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{{Redirect|Endangered|other uses|Endangered (disambiguation)|and|Endangered species (disambiguation)|lists|Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Conservation status}}
[[File:Golden lion tamarin portrait3.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Golden lion tamarin]], an endemic and one of the endangered species saved from extinction in Brazil]]
[[File:Trends in Endangered Species- A Visual Representation of Plant and Animal Conservation in Brazil (2014-2022).pdf|thumb|285x285px|A visual representation of the declining percentages of endangered plant and animal species in Brazil from 2014 to 2022. The sidebar graph highlights the contrast between plant and animal conservation efforts.]]
[[File:Gymnogyps californianus -Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge, California, USA -flying-8.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[California condor]] is a [[critically endangered]] species. Note the [[Bird ringing|wing tags]] used for population monitoring.]]
An '''endangered species''' is a [[species]] that is very likely to become [[extinct]] in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as [[habitat loss]], [[poaching]], [[invasive species]], and climate change .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why do animals and plants become endangered? {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/why-do-animals-and-plants-become-endangered |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref> The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) [[IUCN Red List|Red List]] lists the global [[conservation status]] of many species, and various other agencies assess the status of species within particular areas. Many nations have [[Environmental law|law]]s that protect [[conservation-reliant species]] which, for example, forbid [[hunting]], restrict [[land development]], or create [[protected area]]s. Some endangered species are the target of extensive conservation efforts such as [[captive breeding]] and [[habitat restoration]].
Human activity is a significant cause in causing some species to become endangered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Giant Panda WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/giant-panda|accessdate=19 September 2022|archive-date=9 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809023057/http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/finder/giantpanda/panda.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Grey Long-Eared Bat Mammal Society|url=https://www.mammal.org.uk/species-grey-long-eared-bat|accessdate = 19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Endangered Species |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/endangered-species/ |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[National Geographic]] |access-date=27 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tollefson |first1=Jeff |title=Humans are driving one million species to extinction |journal=Nature |date=6 May 2019 |volume=569 |issue=7755 |pages=171 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01448-4 |pmid=31065101 |bibcode=2019Natur.569..171T |s2cid=256768064 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Conservation status ==
{{Main|Conservation status}}
[[File:Pusa hispida saimensis ca 1956.jpg|thumb|upright|Photo of ''Pusa hispida saimensis'', also known as [[Saimaa ringed seal]], from 1956. Living only in [[Lake Saimaa]], [[Finland]], Saimaa ringed seals are among the most endangered seals in the world, having a total population of only about 400 individuals.<ref>{{cite web |title= Saimaa Ringed Seal |url= https://wwf.fi/en/saimaaringedseal/ |access-date= 22 December 2018 |archive-date= 25 December 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225014047/https://wwf.fi/en/saimaaringedseal/ |url-status= live }}</ref>]]
The [[conservation status]] of a [[species]] indicates the likelihood that it will become [[extinct]]. Multiple factors are considered when assessing the status of a species; e.g., such statistics as the number remaining, the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, or known threats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/Lnsstatus.htm |title=NatureServe Conservation Status |date=April 2007 |publisher=NatureServe |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055302/http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/Lnsstatus.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/red-list-overview |title=Red List Overview |date=February 2011 |publisher=IUCN |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527175928/http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/red-list-overview |archive-date=May 27, 2012 }}</ref>
Over 50% of the world's species are estimated to be at risk of extinction,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conservationandwildlife.com/threatened-species/ |title=Threatened Species |publisher=Conservation and Wildlife |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913043721/http://www.conservationandwildlife.com/threatened-species |archive-date=September 13, 2012 }}</ref> but the frontier between categories such as 'endangered', 'rare', or 'locally extinct' species is often difficult to draw given the general paucity of data on most of these species. This is notably the case in the world Ocean where endangered species not seen for decades may go extinct unnoticed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Briand |first1=Frederic |title=Species Missing in Action - Rare or Already Extinct? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233408388 |work=National Geographic |date=October 2012}}</ref>
Internationally, 195 countries have signed an accord to create [[Biodiversity Action Plan]]s that will protect endangered and other threatened species. In the United States, such plans are usually called [[Endangered Species Recovery Plan|Species Recovery Plan]]s.
== IUCN Red List ==
{{Main|Endangered species (IUCN status)}}
[[File:Panthera tigris altaica 13 - Buffalo Zoo.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Siberian tiger]] is an Endangered (EN) [[Tiger#Subspecies|tiger subspecies]]. Three tiger subspecies are already extinct (see [[List of carnivorans by population]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundarbantigerproject.info/viewpage.php?page_id=2 |title=The Tiger |publisher=Sundarbans Tiger Project |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120917192637/http://www.sundarbantigerproject.info/viewpage.php?page_id=2 |archive-date=17 September 2012 }}</ref>]]
[[File:AraGlaucogularisFull.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Blue-throated macaw]], a critically endangered bird]]
[[File:BrownSpiderMonkey (edit2).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Brown spider monkey]], a critically endangered mammal]]
[[File:Siamese Crocodiles.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Siamese crocodile]], a critically endangered reptile]]
[[File:Nicrophorus americanus - Sankt-Peterburg.jpg|thumb|upright|[[American burying beetle]], an endangered species of insect]]
[[File:Lepidochelys kempii.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kemp's ridley sea turtle]], a critically endangered reptile]]
[[File:Mexican_Wolf_2_yfb-edit_1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mexican wolf]], the most endangered subspecies of the North American [[grey wolf]]. Approximately 143 are living in the wild.]]
Though labeled a list, the [[IUCN Red List]] is a system of assessing the global conservation status of species that includes "Data Deficient" (DD) species – species for which more data and assessment is required before their situation may be determined – as well species comprehensively assessed by the IUCN's species assessment process.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-07 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucn.org/resources/conservation-tools/iucn-red-list-threatened-species |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=IUCN |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527101241/https://www.iucn.org/resources/conservation-tools/iucn-red-list-threatened-species |url-status=live }}</ref> The species under the index include: mammals, birds, amphibians, cycads, and corals. Those species of "[[Near-threatened species|Near Threatened]]" (NT) and "[[Least concern|Least Concern]]" (LC) status have been assessed and found to have relatively robust and healthy populations, though these may be in decline. Unlike their more general use elsewhere, the List uses the terms "endangered species" and "threatened species" with particular meanings: "Endangered" (EN) species lie between "[[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]]" (VU) and "[[Critically Endangered species|Critically Endangered]]" (CR) species. In 2012, the IUCN Red List listed 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered (EN) worldwide.<ref name=":0" />
== In Brazil ==
[[Brazil]] is one of the most [[Biodiversity|biodiverse]] countries in the world, if not the most. It houses not only the Amazon forest but the [[Atlantic Forest|Atlantic forest]], the savanna-like [[Cerrado]] among other [[Biomes in Brazil|biomes]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-21 |title=The top 10 most biodiverse countries |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2016/05/top-10-biodiverse-countries/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219020710/https://news.mongabay.com/2016/05/top-10-biodiverse-countries/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the high density of some of its well-preserved rainforests, [[Wildlife smuggling|wildlife trafficking]], which along with deforestation is one of the biggest endangerment drivers in Brazil, has become a challenge. Brazil has a broad legal system meant to protect the environment, including its [[Constitution of Brazil|Constitution]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Brazilian Constitution of 1988 - Article 23 "The Union, the states, the federal district and the municipalities, in common, have the power: [...] VI – to protect the environment and to fight pollution in any of its forms; VII – to preserve the forests, fauna and flora |url=https://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/docs/acceso_informacion_base_dc_leyes_pais_b_1_en.pdf |access-date= |website=OAS (Organization of American States)}}</ref> as well as several federal, state and local government agencies tasked with protecting the [[fauna]] and [[flora]], fining individuals or companies linked to [[environmental crime]]s and confiscating illegally taken wildlife. Though such agencies can collect their data, each system operates relatively on its own when it comes to wildlife trafficking. However, both the agencies and the [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]'s working in Brazil agree that the birds account for about 80% of trafficked species in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A máfia dos bichos: Muito além de reality, tráfico de animais no Brasil tira 38 milhões de bichos da mata por ano e gira R$ 3 bi |url=https://www.uol.com.br/ecoa/reportagens-especiais/trafico-no-brasil-tira-por-ano-35-milhoes-de-animais-da-floresta-e-gira-r-3-bilhoes/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=www.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref>
The relation between wildlife smuggling, other environment crimes under the Brazilian law such as [[deforestation]], and endangered species is particularly intricate and troubling since the rarer the animal or plant gets the most targeted and valuable they become in the [[black market]], which leads to more endangered species in its turn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KKIENERM |title=Wildlife, Forest & Fisheries Crime Module 1 Key Issues: Implications of Wildlife Trafficking |url=https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/wildlife-crime/module-1/key-issues/implications-of-wildlife-trafficking.html |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.unodc.org |language=en}}</ref>
Additionally, some environment experts and scientists point to the disbanding of environment agencies and the repeal of laws in Brazil under the [[presidency of Jair Bolsonaro]] as one of the reasons behind a surge in the number of endangered species.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Hakai |title=In COVID's Shadow, Illegal Fishing Flourishes |url=https://hakaimagazine.com/news/in-covids-shadow-illegal-fishing-flourishes/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Hakai Magazine |language=en}}</ref> In one occasion during his presidency some fines totaling US$3.1 billion on environment criminals were revoked and at least one fine (related to [[Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing|illegal fishing]]) imposed on Bolsonaro himself was cancelled and the agent who fined him was [[Demotion|demoted]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ato do governo Bolsonaro deve anular até R$ 16 bilhões em multas ambientais |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/meio-ambiente/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2022/09/20/ibama-multa-ambiental-eduardo-bim-governo-bolsonaro-notificacao-por-edital.htm |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref>
In the past, Brazil has successfully saved the endemic [[golden lion tamarin]] from [[extinction]]. Massive campaigns to raise awareness among people by NGO's and governments, which included printing depictions of the golden lion tamarin in the [[Brazilian real|20 reais Brazilian banknotes]] (still in circulation), are credited with getting the species out of the [[Critically Endangered|critically endangered]] animals list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mico-leão-dourado é "case" de sucesso para preservação, mas vê nova ameaça |url=https://www.uol.com.br/ecoa/ultimas-noticias/2020/06/05/mico-leao-dourado-e-case-de-sucesso-para-preservacao-mas-ve-nova-ameaca.htm |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=How Brazil is working to save the rare lion tamarins of the Atlantic Forest |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/how-brazil-is-working-to-save-the-rare-lion-tamarins-of-the-atlantic-forest/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref>
== In the United States ==
There is data from the [[United States]] that shows a correlation between human populations and threatened and endangered species. Using species data from the Database on the Economics and Management of Endangered Species database and the period that the [[Endangered Species Act]] (ESA) has been in existence, 1970 to 1997, a table was created that suggests a positive relationship between human activity and species endangerment.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/protectingendang00shog/page/n25 |title=Protecting Endangered Species in the United States: Biological Needs, Political Realities, Economic Choices |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0521662109 |editor1-last=Shogren |editor1-first=Jason F. |pages=1 |editor2-last=Tschirhart |editor2-first=John |url-access=limited}}</ref>
===Effect of climate change on endangered species===
[[Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere]] is asserted to be one of the leading causes of animal endangerment. According to the US [[National Park Service]]:<ref>{{cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Climate Change Endangers Wildlife |url=https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/nature/climatechange_wildlife.htm#:~:text=Biologists%20are%20becoming%20more%20and,due%20to%20global%20climate%20change. |access-date=14 September 2023 |publisher=US National Park Service}}</ref> <blockquote>If we can sufficiently reduce greenhouse gas emissions, many of them will still have a chance to survive and recover. [[NASA]] scientist [[James Hansen|James Hanson]] has warned that in order to maintain a climate similar to that under which human civilization developed and similar to that which so many organisms are adapted, we need to quickly reduce the carbon dioxide in our atmosphere to 350 [[parts per million]] (ppm). Before the industrial revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rarely rose above 280 ppm; during the 2014 calendar year, carbon dioxide levels fluctuated between 395 and 402 ppm.</blockquote>
[[File:U.S. Endangered Species Count by State.gif|thumb|A proportional symbol map of each state's endangered species count]]
===Endangered Species Act===
Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 in the United States, species may be listed as "endangered" or "threatened". The [[Salt Creek tiger beetle]] (''Cicindela nevadica lincolniana'') is an example of an endangered subspecies protected under the ESA. The [[US Fish and Wildlife Service]], as well as the [[National Marine Fisheries Service]] are held responsible for classifying and protecting endangered species. They are also responsible for adding a particular species to the list, which can be a long, controversial process.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilcove |first1=D.S. |last2=Master |first2=L.L. |title=How Many Endangered Species are there in the United States? |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |date=2005 |volume=3 |issue=8 |page=414 |doi=10.2307/3868657 |jstor=3868657 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868657 |access-date=2021-06-01 |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602231055/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868657 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Some endangered species laws are controversial. Typical areas of controversy include criteria for placing a species on the endangered species list and rules for removing a species from the list once its population has recovered. Whether restrictions on land development constitute a "taking" of land by the government; the related question of whether private landowners should be compensated for the loss of uses of their areas; and obtaining reasonable exceptions to protection laws. Also lobbying from [[hunting|hunters]] and various industries like the [[petroleum industry]], [[construction]] industry, and [[logging]], has been an obstacle in establishing endangered species laws.
The [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]] lifted a policy that required federal officials to consult a wildlife expert before taking actions that could damage endangered species. Under the [[Obama administration]], this policy was reinstated.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-03-03|title=Reversing Bush Rule, Obama Resumes Safeguards for Endangered Species|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/science-jan-june09-speciesrule_03-03|access-date=2021-07-23|website=PBS NewsHour|language=en-us|archive-date=2019-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903123529/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/science-jan-june09-speciesrule_03-03|url-status=live}}</ref>
Being listed as an endangered species can have negative effect since it could make a species more desirable for collectors and poachers.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Courchamp |first=Franck |author2=Elena Angulo |author3=Philippe Rivalan |author4=Richard J. Hall |author5=Laetitia Signoret |author6=Leigh Bull |author7=Yves Meinard |title=Rarity Value and Species Extinction: The Anthropogenic Allee Effect |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=e415 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040415 |pmid=17132047 |pmc=1661683 |year=2006 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This effect is potentially reducible, such as in China where commercially farmed turtles may be reducing some of the pressure to poach endangered species.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dharmananda |first=Subhuti |title=Endangered Species issues affecting turtles and tortoises used in Chinese medicine |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=e415 |publisher=Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040415 |pmid=17132047 |pmc=1661683 |year=2006 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Another problem with the listing species is its effect of inciting the use of the "shoot, shovel, and shut-up" method of clearing endangered species from an area of land. Some landowners currently may perceive a diminution in value for their land after finding an endangered animal on it. They have allegedly opted to kill and bury the animals or destroy habitat silently. Thus removing the problem from their land, but at the same time further reducing the population of an endangered species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reason.com/news/show/34933.html |title=Shoot, Shovel and Shut Up |work=Reasononline |publisher=Reason Magazine |date=2003-12-31 |access-date=2006-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921131035/http://www.reason.com/news/show/34933.html |archive-date=2009-09-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The effectiveness of the ESA – which coined the term "endangered species" – has been questioned by business advocacy groups and their publications but is nevertheless widely recognized by wildlife scientists who work with the species as an effective recovery tool. Nineteen species have been delisted and recovered<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/DelistingReport.do |title=USFWS Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS) |publisher=U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service |access-date=2007-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070728035106/http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/DelistingReport.do |archive-date=2007-07-28 }}</ref> and 93% of listed species in the northeastern United States have a recovering or stable population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esasuccess.org/reports/|title=ESA Successes|website=www.esasuccess.org|access-date=2007-01-24|archive-date=2010-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210193041/http://www.esasuccess.org/reports/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Currently, 1,556 endangered species are under protection by government law. This approximation, however, does not take into consideration the species threatened with endangerment that are not included under the protection of laws like the Endangered Species Act. According to [[NatureServe conservation status|NatureServe's global conservation status]], approximately thirteen percent of vertebrates (excluding marine fish), seventeen percent of vascular plants, and six to eighteen percent of fungi are considered imperiled.<ref name="WM2005">Wilcove & Master 2005.</ref>{{refpages|415|16}} Thus, in total, between seven and eighteen percent of the United States' known animals, fungi and plants are near extinction.<ref name="WM2005" />{{refpage|416}} This total is substantially more than the number of species protected in the United States under the Endangered Species Act.
