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{{Quebecmusic}}
As a cosmopolitan province, [[Quebec]] is a home to varied genres of music, ranging from [[folk music|folk]] to [[hip hop music|hip hop]]. Music has played an important role in [[Québécois people|Quebecer culture]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=2006-02-07 |title=Music in Quebec City {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-emc |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonjour Quebec |date=2023-05-15 |title=Concerts and music |url=https://www.bonjourquebec.com/en/to-see-and-do/festivals-and-events/concerts-and-music |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Bonjour Québec |language=en-ca}}</ref> In the 1920s and '30s, singer/songwriter [[La Bolduc|Madam Bolduc]] performed comedic songs in a folk style with Irish influences. Quebec's most popular artists of the last century include [[Félix Leclerc]] (1950s), [[Gilles Vigneault]] (1960s–present), [[Kate and Anna McGarrigle]] (1970s–present) and [[Céline Dion]] (1980s–present).<ref>{{cite web|first=Donald|last=Loignon|title=Répertoire des artistes québécois|url=http://www.repertoiredesartistesquebecois.org/index2.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727213504/http://www.repertoiredesartistesquebecois.org/index2.asp|archive-date=July 27, 2011|access-date=July 6, 2011|publisher=DLP multimédia|language=fr}}</ref>
The [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] and the [[Inuit]] of Quebec also have their own traditional music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Univ of Washington |first=Canadian Quebecois Music |date=2023-05-15 |title=First Nations Music |url=https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/first-nations-music/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/first-nations-music/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Univ of Washington |first=Canadian Quebecois music |date=2023-05-15 |title=The Metis Music |url=https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/metis-music/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/metis-music/}}</ref> A local variety of [[Celtic music]] is also found. Quebec also has many well-known [[jazz]] musicians and a culture of [[European classical music|classical music]], as well as a strong presence of [[historically informed performance]] of [[Baroque music|baroque]] and [[Renaissance music|renaissance]] music.
The song ''[[À la claire fontaine]]''<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=À la claire fontaine|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/a-la-claire-fontaine-emc/|access-date=July 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806082946/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000031|archive-date=August 6, 2011|author=Plouffe, Hélène|url-status=live}}</ref> was the anthem of the [[New France]], [[Patriote movement|Patriots]] and [[French Canadian]] before being replaced by ''[[O Canada]]''. Currently, the song ''[[Gens du pays]]'' is by far preferred by many Quebecers to be the national anthem of Quebec. The [[ADISQ|Association québécoise de l'industrie du disque, du spectacle et de la vidéo]] (ADISQ) was created in 1978 to promote the music industry in Quebec.<ref>{{cite web|author=ADISQ|title=Notre raison d'être, c'est la musique de votre quotidien|url=http://www.adisq.com/assoc-profil.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718175149/http://www.adisq.com/assoc-profil.html|archive-date=July 18, 2011|access-date=June 23, 2011|publisher=Association québécoise de l'industrie du disque, du spectacle et de la vidéo}}</ref> The [[Orchestre symphonique de Québec]] and the [[Montreal Symphony Orchestra]] are respectively
== Traditional music ==
Québec was referred to as Le Canada during the time when it was under French control. It was also the most advanced colony out of all the New France settlements. After some generations of French settlers being born in Canada, the colonists began to identify with their home country and call themselves les Canadiens (the Canadians) as distinct from les Français (the French), those native to France. The ''Canadiens'' brought with them a rich tradition of songs and dances from northern France, namely the regions of [[Île-de-France]], [[Picardy]], [[Normandy]], [[Poitou]], and [[Brittany]]. Influence from these regions and the Irish immigration to Quebec of the 19th century may explain the Celtic connection that Quebec still shares with [[Brittany]], Ireland, [[Scotland]] and the [[Maritimes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=University of Washington |first=Canadian Studies Center |date=2023-05-15 |title=Quebecois Music |url=https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/quebecois-music/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/quebecois-music/}}</ref>
As time went by, the French Canadians began to develop their own music, and also incorporated and transformed the styles of music played by the settlers from Great Britain, in particular the Scots, after the [[Conquest (military)|Conquest]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canadian Journal of Traditional music 1982 |first=Instrumental folk music of Quebec |date=1982 |title=Instrumental Folk Music of Quebec: An Introduction |url=https://cjtm.icaap.org/content/10/v10art2.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=cjtm.icaap.org}}</ref> (One hundred of these songs were collected by [[Ernest Gagnon]] for an 1865 compilation, one of the first such collections to be published in Canada.)
[[Image:Lumbermen violin and sticks 1943.jpg|thumb|Québécois [[lumberjack]]s playing the [[fiddle]], with sticks for percussion, in a lumber camp in 1943.]]
Traditional music is imbued with many dances, such as the [[jig]], the [[quadrille]], the [[Reel (dance)|reel]] and [[line dancing]], which have developed in the festivities since the early days of colonization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Univ of Washington |first=Arcadian Music (Canadian Quebecois Music) |date=2023-05-15 |title=Arcadian Music |url=https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/acadian-music/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/acadian-music/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McGill Univ (research by L. Risk) |first=Laura Risk |date=2017-02-27 |title=Musical Tradition and Identity in Quebec |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/music/article/student-research/musical-tradition-and-identity-quebec |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Music |language=en}}</ref> Various instruments are more popular in Quebec's culture: harmonica (music-of-mouth or lip-destruction), [[fiddle]], [[Spoon (musical instrument)|spoons]], [[jaw harp]] and [[accordion]]. The ''[[podorythmie]]'' is a characteristic of traditional Quebec music and means giving the rhythm with the feet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Folk Song and Music in Quebec: a Brief Introduction, by Stephen D. Winick, Ph.D.: Expanded Liner Notes (Le temps des Fetes, Washington Revels, revelsdc.org/canadiancd)|url=http://revelsdc.org/canadiancd/article.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154910/http://revelsdc.org/canadiancd/article.html|archive-date=September 8, 2017|access-date=September 8, 2017|website=revelsdc.org}}</ref> Quebec traditional music is currently provided by various contemporary groups seen mostly during Christmas and New Year's Eve celebrations, the [[National Holiday (Quebec)|Quebec National Holiday]] and many local festivals.
== Popular music ==
Perhaps the most remarkable phenomenon in the popular music of that century was the career of [[La Bolduc]], who became extremely popular singing satirical and sometimes racy songs based on the Quebec and Irish folk traditions, and who also was expert in the wordless vocalization known as ''[[turlutte]]''.
By the 1960s, radio and television had begun to help disseminate French folk songs, especially after the 1967 foundation of the Centennial Collection of Canadian Folk Songs, including recordings of Quebec performers like Yves Albert and Jacques Labrecque, as well as [[Acadian]] [[Edith Butler]].
The most popular songwriters and singers of this period were [[Gilles Vigneault]], [[Leonard Cohen]] (attended [[McGill University]], d.2016, buried in Montreal), and [[Félix Leclerc]], who brought more influences to the music of France-based singing stars like [[Jacques Brel]]. Leclerc, from [[La Tuque, Quebec|La Tuque]], and Vigneault, from [[Natashquan, Quebec (municipality)|Natashquan]] in the north of Quebec, became heroes for a new generation of Quebec youth. It was Vigneault's "[[Mon pays]]" (My Country), which became a rallying anthem for Quebec nationalism after a 1965 performance by [[Monique Leyrac]], and established a tradition of Quebec artists supporting Quebec's independence movement. Many artists openly endorsed it, notably Raymond Lévesque, [[Pauline Julien]] and [[Paul Piché]].
In the 1960s, the French Canadians of Quebec were beginning to self-identify as ''Québécois'' (Quebecers). See the [[Quiet Revolution]]. Another important nationalist performer during this period was [[Georges Dor]], who enjoyed international success with the recording of his own composition, "La complainte de la Manic" ("The Ballad of Manicouagan"); other popular singers of the time include [[Claude Gauthier (singer)|Claude Gauthier]] and Clemence Desrochers. Popular artists of the 70s included [[Harmonium (band)|Harmonium]], [[Offenbach (band)|Offenbach]], [[Plume Latraverse]], [[Garolou]] and [[Beau Dommage]], as well as [[Michel Rivard (musician)|Michel Rivard]].
Country music, in both French and English (primarily the former), is prevalent in Quebec. An aspect of the overall Canadian country scene, it is the chief source of francophone country, inclusive of artists such as [[Renée Martel]], [[Gildor Roy]], [[Patrick Norman (singer)|Patrick Norman]], [[Willie Lamothe]], and [[Georges Hamel]].
[[Progressive rock]] and [[fusion jazz]] band [[Maneige]] was founded in Quebec in 1972 by Alain Bergeron and Jérôme Langlois. The band was one of the Quebec progressive rock scene's longest running and most consistent bands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/maneige-p19135/biography|title = Maneige | Biography, Albums, Streaming Links| website=[[AllMusic]] }}</ref> In 1974, Vigneault and Leclerc played on the [[Plains of Abraham]] with [[Robert Charlebois]], who made heavy use of [[Quebec French]] in his [[rock and roll]] fusions.
In 1976, multi-instrumentalist sisters [[Kate & Anna McGarrigle]] emerged on the international music scene with their blend of folk-rock and vocal harmonies added to self-penned songs in English and French, many of the latter co-written with Swiss-born poet [[Philippe Tatartcheff]]. The 1970s also saw roots performers like [[La Bottine Souriante]] gain critical and commercial acclaim within Quebec. [[Jim Corcoran]] and Bertrand Gosselin released ''La tête en gigue'', an influential album that helped bring Quebec roots to crossover audiences across Canada, the United States and Europe.
In addition to his musical career, Corcoran currently hosts a weekly show on [[CBC Radio One]], which airs Francophone music from Quebec for English audiences across Canada.
The early 1980s saw the formation of francophone [[synthpop]]/[[New wave music|new wave]] groups such as [[Nudimension]] that became involved in the genesis of music video and [[MTV]] culture.<ref>[https://www.vice.com/fr_ca/article/3kap8k/on-a-retrouve-le-premier-chanteur-punk-du-quebec "On a retrouvé le premier chanteur punk du Québec"]. ''Vice'', Félix B. Desfossés, Sept. 26 2017</ref>
More recent Quebec performers include [[Richard Desjardins]], [[Daniel Boucher (musician)|Daniel Boucher]], [[Marie-Chantal Toupin]], [[Éric Lapointe (singer)|Éric Lapointe]], [[Vilain Pingouin]], [[Mes Aïeux]], [[Les Trois Accords]], [[Kaïn]], [[Dumas (singer)|Dumas]], [[La Chicane]], [[Les Colocs]], [[Mélanie Renaud]], [[Cindy Daniel]], [[Daniel Bélanger]], [[Paul Cargnello]], [[Laurence Jalbert]], [[Rudy Caya]], [[Jean Leloup]], [[Celine Dion]] (who had 4 No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits like "[[My Heart Will Go On]]" in 1998), [[Les Stups]], [[La Chicane]], [[Dan Bigras]], [[Isabelle Boulay]] and more recently [[Cœur de pirate]]. Some bands, such as [[Les Cowboys Fringants]] have known success in Europe (primarily in France) while [[Karkwa]], [[Vulgaires Machins]], [[Les Batinses]] and [[Malajube]] are also recognized elsewhere in Canada and internationally.
