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'{{Other uses}} {{Redirect|Swords}} [[File:Espadon-Morges.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Swiss [[longsword]], 15th or 16th century]] A '''sword''' is a long, edged piece of [[forge]]d [[metal]], used in many [[civilization]]s throughout the world, primarily as a cutting or thrusting weapon and occasionally for clubbing. The word ''sword'' comes from the [[Old English language|Old English]] ''[[wikt:sweord|sweord]]'', cognate to [[Old High German]] ''swert'', [[Middle Dutch]] ''swaert'', [[Old Norse]] ''sverð'' (cf.[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] ''sverð'', [[Danish language|Danish]] ''sværd'', [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ''sverd'', [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ''svärd'') [[Old Frisian]] and [[Old Saxon]] ''swerd'' and [[Dutch language|Modern Dutch]] ''zwaard'' and German ''Schwert'', from a [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root ''*swer-'' "to wound, to cut".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sword |title=Online Etymology Dictionary 'Sword' |first=Douglas |last=Harper |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref> A sword fundamentally consists of a [[blade]], a [[hilt]], and a [[crossguard]], typically with one or two edges for striking and [[cutting]], and a point for thrusting. The basic intent and [[physics]] of [[swordsmanship]] have remained fairly constant through the centuries, but the actual techniques vary among cultures and periods as a result of the differences in blade design and purpose. Unlike the [[bow (weapon)|bow]], [[spear]], [[axe]] or [[knife]], the sword is a purely military weapon, and this has made it [[symbol]]ic of [[warfare]] or naked [[Sovereign state|state]] power in many cultures.The names given to many swords in [[mythology]], [[literature]], and [[history]] reflect the high prestige of the weapon and the wealth of the owner.<ref>{{cite book |first=Juan Eduardo |last=Cirlot |year=2002 |title=A Dictionary of Symbols |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |pages=323–325 |isbn=0486425231}}</ref> ==History== ===Ancient history=== ====Bronze Age==== {{Main|Bronze Age sword}} =====The Middle East and Europe===== [[Image:Apa Schwerter.jpg|thumb|Apa type swords, 17th century BC.]] The sword developed from the [[dagger]] when the construction of longer blades became possible, from the late 3rd millennium BC in the Middle East, first in arsenic copper, then in tin-bronze. The oldest sword-like weapons are found at [[Arslantepe]], [[Turkey]], and date to around 3300 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=175686&sectioncode=26 |title=Archaeologists from Rome's La Sapienza University have announced the discovery of what they believe are the world's oldest swords |publisher=The Times Higher Education |date=28 March 2003 |accessdate=6 November 2010}}</ref> However, it is generally considered that these are longer daggers, and not the first ancestors of swords. Sword blades longer than {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} were rare and not practical until the late Bronze Age as at longer lengths the [[tensile strength]] of [[bronze]] starts to decrease radically, and consequently longer blades would bend easily. It was not until the development of stronger alloys such as [[steel]], and improved [[heat treatment]] processes that longswords became practical for [[combat]]. They were also used as decorations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |year=1995 |title=The end of the Bronze Age: changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C |publisher=Princeton University Press |edition=revised |pages=197–204 |isbn=0691025916}}</ref> [[Image:Nebra Schwerter.jpg|thumb|The swords found together with the [[Nebra skydisk]], ca. 1600 BC.]] The hilt, either from organic materials or bronze (the latter often highly decorated with spiral patterns, for example), at first simply allowed a firm grip and prevented the hand from slipping onto the blade when executing a thrust or the sword slipping out of the hand in a cut. Some of the early swords typically had small and slender blades intended for thrusting. Later swords were broader and were both cutting and thrusting weapons. A typical variant for European swords is the leaf-shaped blade, which was most common in North-West Europe at the end of the Bronze Age, in the [[United Kingdom ]](UK) and [[Ireland]] in particular. Robert Drews linked the Naue Type II Swords, which spread from Southern Europe into the Mediterranean, with the Late [[Bronze Age collapse]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eclectichistorian.net/Griffzungenschwert/ |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080318192233/http://www.eclectichistorian.net/Griffzungenschwert/ |archivedate=18 March 2008 |title=The Naue Type II Sword |publisher=Eclectichistorian.net |date=3 May 2006 |accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bronze-age-craft.com/Naue_II.htm |title=The Naue II Sword |last=Hoagland |first=Brock |accessdate=18 November 2010}}</ref> =====East Asia===== [[Chinese swords|Sword production in China]] is attested from the Bronze Age [[Shang Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chang |first=K. C.|year=1982 |title=Studies of Shang Archaeology |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=6–7}}</ref> The technology for bronze swords reached its high point during the Warring States period and Qin Dynasty. Amongst the Warring States period swords, some unique technologies were used, such as casting high tin edges over softer, lower tin cores, or the application of diamond shaped patterns on the blade (see [[sword of Goujian]]). Also unique for Chinese bronzes is the consistent use of high tin bronze (17–21% tin) which is very hard and breaks if stressed too far, whereas other cultures preferred lower tin bronze (usually 10%), which bends if stressed too far. Although iron swords were made alongside bronze, it was not until the early [[Han period]] that iron completely replaced bronze.<ref name=HanIron/> =====South Asia===== The earliest available [[Bronze age sword]]s of copper were discovered in the [[Harappa]]n sites, in present-day Pakistan, and date back to 2300 BC. Swords have been recovered in archaeological findings throughout the [[Ganges]]-[[Jamuna River|Jamuna]] [[Doab]] region of India, consisting of [[bronze]] but more commonly [[copper]].