Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|History and status of the Catholic Church in Sichuan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon = Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg
| icon_width = 25px
| icon_alt =
| name = Catholic Church in Sichuan
| image = {{multiple image |border=infobox |perrow=2 |total_width=270 |image_style=border:1;
| image1 = Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu.svg |width1=2046|height1=3051
| image2 = Joek Sat Tong.jpg |width2=26065|height2=35000
| image3 = Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Chengdu.png |width3=2911|height3=1890
}}
| caption = Clockwise from upper left: [[Ecclesiastical heraldry|coat of arms]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Diocese of Chengdu]]; [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing]]; [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu]].
| main_classification = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| orientation = [[Latin Church|Latin]]
| scripture = [[Catholic Bible]]
| theology = [[Catholic theology]]
| polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
| governance = [[Catholic Patriotic Association|CPC]] and {{ill|Bishops' Conference of Catholic Church in China|lt=BCCCC|zh|中國天主教主教團}} ([[China–Holy See relations|controversial]])
| leader_title = [[Pope]]
| leader_name = [[Pope Francis|Francis]]
| leader_title1 = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Archbishop of Chongqing]]
| leader_name1 = [[Sede vacante]]
| area = [[Sichuan]], [[Chongqing]], as well as [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] and part of northwestern [[Yunnan]] under the jurisdiction of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]{{efn|name=Lim}}
| language = [[Sichuanese dialects|Sichuanese]], [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]], [[English language|English]], [[Ecclesiastical Latin|Latin]]
| headquarters = [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]]
| founder = [[Lodovico Buglio]]<br />[[Gabriel de Magalhães]]<br />{{ill|François Pottier|fr}}
| founded_date = {{Start date and age|1640|paren=yes}}
| founded_place = [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]], [[Ming dynasty|Ming Empire]]
| primary_schools =
| secondary_schools =
| publications =
}}
The presence of the [[Catholic Church]] in the southwestern Chinese province of [[Sichuan]]{{efn|Formerly romanized as ''Szechwan'' or ''Szechuan'' in English; and {{lang|fr|Sutchuen}}, {{lang|fr|Setchuen}}, {{lang|fr|Setchoan}} or {{lang|fr|Sétchouan}} in French.}} and city of [[Chongqing]]{{efn|Chongqing, formerly romanized as ''Chungking'' in English, and {{lang|fr|Tchongkin}} in French, had been part of Sichuan until 1997.}} dates back to 1640, when two missionaries, [[Lodovico Buglio]] and [[Gabriel de Magalhães]], through [[Jesuit missions in China]], entered the province and spent much of the 1640s evangelizing in [[Chengdu]] and its surrounding areas.{{sfn|Gourdon|1981|p=6}}
The [[Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor|Yongzheng edict of 1724]] proscribed Christianity in the [[Qing dynasty|Qing empire]] and declared foreign missionaries {{lang|la|[[Persona non grata|personae non gratae]]}}. Catholics in Sichuan learned how to make do without ordained priests. When the Qing became ever more possessed by the idea that Catholics belonged to a "heretical" organization (as contrasted with the "orthodoxy" of [[Confucianism]]) which might threaten the empire's order and rule, district magistrates found it convenient to manipulate non-Catholic communities against the Catholics, leading to discrimination as well as social and political pressure against Catholic families. As a consequence, significant numbers of Catholics withdrew into the remote mountains and hinterlands of western Sichuan, becoming "hidden Christians" whom were mistaken for [[Tibetan Buddhism|Buddhists]] by European missionaries after the [[Treaty of Tientsin|lifting of missionary controls in 1858]].<ref name="Laamann">{{cite web |url=https://sichuanreligions.com/catholic-communities-in-qing-and-republican-china/ |title=Catholic Communities in Qing and Republican China: The Teaching of Heaven in the Land of the Four Rivers |last=Laamann |first=Lars Peter |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=sichuanreligions.com |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>
Nevertheless, by 1870, the Catholic Church in Sichuan had 80,000 baptized members, which was the largest number of Catholics in the entire country. By 1911, the number increased to 118,724 members.{{sfn|Lü|1976|p=266}} Throughout its ecclesiastical history, Sichuan was one of the hotbeds of [[anti-missionary riots in China]].{{sfn|Lü|1976|p=282}}
Following the fall of [[mainland China]] to communism in late 1949, and the subsequent establishment of the state-sanctioned [[Catholic Patriotic Association|Catholic Patriotic Church]] (CPC), the Church in Sichuan, as well as in other provinces, has been subjected to the control of the CPC since 1957, which generated [[China–Holy See relations|controversy between the Holy See and the People's Republic of China]], and created a [[Schism in Christianity|schism]] between CPC Catholics and those who remain loyal to Rome. The latter are commonly referred to as loyal church or "[[underground church]]" Catholics.{{sfn|Moody|2013|pp=403–431}}
According to issue 468 of ''Faith Weekly'' published on 8 December 2011, Catholics in the dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Chengdu]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing|Shunqing]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Jiading]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Suifu]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Ningyuan]] numbered 110,000, 80,000, 60,000, 30,000 and 30,000 people, respectively, making a total of 310,000 faithful.{{sfn|Zhang|2011}} This data did not include Catholics in Chongqing (dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Chongqing]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Wanxian]]) and [[Tibet]] ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]), due to the separation of Chongqing from Sichuan in 1997 and the diocesan jurisdiction changes took place in the 1980s and the 1990s.{{sfn|Liu|2013|p=50}}
Despite the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Diocese of Chengdu]] being the oldest bishopric in Sichuan, the [[Primate (bishop)|primate]] of the province is the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing#Episcopal ordinaries|Archbishop of Chongqing]], with his seat at [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing|St. Joseph's Cathedral]]. The post has been [[Sede vacante|vacant]] since the last Archbishop {{ill|Peter Luo Beizhan|no}} died in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/chun0.htm |title=Metropolitan Archdiocese of Chongqing |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[Salt + Light Television|gcatholic.org]] |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
While works on the Catholic missions in the capitals of the Chinese empires are abundant ([[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Xi'an|Chang'an]], [[Christianity among the Mongols#Influence of Catholic Christianity|Khanbaliq/Karakorum]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beijing|Beijing]]), few Catholic phenomena have been analysed in the Sichuan Province.<ref name="Laamann" />
== History ==
=== Early period ===
[[File:Ludovico Buglio.jpg|thumb|left|110px|[[Lodovico Buglio]], first Catholic missionary in Sichuan.]]
In 1640, [[Lodovico Buglio]], a [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicilian]] Jesuit, arrived in [[Chengdu]] (Chengtu), the provincial capital, at the invitation of {{ill|Liu Yuliang|zh|劉宇亮}}, a [[Sichuanese people|Sichuanese native]] from [[Mianzhu]] and [[Grand Secretariat|Grand Secretary]] of the [[Ming dynasty]]. Thirty people were baptized the following year, who were the first Sichuanese Catholics. There was a certain Peter (Petrus) among them, according to ''[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]]'' (1918), he was a descendant of the {{ill|Zhu Chun|lt=Prince Xian of Shu|zh|朱椿 (明朝)}},{{sfn|CLRCC|1998|p=176}} and quite active in the congregation.{{sfn|Gourdon|1981|p=4}} After the Portuguese Jesuit [[Gabriel de Magalhães]] joined the mission in August 1642, work began at once in Chengdu, [[Langzhong|Baoning]] and [[Chongqing]].{{sfn|Gourdon|1981|p=5}}
In 1644, following [[Zhang Xianzhong]]'s invasion of Sichuan and the subsequent establishment of the [[Xi dynasty|"Great West" regime]], the mission was cut short and the two priests were held captive in Zhang Xianzhong's court until early 1647. In 1651, Magalhães submitted to Rome a report of their ordeal in Portuguese titled {{lang|pt|Relação da perda e destituição da Provincia e Christiandade de Su Chuen e do que os pes. Luis Buglio e Gabriel de Magalhães passarão em seu cativ}}. The report was kept in the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu and was never published.{{sfn|Chan|2011|p=93}}
After the [[Zhang Xianzhong#Devastation of Sichuan|devastation of Sichuan]] (1645–1646) wrought by Zhang Xianzhong's massacre, a search for surviving converts was carried out during the 1660s by {{ill|Basil Xu|no|Xu Zhanzeng}}, then the [[Circuit (administrative division)|intendant]] of {{ill|Eastern Sichuan Circuit|zh|川東道}}, and his mother [[Candida Xu]], both Catholics. They found a considerable number of converts in Baoning. Candida then invited the French Jesuit priest Claude Motel (a.k.a. Claude Métel or Claudius Motel, 1618–1671{{sfn|Charbonnier|2007}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macaumemory.mo/entries_da2a2812933f4270bcc7b42ac1592974?token=6lx/SIFb88sqEwARUgzX2w==&lgType=zh-mo |title=法國耶穌會士前往中國內地傳教 |trans-title=French Jesuit missionaries in China |last=Dehergne |first=Joseph |date=15 January 2019 |website=macaumemory.mo |language=zh-hant |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref>) to serve the congregation. Several churches were built in Chengdu, Baoning and Chongqing under Motel's supervision, and he baptized 600 people in one year.{{sfn|Gourdon|1981|pp=63–65}}
=== 18th century ===
==== First half of the 18th century ====
[[File:Artus de Lionne.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Artus de Lionne]], first Apostolic Vicar of Szechwan.]]
[[File:Logo Mep.png|thumb|120px|Seal of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] (MEP). The MEP became the leading mission society for evangelization of Sichuan since the 18th century.]]
The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu#History|Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan]] was established on 15 October 1696, with its headquarters in Chengdu. Its first [[Apostolic vicariate|apostolic vicar]] was [[Artus de Lionne]], a French missionary of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] ({{lang|fr|Missions étrangères de Paris}}, abbreviated MEP).{{sfn|Guiot|1892|p=42}} De Lionne managed to recruit four priests for his vicariate. In 1700, he entrusted the city of Chengdu and the western part of Sichuan to the MEP priests [[Jean Basset (died 1707)|Jean Basset]] and [[Jean-François Martin de La Baluère]]. Two [[Congregation of the Mission|Lazarists]] were also placed at his disposal, [[Luigi Antonio Appiani]], an Italian, and {{ill|Johannes Müllener|ru|Мюлленер, Йоханнес}}, a German. De Lionne entrusted them with Chongqing and the eastern part of Sichuan. Two different missionary congregations thus found themselves assuming responsibilities in the same province. Though very few in number and facing considerable hardship, the priests of these two societies competed for territory.<ref name="JC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/pays-de-mission/la-chine |last=Charbonnier |first=Jean |title=Partir en mission 'à la Chine' |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=mepasie.org |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815012317/http://www.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/pays-de-mission/la-chine/ |archive-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[Lyon]]ese priest Jean Basset wrote a long memoir in 1702 in Chengdu, under the title of {{lang|fr|Avis sur la Mission de Chine}}, lamenting the sad state of the Church in Sichuan after so many past efforts. For Basset, there was only one remedy: translating the [[Catholic Bible|Bible]] and authorizing a [[Catholic liturgy|liturgy]] in Chinese. "It was", he pointed out, "the practice of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]] and it is the only way to familiarize the Chinese people with the Christian message".<ref name="JC"/> Basset set to work on the translation with the assistance of a local convert, Johan Su. Together they produced a [[New Testament]] translation in six large volumes which is now known as the ''Basset–Su Chinese New Testament''.{{sfn|Song|2021|pp=79–94}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/248121 |title=A Minor Figure, A Large History: A Study of Johan Su, a Sichuan Catholic Convert in the Early Qing Dynasty |last=Song |first=Gang |date=2017 |website=hub.[[University of Hong Kong|hku.hk]] |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
In 1723, the arrival of the Lo family in [[Jiangjin, Chongqing|Jiangjin]] made the town an important Catholic center in eastern Sichuan. The family was of [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] ancestry, whose members converted to Catholicism in 1695, and migrated to Sichuan shortly after their conversion. The Los built a church and a [[clergy house]] with donations from the local faithful. During a period of ten years from 1736 to 1746, Giovanni Battista Kou (Joannes-Baptista Kou; 1701–1763) had resided in the clergy house while doing missionary work.{{sfn|Gourdon|1981|pp=74–76}} Kou was a [[History of Beijing#Qing dynasty|Beijingese]] priest trained at the [[University of Naples "L'Orientale"|Collegio dei Cinesi]] in [[Naples]].{{sfn|Zheng|2017|p=37}} The faithful from surrounding cities used to gather at the Jiangjin church to sing the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] and receive the [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|sacraments]] administered by Father Kou. Musical instruments such as [[Sheng (instrument)|sheng]] and [[Xiao (flute)|xiao]] were used during major [[Calendar of saints|Catholic feasts]].{{sfn|Gourdon|1981|pp=75–76}}
During this period, an emerging phenomenon of [[consecrated virgin]]s came into existence in Sichuan. One of the earliest such virgins was Agnes Yang, a woman from [[Mingshan, Ya'an|Mingshan County]] in western Sichuan. Her baptism was confirmed by an MEP priest, [[Joachim-Enjobert de Martiliat]], the fourth Apostolic Vicar of Szechwan and author of the first detailed ''Rules for Consecrated Virgins'' (1744).{{sfn|Tiedemann|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|De Martiliat|1921|pp=1–4}} De Martiliat visited Agnes again in 1733 when she was over fifty years old and found that she had remained faithful and chaste.{{sfn|Li|2021|pp=64–65}} These unmarried Catholic women served as baptizers and female [[Catholic catechesis|catechists]] for the evangelization among women. The role they played was important in the growth of the Church in Sichuan, because of the segregation of the sexes in China.{{sfn|Mungello|2021|p=120}} The most committed promoter of this practice was [[Jean-Martin Moye]], [[wiktionary:provicar|provicar]] in [[Chongqing|Eastern Szechwan]] (future [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Archdiocese of Chongqing]]) and [[Guizhou|Kweichow]] (future [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Archdiocese of Guiyang]]) since 1773, who founded the [[Congregation of Divine Providence|Congregation of the Sisters of Providence]] in [[Lorraine]] before entering the mission field of Sichuan.<ref name="JC" />
==== Latter half of the 18th century ====
[[File:François Pottier.jpg|thumb|160px|After a portrait of François Pottier painted in 1787 at Chengdu]]
In 1753, the MEP took over responsibility for Catholic mission in Sichuan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://u.osu.edu/mclc/2018/11/08/sichuans-catholic-past/ |title=On the Trail of Sichuan's Catholic Past |last=Ma |first=Te |date=8 November 2018 |website=[[Ohio State University|u.osu.edu]] |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref> In 1756, {{ill|François Pottier|fr}}, a young priest ordained in [[Tours]] just three years ago, arrived in Sichuan, taking charge as provicar of the five or six thousand Catholics dispersed in the province. After three years of pastoral visits, he was arrested and tortured, spent a few months in prison in Chongqing. In 1767 he was appointed Titular Bishop of [[Ahtopol|Agathopolis]] and Apostolic Vicar of Szechwan. His episcopal consecration on 10 September 1769 took place in [[Xi'an]], the capital of [[Shaanxi|Shaanxi Province]], where he had to flee during a persecution. Having sold his house in Chengdu in 1764, Pottier retired with seven students to a cottage in Fenghuangshan (Phoenix Mountain), 7 kilometers west of Chengdu. His poor school reminded him of the [[Nativity of Jesus|stable in Bethlehem]], he called it the "Nativity Seminary". In 1770, his school was denounced to the authorities, and the cottage was destroyed. A few years later, Bishop Pottier resumed the work of training future priests by founding in 1780 a seminary at Long-ki in the Sichuan-[[Yunnan]] border region. From 1780 to 1814, forty priests left this seminary and moved to Lo-lang-keou in southern Sichuan shortly after its opening.<ref name="JC"/>
In 1783, Pottier chose [[Jean-Didier de Saint-Martin]] as [[Coadjutor bishop|coadjutor]] and ordained him bishop at Chengdu on 13 June 1784. Saint-Martin was imprisoned and then expelled from China the following year, but he managed to return to his post in 1792, the year of Pottier's death. He ensured his own succession by taking [[Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse]] as coadjutor, whom he ordained [[Tabarka#Ecclesiastical history|Bishop of Tabraca]] in 1800. This new bishop already had twenty years of experience in Sichuan, where he arrived in 1776. His ministry was interrupted by the persecution of 1784. Dufresse was imprisoned, brought to Beijing and then exiled to [[Portuguese Macau]] and the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish Philippines]], he secretly returned to Chengdu in 1789 and was put in charge of the Eastern Szechwan and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Guizhou missions]]. On the death of Saint-Martin in 1801, he took charge of the entire province. Despite the insecurity and multiple setbacks, the Church in Sichuan was then relatively prosperous. In 1756 there were 4,000 Catholics and two local priests in the province. In 1802, the number increased tenfold with 40,000 Catholics and 16 local priests. The pastoral experience accumulated during the 18th century made it possible to establish a general directory of the conditions of Christian life and the ministry of the sacraments.<ref name="JC"/>
==== Persecution ====
The Christians in the 18th century suffered from persecution on both the local and national levels. Since the beginning of the [[Chinese Rites controversy]] in the 17th century, i.e., a dispute among Catholic missionaries over the religiosity of Confucianism, the position of foreign missionaries in China became very difficult. In 1724, the [[Yongzheng Emperor]] prohibited the propagation of Christianity through his [[Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor|Amplified Instructions on the Sacred Edict]], which was issued by [[Kangxi Emperor|his predecessor]] to instruct the average subjects in the empire in the basic principles of Confucian orthodoxy.{{sfn|Jeanne|1983|pp=57–58}}
In addition to imperial persecutions, Catholics in Sichuan had to face formidable local opposition. The ordinary inhabitants of Sichuan had little toleration for this new religion. Catholics were harassed by officials and common people alike, who regarded the Catholics as non-comformists going against long-established traditions such as the segregation of the sexes according to Confucian teachings, for Catholic men and women prayed together in churches. Local authorities actively sought opportunities to humiliate them in order to better their position in the eyes of common people. Catholics were also accused of being members of a secret political society that might threaten the imperial rule. District magistrates found it convenient to manipulate non-Catholic communities against the Catholics, leading to injustices against the latter in the courts. Catholics often lost their cases, their properties were consequently confiscated, their churches destroyed. Some well-to-do families were thus reduced to poverty and had to beg for food in the streets.{{sfn|Jeanne|1983|pp=57–58}}<ref name="Laamann" />
As a consequence, significant numbers of Catholics withdrew into the remote mountains and hinterlands of western Sichuan, becoming "hidden Christians" in order to avoid official attention. This situation remained until the lifting of missionary controls in 1858 by the [[Treaty of Tientsin]].<ref name="Laamann" />
=== 19th century ===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Jean-Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse.jpg
| image2 = Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis.png
| footer = Bishop Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse, future martyr saint, presented {{lang|la|Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis}} to Rome, fruit of the First Synod of Sichuan, which was the first Catholic synod held in China.
}}
On 2 September 1803, [[Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse|Bishop Gabriel Taurin Dufresse]] convened the first synod in China near [[Chongzhou|Chongqingzhou]] ({{lang|fr|Tchong-king-tcheou}}, 'Chongqing Prefecture'), 40 kilometers west of Chengdu.<ref name="JC"/>{{sfn|Wright|1908|p=322}} Thirteen Chinese priests and two French priests participated, namely Dufresse and {{ill|Jean-Louis Florens|no}}.{{sfn|Camps|2009|p=115}} The decisions published in {{lang|la|Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis}} refer primarily to the pastoral care of the sacraments. Chapter 10 deals with the ministry of the priests, recommending fervor in the spiritual life and discretion in temporal things. The provisions of the [[First Synod of Sichuan]] were to guide the [[apostolate]] in this province and in many other regions of China until the [[Plenary Council of Shanghai]] in 1924.<ref name="MEP">{{cite web |url=https://missionsetrangeres.com/eglises-asie/2000-09-16-canonisation-de-martyrs-de-leglise-en-chine/ |title=Canonisation de martyrs de l'église en Chine |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=18 March 2010 |website=missionsetrangeres.com |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|SVS|1822}}
In 1805, the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] launched an even harsher persecution which lasted for many years. In Sichuan, the first victim was {{ill|Augustine Tchao|fr|Augustin Tchao}}, a priest from [[Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Autonomous County|Wuchuan]], [[Guizhou|Guizhou Province]], who died after torture in a prison in Chengdu on 27 January 1815. Bishop Dufresse was also a victim during this persecution. He was betrayed to the imperial authorities by a scared new convert under torture, and was arrested on 18 May 1815. He was taken to [[Xinjin, Chengdu|Xinjin]], then to Chengdu, where he was beheaded on 14 September of the same year in the North Gate Square.<ref name="MEP" /> His head was tied to a post and his body was exposed for three days as a warning to others. He was canonized a saint by [[Pope John Paul II]] on 1 October 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catholicsaints.info/saint-jean-gabriel-taurin-dufresse/ |title=Saint Jean-Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=8 February 2022 |website=catholicsaints.info |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Eglise de Dengchigou (Baoxing, Sichuan, Chine) - www.panda.fr.jpg|thumb|250px|Interior of Annunciation Church, Dengchigou, former Seminary of Muping.]]
In 1830, the MEP, as a [[society of apostolic life]] which had the objective of evangelizing non-Christian Asian countries, secretly opened a college at [[Muping Town|Muping]] (in French, {{lang|fr|Moupin}}), on Sichuan-Tibetan border, known as Muping Seminary or {{lang|fr|Collège de l'Annonciation}} (presently the {{ill|Annunciation Church, Dengchigou|lt=Annunciation Church at Dengchigou|fr|Église de l'Annonciation de Dengchigou}}) to recruit local clergy. [[Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert]], founder of the seminary, became the first [[Superior (hierarchy)|superior]]. He lived there for twelve years before leaving for [[Catholic Church in Korea|Korea]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1894/Saints-Laurent-Imbert--Pierre-Maubant-et-Jacques-Chastan.html |title=Saints Laurent Imbert, Pierre Maubant et Jacques Chastan, Martyrs en Corée (+ 1839) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=nominis.[[Bishops' Conference of France|cef.fr]] |language=fr |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://missionsetrangeres.com/martyrsdasie/saint-laurent-imbert/ |title=Saint Laurent Imbert |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=missionsetrangeres.com |language=fr |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref> In one of his letters, he wrote, "the Szechwan Mission is well enough furnished to be able to do without a missionary."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://irfa.paris/ancienne_publication/annales-de-la-societe-des-missions-etrangeres-1933/annales-n-214/ |title=Annales de la Société des Missions Étrangères nº 214, 1933 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=irfa.paris |language=fr |page=3 |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref> In 1858, the [[Treaty of Tientsin]] effectively legalized Christian missions in China, a century ban on Catholicism came to an end. Newly arrived missionaries in western Sichuan mistook those "hidden Christians" for Buddhists.<ref name="Laamann" />
After 1858, many of the missionaries stationed at the {{lang|fr|Collège de l'Annonciation de Moupin}} were well educated in the natural sciences (botany, zoology, geology) and sought to come into contact with scientific establishments of Paris.{{sfn|Van Grasdorff|2007}} Today the Annunciation Church is well-remembered thanks to [[Armand David]], a [[Congregation of the Mission|Lazarist]] missionary as well as a zoologist and a botanist, who in 1869 arrived at Muping in a [[Litter (vehicle)|sedan chair]]. There, he discovered the [[giant panda]], which was hitherto known only to the Chinese. About fifty local students studied at the Muping Seminary under the direction of Anatole Dugrité, superior of the {{lang|fr|Collège de l'Annonciation}}. At that time, the college and mission station belonged to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Apostolic Vicariate of Western Szechwan]] whose bishop was {{ill|Annet-Théophile Pinchon|fr}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panda.fr/il-y-a-150-ans-le-pere-armand-david-arrivait-dans-la-principaute-de-moupin-l-actuel-comte-de-baoxing.html |title=Il y a 150 ans, le Père Armand David arrivait dans la principauté de Moupin, l'actuel comté de Baoxing |last=Pouille |first=Jérôme |date=1 March 2019 |website=panda.fr |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
On 20 September 1880,{{sfn|He|2020}} the Second Synod of Sichuan was convened by Bishop [[Jules Lepley]] and held in [[Yibin|Suifu]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://irfa.paris/missionnaire/0790-lepley-jules/ |title=Jules LEPLEY |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=irfa.paris |language=fr |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan]]. Participants included the apostolic vicars and provicars of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Eastern Szechwan]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Northwestern Szechwan]], Southern Szechwan, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Tibet]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Kweichow]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kunming|Yunnan]].{{sfn|He|2020}}
[[File:领报修院07.jpg|thumb|250px|The abandoned Annunciation Seminary]]
At [[Bailu, Pengzhou]], construction of the [[Annunciation Seminary, Bailu|Annunciation Seminary]] was started in 1895 by Bishop [[Marie-Julien Dunand]], successor to Bishop Pinchon who died in 1891.{{sfn|Liao|2014}} The seminary was designed by two French missionaries, Alexandre Perrodin and Léon Rousseau. The construction lasted 13 years, after its completion in 1908, it became an important institute for the training of priests in the province at that time.{{sfn|Tan|Ruan|Chen|Ma|2013|pp=120–121}}
That same year (1895) was marked by a serious outbreak of anti-foreign agitation began in the capital Chengdu, and thence spread throughout the province.{{sfn|ABFMS|1920|p=20}} In the capital, the property of the Catholic mission and that of three [[Protestantism in Sichuan|Protestant missions]] was destroyed;{{sfn|Stewart|1934}} and all missionaries of all missions, Catholic and Protestant alike, were thankful to escape with their lives.{{sfn|Various authors|1920|p=42}}
{{multiple image |perrow=2 |total_width=290
| image1 = Adolphe Roulland.png
| image2 = Thérèse of Lisieux holding La Mission du Su-tchuen.jpg
| image3 = Saint Thérèse's picture for Father Roulland.jpg
| image4 = Saint Thérèse's picture for Father Roulland (detail).jpg
| footer = Above: Adolphe Roulland, a spiritual brother of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux; Thérèse of Lisieux holding in her right hand {{lang|fr|La Mission du Su-Tchuen au {{smallcaps2|XVIII}}{{small|{{sup|me}}}} siècle}}. Below: Saint Thérèse's Sacred Heart picture for Father Adolphe Roulland. Beneath the Divine Blood flowing on the earth, she inscribed {{lang|fr|Su-Tchuen oriental}}, as can be discerned in the enlarged detail on the right.
}}
On 29 July 1896, a newly ordained priest [[Adolphe Roulland]], was sent to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Szechwan]] by Paris Foreign Missions Society. The next year, he was appointed vicar at [[Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County|Youyang]] (Yeou-yang), in the city of Chongqing. Five years later (1902), he was appointed parish priest of Mapaochang (Ma-pao-tchang; now merged with {{ill|Shima Town|zh|石馬鎮 (重慶市)}}) in the same city, where he stayed for seven years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://irfa.paris/missionnaire/2226-roulland-adolphe/ |title=Adolphe ROULLAND |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=irfa.paris |language=fr |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> Roulland was a spiritual brother of [[Thérèse of Lisieux|Saint Thérèse of Lisieux]]. He gifted the {{ill|Carmelite Convent of Lisieux|fr|Carmel de Lisieux}} the book by Léonide Guiot, {{lang|fr|La Mission du Su-Tchuen au {{smallcaps2|XVIII}}{{small|{{sup|me}}}} siècle : Vie et Apostolat de Mgr Pottier, son fondateur}} ('The Su-Tchuen Mission in the 18th Century: Life and Apostolate of Bishop Pottier, Its Founder', 1892), which had a great influence on Thérèse.{{sfn|Marin|2010}}
Thérèse gave Roulland a [[Sacred Heart]] picture accompanied by a prayer: "O Divine Blood of Jesus! Water our mission, sprout the elect." Surrounded by floral marginalia, the heart with a small cross is depicted dripping a drop of blood on {{lang|fr|Su-Tchuen oriental}}, denoting the spilled [[Blood of Christ|Divine Blood]] on the Mission of Chongqing.{{sfn|Zuazua|2014|p=22}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archives.carmeldelisieux.fr/en/archive/decouverte-de-lt-193-bis/ |title=Rediscovery of an image of Thérèse after 80 years in a cupboard |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=archives.carmeldelisieux.fr |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref>
In her letter to Roulland dated 30 July 1896, Thérèse expressed her hope for a visit to Sichuan: "I have attached the [[:File:Mission du Su-tchuen oriental.jpg|map of Su-Tchuen]] on the wall where I work, [...] I will ask Jesus' permission to go to visit you at Su-Tchuen, and we shall continue our apostolate together."{{sfn|Therese of Lisieux|2014}} Today, in addition to keeping one of Thérèse's letters to Fr. Roulland, the Church of Janua Coeli at Shima ({{ill|Ma Pao Tchang Church|zh|馬跑教堂}}) also preserves one of her [[Relic#Christianity|relics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fides.org/zh/news/4532-%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD_%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E5%96%84%E5%BA%A6%E5%9C%A3%E5%A5%B3%E5%B0%8F%E5%BE%B7%E8%82%8B%E6%92%92%E4%B8%BB%E4%BF%9D_%E5%BC%80%E5%90%AF%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E6%9C%88%E8%BF%8E%E6%8E%A5%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E8%8A%82 |title=各地善度圣女小德肋撒主保、开启传教月迎接传教节 |trans-title=Celebration of the Feast Day of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux and the Missionary Month took place in various places in China |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=8 October 2009 |website=[[Agenzia Fides|fides.org]] |language=zh-hans |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>
=== 20th century ===
{{multiple image
| image1 = Jean-André Soulié.jpg
| width1 = 150
| caption1 = Jean-André Soulié
| image2 = Jean-Théodore Monbeig.png
| width2 = 140
| caption2 = Jean-Théodore Monbeig
| footer_background = #F7E7CE
| footer_align = center
| footer = Missionaries in the Sichuan-Tibetan borderland
}}
In 1905, four French missionaries were killed in the [[Batang uprising|Bathang uprising]], including [[André Soulié|Jean-André Soulié]], who worked in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Apostolic Vicariate of Tibet]]. He was captured, tortured and shot by [[lama]]s close to [[Yarigong Township, Sichuan|Yaregong]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.mepasie.org/annales-des-missions-etrangeres/un-missionnaire-massacra-c-au-thibet |title=Un Missionnaire Massacré au Thibet : M. Soulié |last=Launay |first=Adrien |date=1905 |website=archives.mepasie.org |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122174739/http://archives.mepasie.org/annales-des-missions-etrangeres/un-missionnaire-massacra-c-au-thibet |archive-date=22 November 2015}}</ref> Nine years later (1914), [[Théodore Monbeig|Jean-Théodore Monbeig]], another French missionary working in the [[Kham|Sichuan-Tibetan border region]], was killed by lamas near [[Litang County|Lithang]], not long after helping revive the Christian community at [[Batang, Sichuan|Bathang]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://irfa.paris/missionnaire/2423-monbeig-jean-theodore/ |title=Jean-Théodore MONBEIG |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=irfa.paris |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.jstor.org/person/bm000329716 |title=Monbeig, Jean-Théodore (1875-1914) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=plants.jstor.org |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
In 1918, French missionary François-Marie-Joseph Gourdon edited and published in Chongqing ''[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]]'', by the authority of {{ill|Célestin Chouvellon|fr}}, [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing#Episcopal ordinaries|Bishop of Eastern Szechwan]]. This work is allegedly based on [[Gabriel de Magalhães]]'s {{lang|pt|Relação das tyranias obradas por Canghien Chungo famoso ladrão da China em o anno de 1651}}.{{sfn|Chan|2011|p=68}} In addition, ''An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Anyo'', detailing the history of the Church in [[Anyue County]] ({{small|[[Sichuanese Pinyin|Sichuanese romanization]]:}} ''Anyo''), was published in 1924, with the approval of Urbain Claval, Provicar of Eastern Szechwan.{{sfn|Qin|Shen|2008|p=111}}
By the end of 1921, there were 143,747 Catholic Christians in Sichuan. These worshipped in 826 chapels and churches scattered throughout the province which was divided into four bishoprics with episcopal residences at [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Chengdu]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Chongqing]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Suifu]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Ningyuan]]. Almost 8,000 adults were baptized into the Catholic Church during 1918. In addition to regular evangelistic activities, the Church maintained nearly 400 parish schools of primary grade with over 7,500 students. There were three colleges in the province, two in Chongqing and one in Chengdu; ten seminaries, and five schools for girls. Catholic missions also reported five hospitals and seven dispensaries.{{sfn|Stauffer|1922|p=228}}
[[File:Comunidad de los redentoristas españoles en Chengtu.png|thumb|left|Spanish Redemptorist community in Chengdu, with [[Jacques-Victor-Marius Rouchouse]], the then Apostolic Vicar of Chengdu. See "[[Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan]]".]]
In February 1928, Segundo Miguel Rodríguez, José Morán Pan and Segundo Velasco Arina sailed for China. Initially, they were put in charge of the seminary of the [[Congregatio Discipulorum Domini|Congregation of the Disciples of the Lord]] in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Xuanhua|Apostolic Vicariate of Süanhwafu]], [[Hebei|Hebei Province]]. Subsequently, they were transferred to Sichuan as the first band of [[Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan|Spanish Redemptorist missionaries]] to take up work in that province.{{sfn|Tiedemann|2016|p=15}} Their first permanent foundation was made in [[Chengdu]] on 24 April 1934,{{sfn|Boland|1987|p=76}} which expanded to include a mission house and a chapel.{{sfn|Donnithorne|2019}} In addition to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu]], the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Apostolic Vicariate of Ningyuanfu]] became their second mission base in 1938. This district covers the entire [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Nosu Country]] that is further to the west and bordered by [[Kham|eastern Tibet]].{{sfn|Boland|2002|p=606}} The last Spanish Redemptorists were expelled from China by the communist regime in 1952.{{sfn|Tiedemann|2016|p=15}}
[[File:BarrachinaLapiedra-1990-Fray.Pascual.Nadal.Oltra (cropped).jpg|thumb|190px|Pascual Nadal Oltra, a [[Pego, Alicante|Pego]]-born Franciscan missionary, beheaded in 1935 in [[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture|Ngawa]], one of the three Tibetan regions of Western Sichuan.]]
[[File:St. Anne's Church, Mosimien.png|thumb|190px|St. Anne's Church, Moxi]]
In 1930, a Spanish [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] friar and artist {{ill|Pascual Nadal Oltra|es}} arrived in [[Moxi, Luding County|Moxi]] (Mosimien), a small town located in [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Garzê]], one of the three Tibetan regions of Western Sichuan. With the support of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding#Ordinaries|Bishop of Tatsienlu]] ({{ill|Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau|fr}}) and his coadjutor {{ill|Pierre Valentin|fr}}, Oltra, the Father Guardian Plácido Albiero, a Canadian friar Bernabé Lafond and an Italian José Andreatta formed the founding community of a [[leper colony]] established near {{ill|St. Anne's Church, Moxi|lt=St. Anne's Church|es|Iglesia de Santa Ana (Mosimién)}},{{sfn|Barrachina Lapiedra|1990|p=59}} known as St. Joseph's Home.{{sfn|LIC|1949|p=469}} There were dormitories for leper patients, a pharmacy and an infirmary. The installation of the first lepers was not easy, given their ignorance and the situation of marginalization and social aversion in which they lived. Nevertheless, by 1935, the missionaries already had a hundred patients.{{sfn|Barrachina Lapiedra|1990|p=65}}
In May 1935, a communist army column led by [[Mao Zedong]] (Mao Tse Tung) was fleeing [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s regular army to northwest China through the Moxi area, part of a military retreat later known as [[Long March]]. According to the [[Valencia]]n Franciscan friar José Miguel Barrachina Lapiedra, author of the book {{lang|es|Fray Pascual Nadal y Oltra: Apóstol de los leprosos, mártir de China}}, and a report published in ''[[CatholicNews|Malaya Catholic Leader]]'', the official newspaper of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Singapore|Archdiocese of Singapore]]: "The communist soldiers entered the leper colony, they looted the residence and arrested the friars and sisters. Many of the lepers tried to defend the missionaries, but they were shot by the soldiers. The Franciscans were then brought before Mao Tse Tung, who interrogated them, imprisoned two of them, Pascual Nadal Oltra and an Italian friar [[Epifanio Pegoraro]], and released the rest. There were more than 30,000 Reds in the band, including a large number of women. Before their departure, the soldiers ransacked the village, carrying away everything movable and edible, left the people of the district without means of subsistence. Days later, on 4 December 1935, the army reached {{ill|Lianghekou, Xiaojin|lt=Leang Ho Kow|zh|兩河口鎮 (小金縣)}}, [[Xiaojin County|Tsanlha]], where the two Franciscans were beheaded with a sword."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radiopego.com/investigacio-a-fons-de-la-mort-de-fra-pascual-nadal-oltra/ |title=Investigació a fons de la mort de Fra Pascual Nadal Oltra |last=Garcia |first=Sara |date=29 November 2006 |website=radiopego.com |language=ca-valencia |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lasprovincias.es/valencia/prensa/20061129/ocio/investigan-muerte-1935-fraile_20061129.html |title=Investigan la muerte en 1935 de un fraile de Pego en China |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=29 November 2006 |website=[[Las Provincias|lasprovincias.es]] |language=es |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|MCL|1935|p=7}}{{sfn|Borao Mateo|2017|p=183}}
In her letter to the poet [[Raymond Cortat]], dated 17 January 1937, [[Marie-Rosine Sahler]], a member of the [[Franciscan Missionaries of Mary]], recounts in detail her journey, her arrival in China and her life in the Mosimien leper colony, a testimony about the political hardship: "In 1935, the leper colony was savagely attacked by communist army and the mission community had to flee to the mountains and stay there for eight days. Upon her return, she found the leper colony ransacked and all supplies looted. Nevertheless, the community managed to recover and welcome back the sick, who in 1937 were 148 people."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.diocese15.fr/diocese/patrimoine/en-direct-des-archives/2020/une-missionnaire-aurillacoise-au-tibet |title=Une missionnaire aurillacoise au Tibet |last=Moulier |first=Pascale |date=2020 |website=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Flour|diocese15.fr]] |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
In 1947, [[Trappists|Trappist monks]] from {{ill|Our Lady of Joy Abbey, Zhengding|lt=Our Lady of Joy Abbey|zh|正定神樂院}} ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Zhengding|Diocese of Zhengding]]) transferred their monastery to [[Xindu, Chengdu]], due to the [[Chinese Civil War|ongoing civil war]]. Father Paulin Li and forty monks reached their destination via Shanghai. They remained in Sichuan for two years, until the end of 1949, when the communist invasion reached there, too. By which time, north and central China were already taken over by communists. It became evident that the monastic community had to move again.{{sfn|Ferreux|2022}}<ref name="CATW">{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org.tw/trappist/htmls/his.htm |title=聖母神樂院滄桑五十年簡史——乙、四川成都的【神樂院】(一九四七 ~ 一九五零) |trans-title=A brief history of the 50-year vicissitudes of Our Lady of Joy Abbey: The Chengdu Monastery, Sichuan (1947–1950) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[Chinese Regional Bishops' Conference of Taiwan|catholic.org.tw]] |language=zh-hant |access-date=4 October 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203083744/http://www.catholic.org.tw/trappist/htmls/his.htm |archive-date=3 December 2005}}</ref> On Christmas Day, 1949, communists occupied the Chengdu Monastery and its surrounding land. A couple of the young monks were severely beaten, three were martyred after brutal torture, namely, Vincent Shi, Albert Wei, and Father You.{{sfn|Hattaway|2007}} Father Paulin Li managed to transfer ten of the monks to Canada, including nine Chinese nationals and one [[Belgians|Belgian]]. Eventually, the abbey was re-established on [[Lantau Island]], [[British Hong Kong]]. A permanent location for [[Our Lady of Joy Abbey|Our Lady of Joy Abbey at Hong Kong]] was secured on 19 February 1956.<ref name="CATW" />
== 1949–present ==
=== Background ===
After the communist takeover of China in 1949, a combination of assertive nationalism and socialist ideology led to the eradication of the Western presence in the country, including Western culture and products. "The denunciation of anything Western as 'capitalist', '[[bourgeois]]' and representative of the '[[imperialism|imperialist]] world' reached a peak during the ideological extremism of the [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) when the final vestiges of the Western economic and cultural presence were eradicated."{{sfn|Hooper|2000|p=442}} Missionary and communist ambitions simply were irreconcilable and the wide ideological gap could not be bridged. The stage had been set for the communists' catastrophic assault on the missionary enterprise during the Civil War period (1946–1949) and the expulsion of virtually all foreigners in the early 1950s.{{sfn|Tiedemann|2005|p=60}} Foreign missionaries who were suspected of being spies were arrested, some were sent to "[[Thought reform in China|thought reform]] centers" in which they underwent disturbing re-education process in a vindictive prison setting.{{sfn|Lifton|1957|pp=626–644}} Missionary institutes funded by foreign money were closed down and all foreign missionaries expelled from the country.{{sfn|Leung|1995}} [[Catholic Church in China|Catholicism in China]], like all religions, has since been permitted to operate only under the supervision of the [[State Administration for Religious Affairs]]. All legal worship has to be conducted in government-approved churches belonging to the [[Catholic Patriotic Association]], which does not accept the [[Papal primacy|primacy of the Roman pontiff]].{{sfn|Moody|2013|pp=403–431}}
=== Church in Sichuan ===
During the [[Land Reform Movement]] in the early 1950s, several [[Legion of Mary]] (LOM) organizations in [[Pengzhou]] were banned and persecuted, since the communist regime termed the LOM a "counter-revolutionary force".{{sfn|Qin|Shen|2008|p=225}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/winter-olympics-venue-tainted-by-chinas-massacre-of-catholics/95749 |title=Winter Olympics venue tainted by China's massacre of Catholics |last=Rozario |first=Rock Ronald |date=17 January 2022 |website=[[Union of Catholic Asian News|ucanews.com]] |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>
In 1989, while an [[Diocesan administrator|administrator]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Qinzhou|Diocese of Qinzhou]], {{ill|John Baptist Wang Ruohan|pl}} was consecrated "[[Underground church|underground bishop]]" [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|of Kangding]] by {{ill|Paul Li Zhenrong|no}}, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Xianxian|Bishop of Xianxian]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bishops-in-china.com/default.asp?iId=KGMFJ |title=Bishops in China, W: Wang Ruohan, John Baptist |last=Brender |first=Andreas |date=2012 |website=bishops-in-china.com |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> In 2011, John Baptist was arrested by Chinese security forces, along with his brothers, Bishop [[Casimir Wang Mi-lu]] and Father [[John Wang Ruowang]], as well as a group of lay faithful, who do not belong to the government-authorized Catholic Patriotic Association.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Tianshui:-police-arrest-dozens-of-underground-priests-and-lay-faithful-22441.html |title=Tianshui: police arrest dozens of underground priests and lay faithful |last=Wang |first=Zhicheng |date=24 August 2011 |website=asianews.it |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
In 2005, Chinese government officials planned to consecrate two bishops in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Dioceses of Chengdu]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Leshan (Jiading)]] without papal mandate, whose appointments were rejected by the approximately 140,000 faithful in both dioceses, due to their open political maneuvering.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/catholic-world-news-prc-government-to-force-new-bishops-on |title=Catholic World News: PRC Government to Force New Bishops on Registered Catholic Church in Sichuan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 March 2005 |website=[[Congressional-Executive Commission on China|cecc.gov]] |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref>
Following the devastation of dozens of churches by the [[2008 Sichuan earthquake]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Dozens-of-churches-destroyed-or-devastated-by-Sichuan-earthquake-12314.html |title=Dozens of churches destroyed or devastated by Sichuan earthquake |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 May 2008 |website=asianews.it |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> [[Audrey Donnithorne]] set up a fund for the reconstruction of churches, schools and nurseries in that province where she had been born in 1922. Audrey was the daughter of [[Vyvyan Donnithorne]], an English [[Evangelical Anglicanism|Anglican]] missionary stationed at the [[Gospel Church, Guanghan|Gospel Church of Hanchow]] in northern Sichuan during the 1930s. She converted to Catholicism in 1943,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hkrbooks.com/2021/01/10/china-in-lifes-foreground/ |title=Book Review: ''China: In Life's Foreground'' |last=Zhang |first=Emma |date=10 January 2021 |website=hkrbooks.com |access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref> and received baptism at [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu]].{{sfn|Wang|2020}} She was crucial in the reconciliation of a "[[Catholic Patriotic Association|patriotic]]" bishop in Sichuan with the [[Holy See]], leading to the establishment of unity between the "[[Underground church|underground]]" and "patriotic" churches in that province. She was expelled from [[Mainland China]] in 1997 due to her activities for the Church.{{sfn|Cairns|2020}}
In 2011, after trying to reclaim two former church properties in [[Moxi, Luding County|Moxi]] that were confiscated by authorities in the 1950s, Sister Xie Yuming and Father Huang Yusong were attacked by a group of unknown assailants on 3 September. The nun was severely beaten while the priest suffered minor injuries. The properties, a Latin school demolished by the authorities, and a boys' school occupied by Moxi government officials by the time, were formerly owned by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/check-nun-priest-beaten-by-mob/29080 |title=Nun, priest beaten by mob |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=6 September 2011 |website=ucanews.com |access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref>
On 29 June 2022, a celebration of the anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party was held at the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Leshan|Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]] in [[Leshan]] ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Diocese of Jiading]]), for political reasons. The Catholics were called to "listen to the word of the Party, feel the grace of the Party, and follow the Party". According to a Catholic source contacted by ''[[AsiaNews]]'', "in China it is no longer a question of listening to the Lord, of feeling his grace and following him. This is the root of the disease of the Chinese Church today, it is difficult to get away from the influence of ideology. Politics has entered the Church", and persecution of Church members who do not want to submit to religious bodies controlled by the Party continues.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Bishop-Lei-celebrates-the-birth-of-China%E2%80%99s-Communist-Party-in-Leshan-cathedral-56172.html |title=Bishop Lei celebrates the birth of China's Communist Party in Leshan cathedral |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2 July 2022 |website=asianews.it |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
== Dioceses ==
The Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan was established in 1696 with its seat in Chengdu. In 1856, the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan was renamed the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan (also known as Apostolic Vicariate of Western Szechwan) upon the establishment of the Apostolic Vicariate of Southeastern Szechwan,<ref name="AOC">{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dchun.html |title=Archdiocese of Chongqing [Chungking] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org|catholic-hierarchy.org]] |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref> with the seat of the latter in [[Chongqing]].<ref name="UCA-CD">{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-chengdu/255 |title=Diocese of Chengdu |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Planchet|1917|p=211}}
In 1860, the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan was established with its seat in [[Yibin|Suifu]].{{sfn|Planchet|1917|p=215}} In 1910, the Apostolic Vicariate of Kienchang was established with its seat in [[Xichang|Ningyüanfu]].{{sfn|Planchet|1917|p=219}} In 1924, the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan was renamed the Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu, which was eventually promoted to Diocese of Chengtu in 1946.<ref name="UCA-CD"/>
Today, the Catholic Church in Sichuan has 1 archdiocese and 7 dioceses covering the entire province and the city of Chongqing.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">
File:7 vicariats apostoliques du Se-Tchouan.jpg|The seven former apostolic vicariates of Szechwan (excluding [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Ta-tsien-lou]] which belonged to the [[Catholic Church in Tibet#19th century|Mission of Tibet]]): [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Tchen-tou]] (northwest), [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Tchong-kin]] (southeast), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing|Chouen-king]] (central), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Si-tchang]] (southwest), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Su-fou]] (south), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Ia-gan]] (west), and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Ouan-hien]] (east). Map by François Roux [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|ME]], 1913.