[[File:2010-bald-eagle-kodiak.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bald eagle]]]]
[[File:American bison k5680-1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[American bison]]]]
Ever since humankind began hunting to preserve itself, over-hunting and fishing have been a large and dangerous problem. Of all the species who became extinct due to interference from humankind, the [[dodo]], [[passenger pigeon]], [[great auk]], [[Tasmanian tiger]] and [[Steller's sea cow]] are some of the more well known examples; with the [[bald eagle]], [[grizzly bear]], [[American bison]], [[Eastern timber wolf]] and [[sea turtle]] having been poached to near-extinction. Many began as food sources seen as necessary for survival but became the target of sport. However, due to major efforts to prevent extinction, the bald eagle, or ''[[Bald eagle|Haliaeetus leucocephalus]]'' is now under the category of Least Concern on the red list.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22695144A93492523 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695144A93492523.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> A present-day example of the over-hunting of a species can be seen in the oceans as populations of certain whales have been greatly reduced. Large whales like the [[blue whale]], [[bowhead whale]], [[Fin whale|finback whale]], [[gray whale]], [[sperm whale]], and [[humpback whale]] are some of the eight whales which are currently still included on the Endangered Species List. Actions have been taken to attempt a reduction in whaling and increase population sizes. The actions include prohibiting all whaling in United States waters, the formation of the CITES treaty which protects all whales, along with the formation of the [[International Whaling Commission]] (IWC). But even though all of these movements have been put in place, countries such as [[Japan]] continue to hunt and harvest whales under the claim of "scientific purposes".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Freedman |first=Bill |title=Endangered species |journal=Gale |volume=46 |issue=44 |pages=25 |year=2008 |edition=4th|pmid=30399289 }}</ref> Over-hunting, climatic change and habitat loss leads in landing species in endangered species list. It could mean that extinction rates could increase to a large extent in the future.
== In Canada ==
Endangered species are addressed through Canada's [[Species at Risk Act]]. A species is deemed threatened or endangered when it is on the verge of extinction or [[Local extinction|extirpation]]. Once a species is deemed threatened or endangered, the Act requires that a recovery plan to be developed that indicates how to stop or reverse the species' population decline.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Environment and Climate Change |date=2018-02-26 |title=Species at Risk Act: recovery strategies |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref> As of 2021, the [[Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada|Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife In Canada]] has assessed 369 species as being endangered in Canada.
== In India ==
The World Wide Fund-India raises concern in the longevity of the following animal species: the [[Red panda|Red Panda]], the [[Bengal tiger|Bengal Tiger]], the [[Ganges river dolphin|Ganges River Dolphin]], the [[Asian elephant|Asian Elephant]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Duffy |first1=Molly |title=The endangered animals of India |url=https://www.thegazette.com/kids-articles/the-endangered-animals-of-india/ |website=The Gazette |access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref>
India signed the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972|Wildlife Protection Act]] and the also joined the Convention on the International Trade in 1976, to prevent poaching from harming its wildlife.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kabała |first1=Natasha |title=India's Wildlife Trade: Success and Failures of Protecting Endangered Species |url=https://www.stoppoaching-now.org/post/india-s-wildlife-trade-success-and-failures-of-protecting-endangered-species#:~:text=Wildlife%20Protection&text=Many%20endangered%20animals%2C%20including%20tigers,wild%20animals%20or%20animal%20parts. |website=Stop Poaching Now! |date=29 April 2019 |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126151045/https://www.stoppoaching-now.org/post/india-s-wildlife-trade-success-and-failures-of-protecting-endangered-species |archive-date=26 November 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Invasive species ==
{{Main|Introduced species}}
The introduction of non-indigenous species to an area can disrupt the ecosystem to such an extent that native species become endangered. Such introductions may be termed alien or invasive species. In some cases, the invasive species compete with the native species for food or prey on the natives. In other cases, a stable ecological balance may be upset by predation or other causes leading to unexpected species decline. New species may also carry diseases to which the native species have no exposure or resistance.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chiras |first=Daniel D. |title=Invader Species |url=http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3753825 |journal=Grolier |year=2011 |series=Online |access-date=2015-03-04 |archive-date=2018-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013252/http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3753825 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Climate change ==
{{See also|Effects of climate change}}
[[The World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF) emphasizes that our planet is warming at a rate faster than any time in the past 10,000 years, necessitating species to adapt to new climate patterns, such as variations in rainfall and longer, warmer summers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Impact of climate change on species |url=https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/wildlife_practice/problems/climate_change/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=wwf.panda.org |language=en}}</ref> For example, the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service]] highlighted efforts to understand and mitigate the impact of climate change on species through scientific research, modeling, and conservation actions. This includes evaluating the current condition of species, their genetic variation, and how changes in their environment may affect their survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-04 |title=Protecting threatened and endangered species in a changing climate {{!}} U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |url=https://www.fws.gov/story/2024-01/protecting-threatened-and-endangered-species-changing-climate |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.fws.gov |language=en}}</ref>
The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) reports that the approximately 1°C rise in mean global temperature due to human activities is causing serious impacts on species, including changes in abundance, genetic composition, behavior, and survival. The IUCN stresses the importance of environmental policies aimed at reducing CO2 emissions to lessen the impact of climate change on species. Tools like the IUCN Red List and guidelines for assessing species' vulnerability to climate change are vital for conservation efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Species and climate change |url=https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/species-and-climate-change |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.iucn.org |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903213819/https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/species-and-climate-change |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Salton Sea Tilapia.jpg|thumb|Image showing one of many fish kills (in this case Tilapia) induced by effects of climate change.]]
In addition, climate change can lead to species decreasing in areas where they once thrived, by being forced to migrate or even going extinct from inhospitable conditions, invasive species, and fragmentation. A study cited by WWF found that one in six species is at risk of extinction due to climate change if no action is taken. The phenomenon of species shifting their ranges in response to changing climates, finding new or shrinking habitats, illustrates the direct impact of global warming on biodiversity.<ref name=":1" /> Another major concern is rising ocean acidity caused from excess CO <sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere. This creates acidic conditions in the ocean which creates an inhospitable environment for fish, plants, and other keystone species such as coral reefs
<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hoegh-Guldberg |first1=O. |last2=Mumby |first2=P. J. |last3=Hooten |first3=A. J. |last4=Steneck |first4=R. S. |last5=Greenfield |first5=P. |last6=Gomez |first6=E. |last7=Harvell |first7=C. D. |last8=Sale |first8=P. F. |last9=Edwards |first9=A. J. |last10=Caldeira |first10=K. |last11=Knowlton |first11=N. |last12=Eakin |first12=C. M. |last13=Iglesias-Prieto |first13=R. |last14=Muthiga |first14=N. |last15=Bradbury |first15=R. H. |date=2007-12-14 |title=Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1152509 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=318 |issue=5857 |pages=1737–1742 |doi=10.1126/science.1152509 |pmid=18079392 |bibcode=2007Sci...318.1737H |issn=0036-8075|hdl=1885/28834 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
For example the [[Emperor penguin|Emperor Penguins]], which rely on Antarctic sea ice for breeding, shelter, and food. The melting of ice sheets poses a direct threat to their survival. Similarly, the Mount Rainier [[white-tailed ptarmigan]], adapted to alpine mountaintops, faces habitat loss due to climate changes in snowfall patterns and rising temperatures. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-26 |title=Preventing Extinctions in a Changing Climate {{!}} U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |url=https://www.fws.gov/story/2022-05/preventing-extinctions-changing-climate |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.fws.gov |language=en}}</ref>
Another example is in the case of the Salton Sea in California. This area is a critical habitat for many endangered and watched species, as well as many migratory birds. Due to environmental shifts from climate change and the addition of agriculture in the surrounding plains, the system has become almost irreparably damaged. The warming temperatures has caused mass evaporation, leaving the Sea much more saline and with much more exposed playa. This not only damages air quality but also has caused fish kills to accumulate as shown pictured below. This has made the system inhospitable to the birds and endangered species relying upon it <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shuford |first1=W. David |last2=Warnock |first2=Nils |last3=Molina |first3=Kathy C. |last4=Sturm |first4=Kenneth K. |date=2002-04-01 |title=The Salton Sea as critical habitat to migratory and resident waterbirds |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016566709096 |journal=Hydrobiologia |language=en |volume=473 |issue=1 |pages=255–274 |doi=10.1023/A:1016566709096 |issn=1573-5117}}</ref>
== Conservation ==
[[File:Dhole.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|The [[dhole]], Asia's most endangered [[top predator]], is on the edge of extinction.]]
===Captive breeding===
{{Main|Captive breeding}}
Captive breeding is the process of breeding rare or endangered species in human controlled environments with restricted settings, such as wildlife reserves, zoos, and other conservation facilities. Captive breeding is meant to save species from extinction and so stabilise the population of the species that it will not disappear.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/ConservationAndScience/EndangeredSpecies/CapBreedPops/default.cfm |title=Captive Breeding Populations – National Zoo |publisher=Nationalzoo.si.edu |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-date=2009-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015180848/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/ConservationAndScience/EndangeredSpecies/CapBreedPops/default.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>
This technique has worked for many species for some time, with probably the oldest known such instances of captive mating being attributed to menageries of European and Asian rulers, an example being the [[Père David's deer]]. However, captive breeding techniques are usually difficult to implement for such highly mobile species as some migratory birds (e.g. cranes) and fishes (e.g. [[hilsa]]). Additionally, if the captive breeding population is too small, then inbreeding may occur due to a reduced [[gene pool]] and reduce [[immunity (medical)|resistance]].[[File:Status ESA LE.svg|upright=1.1|left|thumb|"Endangered" in relation to "threatened" under the ESA]]In 1981, the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]] (AZA) created a [[Species Survival Plan]] (SSP) to help preserve specific endangered and threatened species through captive breeding. With over 450 SSP Plans, some endangered species are covered by the AZA with plans to cover population management goals and recommendations for breeding for a diverse and healthy population, created by Taxon Advisory Groups. These programs are commonly created as a last resort effort. SSP Programs regularly participate in species recovery, veterinary care for wildlife disease outbreaks, and some other wildlife conservation efforts. The AZA's Species Survival Plan also has breeding and transfer programs, both within and outside of AZA – certified zoos and aquariums. Some animals that are part of SSP programs are [[giant pandas]], lowland gorillas, and [[California condors]].<ref>{{Cite web|url =https://www.aza.org/species-survival-plan-program/|archive-url =https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090803071836/http://www.aza.org/species-survival-plan-program/|url-status =dead|archive-date =2009-08-03|title =Association of Zoos and Aquariums Species Survival Programs}}</ref>
===Private farming===
[[File:Ostafrikanisches Spitzmaulnashorn.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|Black rhino]]
[[File:Thmac u0.gif|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Southern bluefin tuna]]]]
Whereas poaching substantially reduces endangered animal populations, legal, for-profit, private farming does the opposite. It has substantially increased the populations of the southern [[black rhinoceros]] and southern [[white rhinoceros]]. Richard Emslie, a scientific officer at the IUCN, said of such programs, "Effective law enforcement has become much easier now that the animals are largely privately owned... We have been able to bring local communities into conservation programs. There are increasingly strong economic incentives attached to looking after rhinos rather than simply poaching: from Eco-tourism or selling them on for a profit. So many owners are keeping them secure. The private sector has been key to helping our work."<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/hes-black-and-hes-back-private-enterprise-saves-southern-africas-rhino-from-extinction-848482.html He's black, and he's back! Private enterprise saves southern Africa's rhino from extinction]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926073032/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/hes-black-and-hes-back-private-enterprise-saves-southern-africas-rhino-from-extinction-848482.html |date=2017-09-26 }}, [[The Independent]], June 17, 2008</ref>
Conservation experts view the effect of China's [[turtle farming]] on the wild turtle populations of China and [[South-Eastern Asia]] – many of which are endangered – as "poorly understood".<ref name="scale">{{cite news |title=Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China |last1=Shi |first1=Haitao |last2=Parham |first2=James F. |last3=Fan |first3=Zhiyong |last4=Hong |first4=Meiling |last5=Yin |first5=Feng |date=2008-01-01 |periodical=Oryx |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=42 |pages=147–150 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=1738732&jid=ORX&volumeId=42&issueId=01&aid=1738724 |doi=10.1017/S0030605308000562 |access-date=2009-12-26 |archive-date=2011-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605040805/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=1738732&jid=ORX&volumeId=42&issueId=01&aid=1738724 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although they commend the gradual replacement of turtles caught wild with [[Turtle farming|farm-raised turtles]] in the marketplace – the percentage of farm-raised individuals in the "visible" trade grew from around 30% in 2000 to around 70% in 2007<ref name="ff">"[http://www.fishfarmer-magazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/993/Turtle_farms_threaten_rare_species,_experts_say.html Turtle farms threaten rare species, experts say] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218191219/http://www.fishfarmer-magazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/993/Turtle_farms_threaten_rare_species%2C_experts_say.html |date=2012-02-18 }}". ''Fish Farmer'', 30 March 2007. Their source is an article by James Parham, Shi Haitao and two other authors, published in February 2007 in the journal ''Conservation Biology''.</ref> – they worry that many wild animals are caught to provide farmers with breeding stock. The conservation expert Peter Paul van Dijk noted that turtle farmers often believe that animals caught wild are superior breeding stock. Turtle farmers may, therefore, seek and catch the last remaining wild specimens of some endangered turtle species.<ref name="ff"/>
In 2015, researchers in Australia managed to coax [[southern bluefin tuna]] to breed in landlocked tanks, raising the possibility that [[fish farming]] may be able to save the species from [[overfishing]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091213010512/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1945379_1944416_1944425,00.html The Top 10 Everything of 2009: Top 10 Scientific Discoveries: 5. Breeding Tuna on Land], Time magazine, December 8, 2009.</ref>
=== Success stories ===
# Hawaiian Monk Seal Rehabilitation: The Hawaiian monk seal are one of the most endangered seal species in the world. Conservation initiatives have focused on mitigating human-seal conflicts, rehabilitating injured seals, and extensive monitoring to ensure their survival. These efforts have led to a gradual increase in their population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisheries |first=NOAA |date= |title=Endangered Species Conservation {{!}} NOAA Fisheries |url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/endangered-species-conservation |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=NOAA |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414072455/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/kempsridley.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Restoration of the American Bald Eagle: Once on the brink of extinction in the contiguous United States with only 417 known nesting pairs in 1963 due to pesticide use and habitat destruction, the Bald Eagle population has made a remarkable recovery. By 2020, the number of nesting pairs had surged to 71,400. Thanks to habitat protection, legal protection, and DDT ban efforts, leading to the bald eagle being removed from the list of threatened and endangered species.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bald Eagle Decline & Recovery {{!}} American Eagle Foundation |url=https://eagles.org/what-we-do/educate/learn-about-eagles/bald-eagle-decline-recovery/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=eagles.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Saving the Bald Eagle – a Conservation Success Story {{!}} Defenders of Wildlife |url=https://defenders.org/blog/2023/01/saving-bald-eagle-conservation-success-story |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=defenders.org |language=en}}</ref>
# The Gray Wolf Rebound: Starting in 1995 and 1996, 31 gray wolves from western Canada were relocated to Yellowstone, where they were temporarily kept in acclimation pens before being released into the wild. This careful reintroduction aimed to restore a key predator to the ecosystem, which had profound effects on the park's wildlife dynamics. After being nearly eradicated in the lower 48 states by the early 20th century, reintroduction and protective measures have allowed their populations to rebound significantly. By 2017, gray wolves were delisted in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, indicating a recovery to a point where they were no longer considered endangered in these areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Park |first1=Mailing Address: PO Box 168 Yellowstone National |last2=Us |first2=WY 82190-0168 Phone: 307-344-7381 Contact |title=Wolf Restoration - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/wolf-restoration.htm |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yellowstone wolf restoration {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/centers/northern-prairie-wildlife-research-center/science/yellowstone-wolf-restoration |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref>
# Recovery of the Channel Island Fox: Beginning in 1999, the Channel Islands National Park launched an ambitious recovery program for the island fox, incorporating several key strategies: captive breeding and reintroduction, removal of predatory golden eagles, re-establishment of bald eagles, and eradication of non-native ungulates. The U.S. Department of the Interior officially recognized the recovery as the fastest for any Endangered Species Act-listed mammal in the U.S., announcing the delisting of three island fox subspecies in 2016. This recovery, from near extinction in the late 1990s to robust populations by the mid-2010s, underscores the power of partnership-driven conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-11 |title=Interior Announces Fastest Successful Recovery of an Endangered Species Act-Listed Mammal; Three Island Fox Subspecies Now Fully Delisted {{!}} U.S. Department of the Interior |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-announces-fastest-successful-recovery-endangered-species-act-listed-mammal |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.doi.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ventura |first1=Mailing Address: 1901 Spinnaker Drive |last2=Us |first2=CA 93001 Phone: 805 658-5730 Contact |title=Island Fox - Channel Islands National Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/nature/island-fox.htm |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref>
== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="180px">
File: Sea otter cropped.jpg|Though endangered, the [[sea otter]] has a relatively large population.