<ref name=allchin111-114>Allchin, pp. 111–114</ref> Diverse specimens have been discovered in [[Fatehgarh]], where there are several varieties of hilt.<ref name=allchin111-114/> These swords have been variously dated to times between 1700–1400 BC, but were probably used more notably in the opening centuries of the 1st millennium BC.<ref name=allchin111-114/> =====The Americas===== Not every culture that used bronze also developed swords. For example, the steppe tribes preferred short daggers (the [[akinakes]]). In South America, bronze was used by the [[Incas]],<ref name=PeruInca>{{cite book |last=Burland |first=Cottie Arthur |year=1968 |title=Peru under the Incas |publisher=Putnam Publishing |page=34 |isbn=0399106286}}</ref> and although the concept of the sword was known in the form of wooden swords with [[obsidian]] shards (such as the [[Aztec]] [[macahuitl]]), they did not develop bronze swords.<ref name=PeruInca/> These swords were typically used with one hand but two-handed variants were also used.<ref>{{cite book |author={{aut|Hassig, Ross}} |year=1988 |title=Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control |p.83|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman |isbn=0-8061-2121-1}}</ref> ====Iron Age==== [[Image:Hallstatt culture swords ramsauer.jpg|thumb|left|upright|19th century illustration of [[Hallstatt culture|Hallstatt]] swords]] {{Main|Iron Age sword|Migration period sword}} =====Middle East and Europe===== [[Iron]] became increasingly common from the 13th century BC, mainly due to the [[Bronze Age collapse|collapse of the bronze producing Civilizations]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Theodore A. |last=Wertime |coauthor=J. D. Muhly |year=1980 |title=The Coming of the Age of Iron |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0300024258}}</ref> The [[Hittites]], the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]]<ref>Burton p.104</ref> and the [[Proto-Celtic]] [[Hallstatt culture]] (8th century BC) figured among the early users of iron swords. Iron has the advantage of mass-production due to the wider availability of the raw material. Early iron swords were not comparable to later [[steel]] blades. The iron was not [[quenching|quench-hardened]] although often containing sufficient carbon, but work-hardened like bronze by hammering. This made them comparable or only slightly better in terms of strength and hardness to bronze swords. They could still bend during use rather than spring back into shape. But the easier production, and the better availability of the raw material for the first time permitted the equipment of entire armies with metal weapons, though Bronze Age Egyptian armies were at times fully equipped with bronze weapons.<ref>Burton, p.78</ref> By the time of [[Classical Antiquity]] and the Parthian and Sassanid Empires in Iran, iron swords were common. The Greek [[xiphos]] and the Roman [[gladius]] are typical examples of the type, measuring some {{convert|60|to|70|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Victor Davis |year=1993 |title=Hoplites: the classical Greek battle experience |publisher=Routledge Publishing |pages=25–27 |isbn=0415098165 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K0LMLn_CA08C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA25#v=onepage |accessdate=18 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian Keith |year=1998 |title=The Roman army at war: 100 BC-AD 200 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=216–217 |isbn=0198150903 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=55KE-nNtTRUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA217#v=onepage |accessdate=18 November 2010}}</ref> The late [[Roman Empire]] introduced the longer [[spatha]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Fields |first=Nic |year=2009 |title=The Roman Army of the Principate 27 BC-AD 117 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |pages=30-31 |isbn=1846033861 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=v_ZVubRc1mQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA30#v=onepage |accessdate=18 November 2010}}</ref> (the term for its wielder, [[spatharius]], became a court rank in Constantinople), and from this time, the term ''[[longsword]]'' is applied to swords comparatively long for their respective periods.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mantello |first=Frank Anthony C. |coauthor=Rigg, A. G. |year=1996 |title=Medieval Latin: an introduction and bibliographical guide |pulisher=CUA Press |page=447-449 |isbn=0813208424 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Bb32Th4WAK0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA447#v=onepage |accessdate=18 November 2010}}</ref> Swords were also used to administer various [[physical punishment]]s, such as non-surgical [[amputation]] or [[capital punishment]] by decapitation. The use of a sword, an honorable weapon, was regarded in Europe since [[Roman Republic|Roman times]] as a privilege reserved for the [[nobility]] and the upper classes.<ref>Naish p.39</ref> In Denmark, where beheading was the traditional means of capital punishment, noblemen were beheaded with a sword and commoners with an axe.<ref>Naish p.78</ref> =====East Asia===== Chinese steel swords made their first appearance in the later part of the [[Western Zhou Dynasty]], but were not widely used until the 3rd century BC [[Han Dynasty]].<ref name=HanIron>{{cite web |last=Cao |first=Hangang |title=A Study of Chinese Weapons Cast During Pre-Qin and Han Periods in the Central Plains of China |url=http://www.arscives.com/historysteel/cn.article.htm |accessdate=03 November 2010}}</ref> The Chinese [[Dao (sword)|Dao]] (刀 [[pinyin]] dāo) is single-edged, sometimes translated as [[sabre]] or [[broadsword]], and the [[Jian]] (劍or剑 [[pinyin]] jiàn) double-edged. =====South Asia===== The [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] mentions swords of Indian iron and steel being exported from India to [[Greece]].<ref name="Prasad, chapter IX">Prasad, chapter IX</ref> [[Sri Lankan]] and [[India]]n Blades made of [[Damascus steel]] also found their way into [[Persia]].