File:Généalogie des juridictions MEP au Sichuan avec ses rattachements.png|Genealogy of [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|MEP]] ecclesiastical jurisdiction in [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Sichuan]], with its three attachments: [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Tibet]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kunming|Yunnan]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Guizhou]].
</gallery>
=== Eastern Szechwan Mission ===
{| class=wikitable
!scope="col" width="200"| Diocese
!scope="col" width="130"| French
!scope="col" width="50"| Former name/spelling
!scope="col" width="300"| Cathedral
!scope="col" width="500"| History
!scope="col" width="50"| Founded
!scope="col" width="50"| Ref.
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Archdiocese of Chongqing]]
|{{lang|fr|Tchong-kin-fou}}
|Chungking
|[[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1930.htm |title=Cathedral of St. Joseph, Chongqing |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•2 April 1856: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Southeastern Szechwan with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan
•24 January 1860: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Szechwan<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Chungking<br />
•2 August 1929: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Wanhsien<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Chungking
|1856
|<ref name="AOC" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-chongqing/187 |title=Archdiocese of Chongqing |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Diocese of Wanxian]]
|{{lang|fr|Ouan-hien}}
|Wanhsien
|[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Wanzhou]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/3792.htm |title=Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Wanzhou |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•2 August 1929: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Wanhsien (today known as [[Wanzhou, Chongqing|Wanzhou]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Chungking
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Wanhsien
|1929
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dwanh.html |title=Diocese of Wanxian [Wanhsien] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-wanxian/188 |title=Diocese of Wanxian |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=7|[[File:Mission du Su-tchuen oriental.jpg|center|250px]]
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;" |Map of the Eastern Szechwan Mission
|}
=== Western Szechwan Mission ===
{| class=wikitable
!scope="col" width="200"| Diocese
!scope="col" width="130"| French
!scope="col" width="50"| Former name/spelling
!scope="col" width="300"| Cathedral
!scope="col" width="500"| History
!scope="col" width="50"| Founded
!scope="col" width="50"| Ref.
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Diocese of Chengdu]]
|{{lang|fr|Tchen-tou-fou}}
|Chengtu
|[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1979.htm |title=Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Pinganqiao Church), Chengdu |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•15 October 1696: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan
•1715: Gained territory from the suppressed [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Apostolic Vicariate of Kweichow]]<br />
•1755: Gained territory from the suppressed [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kunming|Apostolic Vicariate of Yunnan]]<br />
•28 August 1840: Lost territory to re-establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Yunnan<br />
•27 March 1846: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Lhasa and re-establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Kweichow<br />
•2 April 1856: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan, {{aka}} Apostolic Vicariate of Western Szechwan; lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Southeastern Szechwan<br />
•24 January 1860: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu<br />
•2 August 1929: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Shunking<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Chengtu
|1696
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dchnu.html |title=Diocese of Chengdu [Chengtu] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="UCA-CD"/>
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing|Diocese of Shunqing]]
|{{lang|fr|Choen-kin-fou}}
|Shunking
|[[Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Nanchong]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1608.htm |title=Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Nanchong |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•2 August 1929: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Shunking (today known as [[Nanchong]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Shunking
|1929
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dshun.html |title=Diocese of Nanchong [Shunking] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-nanchong/257 |title=Diocese of Nanchong |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=7|[[File:Mission du Su-tchuen occidental.jpg|center|250px]]
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;" |Map of the Western Szechwan Mission
|}
=== Southern Szechwan Mission ===
{| class=wikitable
!scope="col" width="200"| Diocese
!scope="col" width="130"| French
!scope="col" width="50"| Former name/spelling
!scope="col" width="300"| Cathedral
!scope="col" width="500"| History
!scope="col" width="50"| Founded
!scope="col" width="50"| Ref.
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Diocese of Suifu]]
|{{lang|fr|Suifou}}<br />{{lang|fr|Souifou}}<br />{{lang|fr|Su-tcheou-fou}}
|Suifu
|[[Blessed Sacrament Cathedral, Yibin]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/5284.htm |title=Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Yibin |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•24 January 1860: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan
•12 August 1910: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Kienchang<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Suifu (today known as [[Yibin]])<br />
•10 July 1929: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Prefecture of Yachow<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Suifu
|1860
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsuif.html |title=Diocese of Yibin [Suifu] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-yibin/259 |title=Diocese of Yibin |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Diocese of Ningyuan]]
|{{lang|fr|Lin-yuen-fou}}
|Ningyüanfu
|[[Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/6520.htm |title=Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•12 August 1910: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Kienchang (today known as [[Xichang]], capital of [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Nosuland]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Ningyüanfu (today known as Xichang)<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Ningyüan
|1910
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dning.html |title=Diocese of Xichang [Ningyüan] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-xichang/258 |title=Diocese of Xichang |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Diocese of Jiading]]
|{{lang|fr|Kia-tin}}
|Kiating
|[[Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Leshan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1978.htm |title=Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Leshan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•10 July 1929: Established as the Apostolic Prefecture of Yachow (today known as [[Ya'an]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Suifu
•3 March 1933: Elevated as the Apostolic Vicariate of Yachow<br />
•9 February 1938: See transferred and title changed to the Apostolic Vicariate of Kiating (today known as [[Leshan]])<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Kiating
|1929
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkiat.html |title=Diocese of Leshan [Kiating] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-leshan/256 |title=Diocese of Leshan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=7|[[File:Mission du Su-tchuen méridional.jpg|center|250px]]
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;" |Map of the Southern Szechwan Mission
|}
=== Tibetan Mission ===
{{Main|Catholic Church in Tibet}}
{| class=wikitable
!scope="col" width="200"| Diocese
!scope="col" width="130"| French
!scope="col" width="50"| Former name/spelling
!scope="col" width="300"| Cathedral
!scope="col" width="500"| History
!scope="col" width="50"| Founded
!scope="col" width="50"| Ref.
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]
|{{lang|fr|Ta-tsien-lou}}
|Kangting<br />Tatsienlu
|[[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kangding]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/6407.htm |title=Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, Kangding |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•27 March 1846: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Lhassa ([[Lhasa]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Apostolic Vicariate of Tibet-Hindustan]]
•28 July 1868: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Thibet ([[Tibet]])<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Tatsienlu (today known as [[Kangding]], in [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Sichuanese Tibet]])<br />
•15 December 1929: Lost territory to establish the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Darjeeling|Mission sui iuris of Sikkim]]<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Kangting
|1846
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkang.html |title=Diocese of Kangding [Kangting] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-kangding/589 |title=Diocese of Kangding |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|}
=== Jurisdictional changes ===
Jurisdictional changes made by the state-sanctioned [[Catholic Patriotic Association|Catholic Patriotic Church]] and the {{ill|Bishops' Conference of Catholic Church in China|zh|中國天主教主教團}} took place in the 1980s and the 1990s. On 24 March 1984, the territory of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]] was placed under the jurisdiction of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Bishop of Ningyuan]]. On 7 March 1993, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Diocese of Jiading]] assumed authority over Kangding. The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Archdiocese of Chongqing]] and the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Diocese of Wanxian]] were split off from Sichuan after the separation of Chongqing from the province on 4 March 1997.{{sfn|Liu|2013|p=50}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="170px" >
File:Ma Pao Tchang Church.jpg|Ma Pao Tchang Church (Archdiocese of Chongqing)
File:JiangbeiChurch.JPG|[[St. Thérèse of Lisieux Church, Chongqing]] (Archdiocese of Chongqing)
File:Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Lourdes, Mianyang.jpg|[[Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Mianyang]] (Diocese of Chengdu)
File:Our Lady of Lourdes Church, interior.jpg|Interior of Our Lady of Lourdes Church at Mianyang
File:Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang.png|[[Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang]] (Diocese of Ningyuan)
File:Mission catholique et église de Dengchigou (Baoxing, Sichuan, Chine) - www.panda.fr.jpg|{{ill|Annunciation Church, Dengchigou|fr|Église de l'Annonciation de Dengchigou}} (Diocese of Jiading)
File:Façade de l'Église du Saint-Rosaire de Souifou.png|Holy Rosary Church, Yibin (Diocese of Suifu)
File:Sacred Heart Cathedral, Tatsienlu.jpg|Exterior and interior of the former [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kangding|Sacred Heart Cathedral at Kangding]] (Diocese of Kangding)
File:Tsakalo1.jpg|[[Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo]] (Diocese of Kangding){{efn|name=Lim|The Alulhaka chapel was part of a network of fourteen chapels located in the remote hills around [[Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County|Gongshan county]] town, where the main Catholic church of the county was located. This network of chapels and churches, together with those in the neighbouring counties in northern [[Yunnan]], are in turn part of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dali|Dali diocese]]. At least this is how the official [[Catholic Patriotic Association|China Catholic Patriotic Church]] currently draws the boundary of the diocese. From the [[Holy See|Vatican]]'s perspective, the churches in Gongshan, [[Dêqên County|Deqin]] and neighbouring counties in Yunnan, [[Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo|Yanjing]] in [[Kham|Tibet]], and [[Batang County|Bathang]], [[Litang County|Lithang]], and [[Kangding]] in Sichuan, still belong to the Diocese of Kangding that was established in 1946.{{sfn|Lim|2013|pp=111–112}}}}
File:Catholic Church Cizhong Yunnan China.jpg|{{ill|Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong|fr|Église du Sacré-Cœur de Tsedjrong}} (Diocese of Kangding){{efn|The Cizhong Catholic Church at [[Dêqên County|Deqin]] falls under the administration of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dali]], although it was formerly part of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding]]; and from the [[Holy See|Vatican]]'s perspective, the church still belongs to the Diocese of Kangding.{{sfn|Lim|2013|pp=111–112}}}}
File:St. Anne's Church, Mosimien (interior) 2.jpg|Altar of {{ill|St. Anne's Church, Moxi|es|Iglesia de Santa Ana (Mosimién)}} (Diocese of Kangding)
File:Altar of Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Chengdu.jpg|Altar of the [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception at Chengdu]] (Diocese of Chengdu)
File:Diocesan curia of Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu.jpg|Diocesan curia of Bishop of Chengdu
</gallery>
== Demographics ==
=== Before 1949 ===
The number of Catholics grew rapidly in the latter half of the 18th century. In 1756 there were 4,000 Catholics and two local priests. In 1802, the number increased tenfold with 40,000 Catholics and 16 local priests.<ref name="JC"/> By 1870, the Church in Sichuan had 80,000 baptized members, which was the largest number of Catholics in the entire country. The number increased to 118,724 members in 1911 during the fall of the last imperial dynasty.{{sfn|Lü|1976|p=266}} Almost 8,000 adults received baptism during the year of 1918. By the end of 1921, the number of Catholics had reached 143,747. They worshipped in 826 chapels and churches scattered throughout the province. The Church maintained nearly 400 parish schools of primary grade with over 7,500 students.{{sfn|Stauffer|1922|p=228}}
=== After 1949 ===
According to the statistics published on ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]'' before 20 November 2005, there were 134,000 Catholics in Sichuan (Ecclesiastical Province of Chongqing), 0.25 per cent of the population (53,145,000).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/spccn1.html |title=China: Statistics by Province |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>
By the end of 2011, Catholics in the dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Chengdu]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing|Shunqing]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Jiading]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Suifu]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Ningyuan]] numbered 110,000, 80,000, 60,000, 30,000 and 30,000 people, respectively, making a total of 310,000 faithful.{{sfn|Zhang|2011}} This data did not include Catholics in Chongqing (dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Chongqing]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Wanxian]]) and [[Tibet]] ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]), due to the separation of Chongqing from Sichuan in 1997 and the diocesan jurisdiction changes took place in the 1980s and the 1990s.{{sfn|Liu|2013|p=50}}
According to Asia Harvest, estimates from 2020 suggest that of the entire population (78,486,760) about 1.32 per cent was Catholic (1,036,538), among whom 455,090 belonged to the state-sanctioned [[Catholic Patriotic Association|Catholic Patriotic Church]] (CPC), and 581,449 were [[underground church]] Catholics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asiaharvest.org/christians-in-china-stats/sichuan |title=Christians in China Stats: Sichuan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020 |website=asiaharvest.org |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref> In the case of Chongqing, Catholics accounted for about 1.76 per cent (478,191) of the entire population (27,179,577). This number was composed of 183,920 CPC Catholics and 294,271 underground church Catholics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asiaharvest.org/christians-in-china-stats/chongqing |title=Christians in China Stats: Chongqing |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020 |website=asiaharvest.org |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>
== Impact ==
The Jesuit fathers [[Lodovico Buglio]] and [[Gabriel de Magalhães]] were ordered to construct a celestial globe, a terrestrial globe and a sundial during the reign of [[Zhang Xianzhong]]. These large devices are given a detailed description in ''[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]]'' as being "really unique at that time, and they amazed those who saw them".{{sfn|Gourdon|1981|pp=23–24}} Yuan Tingdong wrote in his 1998 book ''Cultural History of Ba–Shu'', that "from the information currently available, this is the first time that modern Western scientific achievements have appeared in the [[Ba–Shu culture|Ba–Shu]] region".{{sfn|Yuan|1998|pp=270–271}} During Zhang Xianzhong's massacre, some [[Sichuanese people|Sichuanese]] Catholics fled south to [[Yunnan|Yunnan Province]], which marked the beginning of the spread of Catholicism to Yunnan.<ref name="crntt">{{cite web |url=http://hk.crntt.com/crn-webapp/cbspub/secDetail.jsp?bookid=36485&secid=36506 |title=明清時代的珠江文化——第四節 明清珠江流域的宗教文化（2） |trans-title=Culture along the Pearl River during the Ming and Qing era: Its Religious Culture (part 2) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=hk.crntt.com |language=zh-hant |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Basset-Su Chinese New Testament.jpg|thumb|170px|''Basset–Su Chinese New Testament'', 18th century.]]
[[Jean Basset (died 1707)|Jean Basset]], a French missionary of [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]], undertook the translation of the [[New Testament]] from [[Latin]] [[Vulgate]] in Sichuan, with the assistance of a local convert Johan Su. The translation had only reached [[Hebrews 1|the first chapter]] of the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] due to Basset's death in 1707. One manuscript of this translation, now known as ''Basset–Su Chinese New Testament'', was acquired by the [[British Museum]] in 1739. In 1805, [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]], the first Protestant missionary to China, transcribed this manuscript and subsequently based his own Bible translation on it, which laid the foundation of the entire Protestant missionary enterprise in China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-10067/1 |title=Chinese Harmony of the Gospels (MS Add.10067) |last=Aylmer |first=C. |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[Cambridge Digital Library|cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk]] |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>
In the 18th century, the distinctiveness of the Catholics of Sichuan became especially evident in the local society. Their way of life, their adherence to Gospel values, their spiritual dynamism and their strong sense of community set them apart from the rest of society. A [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|Mandarin]] of the court of [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]] observed this about them: "They are neither licentious nor gamblers or robbers. They are satisfied with one woman and never touch another man's wife."{{sfn|Jeanne|1983|p=59}} During this time, the Church in Sichuan produced a number of itinerant catechists (i.e. local missionaries) thanks to a well-organized training system.{{sfn|Jeanne|1983|pp=60–61}} Since 1774, evangelization of [[Guizhou|Guizhou Province]] was carried out by [[Jean-Martin Moye]], provicar of Eastern Szechwan, and a Sichuanese missionary, Benoît Sen.<ref name="crntt" /> In 1798, Lawrence Hu Shï-lu, also a missionary from Sichuan, built a small church in [[Guiyang]] for the Catholic community of about 100 people, which later became [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Guiyang|the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Guiyang]].{{sfn|GLRCC|2005|p=1215}} Female missionaries to Guizhou such as Monique Sen, aunt of Benoît Sen, and {{ill|Paule Song|zh|羅宋氏}}, evangelized among women.{{sfn|Wei|2009|p=160}} The 19th-century missionary [[Lucy Yi Zhenmei]] was [[Christian martyr|martyred]] in Guizhou. She was [[Canonization|canonized]] on 1 October 2000 by [[Pope John Paul II]].
The First Synod of Sichuan convened by Bishop [[Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse]] on 2 September 1803 was the first Catholic synod held in China. In 1822, the results were published in Rome as {{lang|la|Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis}}, which had guided the [[apostolate]] in this province and in many other regions of China until replaced by the decisions of the Council of Shanghai in 1924.<ref name="MEP" />
[[File:Statue d'Armand David dans la ville de Baoxing (Sichuan, Chine) - www.panda.fr.jpg|thumb|160px|Statue of Father [[Armand David]] in [[Baoxing County]].]]
French missionary botanists, such as [[André Soulié|Jean-André Soulié]], [[Théodore Monbeig|Jean-Théodore Monbeig]] and [[Paul Guillaume Farges]], collected large numbers of plant, fungal and animal specimens in Sichuan and [[Kham|eastern Tibet]]. Among them, the [[Congregation of the Mission|Lazarist]] father [[Armand David]] is the most well-known missionary. He discovered the [[giant panda]] in 1869 while doing the work of [[evangelism]] and scientific research at the {{ill|Annunciation Church, Dengchigou|lt=Annunciation Church of Dengchigou|fr|Église de l'Annonciation de Dengchigou}}, [[Baoxing County]]. The records of Father David's experiences, research and the history of the discovery of the pandas are kept in the Annunciation Church. A small town named David was built near Dengchigou in his honour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8F%B0%E7%94%9F%E8%B5%B4%E9%84%A7%E6%B1%A0%E6%BA%9D-%E8%A6%AA%E8%A6%8B%E7%86%8A%E8%B2%93%E7%9B%B4%E5%91%BC%E7%99%82%E7%99%92-215010361--finance.html |title=台生赴鄧池溝 親見熊貓直呼療癒 |trans-title=Taiwanese students' visit to Dengchigou |last=Li |first=Yu-shan |date=9 July 2019 |website=tw.news.yahoo.com |language=zh-hant |accessdate=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panda.fr/sur-les-traces-du-pere-armand-david-dans-la-principaute-de-moupin.html |title=Sur les traces du Père Armand David dans la principauté de Moupin |last=Pouille |first=Jérôme |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=panda.fr |language=fr |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>
The vicarial press of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Eastern Szechwan]]—Imprimerie de la Sainte-Famille—was founded in 1899 in [[Chongqing]] by [[François-Marie-Joseph Gourdon]]. By 1949, the Imprimerie had produced approximately 400,000 publications, which made it the Catholic press with second highest number of publications in the entire country.{{sfn|He|2020}} Well-known ones include the weekly newspaper ''{{ill|La Vérité (Chongqing)|lt=La Vérité|zh|崇實報}}'', established in 1904, ''An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan'' (1918), and ''An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Anyo'' (1924). The Imprimerie also became the main promoter of ''Ecclesiastical Rituals and Practices'' ({{lang|zh-hant|聖教禮規}}) by producing several of the book's reprint editions, which was originally published in 1900 by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan]], with the approval of Bishop [[Marc Chatagnon]]. ''Ecclesiastical Rituals and Practices'' is the fruit of a century of accumulation of experience of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] in Sichuan. The popularity of the book extended beyond the provincial boundary. In 1904, it was published in [[British Hong Kong]] by the [[University Hall, University of Hong Kong#Douglas Castle under the French Mission (1894-1954)|Imprimerie de Nazareth]]; and in 1932 in [[History of Shanghai#Republic of China|Shanghai]] by the {{ill|Imprimerie de l'Orphelinat de T'ou-sè-wè|zh|土山灣印書館}}.{{sfn|He|2020}}
[[File:Catholic Church overlooking White Deer Town.jpg|thumb|170px|A Catholic church overlooking Bailu Town]]
[[Bailu, Pengzhou|Bailu]], under the administration of [[Chengdu]], has been developed into a "French town" due to its [[Catholic Church in France|French Catholic]] heritage. According to Liao Xianghui, however, the real reason for this designation is to serve tourism and economic development: "This led to the commercialization of once authentic religious sites for tourism and economic development as part of the secularization process. [...] Catholicism's public influence on tourism and economic development has been increasing, while its activities and church attendance have not followed synchronously."{{sfn|Liao|2021|p=661}}
=== In popular culture ===
The 1936 novel ''{{ill|Ripple on Stagnant Water|zh|死水微瀾}}'' by [[Li Jieren|Li Chie-ren]] gives a detailed account of the conflicts among the three parties in the [[Chengdu]] area during the 1890s, namely, the [[Christianity in Sichuan|local Christian communities]], [[Gelaohui|Elder Brothers Society]] and the [[bureaucracy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merwinasia.com/ripple-on-stagnant-water |title=Ripple on Stagnant Water: A Novel of Sichuan in the Age of Treaty Ports |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2014 |website=merwinasia.com |access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Zhu|2011|p=158}} The novel was adapted into a 12-episode television series in 1988 titled ''{{ill|A Woman to Three Men|zh|死水微瀾 (1988年電視劇)}}'', a feature film in 1992 titled ''{{ill|Ripples Across Stagnant Water (film)|lt=Ripples Across Stagnant Water|zh|狂 (電影)}}'', and a namesake series in 2008.
== Timeline of Eastern Szechwan Mission ==
The following table is based on ''[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]]'', published in 1918 by the Imprimerie de la Sainte-Famille for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Szechwan]]. Except for [[Chengdu]], [[Emeishan City|Emeishan]], [[Jintang County|Jintang]], [[Leshan]], [[Pengshan, Meishan|Pengshan]], [[Qiong Prefecture (Sichuan)|Qiongzhou]] and [[Yibin]], all the cities and counties are located in eastern Sichuan.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Location !! Society !! Date
|-
| [[Chengdu]], [[Chongqing]], [[Langzhong]] || [[Jesuits|Society of Jesus]] || before 1644
|-
| [[Anyue County|Anyue]], [[Emeishan City|Emeishan]], [[Jintang County|Jintang]], [[Leshan]], [[Pengshan, Meishan|Pengshan]], [[Qiong Prefecture (Sichuan)|Qiongzhou]], [[Yibin]] || Society of Jesus, [[Congregation of the Mission]] || 1662–1722
|-
| [[Liangping, Chongqing|Liangping]], [[Pengshui Miao and Tujia Autonomous County|Pengshui]] || [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] || 1704
|-
| [[Tongliang, Chongqing|Tongliang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1720
|-
| [[Hechuan, Chongqing|Hechuan]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1723–1735
|-
| [[Wanzhou, Chongqing|Wanxian]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1730
|-
| [[Guang'an]], [[Yuechi County|Yuechi]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1746
|-
| [[Dazhu County|Dazhu]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1753
|-
| [[Changshou, Chongqing|Changshou]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1756
|-
| [[Wusheng County|Wusheng]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1760
|-
| [[Rongchang, Chongqing|Rongchang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1769
|-
| [[Chengkou County|Chengkou]], [[Qijiang, Chongqing|Qijiang]], [[Yongchuan, Chongqing|Yongchuan]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1770
|-
| [[Dianjiang County|Dianjiang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1779
|-
| [[Fengjie County|Fengjie]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1781
|-
| [[Fengdu County|Fengdu]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1782
|-
| [[Dachuan, Dazhou|Dachuan]], [[Wushan County, Chongqing|Wushan]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1784
|-
| [[Qu County|Quxian]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1790
|-
| [[Bishan, Chongqing|Bishan]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1796
|-
| [[Wuxi County|Wuxi]], [[Yunyang County|Yunyang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1798
|-
| [[Kaizhou, Chongqing|Kaizhou]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1810
|-
| [[Kaijiang County|Kaijiang]], [[Zhong County|Zhongxian]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1861
|-
| [[Qianjiang, Chongqing|Qianjiang]], [[Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County|Shizhu]], [[Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County|Xiushan]], [[Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County|Youyang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1863
|}
== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Christianity in Sichuan]]
** [[Protestantism in Sichuan]]
*** [[History of Anglicanism in Sichuan|Anglicanism in Sichuan]]
*** [[History of Methodism in Sichuan|Methodism in Sichuan]]
*** [[Quakerism in Sichuan]]
*** [[History of Baptist Christianity in Sichuan|Baptist Christianity in Sichuan]]
*** [[History of Adventism in Sichuan|Seventh-day Adventist Church in Sichuan]]
* [[Catholic Church in Mianyang]]
* [[Catholic Church in Tibet]]
* [[Catholic missions]]
* [[Diocese of Western China|Anglican Diocese of Szechwan]]
* [[Anti-Christian Movement (China)]]
* [[Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party]]
* [[Youyang anti-missionary riot]]
* [[Paul Liu Hanzuo]] – 19th-century martyr saint from [[Lezhi County]]
* [[Lucy Yi Zhenmei|Saint Lucy Yi Zhenmei]] – 19th-century virgin martyr from [[Mianyang]], [[Canonization|canonized]] on 1 October 2000 by [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Maurice Tornay]] – Swiss missionary ministering in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]
* [[Francis Xavier Ford]] – American Catholic missionary in China, tortured by Chinese communists and died in prison
* [[Catholic Church in Shaanxi]] – neighbouring province
* [[:Category:Sichuanese Roman Catholics]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic churches in Chongqing]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic churches in Sichuan]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic churches in Tibet]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Sichuan]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Tibet]]
{{div col end}}
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Books ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1822 |title=Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis habita in districtu civitatis Tcong King Tcheou; Anno 1803, Diebus secunda, quinta, et nona Septembris |trans-title=The Synod of the Vicariate of Szechwan held in the District of the City of Chung King Chow, in the Year 1803, on the Second, Fifth, and Ninth Days of September |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924023069010 |language=la |location=Rome |publisher=Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide |hdl=2027/coo.31924023069010 |ref={{harvid|SVS|1822}}}}
* {{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1920 |title=Missionary Cameralogs: West China |url=https://archive.org/details/westchina00amer |location=New York |publisher=American Baptist Foreign Mission Society |ref={{harvid|ABFMS|1920}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Barrachina Lapiedra |first=José M. |date=1990 |title=Fray Pascual Nadal y Oltra: Apóstol de los leprosos, mártir de China |language=es |location=Valencia |publisher=Unión Misional Franciscana |isbn=84-404-8209-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Boland |first=S. J. |date=1987 |title=A Dictionary of the Redemptorists |url=https://www.santalfonsoedintorni.it/Libri/BolandDizio/Boland00Dictionary.pdf |location=Rome |publisher=Collegium S. Alfonsi de Urbe |oclc=35115469}}
* {{cite book |last=Borao Mateo |first=José Eugenio |date=2017 |title=Las miradas entre España y China: Un siglo de relaciones entre los dos países (1864–1973) |url=https://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~borao/2Profesores/Miradas.pdf |language=es |location=Madrid |publisher=Miraguano S. A. Ediciones |isbn=978-84-7813-463-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Camps |first=Arnulf |editor-last=Tiedemann |editor-first=R. G. |editor-link=R. G. Tiedemann |date=2009 |chapter=Catholic Missionaries (1800–1860) |chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004190184/Bej.9789004114302.i-1050_003.xml |title=Handbook of Christianity in China, Volume Two: 1800–present |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-19018-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Charbonnier |first=Jean-Pierre |date=2007 |chapter=10. Candida Xu: A Mother of the Church — Apostolic Journeys |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIRHDwAAQBAJ&dq=Claude+Motel+1618-1671&pg=PT156 |title=Christians in China: A.D. 600 to 2000 |location=San Francisco |publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=978-0-89870-916-2}}
* {{cite book |editor=Chengdu Local Records Compilation Committee |date=1998 |chapter=天主教——第一节：传入 |trans-chapter=Chapter I: The Entry of Catholicism |chapter-url=https://www.hsscol.org.hk/FangZhi/SiChuan/Sichuan20101340a.htm |language=zh-hans |title=成都市志‧宗教志 |trans-title=Annals of Chengdu City: Religion |location=Chengdu |publisher=Sichuan Lexicographical Press |isbn=9787805437316 |ref={{harvid|CLRCC|1998}}}}
* {{cite book |last=De Martiliat |first=Joachim-Enjobert |date=1921 |chapter=守貞修規明述 |trans-chapter=An Introduction to the Rules |title=童貞修規 |trans-title=Rules for Consecrated Virgins |language=zh-hant |location=Chungking |publisher=Imprimerie de la Sainte-Famille}}
* {{cite book |last=Donnithorne |first=Audrey G. |author-link=Audrey Donnithorne |date=29 March 2019 |title=China: In Life's Foreground |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDePDwAAQBAJ&dq=spanish+redemptorists+chengdu&pg=PT130 |location=North Melbourne |publisher=Australian Scholarly Publishing |isbn=9781925801576}}
* {{cite book |last=Ferreux |first=Octave |date=20 December 2022 |chapter=The Monastery of Our Lady of Joy (Zhengding) Evacuated |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn6iEAAAQBAJ&dq=Our+Lady+of+Joy+Abbey+Sichuan&pg=PT473 |title=History of the Congregation of the Mission in China |location=Hyde Park, NY |publisher=New City Press |isbn=9781565485464}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Gourdon |editor-first=François-Marie-Joseph |date=1981 |orig-date=1918 |title=圣教入川记 |trans-title=[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]] |language=zh-hans |location=Chengdu |publisher=Sichuan People's Publishing House}}
* {{cite book |last=Guiot |first=Léonide |date=1892 |title=La Mission du Su-Tchuen au XVIIIᵐᵉ siècle : Vie et Apostolat de Mgr Pottier, son fondateur |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_Mission_du_Su-tchuen_au_XVIIIme_si%C3%A8cle_-_Vie_et_Apostolat_de_Mgr_Pottier,_son_fondateur.pdf |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Téqui Libraire-Éditeur}}
* {{cite book |editor=Guiyang Local Records Compilation Committee |date=2005 |title=贵阳市云岩区志 |trans-title=Annals of Yunyan District of Guiyang |language=zh-hans |location=Guiyang |publisher=Guizhou People's Press |isbn=9787221071521 |ref={{harvid|GLRCC|2005}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Hattaway |first=Paul |date=2007 |chapter=Christian Martyrs in Sichuan: Vincent Shi, Albert Wei, & Father You |chapter-url=https://articles.asiaharvest.org/china-resources/sichuan/1952-vincent-shi-albert-wei-father-you |title=China's Book of Martyrs (Fire & Blood) |location=Manchester |publisher=Piquant Editions |isbn=9781903689400}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Li |editor-first=Ji |date=18 November 2021 |title=Missions Étrangères de Paris (MEP) and China from the Seventeenth Century to the Present |url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004498693/BP000004.xml |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-47210-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Liao |first=Yiwu |author-link=Liao Yiwu |date=2014 |chapter=De nieuwe bekeerde |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi9EDwAAQBAJ&dq=Seminarium+annuntiationis&pg=PT187 |title=God is rood: Het geheime verhaal over het voortbestaan en de bloei van het christendom in communistisch China |language=nl |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Uitgeverij Atlas Contact |isbn=9789045023441}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Lim |editor-first=Francis Khek Gee |date=7 May 2013 |title=Christianity in Contemporary China: Socio-cultural Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jr_Wj9KDWN0C&dq=Catholic+Church+of+Yerkalo+Diocese+of+Kangding&pg=PA111 |series="Routledge Studies in Asian Religion and Philosophy" series |location=Milton Park |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136204999}}
* {{cite book |last=Marin |first=Catherine |date=2 November 2010 |chapter=L'union apostolique de Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus et d'Adolphe Roulland, missionnaire en Chine (1896-1897) |chapter-url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-histoire-monde-et-cultures-religieuses1-2010-3-page-63.htm#pa29 |title=Thérèse de Lisieux et les missions |series="Histoire et missions chrétiennes (Histoire, monde et cultures religieuses)" series ({{numero|15}}) |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Karthala |isbn=9782811104238}}
* {{cite book |last=Mungello |first=D. E. |author-link=David Emil Mungello |date=29 March 2021 |chapter=Christian Virgins (Chaste Women) in Sichuan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkMjEAAAQBAJ&dq=consecrated+virgin+sichuan+catholic&pg=PA120 |title=This Suffering Is My Joy: The Underground Church in Eighteenth-Century China |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538150306}}
* {{cite book |last=Planchet |first=J.-M. |date=1917 |title=Les Missions de Chine et du Japon |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Les_Missions_de_Chine_et_du_Japon.pdf |language=fr |location=Peking |publisher=Imprimerie des Lazaristes}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Qin |editor-first1=Heping |editor-last2=Shen |editor-first2=Xiaohu |date=2008 |title=四川基督教资料辑要 |trans-title=A Collection of Historical Documents on Christianity in Sichuan |language=zh-hans |location=Chengdu |publisher=Bashu Publishing House |isbn=978-7-80752-226-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Song |first=Gang |editor-last=Yeo |editor-first=K. K. |date=10 March 2021 |chapter=The Basset-Su Chinese new Testament |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34269/chapter-abstract/290545889 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in China |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190909796}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Stauffer |editor-first=Milton T. |date=1922 |chapter=The Province of Szechwan |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/thechristianoccupationofchina00shan/page/n247 |title=[[The Christian Occupation of China]] |location=Shanghai |publisher=China Continuation Committee}}
* {{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Emily Lily |date=1934 |title=Forward in Western China |chapter=Chapter II. The Way Reviewed |chapter-url=http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/china/stewart1934/02.html |location=London |publisher=Church Missionary Society}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Tan |editor-first1=Tieniu |editor-last2=Ruan |editor-first2=Qiuqi |editor-last3=Chen |editor-first3=Xilin |editor-last4=Ma |editor-first4=Huimin |editor-last5=Wang |editor-first5=Liang |date=2013 |title=Advances in Image and Graphics Technologies: Chinese Conference, IGTA 2013, Beijing, China, April 2-3, 2013, Proceedings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93W7BQAAQBAJ&dq=Seminarium+annuntiationis&pg=PA120 |location=Berlin/Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783642371493}}
* {{cite book |author=Therese of Lisieux |translator-last=Clarke |translator-first=John |date=29 September 2014 |title=Letters of St. Therese of Lisieux, Volume II: General Correspondence 1890-1897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb2lBAAAQBAJ&dq=therese+of+lisieux+sutchuen+oriental&pg=PT195 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=ICS Publications |isbn=9781939272287}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tiedemann |first1=Gerhard |editor1-first=Ulrich |editor1-last=van der Heyden |editor2-first=Holger |editor2-last=Stoecker |year=2005 |chapter=Adaptation and Resistance in North China |title=Mission und Macht im Wandel politischer Orientierungen: Europaische Missionsgesellschaften in politischen Spannungsfeldern in Afrika und Asien zwischen 1800 und 1945 |trans-title=Mission and Power amidst Shifting Political Orientations: European Missions in Areas of Conflict in Africa and Asia, 1800–1945 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |language=de |isbn=978-3-515-08423-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Tiedemann |first=R. G. |author-link=R. G. Tiedemann |date=1 July 2016 |title=Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HaTDAAAQBAJ&dq=Segundo+Miguel+Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mor%C3%A1n+Pan%2C+Segundo+Velasco+Arina&pg=PA15 |location=Milton Park |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315497310}}
* {{cite book |last=Van Grasdorff |first=Gilles |date=2007 |title=La belle histoire des Missions étrangères 1658–2008 |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Perrin |isbn=9782262025663}}
* {{cite book |author=Various authors |author-link=Various authors |date=1920 |title=Our West China Mission: Being a Somewhat Extensive Summary by the Missionaries on the Field of Work during the First Twenty-five Years of the Canadian Methodist Mission in the Province of Szechwan, Western China |url=https://archive.org/details/ourwestchina00stepuoft |location=Toronto |publisher=Missionary Society of the Methodist Church}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Arnold |editor-link=Arnold Wright |date=1908 |title=Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China: Their History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources |chapter=Chapter: The Roman Catholic Church |chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Impressions_of_Hongkong,_Shanghai,_and_other_Treaty_Ports_of_China/The_Roman_Catholic_Church |location=London |publisher=Lloyd's Greater Britain publishing Company}}
* {{cite book |last=Yuan |first=Tingdong |date=1998 |chapter=基督教入蜀三百年 |trans-chapter=Three Hundred Years of Christianity in Sichuan |title=巴蜀文化志 |trans-title=Cultural History of Ba–Shu |language=zh-hans |location=Shanghai |publisher=Shanghai People's Press |isbn=7-208-02269-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Zheng |first=Yangwen |date=2017 |title=Sinicizing Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9YkDwAAQBAJ&dq=Joannes-Baptista+Kou&pg=PA37 |series="Studies in Christian Mission" series ({{vol.|49}}) |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=9789004330382}}
{{refend}}
=== Journals and magazines ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1949 |title=Leprosy Institutions in China |url=http://ila.ilsl.br/pdfs/v17n4a17.pdf |journal=International Journal of Leprosy |volume=17 |ref={{harvid|LIC|1949}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Boland |first=Samuel J. |date=2002 |title=The Redemptorists and the China Mission |url=https://www.santalfonsoedintorni.it/Spicilegium/50/SH-50-2002(II)601-627.pdf |journal=Spicilegium Historicum Congregationis SSmi Redemptoris |issue=50}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chan |first=Hok-lam |date=2011 |title=傳教士對張獻忠據蜀稱王的記載：《聖教入川記》的宗教與文化觀點 |trans-title=Jesuits' Impressions on Zhang Xianzhong in Sichuan (1644–1647) from Buglio, Magalhães, and Gourdon: Contrasting Religious and Cultural Perspectives of ''Shengjiao Ru Chuan Ji'' |url=https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/journal/articles/v52p065.pdf |language=zh-hant |journal=Journal of Chinese Studies |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Institute of Chinese Studies |issue=52 |issn=1016-4464}}
* {{cite magazine |last=He |first=Yi |date=2020 |title=巴黎外方传教会在四川实行中国化的见证——以《圣教礼规》为例 |trans-title=The localization effort of Paris Foreign Missions Society in Sichuan: Taking ''Ecclesiastical Rituals and Practices'' as an example |language=zh-hans |magazine=Catholic Church in China |issue=208 |location=Beijing |publisher=Catholic Patriotic Association}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hooper |first=Beverly |date=December 2000 |title=Globalization and Resistance in Post-Mao China: The Case of Foreign Consumer Products |journal=Asian Studies Review |volume=24 |issue=4 |page=442 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |issn=1035-7823 |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Journal_Samples/ASRE1035-7823~24~4~086/086.pdf |doi=10.1080/10357820008713286 |s2cid=143106032 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606102328/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Journal_Samples/ASRE1035-7823~24~4~086/086.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Jeanne |first=Pierre |translator-last1=Le Blanc |translator-first1=T. |translator-last2=Barry |translator-first2=P. |date=1983 |title=The Early Church of Sichuan Province: A Study of Conditions Leading to the Synod of 1803 |url=https://hsstudyc.org.hk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/T015_11.pdf |magazine=Tripod |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Holy Spirit Study Centre |volume=3 |issue=15}}
* {{cite journal |last=Leung |first=Beatrice |year=1995 |title=Religious Freedom and the Constitution in the People's Republic of China: Interpretation and Implementation |journal=DISKUS: The On-disk Journal of International Religious Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |publisher=Philipps-Universität Marburg |issn=0967-8948 |url=http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/leung.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623095304/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/leung.html |archive-date=June 23, 2008}}
* {{cite journal |last=Liao |first=Xianghui |date=2021 |title=Bailu's Catholicism in China: Religious Inculturation, Tourist Attraction, or Secularization |journal=Religions |location=Basel |publisher=MDPI |volume=12 |issue=8 |doi=10.3390/rel12080661 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lifton |first=Robert J. |author-link=Robert Jay Lifton |date=1957 |title=Chinese Communist 'Thought Reform': Confession and Re-Education of Western Civilians |journal=[[Journal of Urban Health|Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine]] |volume=33 |issue=9 |pmid=19312633 |pmc=1806208}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Liu |first=Zhiqing |date=2013 |title=天主教在重庆和四川传播史略 |trans-title=A brief history of the spread of Catholicism in Chongqing and Sichuan |url=http://194.246.119.58/pdfs/cnkiImport/CJFD/ZGTA201302028.pdf |language=zh-hans |magazine=Catholic Church in China |issue=2 |location=Beijing |publisher=Catholic Patriotic Association}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lü |first=Shih-chiang |date=1976 |title=晚淸時期基督敎在四川省的傳敎活動及川人的反應（1860–1911） |trans-title=The Evangelization of Sichuan Province in the Late Qing Period and the Responses of the Sichuanese People (1860–1911) |url=http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw:8080/server/enwiki/api/core/bitstreams/e47341c7-5f8e-4467-8a14-8e1035537d96/content |language=zh-hant |journal=History Journal of the National Taiwan Normal University |location=Taipei |publisher=National Taiwan Normal University Department of History}}
* {{cite journal |last=Moody |first=Peter R. |date=2013 |title=The Catholic Church in China Today: The Limitations of Autonomy and Enculturation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23922765 |journal=[[Journal of Church and State]] |volume=55 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/jcs/css049 |jstor=23922765}}
* {{cite journal |last=Tiedemann |first=R. G. |author-link=R. G. Tiedemann |date=2018 |title=Chinese Female Propagators of the Faith in Modern China: The Tortuous Transition from the 'Institute of Virgins' to Diocesan Religious Congregations |url=https://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/PDF-Dateien/E-Journal_RCTC/RCTC_2018-2.52-72_Tiedemann__Chinese_Female_Propagators_of_the_Faith_in_Modern_China_-_The_Tortuous_Transition_from_the_Institute_of_Virgins_to_Diocesan_Religious_Congregations.pdf |journal=Religions & Christianity in Today's China |volume=VIII |issue=2 |issn=2192-9289}}
* {{cite journal |last=Wei |first=Yü |date=2009 |title=清中前期貴州天主教傳教活動鉤沉 |trans-title=Catholic missions in Guizhou in the Early and Mid-Qing Dynasty |url=https://www.icm.gov.mo/rc/viewer/pdfViewerParts/10070/3062 |language=zh-hant |journal=Review of Culture |location=Macau |publisher=Instituto Cultural do Governo da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau |issue=70}}
* {{cite journal |last=Zhu |first=Shoutong |date=2011 |title=試論中國新文化運動的'第三個中心' |trans-title=On the "Third Center" of the New Culture Movement |url=https://journal.ipm.edu.mo/images/journal_c/2011_4/p156_163.pdf |language=zh-hant |journal=Journal of Macao Polytechnic University |issue=4 |issn=0874-1824}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Zuazua |first=Dámaso |date=May 2014 |title=Santa Teresita del Niño Jesús de actualidad en China |url=https://www.laobramaxima.es/www/revista.act.php?action=download®id=115 |language=es |magazine=La Obra Máxima |location=San Sebastián |publisher=La Obra Máxima Revista Carmelitana y ONGD para el Desarrollo}}
{{refend}}
=== Newspapers ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=31 August 1935 |title=Abducted Franciscans Still Missing: Leper Asylum Near Tibetan Border Invaded by Reds |url=https://issuu.com/catholicnews/docs/1935_cn35/7 |work=Malaya Catholic Leader |volume=1 |issue=35 |location=Singapore |ref={{harvid|MCL|1935}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Cairns |first=Madoc |date=26 June 2020 |title=Obituary: Audrey Donnithorne |url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/texts-speeches-homilies/4/1504/obituary-audrey-donnithorne |work=[[The Tablet]] |location=London}}
* {{cite news |last=Wang |first=Teresa |date=10 June 2020 |title=四川：天主教南充教区为董育德教授举行隆重追思弥撒 |trans-title=Sichuan: Solemn Memorial Mass for Professor Audrey Donnithorne Held in the Diocese of Nanchong |url=https://www.xinde.org/show/48811 |language=zh-hans |work=Faith Weekly |location=Shijiazhuang}}
* {{cite news |last=Zhang |first=Thomas |date=8 December 2011 |title=为什么四川天主教有近四百年历史？ |trans-title=Why does the Catholic Church in Sichuan have a history of nearly 400 years? |url=https://www.xinde.org/show/19184 |language=zh-hans |work=Faith Weekly |location=Shijiazhuang}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
* {{YouTube|hxZ-wECUzHg|"Catholic Smalltown Life in Qing Sichuan", Sichuan Religions Online Lecture Series {{Numero|6}} — Prof. Lars Peter Laamann 19 March 2022}}
* {{YouTube|31s82sJGO2Q|{{lang|fr|Longue piste dans l'Himalaya}} {{small|(documentary about four scouts helping with the development of the local Catholic Church in Yunnanese Tibet, part of the Diocese of Kangding)}}}} {{in lang|fr}}
{{Christianity in Sichuan}}
{{Christianity in Tibet}}
{{Catholic Church footer|state=collapsed}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}
[[Category:Catholic Church in Sichuan| ]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in Chongqing]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in Tibet]]
[[Category:History of the Catholic Church in Sichuan|*]]
[[Category:Persecution of Catholics]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|History and status of the Catholic Church in Sichuan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon = Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg
| icon_width = 25px
| icon_alt =
| name = Catholic Church in Sichuan
| image = {{multiple image |border=infobox |perrow=2 |total_width=270 |image_style=border:1;
| image1 = Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu.svg |width1=2046|height1=3051
| image2 = Joek Sat Tong.jpg |width2=26065|height2=35000
| image3 = Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Chengdu.png |width3=2911|height3=1890
}}
| caption = Clockwise from upper left: [[Ecclesiastical heraldry|coat of arms]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Diocese of Chengdu]]; [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing]]; [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu]].
| main_classification = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| orientation = [[Latin Church|Latin]]
| scripture = [[Catholic Bible]]
| theology = [[Catholic theology]]
| polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
| governance = [[Catholic Patriotic Association|CPC]] and {{ill|Bishops' Conference of Catholic Church in China|lt=BCCCC|zh|中國天主教主教團}} ([[China–Holy See relations|controversial]])
| leader_title = [[Pope]]
| leader_name = [[Pope Francis|Francis]]
| leader_title1 = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Archbishop of Chongqing]]
| leader_name1 = [[Sede vacante]]
| area = [[Sichuan]], [[Chongqing]], as well as [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] and part of northwestern [[Yunnan]] under the jurisdiction of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]{{efn|name=Lim}}
| language = [[Sichuanese dialects|Sichuanese]], [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]], [[English language|English]], [[Ecclesiastical Latin|Latin]]
| headquarters = [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]]
| founder = [[Lodovico Buglio]]<br />[[Gabriel de Magalhães]]<br />{{ill|François Pottier|fr}}
| founded_date = {{Start date and age|1640|paren=yes}}
| founded_place = [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]], [[Ming dynasty|Ming Empire]]
| primary_schools =
| secondary_schools =
| publications =
}}
The presence of the [[Catholic Church]] in the southwestern Chinese province of [[Sichuan]]{{efn|Formerly romanized as ''Szechwan'' or ''Szechuan'' in English; and {{lang|fr|Sutchuen}}, {{lang|fr|Setchuen}}, {{lang|fr|Setchoan}} or {{lang|fr|Sétchouan}} in French.}} and city of [[Chongqing]]{{efn|Chongqing, formerly romanized as ''Chungking'' in English, and {{lang|fr|Tchongkin}} in French, had been part of Sichuan until 1997.}} dates back to 1640, when two missionaries, [[Lodovico Buglio]] and [[Gabriel de Magalhães]], through [[Jesuit missions in China]], entered the province and spent much of the 1640s evangelizing in [[Chengdu]] and its surrounding areas.{{sfn|Gourdon|1981|p=6}}
The [[Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor|Yongzheng edict of 1724]] proscribed Christianity in the [[Qing dynasty|Qing empire]] and declared foreign missionaries {{lang|la|[[Persona non grata|personae non gratae]]}}. Catholics in Sichuan learned how to make do without ordained priests. When the Qing became ever more possessed by the idea that Catholics belonged to a "heretical" organization (as contrasted with the "orthodoxy" of [[Confucianism]]) which might threaten the empire's order and rule, district magistrates found it convenient to manipulate non-Catholic communities against the Catholics, leading to discrimination as well as social and political pressure against Catholic families. As a consequence, significant numbers of Catholics withdrew into the remote mountains and hinterlands of western Sichuan, becoming "hidden Christians" whom were mistaken for [[Tibetan Buddhism|Buddhists]] by European missionaries after the [[Treaty of Tientsin|lifting of missionary controls in 1858]].<ref name="Laamann">{{cite web |url=https://sichuanreligions.com/catholic-communities-in-qing-and-republican-china/ |title=Catholic Communities in Qing and Republican China: The Teaching of Heaven in the Land of the Four Rivers |last=Laamann |first=Lars Peter |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=sichuanreligions.com |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>
Nevertheless, by 1870, the Catholic Church in Sichuan had 80,000 baptized members, which was the largest number of Catholics in the entire country. By 1911, the number increased to 118,724 members.{{sfn|Lü|1976|p=266}} Throughout its ecclesiastical history, Sichuan was one of the hotbeds of [[anti-missionary riots in China]].{{sfn|Lü|1976|p=282}}
Following the fall of [[mainland China]] to communism in late 1949, and the subsequent establishment of the state-sanctioned [[Catholic Patriotic Association|Catholic Patriotic Church]] (CPC), the Church in Sichuan, as well as in other provinces, has been subjected to the control of the CPC since 1957, which generated [[China–Holy See relations|controversy between the Holy See and the People's Republic of China]], and created a [[Schism in Christianity|schism]] between CPC Catholics and those who remain loyal to Rome. The latter are commonly referred to as loyal church or "[[underground church]]" Catholics.{{sfn|Moody|2013|pp=403–431}}
According to issue 468 of ''Faith Weekly'' published on 8 December 2011, Catholics in the dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Chengdu]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing|Shunqing]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Jiading]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Suifu]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Ningyuan]] numbered 110,000, 80,000, 60,000, 30,000 and 30,000 people, respectively, making a total of 310,000 faithful.{{sfn|Zhang|2011}} This data did not include Catholics in Chongqing (dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Chongqing]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Wanxian]]) and [[Tibet]] ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]), due to the separation of Chongqing from Sichuan in 1997 and the diocesan jurisdiction changes took place in the 1980s and the 1990s.{{sfn|Liu|2013|p=50}}
Despite the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Diocese of Chengdu]] being the oldest bishopric in Sichuan, the [[Primate (bishop)|primate]] of the province is the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing#Episcopal ordinaries|Archbishop of Chongqing]], with his seat at [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing|St. Joseph's Cathedral]]. The post has been [[Sede vacante|vacant]] since the last Archbishop {{ill|Peter Luo Beizhan|no}} died in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/chun0.htm |title=Metropolitan Archdiocese of Chongqing |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[Salt + Light Television|gcatholic.org]] |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
While works on the Catholic missions in the capitals of the Chinese empires are abundant ([[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Xi'an|Chang'an]], [[Christianity among the Mongols#Influence of Catholic Christianity|Khanbaliq/Karakorum]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beijing|Beijing]]), few Catholic phenomena have been analysed in the Sichuan Province.<ref name="Laamann" />
== History ==
=== Early period ===
[[File:Ludovico Buglio.jpg|thumb|left|110px|[[Lodovico Buglio]], first Catholic missionary in Sichuan.]]