File: Bison skull pile edit.jpg|1870s photo of [[American bison]] skulls. By 1890, overhunting had reduced the population to 750.
File:Pediocactus knowltonii fh 27 5 COL NM border in cultur B.jpg|[[Pediocactus knowltonii|Knowlton cactus]]
File:Caretta caretta01.jpg|[[Loggerhead sea turtle]]
File:Arowana.jpg|[[Asian arowana]]
File:Hawksbill Sea Turtle (Critically Endangered Species).jpg | [[Hawksbill sea turtle]]
File:Pelochelys_cantorii.jpg|[[Cantor's giant softshell turtle]]
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[ARKive]]
* [[Biodiversity]]
* [[Center for Biological Diversity]]
* [[Conservation cloning]]
* [[Critically Endangered]]
* [[Ex situ conservation|''Ex situ'' conservation]]
* [[Genome sequencing of endangered species]]
* [[Habitat fragmentation]]
* [[Holocene extinction]]
* [[International Rhino Foundation]]
* [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN)
* [[Overexploitation]]
* [[Rare species]]
* [[Red Data Book of the Russian Federation]]
* [[Threatened species]]
* [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] (WWF)
===IUCN Red List===
* [[List of Chromista by conservation status]]
* [[List of endangered amphibians]]
* [[List of endangered arthropods]]
* [[List of endangered birds]]
* [[List of endangered fishes]]
* [[List of endangered insects]]
* [[List of endangered invertebrates]]
* [[List of endangered mammals]]
* [[List of endangered molluscs]]
* [[List of endangered plants]]
* [[List of endangered reptiles]]
* [[List of fungi by conservation status]]
* [[Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* Glenn, C. R. 2006. [http://earthsendangered.com "Earth's Endangered Creatures"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915063352/http://earthsendangered.com/ |date=2019-09-15 }}.
* Ishwaran, N., & Erdelen, W. (2005, May). [http://jstor.org/stable/3868449 Biodiversity Futures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107005312/http://jstor.org/stable/3868449 |date=2015-11-07 }}, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(4), 179.
* Kotiaho, J. S., Kaitala, V., Komonen, A., Päivinen, J. P., & Ehrlich, P. R. (2005, February 8). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3374545 Predicting the Risk of Extinction from Shared Ecological Characteristics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913184903/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3374545 |date=2018-09-13 }}, proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(6), 1963–1967.
* Minteer, B. A., & Collins, J. P. (2005, August). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868567 Why we need an "Ecological Ethics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913184916/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868567 |date=2018-09-13 }}, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(6), 332–337.
* Raloff, J. (2006, August 5). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4017054 Preserving Paradise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913190621/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4017054 |date=2018-09-13 }}, [[Science News]], 170(6), 92.
* Wilcove, D. S., & Master L. L. (2008, October). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868674 How Many Endangered Species are there in the United States?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913223300/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868674 |date=2018-09-13 }} Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(8), 414–420.
* Freedman, Bill. "endangered species." Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 4th ed. Detroit: Gale Group, 2008. Discovering Collection. Gale.
* Chiras, Daniel D. "Invader Species." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Online, 2011.
* "endangered Species." Current Issues: Macmillan Social Science Library. Detroit: Gale, 2010.
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?redListCategory=en List of species with the category Endangered] as identified by the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820164159/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/species.htm Endangered Species] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs.''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190713215604/http://www.eswr.com/ Endangered Species & Wetlands Report] Independent print and online newsletter covering the ESA, wetlands and regulatory takings.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041108000216/http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/TESSBoxscore USFWS numerical summary of listed species in US and elsewhere]
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50788571 Extinction: A million species at risk, so what is saved?] [[BBC]]. December 28, 2019.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/04/generally-ignored-species-face-twice-the-extinction-threat-warns-study-aoe 'Generally ignored' species face twice the extinction threat, warns study]. [[The Guardian]]. August 4, 2022
{{threatened species|state=expanded}}
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[[Category:Endangered species| ]]
[[Category:Biota by conservation status]]
[[Category:Environmental conservation]]
[[Category:Habitat]]
[[Category:IUCN Red List]]
[[Category:IUCN Red List endangered species]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Species of organisms facing a very high risk of extinction}}
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{{Conservation status}}
[[File:Golden lion tamarin portrait3.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Golden lion tamarin]], an endemic and one of the endangered species saved from extinction in Brazil]]
[[File:Trends in Endangered Species- A Visual Representation of Plant and Animal Conservation in Brazil (2014-2022).pdf|thumb|285x285px|A visual representation of the declining percentages of endangered plant and animal species in Brazil from 2014 to 2022. The sidebar graph highlights the contrast between plant and animal conservation efforts.]]
[[File:Gymnogyps californianus -Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge, California, USA -flying-8.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[California condor]] is a [[critically endangered]] species. Note the [[Bird ringing|wing tags]] used for population monitoring.]]
An '''endangered species''' is a [[species]] that is very likely to become [[extinct]] in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as [[habitat loss]], [[poaching]], [[invasive species]], and climate change .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why do animals and plants become endangered? {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/why-do-animals-and-plants-become-endangered |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref> The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) [[IUCN Red List|Red List]] lists the global [[conservation status]] of many species, and various other agencies assess the status of species within particular areas. Many nations have [[Environmental law|law]]s that protect [[conservation-reliant species]] which, for example, forbid [[hunting]], restrict [[land development]], or create [[protected area]]s. Some endangered species are the target of extensive conservation efforts such as [[captive breeding]] and [[habitat restoration]].
Human activity is a significant cause in causing some species to become endangered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Giant Panda WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/giant-panda|accessdate=19 September 2022|archive-date=9 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809023057/http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/finder/giantpanda/panda.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Grey Long-Eared Bat Mammal Society|url=https://www.mammal.org.uk/species-grey-long-eared-bat|accessdate = 19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Endangered Species |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/endangered-species/ |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[National Geographic]] |access-date=27 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tollefson |first1=Jeff |title=Humans are driving one million species to extinction |journal=Nature |date=6 May 2019 |volume=569 |issue=7755 |pages=171 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01448-4 |pmid=31065101 |bibcode=2019Natur.569..171T |s2cid=256768064 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Conservation status ==
{{Main|Conservation status}}
[[File:Pusa hispida saimensis ca 1956.jpg|thumb|upright|Photo of ''Pusa hispida saimensis'', also known as [[Saimaa ringed seal]], from 1956. Living only in [[Lake Saimaa]], [[Finland]], Saimaa ringed seals are among the most endangered seals in the world, having a total population of only about 400 individuals.<ref>{{cite web |title= Saimaa Ringed Seal |url= https://wwf.fi/en/saimaaringedseal/ |access-date= 22 December 2018 |archive-date= 25 December 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225014047/https://wwf.fi/en/saimaaringedseal/ |url-status= live }}</ref>]]
The [[conservation status]] of a [[species]] indicates the likelihood that it will become [[extinct]]. Multiple factors are considered when assessing the status of a species; e.g., such statistics as the number remaining, the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, or known threats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/Lnsstatus.htm |title=NatureServe Conservation Status |date=April 2007 |publisher=NatureServe |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055302/http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/Lnsstatus.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/red-list-overview |title=Red List Overview |date=February 2011 |publisher=IUCN |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527175928/http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/red-list-overview |archive-date=May 27, 2012 }}</ref>
Over 50% of the world's species are estimated to be at risk of extinction,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conservationandwildlife.com/threatened-species/ |title=Threatened Species |publisher=Conservation and Wildlife |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913043721/http://www.conservationandwildlife.com/threatened-species |archive-date=September 13, 2012 }}</ref> but the frontier between categories such as 'endangered', 'rare', or 'locally extinct' species is often difficult to draw given the general paucity of data on most of these species. This is notably the case in the world Ocean where endangered species not seen for decades may go extinct unnoticed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Briand |first1=Frederic |title=Species Missing in Action - Rare or Already Extinct? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233408388 |work=National Geographic |date=October 2012}}</ref>
Internationally, 195 countries have signed an accord to create [[Biodiversity Action Plan]]s that will protect endangered and other threatened species. In the United States, such plans are usually called [[Endangered Species Recovery Plan|Species Recovery Plan]]s.
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== In Brazil ==
[[Brazil]] is one of the most [[Biodiversity|biodiverse]] countries in the world, if not the most. It houses not only the Amazon forest but the [[Atlantic Forest|Atlantic forest]], the savanna-like [[Cerrado]] among other [[Biomes in Brazil|biomes]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-21 |title=The top 10 most biodiverse countries |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2016/05/top-10-biodiverse-countries/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219020710/https://news.mongabay.com/2016/05/top-10-biodiverse-countries/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the high density of some of its well-preserved rainforests, [[Wildlife smuggling|wildlife trafficking]], which along with deforestation is one of the biggest endangerment drivers in Brazil, has become a challenge. Brazil has a broad legal system meant to protect the environment, including its [[Constitution of Brazil|Constitution]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Brazilian Constitution of 1988 - Article 23 "The Union, the states, the federal district and the municipalities, in common, have the power: [...] VI – to protect the environment and to fight pollution in any of its forms; VII – to preserve the forests, fauna and flora |url=https://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/docs/acceso_informacion_base_dc_leyes_pais_b_1_en.pdf |access-date= |website=OAS (Organization of American States)}}</ref> as well as several federal, state and local government agencies tasked with protecting the [[fauna]] and [[flora]], fining individuals or companies linked to [[environmental crime]]s and confiscating illegally taken wildlife. Though such agencies can collect their data, each system operates relatively on its own when it comes to wildlife trafficking. However, both the agencies and the [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]'s working in Brazil agree that the birds account for about 80% of trafficked species in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A máfia dos bichos: Muito além de reality, tráfico de animais no Brasil tira 38 milhões de bichos da mata por ano e gira R$ 3 bi |url=https://www.uol.com.br/ecoa/reportagens-especiais/trafico-no-brasil-tira-por-ano-35-milhoes-de-animais-da-floresta-e-gira-r-3-bilhoes/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=www.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref>
The relation between wildlife smuggling, other environment crimes under the Brazilian law such as [[deforestation]], and endangered species is particularly intricate and troubling since the rarer the animal or plant gets the most targeted and valuable they become in the [[black market]], which leads to more endangered species in its turn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KKIENERM |title=Wildlife, Forest & Fisheries Crime Module 1 Key Issues: Implications of Wildlife Trafficking |url=https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/wildlife-crime/module-1/key-issues/implications-of-wildlife-trafficking.html |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.unodc.org |language=en}}</ref>
Additionally, some environment experts and scientists point to the disbanding of environment agencies and the repeal of laws in Brazil under the [[presidency of Jair Bolsonaro]] as one of the reasons behind a surge in the number of endangered species.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Hakai |title=In COVID's Shadow, Illegal Fishing Flourishes |url=https://hakaimagazine.com/news/in-covids-shadow-illegal-fishing-flourishes/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Hakai Magazine |language=en}}</ref> In one occasion during his presidency some fines totaling US$3.1 billion on environment criminals were revoked and at least one fine (related to [[Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing|illegal fishing]]) imposed on Bolsonaro himself was cancelled and the agent who fined him was [[Demotion|demoted]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ato do governo Bolsonaro deve anular até R$ 16 bilhões em multas ambientais |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/meio-ambiente/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2022/09/20/ibama-multa-ambiental-eduardo-bim-governo-bolsonaro-notificacao-por-edital.htm |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref>
In the past, Brazil has successfully saved the endemic [[golden lion tamarin]] from [[extinction]]. Massive campaigns to raise awareness among people by NGO's and governments, which included printing depictions of the golden lion tamarin in the [[Brazilian real|20 reais Brazilian banknotes]] (still in circulation), are credited with getting the species out of the [[Critically Endangered|critically endangered]] animals list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mico-leão-dourado é "case" de sucesso para preservação, mas vê nova ameaça |url=https://www.uol.com.br/ecoa/ultimas-noticias/2020/06/05/mico-leao-dourado-e-case-de-sucesso-para-preservacao-mas-ve-nova-ameaca.htm |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=How Brazil is working to save the rare lion tamarins of the Atlantic Forest |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/how-brazil-is-working-to-save-the-rare-lion-tamarins-of-the-atlantic-forest/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref>
== In the United States ==
There is data from the [[United States]] that shows a correlation between human populations and threatened and endangered species. Using species data from the Database on the Economics and Management of Endangered Species database and the period that the [[Endangered Species Act]] (ESA) has been in existence, 1970 to 1997, a table was created that suggests a positive relationship between human activity and species endangerment.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/protectingendang00shog/page/n25 |title=Protecting Endangered Species in the United States: Biological Needs, Political Realities, Economic Choices |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0521662109 |editor1-last=Shogren |editor1-first=Jason F. |pages=1 |editor2-last=Tschirhart |editor2-first=John |url-access=limited}}</ref>
===Effect of climate change on endangered species===
[[Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere]] is asserted to be one of the leading causes of animal endangerment. According to the US [[National Park Service]]:<ref>{{cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Climate Change Endangers Wildlife |url=https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/nature/climatechange_wildlife.htm#:~:text=Biologists%20are%20becoming%20more%20and,due%20to%20global%20climate%20change. |access-date=14 September 2023 |publisher=US National Park Service}}</ref> <blockquote>If we can sufficiently reduce greenhouse gas emissions, many of them will still have a chance to survive and recover. [[NASA]] scientist [[James Hansen|James Hanson]] has warned that in order to maintain a climate similar to that under which human civilization developed and similar to that which so many organisms are adapted, we need to quickly reduce the carbon dioxide in our atmosphere to 350 [[parts per million]] (ppm). Before the industrial revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rarely rose above 280 ppm; during the 2014 calendar year, carbon dioxide levels fluctuated between 395 and 402 ppm.</blockquote>
[[File:U.S. Endangered Species Count by State.gif|thumb|A proportional symbol map of each state's endangered species count]]
===Endangered Species Act===
Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 in the United States, species may be listed as "endangered" or "threatened". The [[Salt Creek tiger beetle]] (''Cicindela nevadica lincolniana'') is an example of an endangered subspecies protected under the ESA. The [[US Fish and Wildlife Service]], as well as the [[National Marine Fisheries Service]] are held responsible for classifying and protecting endangered species. They are also responsible for adding a particular species to the list, which can be a long, controversial process.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilcove |first1=D.S. |last2=Master |first2=L.L. |title=How Many Endangered Species are there in the United States? |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |date=2005 |volume=3 |issue=8 |page=414 |doi=10.2307/3868657 |jstor=3868657 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868657 |access-date=2021-06-01 |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602231055/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868657 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Some endangered species laws are controversial. Typical areas of controversy include criteria for placing a species on the endangered species list and rules for removing a species from the list once its population has recovered. Whether restrictions on land development constitute a "taking" of land by the government; the related question of whether private landowners should be compensated for the loss of uses of their areas; and obtaining reasonable exceptions to protection laws. Also lobbying from [[hunting|hunters]] and various industries like the [[petroleum industry]], [[construction]] industry, and [[logging]], has been an obstacle in establishing endangered species laws.