<ref name="Prasad, chapter IX"/> ===Middle Ages=== =====The Middle East and Europe===== During the [[Middle Ages]] sword technology improved, and the sword became a very advanced weapon. It was frequently used by men in battle, particularly during an attack. The spatha type remained popular throughout the [[Migration period]] and well into the Middle Ages. [[Vendel Age]] spathas were decorated with Germanic artwork (not unlike the Germanic [[bracteate]]s fashioned after Roman coins). The [[Viking Age]] saw again a more standardized production, but the basic design remained indebted to the spatha.<ref>Laing, Lloyd Robert(2006). ''The archaeology of Celtic Britain and Ireland, c. AD 400–1200''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–95. ISBN 0521547407 </ref> [[File:Morgan-bible-fl-29.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Battle scene from the [[Morgan Bible of Louis IX]] showing 13th century swords]] Around the 10th century, the use of properly quenched hardened and tempered steel started to become much more common than in previous periods. The Frankish 'Ulfberht' blades (the name of the maker inlaid in the blade) were of particularly consistent high quality.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Ee1799vFgnAC&lpg=PA109&dq=Ulfberht&pg=PA109#v=onepage&q=Ulfberht&f=false |title=Writing society and culture in early Rus, c. 950–1300 |accessdate=14 November 2010 |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=109 |first=Simon |last=Franklin |isbn=0511030258}}</ref> [[Charles the Bald]] tried to prohibit the export of these swords, as they were used by [[Vikings]] in raids against the [[Franks]]. [[Wootz steel]] which is also known as [[Damascus steel]] was a unique and highly prized steel developed on the Indian subcontinent as early as the 5th century BC. Its properties were unique due to the special smelting and reworking of the steel creating networks of iron carbides described as a globular cementite in a matrix of pearlite. In [[Sri Lanka]], a unique wind furnace was used to produce the high quality steel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archaeology.org/9609/newsbriefs/srilanka.html|title=Wind-Powered Furnaces|author=Freese, Brett Leslie|publisher=archaeology.org |date= |accessdate=6 November 2010}}</ref> This gave the blade a very hard cutting edge and beautiful patterns. For these reasons it became a very popular trading material. The use of Damascus steel in swords became extremely popular in the 16th and 17th centuries.{{#tag:ref|Maryon, Herbert(1960). ''Pattern-welding and Damascening of Sword-blades: Part I – Pattern-Welding''. Studies in Conservation 5, p. 25 – 37. A brief review article by the originator of the term "pattern-welding" accurately details all the salient points of the construction of pattern-welded blades and of how all the patterns observed result as a function of the depth of grinding into a twisted rod structure. The article also includes a brief description of pattern-welding as encountered in the Malay keris. Damascus steel is also known as watered steel.|group=nb}}<ref>Maryon, Herbert(1960). ''Pattern-welding and Damascening of Sword-blades: Part 2: The Damascene Process,''. Studies in Conservation 5, p. 52 – 60. A detailed discussion of Eastern wootz Damascene steels. </ref> It was only from the 11th century that [[Normans|Norman]] swords began to develop the quillons or [[crossguard]]. During the [[Crusades]] of the 12th to 13th century, this [[Cruciform#Cruciform sword|cruciform]] type of [[arming sword]] remained essentially stable, with variations mainly concerning the shape of the [[Hilt#Pommel|pommel]]. These swords were designed as cutting weapons, although effective points were becoming common to counter improvements in armour, especially the 14th century change from [[Mail (armour)|chain mail]] to [[plate armour]].<ref>Jeep, John M.(2001). ''Medieval Germany: an encyclopedia''. Routledge publishing. p.802, ISBN 0824076443 </ref> =====East Asia===== [[Image:Chinese saber.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Chinese ''Dao'' Sabre (Decorative or acrobatic version)]] As [[steel]] technology improved, single-edged weapons became popular throughout Asia. Derived from the [[China|Chinese]] [[Jian]] or [[dao (broadsword)|dao]], the [[Korea]]n [[hwandudaedo]] are known from the early medieval [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms]]. Production of the [[Japan]]ese [[tachi]], a precursor to the [[katana]], is recorded from ca. 900 AD (see [[Japanese sword]]).<ref>Friday, Karl F.(2004). ''Samurai, warfare and the state in early medieval Japan''. Routledge publishing. pp. 79–81., ISBN 0415329620 </ref> Japan was famous for the swords it forged in the early 13th century for the class of warrior-nobility known as the samurai. A samurai's primary weapon was the katana, which was used for infantry. Other infantry swords included: [[wakizashi]] (shorter companion sword for katana), [[nodachi]], [[kubikiri]], [[tantō]] and [[hachiwara]]. Cavalry swords were the [[tachi]] and ancient tachi. Temple swords included the one-handed tachi and [[Chokutō]].<ref>Jeep, John M.(1998). ''The connoisseur's book of Japanese swords''. Kodansha International publishing. ISBN 4770020716</ref> =====South Asia===== The swords manufactured in Indian workshops, such as the [[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]], find mention in the writing of [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]].<ref>Edgerton, page 56</ref> ===Late Middle Ages and Renaissance=== =====The Middle East and Europe===== {{Main|Longsword|Zweihänder}} From around 1300 to 1500, in concert with improved [[armour]], innovative sword designs evolved more and more rapidly. The main transition was the lengthening of the grip, allowing two-handed use, and a longer blade. By 1400, this type of sword, at the time called ''[[longsword|langes Schwert]]'' (longsword) or ''spadone'', was common, and a number of 15th and 16th century ''[[Fechtbuch|Fechtbücher]]'' offering instructions on their use survive. Another variant was the specialized armour-piercing swords of the [[estoc]] type. The [[longsword]] became popular due to its extreme reach and cutting and thrusting abilities.