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An '''online encyclopedia''', also called an '''Internet encyclopedia''', is a digital [[encyclopedia]] accessible through the [[Internet]]. Examples include [[Encarta]] from 2000 to 2009, [[Wikipedia]] since 2001, the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' since 2016, and [[Encyclopedia.com]] since 1998.
== Digitization of old content ==
In January 1995, [[Project Gutenberg]] started to publish the [[ASCII]] text of the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th edition]] (1911), but disagreements about the method halted the work after the first volume. For trademark reasons, the text had been published as the Gutenberg Encyclopedia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 1995 |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/200/pg200.txt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219154643/https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/200/pg200.txt |archive-date=December 19, 2023 |access-date=December 19, 2023 |website=Project Gutenberg}}</ref> Since then, Project Gutenberg [[Digitization|digitized]] and proofread the encyclopedia, until the last update in September 2018. Project Gutenberg published volumes in alphabetical order; the most recent publication is ''Volume 17 Slice 1: "[[Lord Chamberlain]]" to "[[Luqman]]"'', published on August 9, 2013.<ref>{{citation |author= |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Lord Chamberlain" to "Luqman" |date=9 August 2013 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43427 |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219154856/https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43427 |url-status=live |archive-date=19 December 2023}}</ref> The latest ''Britannica'' was digitized by its publishers, and sold first as a [[CD-ROM]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Britannica Encyclopædia |url=https://store.britannica.com/collections/software |title=Software |website=The Britannica Store |access-date=15 January 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190115184502/https://store.britannica.com/collections/software|archive-date= 15 January 2019 }}</ref> and later as an online service.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Britannica Encyclopædia |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |title=Encyclopedia Britannica {{!}} Britannica |website=britannica.com |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125191151/https://www.britannica.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2001, ASCII text of all 28 volumes was published on ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition<ref>{{cite web |url=http://1911encyclopedia.org/ |title=The 1911 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica |website=1911encyclopedia.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010927163517/http://1911encyclopedia.org/ |archive-date=27 September 2001 |access-date=8 August 2005 }}</ref> by source; a [[Copyright|copyright claim]] was added to the materials included. The [[website]] no longer exists.
Other digitization projects have made progress in other titles; one example is ''[[Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)]]'' digitized by the [[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccel.org/e/easton/ebd/ |title=Easton's Bible Dictionary by Easton |website=Christian Classics Ethereal Library |access-date=18 June 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030803070823/http://www.ccel.org/e/easton/ebd/ |archive-date=3 August 2003 }}</ref>
A successful digitization of an encyclopedia was the [[Bartleby.com|Bartleby Project]]'s online adaptation of the ''[[Columbia Encyclopedia]]'', Sixth Edition,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ |title=Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 |access-date=5 February 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020205073950/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ |archive-date=5 February 2002 }}</ref> in early 2000 and is updated periodically.
Other websites provide online encyclopedias, some of which are also available on [[Wikisource]]. However, some may be more complete than those on Wikisource, or may be from different editions.
==Creation of new content==
[[File:Screenshot of the English Wikipedia entry for Lists of programming languages as of 19 September 2020.png|alt=Screenshot of the Wikipedia page "Lists of programming languages".|thumb|[[Wikipedia]] is an example of an online encyclopedia.]]
Another related branch of activity is the creation of new, free content on a volunteer basis. In 1991, participants of the [[Usenet]] newsgroup {{mono|alt.fan.douglas-adams}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&safe=off&q=alt.fan.douglas-adams&sa=N&tab=wg |title=alt.fan.douglas-adams |access-date=18 September 2013 |archive-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911171143/http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&safe=off&q=alt.fan.douglas-adams&sa=N&tab=wg |url-status=live }}</ref> started Project Galactic Guide to produce a real version of ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', a fictional encyclopedia used in the works of [[Douglas Adams]]. Although it originally aimed to contain only real, factual articles, the policy was changed to allow and encourage semi-real and unreal articles as well. Project Galactic Guide contains over 1700 articles, but no new articles have been added since 2000, which was a year after the foundation of [[h2g2]].