The [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]] lifted a policy that required federal officials to consult a wildlife expert before taking actions that could damage endangered species. Under the [[Obama administration]], this policy was reinstated.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-03-03|title=Reversing Bush Rule, Obama Resumes Safeguards for Endangered Species|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/science-jan-june09-speciesrule_03-03|access-date=2021-07-23|website=PBS NewsHour|language=en-us|archive-date=2019-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903123529/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/science-jan-june09-speciesrule_03-03|url-status=live}}</ref>
Being listed as an endangered species can have negative effect since it could make a species more desirable for collectors and poachers.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Courchamp |first=Franck |author2=Elena Angulo |author3=Philippe Rivalan |author4=Richard J. Hall |author5=Laetitia Signoret |author6=Leigh Bull |author7=Yves Meinard |title=Rarity Value and Species Extinction: The Anthropogenic Allee Effect |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=e415 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040415 |pmid=17132047 |pmc=1661683 |year=2006 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This effect is potentially reducible, such as in China where commercially farmed turtles may be reducing some of the pressure to poach endangered species.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dharmananda |first=Subhuti |title=Endangered Species issues affecting turtles and tortoises used in Chinese medicine |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=e415 |publisher=Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040415 |pmid=17132047 |pmc=1661683 |year=2006 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Another problem with the listing species is its effect of inciting the use of the "shoot, shovel, and shut-up" method of clearing endangered species from an area of land. Some landowners currently may perceive a diminution in value for their land after finding an endangered animal on it. They have allegedly opted to kill and bury the animals or destroy habitat silently. Thus removing the problem from their land, but at the same time further reducing the population of an endangered species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reason.com/news/show/34933.html |title=Shoot, Shovel and Shut Up |work=Reasononline |publisher=Reason Magazine |date=2003-12-31 |access-date=2006-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921131035/http://www.reason.com/news/show/34933.html |archive-date=2009-09-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The effectiveness of the ESA – which coined the term "endangered species" – has been questioned by business advocacy groups and their publications but is nevertheless widely recognized by wildlife scientists who work with the species as an effective recovery tool. Nineteen species have been delisted and recovered<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/DelistingReport.do |title=USFWS Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS) |publisher=U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service |access-date=2007-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070728035106/http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/DelistingReport.do |archive-date=2007-07-28 }}</ref> and 93% of listed species in the northeastern United States have a recovering or stable population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esasuccess.org/reports/|title=ESA Successes|website=www.esasuccess.org|access-date=2007-01-24|archive-date=2010-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210193041/http://www.esasuccess.org/reports/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Currently, 1,556 endangered species are under protection by government law. This approximation, however, does not take into consideration the species threatened with endangerment that are not included under the protection of laws like the Endangered Species Act. According to [[NatureServe conservation status|NatureServe's global conservation status]], approximately thirteen percent of vertebrates (excluding marine fish), seventeen percent of vascular plants, and six to eighteen percent of fungi are considered imperiled.<ref name="WM2005">Wilcove & Master 2005.</ref>{{refpages|415|16}} Thus, in total, between seven and eighteen percent of the United States' known animals, fungi and plants are near extinction.<ref name="WM2005" />{{refpage|416}} This total is substantially more than the number of species protected in the United States under the Endangered Species Act.
[[File:2010-bald-eagle-kodiak.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bald eagle]]]]
[[File:American bison k5680-1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[American bison]]]]
Ever since humankind began hunting to preserve itself, over-hunting and fishing have been a large and dangerous problem. Of all the species who became extinct due to interference from humankind, the [[dodo]], [[passenger pigeon]], [[great auk]], [[Tasmanian tiger]] and [[Steller's sea cow]] are some of the more well known examples; with the [[bald eagle]], [[grizzly bear]], [[American bison]], [[Eastern timber wolf]] and [[sea turtle]] having been poached to near-extinction. Many began as food sources seen as necessary for survival but became the target of sport. However, due to major efforts to prevent extinction, the bald eagle, or ''[[Bald eagle|Haliaeetus leucocephalus]]'' is now under the category of Least Concern on the red list.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22695144A93492523 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695144A93492523.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> A present-day example of the over-hunting of a species can be seen in the oceans as populations of certain whales have been greatly reduced. Large whales like the [[blue whale]], [[bowhead whale]], [[Fin whale|finback whale]], [[gray whale]], [[sperm whale]], and [[humpback whale]] are some of the eight whales which are currently still included on the Endangered Species List. Actions have been taken to attempt a reduction in whaling and increase population sizes. The actions include prohibiting all whaling in United States waters, the formation of the CITES treaty which protects all whales, along with the formation of the [[International Whaling Commission]] (IWC). But even though all of these movements have been put in place, countries such as [[Japan]] continue to hunt and harvest whales under the claim of "scientific purposes".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Freedman |first=Bill |title=Endangered species |journal=Gale |volume=46 |issue=44 |pages=25 |year=2008 |edition=4th|pmid=30399289 }}</ref> Over-hunting, climatic change and habitat loss leads in landing species in endangered species list. It could mean that extinction rates could increase to a large extent in the future.
== In Canada ==
Endangered species are addressed through Canada's [[Species at Risk Act]]. A species is deemed threatened or endangered when it is on the verge of extinction or [[Local extinction|extirpation]]. Once a species is deemed threatened or endangered, the Act requires that a recovery plan to be developed that indicates how to stop or reverse the species' population decline.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Environment and Climate Change |date=2018-02-26 |title=Species at Risk Act: recovery strategies |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref> As of 2021, the [[Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada|Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife In Canada]] has assessed 369 species as being endangered in Canada.
== In India ==
The World Wide Fund-India raises concern in the longevity of the following animal species: the [[Red panda|Red Panda]], the [[Bengal tiger|Bengal Tiger]], the [[Ganges river dolphin|Ganges River Dolphin]], the [[Asian elephant|Asian Elephant]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Duffy |first1=Molly |title=The endangered animals of India |url=https://www.thegazette.com/kids-articles/the-endangered-animals-of-india/ |website=The Gazette |access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref>
India signed the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972|Wildlife Protection Act]] and the also joined the Convention on the International Trade in 1976, to prevent poaching from harming its wildlife.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kabała |first1=Natasha |title=India's Wildlife Trade: Success and Failures of Protecting Endangered Species |url=https://www.stoppoaching-now.org/post/india-s-wildlife-trade-success-and-failures-of-protecting-endangered-species#:~:text=Wildlife%20Protection&text=Many%20endangered%20animals%2C%20including%20tigers,wild%20animals%20or%20animal%20parts. |website=Stop Poaching Now! |date=29 April 2019 |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126151045/https://www.stoppoaching-now.org/post/india-s-wildlife-trade-success-and-failures-of-protecting-endangered-species |archive-date=26 November 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Invasive species ==
{{Main|Introduced species}}
The introduction of non-indigenous species to an area can disrupt the ecosystem to such an extent that native species become endangered. Such introductions may be termed alien or invasive species. In some cases, the invasive species compete with the native species for food or prey on the natives. In other cases, a stable ecological balance may be upset by predation or other causes leading to unexpected species decline. New species may also carry diseases to which the native species have no exposure or resistance.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chiras |first=Daniel D. |title=Invader Species |url=http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3753825 |journal=Grolier |year=2011 |series=Online |access-date=2015-03-04 |archive-date=2018-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013252/http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3753825 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Climate change ==
{{See also|Effects of climate change}}
[[The World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF) emphasizes that our planet is warming at a rate faster than any time in the past 10,000 years, necessitating species to adapt to new climate patterns, such as variations in rainfall and longer, warmer summers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Impact of climate change on species |url=https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/wildlife_practice/problems/climate_change/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=wwf.panda.org |language=en}}</ref> For example, the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service]] highlighted efforts to understand and mitigate the impact of climate change on species through scientific research, modeling, and conservation actions. This includes evaluating the current condition of species, their genetic variation, and how changes in their environment may affect their survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-04 |title=Protecting threatened and endangered species in a changing climate {{!}} U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |url=https://www.fws.gov/story/2024-01/protecting-threatened-and-endangered-species-changing-climate |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.fws.gov |language=en}}</ref>
The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) reports that the approximately 1°C rise in mean global temperature due to human activities is causing serious impacts on species, including changes in abundance, genetic composition, behavior, and survival. The IUCN stresses the importance of environmental policies aimed at reducing CO2 emissions to lessen the impact of climate change on species. Tools like the IUCN Red List and guidelines for assessing species' vulnerability to climate change are vital for conservation efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Species and climate change |url=https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/species-and-climate-change |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.iucn.org |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903213819/https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/species-and-climate-change |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Salton Sea Tilapia.jpg|thumb|Image showing one of many fish kills (in this case Tilapia) induced by effects of climate change.]]
In addition, climate change can lead to species decreasing in areas where they once thrived, by being forced to migrate or even going extinct from inhospitable conditions, invasive species, and fragmentation. A study cited by WWF found that one in six species is at risk of extinction due to climate change if no action is taken. The phenomenon of species shifting their ranges in response to changing climates, finding new or shrinking habitats, illustrates the direct impact of global warming on biodiversity.<ref name=":1" /> Another major concern is rising ocean acidity caused from excess CO <sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere. This creates acidic conditions in the ocean which creates an inhospitable environment for fish, plants, and other keystone species such as coral reefs
<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hoegh-Guldberg |first1=O. |last2=Mumby |first2=P. J. |last3=Hooten |first3=A. J. |last4=Steneck |first4=R. S. |last5=Greenfield |first5=P. |last6=Gomez |first6=E. |last7=Harvell |first7=C. D. |last8=Sale |first8=P. F. |last9=Edwards |first9=A. J. |last10=Caldeira |first10=K. |last11=Knowlton |first11=N. |last12=Eakin |first12=C. M. |last13=Iglesias-Prieto |first13=R. |last14=Muthiga |first14=N. |last15=Bradbury |first15=R. H. |date=2007-12-14 |title=Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1152509 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=318 |issue=5857 |pages=1737–1742 |doi=10.1126/science.1152509 |pmid=18079392 |bibcode=2007Sci...318.1737H |issn=0036-8075|hdl=1885/28834 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
For example the [[Emperor penguin|Emperor Penguins]], which rely on Antarctic sea ice for breeding, shelter, and food. The melting of ice sheets poses a direct threat to their survival. Similarly, the Mount Rainier [[white-tailed ptarmigan]], adapted to alpine mountaintops, faces habitat loss due to climate changes in snowfall patterns and rising temperatures. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-26 |title=Preventing Extinctions in a Changing Climate {{!}} U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |url=https://www.fws.gov/story/2022-05/preventing-extinctions-changing-climate |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.fws.gov |language=en}}</ref>
Another example is in the case of the Salton Sea in California. This area is a critical habitat for many endangered and watched species, as well as many migratory birds. Due to environmental shifts from climate change and the addition of agriculture in the surrounding plains, the system has become almost irreparably damaged. The warming temperatures has caused mass evaporation, leaving the Sea much more saline and with much more exposed playa. This not only damages air quality but also has caused fish kills to accumulate as shown pictured below. This has made the system inhospitable to the birds and endangered species relying upon it <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shuford |first1=W. David |last2=Warnock |first2=Nils |last3=Molina |first3=Kathy C. |last4=Sturm |first4=Kenneth K. |date=2002-04-01 |title=The Salton Sea as critical habitat to migratory and resident waterbirds |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016566709096 |journal=Hydrobiologia |language=en |volume=473 |issue=1 |pages=255–274 |doi=10.1023/A:1016566709096 |issn=1573-5117}}</ref>
== Conservation ==
[[File:Dhole.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|The [[dhole]], Asia's most endangered [[top predator]], is on the edge of extinction.]]
===Captive breeding===
{{Main|Captive breeding}}
Captive breeding is the process of breeding rare or endangered species in human controlled environments with restricted settings, such as wildlife reserves, zoos, and other conservation facilities. Captive breeding is meant to save species from extinction and so stabilise the population of the species that it will not disappear.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/ConservationAndScience/EndangeredSpecies/CapBreedPops/default.cfm |title=Captive Breeding Populations – National Zoo |publisher=Nationalzoo.si.edu |access-date=2009-12-06 |archive-date=2009-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015180848/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/ConservationAndScience/EndangeredSpecies/CapBreedPops/default.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>
This technique has worked for many species for some time, with probably the oldest known such instances of captive mating being attributed to menageries of European and Asian rulers, an example being the [[Père David's deer]]. However, captive breeding techniques are usually difficult to implement for such highly mobile species as some migratory birds (e.g. cranes) and fishes (e.g. [[hilsa]]). Additionally, if the captive breeding population is too small, then inbreeding may occur due to a reduced [[gene pool]] and reduce [[immunity (medical)|resistance]].[[File:Status ESA LE.svg|upright=1.1|left|thumb|"Endangered" in relation to "threatened" under the ESA]]In 1981, the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]] (AZA) created a [[Species Survival Plan]] (SSP) to help preserve specific endangered and threatened species through captive breeding. With over 450 SSP Plans, some endangered species are covered by the AZA with plans to cover population management goals and recommendations for breeding for a diverse and healthy population, created by Taxon Advisory Groups. These programs are commonly created as a last resort effort. SSP Programs regularly participate in species recovery, veterinary care for wildlife disease outbreaks, and some other wildlife conservation efforts. The AZA's Species Survival Plan also has breeding and transfer programs, both within and outside of AZA – certified zoos and aquariums. Some animals that are part of SSP programs are [[giant pandas]], lowland gorillas, and [[California condors]].<ref>{{Cite web|url =https://www.aza.org/species-survival-plan-program/|archive-url =https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090803071836/http://www.aza.org/species-survival-plan-program/|url-status =dead|archive-date =2009-08-03|title =Association of Zoos and Aquariums Species Survival Programs}}</ref>
===Private farming===
[[File:Ostafrikanisches Spitzmaulnashorn.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|Black rhino]]
[[File:Thmac u0.gif|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Southern bluefin tuna]]]]
Whereas poaching substantially reduces endangered animal populations, legal, for-profit, private farming does the opposite. It has substantially increased the populations of the southern [[black rhinoceros]] and southern [[white rhinoceros]]. Richard Emslie, a scientific officer at the IUCN, said of such programs, "Effective law enforcement has become much easier now that the animals are largely privately owned... We have been able to bring local communities into conservation programs. There are increasingly strong economic incentives attached to looking after rhinos rather than simply poaching: from Eco-tourism or selling them on for a profit. So many owners are keeping them secure. The private sector has been key to helping our work."<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/hes-black-and-hes-back-private-enterprise-saves-southern-africas-rhino-from-extinction-848482.html He's black, and he's back! Private enterprise saves southern Africa's rhino from extinction]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926073032/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/hes-black-and-hes-back-private-enterprise-saves-southern-africas-rhino-from-extinction-848482.html |date=2017-09-26 }}, [[The Independent]], June 17, 2008</ref>
Conservation experts view the effect of China's [[turtle farming]] on the wild turtle populations of China and [[South-Eastern Asia]] – many of which are endangered – as "poorly understood".<ref name="scale">{{cite news |title=Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China |last1=Shi |first1=Haitao |last2=Parham |first2=James F. |last3=Fan |first3=Zhiyong |last4=Hong |first4=Meiling |last5=Yin |first5=Feng |date=2008-01-01 |periodical=Oryx |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=42 |pages=147–150 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=1738732&jid=ORX&volumeId=42&issueId=01&aid=1738724 |doi=10.1017/S0030605308000562 |access-date=2009-12-26 |archive-date=2011-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605040805/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=1738732&jid=ORX&volumeId=42&issueId=01&aid=1738724 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although they commend the gradual replacement of turtles caught wild with [[Turtle farming|farm-raised turtles]] in the marketplace – the percentage of farm-raised individuals in the "visible" trade grew from around 30% in 2000 to around 70% in 2007<ref name="ff">"[http://www.fishfarmer-magazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/993/Turtle_farms_threaten_rare_species,_experts_say.html Turtle farms threaten rare species, experts say] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218191219/http://www.fishfarmer-magazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/993/Turtle_farms_threaten_rare_species%2C_experts_say.html |date=2012-02-18 }}". ''Fish Farmer'', 30 March 2007. Their source is an article by James Parham, Shi Haitao and two other authors, published in February 2007 in the journal ''Conservation Biology''.</ref> – they worry that many wild animals are caught to provide farmers with breeding stock. The conservation expert Peter Paul van Dijk noted that turtle farmers often believe that animals caught wild are superior breeding stock. Turtle farmers may, therefore, seek and catch the last remaining wild specimens of some endangered turtle species.<ref name="ff"/>
In 2015, researchers in Australia managed to coax [[southern bluefin tuna]] to breed in landlocked tanks, raising the possibility that [[fish farming]] may be able to save the species from [[overfishing]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091213010512/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1945379_1944416_1944425,00.html The Top 10 Everything of 2009: Top 10 Scientific Discoveries: 5. Breeding Tuna on Land], Time magazine, December 8, 2009.</ref>
=== Success stories ===
# Hawaiian Monk Seal Rehabilitation: The Hawaiian monk seal are one of the most endangered seal species in the world. Conservation initiatives have focused on mitigating human-seal conflicts, rehabilitating injured seals, and extensive monitoring to ensure their survival. These efforts have led to a gradual increase in their population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisheries |first=NOAA |date= |title=Endangered Species Conservation {{!}} NOAA Fisheries |url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/endangered-species-conservation |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=NOAA |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414072455/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/kempsridley.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Restoration of the American Bald Eagle: Once on the brink of extinction in the contiguous United States with only 417 known nesting pairs in 1963 due to pesticide use and habitat destruction, the Bald Eagle population has made a remarkable recovery. By 2020, the number of nesting pairs had surged to 71,400. Thanks to habitat protection, legal protection, and DDT ban efforts, leading to the bald eagle being removed from the list of threatened and endangered species.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bald Eagle Decline & Recovery {{!}} American Eagle Foundation |url=https://eagles.org/what-we-do/educate/learn-about-eagles/bald-eagle-decline-recovery/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=eagles.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Saving the Bald Eagle – a Conservation Success Story {{!}} Defenders of Wildlife |url=https://defenders.org/blog/2023/01/saving-bald-eagle-conservation-success-story |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=defenders.org |language=en}}</ref>
# The Gray Wolf Rebound: Starting in 1995 and 1996, 31 gray wolves from western Canada were relocated to Yellowstone, where they were temporarily kept in acclimation pens before being released into the wild. This careful reintroduction aimed to restore a key predator to the ecosystem, which had profound effects on the park's wildlife dynamics. After being nearly eradicated in the lower 48 states by the early 20th century, reintroduction and protective measures have allowed their populations to rebound significantly. By 2017, gray wolves were delisted in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, indicating a recovery to a point where they were no longer considered endangered in these areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Park |first1=Mailing Address: PO Box 168 Yellowstone National |last2=Us |first2=WY 82190-0168 Phone: 307-344-7381 Contact |title=Wolf Restoration - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/wolf-restoration.htm |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yellowstone wolf restoration {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/centers/northern-prairie-wildlife-research-center/science/yellowstone-wolf-restoration |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref>
# Recovery of the Channel Island Fox: Beginning in 1999, the Channel Islands National Park launched an ambitious recovery program for the island fox, incorporating several key strategies: captive breeding and reintroduction, removal of predatory golden eagles, re-establishment of bald eagles, and eradication of non-native ungulates. The U.S. Department of the Interior officially recognized the recovery as the fastest for any Endangered Species Act-listed mammal in the U.S., announcing the delisting of three island fox subspecies in 2016. This recovery, from near extinction in the late 1990s to robust populations by the mid-2010s, underscores the power of partnership-driven conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-11 |title=Interior Announces Fastest Successful Recovery of an Endangered Species Act-Listed Mammal; Three Island Fox Subspecies Now Fully Delisted {{!}} U.S. Department of the Interior |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-announces-fastest-successful-recovery-endangered-species-act-listed-mammal |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.doi.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ventura |first1=Mailing Address: 1901 Spinnaker Drive |last2=Us |first2=CA 93001 Phone: 805 658-5730 Contact |title=Island Fox - Channel Islands National Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/nature/island-fox.htm |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref>
== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="180px">
File: Sea otter cropped.jpg|Though endangered, the [[sea otter]] has a relatively large population.
