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{{Use American English|date=January 2021}}
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'''The Hoover Company''' is a home appliance company founded in [[Ohio]], United States, in 1915. It also established a major base in the [[United Kingdom]]; and, mostly in the 20th century, it dominated the electric vacuum cleaner industry, to the point where the Hoover [[Genericized trademark|brand name became synonymous]] with vacuum cleaners and vacuuming in the United Kingdom and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. Hoover North America was once part of [[Maytag]], but was sold by Maytag's new owners [[Whirlpool Corporation]] in 2007 to Hong Kong multinational manufacturing company [[Techtronic Industries]] for $107 million. Hoover International had already split from Hoover North America in 1993, and was acquired by [[Candy (company)|Candy]] in 1995, which was acquired by [[Haier]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dennyyou.com/2019/02/21/impact-on-vacuum-industry-brought-by-haiers-acquisition-of-the-italian-candy-group/ | title=Impact on Vacuum Industry Brought by Haier's Acquisition of the Italian Candy Group | date=21 February 2019 }}</ref>
In addition to producing floorcare products, Hoover was also an iconic domestic appliance brand in Europe, particularly well known for its washing machines and tumble dryers in the UK and Ireland, and also had significant sales in many parts of Europe. Today, the Hoover Europe brand, as part of the portfolio of brands owned by Chinese multinational home appliances company [[Haier]] remains a major player in the European [[white goods]] and floor care sectors in a number of countries.
{{Infobox company
| name = The Hoover Company
| logo = Hoover Logo.svg
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| genre = Home appliances
| foundation = <!-- this parameter modifies "Founded" --> {{start date and age|1908|6|2}}<br>
| founder = [[William Henry Hoover]]
| location_city = [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]
| location_country = US
| location =
| key_people =
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = Floor care
| products = {{hlist|Vacuum cleaners|deep cleaners|hard-floor cleaners|stick vacs|laundry products}}
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Techtronic Industries]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| slogan =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.hoover.com/}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
==History==
The first upright [[vacuum cleaner]] was invented in June 1908 in [[North Canton, Ohio]] by department store janitor and occasional inventor [[James M. Spangler|James Murray Spangler]]. Spangler was an asthmatic, and suspecting the [[carpet sweeper]] he was using at work was the cause of his ailment, he created a basic suction-sweeper by mounting an electric fan motor on a carpet sweeper and then adding a soap box and a broom handle. After refining the design and obtaining a patent for the Electric Suction Sweeper<ref>{{US patent|889823}}, "Carpet sweeper and cleaner", James M. Spangler, issued 2 June 1908</ref> he set about producing it himself, assisted by his son, who helped him assemble the machines, and his daughter, who assembled the dust bags. Production was slow, completing just two to three machines a week.
Spangler soon gave one of his Electric Suction Sweepers to his cousin Susan Troxel Hoover, who used it at home. Impressed with the machine, she told her husband and son about it. William Henry "Boss" Hoover and son Herbert William Hoover Sr. were leather goods manufacturers in [[North Canton, Ohio]], which at the time was called New Berlin.<ref name="legacy">[http://www.hwhfoundation.org/legacy.html "Legacy." The Hoover Foundation website]</ref> Hoover bought the patent from Spangler later that same year, founding the Electric Suction Sweeper Company for an initial capital investment of $36,000 (${{Inflation|US|36000|1908|fmt=c}} today), retaining Spangler as production supervisor with pay based on royalties in the new business. Spangler continued to contribute to the company, patenting numerous further Suction Sweeper designs until his death in 1915, when the company name was changed to the Hoover Suction Sweeper Company, with Spangler's family continuing to receive royalties from his original patent until 1925.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Suu9yUKdA8IC&dq=Herbert+W.+Hoover%2C+Sr.+%28October+30%2C+1877+-+September+16%2C+1954%29%2C&pg=PA615 Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders, Volume 2 By John N. Ingham]</ref>
==Henry Dreyfuss and Hoover==
[[File:Henry Dreyfuss.jpg|thumb|upright|Henry Dreyfuss]]
[[File:Patent 150.pdf|bottom|thumb|upright|Patent for Dreyfuss' 150 design]]
In the early 1930s, the company retained the services of [[Henry Dreyfuss]], an up-and-coming industrial designer, to give the Hoover lineup a much needed update. Before Dreyfuss's involvement with the company, the majority of the machines manufactured consisted of a black motor and an aluminum base; this was the norm for more than twenty years. When Hoover introduced the 'Hedlite' in 1932, it was rather awkward and unattractive.<ref>{{US patent|2003098}}, "Suction cleaner", Harry B. White, issued 28 May 1935</ref>
Dreyfuss made the machine more aesthetically pleasing and echoed the trends of streamlined design. In 1935, he was commissioned to completely redesign the Hoover cleaner. In 1936, for a fee of 25,000 USD, Dreyfuss sold Hoover the design which would become the Model 150 cleaner. For the first time since the introduction of the Hoover vacuum cleaner, the mechanical workings were completely concealed from sight by a [[Bakelite]] cover. This cover was a tear-drop styled shell, which seamlessly incorporated the headlight. Also, he totally revamped the base of the machine. Since the release of this design, all Hoover cleaners consisted of a fluid base and a hood to cover the electric motor. These designs suggested efficiency, cleanliness, and speed. His final design for the Hoover Company was the 1957 Convertible.
== Development ==
Faced with a total lack of interest by the public in his expensive and unfamiliar new gadget, Hoover placed an ad in ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' offering customers ten days' free use of his vacuum cleaner to anyone who requested it. Using a network of local retailers to facilitate the offer, Hoover thus developed a national network of retailers for the vacuums. By the end of 1908, the company had sold 372 Model 0s. By 1912, sales had been made to Norway, France, Russia, Belgium, Holland and Scotland.
In 1919, Gerald Page-Wood – an art director of [[Erwin, Wasey & Company]], Hoover's advertising agency – came up with a succinct slogan which summed up the Hoover's cleaning action: 'It Beats...as it Sweeps...as it Cleans'. At this time, it referred to the action of the revolving brushes, which vibrated the carpet and helped loosen the trodden-in grit. This offered an advantage over competitors' machines, which used suction alone to remove dirt, and therefore were not as efficient as the Hoover. Seven years later, the famous slogan would adapt to even more significance.
Hoover's business began to flourish, and, a year after Hoover acquired the patent from Spangler, he established a research and development department for his new business. By 1926, Hoover had developed the 'beater bar' - a metal bar attached to the rotating brush roll, situated in the floor nozzle cavity of the upright vacuum cleaner.<ref>{{US patent|1829548}}, "Suction sweeper" Donald G. Smellie, Harry B White, Marvin E. Nulsen, issued 27 October 1931</ref> Introduced on Models 543 and 700, the beater bars alternated with the sweeping brushes to vibrate the carpet while sucking. It provided a more distinct 'tap' than the bristle tufts used on the former machines, and led to a 101% increase in efficiency. This cleaning action was marketed by Hoover as "Positive Agitation". 'It Beats...as it Sweeps...as it Cleans' rang more true now than ever.
[[File:Hoover showroom.jpg|left|thumb|The Model 200 Duster and Model 575 upright, which used the same motor]]
In 1929, Hoover introduced the Model 200 Duster. This would be their first attempt at a cylinder cleaner. It used a Model 575 motor with a modified suction impeller, which was mounted on a unique aluminum body with runners, allowing the cleaner to be pulled behind the user. The Duster was produced for only three months and roughly 9,000 were made.
Herbert W. Hoover, Sr. took over as president of the company in 1922 and as chairman of the board of the Hoover Company in 1932.<ref name="legacy"/> 1930 saw the introduction of the world's first handheld vacuum cleaner, the Hoover Dustette. The good design and exceptional durability of these machines mean many are still in service today, some at over 80 years old.
[[File:Dupain Advertisement for Hoover 1937.jpg|upright|thumb|1937 Hoover ad by Australian photographer [[Max Dupain]], showing the headlamp]]
In 1932, Hoover introduced a new optional headlamp called the Hoover Hedlite on Models 425, 750 and 900. By March 1932, it had become standard equipment on Models 750 and 900, and a $5 extra-cost option on Model 425. The Hoover Hedlite illuminated the floor ahead of the cleaner, useful for dimly-lit rooms and corridors, and under furniture. Several new slogans mentioned the light, including 'It shows you the dirt you never knew you had!', and 'It lights where it's going...it's clean where it's gone!'.
In 1936, Hoover introduced the top-of-the-line Model 150. It had a time to empty bag indicator;<ref>{{US patent|2159112}}, "Indicator for suction cleaners", Harry B. White, issued 23 May 1939</ref> automatic height adjustment; a magnesium body, which made it weigh less than previous models; instant tool conversion; and a two-speed motor. One of the first Dreyfuss designs for Hoover, it was the symbol of the machine age; the beautiful [[Bakelite]] hood hid the entire motor from view and there were no protruding knobs or gadgets. It was the first Hoover cleaner that was not of the traditional "coffee can" style, which Hoover had been using since its earliest years. The cleaner sold from 1936 to 1939 and was priced at $80 (${{Inflation|US|80|1939|fmt=c}} today).{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} Two other lower-priced Hoovers sold along with the 150: the Model 25 (1937–38), which was the middle-of-the-line cleaner priced at $65 (${{Inflation|US|65|1937|fmt=c}} today), and the Model 300 (1935–38), which became the bottom-of-the-line cleaner and sold at $49.75 (${{Inflation|US|49.75|1936|fmt=c}}).<ref>{{US patent|D104344}}, "Design for a casing for suction cleaners or similar articles", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 4 May 1937.</ref><ref>{{US patent|D101858}}, "Design for a casing for a suction cleaner or similar article", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 10 November 1936.</ref> Due to the backdrop of the [[Great Depression]], Hoover produced only 166,000 150s in its three-year production run.
From 1941 to 1945, Hoover ceased all vacuum cleaner production and converted the North Canton, Ohio factory to support the war effort. When [[World War II]] ended in 1945, Hoover started producing cleaners again and unveiled the Model 27 for post-war America to enjoy.
In 1950, Hoover introduced the Veriflex, which was the first rubberized suction hose in the industry.<ref>{{US patent|2641302}}, "Method of making flexible hose for suction cleaners", F. A. Martin, issued 9 June 1953</ref> Other cleaners at the time were using cloth-braided hoses, which would deteriorate and lose suction over time. In 1954, Herbert W. Hoover Jr. took over the presidency of the company from his father.<ref name="nyt97">[https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/23/business/herbert-hoover-jr-79-company-head.html "Obituary: Herbert Hoover Jr., 79, Company Head" ''The New York Times'', May 23, 1997]</ref> A nephew of the founder, H. Earl Hoover, also served as chairman and honorary director.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/16/us/h-earl-hoover.html "H. Earl Hoover".] ''[[The New York Times]]''. November 16, 1985</ref>
[[File:Hoover model 29 ad.jpg|thumb|upright|Debut ad for the Hoover Model 29, the first Hoover cleaner made in red]]
The sombre and restrained colors of the previous decades gave way to bright, striking modern color-schemes, starting with the Hoover Model 29 in 1950, which was red instead of the regular black and brown colors of the past.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{US patent|D163265}}, "Suction cleaner casing", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 15 May 1951</ref> This was part of their policy of the continual development and modernization of their output.
In 1957, Hoover introduced the Convertible Model 65 (the De Luxe 652 in the UK). It was the last machine designed by Henry Dreyfuss, the industrial designer who had worked with the company since the early 1930s.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{US patent|D180394}}, "Suction cleaner casing", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 1957</ref> This cleaner introduced what Hoover called 'Automatic Shift', a system whereby the tool converter plugged into the rear of the cleaner. This was not a new idea: instant tool conversion had been introduced in 1936 with the Model 150 Cleaning Ensemble. However, new to Model 65, and slightly later in Britain on the 652A, was the introduction of a switch which automatically shifted the motor to a higher speed as the converter was inserted. The Convertible, or the Senior, in Britain, remains Hoover's worldwide bestselling cleaner. Although the domestic line was finally discontinued in 1993, a version called the Guardsman is still available in the commercial sector.
1963 saw the introduction of the Dial-A-Matic in the US – sold in Australia as the Dynamatic, and in Britain as the Convertible. This was the first-ever clean-air upright cleaner. The clean-air principle is similar to the flow of air through a cylinder/canister cleaner. Rather than the dirt passing directly through the suction fan and being blown into the bag, it passes through the bag first, leaving only clean air to pass through the fan. This principle was soon adopted by many manufacturers and continues to be used today. Also, the machine was constructed out of hard plastic. Hoover produced this cleaner from 1963 until the late 1970s in America.
