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Old page wikitext, before the edit (`old_wikitext`)	'{{short description\|Ahir subdivision}} {{use dmy dates\|date=May 2024}}{{use Indian English\|date=May 2024}} '''Gwalvanshi''' or [[Gwala]], whose main occupation is rearing of animals, production and ''selling'' of ''milk''.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qUZuAAAAMAAJ&q=gwala+or+gwalbans&dq=gwala+or+gwalbans&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSp9fo_qGGAxV83DgGHXRGB6Y4ChDrAXoECAQQBQ#gwala</ref>Gwal women also sell milk and curd.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9dBQw005ldgC&pg=PA47&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwil7KzBp7KGAxXri2MGHfRRANYQ6wF6BAgFEAU#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A&f=false</ref> gwala means Cowherd (''charwaha'')<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L-tVgTbV980C&pg=PA273&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip9tqKorKGAxXwxTgGHZMjBJUQ6wF6BAgGEAU#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE&f=false</ref> '''Gwalvanshi '''<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UO-3tv_esi4C&q=Gwalbans&redir_esc=y \|title=Ames Library Pamphlet Collection: consists of extracts from the Journal of the United Service Institution of India, v.1-12, 1871-1883 \|date=1764 \|language=en}}</ref> is a dominant subdivison<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Maurya \|first=Sahab Deen \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=l_frAAAAMAAJ&dq=Gwalbans+Ahir&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Gwalbans \|title=Population and Housing Problems in India \|date=1989 \|publisher=Chugh Publications \|isbn=978-81-85076-77-5 \|language=en}}</ref> of [[Ahir]]s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Maheshwari \|first=Anil \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QqJhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=Gwalvanshi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiF6qL_noyGAxX1TGwGHVduBZ0Q6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Gwalvanshi&f=false \|title=Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections) \|date=2022-01-20 \|publisher=Om Books International \|isbn=978-93-91258-48-1 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Singh \|first=Bhrigupati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxOXoAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en \|title=Poverty and the Quest for Life: Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India \|date=2015-04-06 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|isbn=978-0-226-19454-7 \|language=en}}</ref> They are populated in [[North-Western Provinces]]<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Risley \|first=Sir Herbert Hope \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ySQ-AAAAYAAJ&q=Kishnaut#v=onepage&q&f=false \|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary \|date=1892 \|publisher=Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press \|language=en}}</ref> and in Oudh ([[Awadh]]).<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Crooke \|first=William \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Oudh+Ah%C3%ADrs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis67XZiKqEAxXWS2wGHT2aALEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Oudh%20Ah%C3%ADrs%20are%20generally&f=false \|title=An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh \|date=1890 \|publisher=North-Western provinces and Oudh government Press \|language=en}}</ref> [[File:GauliMysoreBuffaloHerderLingayat1875.jpg\|thumb\|right\|alt=Cowherd Gwala Tribe\|Gwala Tribe]] == Origin == '''Gwal''' families are living alongwith the [[Gonds]].since long time among the villages, ''Russell'' has also mentioned that " the ''Gowaris'' are admittedly descended from the unions of [[Gonds]] and Ahirs" (1916:160-61). He goes on to mention that gowal or [[Gowar]] caste is '''mixed''' descent from Ahirs and [[gonds]].<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=72DFmlOlViEC&pg=PA372&dq=gowari+gwal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf0fOCm6WGAxUUr1YBHeWrAlgQ6wF6BAgNEAU#v=onepage&q=gowari%20gwal&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GulBDMgxcU0C&pg=PA192&dq=gwala+gwar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi48eL3m6WGAxW5sVYBHeFaAnEQ6wF6BAgIEAU#v=onepage&q=gwala%20gwar&f=false</ref> In ''Bijnor'' the Gual or [[Gwal]] have a '''low''' '''status''' because according to legend their lineage is linked to the [[servants]] (cattle herders) of the true Ahirs.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=NenzO2grTOMC&pg=PA54&dq=gual+ahirs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja4ebOlqOGAxXyzjgGHdOdAHAQ6wF6BAgJEAU#v=onepage&q=gual%20ahirs&f=false</ref> 'Gual or [[gwala]] Caste' is also mentioned as the '''Scheduled''' '''Caste''' under the castes of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the Schedule attached to the Government of India ''Act'' ''1935''.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2xSZqwkA5VwC&pg=PA69&dq=gual+ahirs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJwqTYmaOGAxW-zDgGHUW1D_U4ChDrAXoECAkQBQ#v=onepage&q=gual%20ahirs&f=false</ref> The Gwalvanshi Ahirs claim their descent from the [[cowherd ]]s of [[Braj]]''.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Ibbetson \|first1=Sir Denzil \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QmrSwFYe60C&q=Gu%C3%A1lbansi+Mathura&pg=PA5 \|title=Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province \|last2=Maclagan \|date=1990 \|publisher=Asian Educational Services \|isbn=978-81-206-0505-3 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Michelutti \|first=Lucia \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOYJEAAAQBAJ&q=the+mythical+Gopas+and+Gopis+of+Gokul&pg=PT80 \|title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste and Religion in India \|date=2020-11-29 \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|isbn=978-1-000-08400-9 \|language=en}}</ref>'' == History == ==== Mirzapur ==== According to [[Harisen]] a 4th century Sanskrit poet and an important member of the Rajya Sabha of Samudra Gupta, Ahraura Pargana was originally occupied by the [[Kol]] community. Apart from the name, it has no connection with [[Abhira]].<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VXwuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA890&dq=ahraura+mirzapur+kols&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW_7a_77eGAxV9-DgGHYqfImkQ6wF6BAgLEAU#v=onepage&q=ahraura%20mirzapur%20kols&f=false</ref> According to [[Ain-i-Akbari]], they were [[zamindar]]s of the Ahirwara pargana (present [[Ahraura]]) in [[Mirzapur]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tocAQAAMAAJ&q=Ahir+Zamindars \|title=Contemporary Social Sciences \|date=1978 \|publisher=Research Foundation of India \|language=en}}</ref> Their khap chaudharis held the title of 'Mahtus' clan of ahir in Agori pargana of the old Mirzapur.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sherring \|first=Matthew Atmore \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VYnlAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hindu+Tribes+and+Castes+In+Benaras&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih6oyN0aKFAxXy3jgGHQ-KCogQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false \|title=Hindu Tribes and Castes \|date=1872 \|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company \|language=en}}</ref> ==== Varanasi ==== '''Gwalbans''' are found in lower Doäb, [[Awadh]], and [[Bihar]]. [[Gwalbansi]] septs no special military qualities and are now only enlisted as '''bullock'''-'''drivers'''; but the [[Jädubans]] of Gurgaon make excellent '''soldiers'''<ref>https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5866/page/n49/mode/1up?q=gwalbans+jadubans</ref> <ref>https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5866/page/n56/mode/1up?q=gwalbans+jadubans</ref> They also made [[Warren Hastings]] fled from [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-12-16 \|title=Historical episodes that PM spoke about in Kashi - Civilsdaily \|url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/historical-episodes-that-pm-spoke-about-in-kashi/ \|access-date=2024-05-14 \|language=en-US}}</ref> When [[Goswami Tulsidas]] was taken hostage by Muslim soldiers of Akbar in Varanasi, they were the ones who made him free by attacking on the Muslim force.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Tripathi \|first=Anand Prakash \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xo4hAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82&dq=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj58J2GjKqEAxXrTGwGHcdECD4Q6AF6BAgNEAM#%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82 \|title=Amr̥talāla Nāgara ke upanyāsa \|date=1981 \|publisher=Ānanda Prakāśana \|language=hi}}</ref> As zamindars in the Varanasi district, they held properties like the Kashikarvat.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=85FOAAAAYAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9B+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+ \|title=Mere sākshātkāra: Rāma Vilāsa Śarmā \|date=1994 \|publisher=Kitāba Ghara \|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Vyāsa \|first=Kedāranātha \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eGpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0&redir_esc=y \|title=Kāśīkhaṇḍokta Pañcakrośātmaka Jyotirliṅga Kāśīmāhātmya evaṃ Kāśī kā prācīna itihāsa \|date=1986 \|publisher=Kedāranātha Vyāsa \|language=hi}}</ref> In the Hindi speaking community of Banaras, the word Sardar means two different kinds of people, one with ji and the other without ji. A person addressed as Sardar is a milkman gwala and a person addressed as Sardar ji is a Dhadhor Ahir.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=p64zAAAAIAAJ&q=sardar+banaras+milkman&dq=sardar+banaras+milkman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNtP6eqLKGAxVF3TgGHbwpCF4Q6wF6BAgNEAU#sardar%20banaras%20milkman</ref> They were called Sardars in Kashi.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Mukharji Viswanath \|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.430057 \|title=Bana Rahe Banaras \|date=1958 \|publisher=Bhartiya Gyanpith Kashi}}</ref> ==== Basti ==== In '''Gonda''', as in Basti, the [[Gwalbans]] sub-division are careful and ''laborious'' husbandmen. Although more numerous in [[Gonda]] and [[basti]] than in any other part of [[Oudh]], they own [[no]] [[land]] in this '''district'''.<ref>https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181585/page/n147/mode/1up?q=gwalbans</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tPNrAAAAMAAJ&q=gwalbans+basti&dq=gwalbans+basti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbhJf91KKGAxWf9DgGHTg_CmYQ6wF6BAgNEAU#gwalbans%20basti</ref> '''Dhadhor''' ahir clan to hold extensive land they were called ''Bhumidar'' in the [[Basti district\|Basti]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Desai \|first=Akshayakumar Ramanlal \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TD9uAAAAMAAJ&q=the+Kurmis+and+Ahirs+Bhumidar \|title=Agrarian Struggles in India After Independence \|date=1986 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-561681-1 \|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ayodhya ==== Them in the Faizadad pargana (in today's [[Ayodhya]] district) '''dhadhor'' ahir landlords claimed to be descended from an [[Ahir]] raja of [[Viratnagar\|Berat]] (Rajasthan). Another account is, that they were settled there by Raja Chandra Sen.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sherring \|first=Matthew Atmore \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYnlAAAAMAAJ&q=Pargannah+Fyzab%C3%A2d+Berat \|title=Hindu Tribes and Castes \|date=1872 \|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company \|language=en}}</ref> ==== Azamgarh ==== In the [[Azamgarh district]], they have a tradition that their ancestors were once the ruling race, holding the same position that Rajputs hold now. They also own the most of the land in Azamgarh district. In the Gopalpur pargana of Azamgarh, they held as much land as the other three castes (Rajputs, [[Brahmin\|Brahmins]] & Kayasths) combined together..95% of people in azamgadh district are gwala.2% kurmi caste hold a equal land to the gwala. <ref>{{Cite book \|last=D L Drake Brockman \|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281260 \|title=Azamgarh A Gazetteer District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Arra And Oudh Vol Xxxiii \|date=1911}}</ref> ==== Jaunpur ==== ''Dhadhor''' ahir clan In [[Jaunpur district\|Jaunpur]], hold a big land enlisted as 'big zamindars with hundreds of acres of land'<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zhnsXQOa3KgC&q=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0&dq=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVl_am87eGAxUbzDgGHbm3CvQQ6wF6BAgPEAU#%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ahmad \|first=Iqbal \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zhnsXQOa3KgC&newbks=0&hl=en&redir_esc=y \|title=Śarkī rājya Jaunapura kā itihāsa \|date=1968 \|publisher=Śīrāja Hinda Prakāśana Bhavana \|language=hi}}</ref> ==== Lakhimpur Kheri ==== Ahbaran was a dhadhor and ghosi Ahir chieftain of Khairigarh. He laid siege to Kheri (Khairigarh) which was under the [[Mughal Empire]] and had a strong independent rule over the region. Akbar mentioned him as a cruel king.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Hunter \|first=William Wilson \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VtQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131&dq=Ahbaran+Kundanpur&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAidnY0KmGAxV6T2wGHYHVBZ8Q6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=Ahbaran%20Kundanpur&f=false \|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India \|date=1886 \|publisher=Trübner & Company \|language=en}}</ref> ==== Sitapur ==== In Awadh's Khairabad province, the propreitors of parganas of Pali and Bawan in [[Ain-i-Akbari]] were '''Dhadhor''' Ahirs.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&ovdme=1&id=3R9uAAAAMAAJ&dq=Kharkhila+ahir&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=+ahir \|title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Sitapur \|date=1964 \|publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh \|language=en}}</ref> == Military History == From the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)\|United Provinces]], they were also ones who were recruited in the [[First World War]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Roy \|first=Kaushik \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVZxDwAAQBAJ&q=indian+army+and+the+first+world+war+kaushik+roy \|title=Indian Army and the First World War: 1914–18 \|date=2018-06-29 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-909367-0 \|language=en}}</ref> Their special companies were also made and that class yielded more successful results than any other.