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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Ancient Greek strategy game}}
'''Polis''' ({{lang-grc|πόλις|lit=city-state|label=[[Ancient Greek|Greek]]}}) was an [[ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] board game. One of the earliest known [[strategy game]]s, polis was a [[wargame]] resembling [[checkers]]. Its name appears in the [[Ancient Greek]] literature from around 450 BCE to the 2nd century BCE, and it seems to have been widely known in the region, particularly in [[Athens]]. The original rules of the game have been only partially preserved.
== History ==
[[File:Exekias,_anfora_con_achille_e_aiace_che_giocano_a_dai,_castore_e_polluce,_da_vulci,_540-30_ac_ca._03.JPG|thumb|Achilles and Ajax playing a game, sometimes identified as polis (at other times, as [[Five Lines|five lines]]); a common subject in Ancient Greek painted pottery]]
Like with many ancient games, not much is known about polis, including where, when, and by whom it was invented.<ref name=":0" /> The earliest known reference to polis comes from [[Cratinus|Cratinos]], an Athenian comic poet, in his comedy [[Drapetides]] ("Female Runaways"), from 443/442 BCE.<ref name=":3">{{Cite conference |last=Depaulis |first=Thierry |date=2021-04-13 |title=A Timeline of Mind Games, with Some Correlations |url=https://sorbonne-paris-nord.hal.science/hal-03737319 |conference=Board Game Studies Colloquium – The Evolutions of Board Games, Apr 2021, Paris, France. |language=en |quote=The two earliest attested games of 'strategy', Greek polis and Chinese weiqi (go) appear between 450 BCE and 300 BCE. |journal=}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> The game was praised by [[Plato]] and [[Polybius]], and possibly [[Philostratus]], "as a game of strategy requiring great tactical skill". It was also likely referred to by [[Aristotle]] and [[Socrates]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kurke |first=Leslie |date=July 1999 |title=Ancient Greek Board Games and How to Play Them |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/449440 |journal=Classical Philology |language=en |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=247–267 |doi=10.1086/449440 |issn=0009-837X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Sullivan |first=Daniel E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEbxD0Ygz-EC&dq=ancient+greek+game+polis&pg=PA66 |title=Chess in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: A Fundamental Thought Paradigm of the Premodern World |date=2012-07-30 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-028881-0 |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Bakewell |first=Geoff |date=2022-04-01 |title=Plato Plays Polis |journal=Board Game Studies Journal |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=413–430 |doi=10.2478/bgs-2022-0014|doi-access=free }}</ref> References to it are found in numerous other texts, suggesting that by mid-5th century BCE it was a game well known to [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] and played until at least 2nd century BCE.<ref name=":6" />
In Ancient Greek mythology and [[Ancient Greek pottery|painted pottery]], [[Achilles]] and [[Ajax the Great|Ajax]] are sometimes shown as playing a game (whose invention has been credited to [[Palamedes (mythology)|Palamedes]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mariscal |first=Lucía Romero |date=2011 |title=Ajax and Achilles Playing a Board Game: Revisited from the Literary Tradition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41301544 |journal=The Classical Quarterly |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=394–401 |doi=10.1017/S0009838811000243 |jstor=41301544 |issn=0009-8388}}</ref> No literary source is known to provide context for the illustrations on the painted pottery, however. This has led to the game being sometimes identified as polis,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gagarin |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&dq=ancient+greek+game+polis&pg=RA6-PA90 |title=The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome. - Vol. 1 - 7 |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517072-6 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref> also at other times, as [[Five Lines|five lines]] (a dice game).<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Schädler |first=Ulrich |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444338386 |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |date=2013-01-30 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4051-7935-5 |editor-last=Bagnall |editor-first=Roger S. |edition=1 |language=en |chapter=Games, Greek and Roman |doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah22285 |editor-last2=Brodersen |editor-first2=Kai |editor-last3=Champion |editor-first3=Craige B. |editor-last4=Erskine |editor-first4=Andrew |editor-last5=Huebner |editor-first5=Sabine R.}}</ref>
== Rules ==