A hip-hop scene is also present in the Montreal area with groups like [[Loco Locass]], [[Sans Pression]], [[Dionysos (Canadian band)|Dionysos]], [[Criollo (band)|Criollo]], [[Atach Tatuq]], [[Manu Militari]], [[:fr:KC L.M.N.O.P.|KCLMNOP]], [[Imposs]], [[Muzion]] and [[Dubmatique]].
The metal scene is represented primarily by [[Sword (band)|Sword]], [[Voivod (band)|Voivod]] and [[death metal]] bands [[Cryptopsy]], [[Kataklysm]], [[Martyr (band)|Martyr]], [[Neuraxis (band)|Neuraxis]], [[Gorguts]], [[Quo Vadis (band)|Quo Vadis]], [[Despised Icon]], [[Ex Deo]], [[Blackguard (band)|Blackguard]], [[Beneath the Massacre]], [[Augury (band)|Augury]] and many others. The Quebec black metal scene has also gotten some attention in recent years, including bands like Akitsa, Spirit of the Forest, Forteresse, Chasse-Galerie, Monarque and [[Nefastus Dies]].
In 2003, [[TVA (TV network)|TVA]] began to broadcast ''[[Star Académie]]'', a Québécois version of a [[Star Academy|French reality music competition]], several new artists including [[Marie-Élaine Thibert]], [[Marie-Mai]], [[Émily Bégin]] and [[Stéphanie Lapointe]] became well-known music artists after their passage in the reality show.
The tensions between Quebec and English Canada have, at times, played out on Quebec's music scene as well. In 1991, [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]] won the [[Felix Award|Félix]] award for Best Anglophone Artist for her English-language debut, ''Unison'', but refused it as she did not view herself as an Anglophone artist.
Quebec has also produced a number of significant Anglophone artists, including [[Arcade Fire]] (who had 3 No. 1 albums on the Billboard 200 like ''[[The Suburbs (album)|The Suburbs]]'' in 2010.) [[Win Butler]] graduated from [[McGill University]] in Montreal in 2004. [[Régine Chassagne]] also went there. [[Patrick Watson (musician)|Patrick Watson]], [[The Dears]], [[Godspeed You! Black Emperor]], [[Riverbeds (band)|Riverbeds]], [[Stars (Canadian band)|Stars]], [[The Stills]], [[The Unicorns]], [[Wolf Parade]], [[Rufus Wainwright]], [[Sam Roberts (singer-songwriter)|Sam Roberts]], [[Paul Cargnello]], [[We Are Wolves]], [[The New Cities]], [[Chromeo]], [[Simple Plan]] and the [[William Shatner's musical career|infamous spoken-word musical career]] of [[William Shatner]]. In addition, some Quebec artists also included from the 1960s to the 1980s [[Lewis Furey]], [[Men Without Hats]], [[Norman Iceberg]], [[Rational Youth]], [[Corey Hart (singer)|Corey Hart]], [[Julie Masse]], [[Martine St. Clair]], [[Marjo (singer)|Marjo]], [[Offenbach (band)|Offenbach]], [[The Box (band)|The Box]], [[Gino Vannelli]], [[Luba (singer)|Luba]], [[Jacynthe]], [[France Joli]], [[Sass Jordan]] and [[Grimskunk]], who have frequently recorded both English and French material.
Quebec artists have dominated the long and short lists of the [[Polaris Music Prize]]. Among them, [[Arcade Fire]], [[Patrick Watson (musician)|Patrick Watson]], [[Godspeed You Black Emperor]], [[Karkwa]] and [[Backxwash]] have all won the coveted award.
==Jazz music==
[[File:The Lost Fingers at Festival Franco-Ontarien, 0285.jpg|thumb|Christian Roberge, lead singer of French-Canadian gypsy jazz band [[The Lost Fingers]], performing at Festival Franco-Ontarien in Ottawa on 11 June 2009.]]
Some famous jazz musicians from Quebec are [[Oscar Peterson]], [[Paul Bley]], [[Oliver Jones (pianist)|Oliver Jones]], [[Charlie Biddle|Charles Biddle]], [[Ranee Lee]], [[Karen Young (Canadian singer)|Karen Young]], and [[Alain Caron (bass player)|Alain Caron]].
The [[Montreal International Jazz Festival]] has been hosted by the city since 1980 and is now the largest jazz festival in the world, attracting huge crowds of visitors each summer, half of which come from outside the country. For the rest of the year, there is an Off festival that organizes jazz shows in bars all over Montreal.
== Classical music ==
The early part of the 20th century saw growth in opera, and the foundation of the [[Montreal Opera Company]] in 1910, and opera singers became popular.
[[André Gagnon]], [[Angèle Dubeau]], [[Michael Laucke]], [[Louis Lortie]], [[Alain Lefèvre]], [[Alain Trudel]], [[Alexandre Da Costa]], [[Marc-André Hamelin]], [[Nathalie Choquette]] and [[Richard Verreau]] are top classical musicians from Québec at the present. {{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
[[André Mathieu]] is among the most renowned composers from the province. {{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} He has been compared to a 'little Canadian Mozart', and [[Rachmaninov]] pronounced him, "a genius, more so than I am". His works became the official music of the Summer Olympics of 1976. Other famous composers are [[Claude Champagne]], [[Calixa Lavallée]], [[Pierre Mercure]], [[Jacques Hétu]], [[André Gagnon]], [[Airat Ichmouratov]], [[Denis Gougeon]], [[José Evangelista]] and composer-critic [[Alfred La Liberté]], among others.
==Quebec and France==
Both nations have influenced each other in terms of music styles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Macleans website |first=Luke Ottenhof |date=2018-09-18 |title=Québécois music isn’t marginalized—it's English Canadians who are missing out |url=https://macleans.ca/culture/arts/quebecois-music-isnt-marginalized-its-english-canadians-who-are-missing-out/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=macleans.ca/culture/arts/quebecois-music-isnt-marginalized-its-english-canadians-who-are-missing-out/}}</ref> In the last few years, Quebec singers have been taking the French stage quite extensively. Quebec singers that have performed in France included: [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]], [[Garou (singer)|Garou]], [[Anthony Kavanagh]] (a stand-up comedian), [[Isabelle Boulay]], [[Bruno Pelletier]], [[Lynda Lemay]], [[Cœur de pirate]] and many others.
[[Roch Voisine]] and [[Natasha St-Pier]] are two artists who also perform in France and are often mistaken for Quebecers. They are actually from New Brunswick and are of Acadian heritage, like [[Daniel Lavoie]] who is from [[Manitoba]].
==Musicals==
Few musicals were made or adapted by Quebec artists. Among them, Luc Plamondon has had the brightest career as a songwriter, writing for the big ones (Céline Dion, Garou). The main musicals 'made in Quebec' : ''Starmania'', ''La Légende de Jimmy'', ''Notre-Dame-de-Paris'', ''Chicago (adapted into French)'', "Demain matin, Montréal m'attend", ''Dracula''.
==Le Cirque du Soleil==
[[Cirque du Soleil]] has always developed its own musical pieces to go along with various acrobatic tricks. The music aspect of the show is essential as it sets a mood for every single performance and links one number to another.
== See also ==
* [[Culture of Quebec]]
* [[French-Canadian music]]
* [[Gogo (Quebec music)]]
* [[List of Quebec musicians]]
* [[List of Quebec record labels]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Brouillard, Marcel. ''Images de la chanson: un siècle chanté''. [S.l.]: Éditions l'Essentiel; Ville Montréal, Qué.: Distr. Novalis, 2000. {{ISBN|2-921970-06-6}}
* Défossé, Félix. L'Évolution du métal québécois, vol. [1], No Speed Limit, 1964–1989. Rouyn-Noranda, Qué.: Éditions du Quartz, 2014. N.B.: Two more vols. are projected to complete this 3 vol. history of heavy metal music of Québec. {{ISBN|978-2-924031-16-2}}
* Duguay, Raoul. ''Musiciens du Québec''. Montréal: Éditions du Jour, 1971. ''N.B''.: The emphasis is on "classical" then contemporary composers and on those of "musique actuelle".
* Lasalle-Leduc, Annette. ''La Vie musicale au Canada français''. Québec, Qué.: Ministère des Affaires culturelles, 1964.
* [[Marie-Thérèse Lefebvre|Lefebvre, Marie-Thérèse]]. ''La Création musicale des femmes du Québec''. Montréal: Éditions du Remue-ménage, 1991. ''N.B''.: Concerns women composers of Québec.
* Rodrigue, Patrick. "Rouyn-Noranda, la Mecque du rock 'n' roll" & "Un Musée du rock 'n' roll pourrait naître à Rouyn-Noranda", Abi''tibi-Express'', vol. 1, no 44 (31 mai 2011), p. 4. N.B.: Paired ill. articles, each individually titled and separately accessible also on the newspaper's Internet site, describing Rouyn-Noranda as one of the two contrasting poles, the other being Montréal, of popular music in Québec.
* Sévigny, Jean-Pierre. ''Sierra Norteña: the Influence of Latin Music on the French-Canadian Popular Song and Dance Scene, Especially as Reflected in the Career of Alys Robi and the Pedagogy of Maurice Lacasse-Morenoff''. Montréal: Productions Juke-Box, 1994. 13 p. ''N.B''. Published text of a paper prepared for, and presented on, on 12 March 1994, the conference, Popular Music Music & Identity (Montréal, Qué., 12–13 March 1994), under the auspices of the Canadian Branch of the International Association for the Study of Popular Music.