The 1993 [[Interpedia]] proposal was planned as an encyclopedia on the Internet to which everyone could contribute materials. The project never left the planning stage and was overtaken by a key branch{{Clarify|reason=Key branch?|date=February 2024}} of old printed encyclopedias.
Another early online encyclopedia was called the ''Global Encyclopedia''. In November 1995, James Rettig, Assistant Dean of University Libraries for Reference and Information Services at [[College of William & Mary]], presented an unfavorable review at the 15th Annual [[Charleston Conference]] on library acquisitions and related issues. He said of the ''Global Encyclopedia'':<ref name="swem.wm.edu 2005">{{cite web | title=Putting the Squeeze on the Information Firehose: The Need for 'Neteditors and 'Netreviewers | website=swem.wm.edu | date=11 January 2005 |url=http://www.swem.wm.edu/firehose.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111085445/http://www.swem.wm.edu/firehose.html | archive-date=11 January 2005 | url-status=dead | access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>
{{quote|
This is a volunteer effort to compile an encyclopedia and distribute it for free on the World Wide Web. If you have ever yearned to be the author of an encyclopedia article, yearn no longer. Take a minute (or even two or three if you are feeling scholarly) to write an article on a topic of your choosing and [e]mail it off to the unnamed "editors". These editors (to use that title very loosely) have generated a list of approximately 1,300 topics they want to include; to date, perhaps a quarter of them have been treated. ... This so-called encyclopedia gives amateurism a bad name. It is being compiled without standards or guidelines for article structure, content, or reading level. It makes no apparent effort to check the qualifications and authority of the volunteer authors. Its claim that "Submitted articles are fact-checked, corrected for spelling, and then formatted" is at best an exaggeration.<ref name="swem.wm.edu 2005"/>
}}
Examples of article entries included [[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]]:
{{quote|A city of approximately 60,000 people, Iowa City lies in the eastern half of Iowa. It is also the home of the University of Iowa (http://www.uiowa.edu).<ref name="swem.wm.edu 2005"/>}}
[[Wikipedia]] is a [[free content]], multilingual online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteer contributors, known as [[Wikipedia community|Wikipedians]], through a model of [[open collaboration]]. It is the largest and most-read [[reference work]] in history.<ref name="Wiki20">{{cite news|date=9 January 2021|title=Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|access-date=25 February 2021|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|archive-date=31 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231224550/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|url-status=live}}</ref> Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project called [[Nupedia]].<ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kock |first1=Ned |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant |author1-link=Ned Kock |title=Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |journal=[[International Journal of e-Collaboration]] |date=2016 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |url=http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |publisher=IGI Global |issn=1548-3681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Digital library]]
* [[List of online encyclopedias]]
* [[Reference software]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Internet encyclopedias}}
* {{Curlie|Reference/Encyclopedias/|Encyclopedias}}
* [https://wanoe.encyclopedia.kyiv.ua The World Atlas of National Online Encyclopedias]
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
[[Category:Internet]]
[[Category:Online encyclopedias| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Encyclopedia accessible via the Internet}}
An '''online encyclopedia''', also called an '''Internet encyclopedia''', is a digital [[encyclopedia]] accessible through the [[Internet]]. Examples include [[Encarta]] from 2000 to 2009, [[Wikipedia]] since 2001, the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' since 2016, and [[Encyclopedia.com]] since 1998.fr skibidi sigma ohio gyat
== Digitization of old content ==
In January 1995, [[Project Gutenberg]] started to publish the [[ASCII]] text of the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th edition]] (1911), but disagreements about the method halted the work after the first volume. For trademark reasons, the text had been published as the Gutenberg Encyclopedia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 1995 |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/200/pg200.txt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219154643/https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/200/pg200.txt |archive-date=December 19, 2023 |access-date=December 19, 2023 |website=Project Gutenberg}}</ref> Since then, Project Gutenberg [[Digitization|digitized]] and proofread the encyclopedia, until the last update in September 2018. Project Gutenberg published volumes in alphabetical order; the most recent publication is ''Volume 17 Slice 1: "[[Lord Chamberlain]]" to "[[Luqman]]"'', published on August 9, 2013.<ref>{{citation |author= |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Lord Chamberlain" to "Luqman" |date=9 August 2013 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43427 |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219154856/https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43427 |url-status=live |archive-date=19 December 2023}}</ref> The latest ''Britannica'' was digitized by its publishers, and sold first as a [[CD-ROM]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Britannica Encyclopædia |url=https://store.britannica.com/collections/software |title=Software |website=The Britannica Store |access-date=15 January 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190115184502/https://store.britannica.com/collections/software|archive-date= 15 January 2019 }}</ref> and later as an online service.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Britannica Encyclopædia |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |title=Encyclopedia Britannica {{!}} Britannica |website=britannica.com |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125191151/https://www.britannica.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2001, ASCII text of all 28 volumes was published on ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition<ref>{{cite web |url=http://1911encyclopedia.org/ |title=The 1911 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica |website=1911encyclopedia.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010927163517/http://1911encyclopedia.org/ |archive-date=27 September 2001 |access-date=8 August 2005 }}</ref> by source; a [[Copyright|copyright claim]] was added to the materials included. The [[website]] no longer exists.
