pharmacy and Dentistry.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>Warith al-Anbiya University in Karbala, has recently been established under a project of Husayn Holy Shrine, having the faculties of engineering, administration, economics, law and pathology, which is ready to receive students for the first academic year 2017–2018.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <i>Karbala</i>, apart from meaning the city of Karbala (which is usually referred to as <i>Karbala-e-Mualla</i> meaning Karbala the exalted), also means local grounds where commemorative processions end and/or <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ta%27zieh#Ta'zīya_in_India" title="Ta'zieh">ta'zīya</a></i> are buried during Ashura or Arba'een, usually such grounds will have <i>shabeeh</i> (copy) of <i>Rauza</i> or some other structures.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></sup>
</p><p>In South Asia where <i>ta'zīya</i> refer to specifically to the miniature mausoleums used in processions held in Muharram. It all started from the fact that the great distance of India from Karbala prevented Indian Shi'is being buried near the tomb of Husayn or making frequent pilgrimages (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">ziyarat</a>) to the tomb. This is the reason why Indian Shi'is established local karbalas on the subcontinent by bringing soil from Karbala and sprinkling it on lots designated as future cemeteries. Once the karbalas were established on the subcontinent, the next step was to bring Husayn's tomb-shrine to India. This was established by building replicas of Husayn's mausoleum called <i>ta'zīya</i> to be carried in Muharram processions. Thousands of <i>ta'zīyas</i> in various shapes and sizes are made every year for the months of mourning of Muharram and Safar; and are carried in processions and may be buried at the end of Ashura or Arba'een.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Airports in Karbala include:<sup id="cite_ref-Frbiu_03-2017_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frbiu_03-2017-66">[65]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karbala_Northeast_Airport" title="Karbala Northeast Airport">Karbala Northeast Airport</a><sup id="cite_ref-CAPA_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAPA-67">[66]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karbala_International_Airport" title="Karbala International Airport">Karbala International Airport</a><sup id="cite_ref-MEED_2018_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEED_2018-68">[67]</a></sup> (located to the southeast of Karbala)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala_(1991)" title="Battle of Karbala (1991)">Battle of Karbala (1991)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala_(2003)" title="Battle of Karbala (2003)">Battle of Karbala (2003)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2003_Karbala_bombings" title="2003 Karbala bombings">2003 Karbala bombings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2004_Ashura_massacre" title="2004 Ashura massacre">2004 Ashura massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2007_Karbala_mosque_bombings" title="2007 Karbala mosque bombings">2007 Karbala mosque bombings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karbala_provincial_headquarters_raid" title="Karbala provincial headquarters raid">Karbala raid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karbala,_Iran" title="Karbala, Iran">Karbala, Iran</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kadhimyyah used to be a township of its own, but is now a part of the city of Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIAH,_Kadhimiyyah_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIAH,_Kadhimiyyah-39">[39]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-citypopulation.de-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/iraq/cities.html">"Iraq: Governorates & Cities"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+Governorates+%26+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Firaq%2Fcities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/karbala">"Karbala"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Karbala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fkarbala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182548/https://www.lexico.com/definition/karbala">"Karbala"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Karbala">the original</a> on 2020-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karbala&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FKarbala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Karbala" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Karbala">"Karbala"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Karbala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DKarbala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Karbal%C4%81%27">"Karbalā'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Karbal%C4%81%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FKarbal%25C4%2581%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Risk2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Risk2008_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Risk2008_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/77116/iraq-livelihoods-at-risk-as-level-of-lake-razaza-falls">"Iraq: Livelihoods at risk as level of Lake Razaza falls"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IRIN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="IRIN News">IRIN News</a>. 5 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+Livelihoods+at+risk+as+level+of+Lake+Razaza+falls&rft.pub=IRIN+News&rft.date=2008-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport%2F77116%2Firaq-livelihoods-at-risk-as-level-of-lake-razaza-falls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UF2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UF2004_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UF2004_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWVtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Under Fire: Untold Stories from the Front Line of the Iraq War</i></a>. Reuters Prentice Hall. January 2004. p. 15. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-142397-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-142397-8"><bdi>978-0-13-142397-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Fire%3A+Untold+Stories+from+the+Front+Line+of+the+Iraq+War&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Reuters+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2004-01&rft.isbn=978-0-13-142397-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWVtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Shimoni_&_Levine,_1974,_p._160-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shimoni_&_Levine,_1974,_p._160_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shimoni & Levine, 1974, p. 160.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Aghaie,_2004,_pp._10-11-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aghaie,_2004,_pp._10-11_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aghaie, 2004, pp. 10–11.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Islam_in_the_World-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Islam_in_the_World_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Islam_in_the_World_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMalise_Ruthven2006" class="citation book cs1">Malise Ruthven (2006). <i>Islam in the World</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 180. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305036" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305036"><bdi>9780195305036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195305036&rft.au=Malise+Ruthven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Routledge-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Seddon2013" class="citation book cs1">David Seddon (11 Jan 2013). <i>Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East</i>. Karbala (Kerbala): Routledge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135355616" title="Special:BookSources/9781135355616"><bdi>9781135355616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+and+Economic+Dictionary+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Karbala+%28Kerbala%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.isbn=9781135355616&rft.au=David+Seddon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Zondervan-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zondervan_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zondervan_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_AzumahDr._Kwame_Bediako_(Foreword)2009" class="citation book cs1">John Azumah; Dr. Kwame Bediako (Foreword) (26 May 2009). <i>My Neighbour's Faith: Islam Explained for African Christians</i>. Main Divisions and Movements Within Islam: Zondervan. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310574620" title="Special:BookSources/9780310574620"><bdi>9780310574620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Neighbour%27s+Faith%3A+Islam+Explained+for+African+Christians&rft.place=Main+Divisions+and+Movements+Within+Islam&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009-05-26&rft.isbn=9780310574620&rft.au=John+Azumah&rft.au=Dr.+Kwame+Bediako+%28Foreword%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Grieve2006" class="citation book cs1">Paul Grieve (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212"><i>A Brief Guide to Islam: History, Faith and Politics: The Complete Introduction</i></a></span>. Carroll and Graf Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212">212</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786718047" title="Special:BookSources/9780786718047"><bdi>9780786718047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+Islam%3A+History%2C+Faith+and+Politics%3A+The+Complete+Introduction&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Carroll+and+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780786718047&rft.au=Paul+Grieve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefguidetoisla00grie%2Fpage%2F212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Grieve2006" class="citation book cs1">Paul Grieve (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212"><i>A Brief Guide to Islam: History, Faith and Politics : the Complete Introduction</i></a></span>. Carroll and Graf Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212">212</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786718047" title="Special:BookSources/9780786718047"><bdi>9780786718047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+Islam%3A+History%2C+Faith+and+Politics+%3A+the+Complete+Introduction&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Carroll+and+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780786718047&rft.au=Paul+Grieve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefguidetoisla00grie%2Fpage%2F212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/iran/map2.html">"Interactive Maps: Sunni & Shia: The Worlds of Islam"</a>. <i>PBS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Interactive+Maps%3A+Sunni+%26+Shia%3A+The+Worlds+of+Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fwideangle%2Fshows%2Firan%2Fmap2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-kamil01-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kamil01_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamil01_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFal-Qummi2008" class="citation book cs1">al-Qummi, Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh (2008). <i>Kāmil al-Ziyārāt</i>. Translated by Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni. Shiabooks.ca Press. p. 545.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%81mil+al-Ziy%C4%81r%C4%81t&rft.pages=545&rft.pub=Shiabooks.ca+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=al-Qummi&rft.aufirst=Ja%27far+ibn+Q%C5%ABlawayh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir – History of the Prophets and Kings; Volume XIX The Caliphate of Yazid ibn Muawiyah, translated by I.K.A Howard, SUNY Press, 1991</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Seyyed-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKhatab2011" class="citation book cs1">Khatab, Sayed (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBYnDAAAQBAJ&q=1802+fall+of+karbala&pg=PA74"><i>Understanding Islamic Fundamentalism: The Theological and Ideological Basis of Al-Qa'ida's Political Tactics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-499-6"><bdi>978-977-416-499-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Islamic+Fundamentalism%3A+The+Theological+and+Ideological+Basis+of+Al-Qa%27ida%27s+Political+Tactics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-977-416-499-6&rft.aulast=Khatab&rft.aufirst=Sayed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBYnDAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1802%2Bfall%2Bof%2Bkarbala%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juan Cole, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C">Sacred Space and Holy War</a></i>, IB Tauris, 2007 p. 71–72</span>
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<li id="cite_note-LOC-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LOC_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writers" class="citation web cs1">Staff writers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/loc/sa/saud_wahhabi.htm">"The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam, 1500–1818"</a>. <i>www.au.af.mil</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.au.af.mil&rft.atitle=The+Saud+Family+and+Wahhabi+Islam%2C+1500%E2%80%931818&rft.au=Staff+writers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.au.af.mil%2Fau%2Fawc%2Fawcgate%2Floc%2Fsa%2Fsaud_wahhabi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard C., ed. (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world</i> ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). New York: Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865603-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865603-2"><bdi>0-02-865603-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52178942">52178942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52178942&rft.isbn=0-02-865603-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Iranica-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLitvak2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Litvak, Meir (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karbala">"KARBALA"</a>. <i>Iranica Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=KARBALA&rft.btitle=Iranica+Online&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Litvak&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkarbala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Alexei-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alexei_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVassiliev2013" class="citation book cs1">Vassiliev, Alexei (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lEIhBQAAQBAJ&q=Wahhabi+sack+of+Karbala&pg=PT81"><i>The History of Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Saqi. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-779-7"><bdi>978-0-86356-779-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Saqi&rft.date=2013-09&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-779-7&rft.aulast=Vassiliev&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlEIhBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DWahhabi%2Bsack%2Bof%2BKarbala%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole, Juan R.I. and Moojan Momen. 1986. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/661030/Mafia_Mob_and_Shiism_in_Iraq_The_Rebellion_of_Ottoman_Karbala_1824-1843">Mafia, Mob and Shiism in Iraq: The Rebellion of Ottoman Karbala 1824–1843</a>." Past & Present. No 112: 112–143.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole, Juan R. I. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C">Sacred Space and Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'ite Islam</a></i>. London: I.B. Tauris, 2002.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Failed Manipulation: The British, the Oudh Bequest and the Shī'ī 'Ulamā' of Najaf and Karbalā'." Meir Litvak, <i>British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/826171">826171</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTauber2014" class="citation book cs1">Tauber, Eliezer (2014-03-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZgAAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Arab Movements in World War I</i></a>. Routledge. p. 30. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135199784" title="Special:BookSources/9781135199784"><bdi>9781135199784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Movements+in+World+War+I&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft.isbn=9781135199784&rft.aulast=Tauber&rft.aufirst=Eliezer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZgAAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b405474&view=1up&seq=177&q1=Karbala"><i>Report by His Britannic Majesty's Government to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Iraq 1927–28</i></a>. p. 177<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-17</span></span> – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+by+His+Britannic+Majesty%27s+Government+to+the+Council+of+the+League+of+Nations+on+the+Administration+of+Iraq+1927%E2%80%9328&rft.pages=177&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.%24b405474%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D177%26q1%3DKarbala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMattis,_James_N.,_1950–2019" class="citation book cs1">Mattis, James N., 1950– (2019). <i>Call sign chaos : learning to lead</i>. West, Francis J. (First ed.). New York. p. 112. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9683-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9683-8"><bdi>978-0-8129-9683-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1112672474">1112672474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Call+sign+chaos+%3A+learning+to+lead&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1112672474&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9683-8&rft.au=Mattis%2C+James+N.%2C+1950%E2%80%93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHamourtziadou2007" class="citation news cs1">Hamourtziadou, Lily (2007-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429005149/http://www.iraqbodycount.org/editorial/weekiniraq/40/">"A Week in Iraq"</a>. iraqbodycount.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iraqbodycount.org/editorial/weekiniraq/40/">the original</a> on 2007-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Week+in+Iraq&rft.date=2007-04-15&rft.aulast=Hamourtziadou&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firaqbodycount.org%2Feditorial%2Fweekiniraq%2F40%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7197473.stm">"Iraqi Shia pilgrims mark holy day"</a>. 19 January 2008 – via bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Shia+pilgrims+mark+holy+day&rft.date=2008-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7197473.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WMO-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldweather.wmo.int/154/c01465.htm">"World Weather Information Service – Karbala"</a>. United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Weather+Information+Service+%E2%80%93+Karbala&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldweather.wmo.int%2F154%2Fc01465.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iraq/CSV/KERBALLA_40656.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Kerballa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(CSV)</span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020%3A+Kerballa&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-2-WMO-Normals-9120%2FIraq%2FCSV%2FKERBALLA_40656.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-qref|10|98|b=y-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qref|10|98|b=y_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref|10|98|b=y_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/10?startingVerse=98">10:98</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IbnHisham,_V.1,_P.419–421-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IbnHisham,_V.1,_P.419–421_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IbnHisham,_V.1,_P.419–421_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Summarized from the book of story of Muhammad by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a> Volume 1 pg.419–421</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SycOrth-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SycOrth_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SycOrth_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025123007/http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/news/2011/02/10/three-day-fast-of-nineveh/">"Three Day Fast of Nineveh"</a>. Syrian orthodox Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/news/2011/02/10/three-day-fast-of-nineveh/">the original</a> on 2012-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Day+Fast+of+Nineveh&rft.pub=Syrian+orthodox+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyrianorthodoxchurch.org%2Fnews%2F2011%2F02%2F10%2Fthree-day-fast-of-nineveh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tabatabaei1979-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tabatabaei1979_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabaei1979" class="citation book cs1">Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1979). <i>Shi'ite Islam</i>. Suny Press. p. 192. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-272-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-272-9"><bdi>978-0-87395-272-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27ite+Islam&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Suny+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-272-9&rft.aulast=Tabatabaei&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Mohammad+Hosayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kamil2008-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamil2008_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFal-Qummi2008" class="citation book cs1">al-Qummi, Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh (2008). <i>Kāmil al-Ziyārāt</i>. Translated by Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni. Shiabooks.ca Press. pp. 66–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%81mil+al-Ziy%C4%81r%C4%81t&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=Shiabooks.ca+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=al-Qummi&rft.aufirst=Ja%27far+ibn+Q%C5%ABlawayh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EOIAH,_Kadhimiyyah-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EOIAH,_Kadhimiyyah_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003210802/http://iranshahrpedia.ir/view/9341">"Kadhimiya"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Iranian Architectural History</i> (in Persian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iranshahrpedia.ir/view/9341">the original</a> on 3 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kadhimiya&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Iranian+Architectural+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firanshahrpedia.ir%2Fview%2F9341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AI2006-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AI2006_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/shrines/samarra.htm">"History of the Shrine of Imam Ali al-Naqi & Imam Hasan Al-Askari, Peace Be Upon Them"</a>. <i>Al-Islam.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060223121838/http://www.al-islam.org/shrines/samarra.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Shrine+of+Imam+Ali+al-Naqi+%26+Imam+Hasan+Al-Askari%2C+Peace+Be+Upon+Them&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fshrines%2Fsamarra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BBC2007Unesco-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2007Unesco_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6248244.stm">"Unesco names World Heritage sites"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 2007-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unesco+names+World+Heritage+sites&rft.date=2007-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6248244.