In the summer of 1969, Hoover further refined the Dial-A-Matic's design when they launched the 'Powerdrive' self-propulsion system on the Hoover model 1170. This idea took much of the effort out of pushing the cleaner, because, by using a system of gears, wheels, and belts, the cleaner used its own power to drive itself forward and backwards, the speed and direction being controlled entirely by the user though the 'Triple-Action' handgrip. The powerdrive feature on the model 1170 was so efficient, the user could push the bulky machine forward with one finger, and the feature could also be disengaged with a button on the handgrip so the machine could travel easily from room to room with the motor turned off, the machine was very difficult to push when the motor was turned off and the powerdrive was still activated. This was also the first vacuum cleaner available commercially that used the self-propulsion system. This extra technology made the Dial-A-Matic even heavier than the original and more expensive, at around $150 (${{Inflation|US|150|1969|fmt=c}} today). The 'Powerdrive' system was carried over into the Concept range in 1978. The powerdrive system was later renamed "Self Propelled". Hoover continued to use this feature on many products of the 1980s and 1990s. It is still being used today by Hoover and numerous other companies.
In 1986, the Hoover family sold the company to the [[Chicago Pacific Corporation]], which was created using the remnants of the bankrupt [[Rock Island Railroad]].<ref name="nyt97"/> It was acquired by [[Maytag|Maytag Corporation]] in 1989.<ref name="nyt97"/>
On Friday, 6 March 2009, Hoover confirmed that it would discontinue production of washing machines and other laundry products at its [[Merthyr Tydfil]] factory, [[Mid Glamorgan]] from Saturday, 14 March 2009; giving the reason, the company stated that it could no longer manufacture competitively priced laundry products at the plant.
Hoover had initially announced its closure intentions on Tuesday, 18 November 2008, beginning a period of staff consultation. The company was established in the town just over sixty years prior, its factory at [[Pentrebach]], Merthyr Tydfil, opening on 12 October 1948.
Though 337 jobs were lost because of this decision, Hoover UK anticipated retaining its headquarters, logistics, storage and after sales service functions at the site, with some 113 workers retained. In 2019, Hoover opened a new head office in [[Warrington]], [[Cheshire]]. It retained a distribution centre at [[Pentrebach]]. Hoover are the current shirt sponsor for [[Rugby League]] club [[Warrington Wolves]].
=== Popular Hoover machines ===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Hoover ad (1957).jpg|thumb|Debut ad for the Convertible]] -->
;The Junior: Introduced by Hoover Limited (UK) in the 1930s, the Hoover Junior is a smaller upright type vacuum for apartments or small houses which was easy to carry around. The Junior was very popular in the UK; Hoover sold millions of them, and it became the biggest selling vacuum there. Various models were produced, with the final machine being manufactured in 1987. Hoover Limited made Juniors for export to the US from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s. The exported Juniors were converted to American electrical standards by The Hoover Company in North Canton, Ohio. Finding a Hoover Junior in the USA is quite rare. The Junior was never referred to as such in the USA; it was tagged in official Hoover literature as the Lightweight Upright.
;The Dirtsearcher: Introduced again by Hoover Limited (UK) in 1969, was a development of the Junior with a Model 638 style headlamp fitted in place of the tool adapter cover at the front. This model the 1354 went on to be the most successful UK Hoover manufactured model selling in both European and Commonwealth markets, however it was never sold in the US, although there were 110 V versions of the UK-market Juniors sold in Canada (such as the 1354A). They were sold alongside the Junior and Senior/Ranger models becoming the now rare models U1016 and U1040.
;The Portable: The Hoover Portable was launched by Hoover in 1963. It is a "Suitcase" type canister that did not have wheels; it would tugged around with by the user. When finished, the hose, attachments, and power cord would be stored inside the machine. In 1969, Hoover added wheels to the Portable. The Portable was manufactured until 1978. Also, it used the same motor as the Hoover Dial-A-Matic, the first clean-air upright.
;The Constellation: In 1954, Hoover introduced the Model 82 Constellation. It was a radically new design in cylinder and tank cleaners. Designed by Henry Dreyfuss,<ref>{{US patent|D175210}}, "Suction cleaner", Henry Dreyfuss, 26 July 1955</ref> it represented America's obsession with the space race. Its spherical shape resembled the planet Saturn and impersonated developing space technology. Its most memorable attribute was the ability to "walk on air", which eliminated the need for casters, wheels or runners. The cleaner was made mobile by directing its exhaust air down toward the floor, which caused the cleaner to rise enough from the floor to hover and float behind the user (starting with the Model 84). This was an engineering marvel in and of itself. The Constellation cleaner remained extremely popular in its close to 25-year run, with minor design modifications. The machine was discontinued in the mid-1970s with the introduction of the Hoover Celebrity; however, the Constellation was still produced in the UK well into the 1980s. The machine was so fondly remembered that it was reintroduced and sold from 2006 to 2009.
;Model 28: Introduced in 1946, Hoover produced over two million of this model for post-war America.<ref>{{US patent|D116221}}, "Design for a casing for suction cleaners or similar articles", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 22 August 1939</ref> It sold from 1946 to 1950.
;Model 63: In 1953, Hoover debuted the 'deluxe' Model 63 for $116.95 (${{Inflation|US|116.95|1953|fmt=c}} today). It was the first Hoover to utilize a full wrap around bumper and a completely disposable dust bag. The cleaner was styled in two-tone baby blue (base) and navy blue (everything except the base). It was an extremely popular model and sold over four million units. The machine was produced from 1953 to 1956. It was sold, in smaller numbers, in the UK, as the model 638. Again, this machine was designed by Henry Dreyfuss.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
;Hoovermatic: A long-running line of top-loading twin-tub [[washing machine]]s which ran from 1948 until 1993, sold mainly in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Hoovermatics were also sold in North America under the ''Washdog'' name. The machines used a unique washing action which made use of an [[impeller]] (known as a "Pulsator"), situated on the side of the wash tub, which revolved at high speed to create a moving current of water in the wash tub that dragged the laundry through the water.
;The Convertible: 1957 ushered in the "long, low and rarin' to go" Convertible.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The name derives from the cleaner's ability to 'automatically shift' into a higher speed upon insertion of the tool converter for more powerful above the [[floor cleaning]]. Beginning with the Model 65, it soon became one of the most popular and well known cleaners in American history. The Convertible line was in production from 1957 to the early 1990s, and is still sold in variations in the commercial sector. The "Convertible" was also widely sold in the UK under the name "Senior": the Senior Cleaners were viewed to be the model for larger homes, and although it never outsold the Junior in Britain, it was still a massively popular cleaner.
===Current products===
The products sold under the Hoover brand vary increasingly from one market to the next. For example, in the United States, the Hoover brand is used exclusively to sell floorcare products produced by TTI. Meanwhile, in the UK and most of Europe, Hoover branding appears on [[Candy (company)|Candy Group]] products including white goods such as washing machines, dishwashers, and refrigerators, as well as floorcare products. Current details of the product range available to consumers can be found by visiting the Hoover website for the market of interest.
== The word "hoover" ==
In the UK and Ireland the word "hoover" has long been colloquially synonymous with "vacuum cleaner" and the verb "to vacuum" (e.g. "you were hoovering the carpet"), since the Hoover Company's dominance there during the early 20th century. Despite Hoover no longer being the top seller of vacuum cleaners in the UK, the term "hoover" has remained as a [[genericized trademark]].<ref name="Post registration maintenance of a registered Trademark">[http://www.mancunium-ip.co.uk/articles/Postregistration.pdf Post registration maintenance of a registered Trademark]</ref><ref name="Possible Generification of Hoover trademark by Elizabeth Ward">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3006486.stm Possible Generification of Hoover trademark by Elizabeth Ward]</ref>
== The Hoover Historical Center ==
[[File:Hoover Farm (North Canton, OH).JPG|thumb|Boyhood home (built 1853) of Hoover Company founder, William "Boss" Hoover: now the Hoover Historical Center]]
In 1978, the Hoover Company opened a museum in the old Hoover home in North Canton, Ohio on the campus of [[Walsh University]]. It is called The Hoover Historical Center, and is dedicated to the history of the Hoover company in Canton. The museum exhibits include a number of non-Hoover hand-operated vacuum cleaners from before the company started, and displays of Hoover products throughout the company's history. Also on display are some of the munitions the company produced during [[World War II]] to help the war effort, and Hoover family personal items.
==Ownership transitions==
[[Image:Hoover plant.jpg|thumb|The Hoover plant in North Canton, Ohio.]]
The company became publicly traded in the 1940s. Stock in Hoover was first sold on August 6, 1943, allowing the company to expand. In 1985, Hoover was purchased by the [[Chicago Pacific Corporation]], and in 1989, Chicago Pacific was purchased by Maytag.
In 1993, the Hoover Trading Company and Hoover UK merged to become the Hoover European Appliances Group. In 1995, [[Candy (company)|Candy Group]] acquired the Hoover European Appliances Group in its entirety with the exclusive rights on the brand for the whole of Europe (including all territories of the former-Soviet Union), North Africa and selected countries in the Middle East.<ref name="Hoover Europe History">[http://www.candy-group.com/eng/gruppoCandy/frame.htm Candy Group History of Hoover]</ref>
In 2004, Maytag announced that it would consolidate its corporate office and back-office operations in [[Newton, Iowa]] and close almost all of Hoover's overlapping functions. This effectively meant that most white-collar jobs at Hoover's North Canton location would be eliminated. The company had previously closed another manufacturing facility in [[Jackson Township, Stark County, Ohio]], and the facility was sold to a church. Like many manufacturing companies in the United States, Hoover is experiencing pressures as consumers demand lower-priced goods. Hoover has operations in Mexico, where operating costs are lower than in the United States.
After Maytag was acquired by Whirlpool in 2006, that firm reached an agreement to sell Hoover to Hong Kong–based firm [[Techtronic Industries]].<ref name="wsj_20061207">"[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116550031724043448 Whirlpool to Sell Hoover Business For $107 Million to Techtronic]." Lam, J. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. December 7, 2006.</ref> TTI announced its intention to close the original plant in North Canton in September 2007.
==Hoover in Australia==
Since 1954, the Hoover factory at [[Meadowbank, New South Wales|Meadowbank]] had manufactured washing machines and other products. A subsidiary of the US company, Hoover Australia merged with [[Chicago Pacific Corporation|Chicago Pacific]] in 1985 and [[Maytag]] in 1989. Hoover Australia had its own administration, sales and marketing, large maintenance and engineering departments, a service division, and a much larger production workforce. At that time, in the early 1990s, Hoover was making healthy profits, as a result of investment in new technology and machinery through the late 1980s, a big drive towards quality improvement, and a very flexible workforce.<ref name="CPA, The Guardian May 19, 1999">{{cite web|last1=Oldfield|first1=Tony|title=Mr|url=http://www.cpa.org.au/z-archive/g1999/954hoov.htm|website=Communist Party of Australia|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref>
In 1994, Hoover Australia was to be listed as a public company with a six-monthly operating profit of $8,850,000. That sparked a fight between [[Email Limited]] and [[Southcorp]], two of Australia's largest white goods manufacturers for a commercial sale. Both companies were eager to strengthen their market share and further monopolize the whitegoods industry. In December 1994, Southcorp announced that it had bought Hoover Australia. In March 1996, Southcorp began a big rationalization, sacking workers at the Hoover factory involved in maintenance, stores, administration and supervision.<ref name="CPA, The Guardian May 19, 1999"/> Also in the year up to March 1996, there had been a large increase in Southcorp's share price.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1996-03-18|title=Southcorp hits the comeback trail corporate strategy|url=https://www.afr.com/companies/southcorp-hits-the-comeback-trail-corporate-strategy-19960318-kaysj|access-date=2021-02-26|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en}}</ref>
In April, 1999, Southcorp Appliances, including Hoover, Dishlex and Chef, was sold, meaning that Email had obtained a conservative 60 percent share of the Australian whitegoods market.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}
After the Southcorp takeover, a culture of fear was introduced, based on a concerted campaign to strip all the indirect labor from the workforce, and a myth that the factory was inefficient and unproductive. Every month it was reported the factory was losing $1 million or more. Morale at the factory went into a downward spiral. That was followed by decisions to stop production of barrel and upright vacuum cleaners, followed by front-loading washing machines. They were replaced with imported products. Plastic molding production was contracted out. The factory was being stripped of production, volume and jobs. A cost reduction campaign followed with good-quality components being replaced by inferior cheap components, and there was a complete breakdown of any real preventive maintenance program, which resulted in a large number of machine and equipment breakdowns. The reality, rather than the myth, was the Hoover Meadowbank site was being run into the ground by corporate decisions.<ref name="CPA, The Guardian May 19, 1999"/>
In the late 1990s, Email closed the Meadowbank factory and integrated its whitegoods manufacturing into the Simpson plant in South Australia. The vacuum cleaner side of the business was sold to [[Godfreys]]. Several years later, Email itself was sold and broken up, and the whitegoods division of Email was sold to [[Electrolux]]. Shortly after taking ownership, Electrolux ceased leasing the Hoover brand name, and the manufacturing and supply of Hoover white goods ceased in Australia.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}
As of 2019, Hoover whitegoods are now being sold throughout Australia through several retailers.