Other digitization projects have made progress in other titles; one example is ''[[Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)]]'' digitized by the [[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccel.org/e/easton/ebd/ |title=Easton's Bible Dictionary by Easton |website=Christian Classics Ethereal Library |access-date=18 June 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030803070823/http://www.ccel.org/e/easton/ebd/ |archive-date=3 August 2003 }}</ref>
A successful digitization of an encyclopedia was the [[Bartleby.com|Bartleby Project]]'s online adaptation of the ''[[Columbia Encyclopedia]]'', Sixth Edition,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ |title=Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 |access-date=5 February 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020205073950/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ |archive-date=5 February 2002 }}</ref> in early 2000 and is updated periodically.
Other websites provide online encyclopedias, some of which are also available on [[Wikisource]]. However, some may be more complete than those on Wikisource, or may be from different editions.
==Creation of new content==
[[File:Screenshot of the English Wikipedia entry for Lists of programming languages as of 19 September 2020.png|alt=Screenshot of the Wikipedia page "Lists of programming languages".|thumb|[[Wikipedia]] is an example of an online encyclopedia.]]
Another related branch of activity is the creation of new, free content on a volunteer basis. In 1991, participants of the [[Usenet]] newsgroup {{mono|alt.fan.douglas-adams}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&safe=off&q=alt.fan.douglas-adams&sa=N&tab=wg |title=alt.fan.douglas-adams |access-date=18 September 2013 |archive-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911171143/http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&safe=off&q=alt.fan.douglas-adams&sa=N&tab=wg |url-status=live }}</ref> started Project Galactic Guide to produce a real version of ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', a fictional encyclopedia used in the works of [[Douglas Adams]]. Although it originally aimed to contain only real, factual articles, the policy was changed to allow and encourage semi-real and unreal articles as well. Project Galactic Guide contains over 1700 articles, but no new articles have been added since 2000, which was a year after the foundation of [[h2g2]].
The 1993 [[Interpedia]] proposal was planned as an encyclopedia on the Internet to which everyone could contribute materials. The project never left the planning stage and was overtaken by a key branch{{Clarify|reason=Key branch?|date=February 2024}} of old printed encyclopedias.