File: Bison skull pile edit.jpg|1870s photo of [[American bison]] skulls. By 1890, overhunting had reduced the population to 750.
File:Pediocactus knowltonii fh 27 5 COL NM border in cultur B.jpg|[[Pediocactus knowltonii|Knowlton cactus]]
File:Caretta caretta01.jpg|[[Loggerhead sea turtle]]
File:Arowana.jpg|[[Asian arowana]]
File:Hawksbill Sea Turtle (Critically Endangered Species).jpg | [[Hawksbill sea turtle]]
File:Pelochelys_cantorii.jpg|[[Cantor's giant softshell turtle]]
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[ARKive]]
* [[Biodiversity]]
* [[Center for Biological Diversity]]
* [[Conservation cloning]]
* [[Critically Endangered]]
* [[Ex situ conservation|''Ex situ'' conservation]]
* [[Genome sequencing of endangered species]]
* [[Habitat fragmentation]]
* [[Holocene extinction]]
* [[International Rhino Foundation]]
* [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN)
* [[Overexploitation]]
* [[Rare species]]
* [[Red Data Book of the Russian Federation]]
* [[Threatened species]]
* [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] (WWF)
===IUCN Red List===
* [[List of Chromista by conservation status]]
* [[List of endangered amphibians]]
* [[List of endangered arthropods]]
* [[List of endangered birds]]
* [[List of endangered fishes]]
* [[List of endangered insects]]
* [[List of endangered invertebrates]]
* [[List of endangered mammals]]
* [[List of endangered molluscs]]
* [[List of endangered plants]]
* [[List of endangered reptiles]]
* [[List of fungi by conservation status]]
* [[Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* Glenn, C. R. 2006. [http://earthsendangered.com "Earth's Endangered Creatures"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915063352/http://earthsendangered.com/ |date=2019-09-15 }}.
* Ishwaran, N., & Erdelen, W. (2005, May). [http://jstor.org/stable/3868449 Biodiversity Futures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107005312/http://jstor.org/stable/3868449 |date=2015-11-07 }}, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(4), 179.
* Kotiaho, J. S., Kaitala, V., Komonen, A., Päivinen, J. P., & Ehrlich, P. R. (2005, February 8). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3374545 Predicting the Risk of Extinction from Shared Ecological Characteristics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913184903/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3374545 |date=2018-09-13 }}, proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(6), 1963–1967.
* Minteer, B. A., & Collins, J. P. (2005, August). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868567 Why we need an "Ecological Ethics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913184916/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868567 |date=2018-09-13 }}, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(6), 332–337.
* Raloff, J. (2006, August 5). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4017054 Preserving Paradise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913190621/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4017054 |date=2018-09-13 }}, [[Science News]], 170(6), 92.
* Wilcove, D. S., & Master L. L. (2008, October). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868674 How Many Endangered Species are there in the United States?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913223300/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868674 |date=2018-09-13 }} Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(8), 414–420.
* Freedman, Bill. "endangered species." Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 4th ed. Detroit: Gale Group, 2008. Discovering Collection. Gale.
* Chiras, Daniel D. "Invader Species." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Online, 2011.
* "endangered Species." Current Issues: Macmillan Social Science Library. Detroit: Gale, 2010.
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?redListCategory=en List of species with the category Endangered] as identified by the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820164159/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/species.htm Endangered Species] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs.''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190713215604/http://www.eswr.com/ Endangered Species & Wetlands Report] Independent print and online newsletter covering the ESA, wetlands and regulatory takings.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041108000216/http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/TESSBoxscore USFWS numerical summary of listed species in US and elsewhere]
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50788571 Extinction: A million species at risk, so what is saved?] [[BBC]]. December 28, 2019.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/04/generally-ignored-species-face-twice-the-extinction-threat-warns-study-aoe 'Generally ignored' species face twice the extinction threat, warns study]. [[The Guardian]]. August 4, 2022
{{threatened species|state=expanded}}
{{Zoos}}
{{Portal bar|Ecology|Environment|Biology}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Endangered species| ]]
[[Category:Biota by conservation status]]
[[Category:Environmental conservation]]
[[Category:Habitat]]
[[Category:IUCN Red List]]
[[Category:IUCN Red List endangered species]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -20,15 +20,6 @@
Internationally, 195 countries have signed an accord to create [[Biodiversity Action Plan]]s that will protect endangered and other threatened species. In the United States, such plans are usually called [[Endangered Species Recovery Plan|Species Recovery Plan]]s.
-== IUCN Red List ==
-{{Main|Endangered species (IUCN status)}}
-[[File:Panthera tigris altaica 13 - Buffalo Zoo.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Siberian tiger]] is an Endangered (EN) [[Tiger#Subspecies|tiger subspecies]]. Three tiger subspecies are already extinct (see [[List of carnivorans by population]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundarbantigerproject.info/viewpage.php?page_id=2 |title=The Tiger |publisher=Sundarbans Tiger Project |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120917192637/http://www.sundarbantigerproject.info/viewpage.php?page_id=2 |archive-date=17 September 2012 }}</ref>]]
-[[File:AraGlaucogularisFull.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Blue-throated macaw]], a critically endangered bird]]
-[[File:BrownSpiderMonkey (edit2).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Brown spider monkey]], a critically endangered mammal]]
-[[File:Siamese Crocodiles.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Siamese crocodile]], a critically endangered reptile]]
-[[File:Nicrophorus americanus - Sankt-Peterburg.jpg|thumb|upright|[[American burying beetle]], an endangered species of insect]]
-[[File:Lepidochelys kempii.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kemp's ridley sea turtle]], a critically endangered reptile]]
-[[File:Mexican_Wolf_2_yfb-edit_1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mexican wolf]], the most endangered subspecies of the North American [[grey wolf]]. Approximately 143 are living in the wild.]]
-
-Though labeled a list, the [[IUCN Red List]] is a system of assessing the global conservation status of species that includes "Data Deficient" (DD) species – species for which more data and assessment is required before their situation may be determined – as well species comprehensively assessed by the IUCN's species assessment process.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-07 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucn.org/resources/conservation-tools/iucn-red-list-threatened-species |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=IUCN |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527101241/https://www.iucn.org/resources/conservation-tools/iucn-red-list-threatened-species |url-status=live }}</ref> The species under the index include: mammals, birds, amphibians, cycads, and corals. Those species of "[[Near-threatened species|Near Threatened]]" (NT) and "[[Least concern|Least Concern]]" (LC) status have been assessed and found to have relatively robust and healthy populations, though these may be in decline. Unlike their more general use elsewhere, the List uses the terms "endangered species" and "threatened species" with particular meanings: "Endangered" (EN) species lie between "[[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]]" (VU) and "[[Critically Endangered species|Critically Endangered]]" (CR) species. In 2012, the IUCN Red List listed 3,079 animal and 2,655 plant species as endangered (EN) worldwide.<ref name=":0" />
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== In Brazil ==
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13 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120527175928/http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/red-list-overview',
14 => 'http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/red-list-overview',
15 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120913043721/http://www.conservationandwildlife.com/threatened-species',
16 => 'http://www.conservationandwildlife.com/threatened-species/',
17 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233408388',
18 => 'https://news.mongabay.com/2016/05/top-10-biodiverse-countries/',
19 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210219020710/https://news.mongabay.com/2016/05/top-10-biodiverse-countries/',
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22 => 'https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/wildlife-crime/module-1/key-issues/implications-of-wildlife-trafficking.html',
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26 => 'https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/how-brazil-is-working-to-save-the-rare-lion-tamarins-of-the-atlantic-forest/',
27 => 'https://archive.org/details/protectingendang00shog/page/n25',
28 => 'https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/nature/climatechange_wildlife.htm#:~:text=Biologists%20are%20becoming%20more%20and,due%20to%20global%20climate%20change.',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of organisms facing a very high risk of extinction</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Endangered" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endangered_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Endangered (disambiguation)">Endangered (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endangered_species_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Endangered species (disambiguation)">Endangered species (disambiguation)</a>. For lists, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_endangered_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species">Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a> <div style="font-size:75%;font-weight:normal;">by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List#Categories" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List category</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bufo_periglenes2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bufo periglenes, the Golden Toad, was last recorded on May 15, 1989"><img alt="Bufo periglenes, the Golden Toad, was last recorded on May 15, 1989" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/230px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/345px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/460px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="2385" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:green;color:white;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1220487116">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000003E-QINU`"'</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Extinct</span></a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0 0 0.5em 0.5em; font-weight:normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinct (EX)</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">Extinct in the Wild (EW)</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_extinct_species" title="IUCN Red List of extinct species">list</a>)</li><li>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_extinct_in_the_wild_species" title="IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species">list</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:green;color:white;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1220487116"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Threatened</span></a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0 0 0.5em 0.5em; font-weight:normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Critically_Endangered" title="Critically Endangered">Critically Endangered (CR)</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endangered_species_(IUCN_status)" title="Endangered species (IUCN status)">Endangered (EN)</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable (VU)</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_critically_endangered_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List critically endangered species">list</a>)</li><li>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_endangered_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species">list</a>)</li><li>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_vulnerable_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List vulnerable species">list</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:green;color:white;"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_risk" title="Lower risk"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1220487116"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Lower Risk</span></a></i></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0 0 0.5em 0.5em; font-weight:normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Near-threatened_species" title="Near-threatened species">Near Threatened (NT)</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation-dependent_species" title="Conservation-dependent species">Conservation Dependent (CD)</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Least-concern_species" title="Least-concern species">Least Concern (LC)</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_near_threatened_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List near threatened species">list</a>)</li><li>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_conservation_dependent_species" title="IUCN Red List conservation dependent species">list</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><b>Other categories</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0 0 0.5em 0.5em; font-weight:normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Data_deficient" title="Data deficient">Data Deficient (DD)</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Not_evaluated" title="Not evaluated">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="infobox-data">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_data_deficient_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List data deficient species">list</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><b>Related topics</b>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for<br />Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</a></div></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe status</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_organisms_by_population" title="Lists of organisms by population">Lists of organisms by population</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Status_iucn3.1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="IUCN Red List category abbreviations (version 3.1, 2001)"><img alt="IUCN Red List category abbreviations (version 3.1, 2001)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Status_iucn3.1.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Status_iucn3.1.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Status_iucn3.1.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></a></span><br />Comparison of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List#Categories" title="IUCN Red List">Red List classes</a> above<br />and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe status</a> below<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Status_TNC.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NatureServe category abbreviations"><img alt="NatureServe category abbreviations" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Status_TNC.svg/220px-Status_TNC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Status_TNC.svg/330px-Status_TNC.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Status_TNC.svg/440px-Status_TNC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Golden_lion_tamarin_portrait3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Golden_lion_tamarin_portrait3.jpg/170px-Golden_lion_tamarin_portrait3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Golden_lion_tamarin_portrait3.jpg/255px-Golden_lion_tamarin_portrait3.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Golden_lion_tamarin_portrait3.jpg/340px-Golden_lion_tamarin_portrait3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1953" data-file-height="2930" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_lion_tamarin" title="Golden lion tamarin">Golden lion tamarin</a>, an endemic and one of the endangered species saved from extinction in Brazil</figcaption></figure>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Trends_in_Endangered_Species-_A_Visual_Representation_of_Plant_and_Animal_Conservation_in_Brazil_(2014-2022).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Trends_in_Endangered_Species-_A_Visual_Representation_of_Plant_and_Animal_Conservation_in_Brazil_%282014-2022%29.pdf/page1-285px-Trends_in_Endangered_Species-_A_Visual_Representation_of_Plant_and_Animal_Conservation_in_Brazil_%282014-2022%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Trends_in_Endangered_Species-_A_Visual_Representation_of_Plant_and_Animal_Conservation_in_Brazil_%282014-2022%29.pdf/page1-428px-Trends_in_Endangered_Species-_A_Visual_Representation_of_Plant_and_Animal_Conservation_in_Brazil_%282014-2022%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Trends_in_Endangered_Species-_A_Visual_Representation_of_Plant_and_Animal_Conservation_in_Brazil_%282014-2022%29.pdf/page1-570px-Trends_in_Endangered_Species-_A_Visual_Representation_of_Plant_and_Animal_Conservation_in_Brazil_%282014-2022%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A visual representation of the declining percentages of endangered plant and animal species in Brazil from 2014 to 2022. The sidebar graph highlights the contrast between plant and animal conservation efforts.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gymnogyps_californianus_-Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge,_California,_USA_-flying-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gymnogyps_californianus_-Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-flying-8.jpg/170px-Gymnogyps_californianus_-Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-flying-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gymnogyps_californianus_-Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-flying-8.jpg/255px-Gymnogyps_californianus_-Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-flying-8.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gymnogyps_californianus_-Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-flying-8.jpg/340px-Gymnogyps_californianus_-Bitter_Creek_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_California%2C_USA_-flying-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/California_condor" title="California condor">California condor</a> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> species. Note the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">wing tags</a> used for population monitoring.</figcaption></figure>
<p>An <b>endangered species</b> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> that is very likely to become <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, and climate change .<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">Red List</a> lists the global <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">conservation status</a> of many species, and various other agencies assess the status of species within particular areas. Many nations have <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">laws</a> that protect <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation-reliant_species" title="Conservation-reliant species">conservation-reliant species</a> which, for example, forbid <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, restrict <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">land development</a>, or create <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected areas</a>. Some endangered species are the target of extensive conservation efforts such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">captive breeding</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habitat_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat restoration">habitat restoration</a>.