The rules of the game are not fully known.<ref name=":5" /> Many aspects of the game are unknown, such as the shape of the board, its initial setup, or how the pieces moved.<ref name=":6" /> The game can be seen as resembling [[checkers]] but with a different mode of capture (pieces were captured by enclosure from two sides).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />
Some rules of the game were described by [[Julius Pollux]] in his ''[[Onomasticon (Pollux)|Onomasticon]]''. The board, like the game, was called polis, and featured a grid (although it is also possible that each space on the board was called a polis as well). The pieces, which came in two colors and probably numbered thirty (per player, so sixty total - this claim however has been disputed<ref name=":6" />), were called "dogs". Sources are contradictory on whether there were differences between pieces (some assume there were none; others are more cautious and state this was likely the case but that primary sources are unclear on this).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> It was a symmetrical game of elimination for two players, each playing with pieces of their color. It probably had no random elements, and the pieces moved in all directions on a square board.<ref name=":3" /> It is unclear whether the game involved dice rolling (such a claim was made by [[Eustathius of Thessalonica]] but it could have been a mistake).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Max |date=September 2020 |title=Battling on Boards: The Ancient Greek War Games of Ship-Battle ( Naumachia ) and City-State ( Polis ) |url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/mous.17.1.02 |journal=Mouseion |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=3–42 |doi=10.3138/mous.17.1.02 |issn=1496-9343}}</ref>
The strategy involved maintaining formation and avoiding having one's pieces isolated.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />
The game may be similar to the Ancient Roman game of [[ludus latrunculorum]] and might have served as its inspiration; it has also been suggested that polis might have been one of the influences on [[chess]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> There might have also been connections to the traditional Egyptian game [[Seega (game)|seega]].<ref name=":6" />
A plausible but speculative reconstruction of the game rules were suggested by Max Nelson in 2020.<ref name=":6" />
== Significance ==
Polis was seen as having educational value in learning how to learn and follow a set of rules.<ref name=":0" /> [[Leslie Kurke]] argued that the game had a cultural significance "playing the board game polis might help form a Greek boy as a citizen of the city".<ref name=":0" /> Learning to play polis is mentioned as part of a philosophical education in works of Ancient Greek philosophers.<ref name=":5" />
[[Thierry Depaulis]] recognized the game as one of the oldest known strategy games (alongside the Chinese game of [[Go (game)|go]], which is mentioned by Chinese sources that date to a similar era as the oldest mentions of polis and which unlike polis remained popular to this day). Depaulis argued that invention of such games was one of the signs of the [[Axial Age]] (emergence of more complex thinking patterns, such as philosophy), as people moved from playing pure games of chance (such as [[dice games]] and [[Race game|race games]]) to strategy games.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Depaulis |first=Thierry |date=2020-10-01 |title=Board Games Before Ur? |url=https://www.academia.edu/48170926 |journal=Board Game Studies Journal |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=127–144 |doi=10.2478/bgs-2020-0007 |issn=2183-3311|doi-access=free }}</ref>
The game has also been called one of the earliest [[Wargame|wargames]]. Max Nelson notes that "it the first known game of its kind (a war game on a grid-board)". He nonetheless suggested that thematically the game was less of a depiction of military conflict (wars between Greek city-states) and more of a celebration of the founding of the city state of [[Athens]], with which he believes it was mainly associated.<ref name=":6" />
According to an illustration in an article by Depaulis, a game board for polis was found in [[Rhamnous]];<ref name=":2" /> however an article by Max Nelson from the same year (2020) states that no game board associated with this game has been found as of this date.<ref name=":6" />
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{commonscat|Achilles and Ajax playing}}
[[Category:Abstract strategy games]]
[[Category:Traditional board games]]
[[Category:Culture of ancient Greece]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Ancient Greek strategy game}}
'''Polis''' ({{lang-grc|πόλις|lit=city-state|label=[[Ancient Greek|Greek]]}}) was an [[ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] board game. One of the earliest known [[strategy game]]s, polis was a [[wargame]] resembling [[checkers]]. Its name appears in the [[Ancient Greek]] literature from around 450 BCE to the 2nd century BCE, and it seems to have been widely known in the region, particularly in [[Athens]]. The original rules of the game have been only partially preserved.