Another early online encyclopedia was called the ''Global Encyclopedia''. In November 1995, James Rettig, Assistant Dean of University Libraries for Reference and Information Services at [[College of William & Mary]], presented an unfavorable review at the 15th Annual [[Charleston Conference]] on library acquisitions and related issues. He said of the ''Global Encyclopedia'':<ref name="swem.wm.edu 2005">{{cite web | title=Putting the Squeeze on the Information Firehose: The Need for 'Neteditors and 'Netreviewers | website=swem.wm.edu | date=11 January 2005 |url=http://www.swem.wm.edu/firehose.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111085445/http://www.swem.wm.edu/firehose.html | archive-date=11 January 2005 | url-status=dead | access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>
{{quote|
This is a volunteer effort to compile an encyclopedia and distribute it for free on the World Wide Web. If you have ever yearned to be the author of an encyclopedia article, yearn no longer. Take a minute (or even two or three if you are feeling scholarly) to write an article on a topic of your choosing and [e]mail it off to the unnamed "editors". These editors (to use that title very loosely) have generated a list of approximately 1,300 topics they want to include; to date, perhaps a quarter of them have been treated. ... This so-called encyclopedia gives amateurism a bad name. It is being compiled without standards or guidelines for article structure, content, or reading level. It makes no apparent effort to check the qualifications and authority of the volunteer authors. Its claim that "Submitted articles are fact-checked, corrected for spelling, and then formatted" is at best an exaggeration.<ref name="swem.wm.edu 2005"/>
}}
Examples of article entries included [[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City]]:
{{quote|A city of approximately 60,000 people, Iowa City lies in the eastern half of Iowa. It is also the home of the University of Iowa (http://www.uiowa.edu).<ref name="swem.wm.edu 2005"/>}}
[[Wikipedia]] is a [[free content]], multilingual online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteer contributors, known as [[Wikipedia community|Wikipedians]], through a model of [[open collaboration]]. It is the largest and most-read [[reference work]] in history.<ref name="Wiki20">{{cite news|date=9 January 2021|title=Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|access-date=25 February 2021|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|archive-date=31 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231224550/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|url-status=live}}</ref> Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project called [[Nupedia]].<ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kock |first1=Ned |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant |author1-link=Ned Kock |title=Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |journal=[[International Journal of e-Collaboration]] |date=2016 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |url=http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |publisher=IGI Global |issn=1548-3681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Digital library]]
* [[List of online encyclopedias]]
* [[Reference software]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Internet encyclopedias}}
* {{Curlie|Reference/Encyclopedias/|Encyclopedias}}
* [https://wanoe.encyclopedia.kyiv.ua The World Atlas of National Online Encyclopedias]
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
[[Category:Internet]]
[[Category:Online encyclopedias| ]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
{{Short description|Encyclopedia accessible via the Internet}}
-An '''online encyclopedia''', also called an '''Internet encyclopedia''', is a digital [[encyclopedia]] accessible through the [[Internet]]. Examples include [[Encarta]] from 2000 to 2009, [[Wikipedia]] since 2001, the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' since 2016, and [[Encyclopedia.com]] since 1998.
+An '''online encyclopedia''', also called an '''Internet encyclopedia''', is a digital [[encyclopedia]] accessible through the [[Internet]]. Examples include [[Encarta]] from 2000 to 2009, [[Wikipedia]] since 2001, the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' since 2016, and [[Encyclopedia.com]] since 1998.fr skibidi sigma ohio gyat
== Digitization of old content ==
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Encyclopedia accessible via the Internet</div>
<p>An <b>online encyclopedia</b>, also called an <b>Internet encyclopedia</b>, is a digital <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> accessible through the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Examples include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a> from 2000 to 2009, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> since 2001, the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> since 2016, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a> since 1998.fr skibidi sigma ohio gyat
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Digitization_of_old_content"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Digitization of old content</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Creation_of_new_content"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Creation of new content</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Digitization_of_old_content">Digitization of old content</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
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</h2>
<p>In January 1995, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> started to publish the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> text of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 11th edition</a> (1911), but disagreements about the method halted the work after the first volume. For trademark reasons, the text had been published as the Gutenberg Encyclopedia.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Since then, Project Gutenberg <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitized</a> and proofread the encyclopedia, until the last update in September 2018. Project Gutenberg published volumes in alphabetical order; the most recent publication is <i>Volume 17 Slice 1: "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a>" to "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqman</a>"</i>, published on August 9, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The latest <i>Britannica</i> was digitized by its publishers, and sold first as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> and later as an online service.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2001, ASCII text of all 28 volumes was published on <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> Eleventh Edition<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> by source; a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright claim</a> was added to the materials included. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a> no longer exists.
</p><p>Other digitization projects have made progress in other titles; one example is <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary_(1897)" class="mw-redirect" title="Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)">Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)</a></i> digitized by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_Classics_Ethereal_Library" title="Christian Classics Ethereal Library">Christian Classics Ethereal Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>A successful digitization of an encyclopedia was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bartleby.com" title="Bartleby.com">Bartleby Project</a>'s online adaptation of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i>, Sixth Edition,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> in early 2000 and is updated periodically.