In 1640, [[Lodovico Buglio]], a [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicilian]] Jesuit, arrived in [[Chengdu]] (Chengtu), the provincial capital, at the invitation of {{ill|Liu Yuliang|zh|劉宇亮}}, a [[Sichuanese people|Sichuanese native]] from [[Mianzhu]] and [[Grand Secretariat|Grand Secretary]] of the [[Ming dynasty]]. Thirty people were baptized the following year, who were the first Sichuanese Catholics. There was a certain Peter (Petrus) among them, according to ''[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]]'' (1918), he was a descendant of the {{ill|Zhu Chun|lt=Prince Xian of Shu|zh|朱椿 (明朝)}},{{sfn|CLRCC|1998|p=176}} and quite active in the congregation.{{sfn|Gourdon|1981|p=4}} After the Portuguese Jesuit [[Gabriel de Magalhães]] joined the mission in August 1642, work began at once in Chengdu, [[Langzhong|Baoning]] and [[Chongqing]].{{sfn|Gourdon|1981|p=5}}
In 1644, following [[Zhang Xianzhong]]'s invasion of Sichuan and the subsequent establishment of the [[Xi dynasty|"Great West" regime]], the mission was cut short and the two priests were held captive in Zhang Xianzhong's court until early 1647. In 1651, Magalhães submitted to Rome a report of their ordeal in Portuguese titled {{lang|pt|Relação da perda e destituição da Provincia e Christiandade de Su Chuen e do que os pes. Luis Buglio e Gabriel de Magalhães passarão em seu cativ}}. The report was kept in the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu and was never published.{{sfn|Chan|2011|p=93}}
After the [[Zhang Xianzhong#Devastation of Sichuan|devastation of Sichuan]] (1645–1646) wrought by Zhang Xianzhong's massacre, a search for surviving converts was carried out during the 1660s by {{ill|Basil Xu|no|Xu Zhanzeng}}, then the [[Circuit (administrative division)|intendant]] of {{ill|Eastern Sichuan Circuit|zh|川東道}}, and his mother [[Candida Xu]], both Catholics. They found a considerable number of converts in Baoning. Candida then invited the French Jesuit priest Claude Motel (a.k.a. Claude Métel or Claudius Motel, 1618–1671{{sfn|Charbonnier|2007}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macaumemory.mo/entries_da2a2812933f4270bcc7b42ac1592974?token=6lx/SIFb88sqEwARUgzX2w==&lgType=zh-mo |title=法國耶穌會士前往中國內地傳教 |trans-title=French Jesuit missionaries in China |last=Dehergne |first=Joseph |date=15 January 2019 |website=macaumemory.mo |language=zh-hant |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref>) to serve the congregation. Several churches were built in Chengdu, Baoning and Chongqing under Motel's supervision, and he baptized 600 people in one year.{{sfn|Gourdon|1981|pp=63–65}}
=== 18th century ===
==== First half of the 18th century ====
[[File:Artus de Lionne.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Artus de Lionne]], first Apostolic Vicar of Szechwan.]]
[[File:Logo Mep.png|thumb|120px|Seal of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] (MEP). The MEP became the leading mission society for evangelization of Sichuan since the 18th century.]]
The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu#History|Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan]] was established on 15 October 1696, with its headquarters in Chengdu. Its first [[Apostolic vicariate|apostolic vicar]] was [[Artus de Lionne]], a French missionary of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] ({{lang|fr|Missions étrangères de Paris}}, abbreviated MEP).{{sfn|Guiot|1892|p=42}} De Lionne managed to recruit four priests for his vicariate. In 1700, he entrusted the city of Chengdu and the western part of Sichuan to the MEP priests [[Jean Basset (died 1707)|Jean Basset]] and [[Jean-François Martin de La Baluère]]. Two [[Congregation of the Mission|Lazarists]] were also placed at his disposal, [[Luigi Antonio Appiani]], an Italian, and {{ill|Johannes Müllener|ru|Мюлленер, Йоханнес}}, a German. De Lionne entrusted them with Chongqing and the eastern part of Sichuan. Two different missionary congregations thus found themselves assuming responsibilities in the same province. Though very few in number and facing considerable hardship, the priests of these two societies competed for territory.<ref name="JC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/pays-de-mission/la-chine |last=Charbonnier |first=Jean |title=Partir en mission 'à la Chine' |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=mepasie.org |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815012317/http://www.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/pays-de-mission/la-chine/ |archive-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[Lyon]]ese priest Jean Basset wrote a long memoir in 1702 in Chengdu, under the title of {{lang|fr|Avis sur la Mission de Chine}}, lamenting the sad state of the Church in Sichuan after so many past efforts. For Basset, there was only one remedy: translating the [[Catholic Bible|Bible]] and authorizing a [[Catholic liturgy|liturgy]] in Chinese. "It was", he pointed out, "the practice of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]] and it is the only way to familiarize the Chinese people with the Christian message".<ref name="JC"/> Basset set to work on the translation with the assistance of a local convert, Johan Su. Together they produced a [[New Testament]] translation in six large volumes which is now known as the ''Basset–Su Chinese New Testament''.{{sfn|Song|2021|pp=79–94}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/248121 |title=A Minor Figure, A Large History: A Study of Johan Su, a Sichuan Catholic Convert in the Early Qing Dynasty |last=Song |first=Gang |date=2017 |website=hub.[[University of Hong Kong|hku.hk]] |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
In 1723, the arrival of the Lo family in [[Jiangjin, Chongqing|Jiangjin]] made the town an important Catholic center in eastern Sichuan. The family was of [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] ancestry, whose members converted to Catholicism in 1695, and migrated to Sichuan shortly after their conversion. The Los built a church and a [[clergy house]] with donations from the local faithful. During a period of ten years from 1736 to 1746, Giovanni Battista Kou (Joannes-Baptista Kou; 1701–1763) had resided in the clergy house while doing missionary work.{{sfn|Gourdon|1981|pp=74–76}} Kou was a [[History of Beijing#Qing dynasty|Beijingese]] priest trained at the [[University of Naples "L'Orientale"|Collegio dei Cinesi]] in [[Naples]].{{sfn|Zheng|2017|p=37}} The faithful from surrounding cities used to gather at the Jiangjin church to sing the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] and receive the [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|sacraments]] administered by Father Kou. Musical instruments such as [[Sheng (instrument)|sheng]] and [[Xiao (flute)|xiao]] were used during major [[Calendar of saints|Catholic feasts]].{{sfn|Gourdon|1981|pp=75–76}}
During this period, an emerging phenomenon of [[consecrated virgin]]s came into existence in Sichuan. One of the earliest such virgins was Agnes Yang, a woman from [[Mingshan, Ya'an|Mingshan County]] in western Sichuan. Her baptism was confirmed by an MEP priest, [[Joachim-Enjobert de Martiliat]], the fourth Apostolic Vicar of Szechwan and author of the first detailed ''Rules for Consecrated Virgins'' (1744).{{sfn|Tiedemann|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|De Martiliat|1921|pp=1–4}} De Martiliat visited Agnes again in 1733 when she was over fifty years old and found that she had remained faithful and chaste.{{sfn|Li|2021|pp=64–65}} These unmarried Catholic women served as baptizers and female [[Catholic catechesis|catechists]] for the evangelization among women. The role they played was important in the growth of the Church in Sichuan, because of the segregation of the sexes in China.{{sfn|Mungello|2021|p=120}} The most committed promoter of this practice was [[Jean-Martin Moye]], [[wiktionary:provicar|provicar]] in [[Chongqing|Eastern Szechwan]] (future [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Archdiocese of Chongqing]]) and [[Guizhou|Kweichow]] (future [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Archdiocese of Guiyang]]) since 1773, who founded the [[Congregation of Divine Providence|Congregation of the Sisters of Providence]] in [[Lorraine]] before entering the mission field of Sichuan.<ref name="JC" />
==== Latter half of the 18th century ====
[[File:François Pottier.jpg|thumb|160px|After a portrait of François Pottier painted in 1787 at Chengdu]]
In 1753, the MEP took over responsibility for Catholic mission in Sichuan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://u.osu.edu/mclc/2018/11/08/sichuans-catholic-past/ |title=On the Trail of Sichuan's Catholic Past |last=Ma |first=Te |date=8 November 2018 |website=[[Ohio State University|u.osu.edu]] |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref> In 1756, {{ill|François Pottier|fr}}, a young priest ordained in [[Tours]] just three years ago, arrived in Sichuan, taking charge as provicar of the five or six thousand Catholics dispersed in the province. After three years of pastoral visits, he was arrested and tortured, spent a few months in prison in Chongqing. In 1767 he was appointed Titular Bishop of [[Ahtopol|Agathopolis]] and Apostolic Vicar of Szechwan. His episcopal consecration on 10 September 1769 took place in [[Xi'an]], the capital of [[Shaanxi|Shaanxi Province]], where he had to flee during a persecution. Having sold his house in Chengdu in 1764, Pottier retired with seven students to a cottage in Fenghuangshan (Phoenix Mountain), 7 kilometers west of Chengdu. His poor school reminded him of the [[Nativity of Jesus|stable in Bethlehem]], he called it the "Nativity Seminary". In 1770, his school was denounced to the authorities, and the cottage was destroyed. A few years later, Bishop Pottier resumed the work of training future priests by founding in 1780 a seminary at Long-ki in the Sichuan-[[Yunnan]] border region. From 1780 to 1814, forty priests left this seminary and moved to Lo-lang-keou in southern Sichuan shortly after its opening.<ref name="JC"/>
In 1783, Pottier chose [[Jean-Didier de Saint-Martin]] as [[Coadjutor bishop|coadjutor]] and ordained him bishop at Chengdu on 13 June 1784. Saint-Martin was imprisoned and then expelled from China the following year, but he managed to return to his post in 1792, the year of Pottier's death. He ensured his own succession by taking [[Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse]] as coadjutor, whom he ordained [[Tabarka#Ecclesiastical history|Bishop of Tabraca]] in 1800. This new bishop already had twenty years of experience in Sichuan, where he arrived in 1776. His ministry was interrupted by the persecution of 1784. Dufresse was imprisoned, brought to Beijing and then exiled to [[Portuguese Macau]] and the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish Philippines]], he secretly returned to Chengdu in 1789 and was put in charge of the Eastern Szechwan and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Guizhou missions]]. On the death of Saint-Martin in 1801, he took charge of the entire province. Despite the insecurity and multiple setbacks, the Church in Sichuan was then relatively prosperous. In 1756 there were 4,000 Catholics and two local priests in the province. In 1802, the number increased tenfold with 40,000 Catholics and 16 local priests. The pastoral experience accumulated during the 18th century made it possible to establish a general directory of the conditions of Christian life and the ministry of the sacraments.<ref name="JC"/>
==== Persecution ====
The Christians in the 18th century suffered from persecution on both the local and national levels. Since the beginning of the [[Chinese Rites controversy]] in the 17th century, i.e., a dispute among Catholic missionaries over the religiosity of Confucianism, the position of foreign missionaries in China became very difficult. In 1724, the [[Yongzheng Emperor]] prohibited the propagation of Christianity through his [[Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor|Amplified Instructions on the Sacred Edict]], which was issued by [[Kangxi Emperor|his predecessor]] to instruct the average subjects in the empire in the basic principles of Confucian orthodoxy.{{sfn|Jeanne|1983|pp=57–58}}
In addition to imperial persecutions, Catholics in Sichuan had to face formidable local opposition. The ordinary inhabitants of Sichuan had little toleration for this new religion. Catholics were harassed by officials and common people alike, who regarded the Catholics as non-comformists going against long-established traditions such as the segregation of the sexes according to Confucian teachings, for Catholic men and women prayed together in churches. Local authorities actively sought opportunities to humiliate them in order to better their position in the eyes of common people. Catholics were also accused of being members of a secret political society that might threaten the imperial rule. District magistrates found it convenient to manipulate non-Catholic communities against the Catholics, leading to injustices against the latter in the courts. Catholics often lost their cases, their properties were consequently confiscated, their churches destroyed. Some well-to-do families were thus reduced to poverty and had to beg for food in the streets.{{sfn|Jeanne|1983|pp=57–58}}<ref name="Laamann" />
As a consequence, significant numbers of Catholics withdrew into the remote mountains and hinterlands of western Sichuan, becoming "hidden Christians" in order to avoid official attention. This situation remained until the lifting of missionary controls in 1858 by the [[Treaty of Tientsin]].<ref name="Laamann" />
=== 19th century ===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Jean-Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse.jpg
| image2 = Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis.png
| footer = Bishop Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse, future martyr saint, presented {{lang|la|Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis}} to Rome, fruit of the First Synod of Sichuan, which was the first Catholic synod held in China.
}}
On 2 September 1803, [[Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse|Bishop Gabriel Taurin Dufresse]] convened the first synod in China near [[Chongzhou|Chongqingzhou]] ({{lang|fr|Tchong-king-tcheou}}, 'Chongqing Prefecture'), 40 kilometers west of Chengdu.<ref name="JC"/>{{sfn|Wright|1908|p=322}} Thirteen Chinese priests and two French priests participated, namely Dufresse and {{ill|Jean-Louis Florens|no}}.{{sfn|Camps|2009|p=115}} The decisions published in {{lang|la|Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis}} refer primarily to the pastoral care of the sacraments. Chapter 10 deals with the ministry of the priests, recommending fervor in the spiritual life and discretion in temporal things. The provisions of the [[First Synod of Sichuan]] were to guide the [[apostolate]] in this province and in many other regions of China until the [[Plenary Council of Shanghai]] in 1924.<ref name="MEP">{{cite web |url=https://missionsetrangeres.com/eglises-asie/2000-09-16-canonisation-de-martyrs-de-leglise-en-chine/ |title=Canonisation de martyrs de l'église en Chine |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=18 March 2010 |website=missionsetrangeres.com |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|SVS|1822}}
In 1805, the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] launched an even harsher persecution which lasted for many years. In Sichuan, the first victim was {{ill|Augustine Tchao|fr|Augustin Tchao}}, a priest from [[Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Autonomous County|Wuchuan]], [[Guizhou|Guizhou Province]], who died after torture in a prison in Chengdu on 27 January 1815. Bishop Dufresse was also a victim during this persecution. He was betrayed to the imperial authorities by a scared new convert under torture, and was arrested on 18 May 1815. He was taken to [[Xinjin, Chengdu|Xinjin]], then to Chengdu, where he was beheaded on 14 September of the same year in the North Gate Square.<ref name="MEP" /> His head was tied to a post and his body was exposed for three days as a warning to others. He was canonized a saint by [[Pope John Paul II]] on 1 October 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catholicsaints.info/saint-jean-gabriel-taurin-dufresse/ |title=Saint Jean-Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=8 February 2022 |website=catholicsaints.info |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Eglise de Dengchigou (Baoxing, Sichuan, Chine) - www.panda.fr.jpg|thumb|250px|Interior of Annunciation Church, Dengchigou, former Seminary of Muping.]]
In 1830, the MEP, as a [[society of apostolic life]] which had the objective of evangelizing non-Christian Asian countries, secretly opened a college at [[Muping Town|Muping]] (in French, {{lang|fr|Moupin}}), on Sichuan-Tibetan border, known as Muping Seminary or {{lang|fr|Collège de l'Annonciation}} (presently the {{ill|Annunciation Church, Dengchigou|lt=Annunciation Church at Dengchigou|fr|Église de l'Annonciation de Dengchigou}}) to recruit local clergy. [[Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert]], founder of the seminary, became the first [[Superior (hierarchy)|superior]]. He lived there for twelve years before leaving for [[Catholic Church in Korea|Korea]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1894/Saints-Laurent-Imbert--Pierre-Maubant-et-Jacques-Chastan.html |title=Saints Laurent Imbert, Pierre Maubant et Jacques Chastan, Martyrs en Corée (+ 1839) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=nominis.[[Bishops' Conference of France|cef.fr]] |language=fr |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://missionsetrangeres.com/martyrsdasie/saint-laurent-imbert/ |title=Saint Laurent Imbert |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=missionsetrangeres.com |language=fr |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref> In one of his letters, he wrote, "the Szechwan Mission is well enough furnished to be able to do without a missionary."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://irfa.paris/ancienne_publication/annales-de-la-societe-des-missions-etrangeres-1933/annales-n-214/ |title=Annales de la Société des Missions Étrangères nº 214, 1933 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=irfa.paris |language=fr |page=3 |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref> In 1858, the [[Treaty of Tientsin]] effectively legalized Christian missions in China, a century ban on Catholicism came to an end. Newly arrived missionaries in western Sichuan mistook those "hidden Christians" for Buddhists.<ref name="Laamann" />
After 1858, many of the missionaries stationed at the {{lang|fr|Collège de l'Annonciation de Moupin}} were well educated in the natural sciences (botany, zoology, geology) and sought to come into contact with scientific establishments of Paris.{{sfn|Van Grasdorff|2007}} Today the Annunciation Church is well-remembered thanks to [[Armand David]], a [[Congregation of the Mission|Lazarist]] missionary as well as a zoologist and a botanist, who in 1869 arrived at Muping in a [[Litter (vehicle)|sedan chair]]. There, he discovered the [[giant panda]], which was hitherto known only to the Chinese. About fifty local students studied at the Muping Seminary under the direction of Anatole Dugrité, superior of the {{lang|fr|Collège de l'Annonciation}}. At that time, the college and mission station belonged to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Apostolic Vicariate of Western Szechwan]] whose bishop was {{ill|Annet-Théophile Pinchon|fr}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panda.fr/il-y-a-150-ans-le-pere-armand-david-arrivait-dans-la-principaute-de-moupin-l-actuel-comte-de-baoxing.html |title=Il y a 150 ans, le Père Armand David arrivait dans la principauté de Moupin, l'actuel comté de Baoxing |last=Pouille |first=Jérôme |date=1 March 2019 |website=panda.fr |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
On 20 September 1880,{{sfn|He|2020}} the Second Synod of Sichuan was convened by Bishop [[Jules Lepley]] and held in [[Yibin|Suifu]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://irfa.paris/missionnaire/0790-lepley-jules/ |title=Jules LEPLEY |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=irfa.paris |language=fr |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan]]. Participants included the apostolic vicars and provicars of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Eastern Szechwan]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Northwestern Szechwan]], Southern Szechwan, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Tibet]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Kweichow]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kunming|Yunnan]].{{sfn|He|2020}}
[[File:领报修院07.jpg|thumb|250px|The abandoned Annunciation Seminary]]
At [[Bailu, Pengzhou]], construction of the [[Annunciation Seminary, Bailu|Annunciation Seminary]] was started in 1895 by Bishop [[Marie-Julien Dunand]], successor to Bishop Pinchon who died in 1891.{{sfn|Liao|2014}} The seminary was designed by two French missionaries, Alexandre Perrodin and Léon Rousseau. The construction lasted 13 years, after its completion in 1908, it became an important institute for the training of priests in the province at that time.{{sfn|Tan|Ruan|Chen|Ma|2013|pp=120–121}}
That same year (1895) was marked by a serious outbreak of anti-foreign agitation began in the capital Chengdu, and thence spread throughout the province.{{sfn|ABFMS|1920|p=20}} In the capital, the property of the Catholic mission and that of three [[Protestantism in Sichuan|Protestant missions]] was destroyed;{{sfn|Stewart|1934}} and all missionaries of all missions, Catholic and Protestant alike, were thankful to escape with their lives.{{sfn|Various authors|1920|p=42}}
{{multiple image |perrow=2 |total_width=290
| image1 = Adolphe Roulland.png
| image2 = Thérèse of Lisieux holding La Mission du Su-tchuen.jpg
| image3 = Saint Thérèse's picture for Father Roulland.jpg
| image4 = Saint Thérèse's picture for Father Roulland (detail).jpg
| footer = Above: Adolphe Roulland, a spiritual brother of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux; Thérèse of Lisieux holding in her right hand {{lang|fr|La Mission du Su-Tchuen au {{smallcaps2|XVIII}}{{small|{{sup|me}}}} siècle}}. Below: Saint Thérèse's Sacred Heart picture for Father Adolphe Roulland. Beneath the Divine Blood flowing on the earth, she inscribed {{lang|fr|Su-Tchuen oriental}}, as can be discerned in the enlarged detail on the right.
}}
On 29 July 1896, a newly ordained priest [[Adolphe Roulland]], was sent to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Szechwan]] by Paris Foreign Missions Society. The next year, he was appointed vicar at [[Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County|Youyang]] (Yeou-yang), in the city of Chongqing. Five years later (1902), he was appointed parish priest of Mapaochang (Ma-pao-tchang; now merged with {{ill|Shima Town|zh|石馬鎮 (重慶市)}}) in the same city, where he stayed for seven years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://irfa.paris/missionnaire/2226-roulland-adolphe/ |title=Adolphe ROULLAND |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=irfa.paris |language=fr |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> Roulland was a spiritual brother of [[Thérèse of Lisieux|Saint Thérèse of Lisieux]]. He gifted the {{ill|Carmelite Convent of Lisieux|fr|Carmel de Lisieux}} the book by Léonide Guiot, {{lang|fr|La Mission du Su-Tchuen au {{smallcaps2|XVIII}}{{small|{{sup|me}}}} siècle : Vie et Apostolat de Mgr Pottier, son fondateur}} ('The Su-Tchuen Mission in the 18th Century: Life and Apostolate of Bishop Pottier, Its Founder', 1892), which had a great influence on Thérèse.{{sfn|Marin|2010}}
Thérèse gave Roulland a [[Sacred Heart]] picture accompanied by a prayer: "O Divine Blood of Jesus! Water our mission, sprout the elect." Surrounded by floral marginalia, the heart with a small cross is depicted dripping a drop of blood on {{lang|fr|Su-Tchuen oriental}}, denoting the spilled [[Blood of Christ|Divine Blood]] on the Mission of Chongqing.{{sfn|Zuazua|2014|p=22}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archives.carmeldelisieux.fr/en/archive/decouverte-de-lt-193-bis/ |title=Rediscovery of an image of Thérèse after 80 years in a cupboard |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=archives.carmeldelisieux.fr |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref>
In her letter to Roulland dated 30 July 1896, Thérèse expressed her hope for a visit to Sichuan: "I have attached the [[:File:Mission du Su-tchuen oriental.jpg|map of Su-Tchuen]] on the wall where I work, [...] I will ask Jesus' permission to go to visit you at Su-Tchuen, and we shall continue our apostolate together."{{sfn|Therese of Lisieux|2014}} Today, in addition to keeping one of Thérèse's letters to Fr. Roulland, the Church of Janua Coeli at Shima ({{ill|Ma Pao Tchang Church|zh|馬跑教堂}}) also preserves one of her [[Relic#Christianity|relics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fides.org/zh/news/4532-%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD_%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E5%96%84%E5%BA%A6%E5%9C%A3%E5%A5%B3%E5%B0%8F%E5%BE%B7%E8%82%8B%E6%92%92%E4%B8%BB%E4%BF%9D_%E5%BC%80%E5%90%AF%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E6%9C%88%E8%BF%8E%E6%8E%A5%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E8%8A%82 |title=各地善度圣女小德肋撒主保、开启传教月迎接传教节 |trans-title=Celebration of the Feast Day of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux and the Missionary Month took place in various places in China |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=8 October 2009 |website=[[Agenzia Fides|fides.org]] |language=zh-hans |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>
=== 20th century ===
{{multiple image
| image1 = Jean-André Soulié.jpg
| width1 = 150
| caption1 = Jean-André Soulié
| image2 = Jean-Théodore Monbeig.png
| width2 = 140
| caption2 = Jean-Théodore Monbeig
| footer_background = #F7E7CE
| footer_align = center
| footer = Missionaries in the Sichuan-Tibetan borderland
}}
In 1905, four French missionaries were killed in the [[Batang uprising|Bathang uprising]], including [[André Soulié|Jean-André Soulié]], who worked in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Apostolic Vicariate of Tibet]]. He was captured, tortured and shot by [[lama]]s close to [[Yarigong Township, Sichuan|Yaregong]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.mepasie.org/annales-des-missions-etrangeres/un-missionnaire-massacra-c-au-thibet |title=Un Missionnaire Massacré au Thibet : M. Soulié |last=Launay |first=Adrien |date=1905 |website=archives.mepasie.org |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122174739/http://archives.mepasie.org/annales-des-missions-etrangeres/un-missionnaire-massacra-c-au-thibet |archive-date=22 November 2015}}</ref> Nine years later (1914), [[Théodore Monbeig|Jean-Théodore Monbeig]], another French missionary working in the [[Kham|Sichuan-Tibetan border region]], was killed by lamas near [[Litang County|Lithang]], not long after helping revive the Christian community at [[Batang, Sichuan|Bathang]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://irfa.paris/missionnaire/2423-monbeig-jean-theodore/ |title=Jean-Théodore MONBEIG |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=irfa.paris |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.jstor.org/person/bm000329716 |title=Monbeig, Jean-Théodore (1875-1914) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=plants.jstor.org |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
In 1918, French missionary François-Marie-Joseph Gourdon edited and published in Chongqing ''[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]]'', by the authority of {{ill|Célestin Chouvellon|fr}}, [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing#Episcopal ordinaries|Bishop of Eastern Szechwan]]. This work is allegedly based on [[Gabriel de Magalhães]]'s {{lang|pt|Relação das tyranias obradas por Canghien Chungo famoso ladrão da China em o anno de 1651}}.{{sfn|Chan|2011|p=68}} In addition, ''An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Anyo'', detailing the history of the Church in [[Anyue County]] ({{small|[[Sichuanese Pinyin|Sichuanese romanization]]:}} ''Anyo''), was published in 1924, with the approval of Urbain Claval, Provicar of Eastern Szechwan.{{sfn|Qin|Shen|2008|p=111}}
By the end of 1921, there were 143,747 Catholic Christians in Sichuan. These worshipped in 826 chapels and churches scattered throughout the province which was divided into four bishoprics with episcopal residences at [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Chengdu]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Chongqing]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Suifu]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Ningyuan]]. Almost 8,000 adults were baptized into the Catholic Church during 1918. In addition to regular evangelistic activities, the Church maintained nearly 400 parish schools of primary grade with over 7,500 students. There were three colleges in the province, two in Chongqing and one in Chengdu; ten seminaries, and five schools for girls. Catholic missions also reported five hospitals and seven dispensaries.{{sfn|Stauffer|1922|p=228}}
[[File:Comunidad de los redentoristas españoles en Chengtu.png|thumb|left|Spanish Redemptorist community in Chengdu, with [[Jacques-Victor-Marius Rouchouse]], the then Apostolic Vicar of Chengdu. See "[[Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan]]".]]
In February 1928, Segundo Miguel Rodríguez, José Morán Pan and Segundo Velasco Arina sailed for China. Initially, they were put in charge of the seminary of the [[Congregatio Discipulorum Domini|Congregation of the Disciples of the Lord]] in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Xuanhua|Apostolic Vicariate of Süanhwafu]], [[Hebei|Hebei Province]]. Subsequently, they were transferred to Sichuan as the first band of [[Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan|Spanish Redemptorist missionaries]] to take up work in that province.{{sfn|Tiedemann|2016|p=15}} Their first permanent foundation was made in [[Chengdu]] on 24 April 1934,{{sfn|Boland|1987|p=76}} which expanded to include a mission house and a chapel.{{sfn|Donnithorne|2019}} In addition to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu]], the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Apostolic Vicariate of Ningyuanfu]] became their second mission base in 1938. This district covers the entire [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Nosu Country]] that is further to the west and bordered by [[Kham|eastern Tibet]].{{sfn|Boland|2002|p=606}} The last Spanish Redemptorists were expelled from China by the communist regime in 1952.{{sfn|Tiedemann|2016|p=15}}
[[File:BarrachinaLapiedra-1990-Fray.Pascual.Nadal.Oltra (cropped).jpg|thumb|190px|Pascual Nadal Oltra, a [[Pego, Alicante|Pego]]-born Franciscan missionary, beheaded in 1935 in [[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture|Ngawa]], one of the three Tibetan regions of Western Sichuan.]]
[[File:St. Anne's Church, Mosimien.png|thumb|190px|St. Anne's Church, Moxi]]
In 1930, a Spanish [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] friar and artist {{ill|Pascual Nadal Oltra|es}} arrived in [[Moxi, Luding County|Moxi]] (Mosimien), a small town located in [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Garzê]], one of the three Tibetan regions of Western Sichuan. With the support of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding#Ordinaries|Bishop of Tatsienlu]] ({{ill|Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau|fr}}) and his coadjutor {{ill|Pierre Valentin|fr}}, Oltra, the Father Guardian Plácido Albiero, a Canadian friar Bernabé Lafond and an Italian José Andreatta formed the founding community of a [[leper colony]] established near {{ill|St. Anne's Church, Moxi|lt=St. Anne's Church|es|Iglesia de Santa Ana (Mosimién)}},{{sfn|Barrachina Lapiedra|1990|p=59}} known as St. Joseph's Home.{{sfn|LIC|1949|p=469}} There were dormitories for leper patients, a pharmacy and an infirmary. The installation of the first lepers was not easy, given their ignorance and the situation of marginalization and social aversion in which they lived. Nevertheless, by 1935, the missionaries already had a hundred patients.{{sfn|Barrachina Lapiedra|1990|p=65}}
In May 1935, a communist army column led by [[Mao Zedong]] (Mao Tse Tung) was fleeing [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s regular army to northwest China through the Moxi area, part of a military retreat later known as [[Long March]]. According to the [[Valencia]]n Franciscan friar José Miguel Barrachina Lapiedra, author of the book {{lang|es|Fray Pascual Nadal y Oltra: Apóstol de los leprosos, mártir de China}}, and a report published in ''[[CatholicNews|Malaya Catholic Leader]]'', the official newspaper of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Singapore|Archdiocese of Singapore]]: "The communist soldiers entered the leper colony, they looted the residence and arrested the friars and sisters. Many of the lepers tried to defend the missionaries, but they were shot by the soldiers. The Franciscans were then brought before Mao Tse Tung, who interrogated them, imprisoned two of them, Pascual Nadal Oltra and an Italian friar [[Epifanio Pegoraro]], and released the rest. There were more than 30,000 Reds in the band, including a large number of women. Before their departure, the soldiers ransacked the village, carrying away everything movable and edible, left the people of the district without means of subsistence. Days later, on 4 December 1935, the army reached {{ill|Lianghekou, Xiaojin|lt=Leang Ho Kow|zh|兩河口鎮 (小金縣)}}, [[Xiaojin County|Tsanlha]], where the two Franciscans were beheaded with a sword."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radiopego.com/investigacio-a-fons-de-la-mort-de-fra-pascual-nadal-oltra/ |title=Investigació a fons de la mort de Fra Pascual Nadal Oltra |last=Garcia |first=Sara |date=29 November 2006 |website=radiopego.com |language=ca-valencia |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lasprovincias.es/valencia/prensa/20061129/ocio/investigan-muerte-1935-fraile_20061129.html |title=Investigan la muerte en 1935 de un fraile de Pego en China |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=29 November 2006 |website=[[Las Provincias|lasprovincias.es]] |language=es |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|MCL|1935|p=7}}{{sfn|Borao Mateo|2017|p=183}}
In her letter to the poet [[Raymond Cortat]], dated 17 January 1937, [[Marie-Rosine Sahler]], a member of the [[Franciscan Missionaries of Mary]], recounts in detail her journey, her arrival in China and her life in the Mosimien leper colony, a testimony about the political hardship: "In 1935, the leper colony was savagely attacked by communist army and the mission community had to flee to the mountains and stay there for eight days. Upon her return, she found the leper colony ransacked and all supplies looted. Nevertheless, the community managed to recover and welcome back the sick, who in 1937 were 148 people."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.diocese15.fr/diocese/patrimoine/en-direct-des-archives/2020/une-missionnaire-aurillacoise-au-tibet |title=Une missionnaire aurillacoise au Tibet |last=Moulier |first=Pascale |date=2020 |website=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Flour|diocese15.fr]] |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
In 1947, [[Trappists|Trappist monks]] from {{ill|Our Lady of Joy Abbey, Zhengding|lt=Our Lady of Joy Abbey|zh|正定神樂院}} ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Zhengding|Diocese of Zhengding]]) transferred their monastery to [[Xindu, Chengdu]], due to the [[Chinese Civil War|ongoing civil war]]. Father Paulin Li and forty monks reached their destination via Shanghai. They remained in Sichuan for two years, until the end of 1949, when the communist invasion reached there, too. By which time, north and central China were already taken over by communists. It became evident that the monastic community had to move again.{{sfn|Ferreux|2022}}<ref name="CATW">{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org.tw/trappist/htmls/his.htm |title=聖母神樂院滄桑五十年簡史——乙、四川成都的【神樂院】(一九四七 ~ 一九五零) |trans-title=A brief history of the 50-year vicissitudes of Our Lady of Joy Abbey: The Chengdu Monastery, Sichuan (1947–1950) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[Chinese Regional Bishops' Conference of Taiwan|catholic.org.tw]] |language=zh-hant |access-date=4 October 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203083744/http://www.catholic.org.tw/trappist/htmls/his.htm |archive-date=3 December 2005}}</ref> On Christmas Day, 1949, communists occupied the Chengdu Monastery and its surrounding land. A couple of the young monks were severely beaten, three were martyred after brutal torture, namely, Vincent Shi, Albert Wei, and Father You.{{sfn|Hattaway|2007}} Father Paulin Li managed to transfer ten of the monks to Canada, including nine Chinese nationals and one [[Belgians|Belgian]]. Eventually, the abbey was re-established on [[Lantau Island]], [[British Hong Kong]]. A permanent location for [[Our Lady of Joy Abbey|Our Lady of Joy Abbey at Hong Kong]] was secured on 19 February 1956.<ref name="CATW" />
== 1949–present ==
=== Background ===
After the communist takeover of China in 1949, a combination of assertive nationalism and socialist ideology led to the eradication of the Western presence in the country, including Western culture and products. "The denunciation of anything Western as 'capitalist', '[[bourgeois]]' and representative of the '[[imperialism|imperialist]] world' reached a peak during the ideological extremism of the [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) when the final vestiges of the Western economic and cultural presence were eradicated."{{sfn|Hooper|2000|p=442}} Missionary and communist ambitions simply were irreconcilable and the wide ideological gap could not be bridged. The stage had been set for the communists' catastrophic assault on the missionary enterprise during the Civil War period (1946–1949) and the expulsion of virtually all foreigners in the early 1950s.{{sfn|Tiedemann|2005|p=60}} Foreign missionaries who were suspected of being spies were arrested, some were sent to "[[Thought reform in China|thought reform]] centers" in which they underwent disturbing re-education process in a vindictive prison setting.{{sfn|Lifton|1957|pp=626–644}} Missionary institutes funded by foreign money were closed down and all foreign missionaries expelled from the country.{{sfn|Leung|1995}} [[Catholic Church in China|Catholicism in China]], like all religions, has since been permitted to operate only under the supervision of the [[State Administration for Religious Affairs]]. All legal worship has to be conducted in government-approved churches belonging to the [[Catholic Patriotic Association]], which does not accept the [[Papal primacy|primacy of the Roman pontiff]].{{sfn|Moody|2013|pp=403–431}}
=== Church in Sichuan ===
During the [[Land Reform Movement]] in the early 1950s, several [[Legion of Mary]] (LOM) organizations in [[Pengzhou]] were banned and persecuted, since the communist regime termed the LOM a "counter-revolutionary force".{{sfn|Qin|Shen|2008|p=225}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/winter-olympics-venue-tainted-by-chinas-massacre-of-catholics/95749 |title=Winter Olympics venue tainted by China's massacre of Catholics |last=Rozario |first=Rock Ronald |date=17 January 2022 |website=[[Union of Catholic Asian News|ucanews.com]] |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>
In 1989, while an [[Diocesan administrator|administrator]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Qinzhou|Diocese of Qinzhou]], {{ill|John Baptist Wang Ruohan|pl}} was consecrated "[[Underground church|underground bishop]]" [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|of Kangding]] by {{ill|Paul Li Zhenrong|no}}, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Xianxian|Bishop of Xianxian]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bishops-in-china.com/default.asp?iId=KGMFJ |title=Bishops in China, W: Wang Ruohan, John Baptist |last=Brender |first=Andreas |date=2012 |website=bishops-in-china.com |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> In 2011, John Baptist was arrested by Chinese security forces, along with his brothers, Bishop [[Casimir Wang Mi-lu]] and Father [[John Wang Ruowang]], as well as a group of lay faithful, who do not belong to the government-authorized Catholic Patriotic Association.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Tianshui:-police-arrest-dozens-of-underground-priests-and-lay-faithful-22441.html |title=Tianshui: police arrest dozens of underground priests and lay faithful |last=Wang |first=Zhicheng |date=24 August 2011 |website=asianews.it |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
In 2005, Chinese government officials planned to consecrate two bishops in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Dioceses of Chengdu]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Leshan (Jiading)]] without papal mandate, whose appointments were rejected by the approximately 140,000 faithful in both dioceses, due to their open political maneuvering.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/catholic-world-news-prc-government-to-force-new-bishops-on |title=Catholic World News: PRC Government to Force New Bishops on Registered Catholic Church in Sichuan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 March 2005 |website=[[Congressional-Executive Commission on China|cecc.gov]] |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref>
Following the devastation of dozens of churches by the [[2008 Sichuan earthquake]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Dozens-of-churches-destroyed-or-devastated-by-Sichuan-earthquake-12314.html |title=Dozens of churches destroyed or devastated by Sichuan earthquake |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 May 2008 |website=asianews.it |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> [[Audrey Donnithorne]] set up a fund for the reconstruction of churches, schools and nurseries in that province where she had been born in 1922. Audrey was the daughter of [[Vyvyan Donnithorne]], an English [[Evangelical Anglicanism|Anglican]] missionary stationed at the [[Gospel Church, Guanghan|Gospel Church of Hanchow]] in northern Sichuan during the 1930s. She converted to Catholicism in 1943,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hkrbooks.com/2021/01/10/china-in-lifes-foreground/ |title=Book Review: ''China: In Life's Foreground'' |last=Zhang |first=Emma |date=10 January 2021 |website=hkrbooks.com |access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref> and received baptism at [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu]].{{sfn|Wang|2020}} She was crucial in the reconciliation of a "[[Catholic Patriotic Association|patriotic]]" bishop in Sichuan with the [[Holy See]], leading to the establishment of unity between the "[[Underground church|underground]]" and "patriotic" churches in that province. She was expelled from [[Mainland China]] in 1997 due to her activities for the Church.{{sfn|Cairns|2020}}
In 2011, after trying to reclaim two former church properties in [[Moxi, Luding County|Moxi]] that were confiscated by authorities in the 1950s, Sister Xie Yuming and Father Huang Yusong were attacked by a group of unknown assailants on 3 September. The nun was severely beaten while the priest suffered minor injuries. The properties, a Latin school demolished by the authorities, and a boys' school occupied by Moxi government officials by the time, were formerly owned by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/check-nun-priest-beaten-by-mob/29080 |title=Nun, priest beaten by mob |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=6 September 2011 |website=ucanews.com |access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref>
On 29 June 2022, a celebration of the anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party was held at the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Leshan|Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]] in [[Leshan]] ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Diocese of Jiading]]), for political reasons. The Catholics were called to "listen to the word of the Party, feel the grace of the Party, and follow the Party". According to a Catholic source contacted by ''[[AsiaNews]]'', "in China it is no longer a question of listening to the Lord, of feeling his grace and following him. This is the root of the disease of the Chinese Church today, it is difficult to get away from the influence of ideology. Politics has entered the Church", and persecution of Church members who do not want to submit to religious bodies controlled by the Party continues.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Bishop-Lei-celebrates-the-birth-of-China%E2%80%99s-Communist-Party-in-Leshan-cathedral-56172.html |title=Bishop Lei celebrates the birth of China's Communist Party in Leshan cathedral |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2 July 2022 |website=asianews.it |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
== Dioceses ==
The Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan was established in 1696 with its seat in Chengdu. In 1856, the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan was renamed the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan (also known as Apostolic Vicariate of Western Szechwan) upon the establishment of the Apostolic Vicariate of Southeastern Szechwan,<ref name="AOC">{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dchun.html |title=Archdiocese of Chongqing [Chungking] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org|catholic-hierarchy.org]] |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref> with the seat of the latter in [[Chongqing]].<ref name="UCA-CD">{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-chengdu/255 |title=Diocese of Chengdu |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Planchet|1917|p=211}}
In 1860, the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan was established with its seat in [[Yibin|Suifu]].{{sfn|Planchet|1917|p=215}} In 1910, the Apostolic Vicariate of Kienchang was established with its seat in [[Xichang|Ningyüanfu]].{{sfn|Planchet|1917|p=219}} In 1924, the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan was renamed the Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu, which was eventually promoted to Diocese of Chengtu in 1946.<ref name="UCA-CD"/>
Today, the Catholic Church in Sichuan has 1 archdiocese and 7 dioceses covering the entire province and the city of Chongqing.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">
File:7 vicariats apostoliques du Se-Tchouan.jpg|The seven former apostolic vicariates of Szechwan (excluding [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Ta-tsien-lou]] which belonged to the [[Catholic Church in Tibet#19th century|Mission of Tibet]]): [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Tchen-tou]] (northwest), [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Tchong-kin]] (southeast), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing|Chouen-king]] (central), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Si-tchang]] (southwest), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Su-fou]] (south), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Ia-gan]] (west), and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Ouan-hien]] (east). Map by François Roux [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|ME]], 1913.
File:Généalogie des juridictions MEP au Sichuan avec ses rattachements.png|Genealogy of [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|MEP]] ecclesiastical jurisdiction in [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Sichuan]], with its three attachments: [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Tibet]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kunming|Yunnan]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Guizhou]].
</gallery>
=== Eastern Szechwan Mission ===
{| class=wikitable
!scope="col" width="200"| Diocese
!scope="col" width="130"| French
!scope="col" width="50"| Former name/spelling
!scope="col" width="300"| Cathedral
!scope="col" width="500"| History
!scope="col" width="50"| Founded
!scope="col" width="50"| Ref.
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Archdiocese of Chongqing]]
|{{lang|fr|Tchong-kin-fou}}
|Chungking
|[[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1930.htm |title=Cathedral of St. Joseph, Chongqing |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•2 April 1856: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Southeastern Szechwan with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan
•24 January 1860: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Szechwan<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Chungking<br />
•2 August 1929: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Wanhsien<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Chungking
|1856
|<ref name="AOC" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-chongqing/187 |title=Archdiocese of Chongqing |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Diocese of Wanxian]]
|{{lang|fr|Ouan-hien}}
|Wanhsien
|[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Wanzhou]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/3792.htm |title=Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Wanzhou |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•2 August 1929: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Wanhsien (today known as [[Wanzhou, Chongqing|Wanzhou]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Chungking
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Wanhsien
|1929
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dwanh.html |title=Diocese of Wanxian [Wanhsien] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-wanxian/188 |title=Diocese of Wanxian |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=7|[[File:Mission du Su-tchuen oriental.jpg|center|250px]]
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;" |Map of the Eastern Szechwan Mission
|}
=== Western Szechwan Mission ===
{| class=wikitable
!scope="col" width="200"| Diocese
!scope="col" width="130"| French
!scope="col" width="50"| Former name/spelling
!scope="col" width="300"| Cathedral
!scope="col" width="500"| History
!scope="col" width="50"| Founded
!scope="col" width="50"| Ref.