== External links ==
* [http://cjtm.icaap.org/content/10/v10art2.html Instrumental Folk Music of Quebec]
* [http://www.quebecpop.com Québec Pop]
* [http://www.bandeapart.fm Bande à Part (CBC/Radio-Canada)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050818030635/http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/CirqueDuSoleil/en/music/default.htm The Cirque du Soleil official website = music]
* [http://www.violonsduroy.com/ Les Violons du Roy]
{{Music topics}}
{{Quebec topics}}
{{Canada topics}}
[[Category:Culture of Quebec]]
[[Category:Quebec music| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|none}}
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{{more citations needed|date=September 2009}}
{{peacock|date=January 2010}}
}}
{{Quebecmusic}} umm what the sigma
As a cosmopolitan province, [[Quebec]] is a home to varied genres of music, ranging from [[folk music|folk]] to [[hip hop music|hip hop]]. Music has played an important role in [[Québécois people|Quebecer culture]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=2006-02-07 |title=Music in Quebec City {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-emc |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonjour Quebec |date=2023-05-15 |title=Concerts and music |url=https://www.bonjourquebec.com/en/to-see-and-do/festivals-and-events/concerts-and-music |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Bonjour Québec |language=en-ca}}</ref> In the 1920s and '30s, singer/songwriter [[La Bolduc|Madam Bolduc]] performed comedic songs in a folk style with Irish influences. Quebec's most popular artists of the last century include [[Félix Leclerc]] (1950s), [[Gilles Vigneault]] (1960s–present), [[Kate and Anna McGarrigle]] (1970s–present) and [[Céline Dion]] (1980s–present).<ref>{{cite web|first=Donald|last=Loignon|title=Répertoire des artistes québécois|url=http://www.repertoiredesartistesquebecois.org/index2.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727213504/http://www.repertoiredesartistesquebecois.org/index2.asp|archive-date=July 27, 2011|access-date=July 6, 2011|publisher=DLP multimédia|language=fr}}</ref>
The [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] and the [[Inuit]] of Quebec also have their own traditional music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Univ of Washington |first=Canadian Quebecois Music |date=2023-05-15 |title=First Nations Music |url=https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/first-nations-music/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/first-nations-music/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Univ of Washington |first=Canadian Quebecois music |date=2023-05-15 |title=The Metis Music |url=https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/metis-music/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/metis-music/}}</ref> A local variety of [[Celtic music]] is also found. Quebec also has many well-known [[jazz]] musicians and a culture of [[European classical music|classical music]], as well as a strong presence of [[historically informed performance]] of [[Baroque music|baroque]] and [[Renaissance music|renaissance]] music.
The song ''[[À la claire fontaine]]''<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=À la claire fontaine|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/a-la-claire-fontaine-emc/|access-date=July 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806082946/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000031|archive-date=August 6, 2011|author=Plouffe, Hélène|url-status=live}}</ref> was the anthem of the [[New France]], [[Patriote movement|Patriots]] and [[French Canadian]] before being replaced by ''[[O Canada]]''. Currently, the song ''[[Gens du pays]]'' is by far preferred by many Quebecers to be the national anthem of Quebec. The [[ADISQ|Association québécoise de l'industrie du disque, du spectacle et de la vidéo]] (ADISQ) was created in 1978 to promote the music industry in Quebec.<ref>{{cite web|author=ADISQ|title=Notre raison d'être, c'est la musique de votre quotidien|url=http://www.adisq.com/assoc-profil.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718175149/http://www.adisq.com/assoc-profil.html|archive-date=July 18, 2011|access-date=June 23, 2011|publisher=Association québécoise de l'industrie du disque, du spectacle et de la vidéo}}</ref> The [[Orchestre symphonique de Québec]] and the [[Montreal Symphony Orchestra]] are respectively
== Traditional music ==
Québec was referred to as Le Canada during the time when it was under French control. It was also the most advanced colony out of all the New France settlements. After some generations of French settlers being born in Canada, the colonists began to identify with their home country and call themselves les Canadiens (the Canadians) as distinct from les Français (the French), those native to France. The ''Canadiens'' brought with them a rich tradition of songs and dances from northern France, namely the regions of [[Île-de-France]], [[Picardy]], [[Normandy]], [[Poitou]], and [[Brittany]]. Influence from these regions and the Irish immigration to Quebec of the 19th century may explain the Celtic connection that Quebec still shares with [[Brittany]], Ireland, [[Scotland]] and the [[Maritimes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=University of Washington |first=Canadian Studies Center |date=2023-05-15 |title=Quebecois Music |url=https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/quebecois-music/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/quebecois-music/}}</ref>
As time went by, the French Canadians began to develop their own music, and also incorporated and transformed the styles of music played by the settlers from Great Britain, in particular the Scots, after the [[Conquest (military)|Conquest]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canadian Journal of Traditional music 1982 |first=Instrumental folk music of Quebec |date=1982 |title=Instrumental Folk Music of Quebec: An Introduction |url=https://cjtm.icaap.org/content/10/v10art2.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=cjtm.icaap.org}}</ref> (One hundred of these songs were collected by [[Ernest Gagnon]] for an 1865 compilation, one of the first such collections to be published in Canada.)
[[Image:Lumbermen violin and sticks 1943.jpg|thumb|Québécois [[lumberjack]]s playing the [[fiddle]], with sticks for percussion, in a lumber camp in 1943.]]
Traditional music is imbued with many dances, such as the [[jig]], the [[quadrille]], the [[Reel (dance)|reel]] and [[line dancing]], which have developed in the festivities since the early days of colonization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Univ of Washington |first=Arcadian Music (Canadian Quebecois Music) |date=2023-05-15 |title=Arcadian Music |url=https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/acadian-music/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/acadian-music/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McGill Univ (research by L. Risk) |first=Laura Risk |date=2017-02-27 |title=Musical Tradition and Identity in Quebec |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/music/article/student-research/musical-tradition-and-identity-quebec |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Music |language=en}}</ref> Various instruments are more popular in Quebec's culture: harmonica (music-of-mouth or lip-destruction), [[fiddle]], [[Spoon (musical instrument)|spoons]], [[jaw harp]] and [[accordion]]. The ''[[podorythmie]]'' is a characteristic of traditional Quebec music and means giving the rhythm with the feet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Folk Song and Music in Quebec: a Brief Introduction, by Stephen D. Winick, Ph.D.: Expanded Liner Notes (Le temps des Fetes, Washington Revels, revelsdc.org/canadiancd)|url=http://revelsdc.org/canadiancd/article.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154910/http://revelsdc.org/canadiancd/article.html|archive-date=September 8, 2017|access-date=September 8, 2017|website=revelsdc.org}}</ref> Quebec traditional music is currently provided by various contemporary groups seen mostly during Christmas and New Year's Eve celebrations, the [[National Holiday (Quebec)|Quebec National Holiday]] and many local festivals.
== Popular music ==
Perhaps the most remarkable phenomenon in the popular music of that century was the career of [[La Bolduc]], who became extremely popular singing satirical and sometimes racy songs based on the Quebec and Irish folk traditions, and who also was expert in the wordless vocalization known as ''[[turlutte]]''.
By the 1960s, radio and television had begun to help disseminate French folk songs, especially after the 1967 foundation of the Centennial Collection of Canadian Folk Songs, including recordings of Quebec performers like Yves Albert and Jacques Labrecque, as well as [[Acadian]] [[Edith Butler]].
The most popular songwriters and singers of this period were [[Gilles Vigneault]], [[Leonard Cohen]] (attended [[McGill University]], d.2016, buried in Montreal), and [[Félix Leclerc]], who brought more influences to the music of France-based singing stars like [[Jacques Brel]]. Leclerc, from [[La Tuque, Quebec|La Tuque]], and Vigneault, from [[Natashquan, Quebec (municipality)|Natashquan]] in the north of Quebec, became heroes for a new generation of Quebec youth. It was Vigneault's "[[Mon pays]]" (My Country), which became a rallying anthem for Quebec nationalism after a 1965 performance by [[Monique Leyrac]], and established a tradition of Quebec artists supporting Quebec's independence movement. Many artists openly endorsed it, notably Raymond Lévesque, [[Pauline Julien]] and [[Paul Piché]].
In the 1960s, the French Canadians of Quebec were beginning to self-identify as ''Québécois'' (Quebecers). See the [[Quiet Revolution]]. Another important nationalist performer during this period was [[Georges Dor]], who enjoyed international success with the recording of his own composition, "La complainte de la Manic" ("The Ballad of Manicouagan"); other popular singers of the time include [[Claude Gauthier (singer)|Claude Gauthier]] and Clemence Desrochers. Popular artists of the 70s included [[Harmonium (band)|Harmonium]], [[Offenbach (band)|Offenbach]], [[Plume Latraverse]], [[Garolou]] and [[Beau Dommage]], as well as [[Michel Rivard (musician)|Michel Rivard]].
Country music, in both French and English (primarily the former), is prevalent in Quebec. An aspect of the overall Canadian country scene, it is the chief source of francophone country, inclusive of artists such as [[Renée Martel]], [[Gildor Roy]], [[Patrick Norman (singer)|Patrick Norman]], [[Willie Lamothe]], and [[Georges Hamel]].
[[Progressive rock]] and [[fusion jazz]] band [[Maneige]] was founded in Quebec in 1972 by Alain Bergeron and Jérôme Langlois. The band was one of the Quebec progressive rock scene's longest running and most consistent bands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/maneige-p19135/biography|title = Maneige | Biography, Albums, Streaming Links| website=[[AllMusic]] }}</ref> In 1974, Vigneault and Leclerc played on the [[Plains of Abraham]] with [[Robert Charlebois]], who made heavy use of [[Quebec French]] in his [[rock and roll]] fusions.
In 1976, multi-instrumentalist sisters [[Kate & Anna McGarrigle]] emerged on the international music scene with their blend of folk-rock and vocal harmonies added to self-penned songs in English and French, many of the latter co-written with Swiss-born poet [[Philippe Tatartcheff]]. The 1970s also saw roots performers like [[La Bottine Souriante]] gain critical and commercial acclaim within Quebec. [[Jim Corcoran]] and Bertrand Gosselin released ''La tête en gigue'', an influential album that helped bring Quebec roots to crossover audiences across Canada, the United States and Europe.
In addition to his musical career, Corcoran currently hosts a weekly show on [[CBC Radio One]], which airs Francophone music from Quebec for English audiences across Canada.
The early 1980s saw the formation of francophone [[synthpop]]/[[New wave music|new wave]] groups such as [[Nudimension]] that became involved in the genesis of music video and [[MTV]] culture.<ref>[https://www.vice.com/fr_ca/article/3kap8k/on-a-retrouve-le-premier-chanteur-punk-du-quebec "On a retrouvé le premier chanteur punk du Québec"]. ''Vice'', Félix B. Desfossés, Sept. 26 2017</ref>
More recent Quebec performers include [[Richard Desjardins]], [[Daniel Boucher (musician)|Daniel Boucher]], [[Marie-Chantal Toupin]], [[Éric Lapointe (singer)|Éric Lapointe]], [[Vilain Pingouin]], [[Mes Aïeux]], [[Les Trois Accords]], [[Kaïn]], [[Dumas (singer)|Dumas]], [[La Chicane]], [[Les Colocs]], [[Mélanie Renaud]], [[Cindy Daniel]], [[Daniel Bélanger]], [[Paul Cargnello]], [[Laurence Jalbert]], [[Rudy Caya]], [[Jean Leloup]], [[Celine Dion]] (who had 4 No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits like "[[My Heart Will Go On]]" in 1998), [[Les Stups]], [[La Chicane]], [[Dan Bigras]], [[Isabelle Boulay]] and more recently [[Cœur de pirate]]. Some bands, such as [[Les Cowboys Fringants]] have known success in Europe (primarily in France) while [[Karkwa]], [[Vulgaires Machins]], [[Les Batinses]] and [[Malajube]] are also recognized elsewhere in Canada and internationally.