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Newul Kishore Press \|first=Lucknow \|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208555 \|title=Indias Services In The War Vol-iii \|date=1922}}</ref> == Physical Appearance == ===Physical Appearance=== '''Gwala''' are more numerous in any ''villages'' and ''blocks''.Generally they have a '''dark''' '''colour''', ''stout body'' and a '''medium height''' with ''small hair'' on the ''head''. Their womenfolk have a fairer complexion as compared with the males. They do not observe purdah and '''work''' freely with their husbands in the '''field'''.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sekcAQAAMAAJ&q=dhandol+gwal&dq=dhandol+gwal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP7-yctqOGAxVSzDgGHZraAu4Q6wF6BAgGEAU#%20gwal</ref> Carleton S. Coon once stated about [[Ahir]]s of Senapur (a village in [[Jaunpur district\|Jaunpur]] which is predominated by '''Dhadhor''' Ahirs)<ref name=":0" /> that: Ahirs are, in average, quite light in skin color and pride themselves on their physical superiorty to other groups. Their robustness is usually attributed to the active, outdoor life they lead, but undoubtedly the greater amount of dairy products that they have at their disposal has some influence. The Ahirs are the athletes of Senapur. They excel at wrestling, at fencing with staves, at jumping, and at acrobatics of all kinds.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://archive.org/details/readeringenerala0000unse \|title=a reader in general anthropology \|date=1948 }}</ref> == Present circumstances == They were farmers and land-holders in [[Purvanchal\|Eastern Uttar Pradesh]]. At the turn of the century, they took up other occupations, including business in a big way.<ref>Ratan Mani Lal (11 May 2014). "[https://www.firstpost.com/politics/azamgarh-why-mulayam-cannot-take-yadav-votes-for-granted-1517631.html Azamgarh: Why Mulayam cannot take Yadav votes for granted]"</ref><ref>Lucia Michelutti, [https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town] (2002) London School of Economics and Political Science University of London, p.90-98</ref> == Notable people == [[Sandeep Tulsi Yadav]], first ever medalist in [[Greco-Roman wrestling\|Greco-Roman]] category from India<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Agarwal \|first=Madhav \|date=2013-09-24 \|title=Greco-Roman hopes to build on Sandeep's bronze \|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2013/Sep/24/greco-roman-hopes-to-build-on-sandeeps-bronze-521089.html \|access-date=2024-05-29 \|website=The New Indian Express \|language=en}}</ref> [[Narsingh Yadav\|Nar Singh Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2010-10-21 \|title=The Hindu : Sport : Yogeshwar, Narsingh land gold \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021001208/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/10/stories/2010101055551300.htm \|access-date=2024-05-29 \|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> Ravindrapal Singh Yadav<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2021-05-08 \|title=Moscow Olympic gold medallist former hockey player Ravinder Pal Singh succumbs to COVID \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/moscow-olympic-gold-medallist-former-hockey-player-ravinder-pal-singh-succumbs-to-covid/articleshow/82474953.cms \|access-date=2024-04-04 \|work=The Times of India \|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Ahir\|Sardar Bachau Yadav]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|last=Comar \|first=Savitri \|date=2018-09-07 \|title=Bir Babas Of Banaras Diane Marjori Cocarie ( Thesis) \|url=https://archive.org/details/birbabasofbanarasdianemarjoricocariethesis_202003_459_O/page/236/mode/1up?q=In+the+Banaras \|access-date=2023-10-22 \|website=Bir Babas Of Banaras}}</ref> [[Revolutionary\|Jivaram Ahir]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite book \|last=Division \|first=Publications \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiIPDgAAQBAJ \|title=WHO'S WHO OF INDIAN MARTYRS Vol 3 \|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting \|isbn=978-81-230-2182-9 \|language=en}}</ref> [[Revolutionary\|Kishun Ahir]]<ref name=":4" /> [[Ram Naresh Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Ram Naresh Yadav Death Anniversary: Remembering Former UP CM Who Travelled In Rickshaw To Governor House For Oath Taking & Resignation \|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/ram-naresh-yadav-death-anniversary-remembering-former-up-cm-who-travelled-in-rickshaw-to-governor-house-for-oath-taking-resignation \|access-date=2024-05-29 \|website=Free Press Journal \|language=en}}</ref> [[Roop Nath Singh Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2016-03-03 \|title=Empowering India - Making democracy meaningful, Know our Representative & Candidate \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221431/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/Pconstituency.aspx?eid=677&cid=55 \|access-date=2024-05-29 \|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> [[Shyam Singh Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2019-05-24 \|title=Jaunpur Election Results 2019: BSP's Shyam Singh Yadav seals victory by a margin of 80936 votes \|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/jaunpur-up-election-2019-jaunpur-election-results-candidates-voter-population-polling-percentage/414391 \|access-date=2024-05-29 \|website=www.timesnownews.com \|language=en}}</ref> [[Parasnath Yadav\|Paras Nath Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=जौनपुर: पूर्व सांसद और विधायक पारसनाथ यादव का निधन, पूर्वांचल के 'मिनी मुलायम' के तौर पर थे फेमस \|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/others/former-mp-and-samajwadi-party-leader-parasnath-yadav-died/articleshow/76338623.cms \|access-date=2024-05-29 \|website=Navbharat Times \|language=hi}}</ref> [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)\|Ramakant Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2018-11-13 \|title=Detailed Profile - Shri Ramakant Yadav - Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha) - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210351/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=531 \|access-date=2024-05-29 \|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> [[Ahir]] [[zamindar]] of Lonhada, Kada Manikpur, [[Kaushambi district\|Kaushambi]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=मिला तेज से तेज- Mila Tej se Tej {{!}} Exotic India Art \|url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/mila-tej-se-tej-aza896/ \|access-date=2024-03-13 \|website=www.exoticindiaart.com \|language=en}}</ref> [[Ahir]] [[zamindar]]s of [[Jaunpur district\|Jaunpur]]<ref>{{Cite book \|last=H.R. Nevill \|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08388 \|title=Jaunpur: a Gazetteer being volume XXVIII of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh \|date=1908 \|publisher=Allahabad, Superintendent Government Press}}</ref> [[Revolutionary\|Khedan Ahir]]<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfvZvuJEGegC&q=%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0 \|title=भारतीय शहीदों का परिचय \|date=2009 \|publisher=प्रकाशन विभाग, सूचना और प्रसारण मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार \|isbn=978-81-230-1511-8 \|language=hi}}</ref> == Culture == The Goyala or [[gwala]] people celebrate a festival every year on the day of ''Diwali''. This festival is called [[Gaidhar]] in the local language and [[Gokarira]] in ''Sanskrit''. On this occasion the '''gwala''' people tie the legs of a [[pig]] and drive their cattle over it until it dies. After that they [[boil][ it in the fields and [[eat]] it.<ref>https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.726/page/n215/mode/1up?q=goyalas</ref> They sing [[Lorikayan\|Loriki]] and Birahas.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Beissinger \|first1=Margaret \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncMPfjLn_M0C&dq=Gwal+Ahir&pg=PA136 \|title=Epic Traditions in the Contemporary World: The Poetics of Community \|last2=Tylus \|first2=Jane \|last3=Wofford \|first3=Susanne Lindgren \|date=1999-03-31 \|publisher=University of California Press \|isbn=978-0-520-21038-7 \|language=en}}</ref> They have started the [[Ramlila\|Ramleela]] at Chaukaghat (Nati Imli) in [[Varanasi district\|Varanasi]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book \|last=Arya \|first=Banarasi Lal \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmcdAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0 \|title=Mahārāja Balavanta Siṃha aura Kāśī kā atīta \|date=1975 \|publisher=Āryā \|language=hi}}</ref> They also actively participate in the ''Bharat Milaap'' done in the Ramleela.<ref name=":2" /> They are great devotee of Radha-Krishna.<ref name=":3" /> Most of the Ahir Birs (deities who died gloriously) in [[Purvanchal\|Eastern Uttar Pradesh]] were Gwalvanshi Ahirs only.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book \|last=Coccari \|first=Diane Marjorie \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QFtAAAAMAAJ&q=In+the+Banaras+area,+the+Gwal+Ahir+were+most \|title=The Bir Babas of Banaras: An Analysis of a Folk Deity in North Indian Hinduism \|date=1986 \|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison \|language=en}}</ref> They also wore the [[Upanayana\|Janeo]] (the sacred-thread) and hence were called as "Janeodhari Ahirs". Which firmly places them within the kshatriya sect of the varna system.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Lacey \|first=W. g \|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56026 \|title=Census Of India 1931 Vol.7 Bihar And Orissa Pt.1 Report \|date=1933}}</ref> == Kuldevi == Their clan deity ([[Kuldevi]]) is Mata [[Vindhyavasini\|Vindhyavasini Jogmaya]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last=Saraswati \|first=Baidyanath \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEtuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80 \|title=Bhoga-moksha samabhava: Kaśī kā sāmājika-sāṃskr̥tika svarūpa \|date=2000 \|publisher=Ḍī Ke. Prinṭavarlḍa \|isbn=978-81-246-0151-8 \|language=hi}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (`new_wikitext`)	'{{short description\|Ahir subdivision}} {{use dmy dates\|date=May 2024}}{{use Indian English\|date=May 2024}} '''Gwalvanshi Ahir'''<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UO-3tv_esi4C&q=Gwalbans&redir_esc=y \|title=Ames Library Pamphlet Collection: consists of extracts from the Journal of the United Service Institution of India, v.1-12, 1871-1883 \|date=1764 \|language=en}}</ref> is a dominant subdivison<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Maurya \|first=Sahab Deen \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=l_frAAAAMAAJ&dq=Gwalbans+Ahir&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Gwalbans \|title=Population and Housing Problems in India \|date=1989 \|publisher=Chugh Publications \|isbn=978-81-85076-77-5 \|language=en}}</ref> of [[Ahir]]s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Maheshwari \|first=Anil \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QqJhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=Gwalvanshi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiF6qL_noyGAxX1TGwGHVduBZ0Q6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Gwalvanshi&f=false \|title=Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections) \|date=2022-01-20 \|publisher=Om Books International \|isbn=978-93-91258-48-1 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Singh \|first=Bhrigupati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxOXoAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en \|title=Poverty and the Quest for Life: Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India \|date=2015-04-06 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|isbn=978-0-226-19454-7 \|language=en}}</ref> They are populated in [[North-Western Provinces]]<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Risley \|first=Sir Herbert Hope \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ySQ-AAAAYAAJ&q=Kishnaut#v=onepage&q&f=false \|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary \|date=1892 \|publisher=Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press \|language=en}}</ref> and in Oudh ([[Awadh]]).<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Crooke \|first=William \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Oudh+Ah%C3%ADrs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis67XZiKqEAxXWS2wGHT2aALEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Oudh%20Ah%C3%ADrs%20are%20generally&f=false \|title=An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh \|date=1890 \|publisher=North-Western provinces and Oudh government Press \|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Sarpanch Bechai Yadav.jpg\|thumb\|Chaudhari Bechai Yadav, Zamindar of Barbojhi, Muhammadabad, [[Mau district\|Mau]] (Old [[Azamgarh district\|Azamgarh]])]] == Origin == '''Gwal''' families are living alongwith the [[Gonds]].since long time among the villages, ''Russell'' has also mentioned that " the ''Gowaris'' are admittedly descended from the unions of [[Gonds]] and Ahirs" (1916:160-61). He goes on to mention that gowal or [[Gowar]] caste is '''mixed''' descent from Ahirs and [[gonds]].<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=72DFmlOlViEC&pg=PA372&dq=gowari+gwal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf0fOCm6WGAxUUr1YBHeWrAlgQ6wF6BAgNEAU#v=onepage&q=gowari%20gwal&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GulBDMgxcU0C&pg=PA192&dq=gwala+gwar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi48eL3m6WGAxW5sVYBHeFaAnEQ6wF6BAgIEAU#v=onepage&q=gwala%20gwar&f=false</ref> In ''Bijnor'' the Gual or [[Gwal]] have a '''low''' '''status''' because according to legend their lineage is linked to the [[servants]] (cattle herders) of the true Ahirs.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=NenzO2grTOMC&pg=PA54&dq=gual+ahirs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja4ebOlqOGAxXyzjgGHdOdAHAQ6wF6BAgJEAU#v=onepage&q=gual%20ahirs&f=false</ref> 'Gual or [[gwala]] Caste' is also mentioned as the '''Scheduled''' '''Caste''' under the castes of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the Schedule attached to the Government of India ''Act'' ''1935''.