==Free flights promotion==
{{Main|Hoover free flights promotion}}
In 1992, the British division of Hoover announced the [[Hoover free flights promotion]], the demand for which rose far beyond the company's expectations, resulting in major costs and public relations problems for the British division and [[Maytag]], which eventually led to its sale to the Italian manufacturer [[Candy (company)|Candy]]. In 1993, legal action was started in the United Kingdom to take Hoover to court over the promotion, and was successful in ''Hoover v. Sandy Jack'' at the [[sheriff court]] in [[Kirkcaldy]], [[Fife]]. Hoover Holiday Pressure Group furthered [[court]] action against Hoover at [[St Helens, Merseyside|St Helens]] in [[Merseyside]].
==Competition==
In 2000, US company Hoover was found guilty of [[patent infringement]], as they used [[Dyson (company)|Dyson]]'s Dual Cyclone in their Vortex vacuum—except they added one more Cyclone, calling it a Triple Vortex Cyclone<ref>{{cite web |title=Dyson cleans up in patent battle with rival Hoover |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530231413/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368860/Dyson-cleans-up-in-patent-battle-with-rival-Hoover.html |archive-date=2023-05-30 |url-status=live |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368860/Dyson-cleans-up-in-patent-battle-with-rival-Hoover.html}}</ref> As a result, Hoover lost its dominant position in the UK and in the United States, and now faces strong competition from numerous brands.
In the United States, Hoover's competition includes: Royal, [[Dirt Devil]], Oreck, and [[Vax (vacuum)|Vax]] (all of which are owned by Hoover's Hong Kong owner [[Techtronic Industries]]);<ref>[http://www.ttifloorcare.com TTI Floor Care North America]</ref> [[Kirby Company|Kirby]]; [[Rexair]]; [[Eureka (vacuum cleaner)|Eureka]]; [[Dyson (company)|Dyson]]; [[Electrolux]]; [[Panasonic]]; [[Bissell Inc.|Bissell]]; and [[Kenmore Appliances|Kenmore]] (the [[Store Brand|house brand]] of American store chain [[Sears]], which is manufactured predominantly by Panasonic and [[Sanyo]]).
[[Dyson (company)|Dyson]] and [[Electrolux]] lead the list of UK competitors, followed by Bosch, Dirt Devil, SEBO, Vax, [[Morphy Richards]], [[Miele]], [[Bissell]], [[Numatic]] (maker of the famous "Henry" cylinder cleaner), [[Zanussi]], [[Russell Hobbs]], [[LG Group|LG]], and others.
==See also==
* [[Hoover Building]], 1930s art deco factory and offices in Greater London
* [[Raymond Loewy]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*Cooley, Will, “Communism, the Cold War and a Company Town: The Rise and Fall of UE Local 709,” Labor History 55:1 (2014), 67–96.
* Product reviews of Hoover Carpet Cleaners on [https://carpetcleanerguides.com Carpet Cleaner Guides], A company by Shelly Marcus.
== External links ==
{{commons category|Hoover Company}}
* [http://www.hoover.com Global Website]
* [https://www.hooverdirect.co.uk UK Website]
* [http://www.ttigroup.com/en/our_brands/by_brand/hoover/ TTi]
* [http://www.walsh.edu/hoover-historical-center The Hoover Historical Center]
{{The Hoover Company}}
{{Techtronic Industries}}
{{Haier}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoover Company}}
[[Category:American companies established in 1908]]
[[Category:Electronics companies established in 1908]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Ohio]]
[[Category:Maytag brands]]
[[Category:Vacuum cleaner manufacturers]]
[[Category:Whirlpool Corporation brands]]
[[Category:Home appliance manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:1908 establishments in Ohio]]
[[Category:1989 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:2006 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:2007 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:American subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:Haier]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | ''''Hoover Şirketi A.Ş.''' is a home appliance company founded in Edirne, Turkey, in 1915. It also established a major base in the [[United Kingdom]]; and, mostly in the 20th century, it dominated the electric vacuum cleaner industry, to the point where the Hoover [[Genericized trademark|brand name became synonymous]] with vacuum cleaners and vacuuming in the United Kingdom and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. Hoover Türkiye was once part of [[Maytag]], but was sold by Maytag's new owners [[Whirlpool Corporation]] in 2007 to Hong Kong multinational manufacturing company [[Techtronic Industries]] for $107 million. Hoover International had already split from Hoover North America in 1993, and was acquired by [[Candy (company)|Candy]] in 1995, which was acquired by [[Haier]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dennyyou.com/2019/02/21/impact-on-vacuum-industry-brought-by-haiers-acquisition-of-the-italian-candy-group/ | title=Impact on Vacuum Industry Brought by Haier's Acquisition of the Italian Candy Group | date=21 February 2019 }}</ref>
In addition to producing floorcare products, Hoover was also an iconic domestic appliance brand in Europe, particularly well known for its washing machines and tumble dryers in the UK and Ireland, and also had significant sales in many parts of Europe. Today, the Hoover Europe brand, as part of the portfolio of brands owned by Chinese multinational home appliances company [[Haier]] remains a major player in the European [[white goods]] and floor care sectors in a number of countries.
{{Infobox company
| name = Hoover Şirketi A.Ş.
| logo = Hoover Logo.svg
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| genre = Home appliances
| foundation = <!-- this parameter modifies "Founded" --> {{start date and age|1924|6|2}}<br>
| founder = [[Vehbi Koç]]
| location_city = [[Edirne]]
| location_country = Turkey
| location =
| key_people =
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = Floor care
| products = {{hlist|Vacuum cleaners|deep cleaners|hard-floor cleaners|stick vacs|laundry products}}
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Techtronic Industries]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| slogan =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.hoover.com/}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
==History==
The first upright [[vacuum cleaner]] was invented in June 1908 in [[North Canton, Ohio]] by department store janitor and occasional inventor [[James M. Spangler|James Murray Spangler]]. Spangler was an asthmatic, and suspecting the [[carpet sweeper]] he was using at work was the cause of his ailment, he created a basic suction-sweeper by mounting an electric fan motor on a carpet sweeper and then adding a soap box and a broom handle. After refining the design and obtaining a patent for the Electric Suction Sweeper<ref>{{US patent|889823}}, "Carpet sweeper and cleaner", James M. Spangler, issued 2 June 1908</ref> he set about producing it himself, assisted by his son, who helped him assemble the machines, and his daughter, who assembled the dust bags. Production was slow, completing just two to three machines a week.
Spangler soon gave one of his Electric Suction Sweepers to his cousin Susan Troxel Hoover, who used it at home. Impressed with the machine, she told her husband and son about it. William Henry "Boss" Hoover and son Herbert William Hoover Sr. were leather goods manufacturers in [[North Canton, Ohio]], which at the time was called New Berlin.<ref name="legacy">[http://www.hwhfoundation.org/legacy.html "Legacy." The Hoover Foundation website]</ref> Hoover bought the patent from Spangler later that same year, founding the Electric Suction Sweeper Company for an initial capital investment of $36,000 (${{Inflation|US|36000|1908|fmt=c}} today), retaining Spangler as production supervisor with pay based on royalties in the new business. Spangler continued to contribute to the company, patenting numerous further Suction Sweeper designs until his death in 1915, when the company name was changed to the Hoover Suction Sweeper Company, with Spangler's family continuing to receive royalties from his original patent until 1925.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Suu9yUKdA8IC&dq=Herbert+W.+Hoover%2C+Sr.+%28October+30%2C+1877+-+September+16%2C+1954%29%2C&pg=PA615 Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders, Volume 2 By John N. Ingham]</ref>
==Henry Dreyfuss and Hoover==
[[File:Henry Dreyfuss.jpg|thumb|upright|Henry Dreyfuss]]
[[File:Patent 150.pdf|bottom|thumb|upright|Patent for Dreyfuss' 150 design]]
In the early 1930s, the company retained the services of [[Henry Dreyfuss]], an up-and-coming industrial designer, to give the Hoover lineup a much needed update. Before Dreyfuss's involvement with the company, the majority of the machines manufactured consisted of a black motor and an aluminum base; this was the norm for more than twenty years. When Hoover introduced the 'Hedlite' in 1932, it was rather awkward and unattractive.<ref>{{US patent|2003098}}, "Suction cleaner", Harry B. White, issued 28 May 1935</ref>
Dreyfuss made the machine more aesthetically pleasing and echoed the trends of streamlined design. In 1935, he was commissioned to completely redesign the Hoover cleaner. In 1936, for a fee of 25,000 USD, Dreyfuss sold Hoover the design which would become the Model 150 cleaner. For the first time since the introduction of the Hoover vacuum cleaner, the mechanical workings were completely concealed from sight by a [[Bakelite]] cover. This cover was a tear-drop styled shell, which seamlessly incorporated the headlight. Also, he totally revamped the base of the machine. Since the release of this design, all Hoover cleaners consisted of a fluid base and a hood to cover the electric motor. These designs suggested efficiency, cleanliness, and speed. His final design for the Hoover Company was the 1957 Convertible.
== Development ==
Faced with a total lack of interest by the public in his expensive and unfamiliar new gadget, Hoover placed an ad in ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' offering customers ten days' free use of his vacuum cleaner to anyone who requested it. Using a network of local retailers to facilitate the offer, Hoover thus developed a national network of retailers for the vacuums. By the end of 1908, the company had sold 372 Model 0s. By 1912, sales had been made to Norway, France, Russia, Belgium, Holland and Scotland.
In 1919, Gerald Page-Wood – an art director of [[Erwin, Wasey & Company]], Hoover's advertising agency – came up with a succinct slogan which summed up the Hoover's cleaning action: 'It Beats...as it Sweeps...as it Cleans'. At this time, it referred to the action of the revolving brushes, which vibrated the carpet and helped loosen the trodden-in grit. This offered an advantage over competitors' machines, which used suction alone to remove dirt, and therefore were not as efficient as the Hoover. Seven years later, the famous slogan would adapt to even more significance.
Hoover's business began to flourish, and, a year after Hoover acquired the patent from Spangler, he established a research and development department for his new business. By 1926, Hoover had developed the 'beater bar' - a metal bar attached to the rotating brush roll, situated in the floor nozzle cavity of the upright vacuum cleaner.<ref>{{US patent|1829548}}, "Suction sweeper" Donald G. Smellie, Harry B White, Marvin E. Nulsen, issued 27 October 1931</ref> Introduced on Models 543 and 700, the beater bars alternated with the sweeping brushes to vibrate the carpet while sucking. It provided a more distinct 'tap' than the bristle tufts used on the former machines, and led to a 101% increase in efficiency. This cleaning action was marketed by Hoover as "Positive Agitation". 'It Beats...as it Sweeps...as it Cleans' rang more true now than ever.
[[File:Hoover showroom.jpg|left|thumb|The Model 200 Duster and Model 575 upright, which used the same motor]]
In 1929, Hoover introduced the Model 200 Duster. This would be their first attempt at a cylinder cleaner. It used a Model 575 motor with a modified suction impeller, which was mounted on a unique aluminum body with runners, allowing the cleaner to be pulled behind the user. The Duster was produced for only three months and roughly 9,000 were made.
Herbert W. Hoover, Sr. took over as president of the company in 1922 and as chairman of the board of the Hoover Company in 1932.<ref name="legacy"/> 1930 saw the introduction of the world's first handheld vacuum cleaner, the Hoover Dustette. The good design and exceptional durability of these machines mean many are still in service today, some at over 80 years old.