A hip-hop scene is also present in the Montreal area with groups like [[Loco Locass]], [[Sans Pression]], [[Dionysos (Canadian band)|Dionysos]], [[Criollo (band)|Criollo]], [[Atach Tatuq]], [[Manu Militari]], [[:fr:KC L.M.N.O.P.|KCLMNOP]], [[Imposs]], [[Muzion]] and [[Dubmatique]].
The metal scene is represented primarily by [[Sword (band)|Sword]], [[Voivod (band)|Voivod]] and [[death metal]] bands [[Cryptopsy]], [[Kataklysm]], [[Martyr (band)|Martyr]], [[Neuraxis (band)|Neuraxis]], [[Gorguts]], [[Quo Vadis (band)|Quo Vadis]], [[Despised Icon]], [[Ex Deo]], [[Blackguard (band)|Blackguard]], [[Beneath the Massacre]], [[Augury (band)|Augury]] and many others. The Quebec black metal scene has also gotten some attention in recent years, including bands like Akitsa, Spirit of the Forest, Forteresse, Chasse-Galerie, Monarque and [[Nefastus Dies]].
In 2003, [[TVA (TV network)|TVA]] began to broadcast ''[[Star Académie]]'', a Québécois version of a [[Star Academy|French reality music competition]], several new artists including [[Marie-Élaine Thibert]], [[Marie-Mai]], [[Émily Bégin]] and [[Stéphanie Lapointe]] became well-known music artists after their passage in the reality show.
The tensions between Quebec and English Canada have, at times, played out on Quebec's music scene as well. In 1991, [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]] won the [[Felix Award|Félix]] award for Best Anglophone Artist for her English-language debut, ''Unison'', but refused it as she did not view herself as an Anglophone artist.
Quebec has also produced a number of significant Anglophone artists, including [[Arcade Fire]] (who had 3 No. 1 albums on the Billboard 200 like ''[[The Suburbs (album)|The Suburbs]]'' in 2010.) [[Win Butler]] graduated from [[McGill University]] in Montreal in 2004. [[Régine Chassagne]] also went there. [[Patrick Watson (musician)|Patrick Watson]], [[The Dears]], [[Godspeed You! Black Emperor]], [[Riverbeds (band)|Riverbeds]], [[Stars (Canadian band)|Stars]], [[The Stills]], [[The Unicorns]], [[Wolf Parade]], [[Rufus Wainwright]], [[Sam Roberts (singer-songwriter)|Sam Roberts]], [[Paul Cargnello]], [[We Are Wolves]], [[The New Cities]], [[Chromeo]], [[Simple Plan]] and the [[William Shatner's musical career|infamous spoken-word musical career]] of [[William Shatner]]. In addition, some Quebec artists also included from the 1960s to the 1980s [[Lewis Furey]], [[Men Without Hats]], [[Norman Iceberg]], [[Rational Youth]], [[Corey Hart (singer)|Corey Hart]], [[Julie Masse]], [[Martine St. Clair]], [[Marjo (singer)|Marjo]], [[Offenbach (band)|Offenbach]], [[The Box (band)|The Box]], [[Gino Vannelli]], [[Luba (singer)|Luba]], [[Jacynthe]], [[France Joli]], [[Sass Jordan]] and [[Grimskunk]], who have frequently recorded both English and French material.
Quebec artists have dominated the long and short lists of the [[Polaris Music Prize]]. Among them, [[Arcade Fire]], [[Patrick Watson (musician)|Patrick Watson]], [[Godspeed You Black Emperor]], [[Karkwa]] and [[Backxwash]] have all won the coveted award.
==Jazz music==
[[File:The Lost Fingers at Festival Franco-Ontarien, 0285.jpg|thumb|Christian Roberge, lead singer of French-Canadian gypsy jazz band [[The Lost Fingers]], performing at Festival Franco-Ontarien in Ottawa on 11 June 2009.]]
Some famous jazz musicians from Quebec are [[Oscar Peterson]], [[Paul Bley]], [[Oliver Jones (pianist)|Oliver Jones]], [[Charlie Biddle|Charles Biddle]], [[Ranee Lee]], [[Karen Young (Canadian singer)|Karen Young]], and [[Alain Caron (bass player)|Alain Caron]].
The [[Montreal International Jazz Festival]] has been hosted by the city since 1980 and is now the largest jazz festival in the world, attracting huge crowds of visitors each summer, half of which come from outside the country. For the rest of the year, there is an Off festival that organizes jazz shows in bars all over Montreal.
== Classical music ==
The early part of the 20th century saw growth in opera, and the foundation of the [[Montreal Opera Company]] in 1910, and opera singers became popular.
[[André Gagnon]], [[Angèle Dubeau]], [[Michael Laucke]], [[Louis Lortie]], [[Alain Lefèvre]], [[Alain Trudel]], [[Alexandre Da Costa]], [[Marc-André Hamelin]], [[Nathalie Choquette]] and [[Richard Verreau]] are top classical musicians from Québec at the present. {{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
[[André Mathieu]] is among the most renowned composers from the province. {{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} He has been compared to a 'little Canadian Mozart', and [[Rachmaninov]] pronounced him, "a genius, more so than I am". His works became the official music of the Summer Olympics of 1976. Other famous composers are [[Claude Champagne]], [[Calixa Lavallée]], [[Pierre Mercure]], [[Jacques Hétu]], [[André Gagnon]], [[Airat Ichmouratov]], [[Denis Gougeon]], [[José Evangelista]] and composer-critic [[Alfred La Liberté]], among others.
==Quebec and France==
Both nations have influenced each other in terms of music styles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Macleans website |first=Luke Ottenhof |date=2018-09-18 |title=Québécois music isn’t marginalized—it's English Canadians who are missing out |url=https://macleans.ca/culture/arts/quebecois-music-isnt-marginalized-its-english-canadians-who-are-missing-out/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=macleans.ca/culture/arts/quebecois-music-isnt-marginalized-its-english-canadians-who-are-missing-out/}}</ref> In the last few years, Quebec singers have been taking the French stage quite extensively. Quebec singers that have performed in France included: [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]], [[Garou (singer)|Garou]], [[Anthony Kavanagh]] (a stand-up comedian), [[Isabelle Boulay]], [[Bruno Pelletier]], [[Lynda Lemay]], [[Cœur de pirate]] and many others.
[[Roch Voisine]] and [[Natasha St-Pier]] are two artists who also perform in France and are often mistaken for Quebecers. They are actually from New Brunswick and are of Acadian heritage, like [[Daniel Lavoie]] who is from [[Manitoba]].
==Musicals==
Few musicals were made or adapted by Quebec artists. Among them, Luc Plamondon has had the brightest career as a songwriter, writing for the big ones (Céline Dion, Garou). The main musicals 'made in Quebec' : ''Starmania'', ''La Légende de Jimmy'', ''Notre-Dame-de-Paris'', ''Chicago (adapted into French)'', "Demain matin, Montréal m'attend", ''Dracula''.
==Le Cirque du Soleil==
[[Cirque du Soleil]] has always developed its own musical pieces to go along with various acrobatic tricks. The music aspect of the show is essential as it sets a mood for every single performance and links one number to another.
== See also ==
* [[Culture of Quebec]]
* [[French-Canadian music]]
* [[Gogo (Quebec music)]]
* [[List of Quebec musicians]]
* [[List of Quebec record labels]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Brouillard, Marcel. ''Images de la chanson: un siècle chanté''. [S.l.]: Éditions l'Essentiel; Ville Montréal, Qué.: Distr. Novalis, 2000. {{ISBN|2-921970-06-6}}
* Défossé, Félix. L'Évolution du métal québécois, vol. [1], No Speed Limit, 1964–1989. Rouyn-Noranda, Qué.: Éditions du Quartz, 2014. N.B.: Two more vols. are projected to complete this 3 vol. history of heavy metal music of Québec. {{ISBN|978-2-924031-16-2}}
* Duguay, Raoul. ''Musiciens du Québec''. Montréal: Éditions du Jour, 1971. ''N.B''.: The emphasis is on "classical" then contemporary composers and on those of "musique actuelle".
* Lasalle-Leduc, Annette. ''La Vie musicale au Canada français''. Québec, Qué.: Ministère des Affaires culturelles, 1964.
* [[Marie-Thérèse Lefebvre|Lefebvre, Marie-Thérèse]]. ''La Création musicale des femmes du Québec''. Montréal: Éditions du Remue-ménage, 1991. ''N.B''.: Concerns women composers of Québec.
* Rodrigue, Patrick. "Rouyn-Noranda, la Mecque du rock 'n' roll" & "Un Musée du rock 'n' roll pourrait naître à Rouyn-Noranda", Abi''tibi-Express'', vol. 1, no 44 (31 mai 2011), p. 4. N.B.: Paired ill. articles, each individually titled and separately accessible also on the newspaper's Internet site, describing Rouyn-Noranda as one of the two contrasting poles, the other being Montréal, of popular music in Québec.
* Sévigny, Jean-Pierre. ''Sierra Norteña: the Influence of Latin Music on the French-Canadian Popular Song and Dance Scene, Especially as Reflected in the Career of Alys Robi and the Pedagogy of Maurice Lacasse-Morenoff''. Montréal: Productions Juke-Box, 1994. 13 p. ''N.B''. Published text of a paper prepared for, and presented on, on 12 March 1994, the conference, Popular Music Music & Identity (Montréal, Qué., 12–13 March 1994), under the auspices of the Canadian Branch of the International Association for the Study of Popular Music.