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2xSZqwkA5VwC&pg=PA69&dq=gual+ahirs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJwqTYmaOGAxW-zDgGHUW1D_U4ChDrAXoECAkQBQ#v=onepage&q=gual%20ahirs&f=false</ref> The Gwalvanshi Ahirs claim their descent from the [[cowherd ]]s of [[Braj]]''.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Ibbetson \|first1=Sir Denzil \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QmrSwFYe60C&q=Gu%C3%A1lbansi+Mathura&pg=PA5 \|title=Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province \|last2=Maclagan \|date=1990 \|publisher=Asian Educational Services \|isbn=978-81-206-0505-3 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Michelutti \|first=Lucia \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOYJEAAAQBAJ&q=the+mythical+Gopas+and+Gopis+of+Gokul&pg=PT80 \|title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste and Religion in India \|date=2020-11-29 \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|isbn=978-1-000-08400-9 \|language=en}}</ref>'' == History == ==== Mirzapur ==== According to [[Harisen]] a 4th century Sanskrit poet and an important member of the Rajya Sabha of Samudra Gupta, Ahraura Pargana was originally occupied by the [[Kol]] community. Apart from the name, it has no connection with [[Abhira]].<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VXwuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA890&dq=ahraura+mirzapur+kols&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW_7a_77eGAxV9-DgGHYqfImkQ6wF6BAgLEAU#v=onepage&q=ahraura%20mirzapur%20kols&f=false</ref> According to [[Ain-i-Akbari]], they were [[zamindar]]s of the Ahirwara pargana (present [[Ahraura]]) in [[Mirzapur]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tocAQAAMAAJ&q=Ahir+Zamindars \|title=Contemporary Social Sciences \|date=1978 \|publisher=Research Foundation of India \|language=en}}</ref> Their khap chaudharis held the title of 'Mahtus' clan of ahir in Agori pargana of the old Mirzapur.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sherring \|first=Matthew Atmore \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VYnlAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hindu+Tribes+and+Castes+In+Benaras&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih6oyN0aKFAxXy3jgGHQ-KCogQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false \|title=Hindu Tribes and Castes \|date=1872 \|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company \|language=en}}</ref> ==== Varanasi ==== '''Gwalbans''' are found in lower Doäb, [[Awadh]], and [[Bihar]]. [[Gwalbansi]] septs no special military qualities and are now only enlisted as '''bullock'''-'''drivers'''; but the [[Jädubans]] of Gurgaon make excellent '''soldiers'''<ref>https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5866/page/n49/mode/1up?q=gwalbans+jadubans</ref> <ref>https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5866/page/n56/mode/1up?q=gwalbans+jadubans</ref> They also made [[Warren Hastings]] fled from [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-12-16 \|title=Historical episodes that PM spoke about in Kashi - Civilsdaily \|url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/historical-episodes-that-pm-spoke-about-in-kashi/ \|access-date=2024-05-14 \|language=en-US}}</ref> When [[Goswami Tulsidas]] was taken hostage by Muslim soldiers of Akbar in Varanasi, they were the ones who made him free by attacking on the Muslim force.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Tripathi \|first=Anand Prakash \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xo4hAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82&dq=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj58J2GjKqEAxXrTGwGHcdECD4Q6AF6BAgNEAM#%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82 \|title=Amr̥talāla Nāgara ke upanyāsa \|date=1981 \|publisher=Ānanda Prakāśana \|language=hi}}</ref> As zamindars in the Varanasi district, they held properties like the Kashikarvat.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=85FOAAAAYAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9B+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+ \|title=Mere sākshātkāra: Rāma Vilāsa Śarmā \|date=1994 \|publisher=Kitāba Ghara \|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Vyāsa \|first=Kedāranātha \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eGpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0&redir_esc=y \|title=Kāśīkhaṇḍokta Pañcakrośātmaka Jyotirliṅga Kāśīmāhātmya evaṃ Kāśī kā prācīna itihāsa \|date=1986 \|publisher=Kedāranātha Vyāsa \|language=hi}}</ref> In the Hindi speaking community of Banaras, the word Sardar means two different kinds of people, one with ji and the other without ji. A person addressed as Sardar is a milkman gwala and a person addressed as Sardar ji is a Dhadhor Ahir.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=p64zAAAAIAAJ&q=sardar+banaras+milkman&dq=sardar+banaras+milkman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNtP6eqLKGAxVF3TgGHbwpCF4Q6wF6BAgNEAU#sardar%20banaras%20milkman</ref> They were called Sardars in Kashi.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Mukharji Viswanath \|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.430057 \|title=Bana Rahe Banaras \|date=1958 \|publisher=Bhartiya Gyanpith Kashi}}</ref> ==== Basti ==== In '''Gonda''', as in Basti, the [[Gwalbans]] sub-division are careful and ''laborious'' husbandmen. Although more numerous in [[Gonda]] and [[basti]] than in any other part of [[Oudh]], they own [[no]] [[land]] in this '''district'''.<ref>https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181585/page/n147/mode/1up?q=gwalbans</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tPNrAAAAMAAJ&q=gwalbans+basti&dq=gwalbans+basti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbhJf91KKGAxWf9DgGHTg_CmYQ6wF6BAgNEAU#gwalbans%20basti</ref> '''Dhadhor''' ahir clan to hold extensive land they were called ''Bhumidar'' in the [[Basti district\|Basti]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Desai \|first=Akshayakumar Ramanlal \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TD9uAAAAMAAJ&q=the+Kurmis+and+Ahirs+Bhumidar \|title=Agrarian Struggles in India After Independence \|date=1986 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-561681-1 \|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ayodhya ==== Them in the Faizadad pargana (in today's [[Ayodhya]] district) '''dhadhor'' ahir landlords claimed to be descended from an [[Ahir]] raja of [[Viratnagar\|Berat]] (Rajasthan). Another account is, that they were settled there by Raja Chandra Sen.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sherring \|first=Matthew Atmore \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYnlAAAAMAAJ&q=Pargannah+Fyzab%C3%A2d+Berat \|title=Hindu Tribes and Castes \|date=1872 \|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company \|language=en}}</ref> ==== Azamgarh ==== In the [[Azamgarh district]], they have a tradition that their ancestors were once the ruling race, holding the same position that Rajputs hold now. They also own the most of the land in Azamgarh district. In the Gopalpur pargana of Azamgarh, they held as much land as the other three castes (Rajputs, [[Brahmin\|Brahmins]] & Kayasths) combined together..95% of people in azamgadh district are gwala.2% kurmi caste hold a equal land to the gwala. <ref>{{Cite book \|last=D L Drake Brockman \|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281260 \|title=Azamgarh A Gazetteer District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Arra And Oudh Vol Xxxiii \|date=1911}}</ref> ==== Jaunpur ==== ''Dhadhor''' ahir clan In [[Jaunpur district\|Jaunpur]], hold a big land enlisted as 'big zamindars with hundreds of acres of land'<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zhnsXQOa3KgC&q=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0&dq=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVl_am87eGAxUbzDgGHbm3CvQQ6wF6BAgPEAU#%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ahmad \|first=Iqbal \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zhnsXQOa3KgC&newbks=0&hl=en&redir_esc=y \|title=Śarkī rājya Jaunapura kā itihāsa \|date=1968 \|publisher=Śīrāja Hinda Prakāśana Bhavana \|language=hi}}</ref> ==== Lakhimpur Kheri ==== Ahbaran was a dhadhor and ghosi Ahir chieftain of Khairigarh. He laid siege to Kheri (Khairigarh) which was under the [[Mughal Empire]] and had a strong independent rule over the region. Akbar mentioned him as a cruel king.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Hunter \|first=William Wilson \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VtQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131&dq=Ahbaran+Kundanpur&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAidnY0KmGAxV6T2wGHYHVBZ8Q6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=Ahbaran%20Kundanpur&f=false \|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India \|date=1886 \|publisher=Trübner & Company \|language=en}}</ref> ==== Sitapur ==== In Awadh's Khairabad province, the propreitors of parganas of Pali and Bawan in [[Ain-i-Akbari]] were '''Dhadhor''' Ahirs.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&ovdme=1&id=3R9uAAAAMAAJ&dq=Kharkhila+ahir&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=+ahir \|title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Sitapur \|date=1964 \|publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh \|language=en}}</ref> == Military History == From the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)\|United Provinces]], they were also ones who were recruited in the [[First World War]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Roy \|first=Kaushik \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVZxDwAAQBAJ&q=indian+army+and+the+first+world+war+kaushik+roy \|title=Indian Army and the First World War: 1914–18 \|date=2018-06-29 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-909367-0 \|language=en}}</ref> Their special companies were also made and that class yielded more successful results than any other.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Newul Kishore Press \|first=Lucknow \|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208555 \|title=Indias Services In The War Vol-iii \|date=1922}}</ref> == Physical Appearance == ===Physical Appearance=== '''Gwala''' are more numerous in any ''villages'' and ''blocks''.Generally they have a '''dark''' '''colour''', ''stout body'' and a '''medium height''' with ''small hair'' on the ''head''. Their womenfolk have a fairer complexion as compared with the males. They do not observe purdah and '''work''' freely with their husbands in the '''field'''.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sekcAQAAMAAJ&q=dhandol+gwal&dq=dhandol+gwal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP7-yctqOGAxVSzDgGHZraAu4Q6wF6BAgGEAU#%20gwal</ref> Carleton S. Coon once stated about [[Ahir]]s of Senapur (a village in [[Jaunpur district\|Jaunpur]] which is predominated by '''Dhadhor''' Ahirs)<ref name=":0" /> that: Ahirs are, in average, quite light in skin color and pride themselves on their physical superiorty to other groups. Their robustness is usually attributed to the active, outdoor life they lead, but undoubtedly the greater amount of dairy products that they have at their disposal has some influence. The Ahirs are the athletes of Senapur. They excel at wrestling, at fencing with staves, at jumping, and at acrobatics of all kinds.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://archive.org/details/readeringenerala0000unse \|title=a reader in general anthropology \|date=1948 }}</ref> == Present circumstances == They were farmers and land-holders in [[Purvanchal\|Eastern Uttar Pradesh]]. At the turn of the century, they took up other occupations, including business in a big way.<ref>Ratan Mani Lal (11 May 2014). "[https://www.firstpost.com/politics/azamgarh-why-mulayam-cannot-take-yadav-votes-for-granted-1517631.html Azamgarh: Why Mulayam cannot take Yadav votes for granted]"</ref><ref>Lucia Michelutti, [https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town] (2002) London School of Economics and Political Science University of London, p.90-98</ref> == Notable people == [[Sandeep Tulsi Yadav]], first ever medalist in [[Greco-Roman wrestling\|Greco-Roman]] category from India<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Agarwal \|first=Madhav \|date=2013-09-24 \|title=Greco-Roman hopes to build on Sandeep's bronze \|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2013/Sep/24/greco-roman-hopes-to-build-on-sandeeps-bronze-521089.html \|access-date=2024-05-29 \|website=The New Indian Express \|language=en}}</ref> [[Narsingh Yadav\|Nar Singh Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2010-10-21 \|title=The Hindu : Sport : Yogeshwar, Narsingh land gold \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021001208/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/10/stories/2010101055551300.htm \|access-date=2024-05-29 \|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> Ravindrapal Singh Yadav<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2021-05-08 \|title=Moscow Olympic gold medallist former hockey player Ravinder Pal Singh succumbs to COVID \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/moscow-olympic-gold-medallist-former-hockey-player-ravinder-pal-singh-succumbs-to-covid/articleshow/82474953.cms \|access-date=2024-04-04 \|work=The Times of India \|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Ahir\|Sardar Bachau Yadav]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|last=Comar \|first=Savitri \|date=2018-09-07 \|title=Bir Babas Of Banaras Diane Marjori Cocarie ( Thesis) \|url=https://archive.org/details/birbabasofbanarasdianemarjoricocariethesis_202003_459_O/page/236/mode/1up?q=In+the+Banaras \|access-date=2023-10-22 \|website=Bir Babas Of Banaras}}</ref> [[Revolutionary\|Jivaram Ahir]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite book \|last=Division \|first=Publications \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiIPDgAAQBAJ \|title=WHO'S WHO OF INDIAN MARTYRS Vol 3 \|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting \|isbn=978-81-230-2182-9 \|language=en}}</ref> [[Revolutionary\|Kishun Ahir]]<ref name=":4" /> [[Ram Naresh Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Ram Naresh Yadav Death Anniversary: Remembering Former UP CM Who Travelled In Rickshaw To Governor House For Oath Taking & Resignation \|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/ram-naresh-yadav-death-anniversary-remembering-former-up-cm-who-travelled-in-rickshaw-to-governor-house-for-oath-taking-resignation \|access-date=2024-05-29 \|website=Free Press Journal \|language=en}}</ref> [[Roop Nath Singh Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2016-03-03 \|title=Empowering India - Making democracy meaningful, Know our Representative & Candidate \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221431/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/Pconstituency.aspx?eid=677&cid=55 \|access-date=2024-05-29 \|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> [[Shyam Singh Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2019-05-24 \|title=Jaunpur Election Results 2019: BSP's Shyam Singh Yadav seals victory by a margin of 80936 votes \|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/jaunpur-up-election-2019-jaunpur-election-results-candidates-voter-population-polling-percentage/414391 \|access-date=2024-05-29 \|website=www.timesnownews.com \|language=en}}</ref> [[Parasnath Yadav\|Paras Nath Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=जौनपुर: पूर्व सांसद और विधायक पारसनाथ यादव का निधन, पूर्वांचल के 'मिनी मुलायम' के तौर पर थे फेमस \|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/others/former-mp-and-samajwadi-party-leader-parasnath-yadav-died/articleshow/76338623.cms \|access-date=2024-05-29 \|website=Navbharat Times \|language=hi}}</ref> [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)\|Ramakant Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2018-11-13 \|title=Detailed Profile - Shri Ramakant Yadav - Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha) - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210351/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=531 \|access-date=2024-05-29 \|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> [[Ahir]] [[zamindar]] of Lonhada, Kada Manikpur, [[Kaushambi district\|Kaushambi]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=मिला तेज से तेज- Mila Tej se Tej {{!