<ref>{{cite book |first=David|last=Lindholm|coauthor=Nicolle, David |title=The Scandinavian Baltic Crusades 1100–1500 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2007 |page=178 |ISBN=1841769886}}</ref> [[Image:Battle of Kappel detail.jpg|frame|left|1548 depiction of a Zweihänder used against pikes in the [[Battle of Kappel]]]] The [[estoc]] became popular because of its ability to thrust into the gaps between plates of armour.<ref>{{cite book |first=Leonid |last=Tarassuk |coauthor=Blair, Claude |title=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms & Weapons: The Most Comprehensive Reference Work Ever Published on Arms and Armor from Prehistoric Times to the Present – with Over 1,200 Illustrations |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1982 |page=491 |isbn=067142257}}</ref> The grip was sometimes wrapped in wire or coarse animal hide to provide a better grip and to make it harder to knock a sword out of the user's hand.<ref>{{cite book |first=Will|last=McLean|coauthor=Forgeng, Jeffrey L. |title=Daily life in Chaucer's England |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2008 |page=178 |ISBN=0313359512}}</ref> A number of [[Martial arts manual#Historical European martial arts|manuscripts]] covering longsword combat and techniques dating from the 13th–16th centuries exist in German,<ref name=Deutschbuch>{{cite web|url=http://www.pragmatische-schriftlichkeit.de/cgm582.html|title=Transkription von cgm582|publisher=Pragmatische Schriftlichkeit|date= |accessdate=10 November 2010}}</ref> Italian, and English,<ref name=Englishbook>{{cite web|url=http://www.mymartialheritage.org/manuals.html|title=15th Century English Combat Manuscripts|publisher=The English Martial Arts Academy|date= |accessdate=10 November 2010}}</ref> providing extensive information on longsword combatives as used throughout this period. Many of these are now readily available online.<ref name=Deutschbuch/><ref name=Englishbook/> In the 16th century, the large zweihander was used by the elite German mercenaries known as doppelsoldners.<ref>Douglas Miller, John Richards: ''Landsknechte 1486–1560'', ISBN 3-877-48636-3</ref> Zweihander, literally translated, means two-hander. The zweihander possesses a long, flambard blade, as well as a huge guard for protection. It is estimated that some zweihander swords were over {{convert|6|ft|m}} long, with the one ascribed to [[Frisia|Frisian]] warrior [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]] being {{convert|2.13|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=out|disp=flip}} long.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wunseradiel.nl/index.php?simaction=content&pagid=289&mediumid=1 |publisher=Gemeente Wûnseradiel |title=Greate Pier fan Wûnseradiel |language=West Frisian |accessdate=4 January 2008}}</ref> The gigantic blade length was perfectly designed for manipulating and pushing away enemy pole-arms, which were major weapons around this time, in both Germany and Eastern Europe. Doppelsoldners also used katzbalgers, which means 'cat-gutter'. The katzbalger's S-shaped guard and {{convert|2|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} blade made it perfect for bringing in when the fighting became too close to use a zweihander.<ref name=Landsknechts>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Douglas |year=1976 |title=The Landsknechts |publisher=Osprey Publishing |page=11 |isbn=0850452589}}</ref> The [[side-sword]] was a type of war sword used by infantry during the [[Renaissance]] of [[Europe]]. This sword was a direct descendant of the [[arming sword]]. Quite popular between the 16th and 17th centuries, they were ideal for handling the mix of armored and unarmored opponents of that time. A new technique of placing one's finger on the [[ricasso]] to improve the grip (a practice that would continue in the [[rapier]]) led to the production of hilts with a guard for the finger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myarmoury.com/review_dw_ss.html|title=Darkwood Armory Side Sword|publisher=myArmoury.com|date= |accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref> This sword design eventually led to the development of the civilian [[rapier]], but it was not replaced by it, and the side-sword continued to be used during the rapier's lifetime. As it could be used for both cutting and thrusting, the term ''cut and thrust'' sword is sometimes used interchangeably with side-sword.<ref>The term ''cut & thrust'' is a non-historical classification first used within The [[Association for Renaissance Martial Arts]] to differentiate cutting swords with compound hilts from true rapiers.</ref> Also of note is that as rapiers became more popular, attempts were made to hybridize the blade, sacrificing the effectiveness found in each unique weapon design. These are still considered side-swords and are sometimes labeled ''sword rapier'' or ''cutting rapier'' by modern collectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thearma.org/terms4.htm|title=Medieval & Renaissance Sword Forms and Companion Implements|publisher=The association for Renaissance Martial Arts|date= |accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref> Also of note, side-swords used in conjunction with [[buckler]]s became so popular that it caused the term [[swashbuckler]] to be coined. This word stems from the new fighting style of the side-sword and buckler which was filled with much "swashing and making a noise on the buckler".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shop.fencing.net/product_p/ca-2279.htm|title= Practical Side Sword|publisher=Fencing.net|date= |accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref> The sword in this time period was the most personal weapon, the most prestigious, and the most versatile for close combat, but it came to decline in military use as technology, such as the [[crossbow]] and [[firearms]] changed warfare. However, it maintained a key role in civilian self-defense.<ref name =Britannica/> =====East Asia===== [[File:Katana-Dresden.