== History ==
[[File:Exekias,_anfora_con_achille_e_aiace_che_giocano_a_dai,_castore_e_polluce,_da_vulci,_540-30_ac_ca._03.JPG|thumb|Achilles and Ajax playing a game, sometimes identified as polis (at other times, as [[Five Lines|five lines]]); a common subject in Ancient Greek painted pottery]]some guy name polymerius threw a bart at emperor cheffy and won the battle of hastings
== Rules ==
The rules of the game are not fully known.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Bakewell |first=Geoff |date=2022-04-01 |title=Plato Plays Polis |journal=Board Game Studies Journal |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=413–430 |doi=10.2478/bgs-2022-0014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Many aspects of the game are unknown, such as the shape of the board, its initial setup, or how the pieces moved.<ref name=":6" /> The game can be seen as resembling [[checkers]] but with a different mode of capture (pieces were captured by enclosure from two sides).<ref name=":3">{{Cite conference |last=Depaulis |first=Thierry |date=2021-04-13 |title=A Timeline of Mind Games, with Some Correlations |url=https://sorbonne-paris-nord.hal.science/hal-03737319 |conference=Board Game Studies Colloquium – The Evolutions of Board Games, Apr 2021, Paris, France. |language=en |quote=The two earliest attested games of 'strategy', Greek polis and Chinese weiqi (go) appear between 450 BCE and 300 BCE. |journal=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kurke |first=Leslie |date=July 1999 |title=Ancient Greek Board Games and How to Play Them |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/449440 |journal=Classical Philology |language=en |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=247–267 |doi=10.1086/449440 |issn=0009-837X}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Schädler |first=Ulrich |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444338386 |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |date=2013-01-30 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4051-7935-5 |editor-last=Bagnall |editor-first=Roger S. |edition=1 |language=en |chapter=Games, Greek and Roman |doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah22285 |editor-last2=Brodersen |editor-first2=Kai |editor-last3=Champion |editor-first3=Craige B. |editor-last4=Erskine |editor-first4=Andrew |editor-last5=Huebner |editor-first5=Sabine R.}}</ref>
Some rules of the game were described by [[Julius Pollux]] in his ''[[Onomasticon (Pollux)|Onomasticon]]''. The board, like the game, was called polis, and featured a grid (although it is also possible that each space on the board was called a polis as well). The pieces, which came in two colors and probably numbered thirty (per player, so sixty total - this claim however has been disputed<ref name=":6" />), were called "dogs". Sources are contradictory on whether there were differences between pieces (some assume there were none; others are more cautious and state this was likely the case but that primary sources are unclear on this).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> It was a symmetrical game of elimination for two players, each playing with pieces of their color. It probably had no random elements, and the pieces moved in all directions on a square board.<ref name=":3" /> It is unclear whether the game involved dice rolling (such a claim was made by [[Eustathius of Thessalonica]] but it could have been a mistake).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Max |date=September 2020 |title=Battling on Boards: The Ancient Greek War Games of Ship-Battle ( Naumachia ) and City-State ( Polis ) |url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/mous.17.1.02 |journal=Mouseion |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=3–42 |doi=10.3138/mous.17.1.02 |issn=1496-9343}}</ref>
The strategy involved maintaining formation and avoiding having one's pieces isolated.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />
The game may be similar to the Ancient Roman game of [[ludus latrunculorum]] and might have served as its inspiration; it has also been suggested that polis might have been one of the influences on [[chess]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gagarin |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&dq=ancient+greek+game+polis&pg=RA6-PA90 |title=The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome. - Vol. 1 - 7 |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517072-6 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> There might have also been connections to the traditional Egyptian game [[Seega (game)|seega]].<ref name=":6" />
A plausible but speculative reconstruction of the game rules were suggested by Max Nelson in 2020.<ref name=":6" />
== Significance ==
Polis was seen as having educational value in learning how to learn and follow a set of rules.<ref name=":0" /> [[Leslie Kurke]] argued that the game had a cultural significance "playing the board game polis might help form a Greek boy as a citizen of the city".<ref name=":0" /> Learning to play polis is mentioned as part of a philosophical education in works of Ancient Greek philosophers.<ref name=":5" />
[[Thierry Depaulis]] recognized the game as one of the oldest known strategy games (alongside the Chinese game of [[Go (game)|go]], which is mentioned by Chinese sources that date to a similar era as the oldest mentions of polis and which unlike polis remained popular to this day). Depaulis argued that invention of such games was one of the signs of the [[Axial Age]] (emergence of more complex thinking patterns, such as philosophy), as people moved from playing pure games of chance (such as [[dice games]] and [[Race game|race games]]) to strategy games.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Depaulis |first=Thierry |date=2020-10-01 |title=Board Games Before Ur? |url=https://www.academia.edu/48170926 |journal=Board Game Studies Journal |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=127–144 |doi=10.2478/bgs-2020-0007 |issn=2183-3311|doi-access=free }}</ref>
The game has also been called one of the earliest [[Wargame|wargames]]. Max Nelson notes that "it the first known game of its kind (a war game on a grid-board)". He nonetheless suggested that thematically the game was less of a depiction of military conflict (wars between Greek city-states) and more of a celebration of the founding of the city state of [[Athens]], with which he believes it was mainly associated.<ref name=":6" />