}} Exotic India Art \|url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/mila-tej-se-tej-aza896/ \|access-date=2024-03-13 \|website=www.exoticindiaart.com \|language=en}}</ref> [[Ahir]] [[zamindar]]s of [[Jaunpur district\|Jaunpur]]<ref>{{Cite book \|last=H.R. Nevill \|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08388 \|title=Jaunpur: a Gazetteer being volume XXVIII of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh \|date=1908 \|publisher=Allahabad, Superintendent Government Press}}</ref> [[Revolutionary\|Khedan Ahir]]<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfvZvuJEGegC&q=%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0 \|title=भारतीय शहीदों का परिचय \|date=2009 \|publisher=प्रकाशन विभाग, सूचना और प्रसारण मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार \|isbn=978-81-230-1511-8 \|language=hi}}</ref> == Culture == The Goyala or [[gwala]] people celebrate a festival every year on the day of ''Diwali''. This festival is called [[Gaidhar]] in the local language and [[Gokarira]] in ''Sanskrit''. On this occasion the '''gwala''' people tie the legs of a [[pig]] and drive their cattle over it until it dies. After that they [[boil][ it in the fields and [[eat]] it.<ref>https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.726/page/n215/mode/1up?q=goyalas</ref> They sing [[Lorikayan\|Loriki]] and Birahas.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Beissinger \|first1=Margaret \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncMPfjLn_M0C&dq=Gwal+Ahir&pg=PA136 \|title=Epic Traditions in the Contemporary World: The Poetics of Community \|last2=Tylus \|first2=Jane \|last3=Wofford \|first3=Susanne Lindgren \|date=1999-03-31 \|publisher=University of California Press \|isbn=978-0-520-21038-7 \|language=en}}</ref> They have started the [[Ramlila\|Ramleela]] at Chaukaghat (Nati Imli) in [[Varanasi district\|Varanasi]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book \|last=Arya \|first=Banarasi Lal \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmcdAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0 \|title=Mahārāja Balavanta Siṃha aura Kāśī kā atīta \|date=1975 \|publisher=Āryā \|language=hi}}</ref> They also actively participate in the ''Bharat Milaap'' done in the Ramleela.<ref name=":2" /> They are great devotee of Radha-Krishna.<ref name=":3" /> Most of the Ahir Birs (deities who died gloriously) in [[Purvanchal\|Eastern Uttar Pradesh]] were Gwalvanshi Ahirs only.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book \|last=Coccari \|first=Diane Marjorie \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QFtAAAAMAAJ&q=In+the+Banaras+area,+the+Gwal+Ahir+were+most \|title=The Bir Babas of Banaras: An Analysis of a Folk Deity in North Indian Hinduism \|date=1986 \|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison \|language=en}}</ref> They also wore the [[Upanayana\|Janeo]] (the sacred-thread) and hence were called as "Janeodhari Ahirs". Which firmly places them within the kshatriya sect of the varna system.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Lacey \|first=W. g \|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56026 \|title=Census Of India 1931 Vol.7 Bihar And Orissa Pt.1 Report \|date=1933}}</ref> == Kuldevi == Their clan deity ([[Kuldevi]]) is Mata [[Vindhyavasini\|Vindhyavasini Jogmaya]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last=Saraswati \|first=Baidyanath \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEtuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80 \|title=Bhoga-moksha samabhava: Kaśī kā sāmājika-sāṃskr̥tika svarūpa \|date=2000 \|publisher=Ḍī Ke. Prinṭavarlḍa \|isbn=978-81-246-0151-8 \|language=hi}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (`edit_diff`)	'@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@ {{short description\|Ahir subdivision}} {{use dmy dates\|date=May 2024}}{{use Indian English\|date=May 2024}} -'''Gwalvanshi''' or [[Gwala]], whose main occupation is rearing of animals, production and ''selling'' of ''milk''.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qUZuAAAAMAAJ&q=gwala+or+gwalbans&dq=gwala+or+gwalbans&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSp9fo_qGGAxV83DgGHXRGB6Y4ChDrAXoECAQQBQ#gwala</ref>Gwal women also sell milk and curd.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9dBQw005ldgC&pg=PA47&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwil7KzBp7KGAxXri2MGHfRRANYQ6wF6BAgFEAU#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A&f=false</ref> gwala means Cowherd (''charwaha'')<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L-tVgTbV980C&pg=PA273&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip9tqKorKGAxXwxTgGHZMjBJUQ6wF6BAgGEAU#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE&f=false</ref> -'''Gwalvanshi '''<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UO-3tv_esi4C&q=Gwalbans&redir_esc=y \|title=Ames Library Pamphlet Collection: consists of extracts from the Journal of the United Service Institution of India, v.1-12, 1871-1883 \|date=1764 \|language=en}}</ref> is a dominant subdivison<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Maurya \|first=Sahab Deen \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=l_frAAAAMAAJ&dq=Gwalbans+Ahir&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Gwalbans \|title=Population and Housing Problems in India \|date=1989 \|publisher=Chugh Publications \|isbn=978-81-85076-77-5 \|language=en}}</ref> of [[Ahir]]s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Maheshwari \|first=Anil \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QqJhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=Gwalvanshi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiF6qL_noyGAxX1TGwGHVduBZ0Q6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Gwalvanshi&f=false \|title=Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections) \|date=2022-01-20 \|publisher=Om Books International \|isbn=978-93-91258-48-1 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Singh \|first=Bhrigupati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxOXoAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en \|title=Poverty and the Quest for Life: Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India \|date=2015-04-06 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|isbn=978-0-226-19454-7 \|language=en}}</ref> They are populated in [[North-Western Provinces]]<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Risley \|first=Sir Herbert Hope \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ySQ-AAAAYAAJ&q=Kishnaut#v=onepage&q&f=false \|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary \|date=1892 \|publisher=Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press \|language=en}}</ref> and in Oudh ([[Awadh]]).<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Crooke \|first=William \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Oudh+Ah%C3%ADrs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis67XZiKqEAxXWS2wGHT2aALEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Oudh%20Ah%C3%ADrs%20are%20generally&f=false \|title=An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh \|date=1890 \|publisher=North-Western provinces and Oudh government Press \|language=en}}</ref> -[[File:GauliMysoreBuffaloHerderLingayat1875.jpg\|thumb\|right\|alt=Cowherd Gwala Tribe\|Gwala Tribe]] - +'''Gwalvanshi Ahir'''<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UO-3tv_esi4C&q=Gwalbans&redir_esc=y \|title=Ames Library Pamphlet Collection: consists of extracts from the Journal of the United Service Institution of India, v.1-12, 1871-1883 \|date=1764 \|language=en}}</ref> is a dominant subdivison<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Maurya \|first=Sahab Deen \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=l_frAAAAMAAJ&dq=Gwalbans+Ahir&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Gwalbans \|title=Population and Housing Problems in India \|date=1989 \|publisher=Chugh Publications \|isbn=978-81-85076-77-5 \|language=en}}</ref> of [[Ahir]]s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Maheshwari \|first=Anil \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QqJhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=Gwalvanshi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiF6qL_noyGAxX1TGwGHVduBZ0Q6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Gwalvanshi&f=false \|title=Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections) \|date=2022-01-20 \|publisher=Om Books International \|isbn=978-93-91258-48-1 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Singh \|first=Bhrigupati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxOXoAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en \|title=Poverty and the Quest for Life: Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India \|date=2015-04-06 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|isbn=978-0-226-19454-7 \|language=en}}</ref> They are populated in [[North-Western Provinces]]<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Risley \|first=Sir Herbert Hope \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ySQ-AAAAYAAJ&q=Kishnaut#v=onepage&q&f=false \|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary \|date=1892 \|publisher=Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press \|language=en}}</ref> and in Oudh ([[Awadh]]).<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Crooke \|first=William \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Oudh+Ah%C3%ADrs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis67XZiKqEAxXWS2wGHT2aALEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Oudh%20Ah%C3%ADrs%20are%20generally&f=false \|title=An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh \|date=1890 \|publisher=North-Western provinces and Oudh government Press \|language=en}}</ref> +[[File:Sarpanch Bechai Yadav.jpg\|thumb\|Chaudhari Bechai Yadav, Zamindar of Barbojhi, Muhammadabad, [[Mau district\|Mau]] (Old [[Azamgarh district\|Azamgarh]])]] == Origin == '''Gwal''' families are living alongwith the [[Gonds]].since long time among the villages, ''Russell'' has also mentioned that " the ''Gowaris'' are admittedly descended from the unions of [[Gonds]] and Ahirs" (1916:160-61). He goes on to mention that gowal or [[Gowar]] caste is '''mixed''' descent from Ahirs and [[gonds]].<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=72DFmlOlViEC&pg=PA372&dq=gowari+gwal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf0fOCm6WGAxUUr1YBHeWrAlgQ6wF6BAgNEAU#v=onepage&q=gowari%20gwal&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GulBDMgxcU0C&pg=PA192&dq=gwala+gwar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi48eL3m6WGAxW5sVYBHeFaAnEQ6wF6BAgIEAU#v=onepage&q=gwala%20gwar&f=false</ref> '
New page size (`new_size`)	23685
Old page size (`old_size`)	24887
Size change in edit (`edit_delta`)	-1202
Lines added in edit (`added_lines`)	[ 0 => ''''Gwalvanshi Ahir'''<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UO-3tv_esi4C&q=Gwalbans&redir_esc=y \|title=Ames Library Pamphlet Collection: consists of extracts from the Journal of the United Service Institution of India, v.1-12, 1871-1883 \|date=1764 \|language=en}}</ref> is a dominant subdivison<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Maurya \|first=Sahab Deen \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=l_frAAAAMAAJ&dq=Gwalbans+Ahir&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Gwalbans \|title=Population and Housing Problems in India \|date=1989 \|publisher=Chugh Publications \|isbn=978-81-85076-77-5 \|language=en}}</ref> of [[Ahir]]s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Maheshwari \|first=Anil \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QqJhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=Gwalvanshi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiF6qL_noyGAxX1TGwGHVduBZ0Q6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Gwalvanshi&f=false \|title=Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections) \|date=2022-01-20 \|publisher=Om Books International \|isbn=978-93-91258-48-1 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Singh \|first=Bhrigupati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxOXoAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en \|title=Poverty and the Quest for Life: Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India \|date=2015-04-06 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|isbn=978-0-226-19454-7 \|language=en}}</ref> They are populated in [[North-Western Provinces]]<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Risley \|first=Sir Herbert Hope \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ySQ-AAAAYAAJ&q=Kishnaut#v=onepage&q&f=false \|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary \|date=1892 \|publisher=Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press \|language=en}}</ref> and in Oudh ([[Awadh]]).<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Crooke \|first=William \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Oudh+Ah%C3%ADrs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis67XZiKqEAxXWS2wGHT2aALEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Oudh%20Ah%C3%ADrs%20are%20generally&f=false \|title=An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh \|date=1890 \|publisher=North-Western provinces and Oudh government Press \|language=en}}</ref> ', 1 => '[[File:Sarpanch Bechai Yadav.jpg\|thumb\|Chaudhari Bechai Yadav, Zamindar of Barbojhi, Muhammadabad, [[Mau district\|Mau]] (Old [[Azamgarh district\|Azamgarh]])]]' ]