</p><p>Other websites provide online encyclopedias, some of which are also available on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. However, some may be more complete than those on Wikisource, or may be from different editions.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Creation_of_new_content">Creation of new content</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Screenshot_of_the_English_Wikipedia_entry_for_Lists_of_programming_languages_as_of_19_September_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Screenshot of the Wikipedia page "Lists of programming languages"." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Screenshot_of_the_English_Wikipedia_entry_for_Lists_of_programming_languages_as_of_19_September_2020.png/220px-Screenshot_of_the_English_Wikipedia_entry_for_Lists_of_programming_languages_as_of_19_September_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Screenshot_of_the_English_Wikipedia_entry_for_Lists_of_programming_languages_as_of_19_September_2020.png/330px-Screenshot_of_the_English_Wikipedia_entry_for_Lists_of_programming_languages_as_of_19_September_2020.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Screenshot_of_the_English_Wikipedia_entry_for_Lists_of_programming_languages_as_of_19_September_2020.png/440px-Screenshot_of_the_English_Wikipedia_entry_for_Lists_of_programming_languages_as_of_19_September_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> is an example of an online encyclopedia.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Another related branch of activity is the creation of new, free content on a volunteer basis. In 1991, participants of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> newsgroup <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">alt.fan.douglas-adams</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> started Project Galactic Guide to produce a real version of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy" title="The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy">The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a></i>, a fictional encyclopedia used in the works of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a>. Although it originally aimed to contain only real, factual articles, the policy was changed to allow and encourage semi-real and unreal articles as well. Project Galactic Guide contains over 1700 articles, but no new articles have been added since 2000, which was a year after the foundation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/H2g2" title="H2g2">h2g2</a>.
</p><p>The 1993 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interpedia" title="Interpedia">Interpedia</a> proposal was planned as an encyclopedia on the Internet to which everyone could contribute materials. The project never left the planning stage and was overtaken by a key branch<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Key branch? (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of old printed encyclopedias.
</p><p>Another early online encyclopedia was called the <i>Global Encyclopedia</i>. In November 1995, James Rettig, Assistant Dean of University Libraries for Reference and Information Services at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>, presented an unfavorable review at the 15th Annual <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charleston_Conference" title="Charleston Conference">Charleston Conference</a> on library acquisitions and related issues. He said of the <i>Global Encyclopedia</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-swem.wm.edu_2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swem.wm.edu_2005-9">[9]</a></sup>
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<p>This is a volunteer effort to compile an encyclopedia and distribute it for free on the World Wide Web. If you have ever yearned to be the author of an encyclopedia article, yearn no longer. Take a minute (or even two or three if you are feeling scholarly) to write an article on a topic of your choosing and [e]mail it off to the unnamed "editors". These editors (to use that title very loosely) have generated a list of approximately 1,300 topics they want to include; to date, perhaps a quarter of them have been treated. ... This so-called encyclopedia gives amateurism a bad name. It is being compiled without standards or guidelines for article structure, content, or reading level. It makes no apparent effort to check the qualifications and authority of the volunteer authors. Its claim that "Submitted articles are fact-checked, corrected for spelling, and then formatted" is at best an exaggeration.<sup id="cite_ref-swem.wm.edu_2005_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swem.wm.edu_2005-9">[9]</a></sup>
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<p>Examples of article entries included <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa" title="Iowa City, Iowa">Iowa City</a>:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A city of approximately 60,000 people, Iowa City lies in the eastern half of Iowa. It is also the home of the University of Iowa (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uiowa.edu">http://www.uiowa.edu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-swem.wm.edu_2005_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swem.wm.edu_2005-9">[9]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a>, multilingual online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteer contributors, known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedians</a>, through a model of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">open collaboration</a>. It is the largest and most-read <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference work</a> in history.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiki20_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiki20-10">[10]</a></sup> Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KockJungSyn2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KockJungSyn2016-11">[11]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_online_encyclopedias" title="List of online encyclopedias">List of online encyclopedias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reference_software" title="Reference software">Reference software</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Online_encyclopedia&action=edit&section=4"title="Edit section: References"