</p><p>Human activity is a significant cause in causing some species to become endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Conservation_status"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Conservation status</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#In_Brazil"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In Brazil</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#In_the_United_States"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In the United States</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Effect_of_climate_change_on_endangered_species"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Effect of climate change on endangered species</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Endangered_Species_Act"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Endangered Species Act</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#In_Canada"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">In Canada</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#In_India"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">In India</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Invasive_species"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Invasive species</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Climate_change"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Climate change</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Conservation"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Conservation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Captive_breeding"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Captive breeding</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Private_farming"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Private farming</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Success_stories"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Success stories</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#IUCN_Red_List"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">IUCN Red List</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Conservation_status">Conservation status</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Conservation status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pusa_hispida_saimensis_ca_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pusa_hispida_saimensis_ca_1956.jpg/170px-Pusa_hispida_saimensis_ca_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pusa_hispida_saimensis_ca_1956.jpg/255px-Pusa_hispida_saimensis_ca_1956.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pusa_hispida_saimensis_ca_1956.jpg/340px-Pusa_hispida_saimensis_ca_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>Photo of <i>Pusa hispida saimensis</i>, also known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saimaa_ringed_seal" title="Saimaa ringed seal">Saimaa ringed seal</a>, from 1956. Living only in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake_Saimaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Saimaa">Lake Saimaa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, Saimaa ringed seals are among the most endangered seals in the world, having a total population of only about 400 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">conservation status</a> of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> indicates the likelihood that it will become <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>. Multiple factors are considered when assessing the status of a species; e.g., such statistics as the number remaining, the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, or known threats.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a> is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Over 50% of the world's species are estimated to be at risk of extinction,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> but the frontier between categories such as 'endangered', 'rare', or 'locally extinct' species is often difficult to draw given the general paucity of data on most of these species. This is notably the case in the world Ocean where endangered species not seen for decades may go extinct unnoticed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Internationally, 195 countries have signed an accord to create <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity Action Plan">Biodiversity Action Plans</a> that will protect endangered and other threatened species. In the United States, such plans are usually called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endangered_Species_Recovery_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Recovery Plan">Species Recovery Plans</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Brazil">In Brazil</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> is one of the most <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiverse</a> countries in the world, if not the most. It houses not only the Amazon forest but the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_Forest" title="Atlantic Forest">Atlantic forest</a>, the savanna-like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado">Cerrado</a> among other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biomes_in_Brazil" title="Biomes in Brazil">biomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Due to the high density of some of its well-preserved rainforests, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">wildlife trafficking</a>, which along with deforestation is one of the biggest endangerment drivers in Brazil, has become a challenge. Brazil has a broad legal system meant to protect the environment, including its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> as well as several federal, state and local government agencies tasked with protecting the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a>, fining individuals or companies linked to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">environmental crimes</a> and confiscating illegally taken wildlife. Though such agencies can collect their data, each system operates relatively on its own when it comes to wildlife trafficking. However, both the agencies and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a>'s working in Brazil agree that the birds account for about 80% of trafficked species in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>The relation between wildlife smuggling, other environment crimes under the Brazilian law such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, and endangered species is particularly intricate and troubling since the rarer the animal or plant gets the most targeted and valuable they become in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a>, which leads to more endangered species in its turn.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>Additionally, some environment experts and scientists point to the disbanding of environment agencies and the repeal of laws in Brazil under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidency_of_Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro">presidency of Jair Bolsonaro</a> as one of the reasons behind a surge in the number of endangered species.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> In one occasion during his presidency some fines totaling US$3.1 billion on environment criminals were revoked and at least one fine (related to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">illegal fishing</a>) imposed on Bolsonaro himself was cancelled and the agent who fined him was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demotion" title="Demotion">demoted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the past, Brazil has successfully saved the endemic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_lion_tamarin" title="Golden lion tamarin">golden lion tamarin</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>. Massive campaigns to raise awareness among people by NGO's and governments, which included printing depictions of the golden lion tamarin in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">20 reais Brazilian banknotes</a> (still in circulation), are credited with getting the species out of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Critically_Endangered" title="Critically Endangered">critically endangered</a> animals list.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>There is data from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> that shows a correlation between human populations and threatened and endangered species. Using species data from the Database on the Economics and Management of Endangered Species database and the period that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a> (ESA) has been in existence, 1970 to 1997, a table was created that suggests a positive relationship between human activity and species endangerment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Effect_of_climate_change_on_endangered_species">Effect of climate change on endangered species</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effect of climate change on endangered species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a> is asserted to be one of the leading causes of animal endangerment. According to the US <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>If we can sufficiently reduce greenhouse gas emissions, many of them will still have a chance to survive and recover. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> scientist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hanson</a> has warned that in order to maintain a climate similar to that under which human civilization developed and similar to that which so many organisms are adapted, we need to quickly reduce the carbon dioxide in our atmosphere to 350 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> (ppm). Before the industrial revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rarely rose above 280 ppm; during the 2014 calendar year, carbon dioxide levels fluctuated between 395 and 402 ppm.</p></blockquote>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:U.S._Endangered_Species_Count_by_State.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/U.S._Endangered_Species_Count_by_State.gif/220px-U.S._Endangered_Species_Count_by_State.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/U.S._Endangered_Species_Count_by_State.gif/330px-U.S._Endangered_Species_Count_by_State.gif 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/U.S._Endangered_Species_Count_by_State.gif/440px-U.S._Endangered_Species_Count_by_State.gif 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>A proportional symbol map of each state's endangered species count</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Endangered_Species_Act">Endangered Species Act</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Endangered Species Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 in the United States, species may be listed as "endangered" or "threatened". The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt_Creek_tiger_beetle" title="Salt Creek tiger beetle">Salt Creek tiger beetle</a> (<i>Cicindela nevadica lincolniana</i>) is an example of an endangered subspecies protected under the ESA. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/US_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US Fish and Wildlife Service">US Fish and Wildlife Service</a>, as well as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a> are held responsible for classifying and protecting endangered species. They are also responsible for adding a particular species to the list, which can be a long, controversial process.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some endangered species laws are controversial. Typical areas of controversy include criteria for placing a species on the endangered species list and rules for removing a species from the list once its population has recovered. Whether restrictions on land development constitute a "taking" of land by the government; the related question of whether private landowners should be compensated for the loss of uses of their areas; and obtaining reasonable exceptions to protection laws. Also lobbying from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunters</a> and various industries like the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> industry, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a>, has been an obstacle in establishing endangered species laws.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> lifted a policy that required federal officials to consult a wildlife expert before taking actions that could damage endangered species. Under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a>, this policy was reinstated.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Being listed as an endangered species can have negative effect since it could make a species more desirable for collectors and poachers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> This effect is potentially reducible, such as in China where commercially farmed turtles may be reducing some of the pressure to poach endangered species.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Another problem with the listing species is its effect of inciting the use of the "shoot, shovel, and shut-up" method of clearing endangered species from an area of land. Some landowners currently may perceive a diminution in value for their land after finding an endangered animal on it. They have allegedly opted to kill and bury the animals or destroy habitat silently. Thus removing the problem from their land, but at the same time further reducing the population of an endangered species.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> The effectiveness of the ESA – which coined the term "endangered species" – has been questioned by business advocacy groups and their publications but is nevertheless widely recognized by wildlife scientists who work with the species as an effective recovery tool. Nineteen species have been delisted and recovered<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> and 93% of listed species in the northeastern United States have a recovering or stable population.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>Currently, 1,556 endangered species are under protection by government law. This approximation, however, does not take into consideration the species threatened with endangerment that are not included under the protection of laws like the Endangered Species Act. According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe's global conservation status</a>, approximately thirteen percent of vertebrates (excluding marine fish), seventeen percent of vascular plants, and six to eighteen percent of fungi are considered imperiled.<sup id="cite_ref-WM2005_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM2005-28">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 415">: 415 </span></sup> Thus, in total, between seven and eighteen percent of the United States' known animals, fungi and plants are near extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-WM2005_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM2005-28">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 416">: 416 </span></sup> This total is substantially more than the number of species protected in the United States under the Endangered Species Act.
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2010-bald-eagle-kodiak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2010-bald-eagle-kodiak.jpg/170px-2010-bald-eagle-kodiak.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2010-bald-eagle-kodiak.jpg/255px-2010-bald-eagle-kodiak.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2010-bald-eagle-kodiak.jpg/340px-2010-bald-eagle-kodiak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">Bald eagle</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:American_bison_k5680-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/American_bison_k5680-1.jpg/170px-American_bison_k5680-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/American_bison_k5680-1.jpg/255px-American_bison_k5680-1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/American_bison_k5680-1.jpg/340px-American_bison_k5680-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1761" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Ever since humankind began hunting to preserve itself, over-hunting and fishing have been a large and dangerous problem. Of all the species who became extinct due to interference from humankind, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Passenger_pigeon" title="Passenger pigeon">passenger pigeon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_auk" title="Great auk">great auk</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tasmanian_tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasmanian tiger">Tasmanian tiger</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_cow" title="Steller's sea cow">Steller's sea cow</a> are some of the more well known examples; with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bear</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_timber_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern timber wolf">Eastern timber wolf</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtle</a> having been poached to near-extinction. Many began as food sources seen as necessary for survival but became the target of sport. However, due to major efforts to prevent extinction, the bald eagle, or <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">Haliaeetus leucocephalus</a></i> is now under the category of Least Concern on the red list.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> A present-day example of the over-hunting of a species can be seen in the oceans as populations of certain whales have been greatly reduced. Large whales like the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead whale</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fin_whale" title="Fin whale">finback whale</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale">gray whale</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whale</a> are some of the eight whales which are currently still included on the Endangered Species List. Actions have been taken to attempt a reduction in whaling and increase population sizes. The actions include prohibiting all whaling in United States waters, the formation of the CITES treaty which protects all whales, along with the formation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> (IWC). But even though all of these movements have been put in place, countries such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> continue to hunt and harvest whales under the claim of "scientific purposes".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> Over-hunting, climatic change and habitat loss leads in landing species in endangered species list. It could mean that extinction rates could increase to a large extent in the future.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Canada">In Canada</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Endangered species are addressed through Canada's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Species_at_Risk_Act" title="Species at Risk Act">Species at Risk Act</a>. A species is deemed threatened or endangered when it is on the verge of extinction or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpation</a>. Once a species is deemed threatened or endangered, the Act requires that a recovery plan to be developed that indicates how to stop or reverse the species' population decline.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> As of 2021, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Committee_on_the_Status_of_Endangered_Wildlife_in_Canada" title="Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada">Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife In Canada</a> has assessed 369 species as being endangered in Canada.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_India">In India</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The World Wide Fund-India raises concern in the longevity of the following animal species: the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Red Panda</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal Tiger</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ganges_river_dolphin" title="Ganges river dolphin">Ganges River Dolphin</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian Elephant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>India signed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Protection Act of 1972">Wildlife Protection Act</a> and the also joined the Convention on the International Trade in 1976, to prevent poaching from harming its wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Invasive_species">Invasive species</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Invasive species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a></div>
<p>The introduction of non-indigenous species to an area can disrupt the ecosystem to such an extent that native species become endangered. Such introductions may be termed alien or invasive species. In some cases, the invasive species compete with the native species for food or prey on the natives. In other cases, a stable ecological balance may be upset by predation or other causes leading to unexpected species decline. New species may also carry diseases to which the native species have no exposure or resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate_change">Climate change</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Wildlife Fund">The World Wildlife Fund</a> (WWF) emphasizes that our planet is warming at a rate faster than any time in the past 10,000 years, necessitating species to adapt to new climate patterns, such as variations in rainfall and longer, warmer summers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35">[35]</a></sup> For example, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service</a> highlighted efforts to understand and mitigate the impact of climate change on species through scientific research, modeling, and conservation actions. This includes evaluating the current condition of species, their genetic variation, and how changes in their environment may affect their survival.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) reports that the approximately 1°C rise in mean global temperature due to human activities is causing serious impacts on species, including changes in abundance, genetic composition, behavior, and survival. The IUCN stresses the importance of environmental policies aimed at reducing CO2 emissions to lessen the impact of climate change on species. Tools like the IUCN Red List and guidelines for assessing species' vulnerability to climate change are vital for conservation efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Salton_Sea_Tilapia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salton_Sea_Tilapia.jpg/220px-Salton_Sea_Tilapia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salton_Sea_Tilapia.jpg/330px-Salton_Sea_Tilapia.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salton_Sea_Tilapia.jpg/440px-Salton_Sea_Tilapia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Image showing one of many fish kills (in this case Tilapia) induced by effects of climate change.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In addition, climate change can lead to species decreasing in areas where they once thrived, by being forced to migrate or even going extinct from inhospitable conditions, invasive species, and fragmentation. A study cited by WWF found that one in six species is at risk of extinction due to climate change if no action is taken. The phenomenon of species shifting their ranges in response to changing climates, finding new or shrinking habitats, illustrates the direct impact of global warming on biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35">[35]</a></sup> Another major concern is rising ocean acidity caused from excess CO <sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere. This creates acidic conditions in the ocean which creates an inhospitable environment for fish, plants, and other keystone species such as coral reefs
</p><p><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>For example the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">Emperor Penguins</a>, which rely on Antarctic sea ice for breeding, shelter, and food. The melting of ice sheets poses a direct threat to their survival. Similarly, the Mount Rainier <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White-tailed_ptarmigan" title="White-tailed ptarmigan">white-tailed ptarmigan</a>, adapted to alpine mountaintops, faces habitat loss due to climate changes in snowfall patterns and rising temperatures. <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>Another example is in the case of the Salton Sea in California. This area is a critical habitat for many endangered and watched species, as well as many migratory birds. Due to environmental shifts from climate change and the addition of agriculture in the surrounding plains, the system has become almost irreparably damaged. The warming temperatures has caused mass evaporation, leaving the Sea much more saline and with much more exposed playa. This not only damages air quality but also has caused fish kills to accumulate as shown pictured below. This has made the system inhospitable to the birds and endangered species relying upon it <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Conservation">Conservation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dhole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dhole.jpg/150px-Dhole.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dhole.jpg/225px-Dhole.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dhole.jpg/300px-Dhole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="2765" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a>, Asia's most endangered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Top predator">top predator</a>, is on the edge of extinction.</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Captive_breeding">Captive breeding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Captive breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></div>
<p>Captive breeding is the process of breeding rare or endangered species in human controlled environments with restricted settings, such as wildlife reserves, zoos, and other conservation facilities. Captive breeding is meant to save species from extinction and so stabilise the population of the species that it will not disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>