According to an illustration in an article by Depaulis, a game board for polis was found in [[Rhamnous]];<ref name=":2" /> however an article by Max Nelson from the same year (2020) states that no game board associated with this game has been found as of this date.<ref name=":6" />
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{commonscat|Achilles and Ajax playing}}
[[Category:Abstract strategy games]]
[[Category:Traditional board games]]
[[Category:Culture of ancient Greece]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -3,11 +3,8 @@
== History ==
-[[File:Exekias,_anfora_con_achille_e_aiace_che_giocano_a_dai,_castore_e_polluce,_da_vulci,_540-30_ac_ca._03.JPG|thumb|Achilles and Ajax playing a game, sometimes identified as polis (at other times, as [[Five Lines|five lines]]); a common subject in Ancient Greek painted pottery]]
-Like with many ancient games, not much is known about polis, including where, when, and by whom it was invented.<ref name=":0" /> The earliest known reference to polis comes from [[Cratinus|Cratinos]], an Athenian comic poet, in his comedy [[Drapetides]] ("Female Runaways"), from 443/442 BCE.<ref name=":3">{{Cite conference |last=Depaulis |first=Thierry |date=2021-04-13 |title=A Timeline of Mind Games, with Some Correlations |url=https://sorbonne-paris-nord.hal.science/hal-03737319 |conference=Board Game Studies Colloquium – The Evolutions of Board Games, Apr 2021, Paris, France. |language=en |quote=The two earliest attested games of 'strategy', Greek polis and Chinese weiqi (go) appear between 450 BCE and 300 BCE. |journal=}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> The game was praised by [[Plato]] and [[Polybius]], and possibly [[Philostratus]], "as a game of strategy requiring great tactical skill". It was also likely referred to by [[Aristotle]] and [[Socrates]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kurke |first=Leslie |date=July 1999 |title=Ancient Greek Board Games and How to Play Them |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/449440 |journal=Classical Philology |language=en |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=247–267 |doi=10.1086/449440 |issn=0009-837X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Sullivan |first=Daniel E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEbxD0Ygz-EC&dq=ancient+greek+game+polis&pg=PA66 |title=Chess in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: A Fundamental Thought Paradigm of the Premodern World |date=2012-07-30 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-028881-0 |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Bakewell |first=Geoff |date=2022-04-01 |title=Plato Plays Polis |journal=Board Game Studies Journal |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=413–430 |doi=10.2478/bgs-2022-0014|doi-access=free }}</ref> References to it are found in numerous other texts, suggesting that by mid-5th century BCE it was a game well known to [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] and played until at least 2nd century BCE.<ref name=":6" />
-
-In Ancient Greek mythology and [[Ancient Greek pottery|painted pottery]], [[Achilles]] and [[Ajax the Great|Ajax]] are sometimes shown as playing a game (whose invention has been credited to [[Palamedes (mythology)|Palamedes]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mariscal |first=Lucía Romero |date=2011 |title=Ajax and Achilles Playing a Board Game: Revisited from the Literary Tradition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41301544 |journal=The Classical Quarterly |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=394–401 |doi=10.1017/S0009838811000243 |jstor=41301544 |issn=0009-8388}}</ref> No literary source is known to provide context for the illustrations on the painted pottery, however. This has led to the game being sometimes identified as polis,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gagarin |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&dq=ancient+greek+game+polis&pg=RA6-PA90 |title=The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome. - Vol. 1 - 7 |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517072-6 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref> also at other times, as [[Five Lines|five lines]] (a dice game).<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Schädler |first=Ulrich |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444338386 |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |date=2013-01-30 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4051-7935-5 |editor-last=Bagnall |editor-first=Roger S. |edition=1 |language=en |chapter=Games, Greek and Roman |doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah22285 |editor-last2=Brodersen |editor-first2=Kai |editor-last3=Champion |editor-first3=Craige B. |editor-last4=Erskine |editor-first4=Andrew |editor-last5=Huebner |editor-first5=Sabine R.}}</ref>
+[[File:Exekias,_anfora_con_achille_e_aiace_che_giocano_a_dai,_castore_e_polluce,_da_vulci,_540-30_ac_ca._03.JPG|thumb|Achilles and Ajax playing a game, sometimes identified as polis (at other times, as [[Five Lines|five lines]]); a common subject in Ancient Greek painted pottery]]some guy name polymerius threw a bart at emperor cheffy and won the battle of hastings
== Rules ==
-The rules of the game are not fully known.<ref name=":5" /> Many aspects of the game are unknown, such as the shape of the board, its initial setup, or how the pieces moved.<ref name=":6" /> The game can be seen as resembling [[checkers]] but with a different mode of capture (pieces were captured by enclosure from two sides).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />
+The rules of the game are not fully known.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Bakewell |first=Geoff |date=2022-04-01 |title=Plato Plays Polis |journal=Board Game Studies Journal |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=413–430 |doi=10.2478/bgs-2022-0014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Many aspects of the game are unknown, such as the shape of the board, its initial setup, or how the pieces moved.<ref name=":6" /> The game can be seen as resembling [[checkers]] but with a different mode of capture (pieces were captured by enclosure from two sides).<ref name=":3">{{Cite conference |last=Depaulis |first=Thierry |date=2021-04-13 |title=A Timeline of Mind Games, with Some Correlations |url=https://sorbonne-paris-nord.hal.science/hal-03737319 |conference=Board Game Studies Colloquium – The Evolutions of Board Games, Apr 2021, Paris, France. |language=en |quote=The two earliest attested games of 'strategy', Greek polis and Chinese weiqi (go) appear between 450 BCE and 300 BCE. |journal=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kurke |first=Leslie |date=July 1999 |title=Ancient Greek Board Games and How to Play Them |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/449440 |journal=Classical Philology |language=en |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=247–267 |doi=10.1086/449440 |issn=0009-837X}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Schädler |first=Ulrich |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444338386 |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |date=2013-01-30 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4051-7935-5 |editor-last=Bagnall |editor-first=Roger S. |edition=1 |language=en |chapter=Games, Greek and Roman |doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah22285 |editor-last2=Brodersen |editor-first2=Kai |editor-last3=Champion |editor-first3=Craige B. |editor-last4=Erskine |editor-first4=Andrew |editor-last5=Huebner |editor-first5=Sabine R.}}</ref>