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Diocese of Chengdu]]
|{{lang|fr|Tchen-tou-fou}}
|Chengtu
|[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1979.htm |title=Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Pinganqiao Church), Chengdu |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•15 October 1696: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan
•1715: Gained territory from the suppressed [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Apostolic Vicariate of Kweichow]]{{sfn|Launay|1907|p=13}}<br />
•1781: Gained territory from the suppressed [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kunming|Apostolic Vicariate of Yunnan]]{{sfn|Moidrey|p=153}}<br />
•24 August 1840: Lost territory to re-establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Yunnan{{sfn|Moidrey|p=153}}<br />
•27 March 1846: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Lhasa and re-establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Kweichow{{sfn|Moidrey|p=110}}<br />
•2 April 1856: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan, {{aka}} Apostolic Vicariate of Western Szechwan; lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Southeastern Szechwan<br />
•24 January 1860: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu<br />
•2 August 1929: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Shunking<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Chengtu
|1696
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dchnu.html |title=Diocese of Chengdu [Chengtu] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="UCA-CD"/>
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing|Diocese of Shunqing]]<br />{{small|(Diocese of Nanchong)}}
|{{lang|fr|Choen-kin-fou}}
|Shunking
|[[Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Nanchong]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1608.htm |title=Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Nanchong |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•2 August 1929: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Shunking (today known as [[Nanchong]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Shunking
|1929
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dshun.html |title=Diocese of Nanchong [Shunking] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-nanchong/257 |title=Diocese of Nanchong |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=7|[[File:Mission du Su-tchuen occidental.jpg|center|250px]]
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;" |Map of the Western Szechwan Mission
|}
=== Southern Szechwan Mission ===
{| class=wikitable
!scope="col" width="200"| Diocese
!scope="col" width="130"| French
!scope="col" width="50"| Former name/spelling
!scope="col" width="300"| Cathedral
!scope="col" width="500"| History
!scope="col" width="50"| Founded
!scope="col" width="50"| Ref.
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Diocese of Suifu]]
|{{lang|fr|Suifou}}<br />{{lang|fr|Souifou}}<br />{{lang|fr|Su-tcheou-fou}}
|Suifu
|[[Blessed Sacrament Cathedral, Yibin]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/5284.htm |title=Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Yibin |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•24 January 1860: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan
•12 August 1910: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Kienchang<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Suifu (today known as [[Yibin]])<br />
•10 July 1929: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Prefecture of Yachow<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Suifu
|1860
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsuif.html |title=Diocese of Yibin [Suifu] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-yibin/259 |title=Diocese of Yibin |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Diocese of Ningyuan]]
|{{lang|fr|Lin-yuen-fou}}
|Ningyüanfu
|[[Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/6520.htm |title=Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•12 August 1910: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Kienchang (today known as [[Xichang]], capital of [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Nosuland]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Ningyüanfu (today known as Xichang)<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Ningyüan
|1910
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dning.html |title=Diocese of Xichang [Ningyüan] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-xichang/258 |title=Diocese of Xichang |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Diocese of Jiading]]
|{{lang|fr|Kia-tin}}
|Kiating
|[[Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Leshan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1978.htm |title=Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Leshan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•10 July 1929: Established as the Apostolic Prefecture of Yachow (today known as [[Ya'an]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Suifu
•3 March 1933: Elevated as the Apostolic Vicariate of Yachow<br />
•9 February 1938: See transferred and title changed to the Apostolic Vicariate of Kiating (today known as [[Leshan]])<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Kiating
|1929
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkiat.html |title=Diocese of Leshan [Kiating] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-leshan/256 |title=Diocese of Leshan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=7|[[File:Mission du Su-tchuen méridional.jpg|center|250px]]
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;" |Map of the Southern Szechwan Mission
|}
=== Tibetan Mission ===
{{Main|Catholic Church in Tibet}}
{| class=wikitable
!scope="col" width="200"| Diocese
!scope="col" width="130"| French
!scope="col" width="50"| Former name/spelling
!scope="col" width="300"| Cathedral
!scope="col" width="500"| History
!scope="col" width="50"| Founded
!scope="col" width="50"| Ref.
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]
|{{lang|fr|Ta-tsien-lou}}
|Kangting<br />Tatsienlu
|[[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kangding]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/6407.htm |title=Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, Kangding |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|•27 March 1846: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Lhassa ([[Lhasa]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Apostolic Vicariate of Tibet-Hindustan]]
•28 July 1868: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Thibet ([[Tibet]])<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Tatsienlu (today known as [[Kangding]], in [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Sichuanese Tibet]])<br />
•15 December 1929: Lost territory to establish the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Darjeeling|Mission sui iuris of Sikkim]]<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Kangting
|1846
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkang.html |title=Diocese of Kangding [Kangting] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-kangding/589 |title=Diocese of Kangding |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
|}
=== Jurisdictional changes ===
Jurisdictional changes made by the state-sanctioned [[Catholic Patriotic Association|Catholic Patriotic Church]] and the {{ill|Bishops' Conference of Catholic Church in China|zh|中國天主教主教團}} took place in the 1980s and the 1990s. On 24 March 1984, the territory of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]] was placed under the jurisdiction of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Bishop of Ningyuan]]. On 7 March 1993, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Diocese of Jiading]] assumed authority over Kangding. The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Archdiocese of Chongqing]] and the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Diocese of Wanxian]] were split off from Sichuan after the separation of Chongqing from the province on 4 March 1997.{{sfn|Liu|2013|p=50}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="170px" >
File:Ma Pao Tchang Church.jpg|Ma Pao Tchang Church (Archdiocese of Chongqing)
File:JiangbeiChurch.JPG|[[St. Thérèse of Lisieux Church, Chongqing]] (Archdiocese of Chongqing)
File:Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Lourdes, Mianyang.jpg|[[Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Mianyang]] (Diocese of Chengdu)
File:Our Lady of Lourdes Church, interior.jpg|Interior of Our Lady of Lourdes Church at Mianyang
File:Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang.png|[[Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang]] (Diocese of Ningyuan)
File:Mission catholique et église de Dengchigou (Baoxing, Sichuan, Chine) - www.panda.fr.jpg|{{ill|Annunciation Church, Dengchigou|fr|Église de l'Annonciation de Dengchigou}} (Diocese of Jiading)
File:Façade de l'Église du Saint-Rosaire de Souifou.png|Holy Rosary Church, Yibin (Diocese of Suifu)
File:Sacred Heart Cathedral, Tatsienlu.jpg|Exterior and interior of the former [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kangding|Sacred Heart Cathedral at Kangding]] (Diocese of Kangding)
File:Tsakalo1.jpg|[[Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo]] (Diocese of Kangding){{efn|name=Lim|The Alulhaka chapel was part of a network of fourteen chapels located in the remote hills around [[Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County|Gongshan county]] town, where the main Catholic church of the county was located. This network of chapels and churches, together with those in the neighbouring counties in northern [[Yunnan]], are in turn part of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dali|Dali diocese]]. At least this is how the official [[Catholic Patriotic Association|China Catholic Patriotic Church]] currently draws the boundary of the diocese. From the [[Holy See|Vatican]]'s perspective, the churches in Gongshan, [[Dêqên County|Deqin]] and neighbouring counties in Yunnan, [[Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo|Yanjing]] in [[Kham|Tibet]], and [[Batang County|Bathang]], [[Litang County|Lithang]], and [[Kangding]] in Sichuan, still belong to the Diocese of Kangding that was established in 1946.{{sfn|Lim|2013|pp=111–112}}}}
File:Catholic Church Cizhong Yunnan China.jpg|{{ill|Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong|fr|Église du Sacré-Cœur de Tsedjrong}} (Diocese of Kangding){{efn|The Cizhong Catholic Church at [[Dêqên County|Deqin]] falls under the administration of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dali]], although it was formerly part of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding]]; and from the [[Holy See|Vatican]]'s perspective, the church still belongs to the Diocese of Kangding.{{sfn|Lim|2013|pp=111–112}}}}
File:St. Anne's Church, Mosimien (interior) 2.jpg|Altar of {{ill|St. Anne's Church, Moxi|es|Iglesia de Santa Ana (Mosimién)}} (Diocese of Kangding)
File:Altar of Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Chengdu.jpg|Altar of the [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception at Chengdu]] (Diocese of Chengdu)
File:Diocesan curia of Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu.jpg|Diocesan curia of Bishop of Chengdu
</gallery>
== Demographics ==
=== Before 1949 ===
The number of Catholics grew rapidly in the latter half of the 18th century. In 1756 there were 4,000 Catholics and two local priests. In 1802, the number increased tenfold with 40,000 Catholics and 16 local priests.<ref name="JC"/> By 1870, the Church in Sichuan had 80,000 baptized members, which was the largest number of Catholics in the entire country. The number increased to 118,724 members in 1911 during the fall of the last imperial dynasty.{{sfn|Lü|1976|p=266}} Almost 8,000 adults received baptism during the year of 1918. By the end of 1921, the number of Catholics had reached 143,747. They worshipped in 826 chapels and churches scattered throughout the province. The Church maintained nearly 400 parish schools of primary grade with over 7,500 students.{{sfn|Stauffer|1922|p=228}}
=== After 1949 ===
According to the statistics published on ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]'' before 20 November 2005, there were 134,000 Catholics in Sichuan (Ecclesiastical Province of Chongqing), 0.25 per cent of the population (53,145,000).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/spccn1.html |title=China: Statistics by Province |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>
By the end of 2011, Catholics in the dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Chengdu]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing|Shunqing]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Jiading]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Suifu]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Ningyuan]] numbered 110,000, 80,000, 60,000, 30,000 and 30,000 people, respectively, making a total of 310,000 faithful.{{sfn|Zhang|2011}} This data did not include Catholics in Chongqing (dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Chongqing]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Wanxian]]) and [[Tibet]] ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]), due to the separation of Chongqing from Sichuan in 1997 and the diocesan jurisdiction changes took place in the 1980s and the 1990s.{{sfn|Liu|2013|p=50}}
According to Asia Harvest, estimates from 2020 suggest that of the entire population (78,486,760) about 1.32 per cent was Catholic (1,036,538), among whom 455,090 belonged to the state-sanctioned [[Catholic Patriotic Association|Catholic Patriotic Church]] (CPC), and 581,449 were [[underground church]] Catholics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asiaharvest.org/christians-in-china-stats/sichuan |title=Christians in China Stats: Sichuan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020 |website=asiaharvest.org |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref> In the case of Chongqing, Catholics accounted for about 1.76 per cent (478,191) of the entire population (27,179,577). This number was composed of 183,920 CPC Catholics and 294,271 underground church Catholics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asiaharvest.org/christians-in-china-stats/chongqing |title=Christians in China Stats: Chongqing |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020 |website=asiaharvest.org |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>
== Impact ==
The Jesuit fathers [[Lodovico Buglio]] and [[Gabriel de Magalhães]] were ordered to construct a celestial globe, a terrestrial globe and a sundial during the reign of [[Zhang Xianzhong]]. These large devices are given a detailed description in ''[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]]'' as being "really unique at that time, and they amazed those who saw them".{{sfn|Gourdon|1981|pp=23–24}} Yuan Tingdong wrote in his 1998 book ''Cultural History of Ba–Shu'', that "from the information currently available, this is the first time that modern Western scientific achievements have appeared in the [[Ba–Shu culture|Ba–Shu]] region".{{sfn|Yuan|1998|pp=270–271}} During Zhang Xianzhong's massacre, some [[Sichuanese people|Sichuanese]] Catholics fled south to [[Yunnan|Yunnan Province]], which marked the beginning of the spread of Catholicism to Yunnan.<ref name="crntt">{{cite web |url=http://hk.crntt.com/crn-webapp/cbspub/secDetail.jsp?bookid=36485&secid=36506 |title=明清時代的珠江文化——第四節 明清珠江流域的宗教文化（2） |trans-title=Culture along the Pearl River during the Ming and Qing era: Its Religious Culture (part 2) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=hk.crntt.com |language=zh-hant |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Basset-Su Chinese New Testament.jpg|thumb|170px|''Basset–Su Chinese New Testament'', 18th century.]]
[[Jean Basset (died 1707)|Jean Basset]], a French missionary of [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]], undertook the translation of the [[New Testament]] from [[Latin]] [[Vulgate]] in Sichuan, with the assistance of a local convert Johan Su. The translation had only reached [[Hebrews 1|the first chapter]] of the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] due to Basset's death in 1707. One manuscript of this translation, now known as ''Basset–Su Chinese New Testament'', was acquired by the [[British Museum]] in 1739. In 1805, [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]], the first Protestant missionary to China, transcribed this manuscript and subsequently based his own Bible translation on it, which laid the foundation of the entire Protestant missionary enterprise in China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-10067/1 |title=Chinese Harmony of the Gospels (MS Add.10067) |last=Aylmer |first=C. |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[Cambridge Digital Library|cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk]] |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>
In the 18th century, the distinctiveness of the Catholics of Sichuan became especially evident in the local society. Their way of life, their adherence to Gospel values, their spiritual dynamism and their strong sense of community set them apart from the rest of society. A [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|Mandarin]] of the court of [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]] observed this about them: "They are neither licentious nor gamblers or robbers. They are satisfied with one woman and never touch another man's wife."{{sfn|Jeanne|1983|p=59}} During this time, the Church in Sichuan produced a number of itinerant catechists (i.e. local missionaries) thanks to a well-organized training system.{{sfn|Jeanne|1983|pp=60–61}} Since 1774, evangelization of [[Guizhou|Guizhou Province]] was carried out by [[Jean-Martin Moye]], provicar of Eastern Szechwan, and a Sichuanese missionary, Benoît Sen.<ref name="crntt" /> In 1798, Lawrence Hu Shï-lu, also a missionary from Sichuan, built a small church in [[Guiyang]] for the Catholic community of about 100 people, which later became [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Guiyang|the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Guiyang]].{{sfn|GLRCC|2005|p=1215}} Female missionaries to Guizhou such as Monique Sen, aunt of Benoît Sen, and {{ill|Paule Song|zh|羅宋氏}}, evangelized among women.{{sfn|Wei|2009|p=160}} The 19th-century missionary [[Lucy Yi Zhenmei]] was [[Christian martyr|martyred]] in Guizhou. She was [[Canonization|canonized]] on 1 October 2000 by [[Pope John Paul II]].
The First Synod of Sichuan convened by Bishop [[Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse]] on 2 September 1803 was the first Catholic synod held in China. In 1822, the results were published in Rome as {{lang|la|Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis}}, which had guided the [[apostolate]] in this province and in many other regions of China until replaced by the decisions of the Council of Shanghai in 1924.<ref name="MEP" />
[[File:Statue d'Armand David dans la ville de Baoxing (Sichuan, Chine) - www.panda.fr.jpg|thumb|160px|Statue of Father [[Armand David]] in [[Baoxing County]].]]
French missionary botanists, such as [[André Soulié|Jean-André Soulié]], [[Théodore Monbeig|Jean-Théodore Monbeig]] and [[Paul Guillaume Farges]], collected large numbers of plant, fungal and animal specimens in Sichuan and [[Kham|eastern Tibet]]. Among them, the [[Congregation of the Mission|Lazarist]] father [[Armand David]] is the most well-known missionary. He discovered the [[giant panda]] in 1869 while doing the work of [[evangelism]] and scientific research at the {{ill|Annunciation Church, Dengchigou|lt=Annunciation Church of Dengchigou|fr|Église de l'Annonciation de Dengchigou}}, [[Baoxing County]]. The records of Father David's experiences, research and the history of the discovery of the pandas are kept in the Annunciation Church. A small town named David was built near Dengchigou in his honour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8F%B0%E7%94%9F%E8%B5%B4%E9%84%A7%E6%B1%A0%E6%BA%9D-%E8%A6%AA%E8%A6%8B%E7%86%8A%E8%B2%93%E7%9B%B4%E5%91%BC%E7%99%82%E7%99%92-215010361--finance.html |title=台生赴鄧池溝 親見熊貓直呼療癒 |trans-title=Taiwanese students' visit to Dengchigou |last=Li |first=Yu-shan |date=9 July 2019 |website=tw.news.yahoo.com |language=zh-hant |accessdate=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panda.fr/sur-les-traces-du-pere-armand-david-dans-la-principaute-de-moupin.html |title=Sur les traces du Père Armand David dans la principauté de Moupin |last=Pouille |first=Jérôme |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=panda.fr |language=fr |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>
The vicarial press of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Eastern Szechwan]]—Imprimerie de la Sainte-Famille—was founded in 1899 in [[Chongqing]] by [[François-Marie-Joseph Gourdon]]. By 1949, the Imprimerie had produced approximately 400,000 publications, which made it the Catholic press with second highest number of publications in the entire country.{{sfn|He|2020}} Well-known ones include the weekly newspaper ''{{ill|La Vérité (Chongqing)|lt=La Vérité|zh|崇實報}}'', established in 1904, ''An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan'' (1918), and ''An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Anyo'' (1924). The Imprimerie also became the main promoter of ''Ecclesiastical Rituals and Practices'' ({{lang|zh-hant|聖教禮規}}) by producing several of the book's reprint editions, which was originally published in 1900 by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan]], with the approval of Bishop [[Marc Chatagnon]]. ''Ecclesiastical Rituals and Practices'' is the fruit of a century of accumulation of experience of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] in Sichuan. The popularity of the book extended beyond the provincial boundary. In 1904, it was published in [[British Hong Kong]] by the [[University Hall, University of Hong Kong#Douglas Castle under the French Mission (1894-1954)|Imprimerie de Nazareth]]; and in 1932 in [[History of Shanghai#Republic of China|Shanghai]] by the {{ill|Imprimerie de l'Orphelinat de T'ou-sè-wè|zh|土山灣印書館}}.{{sfn|He|2020}}
[[File:Catholic Church overlooking White Deer Town.jpg|thumb|170px|A Catholic church overlooking Bailu Town]]
[[Bailu, Pengzhou|Bailu]], under the administration of [[Chengdu]], has been developed into a "French town" due to its [[Catholic Church in France|French Catholic]] heritage. According to Liao Xianghui, however, the real reason for this designation is to serve tourism and economic development: "This led to the commercialization of once authentic religious sites for tourism and economic development as part of the secularization process. [...] Catholicism's public influence on tourism and economic development has been increasing, while its activities and church attendance have not followed synchronously."{{sfn|Liao|2021|p=661}}
=== In popular culture ===
The 1936 novel ''{{ill|Ripple on Stagnant Water|zh|死水微瀾}}'' by [[Li Jieren|Li Chie-ren]] gives a detailed account of the conflicts among the three parties in the [[Chengdu]] area during the 1890s, namely, the [[Christianity in Sichuan|local Christian communities]], [[Gelaohui|Elder Brothers Society]] and the [[bureaucracy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merwinasia.com/ripple-on-stagnant-water |title=Ripple on Stagnant Water: A Novel of Sichuan in the Age of Treaty Ports |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2014 |website=merwinasia.com |access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Zhu|2011|p=158}} The novel was adapted into a 12-episode television series in 1988 titled ''{{ill|A Woman to Three Men|zh|死水微瀾 (1988年電視劇)}}'', a feature film in 1992 titled ''{{ill|Ripples Across Stagnant Water (film)|lt=Ripples Across Stagnant Water|zh|狂 (電影)}}'', and a namesake series in 2008.
== Timeline of Eastern Szechwan Mission ==
The following table is based on ''[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]]'', published in 1918 by the Imprimerie de la Sainte-Famille for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Szechwan]]. Except for [[Chengdu]], [[Emeishan City|Emeishan]], [[Jintang County|Jintang]], [[Leshan]], [[Pengshan, Meishan|Pengshan]], [[Qiong Prefecture (Sichuan)|Qiongzhou]] and [[Yibin]], all the cities and counties are located in eastern Sichuan.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Location !! Society !! Date
|-
| [[Chengdu]], [[Chongqing]], [[Langzhong]] || [[Jesuits|Society of Jesus]] || before 1644
|-
| [[Anyue County|Anyue]], [[Emeishan City|Emeishan]], [[Jintang County|Jintang]], [[Leshan]], [[Pengshan, Meishan|Pengshan]], [[Qiong Prefecture (Sichuan)|Qiongzhou]], [[Yibin]] || Society of Jesus, [[Congregation of the Mission]] || 1662–1722
|-
| [[Liangping, Chongqing|Liangping]], [[Pengshui Miao and Tujia Autonomous County|Pengshui]] || [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] || 1704
|-
| [[Tongliang, Chongqing|Tongliang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1720
|-
| [[Hechuan, Chongqing|Hechuan]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1723–1735
|-
| [[Wanzhou, Chongqing|Wanxian]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1730
|-
| [[Guang'an]], [[Yuechi County|Yuechi]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1746
|-
| [[Dazhu County|Dazhu]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1753
|-
| [[Changshou, Chongqing|Changshou]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1756
|-
| [[Wusheng County|Wusheng]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1760
|-
| [[Rongchang, Chongqing|Rongchang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1769
|-
| [[Chengkou County|Chengkou]], [[Qijiang, Chongqing|Qijiang]], [[Yongchuan, Chongqing|Yongchuan]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1770
|-
| [[Dianjiang County|Dianjiang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1779
|-
| [[Fengjie County|Fengjie]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1781
|-
| [[Fengdu County|Fengdu]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1782
|-
| [[Dachuan, Dazhou|Dachuan]], [[Wushan County, Chongqing|Wushan]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1784
|-
| [[Qu County|Quxian]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1790
|-
| [[Bishan, Chongqing|Bishan]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1796
|-
| [[Wuxi County|Wuxi]], [[Yunyang County|Yunyang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1798
|-
| [[Kaizhou, Chongqing|Kaizhou]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1810
|-
| [[Kaijiang County|Kaijiang]], [[Zhong County|Zhongxian]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1861
|-
| [[Qianjiang, Chongqing|Qianjiang]], [[Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County|Shizhu]], [[Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County|Xiushan]], [[Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County|Youyang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1863
|}
== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Christianity in Sichuan]]
** [[Protestantism in Sichuan]]
*** [[History of Anglicanism in Sichuan|Anglicanism in Sichuan]]
*** [[History of Methodism in Sichuan|Methodism in Sichuan]]
*** [[Quakerism in Sichuan]]
*** [[History of Baptist Christianity in Sichuan|Baptist Christianity in Sichuan]]
*** [[History of Adventism in Sichuan|Seventh-day Adventist Church in Sichuan]]
* [[Catholic Church in Mianyang]]
* [[Catholic Church in Tibet]]
* [[Catholic missions]]
* [[Diocese of Western China|Anglican Diocese of Szechwan]]
* [[Anti-Christian Movement (China)]]
* [[Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party]]
* [[Youyang anti-missionary riot]]
* [[Paul Liu Hanzuo]] – 19th-century martyr saint from [[Lezhi County]]
* [[Lucy Yi Zhenmei|Saint Lucy Yi Zhenmei]] – 19th-century virgin martyr from [[Mianyang]], [[Canonization|canonized]] on 1 October 2000 by [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Maurice Tornay]] – Swiss missionary ministering in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]
* [[Francis Xavier Ford]] – American Catholic missionary in China, tortured by Chinese communists and died in prison
* [[Catholic Church in Shaanxi]] – neighbouring province
* [[:Category:Sichuanese Roman Catholics]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic churches in Chongqing]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic churches in Sichuan]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic churches in Tibet]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Sichuan]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Tibet]]
{{div col end}}
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Books ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1822 |title=Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis habita in districtu civitatis Tcong King Tcheou; Anno 1803, Diebus secunda, quinta, et nona Septembris |trans-title=The Synod of the Vicariate of Szechwan held in the District of the City of Chung King Chow, in the Year 1803, on the Second, Fifth, and Ninth Days of September |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924023069010 |language=la |location=Rome |publisher=Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide |hdl=2027/coo.31924023069010 |ref={{harvid|SVS|1822}}}}
* {{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1920 |title=Missionary Cameralogs: West China |url=https://archive.org/details/westchina00amer |location=New York |publisher=American Baptist Foreign Mission Society |ref={{harvid|ABFMS|1920}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Barrachina Lapiedra |first=José M. |date=1990 |title=Fray Pascual Nadal y Oltra: Apóstol de los leprosos, mártir de China |language=es |location=Valencia |publisher=Unión Misional Franciscana |isbn=84-404-8209-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Boland |first=S. J. |date=1987 |title=A Dictionary of the Redemptorists |url=https://www.santalfonsoedintorni.it/Libri/BolandDizio/Boland00Dictionary.pdf |location=Rome |publisher=Collegium S. Alfonsi de Urbe |oclc=35115469}}
* {{cite book |last=Borao Mateo |first=José Eugenio |date=2017 |title=Las miradas entre España y China: Un siglo de relaciones entre los dos países (1864–1973) |url=https://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~borao/2Profesores/Miradas.pdf |language=es |location=Madrid |publisher=Miraguano S. A. Ediciones |isbn=978-84-7813-463-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Camps |first=Arnulf |editor-last=Tiedemann |editor-first=R. G. |editor-link=R. G. Tiedemann |date=2009 |chapter=Catholic Missionaries (1800–1860) |chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004190184/Bej.9789004114302.i-1050_003.xml |title=Handbook of Christianity in China, Volume Two: 1800–present |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-19018-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Charbonnier |first=Jean-Pierre |date=2007 |chapter=10. Candida Xu: A Mother of the Church — Apostolic Journeys |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIRHDwAAQBAJ&dq=Claude+Motel+1618-1671&pg=PT156 |title=Christians in China: A.D. 600 to 2000 |location=San Francisco |publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=978-0-89870-916-2}}
* {{cite book |editor=Chengdu Local Records Compilation Committee |date=1998 |chapter=天主教——第一节：传入 |trans-chapter=Chapter I: The Entry of Catholicism |chapter-url=https://www.hsscol.org.hk/FangZhi/SiChuan/Sichuan20101340a.htm |language=zh-hans |title=成都市志‧宗教志 |trans-title=Annals of Chengdu City: Religion |location=Chengdu |publisher=Sichuan Lexicographical Press |isbn=9787805437316 |ref={{harvid|CLRCC|1998}}}}
* {{cite book |last=De Martiliat |first=Joachim-Enjobert |date=1921 |chapter=守貞修規明述 |trans-chapter=An Introduction to the Rules |title=童貞修規 |trans-title=Rules for Consecrated Virgins |language=zh-hant |location=Chungking |publisher=Imprimerie de la Sainte-Famille}}
* {{cite book |last=Donnithorne |first=Audrey G. |author-link=Audrey Donnithorne |date=29 March 2019 |title=China: In Life's Foreground |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDePDwAAQBAJ&dq=spanish+redemptorists+chengdu&pg=PT130 |location=North Melbourne |publisher=Australian Scholarly Publishing |isbn=9781925801576}}
* {{cite book |last=Ferreux |first=Octave |date=20 December 2022 |chapter=The Monastery of Our Lady of Joy (Zhengding) Evacuated |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn6iEAAAQBAJ&dq=Our+Lady+of+Joy+Abbey+Sichuan&pg=PT473 |title=History of the Congregation of the Mission in China |location=Hyde Park, NY |publisher=New City Press |isbn=9781565485464}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Gourdon |editor-first=François-Marie-Joseph |date=1981 |orig-date=1918 |title=圣教入川记 |trans-title=[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]] |language=zh-hans |location=Chengdu |publisher=Sichuan People's Publishing House}}
* {{cite book |last=Guiot |first=Léonide |date=1892 |title=La Mission du Su-Tchuen au XVIIIᵐᵉ siècle : Vie et Apostolat de Mgr Pottier, son fondateur |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_Mission_du_Su-tchuen_au_XVIIIme_si%C3%A8cle_-_Vie_et_Apostolat_de_Mgr_Pottier,_son_fondateur.pdf |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Téqui Libraire-Éditeur}}
* {{cite book |editor=Guiyang Local Records Compilation Committee |date=2005 |title=贵阳市云岩区志 |trans-title=Annals of Yunyan District of Guiyang |language=zh-hans |location=Guiyang |publisher=Guizhou People's Press |isbn=9787221071521 |ref={{harvid|GLRCC|2005}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Hattaway |first=Paul |date=2007 |chapter=Christian Martyrs in Sichuan: Vincent Shi, Albert Wei, & Father You |chapter-url=https://articles.asiaharvest.org/china-resources/sichuan/1952-vincent-shi-albert-wei-father-you |title=China's Book of Martyrs (Fire & Blood) |location=Manchester |publisher=Piquant Editions |isbn=9781903689400}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Li |editor-first=Ji |date=18 November 2021 |title=Missions Étrangères de Paris (MEP) and China from the Seventeenth Century to the Present |url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004498693/BP000004.xml |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-47210-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Liao |first=Yiwu |author-link=Liao Yiwu |date=2014 |chapter=De nieuwe bekeerde |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi9EDwAAQBAJ&dq=Seminarium+annuntiationis&pg=PT187 |title=God is rood: Het geheime verhaal over het voortbestaan en de bloei van het christendom in communistisch China |language=nl |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Uitgeverij Atlas Contact |isbn=9789045023441}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Lim |editor-first=Francis Khek Gee |date=7 May 2013 |title=Christianity in Contemporary China: Socio-cultural Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jr_Wj9KDWN0C&dq=Catholic+Church+of+Yerkalo+Diocese+of+Kangding&pg=PA111 |series="Routledge Studies in Asian Religion and Philosophy" series |location=Milton Park |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136204999}}
* {{cite book |last=Marin |first=Catherine |date=2 November 2010 |chapter=L'union apostolique de Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus et d'Adolphe Roulland, missionnaire en Chine (1896-1897) |chapter-url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-histoire-monde-et-cultures-religieuses1-2010-3-page-63.htm#pa29 |title=Thérèse de Lisieux et les missions |series="Histoire et missions chrétiennes (Histoire, monde et cultures religieuses)" series ({{numero|15}}) |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Karthala |isbn=9782811104238}}
* {{cite book |last=Mungello |first=D. E. |author-link=David Emil Mungello |date=29 March 2021 |chapter=Christian Virgins (Chaste Women) in Sichuan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkMjEAAAQBAJ&dq=consecrated+virgin+sichuan+catholic&pg=PA120 |title=This Suffering Is My Joy: The Underground Church in Eighteenth-Century China |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538150306}}
* {{cite book |last=Planchet |first=J.-M. |date=1917 |title=Les Missions de Chine et du Japon |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Les_Missions_de_Chine_et_du_Japon.pdf |language=fr |location=Peking |publisher=Imprimerie des Lazaristes}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Qin |editor-first1=Heping |editor-last2=Shen |editor-first2=Xiaohu |date=2008 |title=四川基督教资料辑要 |trans-title=A Collection of Historical Documents on Christianity in Sichuan |language=zh-hans |location=Chengdu |publisher=Bashu Publishing House |isbn=978-7-80752-226-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Song |first=Gang |editor-last=Yeo |editor-first=K. K. |date=10 March 2021 |chapter=The Basset-Su Chinese new Testament |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34269/chapter-abstract/290545889 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in China |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190909796}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Stauffer |editor-first=Milton T. |date=1922 |chapter=The Province of Szechwan |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/thechristianoccupationofchina00shan/page/n247 |title=[[The Christian Occupation of China]] |location=Shanghai |publisher=China Continuation Committee}}
* {{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Emily Lily |date=1934 |title=Forward in Western China |chapter=Chapter II. The Way Reviewed |chapter-url=http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/china/stewart1934/02.html |location=London |publisher=Church Missionary Society}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Tan |editor-first1=Tieniu |editor-last2=Ruan |editor-first2=Qiuqi |editor-last3=Chen |editor-first3=Xilin |editor-last4=Ma |editor-first4=Huimin |editor-last5=Wang |editor-first5=Liang |date=2013 |title=Advances in Image and Graphics Technologies: Chinese Conference, IGTA 2013, Beijing, China, April 2-3, 2013, Proceedings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93W7BQAAQBAJ&dq=Seminarium+annuntiationis&pg=PA120 |location=Berlin/Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783642371493}}
* {{cite book |author=Therese of Lisieux |translator-last=Clarke |translator-first=John |date=29 September 2014 |title=Letters of St. Therese of Lisieux, Volume II: General Correspondence 1890-1897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb2lBAAAQBAJ&dq=therese+of+lisieux+sutchuen+oriental&pg=PT195 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=ICS Publications |isbn=9781939272287}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tiedemann |first1=Gerhard |editor1-first=Ulrich |editor1-last=van der Heyden |editor2-first=Holger |editor2-last=Stoecker |year=2005 |chapter=Adaptation and Resistance in North China |title=Mission und Macht im Wandel politischer Orientierungen: Europaische Missionsgesellschaften in politischen Spannungsfeldern in Afrika und Asien zwischen 1800 und 1945 |trans-title=Mission and Power amidst Shifting Political Orientations: European Missions in Areas of Conflict in Africa and Asia, 1800–1945 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |language=de |isbn=978-3-515-08423-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Tiedemann |first=R. G. |author-link=R. G. Tiedemann |date=1 July 2016 |title=Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HaTDAAAQBAJ&dq=Segundo+Miguel+Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mor%C3%A1n+Pan%2C+Segundo+Velasco+Arina&pg=PA15 |location=Milton Park |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315497310}}
* {{cite book |last=Van Grasdorff |first=Gilles |date=2007 |title=La belle histoire des Missions étrangères 1658–2008 |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Perrin |isbn=9782262025663}}
* {{cite book |author=Various authors |author-link=Various authors |date=1920 |title=Our West China Mission: Being a Somewhat Extensive Summary by the Missionaries on the Field of Work during the First Twenty-five Years of the Canadian Methodist Mission in the Province of Szechwan, Western China |url=https://archive.org/details/ourwestchina00stepuoft |location=Toronto |publisher=Missionary Society of the Methodist Church}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Arnold |editor-link=Arnold Wright |date=1908 |title=Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China: Their History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources |chapter=Chapter: The Roman Catholic Church |chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Impressions_of_Hongkong,_Shanghai,_and_other_Treaty_Ports_of_China/The_Roman_Catholic_Church |location=London |publisher=Lloyd's Greater Britain publishing Company}}
* {{cite book |last=Yuan |first=Tingdong |date=1998 |chapter=基督教入蜀三百年 |trans-chapter=Three Hundred Years of Christianity in Sichuan |title=巴蜀文化志 |trans-title=Cultural History of Ba–Shu |language=zh-hans |location=Shanghai |publisher=Shanghai People's Press |isbn=7-208-02269-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Zheng |first=Yangwen |date=2017 |title=Sinicizing Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9YkDwAAQBAJ&dq=Joannes-Baptista+Kou&pg=PA37 |series="Studies in Christian Mission" series ({{vol.|49}}) |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=9789004330382}}
{{refend}}
=== Journals and magazines ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1949 |title=Leprosy Institutions in China |url=http://ila.ilsl.br/pdfs/v17n4a17.pdf |journal=International Journal of Leprosy |volume=17 |ref={{harvid|LIC|1949}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Boland |first=Samuel J. |date=2002 |title=The Redemptorists and the China Mission |url=https://www.santalfonsoedintorni.it/Spicilegium/50/SH-50-2002(II)601-627.pdf |journal=Spicilegium Historicum Congregationis SSmi Redemptoris |issue=50}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chan |first=Hok-lam |date=2011 |title=傳教士對張獻忠據蜀稱王的記載：《聖教入川記》的宗教與文化觀點 |trans-title=Jesuits' Impressions on Zhang Xianzhong in Sichuan (1644–1647) from Buglio, Magalhães, and Gourdon: Contrasting Religious and Cultural Perspectives of ''Shengjiao Ru Chuan Ji'' |url=https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/journal/articles/v52p065.pdf |language=zh-hant |journal=Journal of Chinese Studies |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Institute of Chinese Studies |issue=52 |issn=1016-4464}}
* {{cite magazine |last=He |first=Yi |date=2020 |title=巴黎外方传教会在四川实行中国化的见证——以《圣教礼规》为例 |trans-title=The localization effort of Paris Foreign Missions Society in Sichuan: Taking ''Ecclesiastical Rituals and Practices'' as an example |language=zh-hans |magazine=Catholic Church in China |issue=208 |location=Beijing |publisher=Catholic Patriotic Association}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hooper |first=Beverly |date=December 2000 |title=Globalization and Resistance in Post-Mao China: The Case of Foreign Consumer Products |journal=Asian Studies Review |volume=24 |issue=4 |page=442 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |issn=1035-7823 |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Journal_Samples/ASRE1035-7823~24~4~086/086.pdf |doi=10.1080/10357820008713286 |s2cid=143106032 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606102328/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Journal_Samples/ASRE1035-7823~24~4~086/086.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Jeanne |first=Pierre |translator-last1=Le Blanc |translator-first1=T. |translator-last2=Barry |translator-first2=P. |date=1983 |title=The Early Church of Sichuan Province: A Study of Conditions Leading to the Synod of 1803 |url=https://hsstudyc.org.hk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/T015_11.pdf |magazine=Tripod |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Holy Spirit Study Centre |volume=3 |issue=15}}
* {{cite journal |last=Leung |first=Beatrice |year=1995 |title=Religious Freedom and the Constitution in the People's Republic of China: Interpretation and Implementation |journal=DISKUS: The On-disk Journal of International Religious Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |publisher=Philipps-Universität Marburg |issn=0967-8948 |url=http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/leung.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623095304/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/leung.html |archive-date=June 23, 2008}}
* {{cite journal |last=Liao |first=Xianghui |date=2021 |title=Bailu's Catholicism in China: Religious Inculturation, Tourist Attraction, or Secularization |journal=Religions |location=Basel |publisher=MDPI |volume=12 |issue=8 |doi=10.3390/rel12080661 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lifton |first=Robert J. |author-link=Robert Jay Lifton |date=1957 |title=Chinese Communist 'Thought Reform': Confession and Re-Education of Western Civilians |journal=[[Journal of Urban Health|Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine]] |volume=33 |issue=9 |pmid=19312633 |pmc=1806208}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Liu |first=Zhiqing |date=2013 |title=天主教在重庆和四川传播史略 |trans-title=A brief history of the spread of Catholicism in Chongqing and Sichuan |url=http://194.246.119.58/pdfs/cnkiImport/CJFD/ZGTA201302028.pdf |language=zh-hans |magazine=Catholic Church in China |issue=2 |location=Beijing |publisher=Catholic Patriotic Association}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lü |first=Shih-chiang |date=1976 |title=晚淸時期基督敎在四川省的傳敎活動及川人的反應（1860–1911） |trans-title=The Evangelization of Sichuan Province in the Late Qing Period and the Responses of the Sichuanese People (1860–1911) |url=http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw:8080/server/enwiki/api/core/bitstreams/e47341c7-5f8e-4467-8a14-8e1035537d96/content |language=zh-hant |journal=History Journal of the National Taiwan Normal University |location=Taipei |publisher=National Taiwan Normal University Department of History}}
* {{cite journal |last=Moody |first=Peter R. |date=2013 |title=The Catholic Church in China Today: The Limitations of Autonomy and Enculturation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23922765 |journal=[[Journal of Church and State]] |volume=55 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/jcs/css049 |jstor=23922765}}
* {{cite journal |last=Tiedemann |first=R. G. |author-link=R. G. Tiedemann |date=2018 |title=Chinese Female Propagators of the Faith in Modern China: The Tortuous Transition from the 'Institute of Virgins' to Diocesan Religious Congregations |url=https://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/PDF-Dateien/E-Journal_RCTC/RCTC_2018-2.52-72_Tiedemann__Chinese_Female_Propagators_of_the_Faith_in_Modern_China_-_The_Tortuous_Transition_from_the_Institute_of_Virgins_to_Diocesan_Religious_Congregations.pdf |journal=Religions & Christianity in Today's China |volume=VIII |issue=2 |issn=2192-9289}}
* {{cite journal |last=Wei |first=Yü |date=2009 |title=清中前期貴州天主教傳教活動鉤沉 |trans-title=Catholic missions in Guizhou in the Early and Mid-Qing Dynasty |url=https://www.icm.gov.mo/rc/viewer/pdfViewerParts/10070/3062 |language=zh-hant |journal=Review of Culture |location=Macau |publisher=Instituto Cultural do Governo da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau |issue=70}}
* {{cite journal |last=Zhu |first=Shoutong |date=2011 |title=試論中國新文化運動的'第三個中心' |trans-title=On the "Third Center" of the New Culture Movement |url=https://journal.ipm.edu.mo/images/journal_c/2011_4/p156_163.pdf |language=zh-hant |journal=Journal of Macao Polytechnic University |issue=4 |issn=0874-1824}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Zuazua |first=Dámaso |date=May 2014 |title=Santa Teresita del Niño Jesús de actualidad en China |url=https://www.laobramaxima.es/www/revista.act.php?action=download®id=115 |language=es |magazine=La Obra Máxima |location=San Sebastián |publisher=La Obra Máxima Revista Carmelitana y ONGD para el Desarrollo}}
{{refend}}
=== Newspapers ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=31 August 1935 |title=Abducted Franciscans Still Missing: Leper Asylum Near Tibetan Border Invaded by Reds |url=https://issuu.com/catholicnews/docs/1935_cn35/7 |work=Malaya Catholic Leader |volume=1 |issue=35 |location=Singapore |ref={{harvid|MCL|1935}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Cairns |first=Madoc |date=26 June 2020 |title=Obituary: Audrey Donnithorne |url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/texts-speeches-homilies/4/1504/obituary-audrey-donnithorne |work=[[The Tablet]] |location=London}}
* {{cite news |last=Wang |first=Teresa |date=10 June 2020 |title=四川：天主教南充教区为董育德教授举行隆重追思弥撒 |trans-title=Sichuan: Solemn Memorial Mass for Professor Audrey Donnithorne Held in the Diocese of Nanchong |url=https://www.xinde.org/show/48811 |language=zh-hans |work=Faith Weekly |location=Shijiazhuang}}
* {{cite news |last=Zhang |first=Thomas |date=8 December 2011 |title=为什么四川天主教有近四百年历史？ |trans-title=Why does the Catholic Church in Sichuan have a history of nearly 400 years? |url=https://www.xinde.org/show/19184 |language=zh-hans |work=Faith Weekly |location=Shijiazhuang}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
* {{YouTube|hxZ-wECUzHg|"Catholic Smalltown Life in Qing Sichuan", Sichuan Religions Online Lecture Series {{Numero|6}} — Prof. Lars Peter Laamann 19 March 2022}}
* {{YouTube|31s82sJGO2Q|{{lang|fr|Longue piste dans l'Himalaya}} {{small|(documentary about four scouts helping with the development of the local Catholic Church in Yunnanese Tibet, part of the Diocese of Kangding)}}}} {{in lang|fr}}
{{Christianity in Sichuan}}
{{Christianity in Tibet}}
{{Catholic Church footer|state=collapsed}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}
[[Category:Catholic Church in Sichuan| ]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in Chongqing]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in Tibet]]
[[Category:History of the Catholic Church in Sichuan|*]]
[[Category:Persecution of Catholics]]' |
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span><br />Catholic Church in Sichuan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div style="border:1;;height:179px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu.svg/120px-Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu.svg/180px-Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu.svg/240px-Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="1328" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="border:1;;height:179px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Joek_Sat_Tong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Joek_Sat_Tong.jpg/134px-Joek_Sat_Tong.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Joek_Sat_Tong.jpg/201px-Joek_Sat_Tong.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Joek_Sat_Tong.jpg/268px-Joek_Sat_Tong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="4192" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="border:1;;height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Chengdu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception%2C_Chengdu.png/258px-Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception%2C_Chengdu.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception%2C_Chengdu.png/387px-Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception%2C_Chengdu.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception%2C_Chengdu.png/516px-Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception%2C_Chengdu.png 2x" data-file-width="2452" data-file-height="1586" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Clockwise from upper left: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">coat of arms</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Diocese of Chengdu</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral,_Chongqing" title="St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing">St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Cathedral,_Chengdu" title="Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu">Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Governance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Patriotic_Association" title="Catholic Patriotic Association">CPC</a> and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bishops%27_Conference_of_Catholic_Church_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishops' Conference of Catholic Church in China (page does not exist)">BCCCC</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%9C%98" class="extiw" title="zh:中國天主教主教團">zh</a>]</span> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/China%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="China–Holy See relations">controversial</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Archbishop of Chongqing</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">Sede vacante</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> and part of northwestern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Diocese of Kangding</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lim_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lim-1">[a]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lodovico_Buglio" title="Lodovico Buglio">Lodovico Buglio</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel_de_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Gabriel de Magalhães">Gabriel de Magalhães</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Pottier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Pottier (page does not exist)">François Pottier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pottier" class="extiw" title="fr:François Pottier">fr</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">1640<span class="noprint"> (384 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1640</span>)</span> <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming Empire</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The presence of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in the southwestern Chinese province of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></sup> and city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a></sup> dates back to 1640, when two missionaries, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lodovico_Buglio" title="Lodovico Buglio">Lodovico Buglio</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel_de_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Gabriel de Magalhães">Gabriel de Magalhães</a>, through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_China" title="Jesuit missions in China">Jesuit missions in China</a>, entered the province and spent much of the 1640s evangelizing in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> and its surrounding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourdon19816_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourdon19816-4">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Yongzheng edict of 1724</a> proscribed Christianity in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing empire</a> and declared foreign missionaries <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">personae non gratae</a></i></span>. Catholics in Sichuan learned how to make do without ordained priests. When the Qing became ever more possessed by the idea that Catholics belonged to a "heretical" organization (as contrasted with the "orthodoxy" of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>) which might threaten the empire's order and rule, district magistrates found it convenient to manipulate non-Catholic communities against the Catholics, leading to discrimination as well as social and political pressure against Catholic families. As a consequence, significant numbers of Catholics withdrew into the remote mountains and hinterlands of western Sichuan, becoming "hidden Christians" whom were mistaken for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Buddhists</a> by European missionaries after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">lifting of missionary controls in 1858</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laamann_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laamann-5">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Nevertheless, by 1870, the Catholic Church in Sichuan had 80,000 baptized members, which was the largest number of Catholics in the entire country. By 1911, the number increased to 118,724 members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELü1976266_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELü1976266-6">[3]</a></sup> Throughout its ecclesiastical history, Sichuan was one of the hotbeds of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-missionary_riots_in_China" title="Anti-missionary riots in China">anti-missionary riots in China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELü1976282_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELü1976282-7">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the fall of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> to communism in late 1949, and the subsequent establishment of the state-sanctioned <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Patriotic_Association" title="Catholic Patriotic Association">Catholic Patriotic Church</a> (CPC), the Church in Sichuan, as well as in other provinces, has been subjected to the control of the CPC since 1957, which generated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/China%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="China–Holy See relations">controversy between the Holy See and the People's Republic of China</a>, and created a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schism_in_Christianity" title="Schism in Christianity">schism</a> between CPC Catholics and those who remain loyal to Rome. The latter are commonly referred to as loyal church or "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underground_church" title="Underground church">underground church</a>" Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoody2013403–431_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody2013403–431-8">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to issue 468 of <i>Faith Weekly</i> published on 8 December 2011, Catholics in the dioceses of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Shunqing" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing">Shunqing</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Jiading" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading">Jiading</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Suifu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu">Suifu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ningyuan" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan">Ningyuan</a> numbered 110,000, 80,000, 60,000, 30,000 and 30,000 people, respectively, making a total of 310,000 faithful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2011-9">[6]</a></sup> This data did not include Catholics in Chongqing (dioceses of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Chongqing</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wanxian" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian">Wanxian</a>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Diocese of Kangding</a>), due to the separation of Chongqing from Sichuan in 1997 and the diocesan jurisdiction changes took place in the 1980s and the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201350_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201350-10">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Diocese of Chengdu</a> being the oldest bishopric in Sichuan, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a> of the province is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing#Episcopal_ordinaries" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Archbishop of Chongqing</a>, with his seat at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral,_Chongqing" title="St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing">St. Joseph's Cathedral</a>. The post has been <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">vacant</a> since the last Archbishop <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Peter_Luo_Beizhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Luo Beizhan (page does not exist)">Peter Luo Beizhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Luo_Beizhan" class="extiw" title="no:Peter Luo Beizhan">no</a>]</span> died in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>While works on the Catholic missions in the capitals of the Chinese empires are abundant (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Xi%27an" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Xi'an">Chang'an</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols#Influence_of_Catholic_Christianity" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Khanbaliq/Karakorum</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Nanjing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Beijing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beijing">Beijing</a>), few Catholic phenomena have been analysed in the Sichuan Province.<sup id="cite_ref-Laamann_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laamann-5">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_period"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early period</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#18th_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">18th century</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#First_half_of_the_18th_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">First half of the 18th century</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Latter_half_of_the_18th_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Latter half of the 18th century</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Persecution"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Persecution</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#19th_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">19th century</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#20th_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">20th century</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#1949–present"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">1949–present</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Church_in_Sichuan"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Church in Sichuan</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Dioceses"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Dioceses</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Eastern_Szechwan_Mission"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Eastern Szechwan Mission</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Western_Szechwan_Mission"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Western Szechwan Mission</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Southern_Szechwan_Mission"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Southern Szechwan Mission</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Tibetan_Mission"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Tibetan Mission</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Jurisdictional_changes"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Jurisdictional changes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Before_1949"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Before 1949</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#After_1949"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">After 1949</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Impact"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Impact</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Timeline_of_Eastern_Szechwan_Mission"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline of Eastern Szechwan Mission</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Journals_and_magazines"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Journals and magazines</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Newspapers"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Newspapers</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_period">Early period</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ludovico_Buglio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ludovico_Buglio.jpg/110px-Ludovico_Buglio.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Ludovico_Buglio.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lodovico_Buglio" title="Lodovico Buglio">Lodovico Buglio</a>, first Catholic missionary in Sichuan.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1640, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lodovico_Buglio" title="Lodovico Buglio">Lodovico Buglio</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicilian</a> Jesuit, arrived in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> (Chengtu), the provincial capital, at the invitation of <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuliang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yuliang (page does not exist)">Liu Yuliang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%AE%87%E4%BA%AE" class="extiw" title="zh:劉宇亮">zh</a>]</span>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sichuanese_people" title="Sichuanese people">Sichuanese native</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mianzhu" title="Mianzhu">Mianzhu</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretary</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. Thirty people were baptized the following year, who were the first Sichuanese Catholics. There was a certain Peter (Petrus) among them, according to <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/An_Account_of_the_Entry_of_the_Catholic_Religion_into_Sichuan" title="An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan">An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan</a></i> (1918), he was a descendant of the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Chun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Chun (page does not exist)">Prince Xian of Shu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%A4%BF_(%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D)" class="extiw" title="zh:朱椿 (明朝)">zh</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECLRCC1998176_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECLRCC1998176-12">[9]</a></sup> and quite active in the congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourdon19814_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourdon19814-13">[10]</a></sup> After the Portuguese Jesuit <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel_de_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Gabriel de Magalhães">Gabriel de Magalhães</a> joined the mission in August 1642, work began at once in Chengdu, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langzhong" title="Langzhong">Baoning</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourdon19815_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourdon19815-14">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1644, following <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhang_Xianzhong" title="Zhang Xianzhong">Zhang Xianzhong</a>'s invasion of Sichuan and the subsequent establishment of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xi_dynasty" title="Xi dynasty">"Great West" regime</a>, the mission was cut short and the two priests were held captive in Zhang Xianzhong's court until early 1647. In 1651, Magalhães submitted to Rome a report of their ordeal in Portuguese titled <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Relação da perda e destituição da Provincia e Christiandade de Su Chuen e do que os pes. Luis Buglio e Gabriel de Magalhães passarão em seu cativ</i></span>. The report was kept in the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu and was never published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan201193_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan201193-15">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhang_Xianzhong#Devastation_of_Sichuan" title="Zhang Xianzhong">devastation of Sichuan</a> (1645–1646) wrought by Zhang Xianzhong's massacre, a search for surviving converts was carried out during the 1660s by <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Basil_Xu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basil Xu (page does not exist)">Basil Xu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Zhanzeng" class="extiw" title="no:Xu Zhanzeng">no</a>]</span>, then the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circuit_(administrative_division)" title="Circuit (administrative division)">intendant</a> of <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Sichuan_Circuit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Sichuan Circuit (page does not exist)">Eastern Sichuan Circuit</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E6%9D%B1%E9%81%93" class="extiw" title="zh:川東道">zh</a>]</span>, and his mother <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Candida_Xu" title="Candida Xu">Candida Xu</a>, both Catholics. They found a considerable number of converts in Baoning. Candida then invited the French Jesuit priest Claude Motel (a.k.a. Claude Métel or Claudius Motel, 1618–1671<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharbonnier2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharbonnier2007-16">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a></sup>) to serve the congregation. Several churches were built in Chengdu, Baoning and Chongqing under Motel's supervision, and he baptized 600 people in one year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourdon198163–65_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourdon198163–65-18">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="18th_century">18th century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="First_half_of_the_18th_century">First half of the 18th century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First half of the 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Artus_de_Lionne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Artus_de_Lionne.jpg/120px-Artus_de_Lionne.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Artus_de_Lionne.jpg/180px-Artus_de_Lionne.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Artus_de_Lionne.jpg/240px-Artus_de_Lionne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artus_de_Lionne" title="Artus de Lionne">Artus de Lionne</a>, first Apostolic Vicar of Szechwan.</figcaption></figure>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Logo_Mep.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Logo_Mep.png/120px-Logo_Mep.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Logo_Mep.png 1.5x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a> (MEP). The MEP became the leading mission society for evangelization of Sichuan since the 18th century.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu#History" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan</a> was established on 15 October 1696, with its headquarters in Chengdu. Its first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">apostolic vicar</a> was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artus_de_Lionne" title="Artus de Lionne">Artus de Lionne</a>, a French missionary of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Missions étrangères de Paris</i></span>, abbreviated MEP).