Lines removed in edit (`removed_lines`)	[ 0 => ''''Gwalvanshi''' or [[Gwala]], whose main occupation is rearing of animals, production and ''selling'' of ''milk''.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qUZuAAAAMAAJ&q=gwala+or+gwalbans&dq=gwala+or+gwalbans&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSp9fo_qGGAxV83DgGHXRGB6Y4ChDrAXoECAQQBQ#gwala</ref>Gwal women also sell milk and curd.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9dBQw005ldgC&pg=PA47&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwil7KzBp7KGAxXri2MGHfRRANYQ6wF6BAgFEAU#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A&f=false</ref> gwala means Cowherd (''charwaha'')<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L-tVgTbV980C&pg=PA273&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip9tqKorKGAxXwxTgGHZMjBJUQ6wF6BAgGEAU#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE&f=false</ref>', 1 => ''''Gwalvanshi '''<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UO-3tv_esi4C&q=Gwalbans&redir_esc=y \|title=Ames Library Pamphlet Collection: consists of extracts from the Journal of the United Service Institution of India, v.1-12, 1871-1883 \|date=1764 \|language=en}}</ref> is a dominant subdivison<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Maurya \|first=Sahab Deen \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=l_frAAAAMAAJ&dq=Gwalbans+Ahir&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Gwalbans \|title=Population and Housing Problems in India \|date=1989 \|publisher=Chugh Publications \|isbn=978-81-85076-77-5 \|language=en}}</ref> of [[Ahir]]s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Maheshwari \|first=Anil \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QqJhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=Gwalvanshi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiF6qL_noyGAxX1TGwGHVduBZ0Q6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Gwalvanshi&f=false \|title=Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections) \|date=2022-01-20 \|publisher=Om Books International \|isbn=978-93-91258-48-1 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Singh \|first=Bhrigupati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxOXoAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en \|title=Poverty and the Quest for Life: Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India \|date=2015-04-06 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|isbn=978-0-226-19454-7 \|language=en}}</ref> They are populated in [[North-Western Provinces]]<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Risley \|first=Sir Herbert Hope \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ySQ-AAAAYAAJ&q=Kishnaut#v=onepage&q&f=false \|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary \|date=1892 \|publisher=Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press \|language=en}}</ref> and in Oudh ([[Awadh]]).<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Crooke \|first=William \|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Oudh+Ah%C3%ADrs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis67XZiKqEAxXWS2wGHT2aALEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Oudh%20Ah%C3%ADrs%20are%20generally&f=false \|title=An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh \|date=1890 \|publisher=North-Western provinces and Oudh government Press \|language=en}}</ref> ', 2 => '[[File:GauliMysoreBuffaloHerderLingayat1875.jpg\|thumb\|right\|alt=Cowherd Gwala Tribe\|Gwala Tribe]]', 3 => '' ]
All external links added in the edit (`added_links`)	[]
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'http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56026', 37 => 'https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2013/Sep/24/greco-roman-hopes-to-build-on-sandeeps-bronze-521089.html', 38 => 'http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08388', 39 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101021001208/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/10/stories/2010101055551300.htm', 40 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221431/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/Pconstituency.aspx?eid=677&cid=55', 41 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210351/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=531', 42 => 'https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/ram-naresh-yadav-death-anniversary-remembering-former-up-cm-who-travelled-in-rickshaw-to-governor-house-for-oath-taking-resignation', 43 => 'https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/jaunpur-up-election-2019-jaunpur-election-results-candidates-voter-population-polling-percentage/414391', 44 => 'https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/others/former-mp-and-samajwadi-party-leader-parasnath-yadav-died/articleshow/76338623.cms', 45 => 'https://books.google.co.in/books?id=72DFmlOlViEC&pg=PA372&dq=gowari+gwal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf0fOCm6WGAxUUr1YBHeWrAlgQ6wF6BAgNEAU#v=onepage&q=gowari%20gwal&f=false', 46 => 'https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GulBDMgxcU0C&pg=PA192&dq=gwala+gwar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi48eL3m6WGAxW5sVYBHeFaAnEQ6wF6BAgIEAU#v=onepage&q=gwala%20gwar&f=false', 47 => 'https://books.google.co.in/books?id=NenzO2grTOMC&pg=PA54&dq=gual+ahirs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja4ebOlqOGAxXyzjgGHdOdAHAQ6wF6BAgJEAU#v=onepage&q=gual%20ahirs&f=false', 48 => 'https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2xSZqwkA5VwC&pg=PA69&dq=gual+ahirs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJwqTYmaOGAxW-zDgGHUW1D_U4ChDrAXoECAkQBQ#v=onepage&q=gual%20ahirs&f=false', 49 => 'https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qUZuAAAAMAAJ&q=gwala+or+gwalbans&dq=gwala+or+gwalbans&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSp9fo_qGGAxV83DgGHXRGB6Y4ChDrAXoECAQQBQ#gwala', 50 => 'https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9dBQw005ldgC&pg=PA47&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwil7KzBp7KGAxXri2MGHfRRANYQ6wF6BAgFEAU#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A&f=false', 51 => 'https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L-tVgTbV980C&pg=PA273&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip9tqKorKGAxXwxTgGHZMjBJUQ6wF6BAgGEAU#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE&f=false', 52 => 'https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VXwuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA890&dq=ahraura+mirzapur+kols&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW_7a_77eGAxV9-DgGHYqfImkQ6wF6BAgLEAU#v=onepage&q=ahraura%20mirzapur%20kols&f=false', 53 => 'https://books.google.co.in/books?id=p64zAAAAIAAJ&q=sardar+banaras+milkman&dq=sardar+banaras+milkman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNtP6eqLKGAxVF3TgGHbwpCF4Q6wF6BAgNEAU#sardar%20banaras%20milkman', 54 => 'https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tPNrAAAAMAAJ&q=gwalbans+basti&dq=gwalbans+basti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbhJf91KKGAxWf9DgGHTg_CmYQ6wF6BAgNEAU#gwalbans%20basti', 55 => 'https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5866/page/n49/mode/1up?q=gwalbans+jadubans', 56 => 'https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5866/page/n56/mode/1up?q=gwalbans+jadubans', 57 => 'https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181585/page/n147/mode/1up?q=gwalbans', 58 => 'https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zhnsXQOa3KgC&q=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0&dq=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVl_am87eGAxUbzDgGHbm3CvQQ6wF6BAgPEAU#%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0', 59 => 'https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.726/page/n215/mode/1up?q=goyalas', 60 => 'https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sekcAQAAMAAJ&q=dhandol+gwal&dq=dhandol+gwal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP7-yctqOGAxVSzDgGHZraAu4Q6wF6BAgGEAU#%20gwal' ]
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (`new_html`)	'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ahir subdivision</div> <p> <b>Gwalvanshi Ahir</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> is a dominant subdivison<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahirs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> They are populated in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> and in Oudh (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sarpanch_Bechai_Yadav.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sarpanch_Bechai_Yadav.jpg/220px-Sarpanch_Bechai_Yadav.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sarpanch_Bechai_Yadav.jpg/330px-Sarpanch_Bechai_Yadav.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sarpanch_Bechai_Yadav.jpg/440px-Sarpanch_Bechai_Yadav.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Chaudhari Bechai Yadav, Zamindar of Barbojhi, Muhammadabad, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mau_district" title="Mau district">Mau</a> (Old <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azamgarh_district" title="Azamgarh district">Azamgarh</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origin"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Mirzapur"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mirzapur</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Varanasi"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Varanasi</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Basti"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Basti</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ayodhya"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Ayodhya</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Azamgarh"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Azamgarh</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Jaunpur"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Jaunpur</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Lakhimpur_Kheri"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Lakhimpur Kheri</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Sitapur"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Sitapur</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Military_History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Military History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Physical_Appearance"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Physical Appearance</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Physical_Appearance_2"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Physical Appearance</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Present_circumstances"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Present circumstances</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Kuldevi"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Kuldevi</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Origin"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><b>Gwal</b> families are living alongwith the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonds">Gonds</a>.since long time among the villages, <i>Russell</i> has also mentioned that " the <i>Gowaris</i> are admittedly descended from the unions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonds">Gonds</a> and Ahirs" (1916:160-61). He goes on to mention that gowal or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gowar" class="mw-disambig" title="Gowar">Gowar</a> caste is <b>mixed</b> descent from Ahirs and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonds">gonds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Bijnor</i> the Gual or <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwal (page does not exist)">Gwal</a> have a <b>low</b> <b>status</b> because according to legend their lineage is linked to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Servants">servants</a> (cattle herders) of the true Ahirs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> </p><p>'Gual or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gwala" class="mw-disambig" title="Gwala">gwala</a> Caste' is also mentioned as the <b>Scheduled</b> <b>Caste</b> under the castes of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> in the Schedule attached to the Government of India <i>Act</i> <i>1935</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> The Gwalvanshi Ahirs claim their descent from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cowherd" title="Cowherd">cowherd s</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a><i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></i> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Mirzapur">Mirzapur</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Mirzapur"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harisen" title="Harisen">Harisen</a> a 4th century Sanskrit poet and an important member of the Rajya Sabha of Samudra Gupta, Ahraura Pargana was originally occupied by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kol" class="mw-disambig" title="Kol">Kol</a> community. Apart from the name, it has no connection with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abhira" class="mw-disambig" title="Abhira">Abhira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">Ain-i-Akbari</a>, they were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindars</a> of the Ahirwara pargana (present <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahraura" title="Ahraura">Ahraura</a>) in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mirzapur" title="Mirzapur">Mirzapur</a> district of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Their khap chaudharis held the title of 'Mahtus' clan of ahir in Agori pargana of the old Mirzapur.