This technique has worked for many species for some time, with probably the oldest known such instances of captive mating being attributed to menageries of European and Asian rulers, an example being the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer</a>. However, captive breeding techniques are usually difficult to implement for such highly mobile species as some migratory birds (e.g. cranes) and fishes (e.g. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hilsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilsa">hilsa</a>). Additionally, if the captive breeding population is too small, then inbreeding may occur due to a reduced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pool</a> and reduce <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">resistance</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Status_ESA_LE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Status_ESA_LE.svg/240px-Status_ESA_LE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Status_ESA_LE.svg/360px-Status_ESA_LE.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Status_ESA_LE.svg/480px-Status_ESA_LE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></a><figcaption>"Endangered" in relation to "threatened" under the ESA</figcaption></figure><p>In 1981, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums" title="Association of Zoos and Aquariums">Association of Zoos and Aquariums</a> (AZA) created a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Species_Survival_Plan" title="Species Survival Plan">Species Survival Plan</a> (SSP) to help preserve specific endangered and threatened species through captive breeding. With over 450 SSP Plans, some endangered species are covered by the AZA with plans to cover population management goals and recommendations for breeding for a diverse and healthy population, created by Taxon Advisory Groups. These programs are commonly created as a last resort effort. SSP Programs regularly participate in species recovery, veterinary care for wildlife disease outbreaks, and some other wildlife conservation efforts. The AZA's Species Survival Plan also has breeding and transfer programs, both within and outside of AZA – certified zoos and aquariums. Some animals that are part of SSP programs are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giant_pandas" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant pandas">giant pandas</a>, lowland gorillas, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/California_condors" class="mw-redirect" title="California condors">California condors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Private_farming">Private farming</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Private farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ostafrikanisches_Spitzmaulnashorn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ostafrikanisches_Spitzmaulnashorn.JPG/150px-Ostafrikanisches_Spitzmaulnashorn.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ostafrikanisches_Spitzmaulnashorn.JPG/225px-Ostafrikanisches_Spitzmaulnashorn.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ostafrikanisches_Spitzmaulnashorn.JPG/300px-Ostafrikanisches_Spitzmaulnashorn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>Black rhino</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Thmac_u0.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Thmac_u0.gif/150px-Thmac_u0.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Thmac_u0.gif/225px-Thmac_u0.gif 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Thmac_u0.gif/300px-Thmac_u0.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">Southern bluefin tuna</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Whereas poaching substantially reduces endangered animal populations, legal, for-profit, private farming does the opposite. It has substantially increased the populations of the southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_rhinoceros" title="Black rhinoceros">black rhinoceros</a> and southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_rhinoceros" title="White rhinoceros">white rhinoceros</a>. Richard Emslie, a scientific officer at the IUCN, said of such programs, "Effective law enforcement has become much easier now that the animals are largely privately owned... We have been able to bring local communities into conservation programs. There are increasingly strong economic incentives attached to looking after rhinos rather than simply poaching: from Eco-tourism or selling them on for a profit. So many owners are keeping them secure. The private sector has been key to helping our work."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>Conservation experts view the effect of China's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">turtle farming</a> on the wild turtle populations of China and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South-Eastern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South-Eastern Asia">South-Eastern Asia</a> – many of which are endangered – as "poorly understood".<sup id="cite_ref-scale_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scale-44">[44]</a></sup> Although they commend the gradual replacement of turtles caught wild with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">farm-raised turtles</a> in the marketplace – the percentage of farm-raised individuals in the "visible" trade grew from around 30% in 2000 to around 70% in 2007<sup id="cite_ref-ff_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ff-45">[45]</a></sup> – they worry that many wild animals are caught to provide farmers with breeding stock. The conservation expert Peter Paul van Dijk noted that turtle farmers often believe that animals caught wild are superior breeding stock. Turtle farmers may, therefore, seek and catch the last remaining wild specimens of some endangered turtle species.<sup id="cite_ref-ff_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ff-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2015, researchers in Australia managed to coax <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin tuna</a> to breed in landlocked tanks, raising the possibility that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">fish farming</a> may be able to save the species from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Success_stories">Success stories</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Success stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ol><li>Hawaiian Monk Seal Rehabilitation: The Hawaiian monk seal are one of the most endangered seal species in the world. Conservation initiatives have focused on mitigating human-seal conflicts, rehabilitating injured seals, and extensive monitoring to ensure their survival. These efforts have led to a gradual increase in their population.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></li>
<li>Restoration of the American Bald Eagle: Once on the brink of extinction in the contiguous United States with only 417 known nesting pairs in 1963 due to pesticide use and habitat destruction, the Bald Eagle population has made a remarkable recovery. By 2020, the number of nesting pairs had surged to 71,400. Thanks to habitat protection, legal protection, and DDT ban efforts, leading to the bald eagle being removed from the list of threatened and endangered species.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></li>
<li>The Gray Wolf Rebound: Starting in 1995 and 1996, 31 gray wolves from western Canada were relocated to Yellowstone, where they were temporarily kept in acclimation pens before being released into the wild. This careful reintroduction aimed to restore a key predator to the ecosystem, which had profound effects on the park's wildlife dynamics. After being nearly eradicated in the lower 48 states by the early 20th century, reintroduction and protective measures have allowed their populations to rebound significantly. By 2017, gray wolves were delisted in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, indicating a recovery to a point where they were no longer considered endangered in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup></li>
<li>Recovery of the Channel Island Fox: Beginning in 1999, the Channel Islands National Park launched an ambitious recovery program for the island fox, incorporating several key strategies: captive breeding and reintroduction, removal of predatory golden eagles, re-establishment of bald eagles, and eradication of non-native ungulates. The U.S. Department of the Interior officially recognized the recovery as the fastest for any Endangered Species Act-listed mammal in the U.S., announcing the delisting of three island fox subspecies in 2016. This recovery, from near extinction in the late 1990s to robust populations by the mid-2010s, underscores the power of partnership-driven conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup></li></ol>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sea_otter_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Though endangered, the sea otter has a relatively large population."><img alt="Though endangered, the sea otter has a relatively large population." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sea_otter_cropped.jpg/155px-Sea_otter_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sea_otter_cropped.jpg/232px-Sea_otter_cropped.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sea_otter_cropped.jpg/309px-Sea_otter_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="555" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Though endangered, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otter</a> has a relatively large population.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1870s photo of American bison skulls. By 1890, overhunting had reduced the population to 750."><img alt="1870s photo of American bison skulls. By 1890, overhunting had reduced the population to 750." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg/154px-Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg/230px-Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg/307px-Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5689" data-file-height="4448" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">1870s photo of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> skulls. By 1890, overhunting had reduced the population to 750.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pediocactus_knowltonii_fh_27_5_COL_NM_border_in_cultur_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Knowlton cactus"><img alt="Knowlton cactus" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pediocactus_knowltonii_fh_27_5_COL_NM_border_in_cultur_B.jpg/180px-Pediocactus_knowltonii_fh_27_5_COL_NM_border_in_cultur_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pediocactus_knowltonii_fh_27_5_COL_NM_border_in_cultur_B.jpg/270px-Pediocactus_knowltonii_fh_27_5_COL_NM_border_in_cultur_B.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pediocactus_knowltonii_fh_27_5_COL_NM_border_in_cultur_B.jpg/360px-Pediocactus_knowltonii_fh_27_5_COL_NM_border_in_cultur_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pediocactus_knowltonii" title="Pediocactus knowltonii">Knowlton cactus</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Caretta_caretta01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Loggerhead sea turtle"><img alt="Loggerhead sea turtle" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Caretta_caretta01.jpg/180px-Caretta_caretta01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Caretta_caretta01.jpg/269px-Caretta_caretta01.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Caretta_caretta01.jpg/359px-Caretta_caretta01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">Loggerhead sea turtle</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Arowana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asian arowana"><img alt="Asian arowana" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arowana.jpg/180px-Arowana.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arowana.jpg/270px-Arowana.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arowana.jpg/360px-Arowana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1164" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asian_arowana" title="Asian arowana">Asian arowana</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hawksbill_Sea_Turtle_(Critically_Endangered_Species).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hawksbill sea turtle"><img alt="Hawksbill sea turtle" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hawksbill_Sea_Turtle_%28Critically_Endangered_Species%29.jpg/173px-Hawksbill_Sea_Turtle_%28Critically_Endangered_Species%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hawksbill_Sea_Turtle_%28Critically_Endangered_Species%29.jpg/259px-Hawksbill_Sea_Turtle_%28Critically_Endangered_Species%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Hawksbill_Sea_Turtle_%28Critically_Endangered_Species%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="187" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">Hawksbill sea turtle</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pelochelys_cantorii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cantor's giant softshell turtle"><img alt="Cantor's giant softshell turtle" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pelochelys_cantorii.jpg/120px-Pelochelys_cantorii.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pelochelys_cantorii.jpg/180px-Pelochelys_cantorii.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pelochelys_cantorii.jpg/240px-Pelochelys_cantorii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantor%27s_giant_softshell_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantor's giant softshell turtle">Cantor's giant softshell turtle</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Center_for_Biological_Diversity" title="Center for Biological Diversity">Center for Biological Diversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_cloning" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation cloning">Conservation cloning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Critically_Endangered" title="Critically Endangered">Critically Endangered</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation"><i>Ex situ</i> conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genome_sequencing_of_endangered_species" title="Genome sequencing of endangered species">Genome sequencing of endangered species</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Rhino_Foundation" title="International Rhino Foundation">International Rhino Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rare_species" title="Rare species">Rare species</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Data_Book_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Red Data Book of the Russian Federation">Red Data Book of the Russian Federation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">Threatened species</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> (WWF)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="IUCN_Red_List">IUCN Red List</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: IUCN Red List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Chromista_by_conservation_status" title="List of Chromista by conservation status">List of Chromista by conservation status</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_endangered_amphibians" title="List of endangered amphibians">List of endangered amphibians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_endangered_arthropods" title="List of endangered arthropods">List of endangered arthropods</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_endangered_birds" title="List of endangered birds">List of endangered birds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_endangered_fishes" title="List of endangered fishes">List of endangered fishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_endangered_insects" title="List of endangered insects">List of endangered insects</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_endangered_invertebrates" title="List of endangered invertebrates">List of endangered invertebrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_endangered_mammals" title="List of endangered mammals">List of endangered mammals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_endangered_molluscs" title="List of endangered molluscs">List of endangered molluscs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_endangered_plants" title="List of endangered plants">List of endangered plants</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_endangered_reptiles" title="List of endangered reptiles">List of endangered reptiles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_by_conservation_status" title="List of fungi by conservation status">List of fungi by conservation status</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_endangered_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species">Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMagazine" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Hakai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hakaimagazine.com/news/in-covids-shadow-illegal-fishing-flourishes/">"In COVID's Shadow, Illegal Fishing Flourishes"</a>. <i>Hakai Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hakai+Magazine&rft.atitle=In+COVID%27s+Shadow%2C+Illegal+Fishing+Flourishes&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Hakai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhakaimagazine.com%2Fnews%2Fin-covids-shadow-illegal-fishing-flourishes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticias.uol.com.br/meio-ambiente/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2022/09/20/ibama-multa-ambiental-eduardo-bim-governo-bolsonaro-notificacao-por-edital.htm">"Ato do governo Bolsonaro deve anular até R$ 16 bilhões em multas ambientais"</a>. <i>noticias.uol.com.br</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=noticias.uol.com.br&rft.atitle=Ato+do+governo+Bolsonaro+deve+anular+at%C3%A9+R%24+16+bilh%C3%B5es+em+multas+ambientais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.uol.com.br%2Fmeio-ambiente%2Fultimas-noticias%2Fredacao%2F2022%2F09%2F20%2Fibama-multa-ambiental-eduardo-bim-governo-bolsonaro-notificacao-por-edital.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uol.com.br/ecoa/ultimas-noticias/2020/06/05/mico-leao-dourado-e-case-de-sucesso-para-preservacao-mas-ve-nova-ameaca.htm">"Mico-leão-dourado é "case" de sucesso para preservação, mas vê nova ameaça"</a>. <i>www.uol.com.br</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uol.com.br&rft.atitle=Mico-le%C3%A3o-dourado+%C3%A9+%22case%22+de+sucesso+para+preserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o%2C+mas+v%C3%AA+nova+amea%C3%A7a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uol.com.br%2Fecoa%2Fultimas-noticias%2F2020%2F06%2F05%2Fmico-leao-dourado-e-case-de-sucesso-para-preservacao-mas-ve-nova-ameaca.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/how-brazil-is-working-to-save-the-rare-lion-tamarins-of-the-atlantic-forest/">"How Brazil is working to save the rare lion tamarins of the Atlantic Forest"</a>. <i>Mongabay Environmental News</i>. 1 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mongabay+Environmental+News&rft.atitle=How+Brazil+is+working+to+save+the+rare+lion+tamarins+of+the+Atlantic+Forest&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2022%2F06%2Fhow-brazil-is-working-to-save-the-rare-lion-tamarins-of-the-atlantic-forest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShogrenTschirhart2001" class="citation book cs1">Shogren, Jason F.; Tschirhart, John, eds. (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/protectingendang00shog/page/n25"><i>Protecting Endangered Species in the United States: Biological Needs, Political Realities, Economic Choices</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521662109" title="Special:BookSources/0521662109"><bdi>0521662109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protecting+Endangered+Species+in+the+United+States%3A+Biological+Needs%2C+Political+Realities%2C+Economic+Choices&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0521662109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprotectingendang00shog%2Fpage%2Fn25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/nature/climatechange_wildlife.htm#:~:text=Biologists%20are%20becoming%20more%20and,due%20to%20global%20climate%20change.">"Climate Change Endangers Wildlife"</a>. US National Park Service. 25 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+Endangers+Wildlife&rft.pub=US+National+Park+Service&rft.date=2020-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fpore%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Fclimatechange_wildlife.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBiologists%2520are%2520becoming%2520more%2520and%2Cdue%2520to%2520global%2520climate%2520change.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWilcoveMaster2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wilcove, D.S.; Master, L.L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868657">"How Many Endangered Species are there in the United States?"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</i>. <b>3</b> (8): 414. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3868657">10.2307/3868657</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868657">3868657</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602231055/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868657">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=How+Many+Endangered+Species+are+there+in+the+United+States%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=414&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3868657&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3868657%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wilcove&rft.aufirst=D.S.&rft.au=Master%2C+L.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3868657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/science-jan-june09-speciesrule_03-03">"Reversing Bush Rule, Obama Resumes Safeguards for Endangered Species"</a>. <i>PBS NewsHour</i>. 3 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903123529/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/science-jan-june09-speciesrule_03-03">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=Reversing+Bush+Rule%2C+Obama+Resumes+Safeguards+for+Endangered+Species&rft.date=2009-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fscience%2Fscience-jan-june09-speciesrule_03-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCourchampElena_AnguloPhilippe_RivalanRichard_J._Hall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Courchamp, Franck; Elena Angulo; Philippe Rivalan; Richard J. Hall; Laetitia Signoret; Leigh Bull; Yves Meinard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1661683">"Rarity Value and Species Extinction: The Anthropogenic Allee Effect"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>4</b> (12): e415. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040415">10.1371/journal.pbio.0040415</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1661683">1661683</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17132047">17132047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Rarity+Value+and+Species+Extinction%3A+The+Anthropogenic+Allee+Effect&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e415&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1661683%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17132047&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040415&rft.aulast=Courchamp&rft.aufirst=Franck&rft.au=Elena+Angulo&rft.au=Philippe+Rivalan&rft.au=Richard+J.+Hall&rft.au=Laetitia+Signoret&rft.au=Leigh+Bull&rft.au=Yves+Meinard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1661683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDharmananda2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dharmananda, Subhuti (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1661683">"Endangered Species issues affecting turtles and tortoises used in Chinese medicine"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>4</b> (12). Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon: e415. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040415">10.1371/journal.pbio.0040415</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1661683">1661683</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17132047">17132047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Endangered+Species+issues+affecting+turtles+and+tortoises+used+in+Chinese+medicine&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e415&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1661683%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17132047&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040415&rft.aulast=Dharmananda&rft.aufirst=Subhuti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1661683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090921131035/http://www.reason.com/news/show/34933.html">"Shoot, Shovel and Shut Up"</a>. <i>Reasononline</i>. Reason Magazine. 31 December 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/34933.html">the original</a> on 21 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reasononline&rft.atitle=Shoot%2C+Shovel+and+Shut+Up&rft.date=2003-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reason.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F34933.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070728035106/http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/DelistingReport.do">"USFWS Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS)"</a>. U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/DelistingReport.do">the original</a> on 28 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USFWS+Threatened+and+Endangered+Species+System+%28TESS%29&rft.pub=U.+S.+Fish+%26+Wildlife+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecos.fws.gov%2Ftess_public%2FDelistingReport.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esasuccess.org/reports/">"ESA Successes"</a>. <i>www.esasuccess.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210193041/http://www.esasuccess.org/reports/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.esasuccess.org&rft.atitle=ESA+Successes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esasuccess.org%2Freports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WM2005-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WM2005_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM2005_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilcove & Master 2005.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2016" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22695144/93492523">"<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2016</b>: e.T22695144A93492523. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695144A93492523.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695144A93492523.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Haliaeetus+leucocephalus&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=e.T22695144A93492523&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695144A93492523.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22695144%2F93492523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Freedman, Bill (2008). "Endangered species". <i>Gale</i>. <b>46</b> (44) (4th ed.): 25. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30399289">30399289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gale&rft.atitle=Endangered+species&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30399289&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2018" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Environment and Climate Change (26 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies.html">"Species at Risk Act: recovery strategies"</a>. <i>www.canada.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canada.ca&rft.atitle=Species+at+Risk+Act%3A+recovery+strategies&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Environment+and+Climate+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fenvironment-climate-change%2Fservices%2Fspecies-risk-public-registry%2Frecovery-strategies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy" class="citation web cs1">Duffy, Molly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.com/kids-articles/the-endangered-animals-of-india/">"The endangered animals of India"</a>. <i>The Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+endangered+animals+of+India&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.com%2Fkids-articles%2Fthe-endangered-animals-of-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKabała2019" class="citation web cs1">Kabała, Natasha (29 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126151045/https://www.stoppoaching-now.org/post/india-s-wildlife-trade-success-and-failures-of-protecting-endangered-species">"India's Wildlife Trade: Success and Failures of Protecting Endangered Species"</a>. <i>Stop Poaching Now!</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stoppoaching-now.org/post/india-s-wildlife-trade-success-and-failures-of-protecting-endangered-species#:~:text=Wildlife%20Protection&text=Many%20endangered%20animals%2C%20including%20tigers,wild%20animals%20or%20animal%20parts.">the original</a> on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stop+Poaching+Now%21&rft.atitle=India%27s+Wildlife+Trade%3A+Success+and+Failures+of+Protecting+Endangered+Species&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft.aulast=Kaba%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoppoaching-now.org%2Fpost%2Findia-s-wildlife-trade-success-and-failures-of-protecting-endangered-species%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWildlife%2520Protection%26text%3DMany%2520endangered%2520animals%252C%2520including%2520tigers%2Cwild%2520animals%2520or%2520animal%2520parts.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/wildlife_practice/problems/climate_change/">"Impact of climate change on species"</a>. <i>wwf.panda.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wwf.panda.org&rft.atitle=Impact+of+climate+change+on+species&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwf.panda.org%2Fdiscover%2Four_focus%2Fwildlife_practice%2Fproblems%2Fclimate_change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090803071836/http://www.aza.org/species-survival-plan-program/">"Association of Zoos and Aquariums Species Survival Programs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aza.org/species-survival-plan-program/">the original</a> on 3 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Association+of+Zoos+and+Aquariums+Species+Survival+Programs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aza.org%2Fspecies-survival-plan-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/hes-black-and-hes-back-private-enterprise-saves-southern-africas-rhino-from-extinction-848482.html">He's black, and he's back! Private enterprise saves southern Africa's rhino from extinction</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926073032/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/hes-black-and-hes-back-private-enterprise-saves-southern-africas-rhino-from-extinction-848482.html">Archived</a> 2017-09-26 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, June 17, 2008</span>