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiot189242_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiot189242-19">[16]</a></sup> De Lionne managed to recruit four priests for his vicariate. In 1700, he entrusted the city of Chengdu and the western part of Sichuan to the MEP priests <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Basset_(died_1707)" title="Jean Basset (died 1707)">Jean Basset</a> and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Martin_de_La_Balu%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-François Martin de La Baluère (page does not exist)">Jean-François Martin de La Baluère</a>. Two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Lazarists</a> were also placed at his disposal, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Antonio_Appiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Antonio Appiani (page does not exist)">Luigi Antonio Appiani</a>, an Italian, and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Johannes_M%C3%BCllener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Müllener (page does not exist)">Johannes Müllener</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" class="extiw" title="ru:Мюлленер, Йоханнес">ru</a>]</span>, a German. De Lionne entrusted them with Chongqing and the eastern part of Sichuan. Two different missionary congregations thus found themselves assuming responsibilities in the same province. Though very few in number and facing considerable hardship, the priests of these two societies competed for territory.<sup id="cite_ref-JC_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC-20">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyonese</a> priest Jean Basset wrote a long memoir in 1702 in Chengdu, under the title of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Avis sur la Mission de Chine</i></span>, lamenting the sad state of the Church in Sichuan after so many past efforts. For Basset, there was only one remedy: translating the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a> and authorizing a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">liturgy</a> in Chinese. "It was", he pointed out, "the practice of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> and it is the only way to familiarize the Chinese people with the Christian message".<sup id="cite_ref-JC_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC-20">[17]</a></sup> Basset set to work on the translation with the assistance of a local convert, Johan Su. Together they produced a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> translation in six large volumes which is now known as the <i>Basset–Su Chinese New Testament</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESong202179–94_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESong202179–94-21">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1723, the arrival of the Lo family in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jiangjin,_Chongqing" title="Jiangjin, Chongqing">Jiangjin</a> made the town an important Catholic center in eastern Sichuan. The family was of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a> ancestry, whose members converted to Catholicism in 1695, and migrated to Sichuan shortly after their conversion. The Los built a church and a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clergy_house" title="Clergy house">clergy house</a> with donations from the local faithful. During a period of ten years from 1736 to 1746, Giovanni Battista Kou (Joannes-Baptista Kou; 1701–1763) had resided in the clergy house while doing missionary work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourdon198174–76_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourdon198174–76-23">[20]</a></sup> Kou was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Beijing#Qing_dynasty" title="History of Beijing">Beijingese</a> priest trained at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Naples_%22L%27Orientale%22" title="University of Naples "L'Orientale"">Collegio dei Cinesi</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZheng201737_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZheng201737-24">[21]</a></sup> The faithful from surrounding cities used to gather at the Jiangjin church to sing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> and receive the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">sacraments</a> administered by Father Kou. Musical instruments such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheng_(instrument)" title="Sheng (instrument)">sheng</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xiao_(flute)" title="Xiao (flute)">xiao</a> were used during major <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Catholic feasts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourdon198175–76_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourdon198175–76-25">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>During this period, an emerging phenomenon of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consecrated_virgin" title="Consecrated virgin">consecrated virgins</a> came into existence in Sichuan. One of the earliest such virgins was Agnes Yang, a woman from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mingshan,_Ya%27an" title="Mingshan, Ya'an">Mingshan County</a> in western Sichuan. Her baptism was confirmed by an MEP priest, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Joachim-Enjobert_de_Martiliat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim-Enjobert de Martiliat (page does not exist)">Joachim-Enjobert de Martiliat</a>, the fourth Apostolic Vicar of Szechwan and author of the first detailed <i>Rules for Consecrated Virgins</i> (1744).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiedemann201856_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiedemann201856-26">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Martiliat19211–4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Martiliat19211–4-27">[24]</a></sup> De Martiliat visited Agnes again in 1733 when she was over fifty years old and found that she had remained faithful and chaste.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi202164–65_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi202164–65-28">[25]</a></sup> These unmarried Catholic women served as baptizers and female <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_catechesis" title="Catholic catechesis">catechists</a> for the evangelization among women. The role they played was important in the growth of the Church in Sichuan, because of the segregation of the sexes in China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMungello2021120_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMungello2021120-29">[26]</a></sup> The most committed promoter of this practice was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Martin_Moye" title="Jean-Martin Moye">Jean-Martin Moye</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/provicar" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:provicar">provicar</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Eastern Szechwan</a> (future <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Archdiocese of Chongqing</a>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Kweichow</a> (future <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Guiyang" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang">Archdiocese of Guiyang</a>) since 1773, who founded the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congregation_of_Divine_Providence" title="Congregation of Divine Providence">Congregation of the Sisters of Providence</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> before entering the mission field of Sichuan.<sup id="cite_ref-JC_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC-20">[17]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Latter_half_of_the_18th_century">Latter half of the 18th century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Latter half of the 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Pottier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pottier.jpg/160px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Pottier.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pottier.jpg/240px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Pottier.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pottier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>After a portrait of François Pottier painted in 1787 at Chengdu</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1753, the MEP took over responsibility for Catholic mission in Sichuan.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a></sup> In 1756, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Pottier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Pottier (page does not exist)">François Pottier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pottier" class="extiw" title="fr:François Pottier">fr</a>]</span>, a young priest ordained in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> just three years ago, arrived in Sichuan, taking charge as provicar of the five or six thousand Catholics dispersed in the province. After three years of pastoral visits, he was arrested and tortured, spent a few months in prison in Chongqing. In 1767 he was appointed Titular Bishop of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahtopol" title="Ahtopol">Agathopolis</a> and Apostolic Vicar of Szechwan. His episcopal consecration on 10 September 1769 took place in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, the capital of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi Province</a>, where he had to flee during a persecution. Having sold his house in Chengdu in 1764, Pottier retired with seven students to a cottage in Fenghuangshan (Phoenix Mountain), 7 kilometers west of Chengdu. His poor school reminded him of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">stable in Bethlehem</a>, he called it the "Nativity Seminary". In 1770, his school was denounced to the authorities, and the cottage was destroyed. A few years later, Bishop Pottier resumed the work of training future priests by founding in 1780 a seminary at Long-ki in the Sichuan-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> border region. From 1780 to 1814, forty priests left this seminary and moved to Lo-lang-keou in southern Sichuan shortly after its opening.<sup id="cite_ref-JC_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC-20">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1783, Pottier chose <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jean-Didier_de_Saint-Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Didier de Saint-Martin (page does not exist)">Jean-Didier de Saint-Martin</a> as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">coadjutor</a> and ordained him bishop at Chengdu on 13 June 1784. Saint-Martin was imprisoned and then expelled from China the following year, but he managed to return to his post in 1792, the year of Pottier's death. He ensured his own succession by taking <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Gabriel_Taurin_Dufresse" title="Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse">Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse</a> as coadjutor, whom he ordained <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabarka#Ecclesiastical_history" title="Tabarka">Bishop of Tabraca</a> in 1800. This new bishop already had twenty years of experience in Sichuan, where he arrived in 1776. His ministry was interrupted by the persecution of 1784. Dufresse was imprisoned, brought to Beijing and then exiled to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Spanish Philippines</a>, he secretly returned to Chengdu in 1789 and was put in charge of the Eastern Szechwan and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Guiyang" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang">Guizhou missions</a>. On the death of Saint-Martin in 1801, he took charge of the entire province. Despite the insecurity and multiple setbacks, the Church in Sichuan was then relatively prosperous. In 1756 there were 4,000 Catholics and two local priests in the province. In 1802, the number increased tenfold with 40,000 Catholics and 16 local priests. The pastoral experience accumulated during the 18th century made it possible to establish a general directory of the conditions of Christian life and the ministry of the sacraments.<sup id="cite_ref-JC_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC-20">[17]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Persecution">Persecution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Persecution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The Christians in the 18th century suffered from persecution on both the local and national levels. Since the beginning of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a> in the 17th century, i.e., a dispute among Catholic missionaries over the religiosity of Confucianism, the position of foreign missionaries in China became very difficult. In 1724, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng Emperor</a> prohibited the propagation of Christianity through his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Amplified Instructions on the Sacred Edict</a>, which was issued by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">his predecessor</a> to instruct the average subjects in the empire in the basic principles of Confucian orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanne198357–58_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanne198357–58-31">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>In addition to imperial persecutions, Catholics in Sichuan had to face formidable local opposition. The ordinary inhabitants of Sichuan had little toleration for this new religion. Catholics were harassed by officials and common people alike, who regarded the Catholics as non-comformists going against long-established traditions such as the segregation of the sexes according to Confucian teachings, for Catholic men and women prayed together in churches. Local authorities actively sought opportunities to humiliate them in order to better their position in the eyes of common people. Catholics were also accused of being members of a secret political society that might threaten the imperial rule. District magistrates found it convenient to manipulate non-Catholic communities against the Catholics, leading to injustices against the latter in the courts. Catholics often lost their cases, their properties were consequently confiscated, their churches destroyed. Some well-to-do families were thus reduced to poverty and had to beg for food in the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanne198357–58_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanne198357–58-31">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laamann_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laamann-5">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>As a consequence, significant numbers of Catholics withdrew into the remote mountains and hinterlands of western Sichuan, becoming "hidden Christians" in order to avoid official attention. This situation remained until the lifting of missionary controls in 1858 by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laamann_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laamann-5">[2]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="19th_century">19th century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jean-Gabriel-Taurin_Dufresse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jean-Gabriel-Taurin_Dufresse.jpg/134px-Jean-Gabriel-Taurin_Dufresse.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jean-Gabriel-Taurin_Dufresse.jpg/201px-Jean-Gabriel-Taurin_Dufresse.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Jean-Gabriel-Taurin_Dufresse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="322" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Synodus_Vicariatus_Sutchuensis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Synodus_Vicariatus_Sutchuensis.png/100px-Synodus_Vicariatus_Sutchuensis.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Synodus_Vicariatus_Sutchuensis.png/150px-Synodus_Vicariatus_Sutchuensis.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Synodus_Vicariatus_Sutchuensis.png/200px-Synodus_Vicariatus_Sutchuensis.png 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="2366" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Bishop Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse, future martyr saint, presented <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis</i></span> to Rome, fruit of the First Synod of Sichuan, which was the first Catholic synod held in China.</div></div></div></div>
<p>On 2 September 1803, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Gabriel_Taurin_Dufresse" title="Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse">Bishop Gabriel Taurin Dufresse</a> convened the first synod in China near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chongzhou" title="Chongzhou">Chongqingzhou</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Tchong-king-tcheou</i></span>, 'Chongqing Prefecture'), 40 kilometers west of Chengdu.<sup id="cite_ref-JC_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC-20">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1908322_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1908322-32">[29]</a></sup> Thirteen Chinese priests and two French priests participated, namely Dufresse and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jean-Louis_Florens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Louis Florens (page does not exist)">Jean-Louis Florens</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Florens" class="extiw" title="no:Jean-Louis Florens">no</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamps2009115_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamps2009115-33">[30]</a></sup> The decisions published in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis</i></span> refer primarily to the pastoral care of the sacraments. Chapter 10 deals with the ministry of the priests, recommending fervor in the spiritual life and discretion in temporal things. The provisions of the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=First_Synod_of_Sichuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Synod of Sichuan (page does not exist)">First Synod of Sichuan</a> were to guide the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostolate" title="Apostolate">apostolate</a> in this province and in many other regions of China until the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Plenary_Council_of_Shanghai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plenary Council of Shanghai (page does not exist)">Plenary Council of Shanghai</a> in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-MEP_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEP-34">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESVS1822_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESVS1822-35">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1805, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jiaqing_Emperor" title="Jiaqing Emperor">Jiaqing Emperor</a> launched an even harsher persecution which lasted for many years. In Sichuan, the first victim was <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Tchao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustine Tchao (page does not exist)">Augustine Tchao</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Tchao" class="extiw" title="fr:Augustin Tchao">fr</a>]</span>, a priest from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuchuan_Gelao_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Autonomous County">Wuchuan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou Province</a>, who died after torture in a prison in Chengdu on 27 January 1815. Bishop Dufresse was also a victim during this persecution. He was betrayed to the imperial authorities by a scared new convert under torture, and was arrested on 18 May 1815. He was taken to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xinjin,_Chengdu" title="Xinjin, Chengdu">Xinjin</a>, then to Chengdu, where he was beheaded on 14 September of the same year in the North Gate Square.<sup id="cite_ref-MEP_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEP-34">[31]</a></sup> His head was tied to a post and his body was exposed for three days as a warning to others. He was canonized a saint by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> on 1 October 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Eglise_de_Dengchigou_(Baoxing,_Sichuan,_Chine)_-_www.panda.fr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Eglise_de_Dengchigou_%28Baoxing%2C_Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg/250px-Eglise_de_Dengchigou_%28Baoxing%2C_Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Eglise_de_Dengchigou_%28Baoxing%2C_Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg/375px-Eglise_de_Dengchigou_%28Baoxing%2C_Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Eglise_de_Dengchigou_%28Baoxing%2C_Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg/500px-Eglise_de_Dengchigou_%28Baoxing%2C_Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Interior of Annunciation Church, Dengchigou, former Seminary of Muping.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1830, the MEP, as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">society of apostolic life</a> which had the objective of evangelizing non-Christian Asian countries, secretly opened a college at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muping_Town" title="Muping Town">Muping</a> (in French, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Moupin</i></span>), on Sichuan-Tibetan border, known as Muping Seminary or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Collège de l'Annonciation</i></span> (presently the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Annunciation_Church,_Dengchigou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annunciation Church, Dengchigou (page does not exist)">Annunciation Church at Dengchigou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_l%27Annonciation_de_Dengchigou" class="extiw" title="fr:Église de l'Annonciation de Dengchigou">fr</a>]</span>) to recruit local clergy. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurent-Joseph-Marius_Imbert" title="Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert">Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert</a>, founder of the seminary, became the first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">superior</a>. He lived there for twelve years before leaving for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Korea" title="Catholic Church in Korea">Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a></sup> In one of his letters, he wrote, "the Szechwan Mission is well enough furnished to be able to do without a missionary."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a></sup> In 1858, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a> effectively legalized Christian missions in China, a century ban on Catholicism came to an end. Newly arrived missionaries in western Sichuan mistook those "hidden Christians" for Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-Laamann_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laamann-5">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>After 1858, many of the missionaries stationed at the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Collège de l'Annonciation de Moupin</i></span> were well educated in the natural sciences (botany, zoology, geology) and sought to come into contact with scientific establishments of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Grasdorff2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Grasdorff2007-40">[37]</a></sup> Today the Annunciation Church is well-remembered thanks to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armand_David" title="Armand David">Armand David</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Lazarist</a> missionary as well as a zoologist and a botanist, who in 1869 arrived at Muping in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">sedan chair</a>. There, he discovered the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a>, which was hitherto known only to the Chinese. About fifty local students studied at the Muping Seminary under the direction of Anatole Dugrité, superior of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Collège de l'Annonciation</i></span>. At that time, the college and mission station belonged to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Apostolic Vicariate of Western Szechwan</a> whose bishop was <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Annet-Th%C3%A9ophile_Pinchon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annet-Théophile Pinchon (page does not exist)">Annet-Théophile Pinchon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annet-Th%C3%A9ophile_Pinchon" class="extiw" title="fr:Annet-Théophile Pinchon">fr</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 20 September 1880,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHe2020_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHe2020-42">[39]</a></sup> the Second Synod of Sichuan was convened by Bishop <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jules_Lepley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Lepley (page does not exist)">Jules Lepley</a> and held in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Suifu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a></sup> seat of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Suifu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu">Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan</a>. Participants included the apostolic vicars and provicars of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Eastern Szechwan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Northwestern Szechwan</a>, Southern Szechwan, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Tibet</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Guiyang" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang">Kweichow</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Kunming" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kunming">Yunnan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHe2020_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHe2020-42">[39]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:%E9%A2%86%E6%8A%A5%E4%BF%AE%E9%99%A207.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E9%A2%86%E6%8A%A5%E4%BF%AE%E9%99%A207.jpg/250px-%E9%A2%86%E6%8A%A5%E4%BF%AE%E9%99%A207.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E9%A2%86%E6%8A%A5%E4%BF%AE%E9%99%A207.jpg/375px-%E9%A2%86%E6%8A%A5%E4%BF%AE%E9%99%A207.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E9%A2%86%E6%8A%A5%E4%BF%AE%E9%99%A207.jpg/500px-%E9%A2%86%E6%8A%A5%E4%BF%AE%E9%99%A207.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5092" data-file-height="3818" /></a><figcaption>The abandoned Annunciation Seminary</figcaption></figure>
<p>At <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bailu,_Pengzhou" title="Bailu, Pengzhou">Bailu, Pengzhou</a>, construction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annunciation_Seminary,_Bailu" title="Annunciation Seminary, Bailu">Annunciation Seminary</a> was started in 1895 by Bishop <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marie-Julien_Dunand" title="Marie-Julien Dunand">Marie-Julien Dunand</a>, successor to Bishop Pinchon who died in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiao2014_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiao2014-44">[41]</a></sup> The seminary was designed by two French missionaries, Alexandre Perrodin and Léon Rousseau. The construction lasted 13 years, after its completion in 1908, it became an important institute for the training of priests in the province at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanRuanChenMa2013120–121_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanRuanChenMa2013120–121-45">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>That same year (1895) was marked by a serious outbreak of anti-foreign agitation began in the capital Chengdu, and thence spread throughout the province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEABFMS192020_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEABFMS192020-46">[43]</a></sup> In the capital, the property of the Catholic mission and that of three <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestantism_in_Sichuan" title="Protestantism in Sichuan">Protestant missions</a> was destroyed;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1934_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1934-47">[44]</a></sup> and all missionaries of all missions, Catholic and Protestant alike, were thankful to escape with their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarious_authors192042_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarious_authors192042-48">[45]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:207px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Adolphe_Roulland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Adolphe_Roulland.png/131px-Adolphe_Roulland.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Adolphe_Roulland.png/197px-Adolphe_Roulland.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Adolphe_Roulland.png/262px-Adolphe_Roulland.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="936" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:207px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux_holding_La_Mission_du_Su-tchuen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux_holding_La_Mission_du_Su-tchuen.jpg/143px-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux_holding_La_Mission_du_Su-tchuen.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux_holding_La_Mission_du_Su-tchuen.jpg/215px-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux_holding_La_Mission_du_Su-tchuen.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux_holding_La_Mission_du_Su-tchuen.jpg/286px-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux_holding_La_Mission_du_Su-tchuen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%27s_picture_for_Father_Roulland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%27s_picture_for_Father_Roulland.jpg/91px-Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%27s_picture_for_Father_Roulland.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%27s_picture_for_Father_Roulland.jpg/137px-Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%27s_picture_for_Father_Roulland.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%27s_picture_for_Father_Roulland.jpg/182px-Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%27s_picture_for_Father_Roulland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2357" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%27s_picture_for_Father_Roulland_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%27s_picture_for_Father_Roulland_%28detail%29.jpg/183px-Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%27s_picture_for_Father_Roulland_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%27s_picture_for_Father_Roulland_%28detail%29.jpg/275px-Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%27s_picture_for_Father_Roulland_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%27s_picture_for_Father_Roulland_%28detail%29.jpg/366px-Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se%27s_picture_for_Father_Roulland_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Above: Adolphe Roulland, a spiritual brother of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux; Thérèse of Lisieux holding in her right hand <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Mission du Su-Tchuen au <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">XVIII</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>me</sup></span> siècle</i></span>. Below: Saint Thérèse's Sacred Heart picture for Father Adolphe Roulland. Beneath the Divine Blood flowing on the earth, she inscribed <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Su-Tchuen oriental</i></span>, as can be discerned in the enlarged detail on the right.</div></div></div></div>
<p>On 29 July 1896, a newly ordained priest <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Roulland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolphe Roulland (page does not exist)">Adolphe Roulland</a>, was sent to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Szechwan</a> by Paris Foreign Missions Society. The next year, he was appointed vicar at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Youyang_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County">Youyang</a> (Yeou-yang), in the city of Chongqing. Five years later (1902), he was appointed parish priest of Mapaochang (Ma-pao-tchang; now merged with <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shima_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shima Town (page does not exist)">Shima Town</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%A6%AC%E9%8E%AE_(%E9%87%8D%E6%85%B6%E5%B8%82)" class="extiw" title="zh:石馬鎮 (重慶市)">zh</a>]</span>) in the same city, where he stayed for seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a></sup> Roulland was a spiritual brother of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Saint Thérèse of Lisieux</a>. He gifted the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Carmelite_Convent_of_Lisieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carmelite Convent of Lisieux (page does not exist)">Carmelite Convent of Lisieux</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel_de_Lisieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Carmel de Lisieux">fr</a>]</span> the book by Léonide Guiot, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Mission du Su-Tchuen au <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">XVIII</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>me</sup></span> siècle : Vie et Apostolat de Mgr Pottier, son fondateur</i></span> ('The Su-Tchuen Mission in the 18th Century: Life and Apostolate of Bishop Pottier, Its Founder', 1892), which had a great influence on Thérèse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarin2010_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarin2010-50">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>Thérèse gave Roulland a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a> picture accompanied by a prayer: "O Divine Blood of Jesus! Water our mission, sprout the elect." Surrounded by floral marginalia, the heart with a small cross is depicted dripping a drop of blood on <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Su-Tchuen oriental</i></span>, denoting the spilled <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">Divine Blood</a> on the Mission of Chongqing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuazua201422_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuazua201422-51">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>In her letter to Roulland dated 30 July 1896, Thérèse expressed her hope for a visit to Sichuan: "I have attached the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mission_du_Su-tchuen_oriental.jpg" title="File:Mission du Su-tchuen oriental.jpg">map of Su-Tchuen</a> on the wall where I work, [...] I will ask Jesus' permission to go to visit you at Su-Tchuen, and we shall continue our apostolate together."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETherese_of_Lisieux2014_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETherese_of_Lisieux2014-53">[50]</a></sup> Today, in addition to keeping one of Thérèse's letters to Fr. Roulland, the Church of Janua Coeli at Shima (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ma_Pao_Tchang_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Pao Tchang Church (page does not exist)">Ma Pao Tchang Church</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B7%91%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="zh:馬跑教堂">zh</a>]</span>) also preserves one of her <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Relic#Christianity" title="Relic">relics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="20th_century">20th century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:298px;max-width:298px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9.jpg/150px-Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9.jpg/225px-Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9.jpg/300px-Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1060" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Jean-André Soulié</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jean-Th%C3%A9odore_Monbeig.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jean-Th%C3%A9odore_Monbeig.png/140px-Jean-Th%C3%A9odore_Monbeig.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jean-Th%C3%A9odore_Monbeig.png/210px-Jean-Th%C3%A9odore_Monbeig.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jean-Th%C3%A9odore_Monbeig.png/280px-Jean-Th%C3%A9odore_Monbeig.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1892" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Jean-Théodore Monbeig</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F7E7CE">Missionaries in the Sichuan-Tibetan borderland</div></div></div></div>
<p>In 1905, four French missionaries were killed in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Bathang uprising</a>, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9" title="André Soulié">Jean-André Soulié</a>, who worked in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Apostolic Vicariate of Tibet</a>. He was captured, tortured and shot by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a> close to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yarigong_Township,_Sichuan" title="Yarigong Township, Sichuan">Yaregong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a></sup> Nine years later (1914), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Monbeig" title="Théodore Monbeig">Jean-Théodore Monbeig</a>, another French missionary working in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Sichuan-Tibetan border region</a>, was killed by lamas near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Litang_County" title="Litang County">Lithang</a>, not long after helping revive the Christian community at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batang,_Sichuan" title="Batang, Sichuan">Bathang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1918, French missionary François-Marie-Joseph Gourdon edited and published in Chongqing <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/An_Account_of_the_Entry_of_the_Catholic_Religion_into_Sichuan" title="An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan">An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan</a></i>, by the authority of <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9lestin_Chouvellon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Célestin Chouvellon (page does not exist)">Célestin Chouvellon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lestin_Chouvellon" class="extiw" title="fr:Célestin Chouvellon">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing#Episcopal_ordinaries" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Bishop of Eastern Szechwan</a>. This work is allegedly based on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel_de_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Gabriel de Magalhães">Gabriel de Magalhães</a>'s <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Relação das tyranias obradas por Canghien Chungo famoso ladrão da China em o anno de 1651</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan201168_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan201168-58">[55]</a></sup> In addition, <i>An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Anyo</i>, detailing the history of the Church in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anyue_County" title="Anyue County">Anyue County</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sichuanese_Pinyin" title="Sichuanese Pinyin">Sichuanese romanization</a>:</span> <i>Anyo</i>), was published in 1924, with the approval of Urbain Claval, Provicar of Eastern Szechwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQinShen2008111_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQinShen2008111-59">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>By the end of 1921, there were 143,747 Catholic Christians in Sichuan. These worshipped in 826 chapels and churches scattered throughout the province which was divided into four bishoprics with episcopal residences at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Suifu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu">Suifu</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ningyuan" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan">Ningyuan</a>. Almost 8,000 adults were baptized into the Catholic Church during 1918. In addition to regular evangelistic activities, the Church maintained nearly 400 parish schools of primary grade with over 7,500 students. There were three colleges in the province, two in Chongqing and one in Chengdu; ten seminaries, and five schools for girls. Catholic missions also reported five hospitals and seven dispensaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStauffer1922228_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStauffer1922228-60">[57]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Comunidad_de_los_redentoristas_espa%C3%B1oles_en_Chengtu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Comunidad_de_los_redentoristas_espa%C3%B1oles_en_Chengtu.png/220px-Comunidad_de_los_redentoristas_espa%C3%B1oles_en_Chengtu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Comunidad_de_los_redentoristas_espa%C3%B1oles_en_Chengtu.png/330px-Comunidad_de_los_redentoristas_espa%C3%B1oles_en_Chengtu.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Comunidad_de_los_redentoristas_espa%C3%B1oles_en_Chengtu.png/440px-Comunidad_de_los_redentoristas_espa%C3%B1oles_en_Chengtu.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Spanish Redemptorist community in Chengdu, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques-Victor-Marius_Rouchouse" title="Jacques-Victor-Marius Rouchouse">Jacques-Victor-Marius Rouchouse</a>, the then Apostolic Vicar of Chengdu. See "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Redemptorist_missions_in_Sichuan" title="Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan">Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan</a>".</figcaption></figure>
<p>In February 1928, Segundo Miguel Rodríguez, José Morán Pan and Segundo Velasco Arina sailed for China. Initially, they were put in charge of the seminary of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congregatio_Discipulorum_Domini" title="Congregatio Discipulorum Domini">Congregation of the Disciples of the Lord</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Xuanhua" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Xuanhua">Apostolic Vicariate of Süanhwafu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei Province</a>. Subsequently, they were transferred to Sichuan as the first band of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Redemptorist_missions_in_Sichuan" title="Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan">Spanish Redemptorist missionaries</a> to take up work in that province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiedemann201615_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiedemann201615-61">[58]</a></sup> Their first permanent foundation was made in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> on 24 April 1934,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoland198776_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoland198776-62">[59]</a></sup> which expanded to include a mission house and a chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnithorne2019_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnithorne2019-63">[60]</a></sup> In addition to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ningyuan" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan">Apostolic Vicariate of Ningyuanfu</a> became their second mission base in 1938. This district covers the entire <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liangshan_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Nosu Country</a> that is further to the west and bordered by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">eastern Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoland2002606_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoland2002606-64">[61]</a></sup> The last Spanish Redemptorists were expelled from China by the communist regime in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiedemann201615_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiedemann201615-61">[58]</a></sup>
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:BarrachinaLapiedra-1990-Fray.Pascual.Nadal.Oltra_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BarrachinaLapiedra-1990-Fray.Pascual.Nadal.Oltra_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-BarrachinaLapiedra-1990-Fray.Pascual.Nadal.Oltra_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BarrachinaLapiedra-1990-Fray.Pascual.Nadal.Oltra_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-BarrachinaLapiedra-1990-Fray.Pascual.Nadal.Oltra_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BarrachinaLapiedra-1990-Fray.Pascual.Nadal.Oltra_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-BarrachinaLapiedra-1990-Fray.Pascual.Nadal.Oltra_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption>Pascual Nadal Oltra, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pego,_Alicante" title="Pego, Alicante">Pego</a>-born Franciscan missionary, beheaded in 1935 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngawa_Tibetan_and_Qiang_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture">Ngawa</a>, one of the three Tibetan regions of Western Sichuan.</figcaption></figure>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:St._Anne%27s_Church,_Mosimien.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Mosimien.png/190px-St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Mosimien.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Mosimien.png/285px-St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Mosimien.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Mosimien.png/380px-St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Mosimien.png 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>St. Anne's Church, Moxi</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1930, a Spanish <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> friar and artist <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pascual_Nadal_Oltra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascual Nadal Oltra (page does not exist)">Pascual Nadal Oltra</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Nadal_Oltra" class="extiw" title="es:Pascual Nadal Oltra">es</a>]</span> arrived in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moxi,_Luding_County" title="Moxi, Luding County">Moxi</a> (Mosimien), a small town located in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garz%C3%AA_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Garzê</a>, one of the three Tibetan regions of Western Sichuan. With the support of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding#Ordinaries" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Bishop of Tatsienlu</a> (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Philippe_Giraudeau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau (page does not exist)">Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Philippe_Giraudeau" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau">fr</a>]</span>) and his coadjutor <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Valentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Valentin (page does not exist)">Pierre Valentin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Valentin" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Valentin">fr</a>]</span>, Oltra, the Father Guardian Plácido Albiero, a Canadian friar Bernabé Lafond and an Italian José Andreatta formed the founding community of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leper_colony" title="Leper colony">leper colony</a> established near <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=St._Anne%27s_Church,_Moxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Anne's Church, Moxi (page does not exist)">St. Anne's Church</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_Santa_Ana_(Mosimi%C3%A9n)" class="extiw" title="es:Iglesia de Santa Ana (Mosimién)">es</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrachina_Lapiedra199059_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrachina_Lapiedra199059-65">[62]</a></sup> known as St. Joseph's Home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELIC1949469_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELIC1949469-66">[63]</a></sup> There were dormitories for leper patients, a pharmacy and an infirmary. The installation of the first lepers was not easy, given their ignorance and the situation of marginalization and social aversion in which they lived. Nevertheless, by 1935, the missionaries already had a hundred patients.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrachina_Lapiedra199065_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrachina_Lapiedra199065-67">[64]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 1935, a communist army column led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (Mao Tse Tung) was fleeing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s regular army to northwest China through the Moxi area, part of a military retreat later known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>. According to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencian</a> Franciscan friar José Miguel Barrachina Lapiedra, author of the book <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Fray Pascual Nadal y Oltra: Apóstol de los leprosos, mártir de China</i></span>, and a report published in <i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=CatholicNews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CatholicNews (page does not exist)">Malaya Catholic Leader</a></i>, the official newspaper of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Singapore" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Singapore">Archdiocese of Singapore</a>: "The communist soldiers entered the leper colony, they looted the residence and arrested the friars and sisters. Many of the lepers tried to defend the missionaries, but they were shot by the soldiers. The Franciscans were then brought before Mao Tse Tung, who interrogated them, imprisoned two of them, Pascual Nadal Oltra and an Italian friar <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Epifanio_Pegoraro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epifanio Pegoraro (page does not exist)">Epifanio Pegoraro</a>, and released the rest. There were more than 30,000 Reds in the band, including a large number of women. Before their departure, the soldiers ransacked the village, carrying away everything movable and edible, left the people of the district without means of subsistence. Days later, on 4 December 1935, the army reached <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lianghekou,_Xiaojin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lianghekou, Xiaojin (page does not exist)">Leang Ho Kow</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%A3%E9%8E%AE_(%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%91%E7%B8%A3)" class="extiw" title="zh:兩河口鎮 (小金縣)">zh</a>]</span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xiaojin_County" title="Xiaojin County">Tsanlha</a>, where the two Franciscans were beheaded with a sword."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMCL19357_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMCL19357-70">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorao_Mateo2017183_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorao_Mateo2017183-71">[68]</a></sup>
</p><p>In her letter to the poet <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Cortat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Cortat (page does not exist)">Raymond Cortat</a>, dated 17 January 1937, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Marie-Rosine_Sahler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie-Rosine Sahler (page does not exist)">Marie-Rosine Sahler</a>, a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franciscan_Missionaries_of_Mary" title="Franciscan Missionaries of Mary">Franciscan Missionaries of Mary</a>, recounts in detail her journey, her arrival in China and her life in the Mosimien leper colony, a testimony about the political hardship: "In 1935, the leper colony was savagely attacked by communist army and the mission community had to flee to the mountains and stay there for eight days. Upon her return, she found the leper colony ransacked and all supplies looted. Nevertheless, the community managed to recover and welcome back the sick, who in 1937 were 148 people."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1947, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappist monks</a> from <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Joy_Abbey,_Zhengding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Our Lady of Joy Abbey, Zhengding (page does not exist)">Our Lady of Joy Abbey</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AE%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%A8%82%E9%99%A2" class="extiw" title="zh:正定神樂院">zh</a>]</span> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Zhengding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Zhengding">Diocese of Zhengding</a>) transferred their monastery to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xindu,_Chengdu" title="Xindu, Chengdu">Xindu, Chengdu</a>, due to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">ongoing civil war</a>. Father Paulin Li and forty monks reached their destination via Shanghai. They remained in Sichuan for two years, until the end of 1949, when the communist invasion reached there, too. By which time, north and central China were already taken over by communists. It became evident that the monastic community had to move again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerreux2022_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerreux2022-73">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CATW_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CATW-74">[71]</a></sup> On Christmas Day, 1949, communists occupied the Chengdu Monastery and its surrounding land. A couple of the young monks were severely beaten, three were martyred after brutal torture, namely, Vincent Shi, Albert Wei, and Father You.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattaway2007_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattaway2007-75">[72]</a></sup> Father Paulin Li managed to transfer ten of the monks to Canada, including nine Chinese nationals and one <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgian</a>. Eventually, the abbey was re-established on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lantau_Island" title="Lantau Island">Lantau Island</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a>. A permanent location for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Joy_Abbey" title="Our Lady of Joy Abbey">Our Lady of Joy Abbey at Hong Kong</a> was secured on 19 February 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-CATW_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CATW-74">[71]</a></sup>
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<h2><span id="1949.E2.80.93present"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1949–present">1949–present</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1949–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>After the communist takeover of China in 1949, a combination of assertive nationalism and socialist ideology led to the eradication of the Western presence in the country, including Western culture and products. "The denunciation of anything Western as 'capitalist', '<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a>' and representative of the '<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a> world' reached a peak during the ideological extremism of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953) when the final vestiges of the Western economic and cultural presence were eradicated."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooper2000442_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooper2000442-76">[73]</a></sup> Missionary and communist ambitions simply were irreconcilable and the wide ideological gap could not be bridged. The stage had been set for the communists' catastrophic assault on the missionary enterprise during the Civil War period (1946–1949) and the expulsion of virtually all foreigners in the early 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiedemann200560_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiedemann200560-77">[74]</a></sup> Foreign missionaries who were suspected of being spies were arrested, some were sent to "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thought_reform_in_China" title="Thought reform in China">thought reform</a> centers" in which they underwent disturbing re-education process in a vindictive prison setting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELifton1957626–644_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELifton1957626–644-78">[75]</a></sup> Missionary institutes funded by foreign money were closed down and all foreign missionaries expelled from the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeung1995_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung1995-79">[76]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholicism in China</a>, like all religions, has since been permitted to operate only under the supervision of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_Administration_for_Religious_Affairs" title="State Administration for Religious Affairs">State Administration for Religious Affairs</a>. All legal worship has to be conducted in government-approved churches belonging to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Patriotic_Association" title="Catholic Patriotic Association">Catholic Patriotic Association</a>, which does not accept the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">primacy of the Roman pontiff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoody2013403–431_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody2013403–431-8">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Church_in_Sichuan">Church in Sichuan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Church in Sichuan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement" title="Land Reform Movement">Land Reform Movement</a> in the early 1950s, several <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a> (LOM) organizations in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pengzhou" title="Pengzhou">Pengzhou</a> were banned and persecuted, since the communist regime termed the LOM a "counter-revolutionary force".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQinShen2008225_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQinShen2008225-80">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1989, while an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diocesan_administrator" title="Diocesan administrator">administrator</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Qinzhou" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Qinzhou">Diocese of Qinzhou</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=John_Baptist_Wang_Ruohan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Baptist Wang Ruohan (page does not exist)">John Baptist Wang Ruohan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baptist_Wang_Ruohan" class="extiw" title="pl:John Baptist Wang Ruohan">pl</a>]</span> was consecrated "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underground_church" title="Underground church">underground bishop</a>" <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">of Kangding</a> by <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Paul_Li_Zhenrong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Li Zhenrong (page does not exist)">Paul Li Zhenrong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Li_Zhenrong" class="extiw" title="no:Paul Li Zhenrong">no</a>]</span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Xianxian" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Xianxian">Bishop of Xianxian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a></sup> In 2011, John Baptist was arrested by Chinese security forces, along with his brothers, Bishop <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casimir_Wang_Mi-lu" title="Casimir Wang Mi-lu">Casimir Wang Mi-lu</a> and Father <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Wang_Ruowang" title="John Wang Ruowang">John Wang Ruowang</a>, as well as a group of lay faithful, who do not belong to the government-authorized Catholic Patriotic Association.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2005, Chinese government officials planned to consecrate two bishops in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Dioceses of Chengdu</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Jiading" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading">Leshan (Jiading)</a> without papal mandate, whose appointments were rejected by the approximately 140,000 faithful in both dioceses, due to their open political maneuvering.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the devastation of dozens of churches by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">2008 Sichuan earthquake</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audrey_Donnithorne" title="Audrey Donnithorne">Audrey Donnithorne</a> set up a fund for the reconstruction of churches, schools and nurseries in that province where she had been born in 1922. Audrey was the daughter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vyvyan_Donnithorne" title="Vyvyan Donnithorne">Vyvyan Donnithorne</a>, an English <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evangelical_Anglicanism" title="Evangelical Anglicanism">Anglican</a> missionary stationed at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gospel_Church,_Guanghan" title="Gospel Church, Guanghan">Gospel Church of Hanchow</a> in northern Sichuan during the 1930s. She converted to Catholicism in 1943,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a></sup> and received baptism at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Cathedral,_Chengdu" title="Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu">Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2020_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2020-87">[84]</a></sup> She was crucial in the reconciliation of a "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Patriotic_Association" title="Catholic Patriotic Association">patriotic</a>" bishop in Sichuan with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, leading to the establishment of unity between the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underground_church" title="Underground church">underground</a>" and "patriotic" churches in that province. She was expelled from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> in 1997 due to her activities for the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns2020_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns2020-88">[85]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2011, after trying to reclaim two former church properties in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moxi,_Luding_County" title="Moxi, Luding County">Moxi</a> that were confiscated by authorities in the 1950s, Sister Xie Yuming and Father Huang Yusong were attacked by a group of unknown assailants on 3 September. The nun was severely beaten while the priest suffered minor injuries. The properties, a Latin school demolished by the authorities, and a boys' school occupied by Moxi government officials by the time, were formerly owned by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Diocese of Kangding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 29 June 2022, a celebration of the anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party was held at the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_Cathedral,_Leshan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Leshan (page does not exist)">Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leshan" title="Leshan">Leshan</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Jiading" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading">Diocese of Jiading</a>), for political reasons. The Catholics were called to "listen to the word of the Party, feel the grace of the Party, and follow the Party". According to a Catholic source contacted by <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AsiaNews" title="AsiaNews">AsiaNews</a></i>, "in China it is no longer a question of listening to the Lord, of feeling his grace and following him. This is the root of the disease of the Chinese Church today, it is difficult to get away from the influence of ideology. Politics has entered the Church", and persecution of Church members who do not want to submit to religious bodies controlled by the Party continues.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dioceses">Dioceses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dioceses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan was established in 1696 with its seat in Chengdu. In 1856, the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan was renamed the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan (also known as Apostolic Vicariate of Western Szechwan) upon the establishment of the Apostolic Vicariate of Southeastern Szechwan,<sup id="cite_ref-AOC_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOC-91">[88]</a></sup> with the seat of the latter in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UCA-CD_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCA-CD-92">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlanchet1917211_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlanchet1917211-93">[90]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1860, the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan was established with its seat in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Suifu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlanchet1917215_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlanchet1917215-94">[91]</a></sup> In 1910, the Apostolic Vicariate of Kienchang was established with its seat in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xichang" title="Xichang">Ningyüanfu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlanchet1917219_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlanchet1917219-95">[92]</a></sup> In 1924, the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan was renamed the Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu, which was eventually promoted to Diocese of Chengtu in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-UCA-CD_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCA-CD-92">[89]</a></sup>
</p><p>Today, the Catholic Church in Sichuan has 1 archdiocese and 7 dioceses covering the entire province and the city of Chongqing.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 252px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:7_vicariats_apostoliques_du_Se-Tchouan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The seven former apostolic vicariates of Szechwan (excluding Ta-tsien-lou which belonged to the Mission of Tibet): Tchen-tou (northwest), Tchong-kin (southeast), Chouen-king (central), Si-tchang (southwest), Su-fou (south), Ia-gan (west), and Ouan-hien (east). Map by François Roux ME, 1913."><img alt="The seven former apostolic vicariates of Szechwan (excluding Ta-tsien-lou which belonged to the Mission of Tibet): Tchen-tou (northwest), Tchong-kin (southeast), Chouen-king (central), Si-tchang (southwest), Su-fou (south), Ia-gan (west), and Ouan-hien (east). Map by François Roux ME, 1913." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/7_vicariats_apostoliques_du_Se-Tchouan.jpg/378px-7_vicariats_apostoliques_du_Se-Tchouan.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/7_vicariats_apostoliques_du_Se-Tchouan.jpg/568px-7_vicariats_apostoliques_du_Se-Tchouan.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/7_vicariats_apostoliques_du_Se-Tchouan.jpg/757px-7_vicariats_apostoliques_du_Se-Tchouan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1805" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The seven former apostolic vicariates of Szechwan (excluding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Ta-tsien-lou</a> which belonged to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet#19th_century" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Mission of Tibet</a>): <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Tchen-tou</a> (northwest), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Tchong-kin</a> (southeast), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Shunqing" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing">Chouen-king</a> (central), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ningyuan" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan">Si-tchang</a> (southwest), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Suifu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu">Su-fou</a> (south), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Jiading" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading">Ia-gan</a> (west), and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wanxian" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian">Ouan-hien</a> (east). Map by François Roux <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">ME</a>, 1913.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 310px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 308px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie_des_juridictions_MEP_au_Sichuan_avec_ses_rattachements.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genealogy of MEP ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Sichuan, with its three attachments: Tibet, Yunnan and Guizhou."><img alt="Genealogy of MEP ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Sichuan, with its three attachments: Tibet, Yunnan and Guizhou." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie_des_juridictions_MEP_au_Sichuan_avec_ses_rattachements.png/462px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie_des_juridictions_MEP_au_Sichuan_avec_ses_rattachements.png" decoding="async" width="308" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie_des_juridictions_MEP_au_Sichuan_avec_ses_rattachements.png/693px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie_des_juridictions_MEP_au_Sichuan_avec_ses_rattachements.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie_des_juridictions_MEP_au_Sichuan_avec_ses_rattachements.png/924px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie_des_juridictions_MEP_au_Sichuan_avec_ses_rattachements.png 2x" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="1994" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Genealogy of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">MEP</a> ecclesiastical jurisdiction in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Sichuan</a>, with its three attachments: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Tibet</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Kunming" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kunming">Yunnan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Guiyang" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang">Guizhou</a>.</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Eastern_Szechwan_Mission">Eastern Szechwan Mission</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eastern Szechwan Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="200">Diocese
</th>
<th scope="col" width="130">French
</th>
<th scope="col" width="50">Former name/spelling
</th>
<th scope="col" width="300">Cathedral
</th>
<th scope="col" width="500">History
</th>
<th scope="col" width="50">Founded
</th>
<th scope="col" width="50">Ref.