[[File:Dupain Advertisement for Hoover 1937.jpg|upright|thumb|1937 Hoover ad by Australian photographer [[Max Dupain]], showing the headlamp]]
In 1932, Hoover introduced a new optional headlamp called the Hoover Hedlite on Models 425, 750 and 900. By March 1932, it had become standard equipment on Models 750 and 900, and a $5 extra-cost option on Model 425. The Hoover Hedlite illuminated the floor ahead of the cleaner, useful for dimly-lit rooms and corridors, and under furniture. Several new slogans mentioned the light, including 'It shows you the dirt you never knew you had!', and 'It lights where it's going...it's clean where it's gone!'.
In 1936, Hoover introduced the top-of-the-line Model 150. It had a time to empty bag indicator;<ref>{{US patent|2159112}}, "Indicator for suction cleaners", Harry B. White, issued 23 May 1939</ref> automatic height adjustment; a magnesium body, which made it weigh less than previous models; instant tool conversion; and a two-speed motor. One of the first Dreyfuss designs for Hoover, it was the symbol of the machine age; the beautiful [[Bakelite]] hood hid the entire motor from view and there were no protruding knobs or gadgets. It was the first Hoover cleaner that was not of the traditional "coffee can" style, which Hoover had been using since its earliest years. The cleaner sold from 1936 to 1939 and was priced at $80 (${{Inflation|US|80|1939|fmt=c}} today).{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} Two other lower-priced Hoovers sold along with the 150: the Model 25 (1937–38), which was the middle-of-the-line cleaner priced at $65 (${{Inflation|US|65|1937|fmt=c}} today), and the Model 300 (1935–38), which became the bottom-of-the-line cleaner and sold at $49.75 (${{Inflation|US|49.75|1936|fmt=c}}).<ref>{{US patent|D104344}}, "Design for a casing for suction cleaners or similar articles", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 4 May 1937.</ref><ref>{{US patent|D101858}}, "Design for a casing for a suction cleaner or similar article", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 10 November 1936.</ref> Due to the backdrop of the [[Great Depression]], Hoover produced only 166,000 150s in its three-year production run.
From 1941 to 1945, Hoover ceased all vacuum cleaner production and converted the North Canton, Ohio factory to support the war effort. When [[World War II]] ended in 1945, Hoover started producing cleaners again and unveiled the Model 27 for post-war America to enjoy.
In 1950, Hoover introduced the Veriflex, which was the first rubberized suction hose in the industry.<ref>{{US patent|2641302}}, "Method of making flexible hose for suction cleaners", F. A. Martin, issued 9 June 1953</ref> Other cleaners at the time were using cloth-braided hoses, which would deteriorate and lose suction over time. In 1954, Herbert W. Hoover Jr. took over the presidency of the company from his father.<ref name="nyt97">[https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/23/business/herbert-hoover-jr-79-company-head.html "Obituary: Herbert Hoover Jr., 79, Company Head" ''The New York Times'', May 23, 1997]</ref> A nephew of the founder, H. Earl Hoover, also served as chairman and honorary director.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/16/us/h-earl-hoover.html "H. Earl Hoover".] ''[[The New York Times]]''. November 16, 1985</ref>
[[File:Hoover model 29 ad.jpg|thumb|upright|Debut ad for the Hoover Model 29, the first Hoover cleaner made in red]]
The sombre and restrained colors of the previous decades gave way to bright, striking modern color-schemes, starting with the Hoover Model 29 in 1950, which was red instead of the regular black and brown colors of the past.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{US patent|D163265}}, "Suction cleaner casing", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 15 May 1951</ref> This was part of their policy of the continual development and modernization of their output.
In 1957, Hoover introduced the Convertible Model 65 (the De Luxe 652 in the UK). It was the last machine designed by Henry Dreyfuss, the industrial designer who had worked with the company since the early 1930s.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{US patent|D180394}}, "Suction cleaner casing", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 1957</ref> This cleaner introduced what Hoover called 'Automatic Shift', a system whereby the tool converter plugged into the rear of the cleaner. This was not a new idea: instant tool conversion had been introduced in 1936 with the Model 150 Cleaning Ensemble. However, new to Model 65, and slightly later in Britain on the 652A, was the introduction of a switch which automatically shifted the motor to a higher speed as the converter was inserted. The Convertible, or the Senior, in Britain, remains Hoover's worldwide bestselling cleaner. Although the domestic line was finally discontinued in 1993, a version called the Guardsman is still available in the commercial sector.
1963 saw the introduction of the Dial-A-Matic in the US – sold in Australia as the Dynamatic, and in Britain as the Convertible. This was the first-ever clean-air upright cleaner. The clean-air principle is similar to the flow of air through a cylinder/canister cleaner. Rather than the dirt passing directly through the suction fan and being blown into the bag, it passes through the bag first, leaving only clean air to pass through the fan. This principle was soon adopted by many manufacturers and continues to be used today. Also, the machine was constructed out of hard plastic. Hoover produced this cleaner from 1963 until the late 1970s in America.
In the summer of 1969, Hoover further refined the Dial-A-Matic's design when they launched the 'Powerdrive' self-propulsion system on the Hoover model 1170. This idea took much of the effort out of pushing the cleaner, because, by using a system of gears, wheels, and belts, the cleaner used its own power to drive itself forward and backwards, the speed and direction being controlled entirely by the user though the 'Triple-Action' handgrip. The powerdrive feature on the model 1170 was so efficient, the user could push the bulky machine forward with one finger, and the feature could also be disengaged with a button on the handgrip so the machine could travel easily from room to room with the motor turned off, the machine was very difficult to push when the motor was turned off and the powerdrive was still activated. This was also the first vacuum cleaner available commercially that used the self-propulsion system. This extra technology made the Dial-A-Matic even heavier than the original and more expensive, at around $150 (${{Inflation|US|150|1969|fmt=c}} today). The 'Powerdrive' system was carried over into the Concept range in 1978. The powerdrive system was later renamed "Self Propelled". Hoover continued to use this feature on many products of the 1980s and 1990s. It is still being used today by Hoover and numerous other companies.
In 1986, the Hoover family sold the company to the [[Chicago Pacific Corporation]], which was created using the remnants of the bankrupt [[Rock Island Railroad]].<ref name="nyt97"/> It was acquired by [[Maytag|Maytag Corporation]] in 1989.<ref name="nyt97"/>
On Friday, 6 March 2009, Hoover confirmed that it would discontinue production of washing machines and other laundry products at its [[Merthyr Tydfil]] factory, [[Mid Glamorgan]] from Saturday, 14 March 2009; giving the reason, the company stated that it could no longer manufacture competitively priced laundry products at the plant.
Hoover had initially announced its closure intentions on Tuesday, 18 November 2008, beginning a period of staff consultation. The company was established in the town just over sixty years prior, its factory at [[Pentrebach]], Merthyr Tydfil, opening on 12 October 1948.
Though 337 jobs were lost because of this decision, Hoover UK anticipated retaining its headquarters, logistics, storage and after sales service functions at the site, with some 113 workers retained. In 2019, Hoover opened a new head office in [[Warrington]], [[Cheshire]]. It retained a distribution centre at [[Pentrebach]]. Hoover are the current shirt sponsor for [[Rugby League]] club [[Warrington Wolves]].
=== Popular Hoover machines ===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Hoover ad (1957).jpg|thumb|Debut ad for the Convertible]] -->
;The Junior: Introduced by Hoover Limited (UK) in the 1930s, the Hoover Junior is a smaller upright type vacuum for apartments or small houses which was easy to carry around. The Junior was very popular in the UK; Hoover sold millions of them, and it became the biggest selling vacuum there. Various models were produced, with the final machine being manufactured in 1987. Hoover Limited made Juniors for export to the US from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s. The exported Juniors were converted to American electrical standards by The Hoover Company in North Canton, Ohio. Finding a Hoover Junior in the USA is quite rare. The Junior was never referred to as such in the USA; it was tagged in official Hoover literature as the Lightweight Upright.
;The Dirtsearcher: Introduced again by Hoover Limited (UK) in 1969, was a development of the Junior with a Model 638 style headlamp fitted in place of the tool adapter cover at the front. This model the 1354 went on to be the most successful UK Hoover manufactured model selling in both European and Commonwealth markets, however it was never sold in the US, although there were 110 V versions of the UK-market Juniors sold in Canada (such as the 1354A). They were sold alongside the Junior and Senior/Ranger models becoming the now rare models U1016 and U1040.
;The Portable: The Hoover Portable was launched by Hoover in 1963. It is a "Suitcase" type canister that did not have wheels; it would tugged around with by the user. When finished, the hose, attachments, and power cord would be stored inside the machine. In 1969, Hoover added wheels to the Portable. The Portable was manufactured until 1978. Also, it used the same motor as the Hoover Dial-A-Matic, the first clean-air upright.
;The Constellation: In 1954, Hoover introduced the Model 82 Constellation. It was a radically new design in cylinder and tank cleaners. Designed by Henry Dreyfuss,<ref>{{US patent|D175210}}, "Suction cleaner", Henry Dreyfuss, 26 July 1955</ref> it represented America's obsession with the space race. Its spherical shape resembled the planet Saturn and impersonated developing space technology. Its most memorable attribute was the ability to "walk on air", which eliminated the need for casters, wheels or runners. The cleaner was made mobile by directing its exhaust air down toward the floor, which caused the cleaner to rise enough from the floor to hover and float behind the user (starting with the Model 84). This was an engineering marvel in and of itself. The Constellation cleaner remained extremely popular in its close to 25-year run, with minor design modifications. The machine was discontinued in the mid-1970s with the introduction of the Hoover Celebrity; however, the Constellation was still produced in the UK well into the 1980s. The machine was so fondly remembered that it was reintroduced and sold from 2006 to 2009.
;Model 28: Introduced in 1946, Hoover produced over two million of this model for post-war America.<ref>{{US patent|D116221}}, "Design for a casing for suction cleaners or similar articles", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 22 August 1939</ref> It sold from 1946 to 1950.
;Model 63: In 1953, Hoover debuted the 'deluxe' Model 63 for $116.95 (${{Inflation|US|116.95|1953|fmt=c}} today). It was the first Hoover to utilize a full wrap around bumper and a completely disposable dust bag. The cleaner was styled in two-tone baby blue (base) and navy blue (everything except the base). It was an extremely popular model and sold over four million units. The machine was produced from 1953 to 1956. It was sold, in smaller numbers, in the UK, as the model 638. Again, this machine was designed by Henry Dreyfuss.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
;Hoovermatic: A long-running line of top-loading twin-tub [[washing machine]]s which ran from 1948 until 1993, sold mainly in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Hoovermatics were also sold in North America under the ''Washdog'' name. The machines used a unique washing action which made use of an [[impeller]] (known as a "Pulsator"), situated on the side of the wash tub, which revolved at high speed to create a moving current of water in the wash tub that dragged the laundry through the water.
;The Convertible: 1957 ushered in the "long, low and rarin' to go" Convertible.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The name derives from the cleaner's ability to 'automatically shift' into a higher speed upon insertion of the tool converter for more powerful above the [[floor cleaning]]. Beginning with the Model 65, it soon became one of the most popular and well known cleaners in American history. The Convertible line was in production from 1957 to the early 1990s, and is still sold in variations in the commercial sector. The "Convertible" was also widely sold in the UK under the name "Senior": the Senior Cleaners were viewed to be the model for larger homes, and although it never outsold the Junior in Britain, it was still a massively popular cleaner.
===Current products===
The products sold under the Hoover brand vary increasingly from one market to the next. For example, in the United States, the Hoover brand is used exclusively to sell floorcare products produced by TTI. Meanwhile, in the UK and most of Europe, Hoover branding appears on [[Candy (company)|Candy Group]] products including white goods such as washing machines, dishwashers, and refrigerators, as well as floorcare products. Current details of the product range available to consumers can be found by visiting the Hoover website for the market of interest.
== The word "hoover" ==
In the UK and Ireland the word "hoover" has long been colloquially synonymous with "vacuum cleaner" and the verb "to vacuum" (e.g. "you were hoovering the carpet"), since the Hoover Company's dominance there during the early 20th century. Despite Hoover no longer being the top seller of vacuum cleaners in the UK, the term "hoover" has remained as a [[genericized trademark]].<ref name="Post registration maintenance of a registered Trademark">[http://www.mancunium-ip.co.uk/articles/Postregistration.pdf Post registration maintenance of a registered Trademark]</ref><ref name="Possible Generification of Hoover trademark by Elizabeth Ward">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3006486.stm Possible Generification of Hoover trademark by Elizabeth Ward]</ref>
== The Hoover Historical Center ==
[[File:Hoover Farm (North Canton, OH).JPG|thumb|Boyhood home (built 1853) of Hoover Company founder, William "Boss" Hoover: now the Hoover Historical Center]]
In 1978, the Hoover Company opened a museum in the old Hoover home in North Canton, Ohio on the campus of [[Walsh University]]. It is called The Hoover Historical Center, and is dedicated to the history of the Hoover company in Canton. The museum exhibits include a number of non-Hoover hand-operated vacuum cleaners from before the company started, and displays of Hoover products throughout the company's history. Also on display are some of the munitions the company produced during [[World War II]] to help the war effort, and Hoover family personal items.