Some rules of the game were described by [[Julius Pollux]] in his ''[[Onomasticon (Pollux)|Onomasticon]]''. The board, like the game, was called polis, and featured a grid (although it is also possible that each space on the board was called a polis as well). The pieces, which came in two colors and probably numbered thirty (per player, so sixty total - this claim however has been disputed<ref name=":6" />), were called "dogs". Sources are contradictory on whether there were differences between pieces (some assume there were none; others are more cautious and state this was likely the case but that primary sources are unclear on this).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> It was a symmetrical game of elimination for two players, each playing with pieces of their color. It probably had no random elements, and the pieces moved in all directions on a square board.<ref name=":3" /> It is unclear whether the game involved dice rolling (such a claim was made by [[Eustathius of Thessalonica]] but it could have been a mistake).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Max |date=September 2020 |title=Battling on Boards: The Ancient Greek War Games of Ship-Battle ( Naumachia ) and City-State ( Polis ) |url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/mous.17.1.02 |journal=Mouseion |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=3–42 |doi=10.3138/mous.17.1.02 |issn=1496-9343}}</ref>
@@ -15,5 +12,5 @@
The strategy involved maintaining formation and avoiding having one's pieces isolated.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />
-The game may be similar to the Ancient Roman game of [[ludus latrunculorum]] and might have served as its inspiration; it has also been suggested that polis might have been one of the influences on [[chess]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> There might have also been connections to the traditional Egyptian game [[Seega (game)|seega]].<ref name=":6" />
+The game may be similar to the Ancient Roman game of [[ludus latrunculorum]] and might have served as its inspiration; it has also been suggested that polis might have been one of the influences on [[chess]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gagarin |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&dq=ancient+greek+game+polis&pg=RA6-PA90 |title=The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome. - Vol. 1 - 7 |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517072-6 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> There might have also been connections to the traditional Egyptian game [[Seega (game)|seega]].<ref name=":6" />
A plausible but speculative reconstruction of the game rules were suggested by Max Nelson in 2020.<ref name=":6" />
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0 => '[[File:Exekias,_anfora_con_achille_e_aiace_che_giocano_a_dai,_castore_e_polluce,_da_vulci,_540-30_ac_ca._03.JPG|thumb|Achilles and Ajax playing a game, sometimes identified as polis (at other times, as [[Five Lines|five lines]]); a common subject in Ancient Greek painted pottery]]some guy name polymerius threw a bart at emperor cheffy and won the battle of hastings',
1 => 'The rules of the game are not fully known.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Bakewell |first=Geoff |date=2022-04-01 |title=Plato Plays Polis |journal=Board Game Studies Journal |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=413–430 |doi=10.2478/bgs-2022-0014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Many aspects of the game are unknown, such as the shape of the board, its initial setup, or how the pieces moved.<ref name=":6" /> The game can be seen as resembling [[checkers]] but with a different mode of capture (pieces were captured by enclosure from two sides).<ref name=":3">{{Cite conference |last=Depaulis |first=Thierry |date=2021-04-13 |title=A Timeline of Mind Games, with Some Correlations |url=https://sorbonne-paris-nord.hal.science/hal-03737319 |conference=Board Game Studies Colloquium – The Evolutions of Board Games, Apr 2021, Paris, France. |language=en |quote=The two earliest attested games of 'strategy', Greek polis and Chinese weiqi (go) appear between 450 BCE and 300 BCE. |journal=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kurke |first=Leslie |date=July 1999 |title=Ancient Greek Board Games and How to Play Them |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/449440 |journal=Classical Philology |language=en |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=247–267 |doi=10.1086/449440 |issn=0009-837X}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Schädler |first=Ulrich |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444338386 |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |date=2013-01-30 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4051-7935-5 |editor-last=Bagnall |editor-first=Roger S. |edition=1 |language=en |chapter=Games, Greek and Roman |doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah22285 |editor-last2=Brodersen |editor-first2=Kai |editor-last3=Champion |editor-first3=Craige B. |editor-last4=Erskine |editor-first4=Andrew |editor-last5=Huebner |editor-first5=Sabine R.}}</ref>',
2 => 'The game may be similar to the Ancient Roman game of [[ludus latrunculorum]] and might have served as its inspiration; it has also been suggested that polis might have been one of the influences on [[chess]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gagarin |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&dq=ancient+greek+game+polis&pg=RA6-PA90 |title=The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome. - Vol. 1 - 7 |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517072-6 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> There might have also been connections to the traditional Egyptian game [[Seega (game)|seega]].<ref name=":6" />'