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<li id="cite_note-scale-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scale_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShiParhamFanHong2008" class="citation news cs1">Shi, Haitao; Parham, James F.; Fan, Zhiyong; Hong, Meiling; Yin, Feng (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=1738732&jid=ORX&volumeId=42&issueId=01&aid=1738724">"Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China"</a>. <i>Oryx</i>. Vol. 42. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–150. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605308000562">10.1017/S0030605308000562</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605040805/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=1738732&jid=ORX&volumeId=42&issueId=01&aid=1738724">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+the+massive+scale+of+turtle+farming+in+China&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=147-150&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0030605308000562&rft.aulast=Shi&rft.aufirst=Haitao&rft.au=Parham%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Fan%2C+Zhiyong&rft.au=Hong%2C+Meiling&rft.au=Yin%2C+Feng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayFulltext%3Ftype%3D1%26fid%3D1738732%26jid%3DORX%26volumeId%3D42%26issueId%3D01%26aid%3D1738724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ff-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ff_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ff_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishfarmer-magazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/993/Turtle_farms_threaten_rare_species,_experts_say.html">Turtle farms threaten rare species, experts say</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218191219/http://www.fishfarmer-magazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/993/Turtle_farms_threaten_rare_species%2C_experts_say.html">Archived</a> 2012-02-18 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Fish Farmer</i>, 30 March 2007. Their source is an article by James Parham, Shi Haitao and two other authors, published in February 2007 in the journal <i>Conservation Biology</i>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213010512/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1945379_1944416_1944425,00.html">The Top 10 Everything of 2009: Top 10 Scientific Discoveries: 5. Breeding Tuna on Land</a>, Time magazine, December 8, 2009.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFisheries" class="citation web cs1">Fisheries, NOAA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/endangered-species-conservation">"Endangered Species Conservation | NOAA Fisheries"</a>. <i>NOAA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414072455/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/kempsridley.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA&rft.atitle=Endangered+Species+Conservation+%7C+NOAA+Fisheries&rft.aulast=Fisheries&rft.aufirst=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fisheries.noaa.gov%2Ftopic%2Fendangered-species-conservation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eagles.org/what-we-do/educate/learn-about-eagles/bald-eagle-decline-recovery/">"Bald Eagle Decline & Recovery | American Eagle Foundation"</a>. <i>eagles.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eagles.org&rft.atitle=Bald+Eagle+Decline+%26+Recovery+%7C+American+Eagle+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feagles.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2Feducate%2Flearn-about-eagles%2Fbald-eagle-decline-recovery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://defenders.org/blog/2023/01/saving-bald-eagle-conservation-success-story">"Saving the Bald Eagle – a Conservation Success Story | Defenders of Wildlife"</a>. <i>defenders.org</i>. 10 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=defenders.org&rft.atitle=Saving+the+Bald+Eagle+%E2%80%93+a+Conservation+Success+Story+%7C+Defenders+of+Wildlife&rft.date=2023-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdefenders.org%2Fblog%2F2023%2F01%2Fsaving-bald-eagle-conservation-success-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFParkUs" class="citation web cs1">Park, Mailing Address: PO Box 168 Yellowstone National; Us, WY 82190-0168 Phone: 307-344-7381 Contact. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/wolf-restoration.htm">"Wolf Restoration - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Wolf+Restoration+-+Yellowstone+National+Park+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Mailing+Address%3A+PO+Box+168+Yellowstone+National&rft.au=Us%2C+WY+82190-0168+Phone%3A+307-344-7381+Contact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fyell%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Fwolf-restoration.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/northern-prairie-wildlife-research-center/science/yellowstone-wolf-restoration">"Yellowstone wolf restoration | U.S. Geological Survey"</a>. <i>www.usgs.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usgs.gov&rft.atitle=Yellowstone+wolf+restoration+%7C+U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fcenters%2Fnorthern-prairie-wildlife-research-center%2Fscience%2Fyellowstone-wolf-restoration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-announces-fastest-successful-recovery-endangered-species-act-listed-mammal">"Interior Announces Fastest Successful Recovery of an Endangered Species Act-Listed Mammal; Three Island Fox Subspecies Now Fully Delisted | U.S. Department of the Interior"</a>. <i>www.doi.gov</i>. 11 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.doi.gov&rft.atitle=Interior+Announces+Fastest+Successful+Recovery+of+an+Endangered+Species+Act-Listed+Mammal%3B+Three+Island+Fox+Subspecies+Now+Fully+Delisted+%7C+U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doi.gov%2Fpressreleases%2Finterior-announces-fastest-successful-recovery-endangered-species-act-listed-mammal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVenturaUs" class="citation web cs1">Ventura, Mailing Address: 1901 Spinnaker Drive; Us, CA 93001 Phone: 805 658-5730 Contact. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/nature/island-fox.htm">"Island Fox - Channel Islands National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Island+Fox+-+Channel+Islands+National+Park+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.aulast=Ventura&rft.aufirst=Mailing+Address%3A+1901+Spinnaker+Drive&rft.au=Us%2C+CA+93001+Phone%3A+805+658-5730+Contact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fchis%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Fisland-fox.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndangered+species" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li>Glenn, C. R. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthsendangered.com">"Earth's Endangered Creatures"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915063352/http://earthsendangered.com/">Archived</a> 2019-09-15 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li>
<li>Ishwaran, N., & Erdelen, W. (2005, May). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jstor.org/stable/3868449">Biodiversity Futures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107005312/http://jstor.org/stable/3868449">Archived</a> 2015-11-07 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(4), 179.</li>
<li>Kotiaho, J. S., Kaitala, V., Komonen, A., Päivinen, J. P., & Ehrlich, P. R. (2005, February 8). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3374545">Predicting the Risk of Extinction from Shared Ecological Characteristics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913184903/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3374545">Archived</a> 2018-09-13 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(6), 1963–1967.</li>
<li>Minteer, B. A., & Collins, J. P. (2005, August). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868567">Why we need an "Ecological Ethics"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913184916/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868567">Archived</a> 2018-09-13 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(6), 332–337.</li>
<li>Raloff, J. (2006, August 5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4017054">Preserving Paradise</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913190621/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4017054">Archived</a> 2018-09-13 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_News" title="Science News">Science News</a>, 170(6), 92.</li>
<li>Wilcove, D. S., & Master L. L. (2008, October). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868674">How Many Endangered Species are there in the United States?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913223300/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3868674">Archived</a> 2018-09-13 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(8), 414–420.</li>
<li>Freedman, Bill. "endangered species." Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 4th ed. Detroit: Gale Group, 2008. Discovering Collection. Gale.</li>
<li>Chiras, Daniel D. "Invader Species." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Online, 2011.</li>
<li>"endangered Species." Current Issues: Macmillan Social Science Library. Detroit: Gale, 2010.</li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?redListCategory=en">List of species with the category Endangered</a> as identified by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN Red List of Threatened Species">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820164159/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/species.htm">Endangered Species</a> from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs.</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713215604/http://www.eswr.com/">Endangered Species & Wetlands Report</a> Independent print and online newsletter covering the ESA, wetlands and regulatory takings.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041108000216/http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/TESSBoxscore">USFWS numerical summary of listed species in US and elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50788571">Extinction: A million species at risk, so what is saved?</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. December 28, 2019.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/04/generally-ignored-species-face-twice-the-extinction-threat-warns-study-aoe">'Generally ignored' species face twice the extinction threat, warns study</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. August 4, 2022</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Threatened_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Threatened_species" title="Template:Threatened species"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Threatened_species" title="Template talk:Threatened species"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Threatened_species" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Threatened species"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Threatened_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">Threatened species</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Threatened_species_by_region" title="Template:Threatened species by region">Template: Threatened species by region</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">Red List</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories<span class="nobold"><sup>1</sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinct (EX)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">Extinct in the Wild (EW)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">Threatened</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Critically_Endangered" title="Critically Endangered">Critically Endangered (CR)</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Endangered (EN)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable (VU)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Lower risk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Near-threatened_species" title="Near-threatened species">Near Threatened (NT)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Least-concern_species" title="Least-concern species">Least Concern (LC)</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_risk" title="Lower risk">Lower Risk (LR)</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation-dependent_species" title="Conservation-dependent species">Conservation Dependent (LR/cd)</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Not fully assessed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Data_deficient" title="Data deficient">Data Deficient (DD)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Not_evaluated" title="Not evaluated">Not Evaluated (NE)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_extinct_species" title="IUCN Red List of extinct species">Extinct</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_extinct_in_the_wild_species" title="IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species">Extinct in the Wild</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_critically_endangered_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List critically endangered species">Critically Endangered</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_endangered_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species">Endangered</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_vulnerable_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_near_threatened_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List near threatened species">Near Threatened</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List least concern species">Least Concern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_data_deficient_species" title="Lists of IUCN Red List data deficient species">Data Deficient</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories">WP categories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_extinct_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List extinct species">Extinct</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_extinct_in_the_wild_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species">Extinct in the Wild</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_critically_endangered_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List critically endangered species">Critically Endangered</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_endangered_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List endangered species">Endangered</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_vulnerable_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_near_threatened_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List near threatened species">Near Threatened</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List least concern species">Least Concern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_data_deficient_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List data deficient species">Data Deficient</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">CITES</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_species_protected_by_CITES_Appendix_I" title="List of species protected by CITES Appendix I">Appendix I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_species_protected_by_CITES_Appendix_II" title="List of species protected by CITES Appendix II">Appendix II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_species_protected_by_CITES_Appendix_III" title="List of species protected by CITES Appendix III">Appendix III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flickr_-_law_keven_-_How_much_longer_have_I_got_to_wait%5E.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lemur"><img alt="Lemur" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flickr_-_law_keven_-_How_much_longer_have_I_got_to_wait%5E.jpg/140px-Flickr_-_law_keven_-_How_much_longer_have_I_got_to_wait%5E.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flickr_-_law_keven_-_How_much_longer_have_I_got_to_wait%5E.jpg/210px-Flickr_-_law_keven_-_How_much_longer_have_I_got_to_wait%5E.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flickr_-_law_keven_-_How_much_longer_have_I_got_to_wait%5E.jpg/280px-Flickr_-_law_keven_-_How_much_longer_have_I_got_to_wait%5E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3208" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_endangered_arthropods" title="List of endangered arthropods">Endangered arthropods</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_endangered_spiders" title="List of endangered spiders">spiders</a> /  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecology_of_Banksia#Threatened_species" title="Ecology of Banksia">Threatened <i>Banksia</i></a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">rays</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">sharks</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fungi_by_conservation_status" title="List of fungi by conservation status">Fungi</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Chromista_by_conservation_status" title="List of Chromista by conservation status">Chromista</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_World%27s_25_Most_Endangered_Primates" title="The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates">The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_world%27s_100_most_threatened_species" title="The world's 100 most threatened species">The world's 100 most threatened species</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodiversity_action_plan" title="Biodiversity action plan">Biodiversity action plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodiversity#Threats" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity threats</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation-reliant_species" title="Conservation-reliant species">Conservation-reliant species</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecoregion_conservation_status" title="Ecoregion conservation status">Ecoregion conservation status</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latent_extinction_risk" title="Latent extinction risk">Latent extinction risk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rare_species" title="Rare species">Rare species</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vulnerability_and_susceptibility_in_conservation_biology" title="Vulnerability and susceptibility in conservation biology">Vulnerability and susceptibility</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>1</sup> Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoos,_aquariums,_and_aviaries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Zoos" title="Template:Zoos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Zoos" title="Template talk:Zoos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoos,_aquariums,_and_aviaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoos</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">aquariums</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aviaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviaries">aviaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_sanctuary" title="Animal sanctuary">Animal sanctuary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_theme_park" title="Animal theme park">Animal theme park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">Aquarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">Aviary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bear_pit" title="Bear pit">Bear pit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly house</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">Dolphinarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herpetarium" title="Herpetarium">Herpetarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Insectarium" title="Insectarium">Insectarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_mammal_park" title="Marine mammal park">Marine mammal park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">Menagerie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Night_safari" title="Night safari">Night safari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanarium" title="Oceanarium">Oceanarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penguinarium" title="Penguinarium">Penguinarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petting_zoo" title="Petting zoo">Petting zoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reptile_centre" title="Reptile centre">Reptile centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safari_park" title="Safari park">Safari park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virtual_zoo" title="Virtual zoo">Virtual zoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vivarium" title="Vivarium">Vivarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Endangered species</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">Ex situ conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/In_situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="In situ conservation">In situ conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_zoos_by_country" title="List of zoos by country">Zoos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_aquaria_by_country" title="List of aquaria by country">Aquariums</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_aquaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest aquaria">largest</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_animal_sanctuaries" title="List of animal sanctuaries">Animal sanctuaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_butterfly_houses" title="List of butterfly houses">Butterfly houses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_dolphinariums" title="List of dolphinariums">Dolphinariums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Conservation topics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_former_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of former zoos and aquariums">Former zoos and aquariums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_nature_centers" title="List of nature centers">Nature centers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_zoo_associations" title="List of zoo associations">Zoo associations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_WAZA_member_zoos_and_aquariums" title="List of WAZA member zoos and aquariums">WAZA members</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty">Animal cruelty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">Animals in captivity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">Animal training</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment" title="Behavioral enrichment">Behavioral enrichment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frozen_zoo" title="Frozen zoo">Frozen zoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immersion_exhibit" title="Immersion exhibit">Immersion exhibit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nocturnal_house" title="Nocturnal house">Nocturnal house</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">Wildlife conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zookeeper" title="Zookeeper">Zookeeper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_response_team_(zoo)" title="Emergency response team (zoo)">Zoo emergency response team</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zoo_key" title="Zoo key">Zoo key</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zoological_society" title="Zoological society">Zoological society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Zoos" title="Category:Zoos">Category: Zoos</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Aquariums" title="Category:Aquariums">Category: Aquariums</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11394#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638906">NARA</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1717754945' |