==Ownership transitions==
[[Image:Hoover plant.jpg|thumb|The Hoover plant in North Canton, Ohio.]]
The company became publicly traded in the 1940s. Stock in Hoover was first sold on August 6, 1943, allowing the company to expand. In 1985, Hoover was purchased by the [[Chicago Pacific Corporation]], and in 1989, Chicago Pacific was purchased by Maytag.
In 1993, the Hoover Trading Company and Hoover UK merged to become the Hoover European Appliances Group. In 1995, [[Candy (company)|Candy Group]] acquired the Hoover European Appliances Group in its entirety with the exclusive rights on the brand for the whole of Europe (including all territories of the former-Soviet Union), North Africa and selected countries in the Middle East.<ref name="Hoover Europe History">[http://www.candy-group.com/eng/gruppoCandy/frame.htm Candy Group History of Hoover]</ref>
In 2004, Maytag announced that it would consolidate its corporate office and back-office operations in [[Newton, Iowa]] and close almost all of Hoover's overlapping functions. This effectively meant that most white-collar jobs at Hoover's North Canton location would be eliminated. The company had previously closed another manufacturing facility in [[Jackson Township, Stark County, Ohio]], and the facility was sold to a church. Like many manufacturing companies in the United States, Hoover is experiencing pressures as consumers demand lower-priced goods. Hoover has operations in Mexico, where operating costs are lower than in the United States.
After Maytag was acquired by Whirlpool in 2006, that firm reached an agreement to sell Hoover to Hong Kong–based firm [[Techtronic Industries]].<ref name="wsj_20061207">"[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116550031724043448 Whirlpool to Sell Hoover Business For $107 Million to Techtronic]." Lam, J. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. December 7, 2006.</ref> TTI announced its intention to close the original plant in North Canton in September 2007.
==Hoover in Australia==
Since 1954, the Hoover factory at [[Meadowbank, New South Wales|Meadowbank]] had manufactured washing machines and other products. A subsidiary of the US company, Hoover Australia merged with [[Chicago Pacific Corporation|Chicago Pacific]] in 1985 and [[Maytag]] in 1989. Hoover Australia had its own administration, sales and marketing, large maintenance and engineering departments, a service division, and a much larger production workforce. At that time, in the early 1990s, Hoover was making healthy profits, as a result of investment in new technology and machinery through the late 1980s, a big drive towards quality improvement, and a very flexible workforce.<ref name="CPA, The Guardian May 19, 1999">{{cite web|last1=Oldfield|first1=Tony|title=Mr|url=http://www.cpa.org.au/z-archive/g1999/954hoov.htm|website=Communist Party of Australia|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref>
In 1994, Hoover Australia was to be listed as a public company with a six-monthly operating profit of $8,850,000. That sparked a fight between [[Email Limited]] and [[Southcorp]], two of Australia's largest white goods manufacturers for a commercial sale. Both companies were eager to strengthen their market share and further monopolize the whitegoods industry. In December 1994, Southcorp announced that it had bought Hoover Australia. In March 1996, Southcorp began a big rationalization, sacking workers at the Hoover factory involved in maintenance, stores, administration and supervision.<ref name="CPA, The Guardian May 19, 1999"/> Also in the year up to March 1996, there had been a large increase in Southcorp's share price.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1996-03-18|title=Southcorp hits the comeback trail corporate strategy|url=https://www.afr.com/companies/southcorp-hits-the-comeback-trail-corporate-strategy-19960318-kaysj|access-date=2021-02-26|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en}}</ref>
In April, 1999, Southcorp Appliances, including Hoover, Dishlex and Chef, was sold, meaning that Email had obtained a conservative 60 percent share of the Australian whitegoods market.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}
After the Southcorp takeover, a culture of fear was introduced, based on a concerted campaign to strip all the indirect labor from the workforce, and a myth that the factory was inefficient and unproductive. Every month it was reported the factory was losing $1 million or more. Morale at the factory went into a downward spiral. That was followed by decisions to stop production of barrel and upright vacuum cleaners, followed by front-loading washing machines. They were replaced with imported products. Plastic molding production was contracted out. The factory was being stripped of production, volume and jobs. A cost reduction campaign followed with good-quality components being replaced by inferior cheap components, and there was a complete breakdown of any real preventive maintenance program, which resulted in a large number of machine and equipment breakdowns. The reality, rather than the myth, was the Hoover Meadowbank site was being run into the ground by corporate decisions.<ref name="CPA, The Guardian May 19, 1999"/>
In the late 1990s, Email closed the Meadowbank factory and integrated its whitegoods manufacturing into the Simpson plant in South Australia. The vacuum cleaner side of the business was sold to [[Godfreys]]. Several years later, Email itself was sold and broken up, and the whitegoods division of Email was sold to [[Electrolux]]. Shortly after taking ownership, Electrolux ceased leasing the Hoover brand name, and the manufacturing and supply of Hoover white goods ceased in Australia.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}
As of 2019, Hoover whitegoods are now being sold throughout Australia through several retailers.
==Free flights promotion==
{{Main|Hoover free flights promotion}}
In 1992, the British division of Hoover announced the [[Hoover free flights promotion]], the demand for which rose far beyond the company's expectations, resulting in major costs and public relations problems for the British division and [[Maytag]], which eventually led to its sale to the Italian manufacturer [[Candy (company)|Candy]]. In 1993, legal action was started in the United Kingdom to take Hoover to court over the promotion, and was successful in ''Hoover v. Sandy Jack'' at the [[sheriff court]] in [[Kirkcaldy]], [[Fife]]. Hoover Holiday Pressure Group furthered [[court]] action against Hoover at [[St Helens, Merseyside|St Helens]] in [[Merseyside]].
==Competition==
In 2000, US company Hoover was found guilty of [[patent infringement]], as they used [[Dyson (company)|Dyson]]'s Dual Cyclone in their Vortex vacuum—except they added one more Cyclone, calling it a Triple Vortex Cyclone<ref>{{cite web |title=Dyson cleans up in patent battle with rival Hoover |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530231413/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368860/Dyson-cleans-up-in-patent-battle-with-rival-Hoover.html |archive-date=2023-05-30 |url-status=live |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368860/Dyson-cleans-up-in-patent-battle-with-rival-Hoover.html}}</ref> As a result, Hoover lost its dominant position in the UK and in the United States, and now faces strong competition from numerous brands.
In the United States, Hoover's competition includes: Royal, [[Dirt Devil]], Oreck, and [[Vax (vacuum)|Vax]] (all of which are owned by Hoover's Hong Kong owner [[Techtronic Industries]]);<ref>[http://www.ttifloorcare.com TTI Floor Care North America]</ref> [[Kirby Company|Kirby]]; [[Rexair]]; [[Eureka (vacuum cleaner)|Eureka]]; [[Dyson (company)|Dyson]]; [[Electrolux]]; [[Panasonic]]; [[Bissell Inc.|Bissell]]; and [[Kenmore Appliances|Kenmore]] (the [[Store Brand|house brand]] of American store chain [[Sears]], which is manufactured predominantly by Panasonic and [[Sanyo]]).
[[Dyson (company)|Dyson]] and [[Electrolux]] lead the list of UK competitors, followed by Bosch, Dirt Devil, SEBO, Vax, [[Morphy Richards]], [[Miele]], [[Bissell]], [[Numatic]] (maker of the famous "Henry" cylinder cleaner), [[Zanussi]], [[Russell Hobbs]], [[LG Group|LG]], and others.
==See also==
* [[Hoover Building]], 1930s art deco factory and offices in Greater London
* [[Raymond Loewy]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*Cooley, Will, “Communism, the Cold War and a Company Town: The Rise and Fall of UE Local 709,” Labor History 55:1 (2014), 67–96.
* Product reviews of Hoover Carpet Cleaners on [https://carpetcleanerguides.com Carpet Cleaner Guides], A company by Shelly Marcus.
== External links ==
{{commons category|Hoover Company}}
* [http://www.hoover.com Global Website]
* [https://www.hooverdirect.co.uk UK Website]
* [http://www.ttigroup.com/en/our_brands/by_brand/hoover/ TTi]
* [http://www.walsh.edu/hoover-historical-center The Hoover Historical Center]
{{The Hoover Company}}
{{Techtronic Industries}}
{{Haier}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoover Company}}
[[Category:American companies established in 1908]]
[[Category:Electronics companies established in 1908]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Ohio]]
[[Category:Maytag brands]]
[[Category:Vacuum cleaner manufacturers]]
[[Category:Whirlpool Corporation brands]]
[[Category:Home appliance manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:1908 establishments in Ohio]]
[[Category:1989 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:2006 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:2007 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:American subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:Haier]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,34 +1,31 @@
-{{Short description|American home appliance company}}
-{{Use American English|date=January 2021}}
-{{Coord|41.3674425|-81.4678404|display=title|type:adm2nd_region:US-OH}}
-'''The Hoover Company''' is a home appliance company founded in [[Ohio]], United States, in 1915. It also established a major base in the [[United Kingdom]]; and, mostly in the 20th century, it dominated the electric vacuum cleaner industry, to the point where the Hoover [[Genericized trademark|brand name became synonymous]] with vacuum cleaners and vacuuming in the United Kingdom and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. Hoover North America was once part of [[Maytag]], but was sold by Maytag's new owners [[Whirlpool Corporation]] in 2007 to Hong Kong multinational manufacturing company [[Techtronic Industries]] for $107 million. Hoover International had already split from Hoover North America in 1993, and was acquired by [[Candy (company)|Candy]] in 1995, which was acquired by [[Haier]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dennyyou.com/2019/02/21/impact-on-vacuum-industry-brought-by-haiers-acquisition-of-the-italian-candy-group/ | title=Impact on Vacuum Industry Brought by Haier's Acquisition of the Italian Candy Group | date=21 February 2019 }}</ref>
+'''Hoover Şirketi A.Ş.''' is a home appliance company founded in Edirne, Turkey, in 1915. It also established a major base in the [[United Kingdom]]; and, mostly in the 20th century, it dominated the electric vacuum cleaner industry, to the point where the Hoover [[Genericized trademark|brand name became synonymous]] with vacuum cleaners and vacuuming in the United Kingdom and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. Hoover Türkiye was once part of [[Maytag]], but was sold by Maytag's new owners [[Whirlpool Corporation]] in 2007 to Hong Kong multinational manufacturing company [[Techtronic Industries]] for $107 million. Hoover International had already split from Hoover North America in 1993, and was acquired by [[Candy (company)|Candy]] in 1995, which was acquired by [[Haier]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dennyyou.com/2019/02/21/impact-on-vacuum-industry-brought-by-haiers-acquisition-of-the-italian-candy-group/ | title=Impact on Vacuum Industry Brought by Haier's Acquisition of the Italian Candy Group | date=21 February 2019 }}</ref>
In addition to producing floorcare products, Hoover was also an iconic domestic appliance brand in Europe, particularly well known for its washing machines and tumble dryers in the UK and Ireland, and also had significant sales in many parts of Europe. Today, the Hoover Europe brand, as part of the portfolio of brands owned by Chinese multinational home appliances company [[Haier]] remains a major player in the European [[white goods]] and floor care sectors in a number of countries.
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+| name = Hoover Şirketi A.Ş.
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Hoover Şirketi A.Ş.</b> is a home appliance company founded in Edirne, Turkey, in 1915. It also established a major base in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>; and, mostly in the 20th century, it dominated the electric vacuum cleaner industry, to the point where the Hoover <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">brand name became synonymous</a> with vacuum cleaners and vacuuming in the United Kingdom and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>. Hoover Türkiye was once part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maytag" title="Maytag">Maytag</a>, but was sold by Maytag's new owners <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whirlpool_Corporation" title="Whirlpool Corporation">Whirlpool Corporation</a> in 2007 to Hong Kong multinational manufacturing company <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Techtronic_Industries" title="Techtronic Industries">Techtronic Industries</a> for $107 million. Hoover International had already split from Hoover North America in 1993, and was acquired by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Candy_(company)" title="Candy (company)">Candy</a> in 1995, which was acquired by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haier" title="Haier">Haier</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>In addition to producing floorcare products, Hoover was also an iconic domestic appliance brand in Europe, particularly well known for its washing machines and tumble dryers in the UK and Ireland, and also had significant sales in many parts of Europe. Today, the Hoover Europe brand, as part of the portfolio of brands owned by Chinese multinational home appliances company <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haier" title="Haier">Haier</a> remains a major player in the European <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="White goods">white goods</a> and floor care sectors in a number of countries.