] |
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0 => '[[File:Exekias,_anfora_con_achille_e_aiace_che_giocano_a_dai,_castore_e_polluce,_da_vulci,_540-30_ac_ca._03.JPG|thumb|Achilles and Ajax playing a game, sometimes identified as polis (at other times, as [[Five Lines|five lines]]); a common subject in Ancient Greek painted pottery]]',
1 => 'Like with many ancient games, not much is known about polis, including where, when, and by whom it was invented.<ref name=":0" /> The earliest known reference to polis comes from [[Cratinus|Cratinos]], an Athenian comic poet, in his comedy [[Drapetides]] ("Female Runaways"), from 443/442 BCE.<ref name=":3">{{Cite conference |last=Depaulis |first=Thierry |date=2021-04-13 |title=A Timeline of Mind Games, with Some Correlations |url=https://sorbonne-paris-nord.hal.science/hal-03737319 |conference=Board Game Studies Colloquium – The Evolutions of Board Games, Apr 2021, Paris, France. |language=en |quote=The two earliest attested games of 'strategy', Greek polis and Chinese weiqi (go) appear between 450 BCE and 300 BCE. |journal=}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> The game was praised by [[Plato]] and [[Polybius]], and possibly [[Philostratus]], "as a game of strategy requiring great tactical skill". It was also likely referred to by [[Aristotle]] and [[Socrates]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kurke |first=Leslie |date=July 1999 |title=Ancient Greek Board Games and How to Play Them |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/449440 |journal=Classical Philology |language=en |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=247–267 |doi=10.1086/449440 |issn=0009-837X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Sullivan |first=Daniel E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEbxD0Ygz-EC&dq=ancient+greek+game+polis&pg=PA66 |title=Chess in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: A Fundamental Thought Paradigm of the Premodern World |date=2012-07-30 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-028881-0 |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Bakewell |first=Geoff |date=2022-04-01 |title=Plato Plays Polis |journal=Board Game Studies Journal |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=413–430 |doi=10.2478/bgs-2022-0014|doi-access=free }}</ref> References to it are found in numerous other texts, suggesting that by mid-5th century BCE it was a game well known to [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] and played until at least 2nd century BCE.<ref name=":6" /> ',
2 => '',
3 => 'In Ancient Greek mythology and [[Ancient Greek pottery|painted pottery]], [[Achilles]] and [[Ajax the Great|Ajax]] are sometimes shown as playing a game (whose invention has been credited to [[Palamedes (mythology)|Palamedes]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mariscal |first=Lucía Romero |date=2011 |title=Ajax and Achilles Playing a Board Game: Revisited from the Literary Tradition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41301544 |journal=The Classical Quarterly |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=394–401 |doi=10.1017/S0009838811000243 |jstor=41301544 |issn=0009-8388}}</ref> No literary source is known to provide context for the illustrations on the painted pottery, however. This has led to the game being sometimes identified as polis,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gagarin |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&dq=ancient+greek+game+polis&pg=RA6-PA90 |title=The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome. - Vol. 1 - 7 |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517072-6 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref> also at other times, as [[Five Lines|five lines]] (a dice game).<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Schädler |first=Ulrich |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444338386 |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |date=2013-01-30 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4051-7935-5 |editor-last=Bagnall |editor-first=Roger S. |edition=1 |language=en |chapter=Games, Greek and Roman |doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah22285 |editor-last2=Brodersen |editor-first2=Kai |editor-last3=Champion |editor-first3=Craige B. |editor-last4=Erskine |editor-first4=Andrew |editor-last5=Huebner |editor-first5=Sabine R.}}</ref>',
4 => 'The rules of the game are not fully known.<ref name=":5" /> Many aspects of the game are unknown, such as the shape of the board, its initial setup, or how the pieces moved.<ref name=":6" /> The game can be seen as resembling [[checkers]] but with a different mode of capture (pieces were captured by enclosure from two sides).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />',
5 => 'The game may be similar to the Ancient Roman game of [[ludus latrunculorum]] and might have served as its inspiration; it has also been suggested that polis might have been one of the influences on [[chess]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> There might have also been connections to the traditional Egyptian game [[Seega (game)|seega]].<ref name=":6" />'
] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek strategy game</div>
<p><b>Polis</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">πόλις</span>, <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'city-state') was an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> board game. One of the earliest known <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strategy_game" title="Strategy game">strategy games</a>, polis was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">wargame</a> resembling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Checkers" title="Checkers">checkers</a>. Its name appears in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> literature from around 450 BCE to the 2nd century BCE, and it seems to have been widely known in the region, particularly in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. The original rules of the game have been only partially preserved.