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-qref|26|160|b=y-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qref|26|160|b=y_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/26?startingVerse=160">26:160</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wheeler2002-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler2002_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2002" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qIDZIep-GIQC&q=%2225+prophets+mentioned+by+name%22&pg=PA8"><i>Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis</i></a>. Comparative Islamic studies. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 1–393. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4957-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4957-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-4957-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Quran%3A+an+introduction+to+the+Quran+and+Muslim+exegesis&rft.series=Comparative+Islamic+studies&rft.pages=1-393&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4957-3&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Brannon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqIDZIep-GIQC%26q%3D%252225%2Bprophets%2Bmentioned%2Bby%2Bname%2522%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MAH-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAH_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAH_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Islam</i>, volume 1, by Professor Masudul Hasan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific edition of the work in which the material appears (September 2021)">edition needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-qref|21|51|b=y}-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qref|21|51|b=y}_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref|21|51|b=y}_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=51">21:51</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brit,_AMR-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brit,_AMR_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen,_Thorkild2023" class="citation web cs1">Jacobsen, Thorkild (3 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mesopotamian-religion">"Mesopotamian religion"</a>. Britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+religion&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Thorkild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMesopotamian-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-qref|11|44|b=y-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qref|11|44|b=y_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/11?startingVerse=44">11:44</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-qref|23|23|b=y-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qref|23|23|b=y_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/23?startingVerse=23">23:23</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lewis1984-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis1984_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. P. Lewis, <i>Noah and the Flood: In Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Tradition</i>, The Biblical Archaeologist, December 1984, p.237</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-qref|2|102|b=y-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qref|2|102|b=y_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=102">2:102</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-JE-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JE_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morris_Jastrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Jastrow">Morris Jastrow</a>, Ira Maurice Price, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marcus_Jastrow" title="Marcus Jastrow">Marcus Jastrow</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Louis Ginzberg</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duncan_Black_MacDonald" title="Duncan Black MacDonald">Duncan B. MacDonald</a>; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2279-babel-tower-of">Babel, Tower of</a>", <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>; Funk & Wagnalls, 1906.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFal-Qummi2008" class="citation book cs1">al-Qummi, Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh (2008). "Addendum before chapter 89". <i>Kāmil al-Ziyārāt</i>. Translated by Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni. Shiabooks.ca Press. p. 545.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Addendum+before+chapter+89&rft.btitle=K%C4%81mil+al-Ziy%C4%81r%C4%81t&rft.pages=545&rft.pub=Shiabooks.ca+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=al-Qummi&rft.aufirst=Ja%27far+ibn+Q%C5%ABlawayh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFal-Qummi2008" class="citation book cs1">al-Qummi, Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh (2008). "88". <i>Kāmil al-Ziyārāt</i>. Translated by Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni. Shiabooks.ca Press. p. 534.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=88&rft.btitle=K%C4%81mil+al-Ziy%C4%81r%C4%81t&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=Shiabooks.ca+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=al-Qummi&rft.aufirst=Ja%27far+ibn+Q%C5%ABlawayh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFal-Qummi2008" class="citation book cs1">al-Qummi, Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh (2008). "88". <i>Kāmil al-Ziyārāt</i>. Translated by Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Milani. Shiabooks.ca Press. p. 536.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=88&rft.btitle=K%C4%81mil+al-Ziy%C4%81r%C4%81t&rft.pages=536&rft.pub=Shiabooks.ca+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=al-Qummi&rft.aufirst=Ja%27far+ibn+Q%C5%ABlawayh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFal-Qummi2008" class="citation book cs1">al-Qummi, Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh (2008). <i>Kāmil al-Ziyārāt</i>. Translated by Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni. Shiabooks.ca Press. p. 534.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%81mil+al-Ziy%C4%81r%C4%81t&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=Shiabooks.ca+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=al-Qummi&rft.aufirst=Ja%27far+ibn+Q%C5%ABlawayh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amali by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a>, vol. 1 pg. 326</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mustadrakul Wasail, vol. 10, pg 339-40 tradition 2; Jadid Makarimul Akhlaq pg.189; Beharul Anwaar vol. 101, tradition 60</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLitvak1998" class="citation book cs1">Litvak, Meir (1998). <i>Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth Century: The Ulama of Najaf and Karbala</i>. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–141. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62356-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62356-1"><bdi>0-521-62356-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27i+Scholars+of+Nineteenth+Century%3A+The+Ulama+of+Najaf+and+Karbala&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=51-141&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-62356-1&rft.aulast=Litvak&rft.aufirst=Meir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075548/http://en.uokerbala.edu.iq/index.php/about-us-uni">"Karbala University: A General View"</a>. <i>University of Karbala</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.uokerbala.edu.iq/index.php/about-us-uni">the original</a> on 2017-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Karbala&rft.atitle=Karbala+University%3A+A+General+View&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.uokerbala.edu.iq%2Findex.php%2Fabout-us-uni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abu.edu.iq/en">"Ahl Al Bayt University Website"</a>. <i>Ahl Al Bayt University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahl+Al+Bayt+University&rft.atitle=Ahl+Al+Bayt+University+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabu.edu.iq%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Tekmaji2017" class="citation web cs1">Ali Tekmaji (September 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://im.imamhussain.org/english/reports/7306">"Karbala opens new advanced academic university"</a>. Imam Hussein Holy Shrine (International Media)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karbala+opens+new+advanced+academic+university&rft.pub=Imam+Hussein+Holy+Shrine+%28International+Media%29&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft.au=Ali+Tekmaji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fim.imamhussain.org%2Fenglish%2Freports%2F7306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3A8307ae11-21a4-4a2e-95b0-cb76d59212fb/datastreams/ATTACHMENT03">(Re-)defining Some Genre-Specific Words: Evidence from some English Texts about Ashura</a>, Muhammad-Reza Fakhr-Rohani, University of Qom, Iran</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A citation from Fruzzetti, "Muslim Rituals," for this use of Karbala is as follows: "The Muslims then proceed to 'Karbala' to bury the flowers which were used to decorate the tazziyas, the tazziyas themselves being kept for the next year's celebration." (pp. 108–109).