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Katana of the 16th or 17th century, with its ''saya''.]] The [[Japan]]ese [[katana]] reached the height of its development in the 15th and 16th centuries, when samurai increasingly found a need for a sword to use in closer quarters, leading to the creation of the modern [[katana]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The connoisseur's book of Japanese swords |last= Nagayama |first= Kōkan |year= 1998 |publisher= Kodansha International |isbn=4770020716 |pages=59-65 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=zPyswmGDBFkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA59#v=onepage |accessdate=18 November 2010}}</ref> =====South Asia===== The [[Talwar]] is a type of curved sword that was introduced to India in the 13th century by invading Muslim conquerors and was adopted by communities who favoured the sword as their main weapon, including the Rajputs, Sikhs, Punjabis, and Marathas. It became more widespread under the Mughals who fought with curved swords from horseback.<ref>Evangelista‏,page=575</ref> It was revered by the [[Rajput]]s as a symbol of the [[god]] [[shiva]], and is still used today as the primary weapon of the Indian martial art [[Gatka]] and also, by South Asians [[Shiite]] Muslims for [[Tatbir]]. The [[firangi]] ({{pron-en|fəˈrɪŋɡiː}}; derived from the Arabic term for a Western European a "[[Frank]]") was a sword type which used blades manufactured in Western Europe and imported by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]], or made locally in imitation of European blades. Because of its length the firangi is usually regarded as primarily a cavalry weapon. The sword has been especially associated with the [[Maratha]]s, who were famed for their cavalry. However, the firangi was widely used by the Mughals and those peoples who came under their rule, including Sikhs and Rajputs.<ref name="Ref-1">Stone and LaRocca, p. 229</ref> ===Modern age=== {{Main|Rapier|Backsword|Épée|Sword replica}} The [[rapier]] is believed to have evolved either from the Spanish ''[[espada ropera]]'' or from the swords of the Italian nobility somewhere in the later part of the 16th century.<ref>Kirkland p.17</ref><ref>Green p.583-584</ref> The rapier differed from most earlier swords in that it was not a military weapon but a primarily civilian sword. Both the rapier and the Italian [[schiavona]] developed the crossguard into a [[basket-hilted sword|basket-shaped guard]] for hand protection.<ref name=Oakeshott/> During the 17th and 18th centuries, the shorter [[smallsword]] became an essential fashion accessory in European countries and the New World, and most wealthy men and military officers carried one. Both the smallsword and the rapier remained popular [[European dueling sword|dueling swords]] well into the 18th century.<ref>Norman,B.;Vesey,A.(1980). ''The rapier and small-sword, 1460–1820''. Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 0405130899</ref> As the wearing of swords fell out of fashion, [[walking stick (device)|canes]] took their place in a gentleman's wardrobe. This developed to the gentlemen in the Victorian era to use the [[umbrella]]. Some examples of canes—those known as sword canes or [[swordstick]]s—incorporate a concealed blade. The [[France|French]] [[martial art]] ''[[la canne]]'' developed to fight with canes and swordsticks and has now evolved into a sport. The English martial art [[singlestick]] is very similar. Towards the end of its useful life, the sword served more as a weapon of self-defense than for use on the battlefield, and the military importance of swords steadily decreased during the [[Modern Age]]. Even as a personal sidearm, the sword began to lose its preeminence in the early 19th century, paralleling the development of reliable [[handgun]]s.<ref name =Britannica>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/577385/sword |title=Encyclopædia Britannica-"Sword" |publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica|date= |accessdate=10 November 2010}}</ref> [[File:Jack Churchill leading training charge with sword.jpg|thumb|British Major [[Jack Churchill]] (far right) leads a training exercise, sword in hand, in [[World War II]].]] Swords continued in use, but were increasingly limited to military commissioned [[officer (armed forces)|officers']] and [[non-commissioned officer]]s' ceremonial [[uniform]]s, although most armies retained heavy cavalry until well after [[World War I]]. For example, the British Army formally adopted a completely new design of [[1908 and 1912 Pattern British Army Cavalry Swords|cavalry sword]] in 1908, almost the last change in British Army weapons before the outbreak of the war.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilkinson-Latham |first=John |year=1966 |title=British Military Swords from 1800 to the Present Day |publisher=Hutchinson & Co. |isbn=0090812018}}</ref> The last units of British heavy cavalry switched to using [[armoured vehicle]]s as late as 1938. Swords and other dedicated melee weapons were used occasionally by many countries during [[World War II]], but typically as a secondary weapon as they were outclassed by coexisting [[firearms]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Thomas M. |year=2006 |title=German Swords of World War II – A Photographic Reference Vol.3: DLV, Diplomats, Customs, Police and Fire, Justice, Mining, Railway, Etc. |publisher=Schiffer Pub Ltd |isbn=0764324322}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Youens |first=Michael |coauthor=Warner, Philip |year=1973 |title=Japanese Army of World War II |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=0850451183 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Zk8bF_ShpsoC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage |accessdate=18 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Mike |year=1998 |title=Battles of World War II |publisher=ABDO Publishing |isbn=1562398040 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OYVwusIBWPEC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage |accessdate=18 November 2010}}</ref> The production of [[sword replica|replicas]] of historical swords originates with 19th century [[historicism (art)|historicism]].<ref name=Historicism>{{cite book |author=Dov M. Gabbay‏, Anthonie Meijers‏, Paul Thagard‏, John Woods |year=2009 |title=Philosophy of Technology and Engineering Sciences |publisher=Elsevier ‏Publishing |page=1208 |isbn=0444516670}}</ref> Contemporary replicas can range from cheap factory produced look-alikes to exact recreations of individual artifacts, including an approximation of the historical production methods. ==Modern Use== Some kinds of swords are still commonly used today as weapons, as a side arm for military infantry. The Japanese katana, wakizashi and tanto are carried by some infantry and officers in Japan and other parts of Asia and the [[kukri]] is the official melee weapon for India. Other swords in use today are the [[sabre]], the [[scimitar]], the [[shortsword]] and the [[machete]].