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Hoover Şirketi A.Ş.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hoover_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hoover_Logo.svg/220px-Hoover_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hoover_Logo.svg/330px-Hoover_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hoover_Logo.svg/440px-Hoover_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;">Floor care</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;">Home appliances</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">June 2, 1924<span class="noprint">; 99 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1924-06-02</span>)</span><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vehbi_Ko%C3%A7" title="Vehbi Koç">Vehbi Koç</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><div style="display: inline;" class="locality"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a></div>, <div style="display: inline;" class="country-name">Turkey</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Products</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Vacuum cleaners</li><li>deep cleaners</li><li>hard-floor cleaners</li><li>stick vacs</li><li>laundry products</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Techtronic_Industries" title="Techtronic Industries">Techtronic Industries</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.com/">www<wbr />.hoover<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Henry_Dreyfuss_and_Hoover"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Henry Dreyfuss and Hoover</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Development"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Development</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Popular_Hoover_machines"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Popular Hoover machines</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Current_products"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Current products</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#The_word_"hoover""><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">The word "hoover"</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#The_Hoover_Historical_Center"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">The Hoover Historical Center</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Ownership_transitions"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Ownership transitions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Hoover_in_Australia"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Hoover in Australia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Free_flights_promotion"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Free flights promotion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Competition"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Competition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The first upright <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">vacuum cleaner</a> was invented in June 1908 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Canton,_Ohio" title="North Canton, Ohio">North Canton, Ohio</a> by department store janitor and occasional inventor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_M._Spangler" title="James M. Spangler">James Murray Spangler</a>. Spangler was an asthmatic, and suspecting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carpet_sweeper" title="Carpet sweeper">carpet sweeper</a> he was using at work was the cause of his ailment, he created a basic suction-sweeper by mounting an electric fan motor on a carpet sweeper and then adding a soap box and a broom handle. After refining the design and obtaining a patent for the Electric Suction Sweeper<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> he set about producing it himself, assisted by his son, who helped him assemble the machines, and his daughter, who assembled the dust bags. Production was slow, completing just two to three machines a week.
</p><p>Spangler soon gave one of his Electric Suction Sweepers to his cousin Susan Troxel Hoover, who used it at home. Impressed with the machine, she told her husband and son about it. William Henry "Boss" Hoover and son Herbert William Hoover Sr. were leather goods manufacturers in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Canton,_Ohio" title="North Canton, Ohio">North Canton, Ohio</a>, which at the time was called New Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-legacy_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legacy-3">[3]</a></sup> Hoover bought the patent from Spangler later that same year, founding the Electric Suction Sweeper Company for an initial capital investment of $36,000 ($1,220,800 today), retaining Spangler as production supervisor with pay based on royalties in the new business. Spangler continued to contribute to the company, patenting numerous further Suction Sweeper designs until his death in 1915, when the company name was changed to the Hoover Suction Sweeper Company, with Spangler's family continuing to receive royalties from his original patent until 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Henry_Dreyfuss_and_Hoover">Henry Dreyfuss and Hoover</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Henry_Dreyfuss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Henry_Dreyfuss.jpg/170px-Henry_Dreyfuss.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Henry_Dreyfuss.jpg/255px-Henry_Dreyfuss.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Henry_Dreyfuss.jpg/340px-Henry_Dreyfuss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Henry Dreyfuss</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Patent_150.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Patent_150.pdf/page1-170px-Patent_150.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Patent_150.pdf/page1-255px-Patent_150.pdf.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Patent_150.pdf/page1-340px-Patent_150.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption>Patent for Dreyfuss' 150 design</figcaption></figure>
<p>In the early 1930s, the company retained the services of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Dreyfuss" title="Henry Dreyfuss">Henry Dreyfuss</a>, an up-and-coming industrial designer, to give the Hoover lineup a much needed update. Before Dreyfuss's involvement with the company, the majority of the machines manufactured consisted of a black motor and an aluminum base; this was the norm for more than twenty years. When Hoover introduced the 'Hedlite' in 1932, it was rather awkward and unattractive.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Dreyfuss made the machine more aesthetically pleasing and echoed the trends of streamlined design. In 1935, he was commissioned to completely redesign the Hoover cleaner. In 1936, for a fee of 25,000 USD, Dreyfuss sold Hoover the design which would become the Model 150 cleaner. For the first time since the introduction of the Hoover vacuum cleaner, the mechanical workings were completely concealed from sight by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakelite" title="Bakelite">Bakelite</a> cover. This cover was a tear-drop styled shell, which seamlessly incorporated the headlight. Also, he totally revamped the base of the machine. Since the release of this design, all Hoover cleaners consisted of a fluid base and a hood to cover the electric motor. These designs suggested efficiency, cleanliness, and speed. His final design for the Hoover Company was the 1957 Convertible.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Development">Development</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Faced with a total lack of interest by the public in his expensive and unfamiliar new gadget, Hoover placed an ad in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post" title="The Saturday Evening Post">The Saturday Evening Post</a></i> offering customers ten days' free use of his vacuum cleaner to anyone who requested it. Using a network of local retailers to facilitate the offer, Hoover thus developed a national network of retailers for the vacuums. By the end of 1908, the company had sold 372 Model 0s. By 1912, sales had been made to Norway, France, Russia, Belgium, Holland and Scotland.
</p><p>In 1919, Gerald Page-Wood – an art director of <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Erwin,_Wasey_%26_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin, Wasey & Company (page does not exist)">Erwin, Wasey & Company</a>, Hoover's advertising agency – came up with a succinct slogan which summed up the Hoover's cleaning action: 'It Beats...as it Sweeps...as it Cleans'. At this time, it referred to the action of the revolving brushes, which vibrated the carpet and helped loosen the trodden-in grit. This offered an advantage over competitors' machines, which used suction alone to remove dirt, and therefore were not as efficient as the Hoover. Seven years later, the famous slogan would adapt to even more significance.
</p><p>Hoover's business began to flourish, and, a year after Hoover acquired the patent from Spangler, he established a research and development department for his new business. By 1926, Hoover had developed the 'beater bar' - a metal bar attached to the rotating brush roll, situated in the floor nozzle cavity of the upright vacuum cleaner.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Introduced on Models 543 and 700, the beater bars alternated with the sweeping brushes to vibrate the carpet while sucking. It provided a more distinct 'tap' than the bristle tufts used on the former machines, and led to a 101% increase in efficiency. This cleaning action was marketed by Hoover as "Positive Agitation". 'It Beats...as it Sweeps...as it Cleans' rang more true now than ever.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hoover_showroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Hoover_showroom.jpg/220px-Hoover_showroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Hoover_showroom.jpg/330px-Hoover_showroom.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Hoover_showroom.jpg/440px-Hoover_showroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The Model 200 Duster and Model 575 upright, which used the same motor</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1929, Hoover introduced the Model 200 Duster. This would be their first attempt at a cylinder cleaner. It used a Model 575 motor with a modified suction impeller, which was mounted on a unique aluminum body with runners, allowing the cleaner to be pulled behind the user. The Duster was produced for only three months and roughly 9,000 were made.
</p><p>Herbert W. Hoover, Sr. took over as president of the company in 1922 and as chairman of the board of the Hoover Company in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-legacy_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legacy-3">[3]</a></sup> 1930 saw the introduction of the world's first handheld vacuum cleaner, the Hoover Dustette. The good design and exceptional durability of these machines mean many are still in service today, some at over 80 years old.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dupain_Advertisement_for_Hoover_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dupain_Advertisement_for_Hoover_1937.jpg/170px-Dupain_Advertisement_for_Hoover_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dupain_Advertisement_for_Hoover_1937.jpg/255px-Dupain_Advertisement_for_Hoover_1937.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dupain_Advertisement_for_Hoover_1937.jpg/340px-Dupain_Advertisement_for_Hoover_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>1937 Hoover ad by Australian photographer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Max_Dupain" title="Max Dupain">Max Dupain</a>, showing the headlamp</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1932, Hoover introduced a new optional headlamp called the Hoover Hedlite on Models 425, 750 and 900. By March 1932, it had become standard equipment on Models 750 and 900, and a $5 extra-cost option on Model 425. The Hoover Hedlite illuminated the floor ahead of the cleaner, useful for dimly-lit rooms and corridors, and under furniture. Several new slogans mentioned the light, including 'It shows you the dirt you never knew you had!', and 'It lights where it's going...it's clean where it's gone!'.
</p><p>In 1936, Hoover introduced the top-of-the-line Model 150. It had a time to empty bag indicator;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> automatic height adjustment; a magnesium body, which made it weigh less than previous models; instant tool conversion; and a two-speed motor. One of the first Dreyfuss designs for Hoover, it was the symbol of the machine age; the beautiful <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakelite" title="Bakelite">Bakelite</a> hood hid the entire motor from view and there were no protruding knobs or gadgets. It was the first Hoover cleaner that was not of the traditional "coffee can" style, which Hoover had been using since its earliest years. The cleaner sold from 1936 to 1939 and was priced at $80 ($1,752 today).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Two other lower-priced Hoovers sold along with the 150: the Model 25 (1937–38), which was the middle-of-the-line cleaner priced at $65 ($1,378 today), and the Model 300 (1935–38), which became the bottom-of-the-line cleaner and sold at $49.75 ($1,092).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Due to the backdrop of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Hoover produced only 166,000 150s in its three-year production run.
</p><p>From 1941 to 1945, Hoover ceased all vacuum cleaner production and converted the North Canton, Ohio factory to support the war effort. When <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> ended in 1945, Hoover started producing cleaners again and unveiled the Model 27 for post-war America to enjoy.
</p><p>In 1950, Hoover introduced the Veriflex, which was the first rubberized suction hose in the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Other cleaners at the time were using cloth-braided hoses, which would deteriorate and lose suction over time. In 1954, Herbert W. Hoover Jr. took over the presidency of the company from his father.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt97_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt97-11">[11]</a></sup> A nephew of the founder, H. Earl Hoover, also served as chairman and honorary director.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hoover_model_29_ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hoover_model_29_ad.jpg/170px-Hoover_model_29_ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hoover_model_29_ad.jpg/255px-Hoover_model_29_ad.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hoover_model_29_ad.jpg/340px-Hoover_model_29_ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Debut ad for the Hoover Model 29, the first Hoover cleaner made in red</figcaption></figure>
<p>The sombre and restrained colors of the previous decades gave way to bright, striking modern color-schemes, starting with the Hoover Model 29 in 1950, which was red instead of the regular black and brown colors of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13">[13]</a></sup> This was part of their policy of the continual development and modernization of their output.
</p><p>In 1957, Hoover introduced the Convertible Model 65 (the De Luxe 652 in the UK). It was the last machine designed by Henry Dreyfuss, the industrial designer who had worked with the company since the early 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-14">[14]</a></sup> This cleaner introduced what Hoover called 'Automatic Shift', a system whereby the tool converter plugged into the rear of the cleaner. This was not a new idea: instant tool conversion had been introduced in 1936 with the Model 150 Cleaning Ensemble. However, new to Model 65, and slightly later in Britain on the 652A, was the introduction of a switch which automatically shifted the motor to a higher speed as the converter was inserted. The Convertible, or the Senior, in Britain, remains Hoover's worldwide bestselling cleaner. Although the domestic line was finally discontinued in 1993, a version called the Guardsman is still available in the commercial sector.
</p><p>1963 saw the introduction of the Dial-A-Matic in the US – sold in Australia as the Dynamatic, and in Britain as the Convertible. This was the first-ever clean-air upright cleaner. The clean-air principle is similar to the flow of air through a cylinder/canister cleaner. Rather than the dirt passing directly through the suction fan and being blown into the bag, it passes through the bag first, leaving only clean air to pass through the fan. This principle was soon adopted by many manufacturers and continues to be used today. Also, the machine was constructed out of hard plastic. Hoover produced this cleaner from 1963 until the late 1970s in America.