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Varanasi">Varanasi</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Varanasi"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p><b>Gwalbans</b> are found in lower Doäb, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalbansi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwalbansi (page does not exist)">Gwalbansi</a> septs no special military qualities and are now only enlisted as <b>bullock</b>-<b>drivers</b>; but the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4dubans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jädubans (page does not exist)">Jädubans</a> of Gurgaon make excellent <b>soldiers</b><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> They also made <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Warren Hastings</a> fled from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> When <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goswami_Tulsidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Goswami Tulsidas">Goswami Tulsidas</a> was taken hostage by Muslim soldiers of Akbar in Varanasi, they were the ones who made him free by attacking on the Muslim force.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> As zamindars in the Varanasi district, they held properties like the Kashikarvat.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> In the Hindi speaking community of Banaras, the word Sardar means two different kinds of people, one with ji and the other without ji. A person addressed as Sardar is a milkman gwala and a person addressed as Sardar ji is a Dhadhor Ahir.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> They were called Sardars in Kashi.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Basti">Basti</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Basti"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>In <b>Gonda</b>, as in Basti, the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalbans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwalbans (page does not exist)">Gwalbans</a> sub-division are careful and <i>laborious</i> husbandmen. Although more numerous in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gonda" class="mw-disambig" title="Gonda">Gonda</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basti" class="mw-disambig" title="Basti">basti</a> than in any other part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a>, they own <a href="/enwiki/wiki/No" class="mw-disambig" title="No">no</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> in this <b>district</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> <b>Dhadhor</b> ahir clan to hold extensive land they were called <i>Bhumidar</i> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basti_district" title="Basti district">Basti</a> district of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Ayodhya"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Them in the Faizadad pargana (in today's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> district) '<i>dhadhor</i> ahir landlords claimed to be descended from an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahir</a> raja of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viratnagar" title="Viratnagar">Berat</a> (Rajasthan). Another account is, that they were settled there by Raja Chandra Sen.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Azamgarh">Azamgarh</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Azamgarh"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azamgarh_district" title="Azamgarh district">Azamgarh district</a>, they have a tradition that their ancestors were once the ruling race, holding the same position that Rajputs hold now. They also own the most of the land in Azamgarh district. In the Gopalpur pargana of Azamgarh, they held as much land as the other three castes (Rajputs, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> & Kayasths) combined together..95% of people in azamgadh district are gwala.2% kurmi caste hold a equal land to the gwala. <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Jaunpur">Jaunpur</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Jaunpur"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p><i>Dhadhor'</i> ahir clan In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaunpur_district" title="Jaunpur district">Jaunpur</a>, hold a big land enlisted as 'big zamindars with hundreds of acres of land'<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Lakhimpur_Kheri">Lakhimpur Kheri</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Lakhimpur Kheri"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Ahbaran was a dhadhor and ghosi Ahir chieftain of Khairigarh. He laid siege to Kheri (Khairigarh) which was under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and had a strong independent rule over the region. Akbar mentioned him as a cruel king.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Sitapur">Sitapur</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Sitapur"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>In Awadh's Khairabad province, the propreitors of parganas of Pali and Bawan in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">Ain-i-Akbari</a> were <b>Dhadhor</b> Ahirs.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Military_History">Military History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Military History"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>From the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="United Provinces (1937–1950)">United Provinces</a>, they were also ones who were recruited in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Their special companies were also made and that class yielded more successful results than any other.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Physical_Appearance">Physical Appearance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Physical Appearance"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Physical_Appearance_2">Physical Appearance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Physical Appearance"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p><b>Gwala</b> are more numerous in any <i>villages</i> and <i>blocks</i>.Generally they have a <b>dark</b> <b>colour</b>, <i>stout body</i> and a <b>medium height</b> with <i>small hair</i> on the <i>head</i>. Their womenfolk have a fairer complexion as compared with the males. They do not observe purdah and <b>work</b> freely with their husbands in the <b>field</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Carleton S. Coon once stated about <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahirs</a> of Senapur (a village in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaunpur_district" title="Jaunpur district">Jaunpur</a> which is predominated by <b>Dhadhor</b> Ahirs)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[36]</a></sup> that: Ahirs are, in average, quite light in skin color and pride themselves on their physical superiorty to other groups. Their robustness is usually attributed to the active, outdoor life they lead, but undoubtedly the greater amount of dairy products that they have at their disposal has some influence. The Ahirs are the athletes of Senapur. They excel at wrestling, at fencing with staves, at jumping, and at acrobatics of all kinds.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Present_circumstances">Present circumstances</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Present circumstances"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>They were farmers and land-holders in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">Eastern Uttar Pradesh</a>. At the turn of the century, they took up other occupations, including business in a big way.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_people">Notable people</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Notable people"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandeep_Tulsi_Yadav" title="Sandeep Tulsi Yadav">Sandeep Tulsi Yadav</a>, first ever medalist in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a> category from India<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narsingh_Yadav" title="Narsingh Yadav">Nar Singh Yadav</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></li> <li>Ravindrapal Singh Yadav<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Sardar Bachau Yadav</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43">[43]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Jivaram Ahir</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44">[44]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Kishun Ahir</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44">[44]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ram_Naresh_Yadav" title="Ram Naresh Yadav">Ram Naresh Yadav</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roop_Nath_Singh_Yadav" title="Roop Nath Singh Yadav">Roop Nath Singh Yadav</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shyam_Singh_Yadav" title="Shyam Singh Yadav">Shyam Singh Yadav</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parasnath_Yadav" title="Parasnath Yadav">Paras Nath Yadav</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramakant_Yadav_(politician)" title="Ramakant Yadav (politician)">Ramakant Yadav</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahir</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindar</a> of Lonhada, Kada Manikpur, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaushambi_district" title="Kaushambi district">Kaushambi</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahir</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindars</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaunpur_district" title="Jaunpur district">Jaunpur</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Khedan Ahir</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Culture"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The Goyala or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gwala" class="mw-disambig" title="Gwala">gwala</a> people celebrate a festival every year on the day of <i>Diwali</i>. This festival is called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaidhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaidhar">Gaidhar</a> in the local language and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gokarira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gokarira (page does not exist)">Gokarira</a> in <i>Sanskrit</i>. On this occasion the <b>gwala</b> people tie the legs of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pig</a> and drive their cattle over it until it dies. After that they [[boil][ it in the fields and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eat" class="mw-redirect" title="Eat">eat</a> it.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> They sing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lorikayan" title="Lorikayan">Loriki</a> and Birahas.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> They have started the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramleela</a> at Chaukaghat (Nati Imli) in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Varanasi_district" title="Varanasi district">Varanasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55">[55]</a></sup> They also actively participate in the <i>Bharat Milaap</i> done in the Ramleela.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55">[55]</a></sup> They are great devotee of Radha-Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-56">[56]</a></sup> Most of the Ahir Birs (deities who died gloriously) in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">Eastern Uttar Pradesh</a> were Gwalvanshi Ahirs only.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[36]</a></sup> They also wore the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Janeo</a> (the sacred-thread) and hence were called as "Janeodhari Ahirs". Which firmly places them within the kshatriya sect of the varna system.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Kuldevi">Kuldevi</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Kuldevi"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Their clan deity (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuldevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuldevi">Kuldevi</a>) is Mata <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vindhyavasini" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhyavasini">Vindhyavasini Jogmaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-56">[56]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwalvanshi_Ahir&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UO-3tv_esi4C&q=Gwalbans&redir_esc=y"><i>Ames Library Pamphlet Collection: consists of extracts from the Journal of the United Service Institution of India, v.1-12, 1871-1883</i></a>. 1764.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ames+Library+Pamphlet+Collection%3A+consists+of+extracts+from+the+Journal+of+the+United+Service+Institution+of+India%2C+v.1-12%2C+1871-1883&rft.date=1764&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUO-3tv_esi4C%26q%3DGwalbans%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMaurya1989" class="citation book cs1">Maurya, Sahab Deen (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=l_frAAAAMAAJ&dq=Gwalbans+Ahir&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Gwalbans"><i>Population and Housing Problems in India</i></a>. Chugh Publications. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85076-77-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85076-77-5"><bdi>978-81-85076-77-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+and+Housing+Problems+in+India&rft.pub=Chugh+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-85076-77-5&rft.aulast=Maurya&rft.aufirst=Sahab+Deen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fnewbks%3D1%26newbks_redir%3D0%26id%3Dl_frAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3DGwalbans%2BAhir%26focus%3Dsearchwithinvolume%26q%3DGwalbans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMaheshwari2022" class="citation book cs1">Maheshwari, Anil (20 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QqJhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=Gwalvanshi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiF6qL_noyGAxX1TGwGHVduBZ0Q6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Gwalvanshi&f=false"><i>Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections)</i></a>. Om Books International. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-91258-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-91258-48-1"><bdi>978-93-91258-48-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uttar+Pradesh+Elections+2022%3A+More+than+a+State+At+Stake+%28UP+Elections%29&rft.pub=Om+Books+International&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft.isbn=978-93-91258-48-1&rft.aulast=Maheshwari&rft.aufirst=Anil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqJhEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT66%26dq%3DGwalvanshi%26hl%3Den%26newbks%3D1%26newbks_redir%3D0%26source%3Dgb_mobile_search%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiF6qL_noyGAxX1TGwGHVduBZ0Q6AF6BAgOEAM%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DGwalvanshi%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Bhrigupati (6 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wxOXoAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en"><i>Poverty and the Quest for Life: Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-19454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-19454-7"><bdi>978-0-226-19454-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+the+Quest+for+Life%3A+Spiritual+and+Material+Striving+in+Rural+India&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015-04-06&rft.isbn=978-0-226-19454-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Bhrigupati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwxOXoAEACAAJ%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRisley1892" class="citation book cs1">Risley, Sir Herbert Hope (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ySQ-AAAAYAAJ&q=Kishnaut#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary</i></a>. Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tribes+and+Castes+of+Bengal%3A+Ethnographic+Glossary&rft.pub=Printed+at+the+Bengal+secretariat+Press&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Risley&rft.aufirst=Sir+Herbert+Hope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fredir_esc%3Dy%26id%3DySQ-AAAAYAAJ%26q%3DKishnaut%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCrooke1890" class="citation book cs1">Crooke, William (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Oudh+Ah%C3%ADrs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis67XZiKqEAxXWS2wGHT2aALEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Oudh%20Ah%C3%ADrs%20are%20generally&f=false"><i>An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh</i></a>. 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Asian Educational Services. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0505-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0505-3"><bdi>978-81-206-0505-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+the+Tribes+and+Castes+of+the+Punjab+and+North+West+Frontier+Province&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0505-3&rft.aulast=Ibbetson&rft.aufirst=Sir+Denzil&rft.au=Maclagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QmrSwFYe60C%26q%3DGu%25C3%25A1lbansi%2BMathura%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMichelutti2020" class="citation book cs1">Michelutti, Lucia (29 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sOYJEAAAQBAJ&q=the+mythical+Gopas+and+Gopis+of+Gokul&pg=PT80"><i>The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste and Religion in India</i></a>. 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Research Foundation of India. 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Social+Sciences&rft.pub=Research+Foundation+of+India&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5tocAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DAhir%2BZamindars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSherring1872" class="citation book cs1">Sherring, Matthew Atmore (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VYnlAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hindu+Tribes+and+Castes+In+Benaras&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih6oyN0aKFAxXy3jgGHQ-KCogQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Hindu Tribes and Castes</i></a>. Thacker, Spink & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Tribes+and+Castes&rft.pub=Thacker%2C+Spink+%26+Company&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Sherring&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Atmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVYnlAAAAMAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DHindu%2BTribes%2Band%2BCastes%2BIn%2BBenaras%26hl%3Den%26newbks%3D1%26newbks_redir%3D0%26source%3Dgb_mobile_search%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwih6oyN0aKFAxXy3jgGHQ-KCogQ6AF6BAgHEAM%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5866/page/n49/mode/1up?q=gwalbans+jadubans">https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5866/page/n49/mode/1up?q=gwalbans+jadubans</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5866/page/n56/mode/1up?q=gwalbans+jadubans">https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5866/page/n56/mode/1up?q=gwalbans+jadubans</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/historical-episodes-that-pm-spoke-about-in-kashi/">"Historical episodes that PM spoke about in Kashi - Civilsdaily"</a>. 16 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+episodes+that+PM+spoke+about+in+Kashi+-+Civilsdaily&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilsdaily.com%2Fnews%2Fhistorical-episodes-that-pm-spoke-about-in-kashi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tripathi, Anand Prakash (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xo4hAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82&dq=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj58J2GjKqEAxXrTGwGHcdECD4Q6AF6BAgNEAM#%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82"><i>Amr̥talāla Nāgara ke upanyāsa</i></a> (in Hindi). Ānanda Prakāśana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amr%CC%A5tal%C4%81la+N%C4%81gara+ke+upany%C4%81sa&rft.pub=%C4%80nanda+Prak%C4%81%C5%9Bana&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=Anand+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXo4hAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B0%2B%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2582%26dq%3D%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B0%2B%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2582%26hl%3Den%26newbks%3D1%26newbks_redir%3D0%26source%3Dgb_mobile_search%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwj58J2GjKqEAxXrTGwGHcdECD4Q6AF6BAgNEAM%23%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B0%2520%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=85FOAAAAYAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9B+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+"><i>Mere sākshātkāra: Rāma Vilāsa Śarmā</i></a> (in Hindi). Kitāba Ghara. 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mere+s%C4%81ksh%C4%81tk%C4%81ra%3A+R%C4%81ma+Vil%C4%81sa+%C5%9Aarm%C4%81&rft.pub=Kit%C4%81ba+Ghara&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fredir_esc%3Dy%26id%3D85FOAAAAYAAJ%26focus%3Dsearchwithinvolume%26q%3D%2B%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%259B%2B%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVyāsa1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vyāsa, Kedāranātha (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eGpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0&redir_esc=y"><i>Kāśīkhaṇḍokta Pañcakrośātmaka Jyotirliṅga Kāśīmāhātmya evaṃ Kāśī kā prācīna itihāsa</i></a> (in Hindi). Kedāranātha Vyāsa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%81%C5%9B%C4%ABkha%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dokta+Pa%C3%B1cakro%C5%9B%C4%81tmaka+Jyotirli%E1%B9%85ga+K%C4%81%C5%9B%C4%ABm%C4%81h%C4%81tmya+eva%E1%B9%83+K%C4%81%C5%9B%C4%AB+k%C4%81+pr%C4%81c%C4%ABna+itih%C4%81sa&rft.pub=Ked%C4%81ran%C4%81tha+Vy%C4%81sa&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Vy%C4%81sa&rft.aufirst=Ked%C4%81ran%C4%81tha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeGpuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B0%2B%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=p64zAAAAIAAJ&q=sardar+banaras+milkman&dq=sardar+banaras+milkman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNtP6eqLKGAxVF3TgGHbwpCF4Q6wF6BAgNEAU#sardar%20banaras%20milkman">https://books.google.co.in/books?id=p64zAAAAIAAJ&q=sardar+banaras+milkman&dq=sardar+banaras+milkman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNtP6eqLKGAxVF3TgGHbwpCF4Q6wF6BAgNEAU#sardar%20banaras%20milkman</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMukharji_Viswanath1958" class="citation book cs1">Mukharji Viswanath (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.430057"><i>Bana Rahe Banaras</i></a>. Bhartiya Gyanpith Kashi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bana+Rahe+Banaras&rft.pub=Bhartiya+Gyanpith+Kashi&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Mukharji+Viswanath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.430057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181585/page/n147/mode/1up?q=gwalbans">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181585/page/n147/mode/1up?q=gwalbans</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tPNrAAAAMAAJ&q=gwalbans+basti&dq=gwalbans+basti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbhJf91KKGAxWf9DgGHTg_CmYQ6wF6BAgNEAU#gwalbans%20basti">https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tPNrAAAAMAAJ&q=gwalbans+basti&dq=gwalbans+basti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbhJf91KKGAxWf9DgGHTg_CmYQ6wF6BAgNEAU#gwalbans%20basti</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDesai1986" class="citation book cs1">Desai, Akshayakumar Ramanlal (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TD9uAAAAMAAJ&q=the+Kurmis+and+Ahirs+Bhumidar"><i>Agrarian Struggles in India After Independence</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561681-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561681-1"><bdi>978-0-19-561681-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agrarian+Struggles+in+India+After+Independence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-561681-1&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Akshayakumar+Ramanlal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTD9uAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2BKurmis%2Band%2BAhirs%2BBhumidar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSherring1872" class="citation book cs1">Sherring, Matthew Atmore (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VYnlAAAAMAAJ&q=Pargannah+Fyzab%C3%A2d+Berat"><i>Hindu Tribes and Castes</i></a>. Thacker, Spink & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Tribes+and+Castes&rft.pub=Thacker%2C+Spink+%26+Company&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Sherring&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Atmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVYnlAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DPargannah%2BFyzab%25C3%25A2d%2BBerat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFD_L_Drake_Brockman1911" class="citation book cs1">D L Drake Brockman (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281260"><i>Azamgarh A Gazetteer District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Arra And Oudh Vol Xxxiii</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azamgarh+A+Gazetteer+District+Gazetteers+Of+The+United+Provinces+Of+Arra+And+Oudh+Vol+Xxxiii&rft.date=1911&rft.au=D+L+Drake+Brockman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.281260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zhnsXQOa3KgC&q=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0&dq=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVl_am87eGAxUbzDgGHbm3CvQQ6wF6BAgPEAU#%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0">https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zhnsXQOa3KgC&q=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0&dq=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVl_am87eGAxUbzDgGHbm3CvQQ6wF6BAgPEAU#%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ahmad, Iqbal (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zhnsXQOa3KgC&newbks=0&hl=en&redir_esc=y"><i>Śarkī rājya Jaunapura kā itihāsa</i></a> (in Hindi). Śīrāja Hinda Prakāśana Bhavana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9Aark%C4%AB+r%C4%81jya+Jaunapura+k%C4%81+itih%C4%81sa&rft.pub=%C5%9A%C4%ABr%C4%81ja+Hinda+Prak%C4%81%C5%9Bana+Bhavana&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Iqbal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzhnsXQOa3KgC%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Den%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1886" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, William Wilson (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VtQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131&dq=Ahbaran+Kundanpur&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAidnY0KmGAxV6T2wGHYHVBZ8Q6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=Ahbaran%20Kundanpur&f=false"><i>The Imperial Gazetteer of India</i></a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909367-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909367-0"><bdi>978-0-19-909367-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Army+and+the+First+World+War%3A+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-909367-0&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVZxDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dindian%2Barmy%2Band%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Bworld%2Bwar%2Bkaushik%2Broy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNewul_Kishore_Press1922" class="citation book cs1">Newul Kishore Press, Lucknow (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208555"><i>Indias Services In The War Vol-iii</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indias+Services+In+The+War+Vol-iii&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Newul+Kishore+Press&rft.aufirst=Lucknow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.208555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sekcAQAAMAAJ&q=dhandol+gwal&dq=dhandol+gwal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP7-yctqOGAxVSzDgGHZraAu4Q6wF6BAgGEAU#%20gwal">https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sekcAQAAMAAJ&q=dhandol+gwal&dq=dhandol+gwal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP7-yctqOGAxVSzDgGHZraAu4Q6wF6BAgGEAU#%20gwal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCoccari1986" class="citation book cs1">Coccari, Diane Marjorie (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QFtAAAAMAAJ&q=In+the+Banaras+area,+the+Gwal+Ahir+were+most"><i>The Bir Babas of Banaras: An Analysis of a Folk Deity in North Indian Hinduism</i></a>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/politics/azamgarh-why-mulayam-cannot-take-yadav-votes-for-granted-1517631.html">Azamgarh: Why Mulayam cannot take Yadav votes for granted</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucia Michelutti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf">Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town</a> (2002) London School of Economics and Political Science University of London, p.90-98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAgarwal2013" class="citation web cs1">Agarwal, Madhav (24 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2013/Sep/24/greco-roman-hopes-to-build-on-sandeeps-bronze-521089.html">"Greco-Roman hopes to build on Sandeep's bronze"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Greco-Roman+hopes+to+build+on+Sandeep%27s+bronze&rft.date=2013-09-24&rft.aulast=Agarwal&rft.aufirst=Madhav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fsport%2F2013%2FSep%2F24%2Fgreco-roman-hopes-to-build-on-sandeeps-bronze-521089.