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Archdiocese of Chongqing</a>
</td>
<td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Tchong-kin-fou</i></span>
</td>
<td>Chungking
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral,_Chongqing" title="St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing">St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>•2 April 1856: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Southeastern Szechwan with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan
<p>•24 January 1860: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Szechwan<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Chungking<br />
•2 August 1929: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Wanhsien<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Chungking
</p>
</td>
<td>1856
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-AOC_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOC-91">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wanxian" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian">Diocese of Wanxian</a>
</td>
<td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ouan-hien</i></span>
</td>
<td>Wanhsien
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Immaculate_Conception_Cathedral,_Wanzhou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Wanzhou (page does not exist)">Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Wanzhou</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>•2 August 1929: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Wanhsien (today known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wanzhou,_Chongqing" title="Wanzhou, Chongqing">Wanzhou</a>) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Chungking
<p>•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Wanhsien
</p>
</td>
<td>1929
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mission_du_Su-tchuen_oriental.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mission_du_Su-tchuen_oriental.jpg/250px-Mission_du_Su-tchuen_oriental.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mission_du_Su-tchuen_oriental.jpg/375px-Mission_du_Su-tchuen_oriental.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mission_du_Su-tchuen_oriental.jpg/500px-Mission_du_Su-tchuen_oriental.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;">Map of the Eastern Szechwan Mission
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Western_Szechwan_Mission">Western Szechwan Mission</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Western Szechwan Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="200">Diocese
</th>
<th scope="col" width="130">French
</th>
<th scope="col" width="50">Former name/spelling
</th>
<th scope="col" width="300">Cathedral
</th>
<th scope="col" width="500">History
</th>
<th scope="col" width="50">Founded
</th>
<th scope="col" width="50">Ref.
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Diocese of Chengdu</a>
</td>
<td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Tchen-tou-fou</i></span>
</td>
<td>Chengtu
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Cathedral,_Chengdu" title="Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu">Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>•15 October 1696: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan
<p>•1715: Gained territory from the suppressed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Guiyang" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang">Apostolic Vicariate of Kweichow</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaunay190713_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaunay190713-102">[99]</a></sup><br />
•1781: Gained territory from the suppressed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Kunming" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kunming">Apostolic Vicariate of Yunnan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoidrey153_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoidrey153-103">[100]</a></sup><br />
•24 August 1840: Lost territory to re-establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Yunnan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoidrey153_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoidrey153-103">[100]</a></sup><br />
•27 March 1846: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Lhasa and re-establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Kweichow<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoidrey110_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoidrey110-104">[101]</a></sup><br />
•2 April 1856: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Apostolic Vicariate of Western Szechwan; lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Southeastern Szechwan<br />
•24 January 1860: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu<br />
•2 August 1929: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Shunking<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Chengtu
</p>
</td>
<td>1696
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCA-CD_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCA-CD-92">[89]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Shunqing" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing">Diocese of Shunqing</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Diocese of Nanchong)</span>
</td>
<td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Choen-kin-fou</i></span>
</td>
<td>Shunking
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_Cathedral,_Nanchong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Nanchong (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Nanchong</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>•2 August 1929: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Shunking (today known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nanchong" title="Nanchong">Nanchong</a>) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu
<p>•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Shunking
</p>
</td>
<td>1929
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mission_du_Su-tchuen_occidental.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mission_du_Su-tchuen_occidental.jpg/250px-Mission_du_Su-tchuen_occidental.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mission_du_Su-tchuen_occidental.jpg/375px-Mission_du_Su-tchuen_occidental.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mission_du_Su-tchuen_occidental.jpg/500px-Mission_du_Su-tchuen_occidental.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;">Map of the Western Szechwan Mission
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Southern_Szechwan_Mission">Southern Szechwan Mission</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Southern Szechwan Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="200">Diocese
</th>
<th scope="col" width="130">French
</th>
<th scope="col" width="50">Former name/spelling
</th>
<th scope="col" width="300">Cathedral
</th>
<th scope="col" width="500">History
</th>
<th scope="col" width="50">Founded
</th>
<th scope="col" width="50">Ref.
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Suifu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu">Diocese of Suifu</a>
</td>
<td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Suifou</i></span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Souifou</i></span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Su-tcheou-fou</i></span>
</td>
<td>Suifu
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Blessed_Sacrament_Cathedral,_Yibin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blessed Sacrament Cathedral, Yibin (page does not exist)">Blessed Sacrament Cathedral, Yibin</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>•24 January 1860: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan
<p>•12 August 1910: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Kienchang<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Suifu (today known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a>)<br />
•10 July 1929: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Prefecture of Yachow<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Suifu
</p>
</td>
<td>1860
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ningyuan" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan">Diocese of Ningyuan</a>
</td>
<td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Lin-yuen-fou</i></span>
</td>
<td>Ningyüanfu
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Angels,_Xichang" title="Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang">Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>•12 August 1910: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Kienchang (today known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xichang" title="Xichang">Xichang</a>, capital of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liangshan_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Nosuland</a>) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan
<p>•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Ningyüanfu (today known as Xichang)<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Ningyüan
</p>
</td>
<td>1910
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Jiading" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading">Diocese of Jiading</a>
</td>
<td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Kia-tin</i></span>
</td>
<td>Kiating
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_Cathedral,_Leshan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Leshan (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Leshan</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>•10 July 1929: Established as the Apostolic Prefecture of Yachow (today known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ya%27an" title="Ya'an">Ya'an</a>) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Suifu
<p>•3 March 1933: Elevated as the Apostolic Vicariate of Yachow<br />
•9 February 1938: See transferred and title changed to the Apostolic Vicariate of Kiating (today known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leshan" title="Leshan">Leshan</a>)<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Kiating
</p>
</td>
<td>1929
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mission_du_Su-tchuen_m%C3%A9ridional.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mission_du_Su-tchuen_m%C3%A9ridional.jpg/250px-Mission_du_Su-tchuen_m%C3%A9ridional.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mission_du_Su-tchuen_m%C3%A9ridional.jpg/375px-Mission_du_Su-tchuen_m%C3%A9ridional.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mission_du_Su-tchuen_m%C3%A9ridional.jpg/500px-Mission_du_Su-tchuen_m%C3%A9ridional.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;">Map of the Southern Szechwan Mission
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tibetan_Mission">Tibetan Mission</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tibetan Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholic Church in Tibet</a></div>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" width="200">Diocese
</th>
<th scope="col" width="130">French
</th>
<th scope="col" width="50">Former name/spelling
</th>
<th scope="col" width="300">Cathedral
</th>
<th scope="col" width="500">History
</th>
<th scope="col" width="50">Founded
</th>
<th scope="col" width="50">Ref.
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Diocese of Kangding</a>
</td>
<td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ta-tsien-lou</i></span>
</td>
<td>Kangting<br />Tatsienlu
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Kangding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kangding (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kangding</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>•27 March 1846: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Lhassa (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Agra" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra">Apostolic Vicariate of Tibet-Hindustan</a>
<p>•28 July 1868: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Thibet (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>)<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Tatsienlu (today known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kangding" title="Kangding">Kangding</a>, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garz%C3%AA_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Sichuanese Tibet</a>)<br />
•15 December 1929: Lost territory to establish the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Darjeeling" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Darjeeling">Mission sui iuris of Sikkim</a><br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Kangting
</p>
</td>
<td>1846
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Jurisdictional_changes">Jurisdictional changes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Jurisdictional changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Jurisdictional changes made by the state-sanctioned <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Patriotic_Association" title="Catholic Patriotic Association">Catholic Patriotic Church</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bishops%27_Conference_of_Catholic_Church_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishops' Conference of Catholic Church in China (page does not exist)">Bishops' Conference of Catholic Church in China</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%9C%98" class="extiw" title="zh:中國天主教主教團">zh</a>]</span> took place in the 1980s and the 1990s. On 24 March 1984, the territory of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Diocese of Kangding</a> was placed under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ningyuan" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan">Bishop of Ningyuan</a>. On 7 March 1993, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Jiading" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading">Diocese of Jiading</a> assumed authority over Kangding. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Archdiocese of Chongqing</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wanxian" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian">Diocese of Wanxian</a> were split off from Sichuan after the separation of Chongqing from the province on 4 March 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201350_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201350-10">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ma_Pao_Tchang_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ma Pao Tchang Church (Archdiocese of Chongqing)"><img alt="Ma Pao Tchang Church (Archdiocese of Chongqing)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ma_Pao_Tchang_Church.jpg/299px-Ma_Pao_Tchang_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ma_Pao_Tchang_Church.jpg/449px-Ma_Pao_Tchang_Church.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ma_Pao_Tchang_Church.jpg/598px-Ma_Pao_Tchang_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="993" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Ma Pao Tchang Church (Archdiocese of Chongqing)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:JiangbeiChurch.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Thérèse of Lisieux Church, Chongqing (Archdiocese of Chongqing)"><img alt="St. Thérèse of Lisieux Church, Chongqing (Archdiocese of Chongqing)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/JiangbeiChurch.JPG/191px-JiangbeiChurch.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/JiangbeiChurch.JPG/287px-JiangbeiChurch.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/JiangbeiChurch.JPG/382px-JiangbeiChurch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux_Church,_Chongqing" title="St. Thérèse of Lisieux Church, Chongqing">St. Thérèse of Lisieux Church, Chongqing</a> (Archdiocese of Chongqing)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Lourdes,_Mianyang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Mianyang (Diocese of Chengdu)"><img alt="Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Mianyang (Diocese of Chengdu)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Lourdes%2C_Mianyang.jpg/144px-Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Lourdes%2C_Mianyang.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Lourdes%2C_Mianyang.jpg/216px-Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Lourdes%2C_Mianyang.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Lourdes%2C_Mianyang.jpg/287px-Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Lourdes%2C_Mianyang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Church,_Mianyang" title="Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Mianyang">Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Mianyang</a> (Diocese of Chengdu)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Church,_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Our Lady of Lourdes Church at Mianyang"><img alt="Interior of Our Lady of Lourdes Church at Mianyang" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Church%2C_interior.jpg/144px-Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Church%2C_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Church%2C_interior.jpg/216px-Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Church%2C_interior.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Church%2C_interior.jpg/287px-Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Church%2C_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Interior of Our Lady of Lourdes Church at Mianyang</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 284px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 282px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_the_Angels,_Xichang.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang (Diocese of Ningyuan)"><img alt="Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang (Diocese of Ningyuan)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cathedral_of_the_Angels%2C_Xichang.png/423px-Cathedral_of_the_Angels%2C_Xichang.png" decoding="async" width="282" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cathedral_of_the_Angels%2C_Xichang.png/635px-Cathedral_of_the_Angels%2C_Xichang.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cathedral_of_the_Angels%2C_Xichang.png/846px-Cathedral_of_the_Angels%2C_Xichang.png 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1506" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Angels,_Xichang" title="Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang">Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang</a> (Diocese of Ningyuan)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mission_catholique_et_%C3%A9glise_de_Dengchigou_(Baoxing,_Sichuan,_Chine)_-_www.panda.fr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Annunciation Church, Dengchigou [fr] (Diocese of Jiading)"><img alt="Annunciation Church, Dengchigou [fr] (Diocese of Jiading)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mission_catholique_et_%C3%A9glise_de_Dengchigou_%28Baoxing%2C_Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg/340px-Mission_catholique_et_%C3%A9glise_de_Dengchigou_%28Baoxing%2C_Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mission_catholique_et_%C3%A9glise_de_Dengchigou_%28Baoxing%2C_Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg/511px-Mission_catholique_et_%C3%A9glise_de_Dengchigou_%28Baoxing%2C_Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mission_catholique_et_%C3%A9glise_de_Dengchigou_%28Baoxing%2C_Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg/680px-Mission_catholique_et_%C3%A9glise_de_Dengchigou_%28Baoxing%2C_Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Annunciation_Church,_Dengchigou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annunciation Church, Dengchigou (page does not exist)">Annunciation Church, Dengchigou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_l%27Annonciation_de_Dengchigou" class="extiw" title="fr:Église de l'Annonciation de Dengchigou">fr</a>]</span> (Diocese of Jiading)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89glise_du_Saint-Rosaire_de_Souifou.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Rosary Church, Yibin (Diocese of Suifu)"><img alt="Holy Rosary Church, Yibin (Diocese of Suifu)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89glise_du_Saint-Rosaire_de_Souifou.png/167px-Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89glise_du_Saint-Rosaire_de_Souifou.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89glise_du_Saint-Rosaire_de_Souifou.png/251px-Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89glise_du_Saint-Rosaire_de_Souifou.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89glise_du_Saint-Rosaire_de_Souifou.png/334px-Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89glise_du_Saint-Rosaire_de_Souifou.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1564" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Holy Rosary Church, Yibin (Diocese of Suifu)</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 299.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 297.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Tatsienlu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior and interior of the former Sacred Heart Cathedral at Kangding (Diocese of Kangding)"><img alt="Exterior and interior of the former Sacred Heart Cathedral at Kangding (Diocese of Kangding)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral%2C_Tatsienlu.jpg/446px-Sacred_Heart_Cathedral%2C_Tatsienlu.jpg" decoding="async" width="298" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral%2C_Tatsienlu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Exterior and interior of the former <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Kangding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kangding (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart Cathedral at Kangding</a> (Diocese of Kangding)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 228px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tsakalo1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo (Diocese of Kangding)[a]"><img alt="Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo (Diocese of Kangding)[a]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tsakalo1.jpg/342px-Tsakalo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tsakalo1.jpg/514px-Tsakalo1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tsakalo1.jpg/685px-Tsakalo1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2798" data-file-height="2085" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Sacred_Heart_Church,_Yerkalo" title="Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo">Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo</a> (Diocese of Kangding)<sup id="cite_ref-Lim_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lim-1">[a]</a></sup></div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Catholic_Church_Cizhong_Yunnan_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong [fr] (Diocese of Kangding)[d]"><img alt="Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong [fr] (Diocese of Kangding)[d]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Catholic_Church_Cizhong_Yunnan_China.jpg/179px-Catholic_Church_Cizhong_Yunnan_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Catholic_Church_Cizhong_Yunnan_China.jpg/269px-Catholic_Church_Cizhong_Yunnan_China.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Catholic_Church_Cizhong_Yunnan_China.jpg/359px-Catholic_Church_Cizhong_Yunnan_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_Church,_Cizhong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_de_Tsedjrong" class="extiw" title="fr:Église du Sacré-Cœur de Tsedjrong">fr</a>]</span> (Diocese of Kangding)<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[d]</a></sup></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:St._Anne%27s_Church,_Mosimien_(interior)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar of St. Anne's Church, Moxi [es] (Diocese of Kangding)"><img alt="Altar of St. Anne's Church, Moxi [es] (Diocese of Kangding)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Mosimien_%28interior%29_2.jpg/384px-St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Mosimien_%28interior%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Mosimien_%28interior%29_2.jpg/577px-St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Mosimien_%28interior%29_2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Mosimien_%28interior%29_2.jpg/769px-St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Mosimien_%28interior%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Altar of <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=St._Anne%27s_Church,_Moxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Anne's Church, Moxi (page does not exist)">St. Anne's Church, Moxi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_Santa_Ana_(Mosimi%C3%A9n)" class="extiw" title="es:Iglesia de Santa Ana (Mosimién)">es</a>]</span> (Diocese of Kangding)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Altar_of_Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Chengdu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception at Chengdu (Diocese of Chengdu)"><img alt="Altar of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception at Chengdu (Diocese of Chengdu)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altar_of_Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Chengdu.jpg/340px-Altar_of_Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Chengdu.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altar_of_Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Chengdu.jpg/511px-Altar_of_Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Chengdu.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altar_of_Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Chengdu.jpg/680px-Altar_of_Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_in_Chengdu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Altar of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Cathedral,_Chengdu" title="Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu">Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception at Chengdu</a> (Diocese of Chengdu)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Diocesan_curia_of_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diocesan curia of Bishop of Chengdu"><img alt="Diocesan curia of Bishop of Chengdu" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Diocesan_curia_of_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu.jpg/191px-Diocesan_curia_of_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Diocesan_curia_of_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu.jpg/286px-Diocesan_curia_of_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Diocesan_curia_of_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu.jpg/381px-Diocesan_curia_of_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Diocesan curia of Bishop of Chengdu</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Before_1949">Before 1949</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Before 1949"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The number of Catholics grew rapidly in the latter half of the 18th century. In 1756 there were 4,000 Catholics and two local priests. In 1802, the number increased tenfold with 40,000 Catholics and 16 local priests.<sup id="cite_ref-JC_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC-20">[17]</a></sup> By 1870, the Church in Sichuan had 80,000 baptized members, which was the largest number of Catholics in the entire country. The number increased to 118,724 members in 1911 during the fall of the last imperial dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELü1976266_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELü1976266-6">[3]</a></sup> Almost 8,000 adults received baptism during the year of 1918. By the end of 1921, the number of Catholics had reached 143,747. They worshipped in 826 chapels and churches scattered throughout the province. The Church maintained nearly 400 parish schools of primary grade with over 7,500 students.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStauffer1922228_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStauffer1922228-60">[57]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="After_1949">After 1949</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: After 1949"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>According to the statistics published on <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org" title="Catholic-Hierarchy.org">Catholic-Hierarchy.org</a></i> before 20 November 2005, there were 134,000 Catholics in Sichuan (Ecclesiastical Province of Chongqing), 0.25 per cent of the population (53,145,000).<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a></sup>
</p><p>By the end of 2011, Catholics in the dioceses of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Shunqing" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing">Shunqing</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Jiading" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading">Jiading</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Suifu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu">Suifu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ningyuan" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan">Ningyuan</a> numbered 110,000, 80,000, 60,000, 30,000 and 30,000 people, respectively, making a total of 310,000 faithful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2011_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2011-9">[6]</a></sup> This data did not include Catholics in Chongqing (dioceses of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Chongqing</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wanxian" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian">Wanxian</a>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Diocese of Kangding</a>), due to the separation of Chongqing from Sichuan in 1997 and the diocesan jurisdiction changes took place in the 1980s and the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201350_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201350-10">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Asia Harvest, estimates from 2020 suggest that of the entire population (78,486,760) about 1.32 per cent was Catholic (1,036,538), among whom 455,090 belonged to the state-sanctioned <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Patriotic_Association" title="Catholic Patriotic Association">Catholic Patriotic Church</a> (CPC), and 581,449 were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underground_church" title="Underground church">underground church</a> Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a></sup> In the case of Chongqing, Catholics accounted for about 1.76 per cent (478,191) of the entire population (27,179,577). This number was composed of 183,920 CPC Catholics and 294,271 underground church Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Impact">Impact</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Jesuit fathers <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lodovico_Buglio" title="Lodovico Buglio">Lodovico Buglio</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel_de_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Gabriel de Magalhães">Gabriel de Magalhães</a> were ordered to construct a celestial globe, a terrestrial globe and a sundial during the reign of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhang_Xianzhong" title="Zhang Xianzhong">Zhang Xianzhong</a>. These large devices are given a detailed description in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/An_Account_of_the_Entry_of_the_Catholic_Religion_into_Sichuan" title="An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan">An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan</a></i> as being "really unique at that time, and they amazed those who saw them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourdon198123–24_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourdon198123–24-126">[122]</a></sup> Yuan Tingdong wrote in his 1998 book <i>Cultural History of Ba–Shu</i>, that "from the information currently available, this is the first time that modern Western scientific achievements have appeared in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_culture" title="Ba–Shu culture">Ba–Shu</a> region".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYuan1998270–271_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYuan1998270–271-127">[123]</a></sup> During Zhang Xianzhong's massacre, some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sichuanese_people" title="Sichuanese people">Sichuanese</a> Catholics fled south to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan Province</a>, which marked the beginning of the spread of Catholicism to Yunnan.<sup id="cite_ref-crntt_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crntt-128">[124]</a></sup>
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Basset-Su_Chinese_New_Testament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Basset-Su_Chinese_New_Testament.jpg/170px-Basset-Su_Chinese_New_Testament.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Basset-Su_Chinese_New_Testament.jpg/255px-Basset-Su_Chinese_New_Testament.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Basset-Su_Chinese_New_Testament.jpg/340px-Basset-Su_Chinese_New_Testament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><i>Basset–Su Chinese New Testament</i>, 18th century.</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Basset_(died_1707)" title="Jean Basset (died 1707)">Jean Basset</a>, a French missionary of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a>, undertook the translation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> in Sichuan, with the assistance of a local convert Johan Su. The translation had only reached <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrews_1" title="Hebrews 1">the first chapter</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> due to Basset's death in 1707. One manuscript of this translation, now known as <i>Basset–Su Chinese New Testament</i>, was acquired by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in 1739. In 1805, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Morrison_(missionary)" title="Robert Morrison (missionary)">Robert Morrison</a>, the first Protestant missionary to China, transcribed this manuscript and subsequently based his own Bible translation on it, which laid the foundation of the entire Protestant missionary enterprise in China.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 18th century, the distinctiveness of the Catholics of Sichuan became especially evident in the local society. Their way of life, their adherence to Gospel values, their spiritual dynamism and their strong sense of community set them apart from the rest of society. A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">Mandarin</a> of the court of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong</a> observed this about them: "They are neither licentious nor gamblers or robbers. They are satisfied with one woman and never touch another man's wife."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanne198359_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanne198359-130">[126]</a></sup> During this time, the Church in Sichuan produced a number of itinerant catechists (i.e. local missionaries) thanks to a well-organized training system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanne198360–61_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanne198360–61-131">[127]</a></sup> Since 1774, evangelization of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou Province</a> was carried out by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Martin_Moye" title="Jean-Martin Moye">Jean-Martin Moye</a>, provicar of Eastern Szechwan, and a Sichuanese missionary, Benoît Sen.<sup id="cite_ref-crntt_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crntt-128">[124]</a></sup> In 1798, Lawrence Hu Shï-lu, also a missionary from Sichuan, built a small church in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a> for the Catholic community of about 100 people, which later became <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral,_Guiyang" title="St. Joseph's Cathedral, Guiyang">the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Guiyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGLRCC20051215_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGLRCC20051215-132">[128]</a></sup> Female missionaries to Guizhou such as Monique Sen, aunt of Benoît Sen, and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Paule_Song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paule Song (page does not exist)">Paule Song</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%AE%8B%E6%B0%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:羅宋氏">zh</a>]</span>, evangelized among women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWei2009160_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWei2009160-133">[129]</a></sup> The 19th-century missionary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucy_Yi_Zhenmei" title="Lucy Yi Zhenmei">Lucy Yi Zhenmei</a> was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">martyred</a> in Guizhou. She was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a> on 1 October 2000 by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>.
</p><p>The First Synod of Sichuan convened by Bishop <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Gabriel_Taurin_Dufresse" title="Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse">Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse</a> on 2 September 1803 was the first Catholic synod held in China. In 1822, the results were published in Rome as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis</i></span>, which had guided the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostolate" title="Apostolate">apostolate</a> in this province and in many other regions of China until replaced by the decisions of the Council of Shanghai in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-MEP_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEP-34">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Statue_d%27Armand_David_dans_la_ville_de_Baoxing_(Sichuan,_Chine)_-_www.panda.fr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Statue_d%27Armand_David_dans_la_ville_de_Baoxing_%28Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg/160px-Statue_d%27Armand_David_dans_la_ville_de_Baoxing_%28Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Statue_d%27Armand_David_dans_la_ville_de_Baoxing_%28Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg/240px-Statue_d%27Armand_David_dans_la_ville_de_Baoxing_%28Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Statue_d%27Armand_David_dans_la_ville_de_Baoxing_%28Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg/320px-Statue_d%27Armand_David_dans_la_ville_de_Baoxing_%28Sichuan%2C_Chine%29_-_www.panda.fr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Father <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armand_David" title="Armand David">Armand David</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baoxing_County" title="Baoxing County">Baoxing County</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>French missionary botanists, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9" title="André Soulié">Jean-André Soulié</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Monbeig" title="Théodore Monbeig">Jean-Théodore Monbeig</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Guillaume_Farges" title="Paul Guillaume Farges">Paul Guillaume Farges</a>, collected large numbers of plant, fungal and animal specimens in Sichuan and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">eastern Tibet</a>. Among them, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Lazarist</a> father <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armand_David" title="Armand David">Armand David</a> is the most well-known missionary. He discovered the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a> in 1869 while doing the work of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a> and scientific research at the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Annunciation_Church,_Dengchigou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annunciation Church, Dengchigou (page does not exist)">Annunciation Church of Dengchigou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_l%27Annonciation_de_Dengchigou" class="extiw" title="fr:Église de l'Annonciation de Dengchigou">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baoxing_County" title="Baoxing County">Baoxing County</a>. The records of Father David's experiences, research and the history of the discovery of the pandas are kept in the Annunciation Church. A small town named David was built near Dengchigou in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a></sup>
</p><p>The vicarial press of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Eastern Szechwan</a>—Imprimerie de la Sainte-Famille—was founded in 1899 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie-Joseph_Gourdon" class="mw-redirect" title="François-Marie-Joseph Gourdon">François-Marie-Joseph Gourdon</a>. By 1949, the Imprimerie had produced approximately 400,000 publications, which made it the Catholic press with second highest number of publications in the entire country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHe2020_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHe2020-42">[39]</a></sup> Well-known ones include the weekly newspaper <i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=La_V%C3%A9rit%C3%A9_(Chongqing)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Vérité (Chongqing) (page does not exist)">La Vérité</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E5%AF%A6%E5%A0%B1" class="extiw" title="zh:崇實報">zh</a>]</span></i>, established in 1904, <i>An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan</i> (1918), and <i>An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Anyo</i> (1924). The Imprimerie also became the main promoter of <i>Ecclesiastical Rituals and Practices</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">聖教禮規</span></span>) by producing several of the book's reprint editions, which was originally published in 1900 by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Suifu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu">Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan</a>, with the approval of Bishop <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Marc_Chatagnon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Chatagnon (page does not exist)">Marc Chatagnon</a>. <i>Ecclesiastical Rituals and Practices</i> is the fruit of a century of accumulation of experience of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a> in Sichuan. The popularity of the book extended beyond the provincial boundary. In 1904, it was published in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a> by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_Hall,_University_of_Hong_Kong#Douglas_Castle_under_the_French_Mission_(1894-1954)" title="University Hall, University of Hong Kong">Imprimerie de Nazareth</a>; and in 1932 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Shanghai#Republic_of_China" title="History of Shanghai">Shanghai</a> by the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Imprimerie_de_l%27Orphelinat_de_T%27ou-s%C3%A8-w%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imprimerie de l'Orphelinat de T'ou-sè-wè (page does not exist)">Imprimerie de l'Orphelinat de T'ou-sè-wè</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%A3%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="extiw" title="zh:土山灣印書館">zh</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHe2020_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHe2020-42">[39]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Catholic_Church_overlooking_White_Deer_Town.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Catholic_Church_overlooking_White_Deer_Town.jpg/170px-Catholic_Church_overlooking_White_Deer_Town.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Catholic_Church_overlooking_White_Deer_Town.jpg/255px-Catholic_Church_overlooking_White_Deer_Town.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Catholic_Church_overlooking_White_Deer_Town.jpg/340px-Catholic_Church_overlooking_White_Deer_Town.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A Catholic church overlooking Bailu Town</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bailu,_Pengzhou" title="Bailu, Pengzhou">Bailu</a>, under the administration of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, has been developed into a "French town" due to its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">French Catholic</a> heritage. According to Liao Xianghui, however, the real reason for this designation is to serve tourism and economic development: "This led to the commercialization of once authentic religious sites for tourism and economic development as part of the secularization process. [...] Catholicism's public influence on tourism and economic development has been increasing, while its activities and church attendance have not followed synchronously."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiao2021661_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiao2021661-136">[132]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The 1936 novel <i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ripple_on_Stagnant_Water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ripple on Stagnant Water (page does not exist)">Ripple on Stagnant Water</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%BE%AE%E7%80%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:死水微瀾">zh</a>]</span></i> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li_Jieren" title="Li Jieren">Li Chie-ren</a> gives a detailed account of the conflicts among the three parties in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> area during the 1890s, namely, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="Christianity in Sichuan">local Christian communities</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gelaohui" title="Gelaohui">Elder Brothers Society</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu2011158_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu2011158-138">[134]</a></sup> The novel was adapted into a 12-episode television series in 1988 titled <i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=A_Woman_to_Three_Men&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Woman to Three Men (page does not exist)">A Woman to Three Men</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%BE%AE%E7%80%BE_(1988%E5%B9%B4%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96%E5%8A%87)" class="extiw" title="zh:死水微瀾 (1988年電視劇)">zh</a>]</span></i>, a feature film in 1992 titled <i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ripples_Across_Stagnant_Water_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ripples Across Stagnant Water (film) (page does not exist)">Ripples Across Stagnant Water</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%82_(%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1)" class="extiw" title="zh:狂 (電影)">zh</a>]</span></i>, and a namesake series in 2008.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Timeline_of_Eastern_Szechwan_Mission">Timeline of Eastern Szechwan Mission</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Timeline of Eastern Szechwan Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The following table is based on <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/An_Account_of_the_Entry_of_the_Catholic_Religion_into_Sichuan" title="An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan">An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan</a></i>, published in 1918 by the Imprimerie de la Sainte-Famille for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Szechwan</a>. Except for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emeishan_City" title="Emeishan City">Emeishan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jintang_County" title="Jintang County">Jintang</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leshan" title="Leshan">Leshan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pengshan,_Meishan" title="Pengshan, Meishan">Pengshan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qiong_Prefecture_(Sichuan)" title="Qiong Prefecture (Sichuan)">Qiongzhou</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a>, all the cities and counties are located in eastern Sichuan.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Location</th>
<th>Society</th>
<th>Date
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langzhong" title="Langzhong">Langzhong</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Society of Jesus</a></td>
<td>before 1644
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anyue_County" title="Anyue County">Anyue</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emeishan_City" title="Emeishan City">Emeishan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jintang_County" title="Jintang County">Jintang</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leshan" title="Leshan">Leshan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pengshan,_Meishan" title="Pengshan, Meishan">Pengshan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qiong_Prefecture_(Sichuan)" title="Qiong Prefecture (Sichuan)">Qiongzhou</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a></td>
<td>Society of Jesus, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Congregation of the Mission</a></td>
<td>1662–1722
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liangping,_Chongqing" title="Liangping, Chongqing">Liangping</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pengshui_Miao_and_Tujia_Autonomous_County" title="Pengshui Miao and Tujia Autonomous County">Pengshui</a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a></td>
<td>1704
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tongliang,_Chongqing" title="Tongliang, Chongqing">Tongliang</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1720
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hechuan,_Chongqing" title="Hechuan, Chongqing">Hechuan</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1723–1735
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wanzhou,_Chongqing" title="Wanzhou, Chongqing">Wanxian</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1730
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guang%27an" title="Guang'an">Guang'an</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuechi_County" title="Yuechi County">Yuechi</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1746
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dazhu_County" title="Dazhu County">Dazhu</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1753
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Changshou,_Chongqing" title="Changshou, Chongqing">Changshou</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1756
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wusheng_County" title="Wusheng County">Wusheng</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1760
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rongchang,_Chongqing" title="Rongchang, Chongqing">Rongchang</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1769
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chengkou_County" title="Chengkou County">Chengkou</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qijiang,_Chongqing" title="Qijiang, Chongqing">Qijiang</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yongchuan,_Chongqing" title="Yongchuan, Chongqing">Yongchuan</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1770
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dianjiang_County" title="Dianjiang County">Dianjiang</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1779
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fengjie_County" title="Fengjie County">Fengjie</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1781
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fengdu_County" title="Fengdu County">Fengdu</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1782
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dachuan,_Dazhou" title="Dachuan, Dazhou">Dachuan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wushan_County,_Chongqing" title="Wushan County, Chongqing">Wushan</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1784
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qu_County" title="Qu County">Quxian</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1790
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bishan,_Chongqing" title="Bishan, Chongqing">Bishan</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1796
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuxi_County" title="Wuxi County">Wuxi</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yunyang_County" title="Yunyang County">Yunyang</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1798
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaizhou,_Chongqing" title="Kaizhou, Chongqing">Kaizhou</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1810
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaijiang_County" title="Kaijiang County">Kaijiang</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhong_County" title="Zhong County">Zhongxian</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1861
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qianjiang,_Chongqing" title="Qianjiang, Chongqing">Qianjiang</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shizhu_Tujia_Autonomous_County" title="Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County">Shizhu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xiushan_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County">Xiushan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Youyang_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County">Youyang</a></td>
<td>Paris Foreign Missions Society</td>
<td>1863
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="Christianity in Sichuan">Christianity in Sichuan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestantism_in_Sichuan" title="Protestantism in Sichuan">Protestantism in Sichuan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Anglicanism_in_Sichuan" title="History of Anglicanism in Sichuan">Anglicanism in Sichuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_Sichuan" title="History of Methodism in Sichuan">Methodism in Sichuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quakerism_in_Sichuan" title="Quakerism in Sichuan">Quakerism in Sichuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Baptist_Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="History of Baptist Christianity in Sichuan">Baptist Christianity in Sichuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Adventism_in_Sichuan" title="History of Adventism in Sichuan">Seventh-day Adventist Church in Sichuan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mianyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Mianyang">Catholic Church in Mianyang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholic Church in Tibet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Catholic missions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diocese_of_Western_China" title="Diocese of Western China">Anglican Diocese of Szechwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Christian_Movement_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christian Movement (China)">Anti-Christian Movement (China)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Youyang_anti-missionary_riot" title="Youyang anti-missionary riot">Youyang anti-missionary riot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Liu_Hanzuo" title="Paul Liu Hanzuo">Paul Liu Hanzuo</a> – 19th-century martyr saint from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lezhi_County" title="Lezhi County">Lezhi County</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucy_Yi_Zhenmei" title="Lucy Yi Zhenmei">Saint Lucy Yi Zhenmei</a> – 19th-century virgin martyr from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mianyang" title="Mianyang">Mianyang</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a> on 1 October 2000 by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maurice_Tornay" title="Maurice Tornay">Maurice Tornay</a> – Swiss missionary ministering in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Diocese of Kangding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Ford" title="Francis Xavier Ford">Francis Xavier Ford</a> – American Catholic missionary in China, tortured by Chinese communists and died in prison</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Shaanxi" title="Catholic Church in Shaanxi">Catholic Church in Shaanxi</a> – neighbouring province</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Sichuanese_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:Sichuanese Roman Catholics">Category:Sichuanese Roman Catholics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_churches_in_Chongqing" title="Category:Roman Catholic churches in Chongqing">Category:Roman Catholic churches in Chongqing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_churches_in_Sichuan" title="Category:Roman Catholic churches in Sichuan">Category:Roman Catholic churches in Sichuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_churches_in_Tibet" title="Category:Roman Catholic churches in Tibet">Category:Roman Catholic churches in Tibet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_missionaries_in_Sichuan" title="Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Sichuan">Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Sichuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_missionaries_in_Tibet" title="Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Tibet">Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Tibet</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Lim-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lim_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Alulhaka chapel was part of a network of fourteen chapels located in the remote hills around <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gongshan_Derung_and_Nu_Autonomous_County" title="Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County">Gongshan county</a> town, where the main Catholic church of the county was located. This network of chapels and churches, together with those in the neighbouring counties in northern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, are in turn part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Dali" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Dali">Dali diocese</a>. At least this is how the official <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Patriotic_Association" title="Catholic Patriotic Association">China Catholic Patriotic Church</a> currently draws the boundary of the diocese. From the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>'s perspective, the churches in Gongshan, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên County">Deqin</a> and neighbouring counties in Yunnan, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Sacred_Heart_Church,_Yerkalo" title="Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo">Yanjing</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Tibet</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batang_County" title="Batang County">Bathang</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Litang_County" title="Litang County">Lithang</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kangding" title="Kangding">Kangding</a> in Sichuan, still belong to the Diocese of Kangding that was established in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2013111–112_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2013111–112-121">[118]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formerly romanized as <i>Szechwan</i> or <i>Szechuan</i> in English; and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Sutchuen</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Setchuen</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Setchoan</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Sétchouan</i></span> in French.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chongqing, formerly romanized as <i>Chungking</i> in English, and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Tchongkin</i></span> in French, had been part of Sichuan until 1997.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cizhong Catholic Church at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên County">Deqin</a> falls under the administration of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Dali" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Dali">Roman Catholic Diocese of Dali</a>, although it was formerly part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding</a>; and from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>'s perspective, the church still belongs to the Diocese of Kangding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2013111–112_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2013111–112-121">[118]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourdon19816-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourdon19816_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGourdon1981">Gourdon 1981</a>, p. 6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Laamann-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laamann_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laamann_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laamann_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laamann_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laamann_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLaamann" class="citation web cs1">Laamann, Lars Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sichuanreligions.com/catholic-communities-in-qing-and-republican-china/">"Catholic Communities in Qing and Republican China: The Teaching of Heaven in the Land of the Four Rivers"</a>. <i>sichuanreligions.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sichuanreligions.com&rft.atitle=Catholic+Communities+in+Qing+and+Republican+China%3A+The+Teaching+of+Heaven+in+the+Land+of+the+Four+Rivers&rft.aulast=Laamann&rft.aufirst=Lars+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsichuanreligions.com%2Fcatholic-communities-in-qing-and-republican-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELü1976266-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELü1976266_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELü1976266_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLü1976">Lü 1976</a>, p. 266.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELü1976282-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELü1976282_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLü1976">Lü 1976</a>, p. 282.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody2013403–431-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoody2013403–431_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoody2013403–431_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoody2013">Moody 2013</a>, pp. 403–431.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2011_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2011_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2011">Zhang 2011</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201350-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201350_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201350_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201350_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiu2013">Liu 2013</a>, p. 50.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/chun0.htm">"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Chongqing"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt_%2B_Light_Television" title="Salt + Light Television">gcatholic.org</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gcatholic.org&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Archdiocese+of+Chongqing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fdioceses%2Fdiocese%2Fchun0.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECLRCC1998176-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECLRCC1998176_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCLRCC1998">CLRCC 1998</a>, p. 176.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourdon19814-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourdon19814_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGourdon1981">Gourdon 1981</a>, p. 4.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourdon19815-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourdon19815_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGourdon1981">Gourdon 1981</a>, p. 5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan201193-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan201193_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChan2011">Chan 2011</a>, p. 93.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharbonnier2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharbonnier2007_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharbonnier2007">Charbonnier 2007</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDehergne2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dehergne, Joseph (15 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macaumemory.mo/entries_da2a2812933f4270bcc7b42ac1592974?token=6lx/SIFb88sqEwARUgzX2w==&lgType=zh-mo">"法國耶穌會士前往中國內地傳教"</a> [French Jesuit missionaries in China]. <i>macaumemory.mo</i> (in Traditional Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=macaumemory.mo&rft.atitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E6%9C%83%E5%A3%AB%E5%89%8D%E5%BE%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%82%B3%E6%95%99&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft.aulast=Dehergne&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macaumemory.mo%2Fentries_da2a2812933f4270bcc7b42ac1592974%3Ftoken%3D6lx%2FSIFb88sqEwARUgzX2w%3D%3D%26lgType%3Dzh-mo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourdon198163–65-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourdon198163–65_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGourdon1981">Gourdon 1981</a>, pp. 63–65.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiot189242-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiot189242_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuiot1892">Guiot 1892</a>, p. 42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-JC-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JC_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JC_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JC_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JC_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JC_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JC_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JC_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCharbonnier" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Charbonnier, Jean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815012317/http://www.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/pays-de-mission/la-chine/">"Partir en mission 'à la Chine'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>mepasie.org</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/pays-de-mission/la-chine">the original</a> on 15 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mepasie.org&rft.atitle=Partir+en+mission+%27%C3%A0+la+Chine%27&rft.aulast=Charbonnier&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mepasie.org%2Frubriques%2Fhaut%2Fpays-de-mission%2Fla-chine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESong202179–94-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESong202179–94_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSong2021">Song 2021</a>, pp. 79–94.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSong2017" class="citation web cs1">Song, Gang (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/248121">"A Minor Figure, A Large History: A Study of Johan Su, a Sichuan Catholic Convert in the Early Qing Dynasty"</a>. <i>hub.<a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">hku.hk</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hub.hku.hk&rft.atitle=A+Minor+Figure%2C+A+Large+History%3A+A+Study+of+Johan+Su%2C+a+Sichuan+Catholic+Convert+in+the+Early+Qing+Dynasty&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Gang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhub.hku.hk%2Fhandle%2F10722%2F248121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourdon198174–76-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourdon198174–76_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGourdon1981">Gourdon 1981</a>, pp. 74–76.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZheng201737-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZheng201737_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZheng2017">Zheng 2017</a>, p. 37.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourdon198175–76-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourdon198175–76_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGourdon1981">Gourdon 1981</a>, pp. 75–76.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETiedemann201856-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiedemann201856_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTiedemann2018">Tiedemann 2018</a>, p. 56.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Martiliat19211–4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Martiliat19211–4_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Martiliat1921">De Martiliat 1921</a>, pp. 1–4.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi202164–65-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi202164–65_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2021">Li 2021</a>, pp. 64–65.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMungello2021120-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMungello2021120_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMungello2021">Mungello 2021</a>, p. 120.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMa2018" class="citation web cs1">Ma, Te (8 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://u.osu.edu/mclc/2018/11/08/sichuans-catholic-past/">"On the Trail of Sichuan's Catholic Past"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">u.osu.edu</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=u.osu.edu&rft.atitle=On+the+Trail+of+Sichuan%27s+Catholic+Past&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Te&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fu.osu.edu%2Fmclc%2F2018%2F11%2F08%2Fsichuans-catholic-past%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanne198357–58-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanne198357–58_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanne198357–58_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeanne1983">Jeanne 1983</a>, pp. 57–58.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1908322-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1908322_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1908">Wright 1908</a>, p. 322.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamps2009115-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamps2009115_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamps2009">Camps 2009</a>, p. 115.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MEP-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MEP_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEP_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEP_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://missionsetrangeres.com/eglises-asie/2000-09-16-canonisation-de-martyrs-de-leglise-en-chine/">"Canonisation de martyrs de l'église en Chine"</a>. <i>missionsetrangeres.com</i> (in French). 18 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=missionsetrangeres.com&rft.atitle=Canonisation+de+martyrs+de+l%27%C3%A9glise+en+Chine&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmissionsetrangeres.com%2Feglises-asie%2F2000-09-16-canonisation-de-martyrs-de-leglise-en-chine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESVS1822-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESVS1822_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSVS1822">SVS 1822</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicsaints.info/saint-jean-gabriel-taurin-dufresse/">"Saint Jean-Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse"</a>. <i>catholicsaints.info</i>. 8 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholicsaints.info&rft.atitle=Saint+Jean-Gabriel-Taurin+Dufresse&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicsaints.info%2Fsaint-jean-gabriel-taurin-dufresse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1894/Saints-Laurent-Imbert--Pierre-Maubant-et-Jacques-Chastan.html">"Saints Laurent Imbert, Pierre Maubant et Jacques Chastan, Martyrs en Corée (+ 1839)"</a>. <i>nominis.<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bishops%27_Conference_of_France" title="Bishops' Conference of France">cef.fr</a></i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nominis.cef.fr&rft.atitle=Saints+Laurent+Imbert%2C+Pierre+Maubant+et+Jacques+Chastan%2C+Martyrs+en+Cor%C3%A9e+%28%2B+1839%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnominis.cef.fr%2Fcontenus%2Fsaint%2F1894%2FSaints-Laurent-Imbert--Pierre-Maubant-et-Jacques-Chastan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://missionsetrangeres.com/martyrsdasie/saint-laurent-imbert/">"Saint Laurent Imbert"</a>. <i>missionsetrangeres.com</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=missionsetrangeres.com&rft.atitle=Saint+Laurent+Imbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmissionsetrangeres.com%2Fmartyrsdasie%2Fsaint-laurent-imbert%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irfa.paris/ancienne_publication/annales-de-la-societe-des-missions-etrangeres-1933/annales-n-214/">"Annales de la Société des Missions Étrangères nº 214, 1933"</a>. <i>irfa.paris</i> (in French). p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=irfa.paris&rft.atitle=Annales+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Missions+%C3%89trang%C3%A8res+n%C2%BA+214%2C+1933&rft.pages=3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firfa.paris%2Fancienne_publication%2Fannales-de-la-societe-des-missions-etrangeres-1933%2Fannales-n-214%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Grasdorff2007-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Grasdorff2007_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Grasdorff2007">Van Grasdorff 2007</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPouille2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pouille, Jérôme (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panda.fr/il-y-a-150-ans-le-pere-armand-david-arrivait-dans-la-principaute-de-moupin-l-actuel-comte-de-baoxing.html">"Il y a 150 ans, le Père Armand David arrivait dans la principauté de Moupin, l'actuel comté de Baoxing"</a>. <i>panda.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=panda.fr&rft.atitle=Il+y+a+150+ans%2C+le+P%C3%A8re+Armand+David+arrivait+dans+la+principaut%C3%A9+de+Moupin%2C+l%27actuel+comt%C3%A9+de+Baoxing&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft.aulast=Pouille&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panda.fr%2Fil-y-a-150-ans-le-pere-armand-david-arrivait-dans-la-principaute-de-moupin-l-actuel-comte-de-baoxing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHe2020-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHe2020_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHe2020_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHe2020_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHe2020_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHe2020">He 2020</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irfa.paris/missionnaire/0790-lepley-jules/">"Jules LEPLEY"</a>. <i>irfa.paris</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=irfa.paris&rft.atitle=Jules+LEPLEY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firfa.paris%2Fmissionnaire%2F0790-lepley-jules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiao2014-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiao2014_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiao2014">Liao 2014</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanRuanChenMa2013120–121-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanRuanChenMa2013120–121_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanRuanChenMa2013">Tan et al. 2013</a>, pp. 120–121.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEABFMS192020-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEABFMS192020_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFABFMS1920">ABFMS 1920</a>, p. 20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1934-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1934_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1934">Stewart 1934</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarious_authors192042-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarious_authors192042_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarious_authors1920">Various authors 1920</a>, p. 42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irfa.paris/missionnaire/2226-roulland-adolphe/">"Adolphe ROULLAND"</a>. <i>irfa.paris</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=irfa.paris&rft.atitle=Adolphe+ROULLAND&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firfa.paris%2Fmissionnaire%2F2226-roulland-adolphe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarin2010-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarin2010_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarin2010">Marin 2010</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuazua201422-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuazua201422_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuazua2014">Zuazua 2014</a>, p. 22.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.carmeldelisieux.fr/en/archive/decouverte-de-lt-193-bis/">"Rediscovery of an image of Thérèse after 80 years in a cupboard"</a>. <i>archives.carmeldelisieux.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.carmeldelisieux.fr&rft.atitle=Rediscovery+of+an+image+of+Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se+after+80+years+in+a+cupboard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.carmeldelisieux.fr%2Fen%2Farchive%2Fdecouverte-de-lt-193-bis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETherese_of_Lisieux2014-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETherese_of_Lisieux2014_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTherese_of_Lisieux2014">Therese of Lisieux 2014</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fides.org/zh/news/4532-%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD_%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E5%96%84%E5%BA%A6%E5%9C%A3%E5%A5%B3%E5%B0%8F%E5%BE%B7%E8%82%8B%E6%92%92%E4%B8%BB%E4%BF%9D_%E5%BC%80%E5%90%AF%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E6%9C%88%E8%BF%8E%E6%8E%A5%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E8%8A%82">"各地善度圣女小德肋撒主保、开启传教月迎接传教节"</a> [Celebration of the Feast Day of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux and the Missionary Month took place in various places in China]. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agenzia_Fides" title="Agenzia Fides">fides.org</a></i> (in Simplified Chinese). 8 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fides.org&rft.atitle=%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E5%96%84%E5%BA%A6%E5%9C%A3%E5%A5%B3%E5%B0%8F%E5%BE%B7%E8%82%8B%E6%92%92%E4%B8%BB%E4%BF%9D%E3%80%81%E5%BC%80%E5%90%AF%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E6%9C%88%E8%BF%8E%E6%8E%A5%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E8%8A%82&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fides.org%2Fzh%2Fnews%2F4532-%25E4%25BA%259A%25E6%25B4%25B2_%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD_%25E5%2590%2584%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%2596%2584%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E5%259C%25A3%25E5%25A5%25B3%25E5%25B0%258F%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E8%2582%258B%25E6%2592%2592%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25BF%259D_%25E5%25BC%2580%25E5%2590%25AF%25E4%25BC%25A0%25E6%2595%2599%25E6%259C%2588%25E8%25BF%258E%25E6%258E%25A5%25E4%25BC%25A0%25E6%2595%2599%25E8%258A%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLaunay1905" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Launay, Adrien (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122174739/http://archives.mepasie.org/annales-des-missions-etrangeres/un-missionnaire-massacra-c-au-thibet">"Un Missionnaire Massacré au Thibet : M. Soulié"</a>. <i>archives.mepasie.org</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.mepasie.org/annales-des-missions-etrangeres/un-missionnaire-massacra-c-au-thibet">the original</a> on 22 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.mepasie.org&rft.atitle=Un+Missionnaire+Massacr%C3%A9+au+Thibet+%3A+M.+Souli%C3%A9&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Launay&rft.aufirst=Adrien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.mepasie.org%2Fannales-des-missions-etrangeres%2Fun-missionnaire-massacra-c-au-thibet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