</p><p>In the summer of 1969, Hoover further refined the Dial-A-Matic's design when they launched the 'Powerdrive' self-propulsion system on the Hoover model 1170. This idea took much of the effort out of pushing the cleaner, because, by using a system of gears, wheels, and belts, the cleaner used its own power to drive itself forward and backwards, the speed and direction being controlled entirely by the user though the 'Triple-Action' handgrip. The powerdrive feature on the model 1170 was so efficient, the user could push the bulky machine forward with one finger, and the feature could also be disengaged with a button on the handgrip so the machine could travel easily from room to room with the motor turned off, the machine was very difficult to push when the motor was turned off and the powerdrive was still activated. This was also the first vacuum cleaner available commercially that used the self-propulsion system. This extra technology made the Dial-A-Matic even heavier than the original and more expensive, at around $150 ($1,246 today). The 'Powerdrive' system was carried over into the Concept range in 1978. The powerdrive system was later renamed "Self Propelled". Hoover continued to use this feature on many products of the 1980s and 1990s. It is still being used today by Hoover and numerous other companies.
</p><p>In 1986, the Hoover family sold the company to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago_Pacific_Corporation" title="Chicago Pacific Corporation">Chicago Pacific Corporation</a>, which was created using the remnants of the bankrupt <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rock_Island_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Island Railroad">Rock Island Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt97_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt97-11">[11]</a></sup> It was acquired by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maytag" title="Maytag">Maytag Corporation</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt97_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt97-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>On Friday, 6 March 2009, Hoover confirmed that it would discontinue production of washing machines and other laundry products at its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a> factory, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mid_Glamorgan" title="Mid Glamorgan">Mid Glamorgan</a> from Saturday, 14 March 2009; giving the reason, the company stated that it could no longer manufacture competitively priced laundry products at the plant.
</p><p>Hoover had initially announced its closure intentions on Tuesday, 18 November 2008, beginning a period of staff consultation. The company was established in the town just over sixty years prior, its factory at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pentrebach" title="Pentrebach">Pentrebach</a>, Merthyr Tydfil, opening on 12 October 1948.
</p><p>Though 337 jobs were lost because of this decision, Hoover UK anticipated retaining its headquarters, logistics, storage and after sales service functions at the site, with some 113 workers retained. In 2019, Hoover opened a new head office in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>. It retained a distribution centre at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pentrebach" title="Pentrebach">Pentrebach</a>. Hoover are the current shirt sponsor for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby League">Rugby League</a> club <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warrington_Wolves" title="Warrington Wolves">Warrington Wolves</a>.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Popular_Hoover_machines">Popular Hoover machines</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<dl><dt>The Junior</dt>
<dd>Introduced by Hoover Limited (UK) in the 1930s, the Hoover Junior is a smaller upright type vacuum for apartments or small houses which was easy to carry around. The Junior was very popular in the UK; Hoover sold millions of them, and it became the biggest selling vacuum there. Various models were produced, with the final machine being manufactured in 1987. Hoover Limited made Juniors for export to the US from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s. The exported Juniors were converted to American electrical standards by The Hoover Company in North Canton, Ohio. Finding a Hoover Junior in the USA is quite rare. The Junior was never referred to as such in the USA; it was tagged in official Hoover literature as the Lightweight Upright.</dd>
<dt>The Dirtsearcher</dt>
<dd>Introduced again by Hoover Limited (UK) in 1969, was a development of the Junior with a Model 638 style headlamp fitted in place of the tool adapter cover at the front. This model the 1354 went on to be the most successful UK Hoover manufactured model selling in both European and Commonwealth markets, however it was never sold in the US, although there were 110 V versions of the UK-market Juniors sold in Canada (such as the 1354A). They were sold alongside the Junior and Senior/Ranger models becoming the now rare models U1016 and U1040.</dd>
<dt>The Portable</dt>
<dd>The Hoover Portable was launched by Hoover in 1963. It is a "Suitcase" type canister that did not have wheels; it would tugged around with by the user. When finished, the hose, attachments, and power cord would be stored inside the machine. In 1969, Hoover added wheels to the Portable. The Portable was manufactured until 1978. Also, it used the same motor as the Hoover Dial-A-Matic, the first clean-air upright.</dd>
<dt>The Constellation</dt>
<dd>In 1954, Hoover introduced the Model 82 Constellation. It was a radically new design in cylinder and tank cleaners. Designed by Henry Dreyfuss,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> it represented America's obsession with the space race. Its spherical shape resembled the planet Saturn and impersonated developing space technology. Its most memorable attribute was the ability to "walk on air", which eliminated the need for casters, wheels or runners. The cleaner was made mobile by directing its exhaust air down toward the floor, which caused the cleaner to rise enough from the floor to hover and float behind the user (starting with the Model 84). This was an engineering marvel in and of itself. The Constellation cleaner remained extremely popular in its close to 25-year run, with minor design modifications. The machine was discontinued in the mid-1970s with the introduction of the Hoover Celebrity; however, the Constellation was still produced in the UK well into the 1980s. The machine was so fondly remembered that it was reintroduced and sold from 2006 to 2009.</dd>
<dt>Model 28</dt>
<dd>Introduced in 1946, Hoover produced over two million of this model for post-war America.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> It sold from 1946 to 1950.</dd>
<dt>Model 63</dt>
<dd>In 1953, Hoover debuted the 'deluxe' Model 63 for $116.95 ($1,332 today). It was the first Hoover to utilize a full wrap around bumper and a completely disposable dust bag. The cleaner was styled in two-tone baby blue (base) and navy blue (everything except the base). It was an extremely popular model and sold over four million units. The machine was produced from 1953 to 1956. It was sold, in smaller numbers, in the UK, as the model 638. Again, this machine was designed by Henry Dreyfuss.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13">[13]</a></sup></dd>
<dt>Hoovermatic</dt>
<dd>A long-running line of top-loading twin-tub <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">washing machines</a> which ran from 1948 until 1993, sold mainly in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Hoovermatics were also sold in North America under the <i>Washdog</i> name. The machines used a unique washing action which made use of an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impeller" title="Impeller">impeller</a> (known as a "Pulsator"), situated on the side of the wash tub, which revolved at high speed to create a moving current of water in the wash tub that dragged the laundry through the water.</dd>
<dt>The Convertible</dt>
<dd>1957 ushered in the "long, low and rarin' to go" Convertible.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-14">[14]</a></sup> The name derives from the cleaner's ability to 'automatically shift' into a higher speed upon insertion of the tool converter for more powerful above the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Floor_cleaning" title="Floor cleaning">floor cleaning</a>. Beginning with the Model 65, it soon became one of the most popular and well known cleaners in American history. The Convertible line was in production from 1957 to the early 1990s, and is still sold in variations in the commercial sector. The "Convertible" was also widely sold in the UK under the name "Senior": the Senior Cleaners were viewed to be the model for larger homes, and although it never outsold the Junior in Britain, it was still a massively popular cleaner.</dd></dl>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Current_products">Current products</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The products sold under the Hoover brand vary increasingly from one market to the next. For example, in the United States, the Hoover brand is used exclusively to sell floorcare products produced by TTI. Meanwhile, in the UK and most of Europe, Hoover branding appears on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Candy_(company)" title="Candy (company)">Candy Group</a> products including white goods such as washing machines, dishwashers, and refrigerators, as well as floorcare products. Current details of the product range available to consumers can be found by visiting the Hoover website for the market of interest.
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<h2><span id="The_word_.22hoover.22"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_word_"hoover"">The word "hoover"</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In the UK and Ireland the word "hoover" has long been colloquially synonymous with "vacuum cleaner" and the verb "to vacuum" (e.g. "you were hoovering the carpet"), since the Hoover Company's dominance there during the early 20th century. Despite Hoover no longer being the top seller of vacuum cleaners in the UK, the term "hoover" has remained as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">genericized trademark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Post_registration_maintenance_of_a_registered_Trademark_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post_registration_maintenance_of_a_registered_Trademark-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Possible_Generification_of_Hoover_trademark_by_Elizabeth_Ward_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Possible_Generification_of_Hoover_trademark_by_Elizabeth_Ward-18">[18]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Hoover_Historical_Center">The Hoover Historical Center</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hoover_Farm_(North_Canton,_OH).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hoover_Farm_%28North_Canton%2C_OH%29.JPG/220px-Hoover_Farm_%28North_Canton%2C_OH%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hoover_Farm_%28North_Canton%2C_OH%29.JPG/330px-Hoover_Farm_%28North_Canton%2C_OH%29.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hoover_Farm_%28North_Canton%2C_OH%29.JPG/440px-Hoover_Farm_%28North_Canton%2C_OH%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Boyhood home (built 1853) of Hoover Company founder, William "Boss" Hoover: now the Hoover Historical Center</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1978, the Hoover Company opened a museum in the old Hoover home in North Canton, Ohio on the campus of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walsh_University" title="Walsh University">Walsh University</a>. It is called The Hoover Historical Center, and is dedicated to the history of the Hoover company in Canton. The museum exhibits include a number of non-Hoover hand-operated vacuum cleaners from before the company started, and displays of Hoover products throughout the company's history. Also on display are some of the munitions the company produced during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to help the war effort, and Hoover family personal items.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ownership_transitions">Ownership transitions</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hoover_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Hoover_plant.jpg/220px-Hoover_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Hoover_plant.jpg/330px-Hoover_plant.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Hoover_plant.jpg/440px-Hoover_plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Hoover plant in North Canton, Ohio.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The company became publicly traded in the 1940s. Stock in Hoover was first sold on August 6, 1943, allowing the company to expand. In 1985, Hoover was purchased by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago_Pacific_Corporation" title="Chicago Pacific Corporation">Chicago Pacific Corporation</a>, and in 1989, Chicago Pacific was purchased by Maytag.
</p><p>In 1993, the Hoover Trading Company and Hoover UK merged to become the Hoover European Appliances Group. In 1995, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Candy_(company)" title="Candy (company)">Candy Group</a> acquired the Hoover European Appliances Group in its entirety with the exclusive rights on the brand for the whole of Europe (including all territories of the former-Soviet Union), North Africa and selected countries in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoover_Europe_History_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoover_Europe_History-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2004, Maytag announced that it would consolidate its corporate office and back-office operations in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newton,_Iowa" title="Newton, Iowa">Newton, Iowa</a> and close almost all of Hoover's overlapping functions. This effectively meant that most white-collar jobs at Hoover's North Canton location would be eliminated. The company had previously closed another manufacturing facility in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jackson_Township,_Stark_County,_Ohio" title="Jackson Township, Stark County, Ohio">Jackson Township, Stark County, Ohio</a>, and the facility was sold to a church. Like many manufacturing companies in the United States, Hoover is experiencing pressures as consumers demand lower-priced goods. Hoover has operations in Mexico, where operating costs are lower than in the United States.