== External links ==
* [http://cjtm.icaap.org/content/10/v10art2.html Instrumental Folk Music of Quebec]
* [http://www.quebecpop.com Québec Pop]
* [http://www.bandeapart.fm Bande à Part (CBC/Radio-Canada)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050818030635/http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/CirqueDuSoleil/en/music/default.htm The Cirque du Soleil official website = music]
* [http://www.violonsduroy.com/ Les Violons du Roy]
{{Music topics}}
{{Quebec topics}}
{{Canada topics}}
[[Category:Culture of Quebec]]
[[Category:Quebec music| ]]' |
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As a cosmopolitan province, [[Quebec]] is a home to varied genres of music, ranging from [[folk music|folk]] to [[hip hop music|hip hop]]. Music has played an important role in [[Québécois people|Quebecer culture]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=2006-02-07 |title=Music in Quebec City {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-emc |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonjour Quebec |date=2023-05-15 |title=Concerts and music |url=https://www.bonjourquebec.com/en/to-see-and-do/festivals-and-events/concerts-and-music |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Bonjour Québec |language=en-ca}}</ref> In the 1920s and '30s, singer/songwriter [[La Bolduc|Madam Bolduc]] performed comedic songs in a folk style with Irish influences. Quebec's most popular artists of the last century include [[Félix Leclerc]] (1950s), [[Gilles Vigneault]] (1960s–present), [[Kate and Anna McGarrigle]] (1970s–present) and [[Céline Dion]] (1980s–present).<ref>{{cite web|first=Donald|last=Loignon|title=Répertoire des artistes québécois|url=http://www.repertoiredesartistesquebecois.org/index2.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727213504/http://www.repertoiredesartistesquebecois.org/index2.asp|archive-date=July 27, 2011|access-date=July 6, 2011|publisher=DLP multimédia|language=fr}}</ref>
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5 => 'https://www.vice.com/fr_ca/article/3kap8k/on-a-retrouve-le-premier-chanteur-punk-du-quebec',
6 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20050818030635/http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/CirqueDuSoleil/en/music/default.htm',
7 => 'https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Music+of+Quebec%22&acc=on&wc=on',
8 => 'http://revelsdc.org/canadiancd/article.html',
9 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154910/http://revelsdc.org/canadiancd/article.html',
10 => 'http://www.repertoiredesartistesquebecois.org/index2.asp',
11 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110727213504/http://www.repertoiredesartistesquebecois.org/index2.asp',
12 => 'http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/a-la-claire-fontaine-emc/',
13 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110806082946/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000031',
14 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110718175149/http://www.adisq.com/assoc-profil.html',
15 => 'http://www.adisq.com/assoc-profil.html',
16 => 'https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/quebecois-music/',
17 => 'https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/first-nations-music/',
18 => 'https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/metis-music/',
19 => 'https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/acadian-music/',
20 => 'https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-emc',
21 => 'https://www.mcgill.ca/music/article/student-research/musical-tradition-and-identity-quebec',
22 => 'https://www.bonjourquebec.com/en/to-see-and-do/festivals-and-events/concerts-and-music',
23 => 'https://macleans.ca/culture/arts/quebecois-music-isnt-marginalized-its-english-canadians-who-are-missing-out/',
24 => 'https://cjtm.icaap.org/content/10/v10art2.html',
25 => 'https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Music+of+Quebec%22',
26 => 'https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Music+of+Quebec%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1',
27 => 'https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Music+of+Quebec%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks',
28 => 'https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Music+of+Quebec%22+-wikipedia',
29 => 'https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Music+of+Quebec%22'
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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background-color: white"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-above">
<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music of Quebec</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_trends_in_music_from_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of trends in music from Canada (page does not exist)">Timeline</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Samples_of_music_from_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samples of music from Canada (page does not exist)">Samples</a></li></ul></div></td>
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Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_classical_music" title="Canadian classical music">Classical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_country_music" title="Canadian country music">Country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_folk_music" title="Canadian folk music">Folk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_hip_hop" title="Canadian hip hop">Hip hop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_jazz" title="Canadian jazz">Jazz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canadian_popular_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian popular music (page does not exist)">Pop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rock_music_of_Canada" title="Rock music of Canada">Rock</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2">
Specific forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_American_Indian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Indian music">Native American</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inuit_music" title="Inuit music">Inuit</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2">
Media and performance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup">
<table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
Music awards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juno_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno Award">Juno</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polaris_Music_Prize" title="Polaris Music Prize">Polaris Music Prize</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canadian Music Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Canadian_Music_Awards" title="Western Canadian Music Awards">Western Canadian Music Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Coast_Music_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="East Coast Music Awards">East Coast Music Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CASBY_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="CASBY Award">CASBY Awards</a></li></ul></td>
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Music charts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jam!" title="Jam!">Jam!</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chart_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chart (magazine)">Chart</a></li></ul></td>
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Music festivals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Music_Week" title="Canadian Music Week">Canadian Music Week</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_by_Northeast" title="North by Northeast">NXNE</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
Music media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Musician" title="Canadian Musician">Canadian Musician Magazine</a></li>
<li>Chart</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exclaim!" title="Exclaim!">Exclaim!</a></li></ul></td>
</tr></tbody></table></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2">
Nationalistic and patriotic songs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup">
<table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
National anthem</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">O Canada</a></td>
</tr></tbody></table></td>
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Regional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup">
<table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
Related areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music of Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Canada%27s_Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Canada's Maritimes">Maritime Provinces</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>) and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Music_of_St_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of St Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">St Pierre and Miquelon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Canada%27s_Prairie_Provinces" title="Music of Canada's Prairie Provinces">Prairie Provinces</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
Other regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">French music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Martinique_and_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Martinique and Guadeloupe">Martinique and Guadeloupe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_French_Guiana" title="Music of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Louisiana" title="Music of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li></ul></td>
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</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Quebec_music" title="Template:Quebec music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Quebec_music" title="Template talk:Quebec music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quebec_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quebec music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> umm what the sigma
</p><p>As a cosmopolitan province, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> is a home to varied genres of music, ranging from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>. Music has played an important role in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Quebecer culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> In the 1920s and '30s, singer/songwriter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Bolduc" title="La Bolduc">Madam Bolduc</a> performed comedic songs in a folk style with Irish influences. Quebec's most popular artists of the last century include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Leclerc" title="Félix Leclerc">Félix Leclerc</a> (1950s), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilles_Vigneault" title="Gilles Vigneault">Gilles Vigneault</a> (1960s–present), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kate_and_Anna_McGarrigle" class="mw-redirect" title="Kate and Anna McGarrigle">Kate and Anna McGarrigle</a> (1970s–present) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Dion" class="mw-redirect" title="Céline Dion">Céline Dion</a> (1980s–present).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> of Quebec also have their own traditional music.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> A local variety of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Celtic music</a> is also found. Quebec also has many well-known <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> musicians and a culture of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a>, as well as a strong presence of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performance</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">baroque</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">renaissance</a> music.
</p><p>The song <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%80_la_claire_fontaine" title="À la claire fontaine">À la claire fontaine</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> was the anthem of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriote_movement" title="Patriote movement">Patriots</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a> before being replaced by <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">O Canada</a></i>. Currently, the song <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gens_du_pays" title="Gens du pays">Gens du pays</a></i> is by far preferred by many Quebecers to be the national anthem of Quebec. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ADISQ" title="ADISQ">Association québécoise de l'industrie du disque, du spectacle et de la vidéo</a> (ADISQ) was created in 1978 to promote the music industry in Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orchestre_symphonique_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestre symphonique de Québec">Orchestre symphonique de Québec</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montreal_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Montreal Symphony Orchestra">Montreal Symphony Orchestra</a> are respectively
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Traditional_music"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Traditional music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Popular_music"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Popular music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Jazz_music"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Jazz music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Classical_music"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Classical music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Quebec_and_France"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Quebec and France</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Musicals"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Musicals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Le_Cirque_du_Soleil"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Le Cirque du Soleil</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Traditional_music">Traditional music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Quebec&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Québec was referred to as Le Canada during the time when it was under French control. It was also the most advanced colony out of all the New France settlements. After some generations of French settlers being born in Canada, the colonists began to identify with their home country and call themselves les Canadiens (the Canadians) as distinct from les Français (the French), those native to France. The <i>Canadiens</i> brought with them a rich tradition of songs and dances from northern France, namely the regions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. Influence from these regions and the Irish immigration to Quebec of the 19th century may explain the Celtic connection that Quebec still shares with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, Ireland, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritimes">Maritimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>As time went by, the French Canadians began to develop their own music, and also incorporated and transformed the styles of music played by the settlers from Great Britain, in particular the Scots, after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquest_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest (military)">Conquest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> (One hundred of these songs were collected by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernest_Gagnon" title="Ernest Gagnon">Ernest Gagnon</a> for an 1865 compilation, one of the first such collections to be published in Canada.)
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg/220px-Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg/330px-Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg/440px-Lumbermen_violin_and_sticks_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Québécois <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">lumberjacks</a> playing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>, with sticks for percussion, in a lumber camp in 1943.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Traditional music is imbued with many dances, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">jig</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quadrille" title="Quadrille">quadrille</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reel_(dance)" title="Reel (dance)">reel</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Line_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Line dancing">line dancing</a>, which have developed in the festivities since the early days of colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Various instruments are more popular in Quebec's culture: harmonica (music-of-mouth or lip-destruction), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spoon_(musical_instrument)" title="Spoon (musical instrument)">spoons</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaw_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaw harp">jaw harp</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a>. The <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podorythmie" title="Podorythmie">podorythmie</a></i> is a characteristic of traditional Quebec music and means giving the rhythm with the feet.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Quebec traditional music is currently provided by various contemporary groups seen mostly during Christmas and New Year's Eve celebrations, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Holiday_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Holiday (Quebec)">Quebec National Holiday</a> and many local festivals.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Popular_music">Popular music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Quebec&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Perhaps the most remarkable phenomenon in the popular music of that century was the career of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Bolduc" title="La Bolduc">La Bolduc</a>, who became extremely popular singing satirical and sometimes racy songs based on the Quebec and Irish folk traditions, and who also was expert in the wordless vocalization known as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turlutte" class="mw-redirect" title="Turlutte">turlutte</a></i>.
</p><p>By the 1960s, radio and television had begun to help disseminate French folk songs, especially after the 1967 foundation of the Centennial Collection of Canadian Folk Songs, including recordings of Quebec performers like Yves Albert and Jacques Labrecque, as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadian</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edith_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Butler">Edith Butler</a>.
</p><p>The most popular songwriters and singers of this period were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilles_Vigneault" title="Gilles Vigneault">Gilles Vigneault</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a> (attended <a href="/enwiki/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, d.2016, buried in Montreal), and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Leclerc" title="Félix Leclerc">Félix Leclerc</a>, who brought more influences to the music of France-based singing stars like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Brel" title="Jacques Brel">Jacques Brel</a>. Leclerc, from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Tuque,_Quebec" title="La Tuque, Quebec">La Tuque</a>, and Vigneault, from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natashquan,_Quebec_(municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Natashquan, Quebec (municipality)">Natashquan</a> in the north of Quebec, became heroes for a new generation of Quebec youth. It was Vigneault's "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mon_pays" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon pays">Mon pays</a>" (My Country), which became a rallying anthem for Quebec nationalism after a 1965 performance by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monique_Leyrac" title="Monique Leyrac">Monique Leyrac</a>, and established a tradition of Quebec artists supporting Quebec's independence movement. Many artists openly endorsed it, notably Raymond Lévesque, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pauline_Julien" title="Pauline Julien">Pauline Julien</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Pich%C3%A9" title="Paul Piché">Paul Piché</a>.
</p><p>In the 1960s, the French Canadians of Quebec were beginning to self-identify as <i>Québécois</i> (Quebecers). See the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a>. Another important nationalist performer during this period was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georges_Dor" title="Georges Dor">Georges Dor</a>, who enjoyed international success with the recording of his own composition, "La complainte de la Manic" ("The Ballad of Manicouagan"); other popular singers of the time include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claude_Gauthier_(singer)" title="Claude Gauthier (singer)">Claude Gauthier</a> and Clemence Desrochers. Popular artists of the 70s included <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harmonium_(band)" title="Harmonium (band)">Harmonium</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Offenbach_(band)" title="Offenbach (band)">Offenbach</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plume_Latraverse" title="Plume Latraverse">Plume Latraverse</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garolou" title="Garolou">Garolou</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beau_Dommage" title="Beau Dommage">Beau Dommage</a>, as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michel_Rivard_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel Rivard (musician)">Michel Rivard</a>.