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBehrens-AbouseifVernoit2006" class="citation book cs1">Behrens-Abouseif, Doris; Vernoit, Stephen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4q58Af5zAoC&q=taziya+in+India&pg=PA413"><i>Islamic Art in the 19th Century: Tradition, Innovation, And Eclecticism</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004144420" title="Special:BookSources/9004144420"><bdi>9004144420</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art+in+the+19th+Century%3A+Tradition%2C+Innovation%2C+And+Eclecticism&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9004144420&rft.aulast=Behrens-Abouseif&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft.au=Vernoit%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4q58Af5zAoC%26q%3Dtaziya%2Bin%2BIndia%26pg%3DPA413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Frbiu_03-2017-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frbiu_03-2017_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frbiu.com/articles/500-million-airport-scandal-exposes-industrial-scale-corruption-in-holy-karbala">"$500 Million Airport Scandal Exposes Industrial Scale Corruption in Holy Karbala"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)">Foreign Relations Bureau – Iraq</a>. 2017-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%24500+Million+Airport+Scandal+Exposes+Industrial+Scale+Corruption+in+Holy+Karbala&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frbiu.com%2Farticles%2F500-million-airport-scandal-exposes-industrial-scale-corruption-in-holy-karbala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CAPA-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAPA_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/karbala-northeast-imam-hussein-airport">"Karbala Northeast (Imam Hussein) Airport"</a>. CAPA Centre for Aviation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karbala+Northeast+%28Imam+Hussein%29+Airport&rft.pub=CAPA+Centre+for+Aviation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentreforaviation.com%2Fdata%2Fprofiles%2Fnewairports%2Fkarbala-northeast-imam-hussein-airport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MEED_2018-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MEED_2018_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=559WAAAAYAAJ&q=karbala+international+airport"><i>MEED</i></a>. Vol. 42. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MEED" title="MEED">Economic East Economic Digest</a>. 2018. pp. 38–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MEED.&rft.pages=38-48&rft.pub=Economic+East+Economic+Digest&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D559WAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dkarbala%2Binternational%2Bairport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Published_in_the_19th_century">Published in the 19th century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Published in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_de_Sivry1859" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Louis de Sivry, ed. (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jRsAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA859">"Karbala"</a>. <i>Dictionnaire geographique, historique, descriptif, acheologique des pèlerinages anciens et modernes</i> (in French). Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karbala&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+geographique%2C+historique%2C+descriptif%2C+acheologique+des+p%C3%A8lerinages+anciens+et+modernes&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjRsAAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Published_in_the_20th_century">Published in the 20th century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Published in the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Punnett_Peters" title="John Punnett Peters">Peters, John Punnett</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kerbela"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kerbela">"Kerbela" </a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). pp. 753–754.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kerbela&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=753-754&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=John+Punnett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Published_in_the_21st_century">Published in the 21st century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Published in the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFC._Edmund_Bosworth2007" class="citation book cs1">C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Karbala". <i>Historic Cities of the Islamic World</i>. Leiden: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koninklijke_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijke Brill">Koninklijke Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karbala&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_R.T._DumperBruce_E._Stanley2008" class="citation cs2">Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Karbala", <i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa</i>, Santa Barbara, USA: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karbala&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+USA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/iraq/karbala.htm">Shia Shrines of Karbala</a> – Sacred Destinations</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.123shayari.com/category/karbala-shayari/">Shia Karbala Poetry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106044903/http://www.123shayari.com/category/karbala-shayari/">Archived</a> 6 November 2013 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130108100039/http://indianmuslims.in/karbala-a-lesson-for-mankind/">Karbala – A Lesson for Mankind</a> (archived)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smsblaze.com/category/karbala-sms/">Karbala Quotes and Sayings</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minhaj-al-nubuwwah.cf/karbala.html">Karbala and Martyrdom</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twelvershia.net/2016/01/29/karbala-the-facts-and-the-fairytales/">Karbala – The Facts and the Fairy-tales</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/articles/karbala-the-chain-of-events-ramzan-sabir">Karbala, the Chain of Events</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_Iraq_and_their_capitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Iraq" title="Template:Districts of Iraq"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Iraq" title="Template talk:Districts of Iraq"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_Iraq_and_their_capitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Districts_of_Iraq" title="Districts of Iraq">Districts</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and their capitals</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Anbar Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anah_District" title="Anah District">Anah District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anah" title="Anah">Anah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fallujah_District" title="Fallujah District">Fallujah District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haditha_District" title="Haditha District">Haditha District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haditha" title="Haditha">Haditha</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hit_District" title="Hit