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</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plants.jstor.org/person/bm000329716">"Monbeig, Jean-Théodore (1875-1914)"</a>. <i>plants.jstor.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plants.jstor.org&rft.atitle=Monbeig%2C+Jean-Th%C3%A9odore+%281875-1914%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplants.jstor.org%2Fperson%2Fbm000329716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan201168-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan201168_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChan2011">Chan 2011</a>, p. 68.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQinShen2008111-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQinShen2008111_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQinShen2008">Qin & Shen 2008</a>, p. 111.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoland198776-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoland198776_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoland1987">Boland 1987</a>, p. 76.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnithorne2019-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnithorne2019_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonnithorne2019">Donnithorne 2019</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELIC1949469-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELIC1949469_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLIC1949">LIC 1949</a>, p. 469.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lasprovincias.es/valencia/prensa/20061129/ocio/investigan-muerte-1935-fraile_20061129.html">"Investigan la muerte en 1935 de un fraile de Pego en China"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Las_Provincias" title="Las Provincias">lasprovincias.es</a></i> (in Spanish). 29 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lasprovincias.es&rft.atitle=Investigan+la+muerte+en+1935+de+un+fraile+de+Pego+en+China&rft.date=2006-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasprovincias.es%2Fvalencia%2Fprensa%2F20061129%2Focio%2Finvestigan-muerte-1935-fraile_20061129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMCL19357-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMCL19357_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMCL1935">MCL 1935</a>, p. 7.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerreux2022-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerreux2022_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerreux2022">Ferreux 2022</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-CATW-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CATW_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CATW_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051203083744/http://www.catholic.org.tw/trappist/htmls/his.htm">"聖母神樂院滄桑五十年簡史——乙、四川成都的【神樂院】(一九四七 ~ 一九五零)"</a> [A brief history of the 50-year vicissitudes of Our Lady of Joy Abbey: The Chengdu Monastery, Sichuan (1947–1950)]. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_Regional_Bishops%27_Conference_of_Taiwan" title="Chinese Regional Bishops' Conference of Taiwan">catholic.org.tw</a></i> (in Traditional Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org.tw/trappist/htmls/his.htm">the original</a> on 3 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic.org.tw&rft.atitle=%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E7%A5%9E%E6%A8%82%E9%99%A2%E6%BB%84%E6%A1%91%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%B0%A1%E5%8F%B2%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%B9%99%E3%80%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E7%9A%84%E3%80%90%E7%A5%9E%E6%A8%82%E9%99%A2%E3%80%91%28%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%83+~+%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%BA%94%E9%9B%B6%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org.tw%2Ftrappist%2Fhtmls%2Fhis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattaway2007-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattaway2007_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHattaway2007">Hattaway 2007</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETiedemann200560-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiedemann200560_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTiedemann2005">Tiedemann 2005</a>, p. 60.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELifton1957626–644-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELifton1957626–644_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLifton1957">Lifton 1957</a>, pp. 626–644.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung1995-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeung1995_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeung1995">Leung 1995</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQinShen2008225-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQinShen2008225_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQinShen2008">Qin & Shen 2008</a>, p. 225.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2020-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2020_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2020">Wang 2020</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns2020-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns2020_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCairns2020">Cairns 2020</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/news/check-nun-priest-beaten-by-mob/29080">"Nun, priest beaten by mob"</a>. <i>ucanews.com</i>. 6 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucanews.com&rft.atitle=Nun%2C+priest+beaten+by+mob&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fnews%2Fcheck-nun-priest-beaten-by-mob%2F29080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Bishop-Lei-celebrates-the-birth-of-China%E2%80%99s-Communist-Party-in-Leshan-cathedral-56172.html">"Bishop Lei celebrates the birth of China's Communist Party in Leshan cathedral"</a>. <i>asianews.it</i>. 2 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asianews.it&rft.atitle=Bishop+Lei+celebrates+the+birth+of+China%27s+Communist+Party+in+Leshan+cathedral&rft.date=2022-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fnews-en%2FBishop-Lei-celebrates-the-birth-of-China%25E2%2580%2599s-Communist-Party-in-Leshan-cathedral-56172.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AOC-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AOC_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOC_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dchun.html">"Archdiocese of Chongqing [Chungking]"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org" title="Catholic-Hierarchy.org">catholic-hierarchy.org</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Archdiocese+of+Chongqing+%5BChungking%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdchun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UCA-CD-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCA-CD_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCA-CD_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCA-CD_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-chengdu/255">"Diocese of Chengdu"</a>. <i>ucanews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucanews.com&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Chengdu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fdirectory%2Fdioceses%2Fchina-chengdu%2F255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlanchet1917211-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlanchet1917211_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlanchet1917">Planchet 1917</a>, p. 211.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlanchet1917215-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlanchet1917215_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlanchet1917">Planchet 1917</a>, p. 215.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlanchet1917219-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlanchet1917219_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlanchet1917">Planchet 1917</a>, p. 219.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1930.htm">"Cathedral of St. Joseph, Chongqing"</a>. <i>gcatholic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gcatholic.org&rft.atitle=Cathedral+of+St.+Joseph%2C+Chongqing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fchurches%2Fasia%2F1930.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-chongqing/187">"Archdiocese of Chongqing"</a>. <i>ucanews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucanews.com&rft.atitle=Archdiocese+of+Chongqing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fdirectory%2Fdioceses%2Fchina-chongqing%2F187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/3792.htm">"Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Wanzhou"</a>. <i>gcatholic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gcatholic.org&rft.atitle=Cathedral+of+the+Immaculate+Conception%2C+Wanzhou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fchurches%2Fasia%2F3792.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dwanh.html">"Diocese of Wanxian [Wanhsien]"</a>. <i>catholic-hierarchy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Wanxian+%5BWanhsien%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdwanh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-wanxian/188">"Diocese of Wanxian"</a>. <i>ucanews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucanews.com&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Wanxian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fdirectory%2Fdioceses%2Fchina-wanxian%2F188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1979.htm">"Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Pinganqiao Church), Chengdu"</a>. <i>gcatholic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gcatholic.org&rft.atitle=Cathedral+of+the+Immaculate+Conception+%28Pinganqiao+Church%29%2C+Chengdu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fchurches%2Fasia%2F1979.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaunay190713-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaunay190713_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaunay1907">Launay 1907</a>, p. 13.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFLaunay1907 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoidrey153-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoidrey153_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoidrey153_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoidrey">Moidrey</a>, p. 153.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMoidrey (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoidrey110-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoidrey110_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoidrey">Moidrey</a>, p. 110.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMoidrey (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dchnu.html">"Diocese of Chengdu [Chengtu]"</a>. <i>catholic-hierarchy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Chengdu+%5BChengtu%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdchnu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1608.htm">"Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Nanchong"</a>. <i>gcatholic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gcatholic.org&rft.atitle=Cathedral+of+the+Sacred+Heart+of+Jesus%2C+Nanchong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fchurches%2Fasia%2F1608.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dshun.html">"Diocese of Nanchong [Shunking]"</a>. <i>catholic-hierarchy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Nanchong+%5BShunking%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdshun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-nanchong/257">"Diocese of Nanchong"</a>. <i>ucanews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucanews.com&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Nanchong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fdirectory%2Fdioceses%2Fchina-nanchong%2F257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/5284.htm">"Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Yibin"</a>. <i>gcatholic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gcatholic.org&rft.atitle=Cathedral+of+the+Blessed+Sacrament%2C+Yibin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fchurches%2Fasia%2F5284.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsuif.html">"Diocese of Yibin [Suifu]"</a>. <i>catholic-hierarchy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Yibin+%5BSuifu%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdsuif.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-yibin/259">"Diocese of Yibin"</a>. <i>ucanews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucanews.com&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Yibin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fdirectory%2Fdioceses%2Fchina-yibin%2F259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/6520.htm">"Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang"</a>. <i>gcatholic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gcatholic.org&rft.atitle=Cathedral+of+the+Angels%2C+Xichang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fchurches%2Fasia%2F6520.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dning.html">"Diocese of Xichang [Ningyüan]"</a>. <i>catholic-hierarchy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Xichang+%5BNingy%C3%BCan%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-xichang/258">"Diocese of Xichang"</a>. <i>ucanews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucanews.com&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Xichang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fdirectory%2Fdioceses%2Fchina-xichang%2F258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1978.htm">"Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Leshan"</a>. <i>gcatholic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gcatholic.org&rft.atitle=Cathedral+of+the+Sacred+Heart+of+Jesus%2C+Leshan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fchurches%2Fasia%2F1978.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkiat.html">"Diocese of Leshan [Kiating]"</a>. <i>catholic-hierarchy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Leshan+%5BKiating%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdkiat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-leshan/256">"Diocese of Leshan"</a>. <i>ucanews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucanews.com&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Leshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fdirectory%2Fdioceses%2Fchina-leshan%2F256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/6407.htm">"Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, Kangding"</a>. <i>gcatholic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gcatholic.org&rft.atitle=Cathedral+of+the+Sacred+Heart%2C+Kangding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fchurches%2Fasia%2F6407.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkang.html">"Diocese of Kangding [Kangting]"</a>. <i>catholic-hierarchy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Kangding+%5BKangting%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdkang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-kangding/589">"Diocese of Kangding"</a>. <i>ucanews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucanews.com&rft.atitle=Diocese+of+Kangding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fdirectory%2Fdioceses%2Fchina-kangding%2F589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2013111–112-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2013111–112_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim2013111–112_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLim2013">Lim 2013</a>, pp. 111–112.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/spccn1.html">"China: Statistics by Province"</a>. <i>catholic-hierarchy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=China%3A+Statistics+by+Province&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fcountry%2Fspccn1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiaharvest.org/christians-in-china-stats/sichuan">"Christians in China Stats: Sichuan"</a>. <i>asiaharvest.org</i>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asiaharvest.org&rft.atitle=Christians+in+China+Stats%3A+Sichuan&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaharvest.org%2Fchristians-in-china-stats%2Fsichuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiaharvest.org/christians-in-china-stats/chongqing">"Christians in China Stats: Chongqing"</a>. <i>asiaharvest.org</i>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asiaharvest.org&rft.atitle=Christians+in+China+Stats%3A+Chongqing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaharvest.org%2Fchristians-in-china-stats%2Fchongqing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourdon198123–24-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourdon198123–24_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGourdon1981">Gourdon 1981</a>, pp. 23–24.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYuan1998270–271-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYuan1998270–271_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYuan1998">Yuan 1998</a>, pp. 270–271.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-crntt-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crntt_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crntt_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hk.crntt.com/crn-webapp/cbspub/secDetail.jsp?bookid=36485&secid=36506">"明清時代的珠江文化——第四節 明清珠江流域的宗教文化（2）"</a> [Culture along the Pearl River during the Ming and Qing era: Its Religious Culture (part 2)]. <i>hk.crntt.com</i> (in Traditional Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hk.crntt.com&rft.atitle=%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E7%8F%A0%E6%B1%9F%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AF%80%E3%80%80%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E7%8F%A0%E6%B1%9F%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%EF%BC%882%EF%BC%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhk.crntt.com%2Fcrn-webapp%2Fcbspub%2FsecDetail.jsp%3Fbookid%3D36485%26secid%3D36506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAylmer" class="citation web cs1">Aylmer, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-10067/1">"Chinese Harmony of the Gospels (MS Add.10067)"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_Digital_Library" title="Cambridge Digital Library">cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Chinese+Harmony+of+the+Gospels+%28MS+Add.10067%29&rft.aulast=Aylmer&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcudl.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fview%2FMS-ADD-10067%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanne198359-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanne198359_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeanne1983">Jeanne 1983</a>, p. 59.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanne198360–61-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanne198360–61_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeanne1983">Jeanne 1983</a>, pp. 60–61.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGLRCC20051215-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGLRCC20051215_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGLRCC2005">GLRCC 2005</a>, p. 1215.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWei2009160-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWei2009160_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWei2009">Wei 2009</a>, p. 160.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLi2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Li, Yu-shan (9 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8F%B0%E7%94%9F%E8%B5%B4%E9%84%A7%E6%B1%A0%E6%BA%9D-%E8%A6%AA%E8%A6%8B%E7%86%8A%E8%B2%93%E7%9B%B4%E5%91%BC%E7%99%82%E7%99%92-215010361--finance.html">"台生赴鄧池溝 親見熊貓直呼療癒"</a> [Taiwanese students' visit to Dengchigou]. <i>tw.news.yahoo.com</i> (in Traditional Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tw.news.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%94%9F%E8%B5%B4%E9%84%A7%E6%B1%A0%E6%BA%9D+%E8%A6%AA%E8%A6%8B%E7%86%8A%E8%B2%93%E7%9B%B4%E5%91%BC%E7%99%82%E7%99%92&rft.date=2019-07-09&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Yu-shan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftw.news.yahoo.com%2F%25E5%258F%25B0%25E7%2594%259F%25E8%25B5%25B4%25E9%2584%25A7%25E6%25B1%25A0%25E6%25BA%259D-%25E8%25A6%25AA%25E8%25A6%258B%25E7%2586%258A%25E8%25B2%2593%25E7%259B%25B4%25E5%2591%25BC%25E7%2599%2582%25E7%2599%2592-215010361--finance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPouille" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pouille, Jérôme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panda.fr/sur-les-traces-du-pere-armand-david-dans-la-principaute-de-moupin.html">"Sur les traces du Père Armand David dans la principauté de Moupin"</a>. <i>panda.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=panda.fr&rft.atitle=Sur+les+traces+du+P%C3%A8re+Armand+David+dans+la+principaut%C3%A9+de+Moupin&rft.aulast=Pouille&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panda.fr%2Fsur-les-traces-du-pere-armand-david-dans-la-principaute-de-moupin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiao2021661-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiao2021661_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiao2021">Liao 2021</a>, p. 661.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merwinasia.com/ripple-on-stagnant-water">"Ripple on Stagnant Water: A Novel of Sichuan in the Age of Treaty Ports"</a>. <i>merwinasia.com</i>. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merwinasia.com&rft.atitle=Ripple+on+Stagnant+Water%3A+A+Novel+of+Sichuan+in+the+Age+of+Treaty+Ports&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merwinasia.com%2Fripple-on-stagnant-water&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhu2011158-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhu2011158_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhu2011">Zhu 2011</a>, p. 158.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSVS1822" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924023069010"><i>Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis habita in districtu civitatis Tcong King Tcheou; Anno 1803, Diebus secunda, quinta, et nona Septembris</i></a> [<i>The Synod of the Vicariate of Szechwan held in the District of the City of Chung King Chow, in the Year 1803, on the Second, Fifth, and Ninth Days of September</i>] (in Latin). Rome: Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide. 1822. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fcoo.31924023069010">2027/coo.31924023069010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synodus+Vicariatus+Sutchuensis+habita+in+districtu+civitatis+Tcong+King+Tcheou%3B+Anno+1803%2C+Diebus+secunda%2C+quinta%2C+et+nona+Septembris&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Sacra+Congregatio+de+Propaganda+Fide&rft.date=1822&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fcoo.31924023069010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fcoo.31924023069010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFABFMS1920" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westchina00amer"><i>Missionary Cameralogs: West China</i></a>. New York: American Baptist Foreign Mission Society. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+Cameralogs%3A+West+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Baptist+Foreign+Mission+Society&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestchina00amer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBarrachina_Lapiedra1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barrachina Lapiedra, José M. (1990). <i>Fray Pascual Nadal y Oltra: Apóstol de los leprosos, mártir de China</i> (in Spanish). Valencia: Unión Misional Franciscana. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-404-8209-4" title="Special:BookSources/84-404-8209-4"><bdi>84-404-8209-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fray+Pascual+Nadal+y+Oltra%3A+Ap%C3%B3stol+de+los+leprosos%2C+m%C3%A1rtir+de+China&rft.place=Valencia&rft.pub=Uni%C3%B3n+Misional+Franciscana&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=84-404-8209-4&rft.aulast=Barrachina+Lapiedra&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBoland1987" class="citation book cs1">Boland, S. J. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.santalfonsoedintorni.it/Libri/BolandDizio/Boland00Dictionary.pdf"><i>A Dictionary of the Redemptorists</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rome: Collegium S. Alfonsi de Urbe. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35115469">35115469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Redemptorists&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Collegium+S.+Alfonsi+de+Urbe&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35115469&rft.aulast=Boland&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.santalfonsoedintorni.it%2FLibri%2FBolandDizio%2FBoland00Dictionary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBorao_Mateo2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borao Mateo, José Eugenio (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~borao/2Profesores/Miradas.pdf"><i>Las miradas entre España y China: Un siglo de relaciones entre los dos países (1864–1973)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Madrid: Miraguano S. A. Ediciones. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7813-463-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7813-463-2"><bdi>978-84-7813-463-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+miradas+entre+Espa%C3%B1a+y+China%3A+Un+siglo+de+relaciones+entre+los+dos+pa%C3%ADses+%281864%E2%80%931973%29&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Miraguano+S.+A.+Ediciones&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-84-7813-463-2&rft.aulast=Borao+Mateo&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Eugenio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.ntu.edu.tw%2F~borao%2F2Profesores%2FMiradas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCamps2009" class="citation book cs1">Camps, Arnulf (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004190184/Bej.9789004114302.i-1050_003.xml">"Catholic Missionaries (1800–1860)"</a>. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/R._G._Tiedemann" title="R. G. Tiedemann">Tiedemann, R. G.</a> (ed.). <i>Handbook of Christianity in China, Volume Two: 1800–present</i>. Leiden: Brill Publishers. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19018-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19018-4"><bdi>978-90-04-19018-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catholic+Missionaries+%281800%E2%80%931860%29&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Christianity+in+China%2C+Volume+Two%3A+1800%E2%80%93present&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19018-4&rft.aulast=Camps&rft.aufirst=Arnulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004190184%2FBej.9789004114302.i-1050_003.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCharbonnier2007" class="citation book cs1">Charbonnier, Jean-Pierre (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIRHDwAAQBAJ&dq=Claude+Motel+1618-1671&pg=PT156">"10. Candida Xu: A Mother of the Church — Apostolic Journeys"</a>. <i>Christians in China: A.D. 600 to 2000</i>. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-916-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-916-2"><bdi>978-0-89870-916-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.+Candida+Xu%3A+A+Mother+of+the+Church+%E2%80%94+Apostolic+Journeys&rft.btitle=Christians+in+China%3A+A.D.+600+to+2000&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-916-2&rft.aulast=Charbonnier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYIRHDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DClaude%2BMotel%2B1618-1671%26pg%3DPT156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCLRCC1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chengdu Local Records Compilation Committee, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsscol.org.hk/FangZhi/SiChuan/Sichuan20101340a.htm">"天主教——第一节：传入"</a> [Chapter I: The Entry of Catholicism]. <i>成都市志‧宗教志</i> [<i>Annals of Chengdu City: Religion</i>] (in Simplified Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan Lexicographical Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787805437316" title="Special:BookSources/9787805437316"><bdi>9787805437316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E8%8A%82%EF%BC%9A%E4%BC%A0%E5%85%A5&rft.btitle=%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%97%E2%80%A7%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%BF%97&rft.place=Chengdu&rft.pub=Sichuan+Lexicographical+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9787805437316&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsscol.org.hk%2FFangZhi%2FSiChuan%2FSichuan20101340a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Martiliat1921" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Martiliat, Joachim-Enjobert (1921). "守貞修規明述" [An Introduction to the Rules]. <i>童貞修規</i> [<i>Rules for Consecrated Virgins</i>] (in Traditional Chinese). Chungking: Imprimerie de la Sainte-Famille.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%AE%88%E8%B2%9E%E4%BF%AE%E8%A6%8F%E6%98%8E%E8%BF%B0&rft.btitle=%E7%AB%A5%E8%B2%9E%E4%BF%AE%E8%A6%8F&rft.place=Chungking&rft.pub=Imprimerie+de+la+Sainte-Famille&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=De+Martiliat&rft.aufirst=Joachim-Enjobert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDonnithorne2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audrey_Donnithorne" title="Audrey Donnithorne">Donnithorne, Audrey G.</a> (29 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDePDwAAQBAJ&dq=spanish+redemptorists+chengdu&pg=PT130"><i>China: In Life's Foreground</i></a>. North Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925801576" title="Special:BookSources/9781925801576"><bdi>9781925801576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+In+Life%27s+Foreground&rft.place=North+Melbourne&rft.pub=Australian+Scholarly+Publishing&rft.date=2019-03-29&rft.isbn=9781925801576&rft.aulast=Donnithorne&rft.aufirst=Audrey+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzDePDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dspanish%2Bredemptorists%2Bchengdu%26pg%3DPT130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFerreux2022" class="citation book cs1">Ferreux, Octave (20 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nn6iEAAAQBAJ&dq=Our+Lady+of+Joy+Abbey+Sichuan&pg=PT473">"The Monastery of Our Lady of Joy (Zhengding) Evacuated"</a>. <i>History of the Congregation of the Mission in China</i>. Hyde Park, NY: New City Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565485464" title="Special:BookSources/9781565485464"><bdi>9781565485464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Monastery+of+Our+Lady+of+Joy+%28Zhengding%29+Evacuated&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Congregation+of+the+Mission+in+China&rft.place=Hyde+Park%2C+NY&rft.pub=New+City+Press&rft.date=2022-12-20&rft.isbn=9781565485464&rft.aulast=Ferreux&rft.aufirst=Octave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnn6iEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DOur%2BLady%2Bof%2BJoy%2BAbbey%2BSichuan%26pg%3DPT473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGourdon1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gourdon, François-Marie-Joseph, ed. (1981) [1918]. <i>圣教入川记</i> [<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/An_Account_of_the_Entry_of_the_Catholic_Religion_into_Sichuan" title="An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan">An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan</a></i>] (in Simplified Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan People's Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%A3%E6%95%99%E5%85%A5%E5%B7%9D%E8%AE%B0&rft.place=Chengdu&rft.pub=Sichuan+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGuiot1892" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guiot, Léonide (1892). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_Mission_du_Su-tchuen_au_XVIIIme_si%C3%A8cle_-_Vie_et_Apostolat_de_Mgr_Pottier,_son_fondateur.pdf"><i>La Mission du Su-Tchuen au XVIIIᵐᵉ siècle : Vie et Apostolat de Mgr Pottier, son fondateur</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Paris: Téqui Libraire-Éditeur.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Mission+du+Su-Tchuen+au+XVIII%E1%B5%90%E1%B5%89+si%C3%A8cle+%3A+Vie+et+Apostolat+de+Mgr+Pottier%2C+son+fondateur&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=T%C3%A9qui+Libraire-%C3%89diteur&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Guiot&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9onide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ALa_Mission_du_Su-tchuen_au_XVIIIme_si%25C3%25A8cle_-_Vie_et_Apostolat_de_Mgr_Pottier%2C_son_fondateur.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGLRCC2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guiyang Local Records Compilation Committee, ed. (2005). <i>贵阳市云岩区志</i> [<i>Annals of Yunyan District of Guiyang</i>] (in Simplified Chinese). Guiyang: Guizhou People's Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787221071521" title="Special:BookSources/9787221071521"><bdi>9787221071521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%B4%B5%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%91%E5%B2%A9%E5%8C%BA%E5%BF%97&rft.place=Guiyang&rft.pub=Guizhou+People%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9787221071521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHattaway2007" class="citation book cs1">Hattaway, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.asiaharvest.org/china-resources/sichuan/1952-vincent-shi-albert-wei-father-you">"Christian Martyrs in Sichuan: Vincent Shi, Albert Wei, & Father You"</a>. <i>China's Book of Martyrs (Fire & Blood)</i>. Manchester: Piquant Editions. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903689400" title="Special:BookSources/9781903689400"><bdi>9781903689400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Martyrs+in+Sichuan%3A+Vincent+Shi%2C+Albert+Wei%2C+%26+Father+You&rft.btitle=China%27s+Book+of+Martyrs+%28Fire+%26+Blood%29&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Piquant+Editions&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781903689400&rft.aulast=Hattaway&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.asiaharvest.org%2Fchina-resources%2Fsichuan%2F1952-vincent-shi-albert-wei-father-you&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLi2021" class="citation book cs1">Li, Ji, ed. (18 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004498693/BP000004.xml"><i>Missions Étrangères de Paris (MEP) and China from the Seventeenth Century to the Present</i></a>. Leiden: Brill Publishers. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47210-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47210-5"><bdi>978-90-04-47210-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missions+%C3%89trang%C3%A8res+de+Paris+%28MEP%29+and+China+from+the+Seventeenth+Century+to+the+Present&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47210-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004498693%2FBP000004.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLiao2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liao_Yiwu" title="Liao Yiwu">Liao, Yiwu</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi9EDwAAQBAJ&dq=Seminarium+annuntiationis&pg=PT187">"De nieuwe bekeerde"</a>. <i>God is rood: Het geheime verhaal over het voortbestaan en de bloei van het christendom in communistisch China</i> (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Atlas Contact. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789045023441" title="Special:BookSources/9789045023441"><bdi>9789045023441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+nieuwe+bekeerde&rft.btitle=God+is+rood%3A+Het+geheime+verhaal+over+het+voortbestaan+en+de+bloei+van+het+christendom+in+communistisch+China&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Atlas+Contact&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789045023441&rft.aulast=Liao&rft.aufirst=Yiwu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZi9EDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSeminarium%2Bannuntiationis%26pg%3DPT187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLim2013" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Francis Khek Gee, ed. (7 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jr_Wj9KDWN0C&dq=Catholic+Church+of+Yerkalo+Diocese+of+Kangding&pg=PA111"><i>Christianity in Contemporary China: Socio-cultural Perspectives</i></a>. "Routledge Studies in Asian Religion and Philosophy" series. Milton Park: Routledge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136204999" title="Special:BookSources/9781136204999"><bdi>9781136204999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Contemporary+China%3A+Socio-cultural+Perspectives&rft.place=Milton+Park&rft.series=%22Routledge+Studies+in+Asian+Religion+and+Philosophy%22+series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft.isbn=9781136204999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djr_Wj9KDWN0C%26dq%3DCatholic%2BChurch%2Bof%2BYerkalo%2BDiocese%2Bof%2BKangding%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMarin2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marin, Catherine (2 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-histoire-monde-et-cultures-religieuses1-2010-3-page-63.htm#pa29">"L'union apostolique de Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus et d'Adolphe Roulland, missionnaire en Chine (1896-1897)"</a>. <i>Thérèse de Lisieux et les missions</i>. "Histoire et missions chrétiennes (Histoire, monde et cultures religieuses)" series (No. 15) (in French). Paris: Éditions Karthala. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782811104238" title="Special:BookSources/9782811104238"><bdi>9782811104238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27union+apostolique+de+Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se+de+l%27Enfant-J%C3%A9sus+et+d%27Adolphe+Roulland%2C+missionnaire+en+Chine+%281896-1897%29&rft.btitle=Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se+de+Lisieux+et+les+missions&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=%22Histoire+et+missions+chr%C3%A9tiennes+%28Histoire%2C+monde+et+cultures+religieuses%29%22+series+%28No.%26%238239%3B15%29&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Karthala&rft.date=2010-11-02&rft.isbn=9782811104238&rft.aulast=Marin&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-histoire-monde-et-cultures-religieuses1-2010-3-page-63.htm%23pa29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMungello2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Emil_Mungello" title="David Emil Mungello">Mungello, D. E.</a> (29 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkMjEAAAQBAJ&dq=consecrated+virgin+sichuan+catholic&pg=PA120">"Christian Virgins (Chaste Women) in Sichuan"</a>. <i>This Suffering Is My Joy: The Underground Church in Eighteenth-Century China</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538150306" title="Special:BookSources/9781538150306"><bdi>9781538150306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Virgins+%28Chaste+Women%29+in+Sichuan&rft.btitle=This+Suffering+Is+My+Joy%3A+The+Underground+Church+in+Eighteenth-Century+China&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021-03-29&rft.isbn=9781538150306&rft.aulast=Mungello&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkMjEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dconsecrated%2Bvirgin%2Bsichuan%2Bcatholic%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPlanchet1917" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Planchet, J.-M. (1917). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Les_Missions_de_Chine_et_du_Japon.pdf"><i>Les Missions de Chine et du Japon</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Peking: Imprimerie des Lazaristes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Missions+de+Chine+et+du+Japon&rft.place=Peking&rft.pub=Imprimerie+des+Lazaristes&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Planchet&rft.aufirst=J.-M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ALes_Missions_de_Chine_et_du_Japon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFQinShen2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Qin, Heping; Shen, Xiaohu, eds. (2008). <i>四川基督教资料辑要</i> [<i>A Collection of Historical Documents on Christianity in Sichuan</i>] (in Simplified Chinese). Chengdu: Bashu Publishing House. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80752-226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80752-226-3"><bdi>978-7-80752-226-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%E8%BE%91%E8%A6%81&rft.place=Chengdu&rft.pub=Bashu+Publishing+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-7-80752-226-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSong2021" class="citation book cs1">Song, Gang (10 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34269/chapter-abstract/290545889">"The Basset-Su Chinese new Testament"</a>. In Yeo, K. K. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in China</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190909796" title="Special:BookSources/9780190909796"><bdi>9780190909796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Basset-Su+Chinese+new+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Bible+in+China&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021-03-10&rft.isbn=9780190909796&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Gang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fedited-volume%2F34269%2Fchapter-abstract%2F290545889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStauffer1922" class="citation book cs1">Stauffer, Milton T., ed. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thechristianoccupationofchina00shan/page/n247">"The Province of Szechwan"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Christian_Occupation_of_China" title="The Christian Occupation of China">The Christian Occupation of China</a></i>. Shanghai: China Continuation Committee.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Province+of+Szechwan&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Occupation+of+China&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=China+Continuation+Committee&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthechristianoccupationofchina00shan%2Fpage%2Fn247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1934" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Emily Lily (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/china/stewart1934/02.html">"Chapter II. The Way Reviewed"</a>. <i>Forward in Western China</i>. London: Church Missionary Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+II.+The+Way+Reviewed&rft.btitle=Forward+in+Western+China&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Church+Missionary+Society&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Emily+Lily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Fasia%2Fchina%2Fstewart1934%2F02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTanRuanChenMa2013" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Tieniu; Ruan, Qiuqi; Chen, Xilin; Ma, Huimin; Wang, Liang, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93W7BQAAQBAJ&dq=Seminarium+annuntiationis&pg=PA120"><i>Advances in Image and Graphics Technologies: Chinese Conference, IGTA 2013, Beijing, China, April 2-3, 2013, Proceedings</i></a>. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642371493" title="Special:BookSources/9783642371493"><bdi>9783642371493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Image+and+Graphics+Technologies%3A+Chinese+Conference%2C+IGTA+2013%2C+Beijing%2C+China%2C+April+2-3%2C+2013%2C+Proceedings&rft.place=Berlin%2FHeidelberg&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783642371493&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D93W7BQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSeminarium%2Bannuntiationis%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTherese_of_Lisieux2014" class="citation book cs1">Therese of Lisieux (29 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb2lBAAAQBAJ&dq=therese+of+lisieux+sutchuen+oriental&pg=PT195"><i>Letters of St. Therese of Lisieux, Volume II: General Correspondence 1890-1897</i></a>. Translated by Clarke, John. Washington, D.C.: ICS Publications. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781939272287" title="Special:BookSources/9781939272287"><bdi>9781939272287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+St.+Therese+of+Lisieux%2C+Volume+II%3A+General+Correspondence+1890-1897&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=ICS+Publications&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft.isbn=9781939272287&rft.au=Therese+of+Lisieux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBb2lBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtherese%2Bof%2Blisieux%2Bsutchuen%2Boriental%26pg%3DPT195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTiedemann2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tiedemann, Gerhard (2005). "Adaptation and Resistance in North China". In van der Heyden, Ulrich; Stoecker, Holger (eds.). <i>Mission und Macht im Wandel politischer Orientierungen: Europaische Missionsgesellschaften in politischen Spannungsfeldern in Afrika und Asien zwischen 1800 und 1945</i> [<i>Mission and Power amidst Shifting Political Orientations: European Missions in Areas of Conflict in Africa and Asia, 1800–1945</i>] (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08423-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08423-9"><bdi>978-3-515-08423-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adaptation+and+Resistance+in+North+China&rft.btitle=Mission+und+Macht+im+Wandel+politischer+Orientierungen%3A+Europaische+Missionsgesellschaften+in+politischen+Spannungsfeldern+in+Afrika+und+Asien+zwischen+1800+und+1945&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-515-08423-9&rft.aulast=Tiedemann&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTiedemann2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R._G._Tiedemann" title="R. G. Tiedemann">Tiedemann, R. G.</a> (1 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HaTDAAAQBAJ&dq=Segundo+Miguel+Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mor%C3%A1n+Pan%2C+Segundo+Velasco+Arina&pg=PA15"><i>Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Milton Park: Routledge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315497310" title="Special:BookSources/9781315497310"><bdi>9781315497310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reference+Guide+to+Christian+Missionary+Societies+in+China%3A+From+the+Sixteenth+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Milton+Park&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-07-01&rft.isbn=9781315497310&rft.aulast=Tiedemann&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9HaTDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSegundo%2BMiguel%2BRodr%25C3%25ADguez%252C%2BJos%25C3%25A9%2BMor%25C3%25A1n%2BPan%252C%2BSegundo%2BVelasco%2BArina%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Grasdorff2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Grasdorff, Gilles (2007). <i>La belle histoire des Missions étrangères 1658–2008</i> (in French). Paris: Éditions Perrin. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782262025663" title="Special:BookSources/9782262025663"><bdi>9782262025663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+belle+histoire+des+Missions+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res+1658%E2%80%932008&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Perrin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9782262025663&rft.aulast=Van+Grasdorff&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVarious_authors1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Various_authors" title="Various authors">Various authors</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourwestchina00stepuoft"><i>Our West China Mission: Being a Somewhat Extensive Summary by the Missionaries on the Field of Work during the First Twenty-five Years of the Canadian Methodist Mission in the Province of Szechwan, Western China</i></a>. Toronto: Missionary Society of the Methodist Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+West+China+Mission%3A+Being+a+Somewhat+Extensive+Summary+by+the+Missionaries+on+the+Field+of+Work+during+the+First+Twenty-five+Years+of+the+Canadian+Methodist+Mission+in+the+Province+of+Szechwan%2C+Western+China&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Missionary+Society+of+the+Methodist+Church&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Various+authors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourwestchina00stepuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWright1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arnold_Wright" title="Arnold Wright">Wright, Arnold</a>, ed. (1908). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Impressions_of_Hongkong,_Shanghai,_and_other_Treaty_Ports_of_China/The_Roman_Catholic_Church">"Chapter: The Roman Catholic Church"</a>. <i>Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China: Their History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources</i>. London: Lloyd's Greater Britain publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter%3A+The+Roman+Catholic+Church&rft.btitle=Twentieth+Century+Impressions+of+Hongkong%2C+Shanghai%2C+and+other+Treaty+Ports+of+China%3A+Their+History%2C+People%2C+Commerce%2C+Industries%2C+and+Resources&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lloyd%27s+Greater+Britain+publishing+Company&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FTwentieth_Century_Impressions_of_Hongkong%2C_Shanghai%2C_and_other_Treaty_Ports_of_China%2FThe_Roman_Catholic_Church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYuan1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yuan, Tingdong (1998). "基督教入蜀三百年" [Three Hundred Years of Christianity in Sichuan]. <i>巴蜀文化志</i> [<i>Cultural History of Ba–Shu</i>] (in Simplified Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-208-02269-0" title="Special:BookSources/7-208-02269-0"><bdi>7-208-02269-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%85%A5%E8%9C%80%E4%B8%89%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4&rft.btitle=%E5%B7%B4%E8%9C%80%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%97&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=Shanghai+People%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=7-208-02269-0&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Tingdong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZheng2017" class="citation book cs1">Zheng, Yangwen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M9YkDwAAQBAJ&dq=Joannes-Baptista+Kou&pg=PA37"><i>Sinicizing Christianity</i></a>. "Studies in Christian Mission" series (vol. 49). Leiden: Brill Publishers. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004330382" title="Special:BookSources/9789004330382"><bdi>9789004330382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinicizing+Christianity&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=%22Studies+in+Christian+Mission%22+series+%28vol.+49%29&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004330382&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Yangwen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM9YkDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DJoannes-Baptista%2BKou%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Journals_and_magazines">Journals and magazines</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Journals and magazines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLIC1949" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ila.ilsl.br/pdfs/v17n4a17.pdf">"Leprosy Institutions in China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Leprosy</i>. <b>17</b>. 1949.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Leprosy&rft.atitle=Leprosy+Institutions+in+China&rft.volume=17&rft.date=1949&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fila.ilsl.br%2Fpdfs%2Fv17n4a17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBoland2002" class="citation journal cs1">Boland, Samuel J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.santalfonsoedintorni.it/Spicilegium/50/SH-50-2002(II)601-627.pdf">"The Redemptorists and the China Mission"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Spicilegium Historicum Congregationis SSmi Redemptoris</i> (50).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spicilegium+Historicum+Congregationis+SSmi+Redemptoris&rft.atitle=The+Redemptorists+and+the+China+Mission&rft.issue=50&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Boland&rft.aufirst=Samuel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.santalfonsoedintorni.it%2FSpicilegium%2F50%2FSH-50-2002%28II%29601-627.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChan2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chan, Hok-lam (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/journal/articles/v52p065.pdf">"傳教士對張獻忠據蜀稱王的記載：《聖教入川記》的宗教與文化觀點"</a> [Jesuits' Impressions on Zhang Xianzhong in Sichuan (1644–1647) from Buglio, Magalhães, and Gourdon: Contrasting Religious and Cultural Perspectives of <i>Shengjiao Ru Chuan Ji</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Chinese Studies</i> (in Traditional Chinese) (52). Hong Kong: Institute of Chinese Studies. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1016-4464">1016-4464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Studies&rft.atitle=%E5%82%B3%E6%95%99%E5%A3%AB%E5%B0%8D%E5%BC%B5%E7%8D%BB%E5%BF%A0%E6%93%9A%E8%9C%80%E7%A8%B1%E7%8E%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A8%98%E8%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8A%E8%81%96%E6%95%99%E5%85%A5%E5%B7%9D%E8%A8%98%E3%80%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%A7%80%E9%BB%9E&rft.issue=52&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1016-4464&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Hok-lam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuhk.edu.hk%2Fics%2Fjournal%2Farticles%2Fv52p065.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHe2020" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">He, Yi (2020). "巴黎外方传教会在四川实行中国化的见证——以《圣教礼规》为例" [The localization effort of Paris Foreign Missions Society in Sichuan: Taking <i>Ecclesiastical Rituals and Practices</i> as an example]. <i>Catholic Church in China</i> (in Simplified Chinese). No. 208. Beijing: Catholic Patriotic Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Church+in+China&rft.atitle=%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%A4%96%E6%96%B9%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%AE%9E%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%81%E8%AF%81%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E3%80%8A%E5%9C%A3%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BC%E8%A7%84%E3%80%8B%E4%B8%BA%E4%BE%8B&rft.issue=208&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Yi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHooper2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hooper, Beverly (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606102328/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Journal_Samples/ASRE1035-7823~24~4~086/086.pdf">"Globalization and Resistance in Post-Mao China: The Case of Foreign Consumer Products"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian Studies Review</i>. <b>24</b> (4). Blackwell Publishing: 442. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10357820008713286">10.1080/10357820008713286</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1035-7823">1035-7823</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143106032">143106032</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Journal_Samples/ASRE1035-7823~24~4~086/086.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Globalization+and+Resistance+in+Post-Mao+China%3A+The+Case+of+Foreign+Consumer+Products&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=442&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143106032%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1035-7823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10357820008713286&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwellpublishing.com%2Fcontent%2FBPL_Images%2FJournal_Samples%2FASRE1035-7823~24~4~086%2F086.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJeanne1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Jeanne, Pierre (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hsstudyc.org.hk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/T015_11.pdf">"The Early Church of Sichuan Province: A Study of Conditions Leading to the Synod of 1803"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tripod</i>. Vol. 3, no. 15. Translated by Le Blanc, T.; Barry, P. Hong Kong: Holy Spirit Study Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tripod&rft.atitle=The+Early+Church+of+Sichuan+Province%3A+A+Study+of+Conditions+Leading+to+the+Synod+of+1803&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=15&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Jeanne&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhsstudyc.org.hk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F01%2FT015_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLeung1995" class="citation journal cs1">Leung, Beatrice (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623095304/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/leung.html">"Religious Freedom and the Constitution in the People's Republic of China: Interpretation and Implementation"</a>. <i>DISKUS: The On-disk Journal of International Religious Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (1). Philipps-Universität Marburg. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-8948">0967-8948</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/leung.html">the original</a> on 23 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DISKUS%3A+The+On-disk+Journal+of+International+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Religious+Freedom+and+the+Constitution+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China%3A+Interpretation+and+Implementation&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0967-8948&rft.aulast=Leung&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uni-marburg.de%2Freligionswissenschaft%2Fjournal%2Fdiskus%2Fleung.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLiao2021" class="citation journal cs1">Liao, Xianghui (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel12080661">"Bailu's Catholicism in China: Religious Inculturation, Tourist Attraction, or Secularization"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. <b>12</b> (8). Basel: MDPI. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel12080661">10.3390/rel12080661</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Bailu%27s+Catholicism+in+China%3A+Religious+Inculturation%2C+Tourist+Attraction%2C+or+Secularization&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel12080661&rft.aulast=Liao&rft.aufirst=Xianghui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel12080661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLifton1957" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Lifton, Robert J.</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1806208">"Chinese Communist 'Thought Reform': Confession and Re-Education of Western Civilians"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journal_of_Urban_Health" title="Journal of Urban Health">Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine</a></i>. <b>33</b> (9). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1806208">1806208</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19312633">19312633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Chinese+Communist+%27Thought+Reform%27%3A+Confession+and+Re-Education+of+Western+Civilians&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=9&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1806208%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19312633&rft.aulast=Lifton&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1806208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2013" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liu, Zhiqing (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://194.246.119.58/pdfs/cnkiImport/CJFD/ZGTA201302028.pdf">"天主教在重庆和四川传播史略"</a> [A brief history of the spread of Catholicism in Chongqing and Sichuan] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Catholic Church in China</i> (in Simplified Chinese). No. 2. Beijing: Catholic Patriotic Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Church+in+China&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%9C%A8%E9%87%8D%E5%BA%86%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%8F%B2%E7%95%A5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Zhiqing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F194.246.119.58%2Fpdfs%2FcnkiImport%2FCJFD%2FZGTA201302028.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLü1976" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lü, Shih-chiang (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw:8080/server/enwiki/api/core/bitstreams/e47341c7-5f8e-4467-8a14-8e1035537d96/content">"晚淸時期基督敎在四川省的傳敎活動及川人的反應（1860–1911）"</a> [The Evangelization of Sichuan Province in the Late Qing Period and the Responses of the Sichuanese People (1860–1911)]. <i>History Journal of the National Taiwan Normal University</i> (in Traditional Chinese). Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University Department of History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Journal+of+the+National+Taiwan+Normal+University&rft.atitle=%E6%99%9A%E6%B7%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%8E%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%81%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%95%8E%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8F%8A%E5%B7%9D%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%EF%BC%881860%E2%80%931911%EF%BC%89&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=L%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Shih-chiang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw%3A8080%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2Fe47341c7-5f8e-4467-8a14-8e1035537d96%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMoody2013" class="citation journal cs1">Moody, Peter R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23922765">"The Catholic Church in China Today: The Limitations of Autonomy and Enculturation"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journal_of_Church_and_State" title="Journal of Church and State">Journal of Church and State</a></i>. <b>55</b> (3). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2Fcss049">10.1093/jcs/css049</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23922765">23922765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=The+Catholic+Church+in+China+Today%3A+The+Limitations+of+Autonomy+and+Enculturation&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2Fcss049&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23922765%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23922765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTiedemann2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R._G._Tiedemann" title="R. G. Tiedemann">Tiedemann, R. G.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/PDF-Dateien/E-Journal_RCTC/RCTC_2018-2.52-72_Tiedemann__Chinese_Female_Propagators_of_the_Faith_in_Modern_China_-_The_Tortuous_Transition_from_the_Institute_of_Virgins_to_Diocesan_Religious_Congregations.pdf">"Chinese Female Propagators of the Faith in Modern China: The Tortuous Transition from the 'Institute of Virgins' to Diocesan Religious Congregations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Religions & Christianity in Today's China</i>. <b>VIII</b> (2). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2192-9289">2192-9289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions+%26+Christianity+in+Today%27s+China&rft.atitle=Chinese+Female+Propagators+of+the+Faith+in+Modern+China%3A+The+Tortuous+Transition+from+the+%27Institute+of+Virgins%27+to+Diocesan+Religious+Congregations&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2192-9289&rft.aulast=Tiedemann&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.china-zentrum.de%2Ffileadmin%2FPDF-Dateien%2FE-Journal_RCTC%2FRCTC_2018-2.52-72_Tiedemann__Chinese_Female_Propagators_of_the_Faith_in_Modern_China_-_The_Tortuous_Transition_from_the_Institute_of_Virgins_to_Diocesan_Religious_Congregations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWei2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wei, Yü (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icm.gov.mo/rc/viewer/pdfViewerParts/10070/3062">"清中前期貴州天主教傳教活動鉤沉"</a> [Catholic missions in Guizhou in the Early and Mid-Qing Dynasty]. <i>Review of Culture</i> (in Traditional Chinese) (70). Macau: Instituto Cultural do Governo da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Culture&rft.atitle=%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%AD%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E8%B2%B4%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%82%B3%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E9%89%A4%E6%B2%89&rft.issue=70&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Y%C3%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icm.gov.mo%2Frc%2Fviewer%2FpdfViewerParts%2F10070%2F3062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZhu2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhu, Shoutong (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.ipm.edu.mo/images/journal_c/2011_4/p156_163.pdf">"試論中國新文化運動的'第三個中心'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [On the "Third Center" of the New Culture Movement] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Macao Polytechnic University</i> (in Traditional Chinese) (4). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0874-1824">0874-1824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Macao+Polytechnic+University&rft.atitle=%E8%A9%A6%E8%AB%96%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%9A%84%27%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%80%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%27&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0874-1824&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Shoutong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.ipm.edu.mo%2Fimages%2Fjournal_c%2F2011_4%2Fp156_163.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZuazua2014" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zuazua, Dámaso (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laobramaxima.es/www/revista.act.php?action=download&regid=115">"Santa Teresita del Niño Jesús de actualidad en China"</a>. <i>La Obra Máxima</i> (in Spanish). San Sebastián: La Obra Máxima Revista Carmelitana y ONGD para el Desarrollo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Obra+M%C3%A1xima&rft.atitle=Santa+Teresita+del+Ni%C3%B1o+Jes%C3%BAs+de+actualidad+en+China&rft.date=2014-05&rft.aulast=Zuazua&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1maso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laobramaxima.es%2Fwww%2Frevista.act.php%3Faction%3Ddownload%26regid%3D115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Newspapers">Newspapers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMCL1935" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/catholicnews/docs/1935_cn35/7">"Abducted Franciscans Still Missing: Leper Asylum Near Tibetan Border Invaded by Reds"</a>. <i>Malaya Catholic Leader</i>. Vol. 1, no. 35. Singapore. 