</p><p>Country music, in both French and English (primarily the former), is prevalent in Quebec. An aspect of the overall Canadian country scene, it is the chief source of francophone country, inclusive of artists such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Martel" title="Renée Martel">Renée Martel</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gildor_Roy" title="Gildor Roy">Gildor Roy</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Norman_(singer)" title="Patrick Norman (singer)">Patrick Norman</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Willie_Lamothe" title="Willie Lamothe">Willie Lamothe</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georges_Hamel" title="Georges Hamel">Georges Hamel</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fusion_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion jazz">fusion jazz</a> band <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maneige" title="Maneige">Maneige</a> was founded in Quebec in 1972 by Alain Bergeron and Jérôme Langlois. The band was one of the Quebec progressive rock scene's longest running and most consistent bands.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> In 1974, Vigneault and Leclerc played on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plains_of_Abraham" title="Plains of Abraham">Plains of Abraham</a> with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Charlebois" title="Robert Charlebois">Robert Charlebois</a>, who made heavy use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a> in his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> fusions.
In 1976, multi-instrumentalist sisters <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kate_%26_Anna_McGarrigle" title="Kate & Anna McGarrigle">Kate & Anna McGarrigle</a> emerged on the international music scene with their blend of folk-rock and vocal harmonies added to self-penned songs in English and French, many of the latter co-written with Swiss-born poet <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippe_Tatartcheff" title="Philippe Tatartcheff">Philippe Tatartcheff</a>. The 1970s also saw roots performers like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Bottine_Souriante" title="La Bottine Souriante">La Bottine Souriante</a> gain critical and commercial acclaim within Quebec. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Corcoran" title="Jim Corcoran">Jim Corcoran</a> and Bertrand Gosselin released <i>La tête en gigue</i>, an influential album that helped bring Quebec roots to crossover audiences across Canada, the United States and Europe.
In addition to his musical career, Corcoran currently hosts a weekly show on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CBC_Radio_One" title="CBC Radio One">CBC Radio One</a>, which airs Francophone music from Quebec for English audiences across Canada.
The early 1980s saw the formation of francophone <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">synthpop</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> groups such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nudimension" title="Nudimension">Nudimension</a> that became involved in the genesis of music video and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>More recent Quebec performers include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Desjardins" title="Richard Desjardins">Richard Desjardins</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_Boucher_(musician)" title="Daniel Boucher (musician)">Daniel Boucher</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marie-Chantal_Toupin" title="Marie-Chantal Toupin">Marie-Chantal Toupin</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89ric_Lapointe_(singer)" title="Éric Lapointe (singer)">Éric Lapointe</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vilain_Pingouin" title="Vilain Pingouin">Vilain Pingouin</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mes_A%C3%AFeux" title="Mes Aïeux">Mes Aïeux</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Les_Trois_Accords" title="Les Trois Accords">Les Trois Accords</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ka%C3%AFn" title="Kaïn">Kaïn</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dumas_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumas (singer)">Dumas</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Chicane" title="La Chicane">La Chicane</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Les_Colocs" title="Les Colocs">Les Colocs</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9lanie_Renaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mélanie Renaud (page does not exist)">Mélanie Renaud</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cindy_Daniel" title="Cindy Daniel">Cindy Daniel</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_B%C3%A9langer" title="Daniel Bélanger">Daniel Bélanger</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Cargnello" title="Paul Cargnello">Paul Cargnello</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurence_Jalbert" title="Laurence Jalbert">Laurence Jalbert</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rudy_Caya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudy Caya (page does not exist)">Rudy Caya</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Leloup" title="Jean Leloup">Jean Leloup</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a> (who had 4 No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits like "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/My_Heart_Will_Go_On" title="My Heart Will Go On">My Heart Will Go On</a>" in 1998), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Les_Stups" title="Les Stups">Les Stups</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Chicane" title="La Chicane">La Chicane</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dan_Bigras" title="Dan Bigras">Dan Bigras</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabelle_Boulay" title="Isabelle Boulay">Isabelle Boulay</a> and more recently <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C%C5%93ur_de_pirate" title="Cœur de pirate">Cœur de pirate</a>. Some bands, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Les_Cowboys_Fringants" title="Les Cowboys Fringants">Les Cowboys Fringants</a> have known success in Europe (primarily in France) while <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karkwa" title="Karkwa">Karkwa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vulgaires_Machins" title="Vulgaires Machins">Vulgaires Machins</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Les_Batinses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Batinses (page does not exist)">Les Batinses</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malajube" title="Malajube">Malajube</a> are also recognized elsewhere in Canada and internationally.
</p><p>A hip-hop scene is also present in the Montreal area with groups like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loco_Locass" title="Loco Locass">Loco Locass</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sans_Pression" title="Sans Pression">Sans Pression</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dionysos_(Canadian_band)" title="Dionysos (Canadian band)">Dionysos</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criollo_(band)" title="Criollo (band)">Criollo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atach_Tatuq" title="Atach Tatuq">Atach Tatuq</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manu_Militari" title="Manu Militari">Manu Militari</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC_L.M.N.O.P." class="extiw" title="fr:KC L.M.N.O.P.">KCLMNOP</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imposs" title="Imposs">Imposs</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muzion" title="Muzion">Muzion</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dubmatique" title="Dubmatique">Dubmatique</a>.
</p><p>The metal scene is represented primarily by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sword_(band)" title="Sword (band)">Sword</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voivod_(band)" title="Voivod (band)">Voivod</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a> bands <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cryptopsy" title="Cryptopsy">Cryptopsy</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kataklysm" title="Kataklysm">Kataklysm</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martyr_(band)" title="Martyr (band)">Martyr</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neuraxis_(band)" title="Neuraxis (band)">Neuraxis</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorguts" title="Gorguts">Gorguts</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(band)" title="Quo Vadis (band)">Quo Vadis</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Despised_Icon" title="Despised Icon">Despised Icon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ex_Deo" title="Ex Deo">Ex Deo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blackguard_(band)" title="Blackguard (band)">Blackguard</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beneath_the_Massacre" title="Beneath the Massacre">Beneath the Massacre</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augury_(band)" title="Augury (band)">Augury</a> and many others. The Quebec black metal scene has also gotten some attention in recent years, including bands like Akitsa, Spirit of the Forest, Forteresse, Chasse-Galerie, Monarque and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nefastus_Dies" title="Nefastus Dies">Nefastus Dies</a>.
</p><p>In 2003, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/TVA_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="TVA (TV network)">TVA</a> began to broadcast <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Star_Acad%C3%A9mie" title="Star Académie">Star Académie</a></i>, a Québécois version of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Star_Academy" title="Star Academy">French reality music competition</a>, several new artists including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marie-%C3%89laine_Thibert" title="Marie-Élaine Thibert">Marie-Élaine Thibert</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marie-Mai" title="Marie-Mai">Marie-Mai</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89mily_B%C3%A9gin" title="Émily Bégin">Émily Bégin</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie_Lapointe" title="Stéphanie Lapointe">Stéphanie Lapointe</a> became well-known music artists after their passage in the reality show.
</p><p>The tensions between Quebec and English Canada have, at times, played out on Quebec's music scene as well. In 1991, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Céline Dion</a> won the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Felix_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Award">Félix</a> award for Best Anglophone Artist for her English-language debut, <i>Unison</i>, but refused it as she did not view herself as an Anglophone artist.
</p><p>Quebec has also produced a number of significant Anglophone artists, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arcade_Fire" title="Arcade Fire">Arcade Fire</a> (who had 3 No. 1 albums on the Billboard 200 like <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Suburbs_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Suburbs (album)">The Suburbs</a></i> in 2010.) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Win_Butler" title="Win Butler">Win Butler</a> graduated from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> in Montreal in 2004. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%C3%A9gine_Chassagne" title="Régine Chassagne">Régine Chassagne</a> also went there. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Watson_(musician)" title="Patrick Watson (musician)">Patrick Watson</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Dears" title="The Dears">The Dears</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Godspeed_You!_Black_Emperor" title="Godspeed You! Black Emperor">Godspeed You! Black Emperor</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riverbeds_(band)" title="Riverbeds (band)">Riverbeds</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stars_(Canadian_band)" title="Stars (Canadian band)">Stars</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Stills" title="The Stills">The Stills</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Unicorns" title="The Unicorns">The Unicorns</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolf_Parade" title="Wolf Parade">Wolf Parade</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rufus_Wainwright" title="Rufus Wainwright">Rufus Wainwright</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Roberts_(singer-songwriter)" title="Sam Roberts (singer-songwriter)">Sam Roberts</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Cargnello" title="Paul Cargnello">Paul Cargnello</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/We_Are_Wolves" title="We Are Wolves">We Are Wolves</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_Cities" title="The New Cities">The New Cities</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chromeo" title="Chromeo">Chromeo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simple_Plan" title="Simple Plan">Simple Plan</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Shatner%27s_musical_career" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shatner's musical career">infamous spoken-word musical career</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Shatner" title="William Shatner">William Shatner</a>. In addition, some Quebec artists also included from the 1960s to the 1980s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewis_Furey" title="Lewis Furey">Lewis Furey</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Men_Without_Hats" title="Men Without Hats">Men Without Hats</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norman_Iceberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Iceberg">Norman Iceberg</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rational_Youth" title="Rational Youth">Rational Youth</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corey_Hart_(singer)" title="Corey Hart (singer)">Corey Hart</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julie_Masse" title="Julie Masse">Julie Masse</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martine_St._Clair" title="Martine St. Clair">Martine St. Clair</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marjo_(singer)" title="Marjo (singer)">Marjo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Offenbach_(band)" title="Offenbach (band)">Offenbach</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Box_(band)" title="The Box (band)">The Box</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gino_Vannelli" title="Gino Vannelli">Gino Vannelli</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luba_(singer)" title="Luba (singer)">Luba</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacynthe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacynthe">Jacynthe</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France_Joli" title="France Joli">France Joli</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sass_Jordan" title="Sass Jordan">Sass Jordan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimskunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimskunk">Grimskunk</a>, who have frequently recorded both English and French material.