District">Hit District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hit,_Iraq" title="Hit, Iraq">Hit</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_District" title="Al-Qa'im District">al-Qa'im District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(town)" title="Al-Qa'im (town)">Al-Qa'im</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramadi_District" title="Ramadi District">Ramadi District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rawah_District" title="Rawah District">Rawah District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rawa,_Iraq" title="Rawa, Iraq">Rawah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ar-Rutba_District" title="Ar-Rutba District">ar-Rutba District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ar-Rutbah" title="Ar-Rutbah">Ar-Rutbah</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="19" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iraq"><img alt="Flag of Iraq" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/50px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/75px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/100px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Iraq</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babil_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Babil Governorate">Babil Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hashimiya_District" title="Hashimiya District">Hashimiya District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Hashimiyah,_Iraq" title="Al Hashimiyah, Iraq">Al Hashimiyah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Hilla_District" title="Al-Hilla District">Al-Hilla District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Mahawil_District" title="Al-Mahawil District">al-Mahawil District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Mahawil" title="Al-Mahawil">Al-Mahawil</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Musayab_District" title="Al-Musayab District">al-Musayab District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musayyib" title="Musayyib">Musayyib</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_District" title="Abu Ghraib District">Abu Ghraib District</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Istiqlal_District" title="Al-Istiqlal District">al-Istiqlal District</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Mada%27in_District" title="Al-Mada'in District">al-Mada'in District</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmudiya_District" title="Mahmudiya District">Mahmudiya District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmoudiyah,_Iraq" title="Mahmoudiyah, Iraq">Mahmudiya</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taji_District" title="Taji District">Taji District</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Tarmia_District" title="Al-Tarmia District">al-Tarmia District</a></li>
<li><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_districts_in_Baghdad" title="Administrative districts in Baghdad">Baghdad</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Baghdad" title="New Baghdad">New Baghdad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adhamiyah" title="Adhamiyah">Adhamiyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karrada" title="Karrada">Karrada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karkh" title="Karkh">Karkh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mansour_district" title="Mansour district">Mansour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Rashid,_Baghdad" title="Al-Rashid, Baghdad">Al Rashid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Iraq" title="Al-Rusafa, Iraq">Rusafa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadr_City" title="Sadr City">Sadr City</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate">Basra Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu_Al-Khaseeb_District" title="Abu Al-Khaseeb District">Abu Al-Khaseeb District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu_Al-Khaseeb" title="Abu Al-Khaseeb">Abu Al-Khaseeb</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basrah_District" title="Basrah District">Basrah District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Faw_District,_Basra_Governorate" title="Al-Faw District, Basra Governorate">al-Faw District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Faw" title="Al-Faw">al-Faw</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Midaina_District" title="Al-Midaina District">al-Midaina District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Midaina" title="Al-Midaina">Al-Midaina</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Qurna_District" title="Al-Qurna District">al-Qurna District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Qurnah" title="Al-Qurnah">Al-Qurnah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shatt_Al-Arab_District" title="Shatt Al-Arab District">Shatt Al-Arab District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Zubair_District" title="Al-Zubair District">al-Zubair District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Az_Zubayr" title="Az Zubayr">Al-Zubair</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhi_Qar_Governorate" title="Dhi Qar Governorate">Dhi Qar Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Chibayish_District" title="Al-Chibayish District">al-Chibayish District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Chibayish" title="Al-Chibayish">Al-Chibayish</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nasiriyah_District" title="Nasiriyah District">Nasiriyah District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Rifa%27i_District" title="Al-Rifa'i District">al-Rifa'i District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Al-Rifa%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Rifa'i (page does not exist)">Al-Rifa'i</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Shatrah_District" title="Al-Shatrah District">al-Shatrah District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Shatrah" title="Al-Shatrah">Al-Shatrah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suq_al-Shuyukh_District" title="Suq al-Shuyukh District">Suq al-Shuyukh District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Suq_Al-Shoyokh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suq Al-Shoyokh (page does not exist)">Suq Al-Shoyokh</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate">Diyala Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balad_Ruz_District" title="Balad Ruz District">Balad Ruz District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balad_Ruz" title="Balad Ruz">Balad Ruz</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ba%27quba_District" title="Ba'quba District">Ba'quba District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baqubah" title="Baqubah">Baqubah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Khalis_District" title="Al Khalis District">al Khalis District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Khalis" title="Al Khalis">Al Khalis</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khanaqin_District" title="Khanaqin District">Khanaqin District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khanaqin" title="Khanaqin">Khanaqin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kifri_District,_Diyala_Governorate" title="Kifri District, Diyala Governorate">Kifri District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Miqdadiya_District" title="Al-Miqdadiya District">al-Miqdadiya District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miqdadiyah" title="Miqdadiyah">Al-Miqdadiya</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duhok_Governorate" title="Duhok Governorate">Duhok Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akre_District" title="Akre District">Akre District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akre" title="Akre">Akre</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amadiya_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya District">Amadiya District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amadiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya">Amadiya</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duhok_District" title="Duhok