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/200/pg200.txt">"The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>Project Gutenberg</i>. 1 January 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219154643/https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/200/pg200.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&rft.atitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook+of+The+Project+Gutenberg+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F200%2Fpg200.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43427"><i>Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Lord Chamberlain" to "Luqman"</i></a>, 9 August 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219154856/https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43427">archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica%2C+11th+Edition%2C+%22Lord+Chamberlain%22+to+%22Luqman%22&rft.date=2013-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F43427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115184502/https://store.britannica.com/collections/software">"Software"</a>. <i>The Britannica Store</i>. Britannica Encyclopædia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://store.britannica.com/collections/software">the original</a> on 15 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Britannica+Store&rft.atitle=Software&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstore.britannica.com%2Fcollections%2Fsoftware&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/">"Encyclopedia Britannica | Britannica"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i>. Britannica Encyclopædia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125191151/https://www.britannica.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010927163517/http://1911encyclopedia.org/">"The 1911 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica"</a>. <i>1911encyclopedia.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1911encyclopedia.org/">the original</a> on 27 September 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1911encyclopedia.org&rft.atitle=The+1911+edition+of+Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F1911encyclopedia.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030803070823/http://www.ccel.org/e/easton/ebd/">"Easton's Bible Dictionary by Easton"</a>. <i>Christian Classics Ethereal Library</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/e/easton/ebd/">the original</a> on 3 August 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.atitle=Easton%27s+Bible+Dictionary+by+Easton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fe%2Feaston%2Febd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020205073950/http://www.bartleby.com/65/">"Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/">the original</a> on 5 February 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2002</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+Encyclopedia%2C+Sixth+Edition.+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&safe=off&q=alt.fan.douglas-adams&sa=N&tab=wg">"alt.fan.douglas-adams"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911171143/http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&safe=off&q=alt.fan.douglas-adams&sa=N&tab=wg">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=alt.fan.douglas-adams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroups%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3Dutf-8%26safe%3Doff%26q%3Dalt.fan.douglas-adams%26sa%3DN%26tab%3Dwg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-swem.wm.edu_2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swem.wm.edu_2005_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swem.wm.edu_2005_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swem.wm.edu_2005_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050111085445/http://www.swem.wm.edu/firehose.html">"Putting the Squeeze on the Information Firehose: The Need for 'Neteditors and 'Netreviewers"</a>. <i>swem.wm.edu</i>. 11 January 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swem.wm.edu/firehose.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swem.wm.edu&rft.atitle=Putting+the+Squeeze+on+the+Information+Firehose%3A+The+Need+for+%27Neteditors+and+%27Netreviewers&rft.date=2005-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swem.wm.edu%2Ffirehose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Wiki20-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wiki20_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher">"Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 9 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231224550/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+is+20%2C+and+its+reputation+has+never+been+higher&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Finternational%2F2021%2F01%2F09%2Fwikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-KockJungSyn2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KockJungSyn2016_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKockJungSyn2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ned_Kock" title="Ned Kock">Kock, Ned</a>; Jung, Yusun; Syn, Thant (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf">"Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Journal_of_e-Collaboration" title="International Journal of e-Collaboration">International Journal of e-Collaboration</a></i>. <b>12</b> (2). IGI Global: 1–8. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4018%2FIJeC.2016040101">10.4018/IJeC.2016040101</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1548-3681">1548-3681</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+e-Collaboration&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+and+e-Collaboration+Research%3A+Opportunities+and+Challenges&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4018%2FIJeC.2016040101&rft.issn=1548-3681&rft.aulast=Kock&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft.au=Jung%2C+Yusun&rft.au=Syn%2C+Thant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcits.tamiu.edu%2Fkock%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2F2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration%2FKock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q615699#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Electronic encyclopedias"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/907189/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopédies électroniques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12509933x">France</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopédies électroniques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12509933x">BnF data</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Elektronische Enzyklopädie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7681422-1">Germany</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565897605171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Electronic encyclopedias"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh95009430">United States</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="internetové encyklopedie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph501689&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1715208523' |