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Rules"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Rules</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Significance"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Significance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Polis_(board_game)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Exekias,_anfora_con_achille_e_aiace_che_giocano_a_dai,_castore_e_polluce,_da_vulci,_540-30_ac_ca._03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Exekias%2C_anfora_con_achille_e_aiace_che_giocano_a_dai%2C_castore_e_polluce%2C_da_vulci%2C_540-30_ac_ca._03.JPG/220px-Exekias%2C_anfora_con_achille_e_aiace_che_giocano_a_dai%2C_castore_e_polluce%2C_da_vulci%2C_540-30_ac_ca._03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Exekias%2C_anfora_con_achille_e_aiace_che_giocano_a_dai%2C_castore_e_polluce%2C_da_vulci%2C_540-30_ac_ca._03.JPG/330px-Exekias%2C_anfora_con_achille_e_aiace_che_giocano_a_dai%2C_castore_e_polluce%2C_da_vulci%2C_540-30_ac_ca._03.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Exekias%2C_anfora_con_achille_e_aiace_che_giocano_a_dai%2C_castore_e_polluce%2C_da_vulci%2C_540-30_ac_ca._03.JPG/440px-Exekias%2C_anfora_con_achille_e_aiace_che_giocano_a_dai%2C_castore_e_polluce%2C_da_vulci%2C_540-30_ac_ca._03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>Achilles and Ajax playing a game, sometimes identified as polis (at other times, as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Five_Lines" title="Five Lines">five lines</a>); a common subject in Ancient Greek painted pottery</figcaption></figure><p>some guy name polymerius threw a bart at emperor cheffy and won the battle of hastings
</p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Rules">Rules</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Polis_(board_game)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The rules of the game are not fully known.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1">[1]</a></sup> Many aspects of the game are unknown, such as the shape of the board, its initial setup, or how the pieces moved.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a></sup> The game can be seen as resembling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Checkers" title="Checkers">checkers</a> but with a different mode of capture (pieces were captured by enclosure from two sides).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some rules of the game were described by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julius_Pollux" title="Julius Pollux">Julius Pollux</a> in his <i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Onomasticon_(Pollux)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onomasticon (Pollux) (page does not exist)">Onomasticon</a></i>. The board, like the game, was called polis, and featured a grid (although it is also possible that each space on the board was called a polis as well). The pieces, which came in two colors and probably numbered thirty (per player, so sixty total - this claim however has been disputed<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a></sup>), were called "dogs". Sources are contradictory on whether there were differences between pieces (some assume there were none; others are more cautious and state this was likely the case but that primary sources are unclear on this).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a></sup> It was a symmetrical game of elimination for two players, each playing with pieces of their color. It probably had no random elements, and the pieces moved in all directions on a square board.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a></sup> It is unclear whether the game involved dice rolling (such a claim was made by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathius of Thessalonica</a> but it could have been a mistake).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>The strategy involved maintaining formation and avoiding having one's pieces isolated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>The game may be similar to the Ancient Roman game of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ludus_latrunculorum" title="Ludus latrunculorum">ludus latrunculorum</a> and might have served as its inspiration; it has also been suggested that polis might have been one of the influences on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a></sup> There might have also been connections to the traditional Egyptian game <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seega_(game)" title="Seega (game)">seega</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>A plausible but speculative reconstruction of the game rules were suggested by Max Nelson in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Significance">Significance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Polis_(board_game)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Polis was seen as having educational value in learning how to learn and follow a set of rules.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leslie_Kurke" title="Leslie Kurke">Leslie Kurke</a> argued that the game had a cultural significance "playing the board game polis might help form a Greek boy as a citizen of the city".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a></sup> Learning to play polis is mentioned as part of a philosophical education in works of Ancient Greek philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thierry_Depaulis" title="Thierry Depaulis">Thierry Depaulis</a> recognized the game as one of the oldest known strategy games (alongside the Chinese game of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">go</a>, which is mentioned by Chinese sources that date to a similar era as the oldest mentions of polis and which unlike polis remained popular to this day). Depaulis argued that invention of such games was one of the signs of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a> (emergence of more complex thinking patterns, such as philosophy), as people moved from playing pure games of chance (such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dice_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Dice games">dice games</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Race_game" title="Race game">race games</a>) to strategy games.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>The game has also been called one of the earliest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">wargames</a>. Max Nelson notes that "it the first known game of its kind (a war game on a grid-board)". He nonetheless suggested that thematically the game was less of a depiction of military conflict (wars between Greek city-states) and more of a celebration of the founding of the city state of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, with which he believes it was mainly associated.