</p><p>After Maytag was acquired by Whirlpool in 2006, that firm reached an agreement to sell Hoover to Hong Kong–based firm <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Techtronic_Industries" title="Techtronic Industries">Techtronic Industries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_20061207_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj_20061207-20">[20]</a></sup> TTI announced its intention to close the original plant in North Canton in September 2007.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Hoover_in_Australia">Hoover in Australia</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Since 1954, the Hoover factory at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meadowbank,_New_South_Wales" title="Meadowbank, New South Wales">Meadowbank</a> had manufactured washing machines and other products. A subsidiary of the US company, Hoover Australia merged with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago_Pacific_Corporation" title="Chicago Pacific Corporation">Chicago Pacific</a> in 1985 and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maytag" title="Maytag">Maytag</a> in 1989. Hoover Australia had its own administration, sales and marketing, large maintenance and engineering departments, a service division, and a much larger production workforce. At that time, in the early 1990s, Hoover was making healthy profits, as a result of investment in new technology and machinery through the late 1980s, a big drive towards quality improvement, and a very flexible workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-CPA,_The_Guardian_May_19,_1999_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPA,_The_Guardian_May_19,_1999-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1994, Hoover Australia was to be listed as a public company with a six-monthly operating profit of $8,850,000. That sparked a fight between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Email_Limited" title="Email Limited">Email Limited</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southcorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Southcorp">Southcorp</a>, two of Australia's largest white goods manufacturers for a commercial sale. Both companies were eager to strengthen their market share and further monopolize the whitegoods industry. In December 1994, Southcorp announced that it had bought Hoover Australia. In March 1996, Southcorp began a big rationalization, sacking workers at the Hoover factory involved in maintenance, stores, administration and supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-CPA,_The_Guardian_May_19,_1999_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPA,_The_Guardian_May_19,_1999-21">[21]</a></sup> Also in the year up to March 1996, there had been a large increase in Southcorp's share price.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April, 1999, Southcorp Appliances, including Hoover, Dishlex and Chef, was sold, meaning that Email had obtained a conservative 60 percent share of the Australian whitegoods market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>After the Southcorp takeover, a culture of fear was introduced, based on a concerted campaign to strip all the indirect labor from the workforce, and a myth that the factory was inefficient and unproductive. Every month it was reported the factory was losing $1 million or more. Morale at the factory went into a downward spiral. That was followed by decisions to stop production of barrel and upright vacuum cleaners, followed by front-loading washing machines. They were replaced with imported products. Plastic molding production was contracted out. The factory was being stripped of production, volume and jobs. A cost reduction campaign followed with good-quality components being replaced by inferior cheap components, and there was a complete breakdown of any real preventive maintenance program, which resulted in a large number of machine and equipment breakdowns. The reality, rather than the myth, was the Hoover Meadowbank site was being run into the ground by corporate decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-CPA,_The_Guardian_May_19,_1999_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPA,_The_Guardian_May_19,_1999-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the late 1990s, Email closed the Meadowbank factory and integrated its whitegoods manufacturing into the Simpson plant in South Australia. The vacuum cleaner side of the business was sold to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Godfreys" title="Godfreys">Godfreys</a>. Several years later, Email itself was sold and broken up, and the whitegoods division of Email was sold to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electrolux" title="Electrolux">Electrolux</a>. Shortly after taking ownership, Electrolux ceased leasing the Hoover brand name, and the manufacturing and supply of Hoover white goods ceased in Australia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
As of 2019, Hoover whitegoods are now being sold throughout Australia through several retailers.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Free_flights_promotion">Free flights promotion</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoover_free_flights_promotion" title="Hoover free flights promotion">Hoover free flights promotion</a></div>
<p>In 1992, the British division of Hoover announced the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoover_free_flights_promotion" title="Hoover free flights promotion">Hoover free flights promotion</a>, the demand for which rose far beyond the company's expectations, resulting in major costs and public relations problems for the British division and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maytag" title="Maytag">Maytag</a>, which eventually led to its sale to the Italian manufacturer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Candy_(company)" title="Candy (company)">Candy</a>. In 1993, legal action was started in the United Kingdom to take Hoover to court over the promotion, and was successful in <i>Hoover v. Sandy Jack</i> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheriff_court" title="Sheriff court">sheriff court</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkcaldy" title="Kirkcaldy">Kirkcaldy</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>. Hoover Holiday Pressure Group furthered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a> action against Hoover at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside" title="St Helens, Merseyside">St Helens</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Competition">Competition</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In 2000, US company Hoover was found guilty of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">patent infringement</a>, as they used <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dyson_(company)" title="Dyson (company)">Dyson</a>'s Dual Cyclone in their Vortex vacuum—except they added one more Cyclone, calling it a Triple Vortex Cyclone<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> As a result, Hoover lost its dominant position in the UK and in the United States, and now faces strong competition from numerous brands.
</p><p>In the United States, Hoover's competition includes: Royal, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dirt_Devil" title="Dirt Devil">Dirt Devil</a>, Oreck, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vax_(vacuum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vax (vacuum)">Vax</a> (all of which are owned by Hoover's Hong Kong owner <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Techtronic_Industries" title="Techtronic Industries">Techtronic Industries</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirby_Company" title="Kirby Company">Kirby</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rexair" title="Rexair">Rexair</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eureka_(vacuum_cleaner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eureka (vacuum cleaner)">Eureka</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dyson_(company)" title="Dyson (company)">Dyson</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electrolux" title="Electrolux">Electrolux</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bissell_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Bissell Inc.">Bissell</a>; and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenmore_Appliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenmore Appliances">Kenmore</a> (the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Store_Brand" class="mw-redirect" title="Store Brand">house brand</a> of American store chain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a>, which is manufactured predominantly by Panasonic and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanyo" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a>).
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dyson_(company)" title="Dyson (company)">Dyson</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electrolux" title="Electrolux">Electrolux</a> lead the list of UK competitors, followed by Bosch, Dirt Devil, SEBO, Vax, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morphy_Richards" title="Morphy Richards">Morphy Richards</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miele" title="Miele">Miele</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bissell" title="Bissell">Bissell</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Numatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Numatic">Numatic</a> (maker of the famous "Henry" cylinder cleaner), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zanussi" title="Zanussi">Zanussi</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russell_Hobbs" title="Russell Hobbs">Russell Hobbs</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/LG_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="LG Group">LG</a>, and others.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoover_Building" title="Hoover Building">Hoover Building</a>, 1930s art deco factory and offices in Greater London</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raymond_Loewy" title="Raymond Loewy">Raymond Loewy</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dennyyou.com/2019/02/21/impact-on-vacuum-industry-brought-by-haiers-acquisition-of-the-italian-candy-group/">"Impact on Vacuum Industry Brought by Haier's Acquisition of the Italian Candy Group"</a>. 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impact+on+Vacuum+Industry+Brought+by+Haier%27s+Acquisition+of+the+Italian+Candy+Group&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dennyyou.com%2F2019%2F02%2F21%2Fimpact-on-vacuum-industry-brought-by-haiers-acquisition-of-the-italian-candy-group%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hoover+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US889823">U.S. patent 889,823</a></span>, "Carpet sweeper and cleaner", James M. Spangler, issued 2 June 1908</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-legacy-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-legacy_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-legacy_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hwhfoundation.org/legacy.html">"Legacy." The Hoover Foundation website</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Suu9yUKdA8IC&dq=Herbert+W.+Hoover%2C+Sr.+%28October+30%2C+1877+-+September+16%2C+1954%29%2C&pg=PA615">Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders, Volume 2 By John N. Ingham</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2003098">U.S. patent 2,003,098</a></span>, "Suction cleaner", Harry B. White, issued 28 May 1935</span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1829548">U.S. patent 1,829,548</a></span>, "Suction sweeper" Donald G. Smellie, Harry B White, Marvin E. Nulsen, issued 27 October 1931</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2159112">U.S. patent 2,159,112</a></span>, "Indicator for suction cleaners", Harry B. White, issued 23 May 1939</span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/USD104344">U.S. patent D104344</a></span>, "Design for a casing for suction cleaners or similar articles", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 4 May 1937.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/USD101858">U.S. patent D101858</a></span>, "Design for a casing for a suction cleaner or similar article", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 10 November 1936.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2641302">U.S. patent 2,641,302</a></span>, "Method of making flexible hose for suction cleaners", F. A. Martin, issued 9 June 1953</span>
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<li id="cite_note-nyt97-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt97_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt97_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt97_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/23/business/herbert-hoover-jr-79-company-head.html">"Obituary: Herbert Hoover Jr., 79, Company Head" <i>The New York Times</i>, May 23, 1997</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/16/us/h-earl-hoover.html">"H. Earl Hoover".</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. November 16, 1985</span>
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<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/USD163265">U.S. patent D163265</a></span>, "Suction cleaner casing", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 15 May 1951</span>
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<li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/USD180394">U.S. patent D180394</a></span>, "Suction cleaner casing", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 1957</span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/USD175210">U.S. patent D175210</a></span>, "Suction cleaner", Henry Dreyfuss, 26 July 1955</span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/USD116221">U.S. patent D116221</a></span>, "Design for a casing for suction cleaners or similar articles", Henry Dreyfuss, issued 22 August 1939</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Post_registration_maintenance_of_a_registered_Trademark-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Post_registration_maintenance_of_a_registered_Trademark_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mancunium-ip.co.uk/articles/Postregistration.pdf">Post registration maintenance of a registered Trademark</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Possible_Generification_of_Hoover_trademark_by_Elizabeth_Ward-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Possible_Generification_of_Hoover_trademark_by_Elizabeth_Ward_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3006486.stm">Possible Generification of Hoover trademark by Elizabeth Ward</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hoover_Europe_History-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoover_Europe_History_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.candy-group.com/eng/gruppoCandy/frame.htm">Candy Group History of Hoover</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-wsj_20061207-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj_20061207_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116550031724043448">Whirlpool to Sell Hoover Business For $107 Million to Techtronic</a>." Lam, J. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. December 7, 2006.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-CPA,_The_Guardian_May_19,_1999-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CPA,_The_Guardian_May_19,_1999_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPA,_The_Guardian_May_19,_1999_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPA,_The_Guardian_May_19,_1999_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOldfield" class="citation web cs1">Oldfield, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpa.org.au/z-archive/g1999/954hoov.htm">"Mr"</a>. <i>Communist Party of Australia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Communist+Party+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Mr&rft.aulast=Oldfield&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpa.org.au%2Fz-archive%2Fg1999%2F954hoov.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hoover+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afr.com/companies/southcorp-hits-the-comeback-trail-corporate-strategy-19960318-kaysj">"Southcorp hits the comeback trail corporate strategy"</a>. <i>Australian Financial Review</i>. 1996-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Financial+Review&rft.atitle=Southcorp+hits+the+comeback+trail+corporate+strategy&rft.date=1996-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afr.com%2Fcompanies%2Fsouthcorp-hits-the-comeback-trail-corporate-strategy-19960318-kaysj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hoover+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368860/Dyson-cleans-up-in-patent-battle-with-rival-Hoover.html">"Dyson cleans up in patent battle with rival Hoover"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530231413/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368860/Dyson-cleans-up-in-patent-battle-with-rival-Hoover.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Dyson+cleans+up+in+patent+battle+with+rival+Hoover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1368860%2FDyson-cleans-up-in-patent-battle-with-rival-Hoover.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hoover+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ttifloorcare.com">TTI Floor Care North America</a></span>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li>Cooley, Will, “Communism, the Cold War and a Company Town: The Rise and Fall of UE Local 709,” Labor History 55:1 (2014), 67–96.</li>
<li>Product reviews of Hoover Carpet Cleaners on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carpetcleanerguides.com">Carpet Cleaner Guides</a>, A company by Shelly Marcus.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hoover_Company" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hoover Company">Hoover Company</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.com">Global Website</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hooverdirect.co.uk">UK Website</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ttigroup.com/en/our_brands/by_brand/hoover/">TTi</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walsh.edu/hoover-historical-center">The Hoover Historical Center</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Hoover_Company" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:The_Hoover_Company" title="Template:The Hoover Company"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:The_Hoover_Company" title="Template talk:The Hoover Company"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Hoover_Company" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Hoover Company"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Hoover_Company" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Hoover Company</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_M._Spangler" title="James M. Spangler">James M. Spangler</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoover_Building" title="Hoover Building">Hoover Building</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoover_free_flights_promotion" title="Hoover free flights promotion">Hoover free flights promotion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parent companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Candy_(company)" title="Candy (company)">Candy (company)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Techtronic_Industries" title="Techtronic Industries">Techtronic Industries</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Techtronic_Industries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Techtronic_Industries" title="Template:Techtronic Industries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Techtronic_Industries" title="Template talk:Techtronic Industries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Techtronic_Industries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Techtronic Industries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Techtronic_Industries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Techtronic_Industries" title="Techtronic Industries">Techtronic Industries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dirt_Devil" title="Dirt Devil">Dirt Devil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homelite_Corporation" title="Homelite Corporation">Homelite Corporation</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Hoover Company</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Milwaukee_Electric_Tool_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation">Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vax_(brand)" title="Vax (brand)">Vax</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licensed brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AEG_(German_company)" title="AEG (German company)">AEG Electric Tools</a> (Under license from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electrolux_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolux AB">Electrolux AB</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ryobi" title="Ryobi">Ryobi power tools</a> (Under license from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ryobi" title="Ryobi">Ryobi Ltdi</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Haier" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Haier" title="Template:Haier"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Haier" title="Template talk:Haier"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Haier" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Haier"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Haier" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haier" title="Haier">Haier</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhang_Ruimin" title="Zhang Ruimin">Zhang Ruimin</a> (founder)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Haier_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haier logo"><img alt="Haier logo" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Haier_logo.svg/100px-Haier_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Haier_logo.svg/150px-Haier_logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Haier_logo.svg/200px-Haier_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands, divisions, and subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Candy_(company)" title="Candy (company)">Candy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fisher_%26_Paykel" title="Fisher & Paykel">Fisher & Paykel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GE_Appliances" title="GE Appliances">GE Appliances</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hoover</a> (Europe and United States)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hotpoint" title="Hotpoint">Hotpoint</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haier_Pakistan" title="Haier Pakistan">Haier Pakistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1716568192' |