<ref name=Historicism>{{cite book |last=Chappell‏ |first=Mike |year=1993 |title=The Gurkhas |ppublisher=Osprey Publishing |pages=31–32 |isbn=1855323575}}</ref> Many of these swords and other paddle-like devices resembling swords are used for [[physical punishment]]s such as caning or [[paddle (spanking)|paddling]], in Asia. The [[shinai]], a practice sword, is also used in Japan as a spanking implement, particularly in esteemed [[private school|private]] [[extracurricular]] schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corpun.com/jpsc7706.htm |title=Corporal punishment in Japanese schools, June 1977 – CORPUN ARCHIVE jpsc7706 |publisher=Corpun.com |date=1977-06-14 |accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref> ==Terminology== The sword consists of the [[blade]] and the [[hilt]]. The term ''[[scabbard]]'' applies to the cover for the sword blade when not in use. [[File:Sword parts.svg]] ====Blade==== Three types of attacks can be performed with the blade: striking, cutting, and thrusting. The blade can be double-edged or single-edged, the latter often having a secondary "false edge" near the tip.<ref>Evangelista, Page 223</ref> [[File:Spatha end of second century 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Replica [[Spatha]] and scabbard]] The blade may have grooves known as [[fuller (weapon)|fullers]] for lightening the blade while allowing it to retain its strength and stiffness, similar to the effect produced by a [[I-beam|steel I-beam]] used in construction. The blade may taper more or less sharply towards a point, used for thrusting. The part of the blade between the [[Center of Percussion]] (CoP) and the point is called the ''foible'' (weak) of the blade, and that between the [[Center of balance (sword)|Center of Balance]] (CoB) and the hilt is the ''forte'' (strong). The section in between the CoP and the CoB is the ''middle''. The ''[[ricasso]]'' or ''shoulder'' identifies a short section of blade immediately forward of the guard that is left completely unsharpened, and can be gripped with a finger to increase tip control. Many swords have no ricasso. On some large weapons, such as the [[Germany|German]] ''[[Zweihänder]]'', a metal cover surrounded the ricasso, and a swordsman might grip it in one hand to wield the weapon more easily in close-quarter combat.<ref name=Landsknechts/> The ricasso normally bears the [[trademark|maker's mark]]. On Japanese blades this mark appears on the [[tang (weaponry)|tang]] (part of the blade that extends into the hilt) under the grip.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yumoto |first=John M. |year=1979 |title=The Samurai sword: a handbook |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |page=137 |isbn=0804805091}}</ref> * In the case of a rat-tail tang, the maker welds a thin rod to the end of the blade at the crossguard; this rod goes through the grip (in 20th century and later construction).<ref name=TangTypes>{{cite web |url=http://www.gungfu.com/cart-htm/swords_tang_types.htm |title=Tang Types of a Sword |publisher=gungfu.com |date= |accessdate=7 November 2010}}</ref> This occurs most commonly in decorative replicas, or cheap [[sword replica]]s. Traditional sword-making does not use this construction method, which does not serve for traditional sword usage as the sword can easily break at the welding point.<ref name=Medieval>Pearce, Michael 'Tinker'(2007). ''The Medieval Sword in the Modern World''. Lulu.com, pp.44-45, ISBN 1430328010</ref> * In traditional construction, the [[swordsmith]] forged the tang as a part of the sword rather than welding it on. Traditional tangs go through the grip:<ref name=TangTypes/> this gives much more durability than a rat-tail tang. Swordsmiths [[peening|peened]] such tangs over the end of the pommel, or occasionally welded the hilt furniture to the tang and threaded the end for screwing on a pommel. This style is often referred to as a "narrow" or "hidden" tang. Modern, less traditional, replicas often feature a threaded pommel or a pommel nut which holds the hilt together and allows dismantling.<ref name=Medieval/> * In a "full" tang (most commonly used in knives and [[machete]]s), the tang has about the same width as the blade, and is generally the same shape as the grip.<ref name=TangTypes/> In European or Asian swords sold today, many advertised "full" tangs may actually involve a forged rat-tail tang. At the base of the blade, a flap of leather could be attached to a sword's [[crossguard]], the ''Chappe'' which serves to protect the mouth of the scabbard and prevent water from entering. It is also called a ''Rain Guard''.<ref>Burton,p.124</ref> From the 18th century onwards, swords intended for slashing, i.e., with blades ground to a sharpened edge, have been curved with the radius of curvature equal to the distance from the swordman's body at which it was to be used. This allowed the blade to have a sawing effect rather than simply delivering a heavy cut. European swords, intended for use at [[arm]]'s length, had a [[radius]] of [[curvature]] of around a meter. [[Middle East]]ern swords, intended for use with the arm bent, had a smaller radius. ====Hilt==== [[File:Rapier mg 3370-no shadows.jpg|thumb|Hilt of a rapier. In this case, with a [[Basket-hilted sword|basket shaped hilt]]]] The [[hilt]] is the collective term for the parts allowing for the handling and control of the blade; these consist of the [[Hilt#Grip|grip]], the [[Hilt#Pommel|pommel]], and a simple or elaborate [[Guard (weapon)|guard]], which in post-[[Viking Age]] swords could consist of only a [[crossguard]] (called a [[cruciform]] hilt or [[quillons]]). In addition to improving the sword's balance and grip, the pommel can also be used as a blunt instrument at close range. It may also have a ''[[Hilt#Sword knot|sword knot]]'' or ''[[Hilt#Sword knot|tassel]]''. By the 17th century, with the growing use of firearms and the accompanying decline in the use of [[armour]], many [[rapier]]s and [[European dueling sword|dueling swords]] have developed elaborate basket hilts, which protect the palm of the wielder and have rendered the [[Gauntlet (glove)|gauntlet]] obsolete.