District">Duhok District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duhok" title="Duhok">Duhok</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simele_District" title="Simele District">Simele District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simele" title="Simele">Simele</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zakho_District" title="Zakho District">Zakho District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Choman_District" title="Choman District">Choman District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Choman,_Iraq" title="Choman, Iraq">Choman</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erbil_District" title="Erbil District">Erbil District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koy_Sinjaq_District" title="Koy Sinjaq District">Koy Sinjaq District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq" title="Koy Sanjaq">Koy Sanjaq</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makhmur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Makhmur District">Makhmur District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makhmur,_Iraq" title="Makhmur, Iraq">Makhmur</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mergasor_District" title="Mergasor District">Mergasor District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mergasor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mergasor (page does not exist)">Mergasor</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaqlawa_District" title="Shaqlawa District">Shaqlawa District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaqlawa" title="Shaqlawa">Shaqlawa</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soran_District" title="Soran District">Soran District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soran,_Iraq" title="Soran, Iraq">Soran</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byara_District" title="Byara District">Byara District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byara" title="Byara">Byara</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halabja" title="Halabja">Halabja District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halabja" title="Halabja">Halabja</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khurmal_District" title="Khurmal District">Khurmal District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Khurmal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khurmal (page does not exist)">Khurmal</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sirwan_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirwan District (page does not exist)">Sirwan District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sirwan,_Iraq" title="Sirwan, Iraq">Sirwan</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate">Karbala Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Hindiya_District" title="Al-Hindiya District">al-Hindiya District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Hindiya" title="Al-Hindiya">Al-Hindiya</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerbala_District" title="Kerbala District">Kerbala District</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karbala</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ain_Al-Tamur_District" title="Ain Al-Tamur District">Ain Al-Tamur District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ayn_al-Tamr" title="Ayn al-Tamr">Ayn al-Tamr</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daquq_District" title="Daquq District">Daquq District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daquq" title="Daquq">Daquq</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dibis_District" title="Dibis District">Dibis District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dibis,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibis, Iraq (page does not exist)">Dibis</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawija_District" title="Hawija District">Hawija District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawija" title="Hawija">Hawija</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkuk_District" title="Kirkuk District">Kirkuk District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maysan_Governorate" title="Maysan Governorate">Maysan Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_Al-Gharbi_District" title="Ali Al-Gharbi District">Ali Al-Gharbi District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ali_Al-Gharbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Al-Gharbi (page does not exist)">Ali Al-Gharbi</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amara_District" title="Amara District">Amara District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Kahla_District" title="Al-Kahla District">al-Kahla District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Al-Kahla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Kahla (page does not exist)">Al-Kahla</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Maimouna_District" title="Al-Maimouna District">al-Maimouna District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Al-Maimouna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Maimouna (page does not exist)">Al-Maimouna</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Mejar_Al-Kabi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mejar Al-Kabi District">al-Mejar Al-Kabi District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Al-Mejar_Al-Kabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mejar Al-Kabi (page does not exist)">Al-Mejar Al-Kabi</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qal%27at_Saleh_District" title="Qal'at Saleh District">Qal'at Saleh District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qal%27at_Saleh" title="Qal'at Saleh">Qal'at Saleh</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muthanna_Governorate" title="Muthanna Governorate">Muthanna Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Khidhir_District" title="Al-Khidhir District">al-Khidhir District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Al-Khidhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Khidhir (page does not exist)">Al-Khidhir</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Rumaitha_District" title="Al-Rumaitha District">al-Rumaitha District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Rumaitha" title="Al-Rumaitha">Al-Rumaitha</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Salman_District" title="Al-Salman District">al-Salman District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Al-Salman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Salman (page does not exist)">Al-Salman</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Samawa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Samawa District">al-Samawa District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samawah" title="Samawah">Samawah</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Najaf_Governorate" title="Najaf Governorate">Najaf Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kufa_District" title="Kufa District">Kufa District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Manathera_District" title="Al-Manathera District">al-Manathera District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Al-Manathera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Manathera (page does not exist)">Al-Manathera</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Meshkhab_District" title="Al-Meshkhab District">al-Meshkhab District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Meshkhab" title="Al-Meshkhab">Al-Meshkhab</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Najaf_District" title="Najaf District">Najaf District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Ba%27aj_District" title="Al-Ba'aj District">al-Ba'aj District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Ba%27aj" title="Al-Ba'aj">Al-Ba'aj</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Hamdaniya_District" title="Al-Hamdaniya District">al-Hamdaniya District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qaraqosh" title="Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hatra_District" title="Hatra District">Hatra District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Hadar" title="Al-Hadar">Al-Hadar</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mosul_District" title="Mosul