</p><p>Quebec artists have dominated the long and short lists of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polaris_Music_Prize" title="Polaris Music Prize">Polaris Music Prize</a>. Among them, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arcade_Fire" title="Arcade Fire">Arcade Fire</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Watson_(musician)" title="Patrick Watson (musician)">Patrick Watson</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Godspeed_You_Black_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Godspeed You Black Emperor">Godspeed You Black Emperor</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karkwa" title="Karkwa">Karkwa</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Backxwash" title="Backxwash">Backxwash</a> have all won the coveted award.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Jazz_music">Jazz music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Quebec&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jazz music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:The_Lost_Fingers_at_Festival_Franco-Ontarien,_0285.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Lost_Fingers_at_Festival_Franco-Ontarien%2C_0285.jpg/220px-The_Lost_Fingers_at_Festival_Franco-Ontarien%2C_0285.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Lost_Fingers_at_Festival_Franco-Ontarien%2C_0285.jpg/330px-The_Lost_Fingers_at_Festival_Franco-Ontarien%2C_0285.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Lost_Fingers_at_Festival_Franco-Ontarien%2C_0285.jpg/440px-The_Lost_Fingers_at_Festival_Franco-Ontarien%2C_0285.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Christian Roberge, lead singer of French-Canadian gypsy jazz band <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Lost_Fingers" title="The Lost Fingers">The Lost Fingers</a>, performing at Festival Franco-Ontarien in Ottawa on 11 June 2009.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Some famous jazz musicians from Quebec are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oscar_Peterson" title="Oscar Peterson">Oscar Peterson</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Bley" title="Paul Bley">Paul Bley</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oliver_Jones_(pianist)" title="Oliver Jones (pianist)">Oliver Jones</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlie_Biddle" title="Charlie Biddle">Charles Biddle</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranee_Lee" title="Ranee Lee">Ranee Lee</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karen_Young_(Canadian_singer)" title="Karen Young (Canadian singer)">Karen Young</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alain_Caron_(bass_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alain Caron (bass player)">Alain Caron</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montreal_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreal International Jazz Festival">Montreal International Jazz Festival</a> has been hosted by the city since 1980 and is now the largest jazz festival in the world, attracting huge crowds of visitors each summer, half of which come from outside the country. For the rest of the year, there is an Off festival that organizes jazz shows in bars all over Montreal.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Classical_music">Classical music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Quebec&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The early part of the 20th century saw growth in opera, and the foundation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montreal_Opera_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Opera Company">Montreal Opera Company</a> in 1910, and opera singers became popular.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gagnon" title="André Gagnon">André Gagnon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ang%C3%A8le_Dubeau" title="Angèle Dubeau">Angèle Dubeau</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Laucke" title="Michael Laucke">Michael Laucke</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Lortie" title="Louis Lortie">Louis Lortie</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alain_Lef%C3%A8vre" title="Alain Lefèvre">Alain Lefèvre</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alain_Trudel" title="Alain Trudel">Alain Trudel</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexandre_Da_Costa" title="Alexandre Da Costa">Alexandre Da Costa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin" title="Marc-André Hamelin">Marc-André Hamelin</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nathalie_Choquette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathalie Choquette (page does not exist)">Nathalie Choquette</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Verreau" title="Richard Verreau">Richard Verreau</a> are top classical musicians from Québec at the present. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mathieu" title="André Mathieu">André Mathieu</a> is among the most renowned composers from the province. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He has been compared to a 'little Canadian Mozart', and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rachmaninov" class="mw-redirect" title="Rachmaninov">Rachmaninov</a> pronounced him, "a genius, more so than I am". His works became the official music of the Summer Olympics of 1976. Other famous composers are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claude_Champagne" title="Claude Champagne">Claude Champagne</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calixa_Lavall%C3%A9e" title="Calixa Lavallée">Calixa Lavallée</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Mercure" title="Pierre Mercure">Pierre Mercure</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9tu" title="Jacques Hétu">Jacques Hétu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gagnon" title="André Gagnon">André Gagnon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airat_Ichmouratov" title="Airat Ichmouratov">Airat Ichmouratov</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denis_Gougeon" title="Denis Gougeon">Denis Gougeon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Evangelista" title="José Evangelista">José Evangelista</a> and composer-critic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_La_Libert%C3%A9" title="Alfred La Liberté">Alfred La Liberté</a>, among others.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Quebec_and_France">Quebec and France</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Quebec&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Quebec and France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Both nations have influenced each other in terms of music styles.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> In the last few years, Quebec singers have been taking the French stage quite extensively. Quebec singers that have performed in France included: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Céline Dion</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garou_(singer)" title="Garou (singer)">Garou</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthony_Kavanagh" title="Anthony Kavanagh">Anthony Kavanagh</a> (a stand-up comedian), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabelle_Boulay" title="Isabelle Boulay">Isabelle Boulay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruno_Pelletier" title="Bruno Pelletier">Bruno Pelletier</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynda_Lemay" title="Lynda Lemay">Lynda Lemay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C%C5%93ur_de_pirate" title="Cœur de pirate">Cœur de pirate</a> and many others.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roch_Voisine" title="Roch Voisine">Roch Voisine</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natasha_St-Pier" title="Natasha St-Pier">Natasha St-Pier</a> are two artists who also perform in France and are often mistaken for Quebecers. They are actually from New Brunswick and are of Acadian heritage, like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_Lavoie" title="Daniel Lavoie">Daniel Lavoie</a> who is from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Musicals">Musicals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Quebec&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Musicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Few musicals were made or adapted by Quebec artists. Among them, Luc Plamondon has had the brightest career as a songwriter, writing for the big ones (Céline Dion, Garou). The main musicals 'made in Quebec' : <i>Starmania</i>, <i>La Légende de Jimmy</i>, <i>Notre-Dame-de-Paris</i>, <i>Chicago (adapted into French)</i>, "Demain matin, Montréal m'attend", <i>Dracula</i>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Le_Cirque_du_Soleil">Le Cirque du Soleil</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Quebec&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Le Cirque du Soleil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil" title="Cirque du Soleil">Cirque du Soleil</a> has always developed its own musical pieces to go along with various acrobatic tricks. The music aspect of the show is essential as it sets a mood for every single performance and links one number to another.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Quebec&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">Culture of Quebec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French-Canadian_music" title="French-Canadian music">French-Canadian music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gogo_(Quebec_music)" title="Gogo (Quebec music)">Gogo (Quebec music)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Quebec_musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Quebec musicians">List of Quebec musicians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Quebec_record_labels" title="List of Quebec record labels">List of Quebec record labels</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Quebec&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThe_Canadian_Encyclopedia2006" class="citation web cs1">The Canadian Encyclopedia (7 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-city-emc">"Music in Quebec City | The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Music+in+Quebec+City+%7C+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2006-02-07&rft.au=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fquebec-city-emc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Quebec" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBonjour_Quebec2023" class="citation web cs1">Bonjour Quebec (15 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bonjourquebec.com/en/to-see-and-do/festivals-and-events/concerts-and-music">"Concerts and music"</a>. <i>Bonjour Québec</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bonjour+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=Concerts+and+music&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft.au=Bonjour+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonjourquebec.com%2Fen%2Fto-see-and-do%2Ffestivals-and-events%2Fconcerts-and-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Quebec" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLoignon" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Loignon, Donald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repertoiredesartistesquebecois.org/index2.asp">"Répertoire des artistes québécois"</a> (in French). DLP multimédia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727213504/http://www.repertoiredesartistesquebecois.org/index2.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9pertoire+des+artistes+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois&rft.pub=DLP+multim%C3%A9dia&rft.aulast=Loignon&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repertoiredesartistesquebecois.org%2Findex2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Quebec" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUniv_of_Washington2023" class="citation web cs1">Univ of Washington, Canadian Quebecois Music (15 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/first-nations-music/">"First Nations Music"</a>. <i>jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/first-nations-music/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jsis.washington.edu%2Fcanada%2Fmusic-collection%2Ffirst-nations-music%2F&rft.atitle=First+Nations+Music&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft.aulast=Univ+of+Washington&rft.aufirst=Canadian+Quebecois+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjsis.washington.edu%2Fcanada%2Fmusic-collection%2Ffirst-nations-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Quebec" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUniv_of_Washington2023" class="citation web cs1">Univ of Washington, Canadian Quebecois music (15 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/metis-music/">"The Metis Music"</a>. <i>jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/metis-music/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jsis.washington.edu%2Fcanada%2Fmusic-collection%2Fmetis-music%2F&rft.atitle=The+Metis+Music&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft.aulast=Univ+of+Washington&rft.aufirst=Canadian+Quebecois+music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjsis.washington.edu%2Fcanada%2Fmusic-collection%2Fmetis-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Quebec" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPlouffe,_Hélène" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Plouffe, Hélène. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/a-la-claire-fontaine-emc/">"À la claire fontaine"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806082946/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000031">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%80+la+claire+fontaine&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Plouffe%2C+H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fa-la-claire-fontaine-emc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Quebec" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFADISQ" class="citation web cs1">ADISQ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718175149/http://www.adisq.com/assoc-profil.html">"Notre raison d'être, c'est la musique de votre quotidien"</a>. Association québécoise de l'industrie du disque, du spectacle et de la vidéo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adisq.com/assoc-profil.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notre+raison+d%27%C3%AAtre%2C+c%27est+la+musique+de+votre+quotidien&rft.pub=Association+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise+de+l%27industrie+du+disque%2C+du+spectacle+et+de+la+vid%C3%A9o&rft.au=ADISQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adisq.com%2Fassoc-profil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Quebec" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Washington2023" class="citation web cs1">University of Washington, Canadian Studies Center (15 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/quebecois-music/">"Quebecois Music"</a>. <i>jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/quebecois-music/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jsis.washington.edu%2Fcanada%2Fmusic-collection%2Fquebecois-music%2F&rft.atitle=Quebecois+Music&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft.aulast=University+of+Washington&rft.aufirst=Canadian+Studies+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjsis.washington.edu%2Fcanada%2Fmusic-collection%2Fquebecois-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Quebec" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Journal_of_Traditional_music_19821982" class="citation web cs1">Canadian Journal of Traditional music 1982, Instrumental folk music of Quebec (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cjtm.icaap.org/content/10/v10art2.html">"Instrumental Folk Music of Quebec: An Introduction"</a>. <i>cjtm.icaap.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cjtm.icaap.org&rft.atitle=Instrumental+Folk+Music+of+Quebec%3A+An+Introduction&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Canadian+Journal+of+Traditional+music+1982&rft.aufirst=Instrumental+folk+music+of+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcjtm.icaap.org%2Fcontent%2F10%2Fv10art2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Quebec" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUniv_of_Washington2023" class="citation web cs1">Univ of Washington, Arcadian Music (Canadian Quebecois Music) (15 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/acadian-music/">"Arcadian Music"</a>. <i>jsis.washington.edu/canada/music-collection/acadian-music/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jsis.washington.edu%2Fcanada%2Fmusic-collection%2Facadian-music%2F&rft.atitle=Arcadian+Music&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft.aulast=Univ+of+Washington&rft.aufirst=Arcadian+Music+%28Canadian+Quebecois+Music%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjsis.washington.edu%2Fcanada%2Fmusic-collection%2Facadian-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Quebec" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcGill_Univ_(research_by_L._Risk)2017" class="citation web cs1">McGill Univ (research by L. Risk), Laura Risk (27 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/music/article/student-research/musical-tradition-and-identity-quebec">"Musical Tradition and Identity in Quebec"</a>. <i>Music</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music&rft.atitle=Musical+Tradition+and+Identity+in+Quebec&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft.aulast=McGill+Univ+%28research+by+L.+Risk%29&rft.aufirst=Laura+Risk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgill.ca%2Fmusic%2Farticle%2Fstudent-research%2Fmusical-tradition-and-identity-quebec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Quebec" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revelsdc.org/canadiancd/article.html">"Folk Song and Music in Quebec: a Brief Introduction, by Stephen D. Winick, Ph.D.: Expanded Liner Notes (Le temps des Fetes, Washington Revels, revelsdc.org/canadiancd)"</a>. <i>revelsdc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154910/http://revelsdc.org/canadiancd/article.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=revelsdc.org&rft.atitle=Folk+Song+and+Music+in+Quebec%3A+a+Brief+Introduction%2C+by+Stephen+D.+Winick%2C+Ph.D.%3A+Expanded+Liner+Notes+%28Le+temps+des+Fetes%2C+Washington+Revels%2C+revelsdc.org%2Fcanadiancd%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevelsdc.org%2Fcanadiancd%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Quebec" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/maneige-p19135/biography">"Maneige | Biography, Albums, Streaming Links"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Maneige+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Albums%2C+Streaming+Links&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fmaneige-p19135%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Quebec" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/fr_ca/article/3kap8k/on-a-retrouve-le-premier-chanteur-punk-du-quebec">"On a retrouvé le premier chanteur punk du Québec"</a>. <i>Vice</i>, Félix B. Desfossés, Sept. 26 2017</span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMacleans_website2018" class="citation web cs1">Macleans website, Luke Ottenhof (18 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macleans.ca/culture/arts/quebecois-music-isnt-marginalized-its-english-canadians-who-are-missing-out/">"Québécois music isn't marginalized—it's English Canadians who are missing out"</a>. <i>macleans.ca/culture/arts/quebecois-music-isnt-marginalized-its-english-canadians-who-are-missing-out/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=macleans.ca%2Fculture%2Farts%2Fquebecois-music-isnt-marginalized-its-english-canadians-who-are-missing-out%2F&rft.atitle=Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+music+isn%E2%80%99t+marginalized%E2%80%94it%27s+English+Canadians+who+are+missing+out&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft.aulast=Macleans+website&rft.aufirst=Luke+Ottenhof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacleans.ca%2Fculture%2Farts%2Fquebecois-music-isnt-marginalized-its-english-canadians-who-are-missing-out%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Quebec" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Quebec&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Brouillard, Marcel. <i>Images de la chanson: un siècle chanté</i>. [S.l.]: Éditions l'Essentiel; Ville Montréal, Qué.: Distr. Novalis, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-921970-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-921970-06-6">2-921970-06-6</a></li>