<ref>Wagner, Eduard(2004). ''Swords and daggers: an illustrated handbook''. Courier Dover Publications, p.13, ISBN 0486433927 </ref> The [[tang (weaponry)|tang]] consists of the extension of the blade structure through the hilt. ===Accessories=== Common accessories to the sword include the [[scabbard]], as well as the ''sword belt''. *'''Scabbard''': The scabbard is a protective cover often provided for the sword blade. Over the millennia, scabbards have been made of many materials, including leather, wood, and metals such as brass or steel. The metal fitting where the blade enters the leather or metal scabbard is called the '''throat''', which is often part of a larger scabbard '''mount''', or '''locket''', that bears a carrying ring or stud to facilitate wearing the sword. The blade's point in leather scabbards is usually protected by a metal '''tip''', or '''chape''', which on both leather and metal scabbards is often given further protection from wear by an extension called a '''drag''', or '''shoe'''.<ref>Robson‏‏, Brian(1975). ''Swords of the British Army: the regulation patterns, 1788–1914''. Arms and Armour Press, p. 10, ISBN 0901721336</ref> The scabbard can also be called a sheath. *'''Sword belt''': The sword belt is a [[belt (clothing)|belt]] with an attachment for the sword, used to carry it when not in use. It is usually fixed to the scabbard of the sword, providing a fast means of drawing the sword in battle. Examples of sword belts include the [[Balteus (sword belt)|Balteus]] used by the [[Roman legionary]].<ref>Smith‏, William(1843) ''A dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities''. Michigan University Press, pp.133–134.</ref> ==Typology== {{Main|Types of swords}} Swords can fall into categories of varying scope. The main distinguishing characteristics include blade shape (cross-section, taper, and length), shape and size of the hilt and pommel, age, and place of origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myarmoury.com/feature_geibig.html|title=The Sword Typology of Alfred Geibig |publisher=myarmoury.com |date= |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref> The relatively comprehensive [[Oakeshott typology]] was created by historian and illustrator [[Ewart Oakeshott]] as a way to define and catalogue swords based on physical form, though a rough sense of chronology is apparent. However, this typology does not set forth a prototypical definition for the longsword. Instead, it divides the broad field of weaponry into many exclusive types based on their predominant physical characteristics, including blade shape and hilt configuration. The typology also focuses on the smaller, and in some cases contemporary, single-handed swords such as the [[arming sword]].<ref name=Oakeshott>Oakeshott, Ewart. ''The Sword in the Age of Chivalry''. Boydell Press 1994. Pages 18-19. ISBN 0851157157</ref> For any other type than listed below, and even for uses other than as a weapon, see the article [[Sword-like object]]. ===Single-edged and double-edged swords=== {{Redirect|Double-edge|the physical theatre company|Double Edge Theatre}} As noted above, the terms [[longsword]], [[broad sword]], [[great sword]], and [[Claymore|Gaelic claymore]] are used relative to the era under consideration, and each term designates a particular type of sword. In most Asian countries, a sword ([[jian]] 劍, geom (검), ken/tsurugi (剣), pedang) is a double-edged straight-bladed weapon, while a knife or saber ([[dāo]] 刀, do (도), to/[[katana]] (刀), pisau, golok) refers to a single-edged object. In Sikh history, the sword is held in very high esteem. A single-edged sword is called a kirpan, and its double-edged counterpart a khanda or tega.<ref>Singh Jiwan Singh, B. Chatter, "The turban and the sword of the Sikhs: Essence of Sikhism", Amritsar,2001, ISBN 8176014915</ref> Europeans also frequently refer to their own single-edged weapons as swords—generically [[backsword]]s, including sabers. Other terms include [[falchion]], [[scimitar]], [[cutlass]], [[dussack]], [[großes Messer|Messer]] or [[mortuary sword]]. Many of these refer to essentially identical weapons, and the varying names may relate to their use in different countries at different times. A [[machete]] as a tool resembles such a single-edged sword is used to cut through thick vegetation, and many of the terms listed above describe battlefield weapons that originated as farmers' tools.<ref>{{cite book |title=European Weapons and Armour |last= Oakeshott |first= Ewart|year= 1980 |publisher= Lutterworth Press |location= Guildford & London |isbn= 0178821262|page= 152}}</ref> ====Single-handed==== [[File:Jaguar warrior.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aztec]] Warrior holding a [[Macahuitl]], a sword that is wooden but has [[obsidian|obsidian shards]] in the blade.]] * The late medieval Swiss [[baselard]] and the Renaissance Italian [[cinquedea]] and German ''[[Katzbalger]]'' essentially re-introduce the functionality of the spatha, coinciding with [[Renaissance|the strong cultural movement to emulate the Classical world]]. * The [[jian]] (劍), straight-bladed cut & thrust sword of China * The Turkish blade; [[yatagan]] ( ''Yatağan'' in Turkish) used from 16th Century to 19th century. * The Turkish [[kilij]] * The [[ida (sword)|ida]] of the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] tribe of [[West Africa]]. It can also be regarded as a two-handed sword. * The Arabian [[Saif]], the similar Persian [[shamshir]]. * The East Indian [[kris]], with a wavy double-edged blade. * The Filipino [[Bolo knife|itak]], ([http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/8/86/250px-Bolo_ni_Max.JPG image]) used by pre-Spanish Filipinos or Austronesians as a primary weapon. * The [[Kampilan]], another Philippine sword recognized for its fearsome look with double pointed blade and widens from hilt to tip. * The Korean Hwandudaedo (Hwando), a sword with a short handle and a ring-shaped pommel and a wire grip. ====Two-handed==== {{See also|Two-handed sword}} A two-handed sword generally refers to any sword that usually requires two hands to