31 August 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaya+Catholic+Leader&rft.atitle=Abducted+Franciscans+Still+Missing%3A+Leper+Asylum+Near+Tibetan+Border+Invaded+by+Reds&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=35&rft.date=1935-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fcatholicnews%2Fdocs%2F1935_cn35%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCairns2020" class="citation news cs1">Cairns, Madoc (26 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetablet.co.uk/texts-speeches-homilies/4/1504/obituary-audrey-donnithorne">"Obituary: Audrey Donnithorne"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Tablet" title="The Tablet">The Tablet</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tablet&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Audrey+Donnithorne&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft.aulast=Cairns&rft.aufirst=Madoc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetablet.co.uk%2Ftexts-speeches-homilies%2F4%2F1504%2Fobituary-audrey-donnithorne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWang2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang, Teresa (10 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xinde.org/show/48811">"四川：天主教南充教区为董育德教授举行隆重追思弥撒"</a> [Sichuan: Solemn Memorial Mass for Professor Audrey Donnithorne Held in the Diocese of Nanchong]. <i>Faith Weekly</i> (in Simplified Chinese). Shijiazhuang.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faith+Weekly&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%EF%BC%9A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%8D%97%E5%85%85%E6%95%99%E5%8C%BA%E4%B8%BA%E8%91%A3%E8%82%B2%E5%BE%B7%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C%E9%9A%86%E9%87%8D%E8%BF%BD%E6%80%9D%E5%BC%A5%E6%92%92&rft.date=2020-06-10&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinde.org%2Fshow%2F48811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhang, Thomas (8 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xinde.org/show/19184">"为什么四川天主教有近四百年历史？"</a> [Why does the Catholic Church in Sichuan have a history of nearly 400 years?]. <i>Faith Weekly</i> (in Simplified Chinese). Shijiazhuang.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faith+Weekly&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%89%E8%BF%91%E5%9B%9B%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2011-12-08&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinde.org%2Fshow%2F19184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Sichuan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxZ-wECUzHg"><span class="plainlinks">"Catholic Smalltown Life in Qing Sichuan", Sichuan Religions Online Lecture Series No. 6 — Prof. Lars Peter Laamann 19 March 2022</span></a> on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31s82sJGO2Q"><span class="plainlinks"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Longue piste dans l'Himalaya</i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(documentary about four scouts helping with the development of the local Catholic Church in Yunnanese Tibet, part of the Diocese of Kangding)</span></span></a> on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_Sichuan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="Template talk:Christianity in Sichuan"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity in Sichuan"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Sichuan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="Christianity in Sichuan">Main article</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_Sichuan#East_Syriac_Christianity" title="Christianity in Sichuan">Church of the East in Sichuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fang_Guan" title="Fang Guan">Fang Guan</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lamb_of_God_within_Golden_Sun_Bird_roundel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lamb_of_God_within_Golden_Sun_Bird_roundel.png/100px-Lamb_of_God_within_Golden_Sun_Bird_roundel.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lamb_of_God_within_Golden_Sun_Bird_roundel.png/150px-Lamb_of_God_within_Golden_Sun_Bird_roundel.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lamb_of_God_within_Golden_Sun_Bird_roundel.png/200px-Lamb_of_God_within_Golden_Sun_Bird_roundel.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="549" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/An_Account_of_the_Entry_of_the_Catholic_Religion_into_Sichuan" title="An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan">An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Synodus_Vicariatus_Sutchuensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis (page does not exist)">Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Redemptorist_missions_in_Sichuan" title="Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan">Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Youyang_anti-missionary_riot" title="Youyang anti-missionary riot">Youyang anti-missionary riot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bailu,_Pengzhou" title="Bailu, Pengzhou">Bailu Town</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moxi,_Luding_County" title="Moxi, Luding County">Moxi Town</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dioceses">Dioceses</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chengdu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chongqing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Jiading" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading">Jiading</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Kangding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ningyuan" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan">Ningyuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Shunqing" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing">Shunqing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Suifu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu">Suifu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wanxian" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian">Wanxian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Church<br />buildings</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Cathedral,_Chengdu" title="Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu">Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral,_Chongqing" title="St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing">St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Angels,_Xichang" title="Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang">Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bailin_Catholic_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bailin Catholic Church (page does not exist)">Bailin Catholic Church</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%BA%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="zh:柏林王家旺天主教堂">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annunciation_Seminary,_Bailu" title="Annunciation Seminary, Bailu">Annunciation Seminary, Bailu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_Church,_Beibei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Beibei (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Beibei</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E9%B3%B3%E9%8E%AE%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E8%81%96%E5%BF%83%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="zh:龍鳳鎮耶穌聖心堂">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Church,_Bishan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Bishan (page does not exist)">Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Bishan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="zh:露德堂">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux_Church,_Chongqing" title="St. Thérèse of Lisieux Church, Chongqing">St. Thérèse of Lisieux Church, Chongqing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_Church,_Cizhong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_de_Tsedjrong" class="extiw" title="fr:Église du Sacré-Cœur de Tsedjrong">fr</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên County">Tibetan region</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_Church,_Dechang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart Church, Dechang (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart Church, Dechang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%98%8C%E8%81%96%E5%BF%83%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="zh:德昌聖心堂">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Annunciation_Church,_Dengchigou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annunciation Church, Dengchigou (page does not exist)">Annunciation Church, Dengchigou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_l%27Annonciation_de_Dengchigou" class="extiw" title="fr:Église de l'Annonciation de Dengchigou">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuling_Catholic_Church" title="Fuling Catholic Church">Fuling Catholic Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Our_Lady,_Huili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Our Lady, Huili (page does not exist)">Church of Our Lady, Huili</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E7%90%86%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="zh:會理聖母堂">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Church,_Mianyang" title="Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Mianyang">Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Mianyang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_Church,_Mianzhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Mianzhu (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Mianzhu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E8%81%96%E5%BF%83%E5%A0%82_(%E7%B6%BF%E7%AB%B9)" class="extiw" title="zh:耶穌聖心堂 (綿竹)">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=St._Anne%27s_Church,_Moxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Anne's Church, Moxi (page does not exist)">St. Anne's Church, Moxi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_Santa_Ana_(Mosimi%C3%A9n)" class="extiw" title="es:Iglesia de Santa Ana (Mosimién)">es</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moxi,_Luding_County" title="Moxi, Luding County">Tibetan region</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Sacred_Heart_Church,_Yerkalo" title="Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo">Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Markam_County" title="Markam County">Tibetan region</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Holy_Rosary_Church,_Yibin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holy Rosary Church, Yibin (page does not exist)">Holy Rosary Church, Yibin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_du_Saint-Rosaire_de_Yibin" class="extiw" title="fr:Église du Saint-Rosaire de Yibin">fr</a>]</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Missionaries</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_China" title="Jesuit missions in China">Jesuit missions in China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Congregation of the Mission</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Antonio_Appiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Antonio Appiani (page does not exist)">Luigi Antonio Appiani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Basset_(died_1707)" title="Jean Basset (died 1707)">Jean Basset</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Stanislas_Baudry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanislas Baudry (page does not exist)">Stanislas Baudry</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E6%98%8E%E6%8F%9A" class="extiw" title="zh:包明揚">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Biet" title="Félix Biet">Félix Biet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Romain_Boisgu%C3%A9rin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René-Désiré-Romain Boisguérin (page does not exist)">René-Désiré-Romain Boisguérin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%8C%82%E5%BE%B7" class="extiw" title="zh:林茂德">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Bourgain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Bourgain (page does not exist)">Joseph Bourgain</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bourgain" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Bourgain">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Brieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Brieux (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptiste Brieux</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Brieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Baptiste Brieux">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lodovico_Buglio" title="Lodovico Buglio">Lodovico Buglio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Campos_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Juan Campos Rodríguez">Juan Campos Rodríguez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Joseph-Marie_Chauveau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph-Marie Chauveau (page does not exist)">Joseph-Marie Chauveau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E7%9B%9B%E6%A6%AE" class="extiw" title="zh:丁盛榮">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9lestin_Chouvellon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Célestin Chouvellon (page does not exist)">Célestin Chouvellon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lestin_Chouvellon" class="extiw" title="fr:Célestin Chouvellon">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne-Paul_Coupat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène-Paul Coupat (page does not exist)">Eugène-Paul Coupat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne-Paul_Coupat" class="extiw" title="fr:Eugène-Paul Coupat">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armand_David" title="Armand David">Armand David</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constant_de_Deken" title="Constant de Deken">Constant de Deken</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Louis-Charles_Delamarre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis-Charles Delamarre (page does not exist)">Louis-Charles Delamarre</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Charles_Delamarre" class="extiw" title="no:Louis-Charles Delamarre">no</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne-Jean-Claude-Joseph_Desfl%C3%A8ches" title="Eugène-Jean-Claude-Joseph Desflèches">Joseph Desflèches</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jules_Dubernard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Dubernard (page does not exist)">Jules Dubernard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dubernard" class="extiw" title="fr:Jules Dubernard">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Gabriel_Taurin_Dufresse" title="Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse">Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marie-Julien_Dunand" title="Marie-Julien Dunand">Marie-Julien Dunand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Guillaume_Farges" title="Paul Guillaume Farges">Paul Guillaume Farges</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jean-Louis_Florens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Louis Florens (page does not exist)">Jean-Louis Florens</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Florens" class="extiw" title="no:Jean-Louis Florens">no</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Galan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucien Galan (page does not exist)">Lucien Galan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Galan" class="extiw" title="fr:Lucien Galan">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Philippe_Giraudeau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau (page does not exist)">Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Philippe_Giraudeau" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Francis_Gor%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Goré (page does not exist)">Francis Goré</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Gor%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Francis Goré">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jean_de_Gu%C3%A9briant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean de Guébriant (page does not exist)">Jean de Guébriant</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Gu%C3%A9briant" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean de Guébriant">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurent-Joseph-Marius_Imbert" title="Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert">Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Louis-Gabriel-Xavier_Jantzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis-Gabriel-Xavier Jantzen (page does not exist)">Louis-Gabriel-Xavier Jantzen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Gabriel-Xavier_Jantzen" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis-Gabriel-Xavier Jantzen">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georges-Marie_de_Jonghe_d%27Ardoye" title="Georges-Marie de Jonghe d'Ardoye">Georges-Marie de Jonghe d'Ardoye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Joannes-Baptista_Kou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joannes-Baptista Kou (page does not exist)">Joannes-Baptista Kou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Martin_de_La_Balu%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-François Martin de La Baluère (page does not exist)">Jean-François Martin de La Baluère</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Vincent_Lebbe" title="Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe">Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Urbain_Lefebvre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urbain Lefebvre (page does not exist)">Urbain Lefebvre</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbain_Lefebvre" class="extiw" title="fr:Urbain Lefebvre">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_Lemaire_(bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Lemaire (bishop) (page does not exist)">Charles Lemaire</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lemaire_(%C3%A9v%C3%AAque)" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles Lemaire (évêque)">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Liu_Hanzuo" title="Paul Liu Hanzuo">Paul Liu Hanzuo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel_de_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Gabriel de Magalhães">Gabriel de Magalhães</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Joachim-Enjobert_de_Martiliat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim-Enjobert de Martiliat (page does not exist)">Joachim-Enjobert de Martiliat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Monbeig" title="Théodore Monbeig">Jean-Théodore Monbeig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Claude_Motel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Motel (page does not exist)">Claude Motel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Martin_Moye" title="Jean-Martin Moye">Jean-Martin Moye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Johannes_M%C3%BCllener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Müllener (page does not exist)">Johannes Müllener</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" class="extiw" title="ru:Мюлленер, Йоханнес">ru</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pascual_Nadal_Oltra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascual Nadal Oltra (page does not exist)">Pascual Nadal Oltra</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Nadal_Oltra" class="extiw" title="es:Pascual Nadal Oltra">es</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques-L%C3%A9onard_P%C3%A9rocheau" title="Jacques-Léonard Pérocheau">Jacques-Léonard Pérocheau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Julien_Pichon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Julien Pichon (page does not exist)">Pierre-Julien Pichon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Julien_Pichon" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Julien Pichon">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henri_Pinault" title="Henri Pinault">Henri Pinault</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Annet-Th%C3%A9ophile_Pinchon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annet-Théophile Pinchon (page does not exist)">Annet-Théophile Pinchon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annet-Th%C3%A9ophile_Pinchon" class="extiw" title="fr:Annet-Théophile Pinchon">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Pottier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Pottier (page does not exist)">François Pottier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pottier" class="extiw" title="fr:François Pottier">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles-Ren%C3%A9_Renou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles-René Renou (page does not exist)">Charles-René Renou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_Renou" class="extiw" title="pl:Charles-René Renou">pl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques-Victor-Marius_Rouchouse" title="Jacques-Victor-Marius Rouchouse">Jacques-Victor-Marius Rouchouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Roulland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolphe Roulland (page does not exist)">Adolphe Roulland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jean-Didier_de_Saint-Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Didier de Saint-Martin (page does not exist)">Jean-Didier de Saint-Martin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9" title="André Soulié">Jean-André Soulié</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Tchao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustine Tchao (page does not exist)">Augustine Tchao</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Zhao_Rong" class="extiw" title="fr:Augustin Zhao Rong">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9on_Thomine_Desmazures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Léon Thomine Desmazures (page does not exist)">Léon Thomine Desmazures</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Thomine_Desmazures" class="extiw" title="fr:Léon Thomine Desmazures">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Valentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Valentin (page does not exist)">Pierre Valentin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Valentin" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Valentin">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleutherius_Winance" title="Eleutherius Winance">Eleutherius Winance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucy_Yi_Zhenmei" title="Lucy Yi Zhenmei">Lucy Yi Zhenmei</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Native<br />Catholics</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Chang_Shan-tse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chang Shan-tse (page does not exist)">Chang Shan-tse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%96%84%E5%AD%96" class="extiw" title="zh:張善孖">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Chen_Gong%27ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Chen Gong'ao (page does not exist)">Joseph Chen Gong'ao</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Chen_Gong%E2%80%99ao" class="extiw" title="pl:Joseph Chen Gong’ao">pl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Chen_Shi-zhong" title="John Chen Shi-zhong">John Chen Shi-zhong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=John_Chen_Xianheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Chen Xianheng (page does not exist)">John Chen Xianheng</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Chen_Xianheng" class="extiw" title="pl:Jan Chen Xianheng">pl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Chen_Zhemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Chen Zhemin (page does not exist)">Matthew Chen Zhemin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%93%B2%E6%95%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:陳哲敏">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Deng_Jizhou" title="Paul Deng Jizhou">Paul Deng Jizhou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=John_Dong_Shizhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dong Shizhi (page does not exist)">John Dong Shizhi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%B8%96%E7%A5%89" class="extiw" title="zh:董世祉">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matthias_Duan_Yinming" title="Matthias Duan Yinming">Matthias Duan Yinming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_He_Zeqing" title="Paul He Zeqing">Paul He Zeqing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Hou_Guoyang" title="Joseph Hou Guoyang">Joseph Hou Guoyang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Lei_Jiapei" title="John Lei Jiapei">John Lei Jiapei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Lei_Shiyin" title="Paul Lei Shiyin">Paul Lei Shiyin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Matthias_Li_Jun-ho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthias Li Jun-ho (page does not exist)">Matthias Li Jun-ho</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Li_Jun-ho" class="extiw" title="no:Matthias Li Jun-ho">no</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=John_Li_Xiting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Li Xiting (page does not exist)">John Li Xiting</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Li_Xiting" class="extiw" title="no:John Li Xiting">no</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Liu_Hanzuo" title="Paul Liu Hanzuo">Paul Liu Hanzuo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Thaddeus_Liu_Ruiting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thaddeus Liu Ruiting (page does not exist)">Thaddeus Liu Ruiting</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Liu_Ruiting" class="extiw" title="pl:Tadeusz Liu Ruiting">pl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Michael_Liu_Xianru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Liu Xianru (page does not exist)">Michael Liu Xianru</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Liu_Xianru" class="extiw" title="no:Michael Liu Xianru">no</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuliang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yuliang (page does not exist)">Liu Yuliang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%AE%87%E4%BA%AE" class="extiw" title="zh:劉宇亮">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Peter_Luo_Beizhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Luo Beizhan (page does not exist)">Peter Luo Beizhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Luo_Beizhan" class="extiw" title="no:Peter Luo Beizhan">no</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matthew_Luo_Duxi" title="Matthew Luo Duxi">Matthew Luo Duxi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Luo_Xuegang" title="Peter Luo Xuegang">Peter Luo Xuegang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Ma_(Southern_Ming)" title="Empress Dowager Ma (Southern Ming)">Empress Dowager Ma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Tang_Yuange" title="Joseph Tang Yuange">Joseph Tang Yuange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wang_Juguang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Juguang (page does not exist)">Wang Juguang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Juguang" class="extiw" title="no:Wang Juguang">no</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wang_Liangzuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Liangzuo (page does not exist)">Wang Liangzuo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%89%AF%E4%BD%90" class="extiw" title="zh:王良佐">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wang_Wencheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Wang Wencheng (page does not exist)">Paul Wang Wencheng</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wang_Wencheng" class="extiw" title="no:Paul Wang Wencheng">no</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier_Wang_Zepu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Xavier Wang Zepu (page does not exist)">Francis Xavier Wang Zepu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Wang_Zepu" class="extiw" title="no:Francis Xavier Wang Zepu">no</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Xu_Zhixuan" title="Joseph Xu Zhixuan">Joseph Xu Zhixuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucy_Yi_Zhenmei" title="Lucy Yi Zhenmei">Lucy Yi Zhenmei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Yuan_Zaide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Yuan Zaide (page does not exist)">Joseph Yuan Zaide</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Yuan_Zaide" class="extiw" title="pl:Józef Yuan Zaide">pl</a>]</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Related</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audrey_Donnithorne" title="Audrey Donnithorne">Audrey Donnithorne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artus_de_Lionne" title="Artus de Lionne">Artus de Lionne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joche_Albert_Ly" title="Joche Albert Ly">Joche Albert Ly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ignatius_Persico" title="Ignatius Persico">Ignatius Persico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maurice_Tornay" title="Maurice Tornay">Maurice Tornay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agnes_Tsao_Kou_Ying" title="Agnes Tsao Kou Ying">Agnes Tsao Kou Ying</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=John_Baptist_Wang_Ruohan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Baptist Wang Ruohan (page does not exist)">John Baptist Wang Ruohan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baptist_Wang_Ruohan" class="extiw" title="pl:John Baptist Wang Ruohan">pl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Basil_Xu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basil Xu (page does not exist)">Basil Xu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Zhanzeng" class="extiw" title="no:Xu Zhanzeng">no</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Candida_Xu" title="Candida Xu">Candida Xu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Abbey" title="St. Andrew's Abbey">St. Andrew's Abbey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Joy_Abbey" title="Our Lady of Joy Abbey">Our Lady of Joy Abbey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholic Church in Tibet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestantism_in_Sichuan" title="Protestantism in Sichuan">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OMF_International" title="OMF International">China Inland Mission</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_West_China_Missionary_News" title="The West China Missionary News">The West China Missionary News</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journal_of_the_West_China_Border_Research_Society" title="Journal of the West China Border Research Society">Journal of the West China Border Research Society</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_China_Union_University" title="West China Union University">West China Union University</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_China_College_of_Stomatology" title="West China College of Stomatology">West China College of Stomatology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_China_Medical_Center" title="West China Medical Center">West China Medical Center</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_Rain_Covenant_Church" title="Early Rain Covenant Church">Early Rain Covenant Church</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Anglicanism_in_Sichuan" title="History of Anglicanism in Sichuan">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Diocese</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diocese_of_Western_China" title="Diocese of Western China">Diocese of Szechwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Church<br />buildings</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinity_Church,_Langzhong" title="Trinity Church, Langzhong">Trinity Church, Langzhong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St_John%27s_Cathedral,_Langzhong" title="St John's Cathedral, Langzhong">St John's Cathedral, Langzhong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St_John%27s_Church,_Chengdu" title="St John's Church, Chengdu">St John's Church, Chengdu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gospel_Church,_Guanghan" title="Gospel Church, Guanghan">Gospel Church, Guanghan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gospel_Church,_Jiangyou" title="Gospel Church, Jiangyou">Gospel Church, Jiangyou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gospel_Church,_Mianyang" title="Gospel Church, Mianyang">Gospel Church, Mianyang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gospel_Church,_Mianzhu" title="Gospel Church, Mianzhu">Gospel Church, Mianzhu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gospel_Church,_Wanzhou" title="Gospel Church, Wanzhou">Gospel Church, Wanzhou</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OMF_International" title="OMF International">China Inland Mission</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Missionary Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/W._H._Aldis" title="W. H. Aldis">W. H. Aldis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_Bevan" title="Kenneth Bevan">Kenneth Bevan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_Boreham" title="Frederick Boreham">Frederick Boreham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Cassels" title="William Cassels">William Cassels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vyvyan_Donnithorne" title="Vyvyan Donnithorne">Vyvyan Donnithorne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Alice_Entwistle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice Entwistle (page does not exist)">Alice Entwistle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brook_Hannah" title="Brook Hannah">Brook Hannah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Holden_(bishop)" title="John Holden (bishop)">John Holden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sverre_Holth" title="Sverre Holth">Sverre Holth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=James_Heywood_Horsburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Heywood Horsburgh (page does not exist)">James Heywood Horsburgh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_Houghton" title="Frank Houghton">Frank Houghton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ku_Ho-lin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku Ho-lin (page does not exist)">Ku Ho-lin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Montagu_Robert_Lawrence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montagu Robert Lawrence (page does not exist)">Montagu Robert Lawrence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=John_Howard_Lechler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Howard Lechler (page does not exist)">John Howard Lechler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bishop_of_Leicester#Alexander_Maxwell" title="Bishop of Leicester">Harold Alexander Maxwell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Howard_Mowll" title="Howard Mowll">Howard Mowll</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cecil_Polhill" title="Cecil Polhill">Cecil H. Polhill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_T._Polhill" title="Arthur T. Polhill">Arthur T. Polhill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montagu_Proctor-Beauchamp" title="Montagu Proctor-Beauchamp">Montagu Proctor-Beauchamp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douglas_Sargent" title="Douglas Sargent">Douglas Sargent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Song_Cheng-tsi" title="Song Cheng-tsi">Song Cheng-tsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tsai_Fuh-tsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsai Fuh-tsu (page does not exist)">Tsai Fuh-tsu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E5%BE%A9%E5%88%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:蔡復初">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Richard_Alexander_Whiteside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Alexander Whiteside (page does not exist)">Richard Alexander Whiteside</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_Sichuan" title="History of Methodism in Sichuan">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%AF-Shen-Ts%C3%AF_Methodist_Church" title="Sï-Shen-Tsï Methodist Church">Sï-Shen-Tsï Methodist Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gospel_Hospital,_Chengdu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gospel Hospital, Chengdu (page does not exist)">Gospel Hospital, Chengdu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%BE%A4" class="extiw" title="zh:福音醫院建築群">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_West_China_Missionary_News" title="The West China Missionary News">The West China Missionary News</a></i></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Missionaries" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Methodist_Episcopal_Mission" title="American Methodist Episcopal Mission">American Methodist Episcopal Mission</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Methodist_Mission" title="Canadian Methodist Mission">Canadian Methodist Mission</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Beech" title="Joseph Beech">Joseph Beech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_John_Bond" title="George John Bond">George John Bond</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Newton_Ernest_Bowles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newton Ernest Bowles (page does not exist)">Newton Ernest Bowles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Harry_Lee_Canright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Lee Canright (page does not exist)">Harry Lee Canright</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rupert_Carscallen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Rupert Carscallen (page does not exist)">Charles Rupert Carscallen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=W._Y._Chen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. Y. Chen (page does not exist)">W. Y. Chen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%96%87%E6%B7%B5" class="extiw" title="zh:陳文淵">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Endicott_(cleric,_born_1865)" title="James Endicott (cleric, born 1865)">James Endicott</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Gareth_Endicott" title="James Gareth Endicott">James Gareth Endicott</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ailie_Gale" title="Ailie Gale">Ailie Gale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Dunlap_Gamewell" title="Francis Dunlap Gamewell">Francis Dunlap Gamewell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Virgil_Chittenden_Hart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virgil Chittenden Hart (page does not exist)">Virgil Chittenden Hart</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%90%E7%A7%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:赫斐秋">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_Everson_Hartwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Everson Hartwell (page does not exist)">George Everson Hartwell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gertrude_Howe" title="Gertrude Howe">Gertrude Howe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_Julius_Pasmore_Jolliffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Julius Pasmore Jolliffe (page does not exist)">Charles Julius Pasmore Jolliffe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leslie_Gifford_Kilborn" title="Leslie Gifford Kilborn">Leslie Gifford Kilborn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omar_Leslie_Kilborn" title="Omar Leslie Kilborn">Omar Leslie Kilborn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=William_John_Mortimore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William John Mortimore (page does not exist)">William John Mortimore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Susanna_Carson_Rijnhart" title="Susanna Carson Rijnhart">Susanna Carson Rijnhart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Walter_Small&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Small (page does not exist)">Walter Small</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theo_S%C3%B8rensen" title="Theo Sørensen">Theo Sørensen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=David_W._Stevenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David W. Stevenson (page does not exist)">David W. Stevenson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_Winfield_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Winfield Service (page does not exist)">Charles Winfield Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wilson_Wallace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Wilson Wallace (page does not exist)">Edward Wilson Wallace</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ralph_A._Ward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph A. Ward (page does not exist)">Ralph A. Ward</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%AE%89%E7%B4%A0" class="extiw" title="zh:黃安素">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Nathan_Wheeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Nathan Wheeler (page does not exist)">Lucius Nathan Wheeler</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quakerism_in_Sichuan" title="Quakerism in Sichuan">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends' Foreign Mission Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tongchuan_Church" title="Tongchuan Church">Tongchuan Meeting House</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Alice_M._Beck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice M. Beck (page does not exist)">Alice M. Beck</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mira_L._Cumber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mira L. Cumber (page does not exist)">Mira L. Cumber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=A._Warburton_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Warburton Davidson (page does not exist)">A. Warburton Davidson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Robert_John_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert John Davidson (page does not exist)">Robert John Davidson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mary_Jane_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Jane Davidson (page does not exist)">Mary Jane Davidson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Frederic_S._Deane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederic S. Deane (page does not exist)">Frederic S. Deane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lucy_E._Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucy E. Harris (page does not exist)">Lucy E. Harris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Joy_Hodgkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Joy Hodgkin (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Joy Hodgkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Hodgkin" title="Henry Hodgkin">Henry Hodgkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Esther_L._Mason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esther L. Mason (page does not exist)">Esther L. Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Mason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Mason (page does not exist)">Isaac Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/H._T._Silcock" title="H. T. Silcock">H. T. Silcock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Caroline_N._Southall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caroline N. Southall (page does not exist)">Caroline N. Southall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Southall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Southall (page does not exist)">Margaret Southall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Morgan_Stubbs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Morgan Stubbs (page does not exist)">Clifford Morgan Stubbs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Edward_B._Vardon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward B. Vardon (page does not exist)">Edward B. Vardon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Vardon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Vardon (page does not exist)">Margaret Vardon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Wigham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard Wigham (page does not exist)">Leonard Wigham</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Related</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/W._Brian_Harland" title="W. Brian Harland">W. Brian Harland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fred_Rowntree" title="Fred Rowntree">Fred Rowntree</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Baptist_Christianity_in_Sichuan" title="History of Baptist Christianity in Sichuan">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Ministries_(organization)" title="International Ministries (organization)">American Baptist Foreign Mission Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_James_Broomhall" title="Alfred James Broomhall">Alfred James Broomhall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Crockett_Graham" title="David Crockett Graham">David Crockett Graham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Reginald_Morse" title="William Reginald Morse">William Reginald Morse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Esther_Nelson_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esther Nelson (missionary) (page does not exist)">Esther Nelson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Henry_James_Openshaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry James Openshaw (page does not exist)">Henry James Openshaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Taylor_(Baptist_missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Taylor (Baptist missionary) (page does not exist)">Joseph Taylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=William_M._Upcraft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William M. Upcraft (page does not exist)">William M. Upcraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_Warner_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Warner (missionary) (page does not exist)">George Warner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wellwood_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Wellwood (missionary) (page does not exist)">Robert Wellwood</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day<br />Adventist</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Adventism_in_Sichuan" title="History of Adventism in Sichuan">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Francis_Arthur_Allum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Arthur Allum (page does not exist)">Francis Arthur Allum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=John_Nevins_Andrews_(born_1891)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Nevins Andrews (born 1891) (page does not exist)">John Nevins Andrews</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Claude_Lockyer_Blandford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Lockyer Blandford (page does not exist)">Claude Lockyer Blandford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Blackburn_Buzzell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Blackburn Buzzell (page does not exist)">Alexander Blackburn Buzzell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Holman_Carl_Currie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holman Carl Currie (page does not exist)">Holman Carl Currie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Johann_Heinrich_Effenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Heinrich Effenberg (page does not exist)">Johann Heinrich Effenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Bennett_Guild&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecil Bennett Guild (page does not exist)">Cecil Bennett Guild</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Alton_Eugene_Hughes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alton Eugene Hughes (page does not exist)">Alton Eugene Hughes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sidney_Henton_Lindt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidney Henton Lindt (page does not exist)">Sidney Henton Lindt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ernest_L._Lutz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest L. Lutz (page does not exist)">Ernest L. Lutz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ida_Mae_Matson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ida Mae Matson (page does not exist)">Ida Mae Matson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Emma_Neale_Ortner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emma Neale Ortner (page does not exist)">Emma Neale Ortner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Evaline_Osborne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evaline Osborne (page does not exist)">Evaline Osborne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Spicer_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Spicer (missionary) (page does not exist)">Dorothy Spicer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Merritt_C._Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merritt C. Warren (page does not exist)">Merritt C. Warren</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dallas_R._White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dallas R. White (page does not exist)">Dallas R. White</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_L._Wilkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George L. Wilkinson (page does not exist)">George L. Wilkinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_A._Woolsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles A. Woolsey (page does not exist)">Charles A. Woolsey</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Cross_Church,_Wanzhou" title="Holy Cross Church, Wanzhou">Holy Cross Church, Wanzhou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edvard_Amundsen" title="Edvard Amundsen">Edvard Amundsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_Oliver_Lillegard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Oliver Lillegard (page does not exist)">George Oliver Lillegard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E7%AB%8B%E5%BE%B7" class="extiw" title="zh:黎立德">zh</a>]</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Chengdu_Young_Men%27s_Christian_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengdu Young Men's Christian Association (page does not exist)">Chengdu Young Men's Christian Association</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%83" class="extiw" title="zh:成都基督教青年會">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Grace_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grace Service (page does not exist)">Grace Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Robert_Roy_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Roy Service (page does not exist)">Robert Roy Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Y._C._James_Yen" title="Y. C. James Yen">Y. C. James Yen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples of<br />Christ</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Marion_Herbert_Duncan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marion Herbert Duncan (page does not exist)">Marion Herbert Duncan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zenas_Sanford_Loftis" title="Zenas Sanford Loftis">Zenas Sanford Loftis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=James_Clarence_Ogden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Clarence Ogden (page does not exist)">James Clarence Ogden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Susanna_Carson_Rijnhart" title="Susanna Carson Rijnhart">Susanna Carson Rijnhart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Shelton" title="Albert Shelton">Albert Shelton</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Henry_Cornelius_Bartel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Cornelius Bartel (page does not exist)">Henry Cornelius Bartel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E5%BF%97%E7%90%86" class="extiw" title="zh:包志理">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nellie_Schmidt_Bartel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nellie Schmidt Bartel (page does not exist)">Nellie Schmidt Bartel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Other<br />denominations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gospel_Church,_Kangding" title="Gospel Church, Kangding">Gospel Church, Kangding</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kangding" title="Kangding">Tibetan region</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cunningham_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Cunningham (missionary) (page does not exist)">Robert Cunningham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=James_Huston_Edgar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Huston Edgar (page does not exist)">James Huston Edgar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Griffith_John" title="Griffith John">Griffith John</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Henry_Mathews" title="Robert Henry Mathews">Robert Henry Mathews</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Torrance" title="Thomas Torrance">Thomas Torrance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Wylie_(missionary)" title="Alexander Wylie (missionary)">Alexander Wylie</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Native<br />Protestants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhang_Qun" title="Zhang Qun">Chang Chʽün</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_L._G._Dsang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lincoln L. G. Dsang (page does not exist)">Lincoln L. G. Dsang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Dsang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruth Dsang (page does not exist)">Ruth Dsang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=S._H._Fong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. H. Fong (page does not exist)">S. H. Fong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huang_Qishan" title="Huang Qishan">Susan Huang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ku_Ho-lin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku Ho-lin (page does not exist)">Ku Ho-lin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li_Bifeng" title="Li Bifeng">Li Bifeng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Liu_Zhongjing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Zhongjing (page does not exist)">Liu Zhongjing</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E4%BB%B2%E6%95%AC" class="extiw" title="zh:劉仲敬">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ran_Yunfei" title="Ran Yunfei">Ran Yunfei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Song_Cheng-tsi" title="Song Cheng-tsi">Song Cheng-tsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tsai_Fuh-tsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsai Fuh-tsu (page does not exist)">Tsai Fuh-tsu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E5%BE%A9%E5%88%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:蔡復初">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wang_Yi_(pastor)" title="Wang Yi (pastor)">Wang Yi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_Yang" title="Stephen Yang">Stephen Yang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Y._C._James_Yen" title="Y. C. James Yen">Y. C. James Yen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yu_Jie" title="Yu Jie">Yu Jie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhang_Jin_(actor)" title="Zhang Jin (actor)">Zhang Jin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_Sichuan#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Christianity in Sichuan">Eastern Orthodoxy in Sichuan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_Tibet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Christianity_in_Tibet" title="Template:Christianity in Tibet"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_in_Tibet" title="Template talk:Christianity in Tibet"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_in_Tibet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity in Tibet"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Tibet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet#Christianity" title="Religion in Tibet">Main article</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Main article</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Diocese</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding">Diocese of Kangding</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Church<br />buildings</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Kangding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Kangding (page does not exist)">Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Kangding</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kangding" title="Kangding">within Sichuan</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus,_Kangding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Kangding (page does not exist)">Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Kangding</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(within Sichuan)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_Church,_Bahang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Bahang (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Bahang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur-de-J%C3%A9sus_de_Bahang" class="extiw" title="fr:Église du Sacré-Cœur-de-Jésus de Bahang">fr</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dimaluo" title="Dimaluo">within Yunnan</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_Church,_Cizhong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_de_Tsedjrong" class="extiw" title="fr:Église du Sacré-Cœur de Tsedjrong">fr</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên County">within Yunnan</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_of_Lhasa" title="Catholic Church of Lhasa">Catholic Church of Lhasa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=St._Anne%27s_Church,_Moxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Anne's Church, Moxi (page does not exist)">St. Anne's Church, Moxi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_Santa_Ana_(Mosimi%C3%A9n)" class="extiw" title="es:Iglesia de Santa Ana (Mosimién)">es</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moxi,_Luding_County" title="Moxi, Luding County">within Sichuan</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_Church,_Xiaoweixi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart Church, Xiaoweixi (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart Church, Xiaoweixi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%B6%AD%E8%A5%BF%E8%81%96%E5%BF%83%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="zh:小維西聖心堂">zh</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weixi_Lisu_Autonomous_County" title="Weixi Lisu Autonomous County">within Yunnan</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Sacred_Heart_Church,_Yerkalo" title="Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo">Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church,_Zhongding" title="Sacred Heart Church, Zhongding">Sacred Heart Church, Zhongding</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gongshan_Derung_and_Nu_Autonomous_County" title="Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County">within Yunnan</a>)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Missionaries</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jesuit_missions_in_Tibet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesuit missions in Tibet (page does not exist)">Jesuit missions in Tibet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_j%C3%A9suite_au_Tibet" class="extiw" title="fr:Mission jésuite au Tibet">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Andrade" title="António de Andrade">António de Andrade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giuseppe_Maria_Bernini" title="Giuseppe Maria Bernini">Giuseppe Maria Bernini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Biet" title="Félix Biet">Félix Biet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augustin_Bourry" title="Augustin Bourry">Augustin Bourry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Brieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Brieux (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptiste Brieux</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Brieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Baptiste Brieux">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Cacella" title="Estêvão Cacella">Estêvão Cacella</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Joseph-Marie_Chauveau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph-Marie Chauveau (page does not exist)">Joseph-Marie Chauveau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E7%9B%9B%E6%A6%AE" class="extiw" title="zh:丁盛榮">zh</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nu%C3%B1o_Coresma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuño Coresma (page does not exist)">Nuño Coresma</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_Coresma" class="extiw" title="fr:Nuño Coresma">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armand_David" title="Armand David">Armand David</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auguste_Desgodins" title="Auguste Desgodins">Auguste Desgodins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ippolito_Desideri" title="Ippolito Desideri">Ippolito Desideri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jules_Dubernard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Dubernard (page does not exist)">Jules Dubernard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dubernard" class="extiw" title="fr:Jules Dubernard">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Gabet" title="Joseph Gabet">Joseph Gabet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annet_Genestier" title="Annet Genestier">Annet Genestier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Philippe_Giraudeau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau (page does not exist)">Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Philippe_Giraudeau" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Francis_Gor%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Goré (page does not exist)">Francis Goré</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Gor%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Francis Goré">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johann_Grueber" title="Johann Grueber">Johann Grueber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matthias_Hermanns" title="Matthias Hermanns">Matthias Hermanns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89variste_R%C3%A9gis_Huc" title="Évariste Régis Huc">Évariste Régis Huc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicolas_Krick" title="Nicolas Krick">Nicolas Krick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Angelin_Lovey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelin Lovey (page does not exist)">Angelin Lovey</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelin_Lovey" class="extiw" title="fr:Angelin Lovey">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marco_della_Tomba" title="Marco della Tomba">Marco della Tomba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Monbeig" title="Théodore Monbeig">Jean-Théodore Monbeig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pascual_Nadal_Oltra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascual Nadal Oltra (page does not exist)">Pascual Nadal Oltra</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Nadal_Oltra" class="extiw" title="es:Pascual Nadal Oltra">es</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone" title="Odoric of Pordenone">Odoric of Pordenone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_d%27Orville" title="Albert d'Orville">Albert d'Orville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francesco_della_Penna" title="Francesco della Penna">Francesco della Penna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ignatius_Persico" title="Ignatius Persico">Ignatius Persico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Julien_Rabin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julien Rabin (page does not exist)">Julien Rabin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Rabin" class="extiw" title="fr:Julien Rabin">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles-Ren%C3%A9_Renou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles-René Renou (page does not exist)">Charles-René Renou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_Renou" class="extiw" title="pl:Charles-René Renou">pl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Louis_Schram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Schram (page does not exist)">Louis Schram</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Schram" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Schram">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominik_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Dominik Schröder">Dominik Schröder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9" title="André Soulié">Jean-André Soulié</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9on_Thomine_Desmazures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Léon Thomine Desmazures (page does not exist)">Léon Thomine Desmazures</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Thomine_Desmazures" class="extiw" title="fr:Léon Thomine Desmazures">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maurice_Tornay" title="Maurice Tornay">Maurice Tornay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Valentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Valentin (page does not exist)">Pierre Valentin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Valentin" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Valentin">fr</a>]</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Related</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Agra" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra">Archdiocese of Agra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Darjeeling" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Darjeeling">Diocese of Darjeeling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dimaluo" title="Dimaluo">Dimaluo Village</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moxi,_Luding_County" title="Moxi, Luding County">Moxi Town</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=John_Baptist_Wang_Ruohan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Baptist Wang Ruohan (page does not exist)">John Baptist Wang Ruohan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baptist_Wang_Ruohan" class="extiw" title="pl:John Baptist Wang Ruohan">pl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic Church in Sichuan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Church<br />buildings</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gospel_Church,_Kangding" title="Gospel Church, Kangding">Gospel Church, Kangding</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kangding" title="Kangding">within Sichuan</a>)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Missionaries</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> mission</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OMF_International" title="OMF International">China Inland Mission</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_Pioneer_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibetan Pioneer Mission (page does not exist)">Tibetan Pioneer Mission</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Adventism_in_Sichuan#Tibetan_Mission" title="History of Adventism in Sichuan">Seventh-day Adventist Tibetan Mission</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edvard_Amundsen" title="Edvard Amundsen">Edvard Amundsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=John_Nevins_Andrews_(born_1891)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Nevins Andrews (born 1891) (page does not exist)">John Nevins Andrews</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/H._A._Baker" title="H. A. Baker">H. A. Baker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geoffrey_Bull" title="Geoffrey Bull">Geoffrey Bull</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=James_Cameron_(born_1845)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Cameron (born 1845) (page does not exist)">James Cameron</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cunningham_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Cunningham (missionary) (page does not exist)">Robert Cunningham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Marion_Herbert_Duncan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marion Herbert Duncan (page does not exist)">Marion Herbert Duncan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=James_Huston_Edgar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Huston Edgar (page does not exist)">James Huston Edgar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke_(Tibetologist)" title="August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist)">August Hermann Francke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maria_Heyde" title="Maria Heyde">Maria Heyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heinrich_August_J%C3%A4schke" title="Heinrich August Jäschke">Heinrich August Jäschke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zenas_Sanford_Loftis" title="Zenas Sanford Loftis">Zenas Sanford Loftis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karl_Marx_(medical_missionary)" title="Karl Marx (medical missionary)">Karl Marx</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Roderick_McLeod_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roderick McLeod (missionary) (page does not exist)">Roderick McLeod</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_McLeod_(zendeling)" class="extiw" title="nl:Roderick McLeod (zendeling)">nl</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=James_Clarence_Ogden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Clarence Ogden (page does not exist)">James Clarence Ogden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_Parker_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Parker (missionary) (page does not exist)">George Parker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Patterson_(missionary)" title="George Patterson (missionary)">George Patterson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Victor_Guy_Plymire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Guy Plymire (page does not exist)">Victor Guy Plymire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cecil_Polhill" title="Cecil Polhill">Cecil H. Polhill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Susanna_Carson_Rijnhart" title="Susanna Carson Rijnhart">Susanna Carson Rijnhart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Shelton" title="Albert Shelton">Albert Shelton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=William_Wallace_Simpson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wallace Simpson (page does not exist)">William Wallace Simpson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadhu_Sundar_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhu Sundar Singh">Sadhu Sundar Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theo_S%C3%B8rensen" title="Theo Sørensen">Theo Sørensen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Spicer_(missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Spicer (missionary) (page does not exist)">Dorothy Spicer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annie_Royle_Taylor" title="Annie Royle Taylor">Annie Royle Taylor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Tibetan Bible</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Tibetan" title="Bible translations into Tibetan">Bible translations into Tibetan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heinrich_August_J%C3%A4schke" title="Heinrich August Jäschke">Heinrich August Jäschke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke_(Tibetologist)" title="August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist)">August Hermann Francke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yoseb_Gergan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoseb Gergan (page does not exist)">Yoseb Gergan</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Related</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dorris_Shelton_Still" title="Dorris Shelton Still">Dorris Shelton Still</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_West_China_Missionary_News" title="The West China Missionary News">The West China Missionary News</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journal_of_the_West_China_Border_Research_Society" title="Journal of the West China Border Research Society">Journal of the West China Border Research Society</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestantism_in_Sichuan" title="Protestantism in Sichuan">Protestantism in Sichuan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li>
<li>Official Bible
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li>
<li>See also:</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li>
<li>See also:</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li>
<li>See also:</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li>
<li>See also:</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div>
<ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div>
<ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li>
<li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