<li>Défossé, Félix. L'Évolution du métal québécois, vol. [1], No Speed Limit, 1964–1989. Rouyn-Noranda, Qué.: Éditions du Quartz, 2014. N.B.: Two more vols. are projected to complete this 3 vol. history of heavy metal music of Québec. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-924031-16-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-924031-16-2">978-2-924031-16-2</a></li>
<li>Duguay, Raoul. <i>Musiciens du Québec</i>. Montréal: Éditions du Jour, 1971. <i>N.B</i>.: The emphasis is on "classical" then contemporary composers and on those of "musique actuelle".</li>
<li>Lasalle-Leduc, Annette. <i>La Vie musicale au Canada français</i>. Québec, Qué.: Ministère des Affaires culturelles, 1964.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Lefebvre" title="Marie-Thérèse Lefebvre">Lefebvre, Marie-Thérèse</a>. <i>La Création musicale des femmes du Québec</i>. Montréal: Éditions du Remue-ménage, 1991. <i>N.B</i>.: Concerns women composers of Québec.</li>
<li>Rodrigue, Patrick. "Rouyn-Noranda, la Mecque du rock 'n' roll" & "Un Musée du rock 'n' roll pourrait naître à Rouyn-Noranda", Abi<i>tibi-Express</i>, vol. 1, no 44 (31 mai 2011), p. 4. N.B.: Paired ill. articles, each individually titled and separately accessible also on the newspaper's Internet site, describing Rouyn-Noranda as one of the two contrasting poles, the other being Montréal, of popular music in Québec.</li>
<li>Sévigny, Jean-Pierre. <i>Sierra Norteña: the Influence of Latin Music on the French-Canadian Popular Song and Dance Scene, Especially as Reflected in the Career of Alys Robi and the Pedagogy of Maurice Lacasse-Morenoff</i>. Montréal: Productions Juke-Box, 1994. 13 p. <i>N.B</i>. Published text of a paper prepared for, and presented on, on 12 March 1994, the conference, Popular Music Music & Identity (Montréal, Qué., 12–13 March 1994), under the auspices of the Canadian Branch of the International Association for the Study of Popular Music.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Quebec&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cjtm.icaap.org/content/10/v10art2.html">Instrumental Folk Music of Quebec</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quebecpop.com">Québec Pop</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bandeapart.fm">Bande à Part (CBC/Radio-Canada)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050818030635/http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/CirqueDuSoleil/en/music/default.htm">The Cirque du Soleil official website = music</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.violonsduroy.com/">Les Violons du Roy</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Music_topics" title="Template:Music topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Music_topics" title="Template talk:Music topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Martial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">Biblical</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klasik" title="Klasik">Afghan classical music—Klasik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani Mugham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese traditional music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Indonesian art music—Gamelan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Japanese court music—Gagaku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lao_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao classical music">Lao classical music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Mandé art music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular<br />music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arched_Harp" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Band (rock and pop)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Form</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Album#Live" title="Album">Live</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and <br />regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:Music of Central Africa">Central</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Music of East Africa">East</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa" title="Category:Music of Southern Africa">Southern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">East</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">South</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe" title="Category:Music of Europe">European</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America" title="Category:Music of Central America">Central American</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">South American</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America" title="Category:Music of North America">North American</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania" title="Category:Music of Oceania">Oceanian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Classical and art music traditions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Classical music genres</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">Instruments</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music" title="Glossary of jazz and popular music">Jazz and popular music glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fictional_music" title="Fictional music">Fictional music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_and_politics" title="Music and politics">Music and politics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_and_political_warfare" title="Music and political warfare">Warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Environmentalism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instrument</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Women in music</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/6px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/8px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/11px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></b></li>
<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></li>
<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Music" title="Category:Music">Category</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Quebec_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Quebec_topics" title="Template:Quebec topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Quebec_topics" title="Template talk:Quebec topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quebec_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quebec topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quebec_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Quebec-related_articles" title="Index of Quebec-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history" title="Timeline of Quebec history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(beginnings%E2%80%931533)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (beginnings–1533)">Prehistory to 1533</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history_(1534%E2%80%931607)" title="Timeline of New France history (1534–1607)">1534–1607</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1608%E2%80%931662)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)">1608–1662</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1663%E2%80%931759)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)">1663–1759</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1760%E2%80%931790)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1760–1790)">1760–1790</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1791%E2%80%931840)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1791–1840)">1791–1840</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1841%E2%80%931866)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1841–1866)">1841–1966</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1867%E2%80%931899)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1867–1899)">1867–1999</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1900%E2%80%931930)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1900–1930)">1900–1930</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1931%E2%80%931959)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1931–1959)">1931–1959</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1982–present)">1982–present</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Historic identities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Colony of Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Quebec" title="Geography of Quebec">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Quebec" title="List of lakes of Quebec">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Parks_of_Quebec" title="National Parks of Quebec">National Parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Quebec" title="List of protected areas of Quebec">Protected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Quebec" title="List of rivers of Quebec">Rivers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Quebec" title="Politics of Quebec">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_electoral_districts#Quebec_—_75_seats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian federal electoral districts">Electoral districts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Quebec" title="Executive Council of Quebec">Executive Council <span style="font-size:85%;">(cabinet)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Quebec_general_elections" title="List of Quebec general elections">General elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec" title="List of lieutenant governors of Quebec">Lieutenant Governors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_of_Quebec" title="List of leaders of the Official Opposition of Quebec">Leaders of the Opposition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchy_in_Quebec" title="Monarchy in Quebec">Monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Quebec" title="List of political parties in Quebec">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Quebec" title="List of premiers of Quebec">Premiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Quebec" title="List of regions of Quebec">Regions <span style="font-size:85%;">(administrative)</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Quebec" title="Economy of Quebec">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Quebec">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_Quebec" title="Tourism in Quebec">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec#Transportation" title="Quebec">Transportation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Quebec" title="List of airports in Quebec">airports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Quebec_provincial_highways" title="List of Quebec provincial highways">highways</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Quebec_railways" title="List of Quebec railways">railways</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Quebec" title="Architecture of Quebec">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Quebec" title="Cinema of Quebec">Cinema</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Quebec_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Quebec movies">List of movies</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Comics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance_in_Quebec" title="Dance in Quebec">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Quebec" title="List of festivals in Quebec">Festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folklore_of_Quebec" title="Folklore of Quebec">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%C3%A9pertoire_du_patrimoine_culturel_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec">Heritage</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Quebec" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec">Historic Sites</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comedy_in_Quebec" title="Comedy in Quebec">Humour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec_literature" title="Quebec literature">Literature</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Quebec_writers" title="List of Quebec writers">List of writers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Quebec_media" title="List of Quebec media">Media</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada#Quebec" title="Public holidays in Canada">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_French-language_Canadian_television_series" title="List of French-language Canadian television series">TV shows</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Quebec" title="Demographics of Quebec">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec" title="Indigenous peoples in Quebec">Indigenous peoples</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_census_divisions_of_Quebec" title="List of census divisions of Quebec">Census divisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Quebec" title="List of communities in Quebec">Communities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Quebec" title="Demographic history of Quebec">Demographic history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Quebec" title="Education in Quebec">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Language_demographics_of_Quebec" title="Language demographics of Quebec">Language demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_people_from_Quebec" title="List of people from Quebec">Notable people from Quebec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebecois_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebecois people">Québécois</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking Quebecer">English-speaking</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symbols_of_Quebec" title="Symbols of Quebec">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec" title="Coat of arms of Quebec">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Quebec" title="Flag of Quebec">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fleur-de-lis#Canada" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Quebec" title="Great Seal of Quebec">Great Seal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iris_versicolor" title="Iris versicolor">Iris versicolor</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Je_me_souviens" title="Je me souviens">Je me souviens</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Belle_Province_(nickname)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Belle Province (nickname)">La Belle Province</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">Saint-Jean-Baptiste</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">Snowy owl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow birch">Yellow birch</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Quebec" title="Outline of Quebec">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Quebec-related_articles" title="Index of Quebec-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Quebec" title="Category:Quebec">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a></b> <br />(<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Pre-colonization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada_in_the_World_Wars_and_Interwar_Years" title="Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years">World Wars and Interwar Years (1914–1945)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Canada" title="List of political parties in Canada">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Canada" title="Intersex rights in Canada">Intersex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBT rights in Canada">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Canada" title="Transgender rights in Canada">Transgender</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Surveys</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1715363661' |