wield. Thoughout history two-handed swords have generally been less common than their one-handed counterparts, one exception being their common use in Japan. Examples of two-handed swords include: * The Scottish Highland [[claymore]], ([[Scottish Gaelic]] [[claidheamh mór]] "great sword"); in use until the 18th century. * The Chinese [[Miao dao]], [[zhǎn mǎ dāo|zhanmadao]] anti-cavalry sword of the Song Dynasty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/hanson.htm|title=The Mongol Siege of Xiangyang and Fan-ch’eng and the Song military |publisher=deremilitari.org |date= |accessdate=6 November 2010}}</ref> ===Swords of modern fiction=== {{See also|Category:Fictional swords|List of fictional swords}} * The [[Lightsaber]] is a fictional sword-like weapon featured in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' [[Portal:Star Wars|universe]]. The lightsaber is a sword made of a contained laser. Its popularity has inspired similar [[laser]] based swords to have been used in other works of science fiction media. * The [[Vorpal blade]] is a fictional sword from the poem "[[Jabberwocky]]". It has since been adapted into modern media as a type of magic sword that makes appearances in unrelated fictional works. Similar magical swords have become common in fantasy literature, games, and art, but this particular sword has had its name mentioned in many varied works from various writers. * [[Rhindon]] is a fictional sword wielded by [[Peter Pevensie]] in [[The Chronicles of Narnia]], by [[C.S. Lewis]]. * [[Narsil|Anduril]] is a fictional sword wielded by [[Aragorn]] in [[The Lord of the Rings]], By [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] * [[Stormbringer]] is a fictional sword wielded by [[Elric of Melnibone]] in many of [[Michael Moorcock]] fantasy novels published between 1963 and 1991; it has since become the name of many fantasy swords. * The Master Sword is a recurring fictional blade wielded by Link in the [[Legend of Zelda]] series. It is the Blade of Evil's Bane in the series and often a major part of the storyline of the games. * Riptide or "Anaklusmos" is a fictional sword wielded by [[Percy Jackson]] in the fantasy book series [[Percy Jackson & the Olympians]] by [[Rick Riordan]]. * Grodric Gryffindor's sword, from [[Harry Potter]] by [[J.K. Rowling]]. ==See also== [[File:Szczerbiec.PNG|thumb|upright|Graphical documentation of the [[Szczerbiec]], a sword that was traditionally used in the coronation ceremony of [[Rulers of Poland|Polish kings]], 12th-13th century.]] * [[List of historical swords]] * [[List of mythological objects#Weapons|List of mythological swords]] * [[Gladius]] * [[Japanese swords]] * [[Chinese swords]] * [[Korean swords]] * [[Swordsmanship]] * [[Types of swords]] * [[Oakeshott typology]] * [[Sword making]] * [[List of sword manufacturers]] * [[Sword replica]] * [[Waster]] == References == ;Footnotes {{Reflist|colwidth=60em|group=nb}} ;Citations {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ;Bibliography {{Refbegin}} * Allchin, F.R. in ''South Asian Archaeology 1975: Papers from The Third International Conference of The Association of South Asian Archaeologists In Western Europe, Held In Paris'' (December 1979) edited by J.E.van Lohuizen-de Leeuw. Brill Academic Publishers, Incorporated. 106–118. ISBN 9004059962. * Prasad, Prakash Chandra (2003). ''Foreign Trade and Commerce In Ancient India''. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 8170170532. * Edgerton; et al. (2002). ''Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour''. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0486422291. * Withers, Harvey J S;(2006). ''World Swords 1400 – 1945''. Studio Jupiter Military Publishing . ISBN 0954591014. * Naish, Camille (1991). ''Death Comes to The Maiden: Sex and Execution, 1431–1933''. Taylor & Francis Publishing. ISBN 0415055857. * Burton, Richard F (2008).''The Book of The Sword''. Cosimo, Inc. ISBN 1605204366. * Wertime, Theodore and Muhly, J. D.(1980) eds.''The Coming of The Age of Iron''. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300024258 . * Kirkland, J.Michael (2006). ''Stage Combat Resource Materials: A Selected and Annotated Bibliography''. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313307105. * Green, Thomas A. (2001). ''Martial Arts of The World: An Encyclopedia''.V.1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1576071502. *{{cite book |last=Evangelista‏ |first=Nick |year=1995 |title=The encyclopedia of the sword |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0313278962}} {{Refend}} ;Further reading * Kao Ch'ü-hsün (1959/60). "THE CHING LU SHRINES OF HAN SWORD WORSHIP IN HSIUNG NU RELIGION." ''Central Asiatic Journal'' 5, 1959–60, pp.&nbsp;221–232. ==External links== {{Commons category|Swords}} {{Wiktionary}} * [http://www.myarmoury.com/features.html Featured articles relating to the sword at myArmoury.com] * [http://www.thearma.org/essays/How_Were_Swords_Made.htm How Were Swords Really Made?] by John Clements (ARMA) * [http://www.kjartan.org/swordfaq/ Japanese Sword Arts FAQ] * [http://vikingsword.com/ Medieval Sword Resource Site] (vikingsword.com) * [http://www.sharpblades.net/ Japanese Samurai Swords] [[Category:Blade weapons]] [[Category:Ancient weapons]] [[Category:Swords|*]] [[Category:Medieval weapons]] [[ang:Sƿeord]] [[ar:سيف]] [[an:Espata]] [[arc:ܣܝܦܐ (ܙܝܢܐ)]] [[ast:Espada]] [[az:Qılınc]] [[bat-smg:Kalavėjs]] [[be:Меч]] [[be-x-old:Меч]] [[bs:Mač]] [[br:Kleze]] [[bg:Меч]] [[ca:Espasa]] [[cs:Meč]] [[cy:Cleddyf]] [[da:Sværd]] [[de:Schwert]] [[et:Mõõk]] [[el:Ξίφος]] [[es:Espada]] [[eo:Glavo]] [[eu:Ezpata]] [[fa:شمشیر]] [[fi:Miekka]] [[fiu-vro:Mõõk]] [[fr:Épée]] [[gd:Claidheamh]] [[gl:Espada]] [[gan:劍]] [[he:חרב]] [[hu:Kard]] [[hr:Mač]] [[io:Espado]] [[io:Glavo]] [[id:Pedang]] [[is:Sverð]] [[it:Spada]] [[ja:剣]] [[jbo:cladakyxa'i]] [[ko:검]] [[kv:Шыпурт]] [[la:Gladius]] [[lv:Zobens]] [[lt:Kalavijas]] [[ml:വാൾ]] [[ms:Pedang]] [[nl:Zwaard (wapen)]] [[nn:Sverd]] [[no:Sverd]] [[pnb:تلوار]] [[pl:Miecz]] [[pt:Espada]] [[qu:Khillaychuki]] [[ro:Spadă]] [[ru:Меч]] [[sah:Кылыс]] [[sco:Swuird]] [[sh:Mač]] [[simple:Sword]] [[sk:Meč]] [[sl:Meč]] [[sr:Мач]] [[sw:Upanga]] [[sv:Svärd]] [[tl:Tabak]] [[ta:வாள்]] [[te:ఖడ్గం]] [[th:ดาบ]] [[tr:Kılıç (silah)]] [[uk:Меч]] [[ur:تلوار]] [[vi:Kiếm]] [[war:Espada]] [[zh-yue:劍]] [[zh:劍]]'