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to an illustration in an article by Depaulis, a game board for polis was found in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhamnous" title="Rhamnous">Rhamnous</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a></sup> however an article by Max Nelson from the same year (2020) states that no game board associated with this game has been found as of this date.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Polis_(board_game)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBakewell2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bakewell, Geoff (2022-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbgs-2022-0014">"Plato Plays Polis"</a>. <i>Board Game Studies Journal</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 413–430. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbgs-2022-0014">10.2478/bgs-2022-0014</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Board+Game+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=Plato+Plays+Polis&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=413-430&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fbgs-2022-0014&rft.aulast=Bakewell&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fbgs-2022-0014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolis+%28board+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Max (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/mous.17.1.02">"Battling on Boards: The Ancient Greek War Games of Ship-Battle ( Naumachia ) and City-State ( Polis )"</a>. <i>Mouseion</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 3–42. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fmous.17.1.02">10.3138/mous.17.1.02</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1496-9343">1496-9343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mouseion&rft.atitle=Battling+on+Boards%3A+The+Ancient+Greek+War+Games+of+Ship-Battle+%28+Naumachia+%29+and+City-State+%28+Polis+%29&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-42&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fmous.17.1.02&rft.issn=1496-9343&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futpjournals.press%2Fdoi%2F10.3138%2Fmous.17.1.02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolis+%28board+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDepaulis2021" class="citation conference cs1">Depaulis, Thierry (2021-04-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sorbonne-paris-nord.hal.science/hal-03737319"><i>A Timeline of Mind Games, with Some Correlations</i></a>. Board Game Studies Colloquium – The Evolutions of Board Games, Apr 2021, Paris, France. <q>The two earliest attested games of 'strategy', Greek polis and Chinese weiqi (go) appear between 450 BCE and 300 BCE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+Timeline+of+Mind+Games%2C+with+Some+Correlations&rft.date=2021-04-13&rft.aulast=Depaulis&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsorbonne-paris-nord.hal.science%2Fhal-03737319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolis+%28board+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKurke1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kurke, Leslie (July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/449440">"Ancient Greek Board Games and How to Play Them"</a>. <i>Classical Philology</i>. <b>94</b> (3): 247–267. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F449440">10.1086/449440</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-837X">0009-837X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Ancient+Greek+Board+Games+and+How+to+Play+Them&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=247-267&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F449440&rft.issn=0009-837X&rft.aulast=Kurke&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F449440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolis+%28board+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchädler2013" class="citation book cs1">Schädler, Ulrich (2013-01-30). "Games, Greek and Roman". In Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444338386"><i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient History</i></a> (1 ed.). Wiley. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah22285">10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah22285</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7935-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7935-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-7935-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Games%2C+Greek+and+Roman&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah22285&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7935-5&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4dler&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolis+%28board+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGagarin2010" class="citation book cs1">Gagarin, Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&dq=ancient+greek+game+polis&pg=RA6-PA90"><i>The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome. - Vol. 1 - 7</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 90. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6"><bdi>978-0-19-517072-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+encyclopedia+of+ancient+Greece+and+Rome.+-+Vol.+1+-+7&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517072-6&rft.aulast=Gagarin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNV6-HsUppsC%26dq%3Dancient%2Bgreek%2Bgame%2Bpolis%26pg%3DRA6-PA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolis+%28board+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDepaulis2020" class="citation journal cs1">Depaulis, Thierry (2020-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/48170926">"Board Games Before Ur?"</a>. <i>Board Game Studies Journal</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 127–144. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbgs-2020-0007">10.2478/bgs-2020-0007</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2183-3311">2183-3311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Board+Game+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=Board+Games+Before+Ur%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127-144&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fbgs-2020-0007&rft.issn=2183-3311&rft.aulast=Depaulis&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F48170926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolis+%28board+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
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