District">Mosul District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shekhan_District" title="Shekhan District">Shekhan District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ain_Sifni" title="Ain Sifni">Ain Sifni</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinjar_District" title="Sinjar District">Sinjar District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tel_Afar_District" title="Tel Afar District">Tel Afar District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tal_Afar" title="Tal Afar">Tal Afar</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tel_Kaif_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Kaif District">Tel Kaif District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tel_Keppe" title="Tel Keppe">Tel Keppe</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate">al-Qādisiyyah Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afak_District" title="Afak District">Afak District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afak" title="Afak">Afak</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diwaniya_District" title="Diwaniya District">Diwaniya District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Diwaniyah" title="Al Diwaniyah">Al Diwaniyah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamza_District" title="Hamza District">Hamza District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamza,_Iraq" title="Hamza, Iraq">Hamza</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Shamiya_District" title="Al-Shamiya District">al-Shamiya District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Shamiya_(Iraq)" title="Al-Shamiya (Iraq)">Al-Shamiya </a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">Saladin Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baiji_District" title="Baiji District">Baiji District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baiji_(city)" title="Baiji (city)">Baiji</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balad_District,_Iraq" title="Balad District, Iraq">Balad District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balad,_Iraq" title="Balad, Iraq">Balad</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Daur_District" title="Al-Daur District">al-Daur District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ad-Dawr" title="Ad-Dawr">Ad-Dawr</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dujail_District" title="Dujail District">Dujail District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dujail" title="Dujail">Dujail</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samarra_District" title="Samarra District">Samarra District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Shirqat_District" title="Al-Shirqat District">al-Shirqat District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Shirqat" title="Al-Shirqat">Al-Shirqat</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tikrit_District" title="Tikrit District">Tikrit District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tooz_District" title="Tooz District">Tooz District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuz_Khurmatu" title="Tuz Khurmatu">Tuz Khurmatu</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chamchamal_District" title="Chamchamal District">Chamchamal District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chamchamal" title="Chamchamal">Chamchamal</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darbandikhan_District" title="Darbandikhan District">Darbandikhan District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darbandikhan" title="Darbandikhan">Darbandikhan</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dokan_District" title="Dokan District">Dokan District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dokan,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dokan, Iraq (page does not exist)">Dokan</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalar_District" title="Kalar District">Kalar District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalar,_Iraq" title="Kalar, Iraq">Kalar</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kifri_District,_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Kifri District, Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Kifri District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mawat_District" title="Mawat District">Mawat District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mawat,_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawat, Kurdistan">Mawat</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penjwen_District" title="Penjwen District">Penjwen District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Penjwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjwen (page does not exist)">Penjwen</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pshdar_District" title="Pshdar District">Pshdar District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qaladiza" title="Qaladiza">Qaladiza</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qaradagh_District" title="Qaradagh District">Qaradagh District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Qaradagh,_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qaradagh, Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Qaradagh</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranya_District" title="Ranya District">Ranya District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranya" title="Ranya">Ranya</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saidsadiq_District" title="Saidsadiq District">Saidsadiq District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Said_Sadiq" title="Said Sadiq">Said Sadiq</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharazoor_District" title="Sharazoor District">Sharazoor District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zarayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarayan (page does not exist)">Zarayan</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharbazher_District" title="Sharbazher District">Sharbazher District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharbazher" title="Sharbazher">Sharbazher</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_District" title="Sulaymaniyah District">Sulaymaniyah District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate">Wasit Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Al-Aziziyah_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aziziyah District (page does not exist)">Al-Aziziyah District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Al-Aziziyah,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aziziyah, Iraq (page does not exist)">Al-Aziziyah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badra_District" title="Badra District">Badra District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badra,_Iraq" title="Badra, Iraq">Badra</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Hai_District" title="Al-Hai District">al-Hai District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Hay" title="Al-Hay">Al-Hay</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kut_District" title="Kut District">Kut District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kut" title="Kut">Kut</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Nu%27maniya_District" title="Al-Nu'maniya District">al-Nu'maniya District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/An_Numaniyah" title="An Numaniyah">Al-Nu'maniya</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Suwaira_District" title="Al-Suwaira District">al-Suwaira District</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Suwaira" title="Al-Suwaira">Al-Suwaira</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199909#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199909#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199909#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157167729">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4206813-7">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559914405171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85093311">United States</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/098864106">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