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101021001208/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/10/stories/2010101055551300.htm">"The Hindu : Sport : Yogeshwar, Narsingh land gold"</a>. <i>web.archive.org</i>. 21 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Moscow+Olympic+gold+medallist+former+hockey+player+Ravinder+Pal+Singh+succumbs+to+COVID&rft.date=2021-05-08&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fsports%2Fhockey%2Ftop-stories%2Fmoscow-olympic-gold-medallist-former-hockey-player-ravinder-pal-singh-succumbs-to-covid%2Farticleshow%2F82474953.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFComar2018" class="citation web cs1">Comar, Savitri (7 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birbabasofbanarasdianemarjoricocariethesis_202003_459_O/page/236/mode/1up?q=In+the+Banaras">"Bir Babas Of Banaras Diane Marjori Cocarie ( Thesis)"</a>. <i>Bir Babas Of Banaras</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bir+Babas+Of+Banaras&rft.atitle=Bir+Babas+Of+Banaras+Diane+Marjori+Cocarie+%28+Thesis%29&rft.date=2018-09-07&rft.aulast=Comar&rft.aufirst=Savitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirbabasofbanarasdianemarjoricocariethesis_202003_459_O%2Fpage%2F236%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3DIn%2Bthe%2BBanaras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDivision" class="citation book cs1">Division, Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiIPDgAAQBAJ"><i>WHO'S WHO OF INDIAN MARTYRS Vol 3</i></a>. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-230-2182-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-230-2182-9"><bdi>978-81-230-2182-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WHO%27S+WHO+OF+INDIAN+MARTYRS+Vol+3&rft.pub=Publications+Division+Ministry+of+Information+%26+Broadcasting&rft.isbn=978-81-230-2182-9&rft.aulast=Division&rft.aufirst=Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxiIPDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/ram-naresh-yadav-death-anniversary-remembering-former-up-cm-who-travelled-in-rickshaw-to-governor-house-for-oath-taking-resignation">"Ram Naresh Yadav Death Anniversary: Remembering Former UP CM Who Travelled In Rickshaw To Governor House For Oath Taking & Resignation"</a>. <i>Free Press Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Nevill (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08388"><i>Jaunpur: a Gazetteer being volume XXVIII of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</i></a>. Allahabad, Superintendent Government Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaunpur%3A+a+Gazetteer+being+volume+XXVIII+of+the+District+Gazetteers+of+the+United+Provinces+of+Agra+and+Oudh&rft.pub=Allahabad%2C+Superintendent+Government+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.au=H.R.+Nevill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ministry.08388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfvZvuJEGegC&q=%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0"><i>भारतीय शहीदों का परिचय</i></a> (in Hindi). प्रकाशन विभाग, सूचना और प्रसारण मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार. 2009. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-230-1511-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-230-1511-8"><bdi>978-81-230-1511-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF&rft.pub=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%2C+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%2C+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-230-1511-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnfvZvuJEGegC%26q%3D%25E0%25A4%2596%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%2B%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.726/page/n215/mode/1up?q=goyalas">https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.726/page/n215/mode/1up?q=goyalas</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBeissingerTylusWofford1999" class="citation book cs1">Beissinger, Margaret; Tylus, Jane; Wofford, Susanne Lindgren (31 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncMPfjLn_M0C&dq=Gwal+Ahir&pg=PA136"><i>Epic Traditions in the Contemporary World: The Poetics of Community</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21038-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21038-7"><bdi>978-0-520-21038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+Traditions+in+the+Contemporary+World%3A+The+Poetics+of+Community&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999-03-31&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21038-7&rft.aulast=Beissinger&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Tylus%2C+Jane&rft.au=Wofford%2C+Susanne+Lindgren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncMPfjLn_M0C%26dq%3DGwal%2BAhir%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFArya1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arya, Banarasi Lal (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YmcdAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0"><i>Mahārāja Balavanta Siṃha aura Kāśī kā atīta</i></a> (in Hindi). Āryā.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mah%C4%81r%C4%81ja+Balavanta+Si%E1%B9%83ha+aura+K%C4%81%C5%9B%C4%AB+k%C4%81+at%C4%ABta&rft.pub=%C4%80ry%C4%81&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Arya&rft.aufirst=Banarasi+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYmcdAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A5%2580%2B%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2580%2B%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AA%2B%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSaraswati2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saraswati, Baidyanath (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vEtuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80"><i>Bhoga-moksha samabhava: Kaśī kā sāmājika-sāṃskr̥tika svarūpa</i></a> (in Hindi). Ḍī Ke. Prinṭavarlḍa. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0151-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0151-8"><bdi>978-81-246-0151-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhoga-moksha+samabhava%3A+Ka%C5%9B%C4%AB+k%C4%81+s%C4%81m%C4%81jika-s%C4%81%E1%B9%83skr%CC%A5tika+svar%C5%ABpa&rft.pub=%E1%B8%8C%C4%AB+Ke.+Prin%E1%B9%ADavarl%E1%B8%8Da&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-246-0151-8&rft.aulast=Saraswati&rft.aufirst=Baidyanath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvEtuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580%2B%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%2580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLacey1933" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, W. g (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56026"><i>Census Of India 1931 Vol.7 Bihar And Orissa Pt.1 Report</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+Of+India+1931+Vol.7+Bihar+And+Orissa+Pt.1+Report&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=W.+g&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.56026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwalvanshi+Ahir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (`tor_exit_node`)	false
Unix timestamp of change (`timestamp`)	'1717165889'

 {{short description|Ahir subdivision}}
 {{use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}{{use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
+'''Gwalvanshi Ahir'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UO-3tv_esi4C&q=Gwalbans&redir_esc=y |title=Ames Library Pamphlet Collection: consists of extracts from the Journal of the United Service Institution of India, v.1-12, 1871-1883 |date=1764 |language=en}}</ref> is a dominant subdivison<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maurya |first=Sahab Deen |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=l_frAAAAMAAJ&dq=Gwalbans+Ahir&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Gwalbans |title=Population and Housing Problems in India |date=1989 |publisher=Chugh Publications |isbn=978-81-85076-77-5 |language=en}}</ref> of [[Ahir]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maheshwari |first=Anil |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QqJhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=Gwalvanshi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiF6qL_noyGAxX1TGwGHVduBZ0Q6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Gwalvanshi&f=false |title=Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections) |date=2022-01-20 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-91258-48-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhrigupati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxOXoAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Poverty and the Quest for Life: Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India |date=2015-04-06 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-19454-7 |language=en}}</ref> They are populated in [[North-Western Provinces]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Risley |first=Sir Herbert Hope |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ySQ-AAAAYAAJ&q=Kishnaut#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary |date=1892 |publisher=Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press |language=en}}</ref> and in Oudh ([[Awadh]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crooke |first=William |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Oudh+Ah%C3%ADrs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis67XZiKqEAxXWS2wGHT2aALEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Oudh%20Ah%C3%ADrs%20are%20generally&f=false |title=An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh |date=1890 |publisher=North-Western provinces and Oudh government Press |language=en}}</ref>
-'''Gwalvanshi''' or [[Gwala]], whose main occupation is rearing of animals, production and ''selling'' of ''milk''.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qUZuAAAAMAAJ&q=gwala+or+gwalbans&dq=gwala+or+gwalbans&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSp9fo_qGGAxV83DgGHXRGB6Y4ChDrAXoECAQQBQ#gwala</ref>Gwal women also sell milk and curd.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9dBQw005ldgC&pg=PA47&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwil7KzBp7KGAxXri2MGHfRRANYQ6wF6BAgFEAU#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A&f=false</ref> gwala means Cowherd (''charwaha'')<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L-tVgTbV980C&pg=PA273&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip9tqKorKGAxXwxTgGHZMjBJUQ6wF6BAgGEAU#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE&f=false</ref>
+[[File:Sarpanch Bechai Yadav.jpg|thumb|Chaudhari Bechai Yadav, Zamindar of Barbojhi, Muhammadabad, [[Mau district|Mau]] (Old [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]])]]
-'''Gwalvanshi '''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UO-3tv_esi4C&q=Gwalbans&redir_esc=y |title=Ames Library Pamphlet Collection: consists of extracts from the Journal of the United Service Institution of India, v.1-12, 1871-1883 |date=1764 |language=en}}</ref> is a dominant subdivison<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maurya |first=Sahab Deen |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=l_frAAAAMAAJ&dq=Gwalbans+Ahir&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Gwalbans |title=Population and Housing Problems in India |date=1989 |publisher=Chugh Publications |isbn=978-81-85076-77-5 |language=en}}</ref> of [[Ahir]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maheshwari |first=Anil |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QqJhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=Gwalvanshi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiF6qL_noyGAxX1TGwGHVduBZ0Q6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Gwalvanshi&f=false |title=Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections) |date=2022-01-20 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-91258-48-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhrigupati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxOXoAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Poverty and the Quest for Life: Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India |date=2015-04-06 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-19454-7 |language=en}}</ref> They are populated in [[North-Western Provinces]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Risley |first=Sir Herbert Hope |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ySQ-AAAAYAAJ&q=Kishnaut#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary |date=1892 |publisher=Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press |language=en}}</ref> and in Oudh ([[Awadh]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crooke |first=William |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Oudh+Ah%C3%ADrs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis67XZiKqEAxXWS2wGHT2aALEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Oudh%20Ah%C3%ADrs%20are%20generally&f=false |title=An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh |date=1890 |publisher=North-Western provinces and Oudh government Press |language=en}}</ref>
-[[File:GauliMysoreBuffaloHerderLingayat1875.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Cowherd Gwala Tribe|Gwala Tribe]]
 == Origin ==
 '''Gwal''' families are living alongwith the [[Gonds]].since long time among the villages, ''Russell'' has also mentioned that " the ''Gowaris'' are admittedly descended from the unions of [[Gonds]] and Ahirs" (1916:160-61). He goes on to mention that gowal or [[Gowar]] caste is '''mixed''' descent from Ahirs and [[gonds]].<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=72DFmlOlViEC&pg=PA372&dq=gowari+gwal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf0fOCm6WGAxUUr1YBHeWrAlgQ6wF6BAgNEAU#v=onepage&q=gowari%20gwal&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GulBDMgxcU0C&pg=PA192&dq=gwala+gwar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi48eL3m6WGAxW5sVYBHeFaAnEQ6wF6BAgIEAU#v=onepage&q=gwala%20gwar&f=false</ref>